OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Touch guitar

The touch guitar is a stringed instrument of the guitar family which has been designed to use a fretboard-tapping playing style. Touch guitars are meant to be touched or tapped, not strummed.

## History

The touch or tapping technique was formally codified by American guitarist Jimmie Webster in his 1952 method book called the Illustrated Touch System.
Webster credited pickup designer Harry DeArmond with first demonstrating the potential for touch-style playing. Webster himself collaborated with Gretsch Guitars on a guitar stereo pickup design for the Touch System (which fed the bass and melody output to two separate amplifiers), but the concept was not commercially successful.
Unlike Webster's approach, which was to play on a single-necked instrument, guitarist and luthier Dave Bunker designed, built, and patented (in 1961) the first double-necked, headless, touch-tapping instrument called the DuoLectar. While both guitars employed a two-handed tapping technique, Webster used a single-necked instrument while Bunker used his double-necked DuoLectar guitar.
Webster's tapping technique can be heard on a 1959 record. In 1960, Bunker first demonstrated his double-necked instrument for the Portland Oregonian newspaper, and then on the nationally broadcast television show Ozark Jubilee. His designs ultimately led to his double-necked touch guitar in 1975.
Other designs followed. Among them was the single-neck Chapman Stick (developed by Emmett Chapman in 1970 and produced in 1974), the single-neck Warr Guitar (first produced in 1991) and the single-neck Mobius Megatar. Other touch guitars have included the Solene, Chuck Soupios's dual-necked BiAxe (patented in 1980 and produced during the early 1980s), and Sergio Santucci's TrebleBass.
Merle Travis occasionally used a tapping style on his single-neck, strummed guitar, as did Roy Smeck, George Van Eps, Barney Kessel and Harvey Mandell. Subsequent years have seen Eddie Van Halen, Stanley Jordan, Steve Vai, Jeff Healey, Fred Frith, Hans Reichel, Elliott Sharp, and Markus Reuter all feature the use of tapping techniques.
# Khovaling

Khovaling (Tajik: Ховалинг), formerly known as Khwalung, is a village and jamoat in Tajikistan. It is the seat of the Khovaling District of the Khatlon Region. The jamoat had a total population of 10,601 as of 2015.

## History

During the early modern period, Khovaling formed part of the territory of the lord of Kulob, typically subservient to or allied with the Emirate of Bukhara. In 1861, it was the site of the arrest of the British and Kokandi agent Abdul Mejid and his party on their return trip to British Peshawar. Owing to reports of chaos in Bukhara following the deposition of the emir Muhammad Nasrullah Bahadur, however, the Kolubi khan Surrah Khan released the party with presents, entertainment, and good wishes in order to maintain better relations with the other states.
# William Adams (Royal Navy officer, born 1716)

William Adams (1716–1763) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served as captain of British flagship HMS Northumberland during the Seven Years' War.
Adams was born in England in 1716 and joined the Royal Navy in the 1740s. His first service was aboard the 44-gun HMS Gosport, followed by postings to the 14-gun sloop Swallow, HMS Deptford Prize and the 24-gun HMS Lyme. On 26 March 1750 he passed his lieutenant's examinations and was transferred to the 64-gun HMS Yarmouth. In 1757 he again transferred, this time to Vice-Admiral Edward Boscawen's flagship, the 100-gun HMS Royal George.
# Dash (spaniel)

Dash (1830–1840) was a King Charles Spaniel owned by Queen Victoria. Victoria's biographer Elizabeth Longford, called him "the Queen's closest childhood companion", and in the words of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, he "was the first in a long line of beloved little dogs".

## Biography

He was given to Victoria's mother, the Duchess of Kent, on 14 January 1833 by Sir John Conroy, the Comptroller of the Duchess's household. By the end of April 1833, he had become Victoria's companion, and by Christmas that year she was doting on him, giving him a set of rubber balls and two pieces of gingerbread as presents. In return, the dog was loyal to Victoria; on one occasion she went sailing on a yacht, and Dash leapt from the coastline into the sea and swam after her.
Victoria, who was 13 when given Dash, had few if any childhood friends as she was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and Conroy. The only girl of a similar age with whom she had regular contact was Conroy's youngest daughter, Victoire, but they seemed to have had only a formal acquaintanceship. In her diary, Victoria refers to Victoire as "Miss Conroy" but the dog is showered with endearments: "dear sweet little Dash" and "dear Dashy".
In November 1834, Victoria and her mother took a holiday at St Leonards-on-Sea. They, with Dash, Lady Flora Hastings and Baroness Louise Lehzen, were driving in a landau drawn by two horses when the horses got caught in the traces and fell. With the horses struggling on the ground, there was a danger the carriage would overturn, injuring the women. Victoria scrambled out with Dash in her arms, and, as she recalled, "ran on with him in my arms calling Mama to follow, Lehzen and Lady Flora followed us also." While two passing gentlemen cut the horses free, the ladies, and Dash, took shelter behind a wall.
Dash remained with Victoria after her accession as queen in 1837. Following her coronation on 28 June 1838, Victoria returned to Buckingham Palace and ran up to her rooms to give Dash his usual bath.

## Death

Dash died in late 1840. Victoria wrote in her journal that on 24 December 1840, Prince Albert informed her of Dash's death, writing that hearing the news "grieved me so. I was so fond of the poor little fellow, & he was so attached to me." He was buried at Adelaide Cottage in Windsor Home Park. A marble effigy was erected over the grave, bearing the inscription:
# Private

Private or privates may refer to:

## Music

* "In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album Reputation
* Private (band), a Denmark-based band
* "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album Private, written and also recorded by Ringo Sheena
* "Private" (Vera Blue song), from the 2017 album Perennial

## Literature

* Private (novel), 2010 novel by James Patterson
* Private (novel series), young-adult book series launched in 2006

## Film and television

* Private (film), 2004 Italian film
* Private (web series), 2009 web series based on the novel series
* Privates (TV series), 2013 BBC One TV series
* Private, a penguin character in Madagascar

## Other uses

* Private (rank), a military rank
* Privates (video game), 2010 video game
* Private (rocket), American multistage rocket
* Private Media Group, Swedish adult entertainment production and distribution company
* Private (magazine), flagship magazine of the Private Media Group
* Privates, or Intimate parts, a euphemism for human genitals
# Cătălin Dedu

Cătălin Iulian Dedu (born 16 May 1987 in Braşov) is a Romanian football player.
# Bankaltimtara

PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Utara (lit. 'Regional Development Bank of East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan'), doing business as Bankaltimtara, is an Indonesian regional development bank serving East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. It was previously known as Bank Kaltim or East Kalimantan Bank until 2017 when the company was renamed after North Kalimantan was created five years ago. It is also one of the biggest compared to other province's regional development banks in Indonesia.

## History

The company was established by Regional Law Number 3 of 1964. As of 2018, 37% of the bank shares are owned by East Kalimantan provincial government, while the rest is distributed to government of regencies and cities in East and North Kalimantan province. As with other regional development banks in Indonesia, its commissioner is appointed directly by provincial government serving 4 years-term and managed by regional provincial laws.
# Mickey Grimes

Mickey Grimes (born October 10, 1976) is a former American sprinter who specialized over 100 and 200 metres. He won the 100 metres at the 2003 Pan American Games, but was later stripped of his title for testing positive for ephedrine.
Grimes began his career as a hurdler, winning the CIF California State Meet 300 Hurdles championship in 1995 for Canyon Springs High School in Moreno Valley. In the process, he defeated future double Olympic and double world champion Felix Sanchez.
On August 15, 2003, at the Weltklasse Zürich, Grimes became the 42nd person to break the 10-second barrier, a whisper behind the 41st member, future Olympic Champion Justin Gatlin.

## Doping

Grimes tested positive for ephedrine at the 2003 Pan American Games and as a result he was disqualified from the 100 m sprint, which he'd won, and the US 4x100-meter team, which he had been a part of, lost the gold medal. Grimes also received a public warning. On May 25, 2004, he was tested positive for norandrosterone and was ruled ineligible for two years (2004–2006).
# Bald Mountain (folklore)

Bald Mountain, also called Lysa Hora or Łysa Góra, (Polish: Łysa Góra, Ukrainian: Лиса гора, Lysa hora; Russian: Лысая гора, Lysaya gora) is a location in Slavic folk mythology related to witchcraft. According to legends, witches periodically gather on the "bald mountains" for the Witches' Sabbath.
The exact origins and factual evidences of the concept are unclear. Notable "bald mountains" include the Łysa Góra in Poland, Lysa Hora and Zamkova Hora hills in Kyiv, Ukraine.

## Cultural references

* Night on Bald Mountain (musical composition by Modest Mussorgsky and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov inspired by the legend)
* A Bald Mountain can be found in Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita as the mountain where the Iyeshua (Jesus of Nazareth) was crucified and it is the location of a sabbath in which Margarita takes part.
* In 1970s, in Belarus, an anonymous poem A Tale of the Bald Mountain (Сказ пра Лысую гару) was widely circulated by samizdat. It ridiculed the "sabbath" by the members of the Belarusian Union of Soviet Writers, who quarreled during the allocation of dachas for them.
* In Monday Begins on Saturday, a 1965 science fantasy novel by Soviet writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, the witch Naina Kyivna, the landlady of the protagonist regularly flies to Lysaya Gora for what is called "Annual Republican Convention".
* Łysa Góra (Elder Speech: Ard Cerbin) is a location in the role-playing game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. The mountain is the setting of a yearly ritual where the Sisters of the Bog, three ancient, powerful, demon-like witches, grant their favour to local peasants who worship them. During the game's story, main characters Geralt of Rivia and Ciri assault the ritual to assassinate the sisters and their guest of honor, Imlerith, a captain of the Wild Hunt.
# Yirrkala moorei

Yirrkala moorei is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by John E. McCosker in 2006. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the western central Pacific Ocean, including Marquesas and American Samoa. It dwells at a depth range of 25 to 454 metres (82 to 1,490 ft). A juvenile male specimen measured a total length of 43.4 centimetres (17.1 in).
The species epithet "moorei" refers to Gordon E. Moore.
# Gartland

Gartland is a village in Grong Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the northwestern side of the river Namsen about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of the municipal center, Medjå. The village sits along the main European route E6 and the Nordland Line. Directly across the river are the farm areas of Elstad and Rosset. The main sources of income for residents of Gartland is agriculture, forestry, and salmon fishing during the summer. Gartland is a scarcely populated area of about fifteen farms. There is one store in the area which sells building materials.
In earlier days, the village of Gartland had a general store, post office, school, and Gløshaug Church (the old church for the southern part of the parish of Harran). Now, only the church which is situated on a hill above Gartland, is still in use. The river Namsen is known for excellent salmon fishing. In the 1800s and 1900s, several Englishmen (some of those were noblemen) owned houses along the river at Gartland, where they lived during their stay in Grong. One was Thomas Merthyr Guest, a man of considerable wealth. He bought two Gartland farms and in 1873 the old Gløshaug Church. Grong Municipality wanted to tear down the old church and build a new church for Harran, but instead Mr. Guest restored it. The new Harran Church was put up at Fiskum in the village of Harran. Mr. Guest's widow sold the church in 1908 to a local farmer who gave the church to the municipality in 1910.

## Name

The meaning of the name Gartland (or historically "Galtland") is uncertain. Some think it is derived from the old name for the local river "Galta" or "Garta" (now called Gartlandselva), which flows down into the main river Namsen. Others consider that "Galta" is a form of the male name Galti. In that case, "land" means a large area of land, so Gartland may mean "Galtes land".
# Maudramnus Bible

The Maudramnus Bible is a Bible manuscript that originated approximately between 772 and 781 AD. It consists of 12 or 13 volumes and was written in the Benedictine Abbey in the French town of Corbie. The commission for this manuscript came from the abbot of the monastery named Maudramnus. The Maudramnus Bible is significant as the earliest evidence of the so-called Carolingian minuscule.

## History

During the reign of Charlemagne, the notion spread throughout the entire realm that the Bible was the ideal source of knowledge and wisdom, to be consulted for proper guidance in life. In this context, it was the endeavour of Charlemagne and his successor, Louis the Pious, to provide the kingdom with a unified and authentic edition of the Bible. Charlemagne was not only concerned with the correctness of liturgical proceedings; proper spelling and grammar were also significant to him. Especially in terms of linguistic accuracy, the Carolingian minuscule originating from Corbie was advantageous for him. It distinguished itself through clarity and simplicity in script, thus facilitating the flawless copying and dissemination of texts. According to some scholars the multi-volume Bible edition by Maurdramnus served as the basis for single-volume Bible codices from the Carolingian era, such as those by Alcuin of York. However, contrary to common belief, Charlemagne never commissioned Alcuin to create an accurate version of the Bible for the realm. Instead, the task was to produce a single-volume version of the Bible. Today, only five out of the total 12 or 13 volumes exist in the MunicipalLibrary of Amiens.
# Cătălin Pârvulescu

Marin Cătălin Pârvulescu (born 11 June 1991) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a defender for SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea.

## Honours

Damila Măciuca
* Liga III: 2011–12
* Liga IV – Vâlcea County: 2010–11
Hermannstadt
* Liga III: 2016–17
* Cupa României: Runner-up 2017–18
# Škuc Gallery

Škuc Gallery, part of Slovenia's Student Cultural Centre (ŠKUC), is a contemporary art gallery located on Stari trg 21 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Established in 1978, it operates as a central venue for artistic and social initiatives, including visual arts, music, and publishing. The gallery's focus is on contemporary art and social issues and engagement.

## History

The inception of Škuc Gallery was marked by an exhibition showcasing the OHO group, symbolizing a shift towards the eclectic art of the 1980s. In the early 1980s, under the guidance of Barbara Borčić and Marina Gržinić, Škuc Gallery provided a platform for emerging artists to explore diverse artistic expressions rooted in social critique. This period was notable for its interdisciplinary and open approach, integrating alternative art practices to challenge traditional art perceptions. The gallery also became a hub for subcultural experimentation in Ljubljana's cultural and alternative scenes. The Neue Slowenische Kunst (NSK) movement was closely associated with Škuc. Despite minimal financial support, the gallery thrived, supported by the dedication of its staff and artists. The 1990s saw Škuc Gallery transition into a professionally-run contemporary art space, adapting to Slovenia's changing socioeconomic context. The gallery's roots are intertwined with the broader ŠKUC association, which has significantly impacted various cultural and social fields, including the LGBTQ movement and the arts. ŠKUC has been instrumental in launching the careers of many artists who later gained international recognition, such as Marjetica Potrč, Dušan Mandič, and Duba Sambolec.

## Artistic program

Škuc Gallery primarily exhibits the art of Slovenian contemporary artists. In 2010, the gallery has also hosted exhibitions of international interest such as "Become," which exhibited works by German-born Ljubljana-Amsterdam artist Ulay. Another notable international project was "Alternative Economics, Alternative Societies" by Austrian artist Oliver Ressler, focusing on self-management and alternative economic models. This installation, first exhibited in 2003, showcased videotaped statements from scholars, artists, and activists, reflecting on alternative economic systems and societies. The association's publishing arm specializes in LGBTQ literature. The gallery also hosts Europe's oldest LGBTQ film festival.
# Sophus Hansen

Sophus Peter Hansen (16 November 1889 – 19 February 1962) was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player and referee. He won a silver medal with the Denmark national team at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He also participated with the Danish team at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Born in Copenhagen, he played his entire career as a goalkeeper for local club Boldklubben Frem. He made his national team debut in 1911 and was the first player to reach 25 caps for the Denmark national team. He appeared in a record-setting 31 Demark national team games before ending his national team career in 1920. The record was broken by Poul "Tist" Nielsen in October 1923.[CN}
He is well known for stopping 2 crosses in the 1912 Olympic final against Great Britain.
In his civil life, Hansen was employed, at first, as a stonemason and later as an insurance man and in the years 1922-1934, excelled as a football referee, refereeing about 20 internationals. In the 1930 Mitropa Cup, Hansen refereed both the semifinals and both legs of the final between Sparta Prague and Rapid Vienna. Hansen was also a respected football jurist.
He died in February 1962 while living at Østerbro in Copenhagen.
# Kadir Keleş

Kadir Keleş (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Professional career

On 10 May 2018, Kadir helped Akhisar Belediyespor win their first professional trophy, the 2017–18 Turkish Cup.

## Honours
### Akhisarspor

* Turkish Cup (1): 2017-18
* Turkish Super Cup: 2018

## Club statistics
### Club

Club Performance :
| Turkey | Season | League | League | Turkish Cup | Turkish Cup | Turkish Super Cup | Turkish Super Cup | Total | Total |
| Turkey | Season | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals |
| 1461 Trabzon (loan) |
| 1461 Trabzon (loan) | 2009-10 | 20 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 7 |
| Gaziantep BB (loan) |
| Gaziantep BB (loan) | 2008-09 | 26 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| Trabzonspor |
| Trabzonspor | 2007-08 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| CAREER TOTAL | | 32 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 3 |
| Correct as of 26 September 2009 ||||||||||
# Reinhard Haupenthal

Reinhard Haupenthal (born 17 February 1945; died 29 September 2016) was a German Esperantist, Volapükist (or Volapükologist), translator, and linguist. Donald J. Harlow described Haupenthal's personal style in a warning to potential readers of Haupenthal's translation of Goethe's Young Werther: "the vocabulary used by Haupenthal is far from standard, and at times the Esperanto verges on the incomprehensible."
# Ezra Armstrong

Ezra Armstrong (born December 15, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for North Carolina FC in the USL Championship.

## Career

Armstrong signed to Sporting Kansas City's United Soccer League affiliate side Swope Park Rangers from their academy on March 10, 2016.
In 2018, Armstrong joined German 6th-tier side Türkspor Augsburg.
Armstrong signed to Skovshoved IF in the Fall of 2019.
On February 15, 2021, Armstrong returned to the United States, joining USL Championship side Pittsburgh Riverhounds.
On February 7, 2022, Armstrong joined MLS Next Pro side St. Louis City 2 ahead of the league's inaugural season.
Armstrong moved to USL Championship club North Carolina FC on December 15, 2023.

## Personal

Ezra is the son of former United States international Desmond Armstrong.
# Boulder Bridge and Ross Drive Bridge

Boulder Bridge and Ross Drive Bridge are two bridges in Washington, D.C. that are together listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Boulder Bridge and Ross Drive Bridge.
# Wala

Wala may refer to:

## Places

* Wala (island), a small island in Vanuatu, and a popular destination for cruise ships
* Wala, Panama, a community in Kuna de Wargandí, Panama
* Kingdom of Wala, a pre-colonial polity in the north of modern Ghana
* Waalo, an empire in West Africa between the 13th and 19th Centuries

## People

* Wala of Corbie (755–836), an advisor to the Frankish kings including Charlemagne
* Sidhu Moose Wala (1993–2022), Indian singer, rapper, actor and politician
* Wala, an Indian name

## Language

* Wala people, an ethnic group in Ghana
* Wala language (disambiguation), several languages
* Wallah or Wala, a suffix in several Indo-Aryan languages

## Other

* Wala (goddess), a sun goddess in Australian aboriginal spirituality
* Weighted Average Loan Age, a term relating to mortgage-backed securities
* WALA-TV, a FOX television station in southern United States
* Walo (rodent), a variety of gerbil from Somalia
# Christopher Thornberg

Christopher Thornberg is an economist, public speaker, and the founding partner of Beacon Economics, LLC, an independent research and consulting firm. From 2015 to 2023, he was director of the UC Riverside School of Business Center for Economic Forecasting and Development.

## Education and early career

Thornberg is a native of Rochester, New York. He graduated from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1989 with a B.S. in Business Administration from the School of Management. He then attended the UCLA Anderson School of Management where he received his Ph.D in Business Economics in 1997. He first started his career as an economics professor at Clemson University. Soon though, he moved back to UCLA where he researched under the university’s economic forecasting center.

## Media Appearances

Thornberg has appeared on NBC’s The Today Show, ABC’s Nightline, CNN, FOX News Channel, NPR, and is regularly quoted in major national and California dailies including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, and Chicago Tribune.

## Work

Thornberg has served on the advisory board of Wall Street hedge fund Paulson & Co. Inc. Between 2008 and 2012, he served as a chief economic advisor to the California State Controller's Office and served as Chair of State Controller John Chiang’s Council of Economic Advisors.