OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HMS K2

HMS K2 was the second of the K class submarines and was built at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth, England. She was laid down on 13 November 1915 and was commissioned in May 1917 one year before the end of World War I. In January 1917, K2 was damaged by an explosion and fire during her first diving trials. On 11 January 1924, it collided with K12 as they departed Portland Harbour. K2 smashed a hole in the forward casing of K12 and buckled her bows for about 6 feet (1.8 m).
On 7 November 1924, K2 collided with H29 during exercises. K2 was sold on 13 July 1926 to John Cashmore Ltd for scrapping at Newport.

## Design

Like all British K-class submarines, K2 had a displacement of 1,800 tonnes (2,000 short tons) when at the surface and 2,600 tonnes (2,900 short tons) while submerged. It had a total length of 338 feet (103 m), a beam of 26 feet 6 inches (8.08 m), and a draught of 20 feet 11 inches (6.38 m). The submarine was powered by two oil-fired Yarrow Shipbuilders boilers and one geared Brown-Curtis or Parsons steam turbine; this developed 10,500 ship horsepower (7,800 kW) to drive two 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) screws. It also contained four electric motors each producing 350 to 360 horsepower (260 to 270 kW). It was also fitted with a diesel engine providing 800 horsepower (600 kW) to be used when steam was being generated.
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) and a submerged speed of 9 to 9.5 knots (16.7 to 17.6 km/h; 10.4 to 10.9 mph). It could operate at depths of 150 feet (46 m) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi). K2 was fitted with a 3 inches (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun, ten 18 inches (460 mm) torpedo tubes, and two 4 inches (100 mm) deck guns. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bows, the midship section, and two were mounted on the deck. Its complement was fifty-nine crew members.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 "K for Katastophe". Undersea Warfare Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
* 1 2 3 4 Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. Retrieved from Naval-History on 20 August 2015.
* ↑ "K-class". Military Factory — Navy Ships. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
* ↑ Anthony Bruce; William Cogar (27 January 2014). Encyclopedia of Naval History. Routledge. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-135-93534-4.
* 1 2 Julian Holland (1 May 2012). Amazing & Extraordinary Facts Steam Age. David & Charles. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4463-5619-7.
# KemperSports

KemperSports is a privately held golf course and hospitality management company founded in 1978 by Steven H. Lesnik and James S. Kemper, Jr., president and chairman of the board of Kemper Insurance. The company began with the management of Kemper Lakes Golf Club in Kildeer, Illinois (United States), an upscale public golf course in the Chicago area.
Based in Northbrook, Illinois, KemperSports builds, owns and manages golf courses, private clubs, resorts, athletic clubs, lodging venues and restaurants, and has more than 7,000 employees. Its clients include owners and developers of golf courses and hospitality venues, financial institutions and municipalities. The company's management portfolio includes Bandon Dunes Golf Resort, titled the No. 1 Golf Resort in North America by Golf Digest and Golf Magazine; The Glen Club; Desert Willow Golf Resort; Chambers Bay, host of the 2010 U.S. Amateur and the 2015 U.S. Open.; and owns Streamsong Golf Resort.
KemperSports was named the Club Management Company of the Year in 2012 by BoardRoom magazine. and was named by Crain's Chicago Business and one of the Best Places to Work in Chicago in 2024. The company is led by CEO Steven K. Skinner and Chief Operating Officer Jeremy Goldblatt.
# Cockburn River

Cockburn River (/ˈkoʊbərn/ KOH-bərn) is a perennial river that is part of the Namoi catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
The river rises in the west slopes of Moonbi Range, near Limbri and then flows generally west south west, joined by four minor tributaries, towards its confluence with the Peel River at Nemingha; dropping 109 metres (358 ft) over its course of 33 kilometres (21 mi).
The river was first encountered by European explorers on 4 September 1818 during an expedition led by the Surveyor-General of New South Wales, John Oxley, who named the river in honour of Admiral Sir George Cockburn.
From upstream to downstream, the Cockburn River flows through or near the localities of Limbri, Moonbi, Kootingal, Tintinhull and Nemingha. A section of the Main North railway line runs along the valley of the Cockburn River.
The Cockburn River is also one of the fastest flowing rivers in the southern hemisphere. It is home to fish species including catfish, yellow belly, and European carp; the last have decimated the native fish stocks to the point that they are getting harder to find. There are small areas of irrigated cropping along the banks of the river and the surrounding hills are mostly used for grazing.
# Afin Rural District

Afin Rural District (Persian: دهستان افين) is in Zohan District of Zirkuh County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Afin.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of Qaen County) was 5,311 in 1,412 households. There were 4,760 inhabitants in 1,494 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 4,699 in 1,451 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Zirkuh County. The most populous of its 26 villages was Afin, with 1,215 people.
# HMS Jalouse (1809)

HMS Jalouse was a Cormorant-class ship-sloop of the British Royal Navy launched in 1809 and sold in 1819. She participated in the capture of a French privateer, but spent most of her active service escorting convoys. The Navy sold her in 1819.

## Career

The Navy commissioned Jalouse in June 1809 for the Irish Station and under the command of Commander Henry G. Morris. Choice, Clark, master, had been sailing from Oporto to London when the French privateer Dougay Trouin captured her. Jalouse recaptured Choice on 23 November and sent her to Cork, Ireland.
On 28 January 1810 Phoenix and Jalouse chased the 14-gun French privateer brig Charles, but lost her in thick fog. The next day Phoenix discovered Charles anchored close under the French coast. A cutting out expedition then went in with boats. Charles had a crew of 70 men, who resisted with grapeshot and small arms fire, killing one seaman on Phoenix and wounding another; Jalouse had no casualties Still, the boats succeeded in taking Charles, where they found two English masters and 13 seamen who the privateers had taken out of vessels a few days previously. One of the vessels Charles had captured was David, Wilkinson, master, which had been sailing from Newfoundland to Waterford. Her captors sent Charles into Plymouth.
On 3 November 1811 Jalouse departed Cork to join with the convoy that departed for Lisbon on the 27 October, after experiencing most dreadful weather.
In September 1812 Commander Abraham Lowe replaced Morris. On 23 December 1812 Jalouse arrived at Cork, after seeing a convoy to Cadiz and a month's cruise, during which time she captured, to the westward of the Great Belt, two American brigs.
On 23 May 1813, the American privateer Paul Jones captured Betsey, Roberts, master, which had been sailing from Liverpool to Lisbon. Betsey had been part of a convoy from Cork that Jalouse and Castilian. That same day Leonidas recaptured Betsey, and captured Paul Jones, both about 100 miles (160 km) south of Cape Clear. Jalouse escorted her convoy as far as Gibraltar and returned to England on 9 July. She then went into quarantine.
On 7 June 1814 Lowe received promotion to post captain and Commander James Bashford replaced him. Lieutenant John Undrell received promotion to Commander on 13 June 1815 and took command of Jalouse for the Jamaica station. In 1816 Commander Edward Hall replaced Undrell.

## Fate

Jalouse was paid-off at Chatham in January 1816. The "Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" offered "Jalouse, of 26 guns and, 425 tons", lying at Chatham, for sale on 8 March 1819. She sold there to G. Young on that date for £1,660.
# USS Perkins (DD-26)

USS Perkins (DD-26) was a modified Paulding-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the first ship named for Commodore George H. Perkins.
Perkins was laid down on 22 March 1909 by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, christened by Commodore Perkins' daughter Isabel Weld Perkins and launched from the Fore River on 9 April 1910. Perkins was commissioned on 18 November 1910, Lieutenant Commander Joel R. P. Pringle in command.

## Service history

After almost seven years of peacetime service with active and reserve destroyer squadrons, Perkins recommissioned on 3 April 1917. Assigned to the second division of United States destroyer forces in Europe, a division which included Paulding, Wilkes, and Ammen, she operated out of Queenstown, Ireland, from June into November 1917.
During this duty, she rescued survivors of Tarquah on 7 August, and escorted Bohemia from Saint Nazaire to Ireland and New York from Queenstown to Liverpool. In November 1917 she departed Ireland for New York, New York.
During the winter of 1917–1918, she underwent overhaul at Charleston, South Carolina. From March to December 1918 she operated out of Gravesend Bay, New York, on anti-submarine patrol and escort duty. She sighted German submarine U-151 off New Jersey on 2 June 1918. On convoy duty, she escorted various ships, including President Grant and President Washington, between Halifax, Nova Scotia and New York.
Entering the Reserve Fleet on 5 December 1919, she remained there until she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 8 March 1935, sold on 28 June, and scrapped.
# Soviet submarine M-200

М-200 Месть (Myest, meaning "vengeance" or "revenge") was a Malyutka class (Serie XV) short-range, diesel attack submarine of the Soviet Navy.

## World War Two

Operating in the Northern Fleet, the submarine attempted one attack on 20 July 1944 against a German convoy but was spotted by a German aircraft and received a subsequent attack with depth charges. On 15 July 1944 M-200 launched two torpedoes against a merchant, missing the target.

## Cold War

On 21 November 1956 while returning to port after transit to Paldiski near Tallinn, Myest was to rendezvous with the destroyer Statny. At about 19:45 hours, after spotting the destroyer, the boat's commanding officer, Captain Second Rank Yuri Pavlovich Shtikov, gave the conn to Captain Third Rank Shumanin, and went below for supper. Shumanin had previous experience in Shch-type (щука, shchuka, "pike") and С-type (средняя, srednyaja, "medium") boats, but was new to М-type (малая, Malaya, "small") boats such as M-200.
At 19:53 hours, while attempting to take station alongside the destroyer, the submarine cut across the destroyer's bow, which struck the boat on the starboard side aft, flooding the two after compartments immediately and killing the six men stationed there. Eight men escaped in the six or eight minutes before the boat sank, but two of them drowned before they could be rescued. Twenty-eight survivors were trapped in the compartments one, three, and four of the sunken submarine.
The submarine's emergency buoy was located at 21:05 hours, and communications were established with the remaining survivors in compartment one, the forward torpedo room. The men in compartments three and four had already died. Rescue forces began quickly arriving at the accident's scene, but were unable to provide air to the survivors.
By 04:00 hours the next morning, 22 November, the men in the submarine were prepared to use their escape equipment to leave the wreck, but were ordered to remain aboard while the senior officers on the surface developed plans to lift the boat with a floating crane. Numerous meetings occupied those officers until about 18:00 hours that evening, when the rescue attempt actually began. However, the weather had deteriorated, and when the rescue vessels began to drag anchor and the telephone cable to the sunken wreck parted, the attempt was abandoned.
At 03:47 hours the next morning, 23 November, divers located the wreck, and learned that the previous evening, after the telephone line parted and communications were lost, the survivors had decided to disobey orders, and escape on their own. However, the first man to use the escape hatch had died in the attempt, blocking the hatch for the rest. Killing them all, the submarine was never raised.
# CEI

CEI may refer to:

## Organizations

* Central European Initiative, a forum of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe
* Clean Energy Institute, a renewable energy research institute at the University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington, US
* Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, a defunct American utility company
* College of Eastern Idaho, a public community college in Idaho Falls, Idaho, US
* Commission électorale indépendante (Democratic Republic of the Congo) or Independent Electoral Commission, former name of the Independent National Electoral Commission
* Commission électorale indépendante (Ivory Coast) [de; fr] or Independent Electoral Commission, body that oversees elections in Ivory Coast
* Competitive Enterprise Institute, an American libertarian think tank
* Conferenza Episcopale Italiana or Episcopal Conference of Italy, conference of Roman Catholic bishops
* Council of Engineering Institutions, later the Engineering Council, a British regulatory authority
* Creative Engineering, Inc., American company
* Cycle Engineers' Institute, a screw thread pattern, see British Standard Whitworth

## Other uses

* Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
* Child exploitation imagery, a category of illegal or harmful online content
* Common Electrical I/O, interoperability agreements
* Comparably efficient interconnection
* Corporate Equality Index of US businesses regarding LGBT people
* IATA code for Chiang Rai International Airport, Thailand
# Lachlan Norris

Lachlan Norris (born 21 January 1987) is an Australian former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2009 and 2018 for the Team Jayco, Team Raleigh, Drapac Professional Cycling (two spells) and UnitedHealthcare teams.
Prior to his career on the road, Norris represented Australia at 8 World Mountain Bike Championships from 2004 to 2011.

## Major results
### 2005

    1st Australian Mountain Bike Championships, Junior XC

### 2006

    3rd Australian Mountain Bike Championships, U23 XC

### 2007

    2nd Australian Mountain Bike Championships, U23 XC

### 2009

    1st Australian Mountain Bike Championships, U23 XC

### 2010

    2nd Overall Tour of Wellington

### 2011

    4th Overall Tour de Taiwan
    9th Overall Tour of Wellington

### 2012

    1st Overall Tour of Tasmania

### 2013

    1st Mountains classification Circuit des Ardennes

### 2014

    3rd Time trial, Oceania Road Championships
    4th Overall Tour de Korea
    6th Overall Tour de Kumano
    10th Overall Tour of Utah

### 2015

    6th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
    6th Overall Tour of Utah
       1st Stage 7
    8th Overall Herald Sun Tour
    9th Time trial, Oceania Road Championships

### 2016

    5th Road race, Oceania Road Championships
    8th Overall Tour de Langkawi
    9th Overall Flèche du Sud

### 2017

    5th Overall Tour of Japan

### 2018

    7th Chrono Kristin Armstrong
# Jakob Klukstad

Jakob Bersveinson Klukstad (1705–1773) was a Norwegian wood carver and painter. He influenced other woodcarvers within the Gudbrand Valley.

## Biography

Klukstad was born in Lom. He spent most of his career on the Klukstad farm in Lesja. In 1734 he married Anne Knutsdatter (1704-1766) from Lom. Beginning in 1746 they are recorded as taking communion at the church in Lesja, where they continued for years afterwards. In 1747 Klukstad was recorded as holding a cotter's farm that was attached to the larger farm of Nordistugu Klukstad in Lesja. He was buried at Lesja Church, where a memorial stone recognizing his work was placed at his grave in 2000.
Klukstad was a self-taught artist. His main artistic contribution came at churches in the Gudbrand Valley, where he received several major commissions. His altarpieces and pulpits were richly carved with motifs of continuous vines with large-leaved acanthus or smaller, curly and small-lobed foliage. Some of the works have a wealth of small and large flowers, palmettes and leaf limes with great variety in the details.
Klukstad's great masterpieces are the altarpiece at Lesja Church (1742–45) and the pulpit and altarpiece in Heidal Church (1753–54). Klukstad's work can also be seen at Skjåk Church (ca. 1750) and Kors Church in Romsdal (1769).
# Salamatabad

Salamatabad (Persian: سلامت آباد) may refer to:
* Salamatabad, Firuzabad, Fars Province
* Salamatabad, Kharameh, Fars Province
* Salamatabad, Kurdistan
# Myeon (administrative division)

A myeon, myŏn, myon, or township (Korean: 면) is an administrative unit in South Korea similar to the unit of town.
Along with town, township is of a county and some cities of fewer than 500,000 population. Myeon have smaller populations than towns and represent the rural areas of a county or city. Townships are subdivided into villages. The minimum population limit is 6,000.
# Irit Ben-Abba

Irit Ben-Abba Vitali (Hebrew: אירית בן-אבא, born 1958) is the current Israeli ambassador to China and non-resident ambassador to Mongolia since 2021.

## Education

Between 1979-1982 Ben-Abba studied at and graduated cum laude from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, majoring in East Asian Studies and English Linguistics.
Between 2003-2005 Ben-Abba did executive MBA studies at the Hebrew University.

## Career

Ben-Abba has served as Ambassador to Albania from 2004 until 2006 (concurrent with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (2014-2019), North Macedonia (2004-2006) and the Philippines (2000-2004). She is the current Israeli Ambassador to China, having arrived to Beijing on 22 February, 2021. She was also Deputy Director General of Economic Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
# CIE 1964 color space

The CIE 1964 (U*, V*, W*) color space, also known as CIEUVW, is based on the CIE 1960 UCS:
    $U^{*}=13W^{*}(u-u_{0}),\quad V^{*}=13W^{*}(v-v_{0}),\quad W^{*}=25Y^{\frac {1}{3}}-17$
where (u$_0$, v$_0$) is the white point and Y is the luminous tristimulus value of the object. The asterisks in the exponent indicates that the variable represent a more perceptually uniform color space than its predecessor (compare with CIELAB).
Günter Wyszecki invented the UVW color space in order to be able to calculate color differences without having to hold the luminance constant. He defined a lightness index W* by simplifying expressions suggested earlier by Ladd and Pinney, and Glasser et al.. The chromaticity components U* and V* are defined such that the white point maps to the origin, as in Adams chromatic valence color spaces. This arrangement has the benefit of being able to express the loci of chromaticities with constant saturation simply as (U*)$^2$ + (V*)$^2$ = C for a constant C. Furthermore, the chromaticity axes are scaled by the lightness "so as to account for the apparent increase or decrease in saturation when the lightness index is increased or decreased, respectively, and the chromaticity (u, v) is kept constant".

## Chromaticity and color difference

The chromaticity coefficients were chosen "on the basis of the spacing of the Munsell system. A lightness difference ΔW = 1 is assumed to correspond to a chromaticness difference √ΔU$^2$ + ΔV$^2$ = 13 (approximately)."
With the coefficients thus selected, the color difference in CIEUVW is simply the Euclidean distance:
    $\Delta E_{\text{CIEUVW}}={\sqrt {\left(\Delta U^{*}\right)^{2}+\left(\Delta V^{*}\right)^{2}+\left(\Delta W^{*}\right)^{2}}}$
# Cassarate (river)

The Cassarate is a river of the Swiss canton of Ticino. It rises in the upper part of the Val Colla, on the slopes of Monte Gazzirola and the San Lucio Pass. It flows into Lake Lugano at Lugano.
On its way downstream, the river flows through the Val Colla valley before reaching the city centre of Lugano.
Historically, the lower reaches of the Cassarate river formed the boundary between the communities of Lugano (to the west) and Cassarate (to the east), but both communities now form part of the city.
# Insound

Insound was an online music store. Insound carried CD, vinyl, hard to find items, music accessories and merchandise. The company was located in New York, New York.

## History

Insound was founded in 1998 by Christian Anthony, Matt Wishnow and Ari Sass. Wishnow and Sass had worked together at Elektra. The site took six months to build and first launched on March 1, 1999. The company gradually gained notoriety through its reviews, online zines and promotion of then-small bands such as Death Cab for Cutie. Insound also gained visibility through hosting events at CMJ and South by Southwest (SXSW).
Insound became profitable in 2003. In 2008, more than half of the company's sales come from selling vinyl records, which had made a resurgence in the past decade.
In January 2008, the retailer was acquired by Alternative Distribution Alliance, an independent distributor owned by the Warner Music Group.
On March 19, 2015, ADA disbanded Insound but in October of the same year, the online music retailer was revived by the Warner Music Group and was selling a broad-range of music related products at a discounted price. By April 2020, Insound redirected to the Warner Music Group official store.
# Hemitrygon longicauda

Hemitrygon longicauda, the Merauke stingray, is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae.
Hemitrygon longicauda is found in the Western Pacific, where it is endemic to southern New Guinea. This species reaches a length of 31 cm (12 in).
# Attulus terebratus

Attulus terebratus is a species of spiders from the family Salticidae, found in all European countries except for Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the former Yugoslavian states. It is also commonly found in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Turkey.

## Description

This species has eight legs, and eight eyes. It has a black coloured body, with brownish legs.
# Mongolicosa gobiensis

Mongolicosa gobiensis is a species of wolf spider only known from a single female collected in Khürmen district, Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia.
This spider, 6.8 mm in length, has a blackish-brown carapace and a dark grey, sparsely hairy abdomen. The legs have pale banding.
# Neuville-en-Verdunois

Neuville-en-Verdunois (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## Notable places

* The Château de Neuville-en-Verdunois, a castle from the 16th century, designated a monument historique

## Notable people

* Madame de Saint-Baslemont (1607–1660), soldier and writer, heroine of the Thirty Years' War
# Orchestina pavesii

Orchestina pavesii is a spider species found in Spain, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt and Yemen.