OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Butte

In geomorphology, a butte (/bjuːt/) is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller landforms than mesas, plateaus, and tablelands. The word butte comes from the French word butte, meaning knoll (but of any size); its use is prevalent in the Western United States, including the southwest where mesa (Spanish for "table") is used for the larger landform. Due to their distinctive shapes, buttes are frequently landmarks in plains and mountainous areas. To differentiate the two landforms, geographers use the rule of thumb that a mesa has a top that is wider than its height, while a butte has a top that is narrower than its height.

## Formation

Buttes form by weathering and erosion when hard caprock overlies a layer of less resistant rock that is eventually worn away. The harder rock on top of the butte resists erosion. The caprock provides protection for the less resistant rock below from wind abrasion which leaves it standing isolated. As the top is further eroded by abrasion and weathering, the excess material that falls off adds to the scree or talus slope around the base. On a much smaller scale, the same process forms hoodoos.

## Notable buttes

The Mitten Buttes of Monument Valley in the Utah–Arizona state line are two of the most distinctive and widely recognized buttes. Monument Valley and the Mittens provided backgrounds in the scenes of many western-themed films, including seven movies directed by John Ford. Another very well-known and frequently photographed butte in northern Arizona is Thumb Butte, which overlooks the city of Prescott and is the most prominent and distinctive geologic landmark in the vicinity. The Devils Tower in northeastern Wyoming is a laccolithic butte composed of igneous rock rather than sandstone, limestone or other sedimentary rocks.
The term butte is sometimes applied more broadly to isolated, steep-sided hills with pointed or craggy, rather than flat, tops. Three notable formations that are either named butte or may be considered buttes even though they do not conform to the formal geographer's rule are Scotts Bluff in Nebraska which is a collection of five bluffs, Crested Butte, which is a 12,168 ft (3,709 m) mountain in Colorado, and Elephant Butte, which is now an island in Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico.
Among the well-known non-flat-topped buttes in the United States are Bear Butte, South Dakota, Black Butte, Oregon, and the Sutter Buttes in California. In many cases, buttes have been given other names that do not use the word butte, for example, Courthouse Rock, Nebraska. Also, some large hills that are technically not buttes have names using the word, examples of which are Kamiak Butte, Chelan Butte and Steptoe Butte in Washington state.

## Gallery

* Courthouse Butte near Sedona, Arizona
* Qaxaç Qalası or Kachaghakaberd fortress, Khojali District, Azerbaijan
* Pawnee Buttes, Pawnee National Grassland, Colorado
* Tamanrasset Province, Algeria
# Robert Cruickshank (bacteriologist)

Robert Cruickshank (26 September 1899 – 16 August 1974) was a Scottish bacteriologist. He did much early work on cancer research and aerobiology, including the airborne spread of streptococcus. He was an expert in the field of epidemiology.

## Life

He was born on 26 September 1899 in the village of Strichen in northern Scotland, into a farming background. He attended school locally then won a place studying medicine at the University of Aberdeen graduating with an MB ChB in 1922. He won the Alexander Anderson Travelling Scholarship, allowing him further study at the Pathology Department of the University of Glasgow. Here he worked with Robert Muir and Carl Browning who each influenced him in his choice of career as a bacteriologist.
Initially working in the Hospital For Sick Children in Glasgow he was given a Fellowship in cancer research. In 1928 he was appointed a lecturer in bacteriology at the University of Glasgow while also taking the role of bacteriologist for Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Here he made important observations and advances in the understanding of streptococcal infections in burn victims.
In 1936 he was appointed Director of the LCC Group Laboratory at the North West Fever Hospital in London. Despite a decade of ill-health, he built up the reputation of the laboratory in the field of bacteriological research. In 1945 he became the first Director of the Central Public Health Laboratory in Colindale in north London, establishing it as a centre for medical microbiology.
In 1949 he became Professor of Bacteriology at the University of London linked to St Mary's Hospital. In 1955 he became Director of the Wright-Fleming Institute, formerly the Sir Almoth Wright Inoculation Department. In 1958 he returned to Scotland to take up a chair in Bacteriology at the University of Edinburgh. He was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London) in 1946. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1959. His proposers were George Lightbody Montgomery, David Whitteridge, Guy Frederic Marrian, and James Pickering Kendall. In 1966 he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). The University of Aberdeen awarded him an honorary doctor of letters (LLD) in 1968.
He retired in 1966 and took on the role of Professor of Social and Preventative Medicine at the University of the West Indies which linked to the Ministry of Health in Jamaica. During this period he also represented the UK at the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory in Dacca, Pakistan. He retired fully in 1968.
He died on 16 August 1974.

## Family

He married Margaret Petrie in 1929. They had one daughter, Nancy, and one son, Neil.

## Publications

* Modern Trends in Immunology vol 1 (1963)
* Modern Trends in Immunology vol 2 (1967)
* Handbook of Bacteriology (editing) (1960)
* The Practice of Medical Microbiology (editing)
* Perspectives in Public Health
# Millennium Park (Kolkata)

22°34′28″N 88°20′43″E﻿ / ﻿22.574454°N 88.345321°E﻿ / 22.574454; 88.345321
Millennium Park is a public park in Kolkata, situated along the Strand Road on eastern shore of Hooghly River for a stretch of 2.5 km, near Fairlie Ghat opposite to the Railway Club. The park consists of landscaped gardens and children's amusement rides. It was opened along the Hooghly shoreline to provide a green area for Kolkata's polluted waterway. It was inaugurated on 26 December 1999 as millennium gift from Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. The park is a part of the first phase of the Kolkata Riverside Beautification Project.

## Entertainment tools

The park has a large variety of trees and light fixtures. It offers a variety of activities including a kids zone, a playground, a toy train, pirate themed rides, amusement attractions such as bumpy cars, and boat rides. This park also has a big food court with eight stalls that caters to its visitors. The Government of West Bengal has started many projects to enhance the beauty of the Ganges river. The people of Kolkata come here to spend a quiet and relaxed evening on a special occasion. The Howrah Bridge sound and light show can be witnessed from here.
# Carinthia Mount Rinka

Carinthia Mount Rinka (Slovene: Koroška Rinka) or the Cross (Križ), with an elevation of 2,433 metres (7,982 ft), is a mountain in the central Kamnik–Savinja Alps in northern Slovenia. It is connected via a pass with Carniola Mount Rinka (Kranjska Rinka, 2,453 m or 8,048 ft), the northern ridge descends to the Jezersko Pass and the Savinja Pass, whereas the western ridge with Styria Mount Rinka (Štajerska Rinka, 2,374 m or 7,789 ft) ends with the Turski Žleb Ravine. There is also the fourth Rinka, called Little Mount Rinka (Mala Rinka; 2,289 m or 7,510 ft). The names of the mountains reflect their positions at the border between the traditional Slovene regions of Carinthia, Carniola, and Styria.

## Starting points

* Zgornje Jezersko (906 m)
* Logar Valley (761 m)

## Routes

* 3h: from the Carniolan Lodge at Ledine (1,700 m or 5,600 ft), passing the Jezersko Pass
* 3½h: from the Frischauf Lodge at Okrešelj (1,396 m or 4,580 ft), through the Turski Žleb Ravine
# Kemei

Kemei is a name of Kenyan origin meaning dry season in Kalenjin that may refer to:
* William Kemei (born 1969), Kenyan middle-distance runner and 1991 All-Africa Games champion
* Philemon Kemei Cheruiyot (born 1982), Kenyan long-distance runner and 2004 Lisbon Marathon winner
# Boondina Conservation Park

Boondina Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the west of the state in the gazetted locality of Yellabinna about 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-east of the town centre in Fowlers Bay.
The land first acquired protected area status on 11 November 1993 as part of a conservation reserve dedicated under the Crown Lands Act 1929 and known as the Yumbarra Conservation Reserve. In 2006, the conservation reserve was resumed with part of the resumed crown land being constituted as the Boondina Conservation Park.
Its name is derived from the “native name associated with the area by the local Aboriginal people” and which “draws its significance from local water sources.”
As of 2013, the conservation park is managed as part of a larger group of protected areas known as the Yellabinna Reserves which also includes Pureba Conservation Park, the Yellabinna Regional Reserve, the Yellabinna Wilderness Protection Area and the Yumbarra Conservation Park. The management approach for the Yellabinna Reserves is described by the managing authority as being “an integrated and collaborative approach to the conservation of over three million hectares of mallee woodland.” No visitors facilities are provided within the conservation park nor is there access for public vehicles. Mineral exploration and mining is permitted in the conservation park.
A co-management agreement signed by the Far West Coast Aboriginal Corporation and the Government of South Australia in 2013 in respect to the Yumbarra Conservation Park also provides for the corporation to give advice on the management of the conservation park and other reserves in the west of the state. The conservation park is one of those in the west of the state where aboriginal people are permitted to hunt for and gather food.
The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.
# Mazurkas, Op. 56 (Chopin)

The Op. 56 mazurkas by Frédéric Chopin are a set of three mazurkas written for solo piano and presumably written in 1843–1844 and published in 1844. A typical performance of all three mazurkas lasts around 12 minutes.

## Structure

The 3 pieces are as follows:
* Allegro non tanto (B major)
* Vivace (C major)
* Moderato (C minor)
Op. 56 No. 1 in B major is notable for its major-third-related 5-part rondo structure (B major-E♭ major-B major-G major-B major).
# Defensores Unidos

Club Atlético Defensores Unidos (simply known as Defensores Unidos) is an Argentine football club from the Villa Fox district of Zárate, Buenos Aires. The team currently plays in Primera B, the second division of Argentine football league system.

## Players
### Current squad

    As of 19 May 2019.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | GK | ARG | Fabricio Henricot |
| — | GK | ARG | Mauricio Aquino |
| — | GK | ARG | Jaime Barceló |
| — | DF | ARG | Ariel Morales |
| — | DF | ARG | Matías Mariatti |
| — | DF | ARG | Damián Zadel |
| — | DF | ARG | Matías Contreras |
| — | DF | ARG | Luis Olivera |
| — | DF | PER | Luis Martínez |
| — | DF | ARG | Matías Rapetti |
| — | DF | ARG | Juan Cruz Ponce |
| — | DF | ARG | Nicolás Alarcón |
| — | DF | ARG | Lautaro Arregui |
| — | MF | USA | Jonathan Suárez |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | MF | ARG | Franco Sivetti |
| — | MF | ARG | Matías Nizzo |
| — | MF | ARG | Nicolás Cavagnero |
| — | MF | ARG | Brian Guerra |
| — | MF | ARG | Maximiliano Ortigoza |
| — | MF | PAR | Kevin Fernández |
| — | MF | ARG | Felipe Palazuelo |
| — | MF | ARG | Guido Lopez |
| — | FW | ARG | Rodrigo Hernández |
| — | FW | ARG | Nicolás González |
| — | FW | ARG | Franco Lonardi |
| — | FW | ARG | Martín Peralta |
| — | FW | ARG | Javier Velázquez (captain) |
| — | FW | ARG | Franco Caballero |

## Honours
### National

* Primera B Metropolitana
** Winners (1): 2022
* Primera C
** Winners (2): 1993-94, 2017-18
* Primera de Aficionados
** Winners (1): 1969
* Primera D
** Winners (1): 2007-08
# Timelines of modern history

The following are timelines of modern history, from the end of the Middle Ages, c. 1400 – c. 1500, to the present.

## General timelines
### Early modern period

* For a timeline of events prior to 1501, see 15th century § Events
* For a timeline of events from 1501 to 1600, see 16th century § Significant events
* For a timeline of events from 1601 to 1700, see Timeline of the 17th century
* For a timeline of events from 1701 to 1800, see Timeline of the 18th century

### Late modern period

* For a timeline of events from 1801 to 1900, see Timeline of the 19th century
* For a timeline of events from 1901 to 1945, see Timeline of the 20th century
** For 1914–1918, see Timeline of World War I
** For 1939–1945 see Timeline of World War II

### Contemporary period

* For a timeline of events from 1945 to 2000, see Timeline of the 20th century § 1945
** Timeline of the Cold War
* For a timeline of events from 2001 onward, see Timeline of the 21st century

### Future

* Timelines of the future

## By country

* Timeline of Australian history
* Timeline of Austrian history
* Timeline of Bangladeshi history
* Timeline of British history
* Timeline of British diplomatic history
* Timeline of Canadian history
* Timeline of Chinese history
* Timeline of Cuban history
* Timeline of Finnish history
* Timeline of French history
* Timeline of German history
* Timeline of Greek history
* Timeline of Indian history
* Timeline of Italian history
* Timeline of Japanese history
* Timeline of Korean history
* Timeline of Mexican history
* Timeline of Pakistani history
* Timeline of Polish history
* Timeline of Portuguese history
* Timeline of Russian history
* Timeline of Spanish history
* Timeline of Swedish history
* Timeline of Anatolian history
* Timeline of United States history

## Topical timelines

* List of years in literature
* Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)
* Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999)
* Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)
* List of firsts in aviation

### Exploration

* Timeline of European exploration
* List of circumnavigations
* List of Arctic expeditions
* Timeline of Solar System exploration
* Timeline of space exploration

### Wars

* List of wars: 1500–1799
* List of wars: 1800–1899
* List of wars: 1900–1944
* List of wars: 1945–1989
* List of wars: 1990–2002
* List of wars: 2003–present
# Shepstone

Shepstone is the surname of:
* Denis Gem Shepstone (1888–1966), South African politician
* George Shepstone (1876–1940), South African cricketer
* Mike Shepstone (born in 1943), English drummer of The Rokes band
* Paul Shepstone (born in 1970), English professional footballer
* Theophilus Shepstone (1817–1893), British South African statesman
# 2011 Tatarstan Open – Doubles

Ekaterina Dzehalevich and Lesia Tsurenko were the defending champions, but both chose not to participate. Ekaterina Ivanova and Andreja Klepač won the title when Vitalia Diatchenko and Alexandra Panova withdrew from the final.

## Seeds

* Vitalia Diatchenko / Alexandra Panova (final, withdrew)
* Ekaterina Ivanova / Andreja Klepač (champions)
* Evgeniya Rodina / Valeriya Solovyeva (semifinals)
* Tetyana Arefyeva / Eugeniya Pashkova (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | V Diatchenko A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ç Büyükakçay P Özgen | 2 | 3 | | 1 | V Diatchenko A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| | N Abduraimova E Yashina | 6 | 7 | | | N Abduraimova E Yashina | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | |
| Q | V Ekshibarova E Kulikova | 3 | 5 | | | | | | 1 | V Diatchenko A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | |
| 3 | E Rodina V Solovieva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 3 | E Rodina V Solovieva | 3 | 2 | | | |
| WC | V Kudermetova P Novoselova | 0 | 1 | | 3 | E Rodina V Solovieva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| Q | A Gabueva A Sotnikova | 3 | 6$^5$ | | | A Artamonova M Buzărnescu | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| | A Artamonova M Buzărnescu | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | 1 | V Diatchenko A Panova | |
| WC | V Kuznetsova S Shaydullina | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | 2 | E Ivanova A Klepač | w/o |
| | N Dzalamidze M Minella | 6 | 6 | | | N Dzalamidze M Minella | 5 | 4 | | | | | | | |
| | K Lykina M Sirotkina | 4 | 6 | [15] | | K Lykina M Sirotkina | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| 4 | T Arefyeva E Pashkova | 6 | 2 | [13] | | | | | | K Lykina M Sirotkina | 3 | 1 | | | |
| | M Shamayko M Zharkova | 3 | 5 | | | | | | 2 | E Ivanova A Klepač | 6 | 6 | | | |
| | R Hogenkamp T Kotelnikova | 6 | 7 | | | R Hogenkamp T Kotelnikova | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | |
| | V Ivakhnenko K Kozlova | 1 | 3 | | 2 | E Ivanova A Klepač | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Ivanova A Klepač | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Audit Commission

Audit Commission can refer to:
* Audit Commission (Hong Kong), a current Hong Kong government agency
* Commission of Audit, a current Macao government agency
* Commission on Audit, a current Philippine government agency
* Audit Commission (United Kingdom), a former public corporation from 1983 to 2015 in the United Kingdom
# Peak Scientific

Peak Scientific is a Scottish manufacturer of gas generators for analytical laboratories. Headquartered in Glasgow, United Kingdom, it specialises in the production of nitrogen, hydrogen, and gas generators, mainly for the fields of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.

## History

Peak Scientific was established by its founder and current chairman Robin MacGeachy in 1992 originally operating as an air compressor distributor until 1997 when the company was registered to manufacture gas generators on a 10,000 square foot facility at Inchinnan. It was not until 2004 when Robin MacGeachy fully acquired the business.
Timeline
1992 – Business initially established as a distributor of air compressors
1997 – Peak Scientific established to manufacture gas generators
2005 – First international office opens in North America
2007 – India office opens
2008 – Africa office opens
2010 – Mexico, China and Hong Kong offices open
2011 – Australia office opens
2012 – Offices in Germany, Brazil, Japan and Singapore open
2013 – Offices in Canada, France and Spain open
2015 – New offices open in India and Abu Dhabi
2016 – Third office in India opens
2017 – Business is registered in Ireland and Vietnam
2018 – Office in Korea opens

## Operations

Peak Scientific manufactures all of its generators at its headquarters in Inchinnan, Scotland but also has offices in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, China, India and Southeast Asia.

## Products and services

Peak Scientific supplies small to large scale nitrogen, hydrogen, and zero air gas systems mainly for the laboratory and scientific markets and more specifically for Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) markets.

## Awards

Peak Scientific has received The Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade in 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014 and in 2016. In 2016 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd also received the Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation.
# 2023 Ladies Open Lausanne – Doubles

Anna Bondár and Diane Parry defeated Amina Anshba and Anastasia Dețiuc in the final, 6–2, 6–1 to win the doubles title at the 2023 Ladies Open Lausanne.
Olga Danilović and Kristina Mladenovic were the reigning champions, but chose not to defend their title.

## Seeds

* Yana Sizikova / Kimberley Zimmermann (first round)
* Eri Hozumi / Irina Khromacheva (quarterfinals)
* Anna Bondár / Diane Parry (champions)
* Aliona Bolsova / Andrea Gámiz (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Y Sizikova K Zimmermann | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Anshba A Dețiuc | 6 | 6 | | | A Anshba A Dețiuc | 2 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Gimbrère V Grammatikopoulou | 7 | 7 | | | J Gimbrère V Grammatikopoulou | 6 | 3 | [9] | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Schoofs E Vedder | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | A Anshba A Dețiuc | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |
| 4 | A Bolsova A Gámiz | 6 | 2 | [7] | | | | | | | Q Gleason E Lechemia | 6$^2$ | 4 | | | | | |
| | Q Gleason E Lechemia | 4 | 6 | [10] | | Q Gleason E Lechemia | 6 | 6$^3$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Bandecchi J Dürst | 3 | 0 | | | V Golubic S Waltert | 4 | 7$^7$ | [6] | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Golubic S Waltert | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | A Anshba A Dețiuc | 2 | 1 |
| | F Christie A Collins | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | A Bondár D Parry | 6 | 6 |
| | E Andreeva M Andreeva | 1 | 4 | | | F Christie A Collins | 3 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Rogers P Thombare | 6$^3$ | 0 | | 3 | A Bondár D Parry | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | A Bondár D Parry | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | A Bondár D Parry | 7 | 6$^2$ | [10] | | | | |
| | D Jakupović D Kovinić | 3 | | | | | | | | | D Jakupović D Kovinić | 5 | 7$^7$ | [8] | | | | |
| | A Gabueva E Yashina | 1$^r$ | | | | D Jakupović D Kovinić | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Riera O Tjandramulia | 0 | 2 | | 2 | E Hozumi I Khromacheva | 6$^4$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Hozumi I Khromacheva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Sam Dorman

Sam Dorman (born August 30, 1991) is a retired American diver. He represented his country at the 2016 Summer Olympics where he, along with his diving partner Michael Hixon, won a silver medal in the 3-meter springboard synchro event. Dorman attended the University of Miami.

## Early life

Sam Dorman was born to Marla and Paul Dorman and grew up in Tempe, Arizona. He has a brother living in Australia who plays for Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League in Australia. He attended Marcos de Niza High School in Tempe, and then went to University of Miami where he majored in mechanical engineering.
Dorman began learning to dive when he was eight, and started to compete in diving competition when he was nine.

## Diving career

Dorman won three gold medals, on the 1- and 3-meter springboard events and the 3-meter synchro with Zac Nees, at the AT&T National Diving Championships in Iowa City in 2013. In 2015, he won the 3-meter individual springboard at the NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships with a diving record of 529.10 points.
Dorman partnered for a time with Kristian Ipsen in 2015 and early 2016, but teamed up with Michael Hixon after team changes in March 2016. Dorman and Hixon won the U.S. trials in their first competition together.
At the Rio Olympics, in their first international meet as diving partners, Dorman and Hixon won the silver medal in the 3m synchro with a score of 450.21, behind Jack Laugher and Chris Mears of Great Britain (454.32) but ahead of the Chinese pair Qin Kai and Cao Yuan (443.70).