OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Johann Gottfried Walther

Johann Gottfried Walther (18 September 1684 – 23 March 1748) was a German music theorist, organist, composer, and lexicographer of the Baroque era.

## Life and work

Walther was born at Erfurt. Not only was his life almost exactly contemporaneous to that of Johann Sebastian Bach, he was the famous composer's cousin.
Walther was most well known as the compiler of the Musicalisches Lexicon (Leipzig, 1732), an enormous dictionary of music and musicians. Not only was it the first dictionary of musical terms written in the German language, it was the first to contain both terms and biographical information about composers and performers up to the early 18th century. In all, the Musicalisches Lexicon defines more than 3,000 musical terms; Walther evidently drew on more than 250 separate sources in compiling it, including theoretical treatises of the early Baroque and Renaissance. The single most important source for the work was the writings of Johann Mattheson, who is referenced more than 200 times.
Some further information on Walther can be found in the book Musica Poetica by Dietrich Bartel. On page 22, Bartel quotes Walther's definition of musica poetica, or musical rhetoric, as:
    "Musica Poetica or musical composition is a mathematical science through which an agreeable and correct harmony of the notes is brought to paper in order that it might later be sung or played, thereby appropriately moving the listeners to Godly devotion as well as to please and delight both mind and soul…. It is so called because the composer must not only understand language as does the poet in order not to violate the meter of the text but because he also writes poetry, namely a melody, thus deserving the title Melopoeta or Melopoeus." (22)
Walther was the music teacher of Prince Johann Ernst von Sachsen-Weimar. He wrote a handbook for the young prince with the title Praecepta der musicalischen Composition, 1708. It remained handwritten until Peter Benary's edition (Leipzig, 1955). As an organ composer, Walther became famous for his organ transcriptions of orchestral concertos by contemporary Italian and German masters. He made 14 transcriptions of concertos by Albinoni, Gentili, Taglietti, Giuseppe Torelli, Vivaldi and Telemann. These works were the models for Bach to write his famous transcriptions of concertos by Vivaldi and others. On the other hand, Walther as a city organist of Weimar wrote exactly 132 organ preludes based on Lutheran chorale melodies. Some free keyboard music also belongs to his legacy.

## Selected recordings

* Johann Gottfried Walther: Complete Organ Music (2015). Simone Stella (organ). 12 cd box Brilliant Classics BC 94730
** As of 2020, this is the first and only complete recording.
# Anton Schweitzer

Anton Schweitzer (6 June 1735 in Coburg – 23 November 1787 in Gotha) was a German composer of operas, who was affiliated with Abel Seyler's theatrical company.
He was a child prodigy who obtained the patronage of the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who sent him to study with Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht at the court of Bayreuth in 1758, and then sent him to Italy (1764–66), and made him Kapellmeister. With the dismissal of the court orchestra at Hildburghausen, he was enabled to tour Europe with the Seyler theatrical company from 1769. His most notable work is the opera Alceste (1773), with a German libretto by Christoph Martin Wieland, among the early German-language operas.

## Operas

* Elysium (libretto: Johann Georg Jacobi, 18 January 1770, Hoftheater Hannover)
* Die Dorfgala (libretto: Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter, 30 June 1772, Hannover)
* Alceste (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 28 May 1773, Hoftheater Weimar)
* Die Wahl des Herkules (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 3 September 1773, Hoftheater Weimar)
* Rosamunde (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 20 January 1780, Nationaltheater Mannheim)

## Literature

* Schweitzer, Anton Neue Deutsche Biographie
* Jörg Krämer: Deutschsprachiges Musiktheater im späten 18. Jahrhundert. Typologie, Dramaturgie und Anthropologie einer populären Gattung. (= Studien zur deutschen Literatur vol. 149), Tübingen 1998, pp 202–260.
* Julius Maurer: Anton Schweitzer als dramatischer Komponist. (= Publikationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft), Leipzig 1912.
* Hans Michael Schletterer (1891), "Schweizer, Anton", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 33, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 371–373
# Markus Heinrich Grauel

Markus Heinrich Grauel (sometimes Marcus Heinrich Graul; 17?? – 1799) was a German composer and cellist of the classical period.

## Life

Grauel was born in Eisenach, though his birth year remains unknown. The earliest available information concerning Grauel's career is a mention of him working alongside his father-in-law, Johann Christian Hertel, at the court of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Neustrelitz at the time of the Hofkapelle's dissolution in 1753, when he was forced to search for employment elsewhere.
After leaving Neustrelitz, Grauel was employed by Johann Nepomuk Gotthard Graf von Schaffgotsch in Berlin. He began his employment at the Prussian court in Berlin on 1 December 1763, where he remained until his death in 1799.
The majority of contemporary accounts concerning Grauel date from his time in Berlin. Most notably, Charles Burney, after his visit to Berlin in 1772 wrote: "M. Grauel, a violoncello performer in the King’s band, played a concerto; it was but ordinary music; however, it was well executed, though in the old manner, with the hand under the bow." On the contrary, his compositional skill was mentioned favourably by two contemporary commentators, Ernst Ludwig Gerber: "He is said to be a skilled and competent performer and composer for his instrument" and Johann Adam Hiller: "[Grauel] plays his instrument very well and sets beautiful concertos and solos for it."
Like the majority of composers working in Berlin during the second half of the 18th century, Grauel's compositions are highly representative of the Empfindsamer Stil and retain many characteristics of the Baroque compositional style. There are only six surviving works which bear Grauel's name and many of his pieces are thought to have been lost, with several others probably misattributed. It seems that some confusion arose due to the similarity of the name 'Grauel' to his contemporaries Johann Gottlieb and Karl Heinrich Graun, also musicians at the Berlin court. Further confusion has been caused by the various spellings of Grauel's name, most commonly "Graul", but also "Gravel".

## Works

Concerto in A major for violin, strings and basso continuo Concerto in C major for viola, strings and basso continuo Concerto in E-flat major for viola, strings and basso continuo Concerto in E-flat major for viola, strings and basso continuo (also attributed to "Graun" in one manuscript) Concerto in A major for cello, strings and basso continuo Sonata in G major for violin and obbligato keyboard
"Solo di Gravel a Viola con Basso" (Lost)
# Sin Ton

Sin Ton (Korean: 신돈; 21 January 1322 – 21 August 1371) a Korean Buddhist monk and scholar during the Goryeo period. His Dharma name was P'yŏncho (편조) and he became a teacher and advisor of King Gongmin.

## Biography

He was a Buddhist monk with the full confidence of King Gongmin, and who tried to reform the society of Goryeo. The king judged Sin Ton cleverness; in 1365, him gave him the art name Cheonghan Geosa (청한거사; 淸閑居士) and the noble title of Marquis Jinpyeong (진평후; 真平侯).
Sin Ton appointed a group of new high-level officials from the Sinjin faction of the scholar-officials and drove out some people who had acquired too much power. He also promoted the setting up of the Jeonmin Byeonjeong Dogam (전민변정도감; 田民辨整都監), a government office to reform the land in 1366; thus, he was met with the opposition of the powerful old aristocratic families. While surrounded by flatterers, he didn't have any supporters. Finally, King Gongmin executed Sin Ton in 1371.

## Criticism

King Gongmin's attempt to regain the leadership of the state through the introduction of Sin Ton had achieved some success. However, for this purpose, King Gongmin had almost entrusted Sin Ton with full authority, and had to face criticism for allowing Sin Ton to be an equal to the monarch.

## In popular culture

* Portrayed by Son Chang-min in the 2005–2006 MBC TV series Shin Don.
* Portrayed by Yoo Ha-joon in the 2012–2013 SBS TV series The Great Seer.
# Ferdinand Tobias Richter

Ferdinand Tobias Richter (22 July 1651 – 3 November 1711) was an Austrian Baroque composer and organist.
Richter was born in Würzburg. From 1675 to 1679 he served as organist at Heiligenkreuz Abbey in southern Austria. In 1683 he moved to Vienna to become court and chamber organist at the imperial court. In 1690 he was named first organist in the court chapel. He worked there until his death.
Richter's compositions include several toccatas, five suites and other pieces for keyboard. He also wrote music for a number of Jesuit school plays, operas and oratorios. His music shows a decided flair for the dramatic.
In 1699 Johann Pachelbel dedicated Hexachordum Apollinis, a collection including his famous Aria Sebaldina in F minor, to Dietrich Buxtehude and to his friend in Vienna, Ferdinand Tobias Richter.
Richter died, aged 60, in Vienna. His son Anton Karl Richter (1690-1763) was also court organist, serving from 1718 to 1751.
# Johann Baptist Schenk

Johann Baptist Schenk (30 November 1753 – 29 December 1836) was an Austrian composer and teacher.
Schenk was born in Wiener Neustadt. While still a boy he composed songs, dances and symphonies, and became a proficient violinist and keyboard and wind instrument player. In 1773 he went to Vienna to study with Georg Christoph Wagenseil. Beginning in 1777 he was composing religious works for Saint Stephen's Cathedral. In the 1780s he became a prolific composer of incidental music for plays and singspiele. Mozart was a good friend of Schenk and Beethoven studied under him in 1793. He died in Vienna.
His best-known singspiel is Der Dorfbarbier, which premiered in 1796. His other compositions include numerous cantatas, ten symphonies, several concertos (including a well-known one for harp), and five string quartets. In around 1823, he composed a variation on a waltz by Anton Diabelli (D 718), being one of the 51 composers who contributed to Vaterländischer Künstlerverein.

## Sources

* John Kucaba/Bertil H. van Boer. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992), ISBN 0-333-73432-7 and ISBN 1-56159-228-5This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
# George Piper Dances

George Piper Dances is a London-based contemporary dance company.
George Piper Dances was founded in 2001 by Michael Nunn and William Trevitt, both dancers with The Royal Ballet.
# Lesser hairy-footed dunnart

The lesser hairy-footed dunnart (Sminthopsis youngsoni) is a small carnivorous Australian marsupial of the family Dasyuridae. It is a widespread and fairly common species, being found in many desert areas of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland. Its foraging strategies have been studied by Haythornthwaite and Dickman.
The lesser hairy-footed dunnart is distinguished from the very similar hairy-footed dunnart by its smaller size and less hairy soles.

## Population dynamics

During dry periods, hairy-footed dunnart populations remain stable, instead of experiencing a boom-bust cycle like sandy inland mice.
# Johann Gotthilf Ziegler

Johann Gotthilf Ziegler (25 March 1688 in Leubnitz – 15 September 1747 in Halle an der Saale) was a German baroque composer and organist. He is a descendant of a musical family, not unlike that of J.S. Bach, though on a somewhat smaller scale, and belongs, together with Gottfried Kirchhoff and Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow to the group of composers of the so-called Hallischen Spätbarock. His father was the schoolhead and organist Daniel Ziegler (born 1630), son of the Saxon schoolteacher Johann Ziegler.

## Life

Ziegler had already caused a stir as a child prodigy at the Dresdener court of August the Strong, as his contemporary Johann Gottfried Walther, a distant cousin of Bach, wrote in his Musicalischem Lexicon that he could sing at the age four, play the keyboard a couple of years later, and as a 10-year-old play the organ at religious services.
Gotthilf became a pupil of Christian Petzold, organist of the Sophienkirche. He also studied three years in the Collegium musicum des Paedagogium regium of August Francke, in Halle, where he also studied law and theology for 3 years. In 1710 he became a pupil of Friedrich Zachow (who was also the teacher of Johann Philipp Krieger and none other than George Frideric Händel. In 1715 Gotthilf also took lessons with Johann Sebastian Bach, especially in the art of choral music.
In 1714 he became assistant of the organist A. Meissner in the Ullrichskirche in Halle. Four years later he succeeded Meissner as organist and Director musicis until his own death in 1747. He also acted as Bach's agent in the sale of various musical printings. Ziegler was married to Anna Elisabeth Krüger, with whom he had 5 children. His daughter Johanna Charlotte Ziegler (1725-1782) was a poet and wrote texts for some of Bach's cantatas, A cousin was the composer and organist Christian Gottlieb Ziegler.

## Works

* Four annual cantata cycles with lyrics by Christian Friedrich Hunold
* Christi Glieder, Christi Brüder, cantata (1717)
* Da hörst du, Mensch, was deines Gottes Wille, cantata (1716)
* funeral music.
# Drume

Drume (Cyrillic: Друме; Albanian: Drume) is a tribal region in the municipality of Tuzi, Montenegro. It is located close to the Albanian border.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 166, all but one of them Albanians.
# Russian patrol ship Ivan Papanin

Ivan Papanin (Russian: Иван Папанин) is a Russian icebreaking patrol ship. She is the first vessel built to the Project 23550 design. She was launched in October 2019 and went on sea trials in June 2024. The latest estimate for commissioning is summer 2025 following ice trials in Franz Josef Land.
The vessels resemble NoCGV Svalbard and Canada's Harry DeWolf class, but are more heavily armed.
# Arz (river)

The Arz (Breton: Aer) is a 66.4 km (41.3 mi) long river in the Morbihan département, northwestern France. Its source is at Plaudren. It flows generally east-southeast. It is a right tributary of the Oust into which it flows at Saint-Jean-la-Poterie, near Redon.

## Communes along its course

This list is ordered from source to mouth: Plaudren, Monterblanc, Elven, Le Cours, Larré, Molac, Pluherlin, Malansac, Saint-Gravé, Peillac, Saint-Jacut-les-Pins, Saint-Vincent-sur-Oust, Allaire, Saint-Perreux, Saint-Jean-la-Poterie
# Friedrich Ludwig Benda

Friedrich Ludwig Benda (Czech: Bedřich Ludvík Benda; baptized 4 September 1746 in Gotha – 20 or 27 March 1792 in Königsberg) was a German violinist and composer.
Benda was the eldest son of Georg Anton Benda. He was appointed concert director at Königsberg in 1789.

## Selected works

* Der Barbier von Sevilla, Singspiel in 4 acts (1776–1779); libretto by Friedrich Wilhelm Großmann after Beaumarchais
* Die Verlobung, Singspiel (1790); libretto by Friedrich Ernst Jester
* Louise, Singspiel in 3 acts (1791); libretto by Friedrich Ernst Jester
* Mariechen, Singspiel in 3 acts (1791–1792); libretto by Friedrich Ernst Jester
* Der Herr ist König, Psalm 97, Cantata
# Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges

Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges (24 March 1773 – 20 January 1838) was a French cellist, conductor and composer. He is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges Jarnowick".
The grandson of theatre manager Barthélemy Hus-Desforges, he came from a long line of entertainers, the Hus family, and his grandmother was a Courtenay.
After he finished his studies at the Conservatoire de Paris with Benoit Tranquille Berbiguier, he began as a cellist in various orchestras. In the early nineteenth century, he was conductor at St. Petersburg, returned to Paris, then taught in Metz from 1819 to 1822.

## Works

* Concerto pour violoncelle
* Messe à trois voix et à grand orchestre
* Several Quintetto pour deux violons, alto, violoncelle et basse
* Several Sonatines brillantes et faciles pour violoncelle
* Sinfonie concertante pour violon et violoncelle obligés (c. 1797)
* L'Autel de sa patrie, melody by Citoyen Desforges (1798)
* Méthode de violoncelle à l'usage des commençants (1828)
* 3 duos opus 31 for violin and cello
# Carn Towan

50°04′52″N 5°41′24″W﻿ / ﻿50.081°N 5.690°W﻿ / 50.081; -5.690
Carn Towan (Cornish: Karn Tewyn) is a coastal hamlet northeast of Sennen Cove in west Cornwall, England, UK. Carn Towan is in the civil parish of Sennen.
# Khasadan

Khasadan or Khasaden (Persian: خسادان) may refer to:
* Khasadan-e Olya
* Khasadan-e Sofla
# Anatoly Leman

Anatoly Ivanovich Leman (Russian: Анатолий Иванович Леман, 13 June 1859, Moscow, Imperial Russia, — 24 September 1913, Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia) was a Russian writer, and editor, also known as a manufacturer of musical string instruments and a professional billiards player.
Leman regularly published stories and novels in Nablyudatel, Istorichesky Vestnik, Vsemirnaya Illyustratsia. Some of them came as a separate editions, including The Gentry's Tale (Дворянская повесть, 1886) and Sour Milk (Кефир, 1891). While in Moscow, in 1884—1885 he edited the magazine Razvlechenye.
He authored the book of memoirs The Life of a Cadet (Очерки кадетской жизни, 1879), the Theory of the Billiards textbook (Теория игры на биллиарде, 1885) as well as a dozen of luthier's guides and other books on the craft of violin and cello, of which the best known were The Book on Violin (1892) and Violin Acoustics (1903). During the 1905 Revolution he published the newspaper Rabochaya Nedelya (Working Week), was arrested and in 1906 acquitted.
# Anne Danican Philidor

Anne Danican Philidor (11 April 1681 – 8 October 1728) was a French woodwind player and composer of the Philidor family. Born in Paris on 11 April 1681, his grandfather and father were also professional woodwind players in the king's service. Anne was named for his godfather Anne Jules de Noailles. His composition "L'Amour vainqueur" was given a court performance in 1697, financially backed by his godfather. 1702 saw him succeed his father in the king's orchestra, primarily as oboist. In addition to his playing duties he was the king's musical librarian. He assembled several hundred portfolios of music, both instrumental and operatic, several of which are well-preserved in French libraries. Anne is best remembered today for having founded the Concert Spirituel, an important series of public concerts held in the palace of the Tuileries from 1725 to 1791.
His compositions include a few religious pieces and two books for solo instrument and continuo which include a sonata in d-minor which has been recorded several times.

## Compositions
### Orchestral works

* 1697 L’Amour vainqueur, pastorale
* 1698 Diane et Endimion, pastorale heroïque
* 1698 Air à boire
* 1699 Bourrée et trio
* 1700 Les Amazones, mascarade
* 1700 Le Lendemain de la noce de village, mascarade
* 1712 Le Jugement de Pâris
* 1715 Chaconne et simphonie de la Fête-Dieu
# François Rebel

François Rebel (19 June 1701 – 7 November 1775) was a French composer of the Baroque era. Born in Paris, the son of the leading composer Jean-Féry Rebel, he was a child prodigy who became a violinist in the orchestra of the Paris Opera at the age of 13. As a composer he is best known for his close collaboration with François Francoeur (see that page for further details of their works).

## Selected recordings

* Zélindor, roi des Sylphes

## Sources

* The Viking Opera Guide ed. Holden (1993)
# The Damned (2002 film)

The Damned (Czech: Zatracení) is a 2002 Czech drama film directed by Dan Svátek. It was entered into the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Jan Plouhar as Patrik Lovický
* Jan Révai as Tomás Egermaier
* Isabela Bencová as Elena Dvorová
* Dana Vávrová as Michaela Holubová
* John Comer as Stephen
* Dennis Rudge as Mike
* Erdem Bileg as Rat
* Rob Das as Gert
* Michaela Kuklová as Consul Chalupská
* Borek Sípek as Consul Mazal
* Filip Rajmont as Olaf
# Alexei Likhachyov

Alexei Ilyich Likhachyov (Russian: Алексей Ильич Лихачёв; 1894, Serpukhov, Moscow Governorate — 5 January 1948, Cheboksary) was a Soviet medic and statesman. Director of Rostov State Medical University in 1930—1935 and Minister of Health of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1946—1947.

## Biography

Likhachyov was born in 1894 in Serpukhov, Moscow Governorate. In 1919 he graduated from the Medical Faculty of Moscow Imperial University. Soon after that he was mobilized into the Red Army and took part in the Russian Civil War.
After the end of the war he worked in different places: he was the head of the City Health Department in Ufa (1922—1925), the head of the Health Department of Astrakhan Oblast (1925—1928), the head of Health Department of Tersky District (1928—1930), the Director of Rostov Medical Institute (now Rostov State Medical University) (1930—1935), the head of the Regional Health Department of North Caucasus (1935—36) and was the Chief Physician of Rostov Clinical Hospital (1936—1941).
With the outbreak of Great Patriotic War, in June 1941 Likhachyov was appointed People's Commissar of Health of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1946-1947 he held the post of Minister of Health of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During his time in this office he supervised the arrangement of the network of medical and preventive institutions in the republic, its sanitary and epidemiological status.
He died on 5 January 1948 in Cheboksary.
# Al-Wast, Al-Bayda

Al-Wast (Arabic: الوسط) is a sub-district located in Na'man District, Al Bayda Governorate, Yemen. Al-Wast had a population of 960 according to the 2004 census.
# Toplik, Štip

Toplik (Macedonian: Топлик, Albanian: Topliqi) is an abandoned village in the municipality of Štip, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

The settlement last had inhabitants in the 1961 census, where it was recorded as being populated by 12 Albanians and 11 Macedonians.
According to the 2002 census, the village had 0 inhabitants.