OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California

The Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in Tuolumne County, California. The Chicken Ranch Rancheria Miwok are central Sierra Miwok, an Indigenous people of California.

## Government

The tribe conducts business from Jamestown, California. The tribe is led by an elected council.

## Reservation

The Chicken Ranch Rancheria is 2.85-acre parcel of land, located in Tuolumne County.

## Economic development

The tribe owns Chicken Ranch Casino, located in Jamestown, California as well as the Ranch House Restaurant.

## Education

The ranchería is served by the Jamestown Elementary School District and Sonora Union High School District.
# 2011 Saransk Cup – Doubles

This was a new event to the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit.
Mihaela Buzărnescu and Teodora Mirčić won the title by defeating Eva Hrdinová and Veronika Kapshay in the final 6–3, 6–1.

## Seeds

* Mihaela Buzărnescu / Teodora Mirčić (champions)
* Eva Hrdinová / Veronika Kapshay (final)
* Ksenia Lykina / Anastasia Pivovarova (semifinals)
* Valentyna Ivakhnenko / Kateryna Kozlova (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | M Buzărnescu T Mirčić | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Artamonova L Marozava | 6$^1$ | 2 | | 1 | M Buzărnescu T Mirčić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | A Piven A Vasylyeva | 7 | 6 | | | A Piven A Vasylyeva | 0 | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| WC | V Kuzmenkova M Lazareva | 5 | 3 | | | | | | 1 | M Buzărnescu T Mirčić | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | K Lykina A Pivovarova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 3 | K Lykina A Pivovarova | 4 | 2 | | | | |
| WC | A Klyueva I Slizovskaya | 2 | 4 | | 3 | K Lykina A Pivovarova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | E Svintsova E Yashina | 3 | 4 | | | E Pashkova M Zharkova | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| | E Pashkova M Zharkova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | M Buzărnescu T Mirčić | 6 | 6 |
| | M Melnikova M Shamayko | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 2 | E Hrdinová V Kapshay | 3 | 1 |
| | I Glimakova P Monova | 5 | 3 | | | M Melnikova M Shamayko | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | |
| | M Gasparyan J Valetova | 2 | 3 | | 4 | V Ivakhnenko K Kozlova | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | V Ivakhnenko K Kozlova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | V Ivakhnenko K Kozlova | 5 | 1 | | | | |
| | E Ianchuk V Solovieva | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | 2 | E Hrdinová V Kapshay | 7 | 6 | | | | |
| | A Fomina A Gabueva | 6 | 0 | [8] | | E Ianchuk V Solovieva | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| WC | N Gorbachkova A Treskunova | 0 | 1 | | 2 | E Hrdinová V Kapshay | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Hrdinová V Kapshay | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Palmier (surname)

Palmier is a surname.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Remo Palmier (1923-2002), American jazz guitarist
* Pierre Palmier (d. 1555), archbishop of Vienne
* Jean-Michel Palmier (1944–1998), French philosopher and art historian
* Leslie Hugh Palmier (b. 1924), British sociologist
# Altefeld

The Altefeld (in its upper course: Schwarzer Fluß) is a river of Hesse, Germany. Its confluence with the Lauter in Bad Salzschlirf forms the Schlitz. It has a length of 30 km.
# Ricardo Lunari

Ricardo Gabriel Lunari Del Federico (born 6 February 1970) is an Argentine football manager and former player.

## Playing career

Lunari started his career in 1991 with Newell's Old Boys in Argentina, he was a young member of two championship winning teams before moving to Chile in 1993 to play for Universidad Católica.
In his first season with UC he was part of the team that reached the final of the Copa Libertadores. He then had short spells with Atlas and Puebla in Mexico and Millonarios in Colombia before returning to UC in 1996. In 1997 the club won the National Championship. He scored the last goal in the 3–0 final match against Colo-Colo.
In 1998, he joined Spanish club Salamanca in La Liga, before moving to Portugal to play for Farense.
In 2000 Lunari returned to Argentina to play for Almagro. Towards the end of his career he played for Oriente Petrolero in Bolivia Estudiantes de Mérida in Venezuela and amateur side Guspini in Italy.

## Coaching career

After retiring as a player Lunari took his coaching qualifications. He is a level 1 qualified coach in Italy, and obtained his international coaching licence in England. In March 2008, Lunari made his coaching debut with Bolivian first division club Guabirá, but after only five games into the season he resigned from his duties due to poor team performance. He later joined Fernando Gamboa as his assistant coach when he took over Newell's Old Boys in August 2008.
On 18 January 2019, Lunari was appointed as the manager of Colón FC from Montevideo, Uruguay.
From 2021 to 2022, he was in charge of Provincial Osorno in the Chilean Tercera A.

## Honours

Newell's Old Boys
* Argentine Primera División: 1990–91
* Argentine Clausura Tournament: Clausura 1992
* Copa Libertadores runners-up: 1992
Universidad Católica
* Primera División de Chile: 1997 Apertura
* Copa Libertadores runners-up: 1993
Oriente Petrolero
* Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano: 2001
# Mike Jay

Mike Jay is a former American football quarterback for Texas A&M University.

## High school career

Jay played his high school football in Torrington, Wyoming, excelling in all sports winning Honorable Mention High School Football All-America in 1969.

## College career

He began his college football career playing for the short-lived program of Hiram Scott College in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. The Scotties did not have a losing season during their brief existence (1966–71), but the program was shut down after the 1971 season when the school went bankrupt. Jay was the Scotties' starting quarterback during Hiram Scott's final season and led the team to a 6-2-1 record (including a win against Boise State) running an offense patterned after Oklahoma's. Following the season, the Scotties were selected to play in the Mineral Bowl, but were unable to accept the invitation. Wayne State University, a team that Hiram Scott had beaten that season, played in their place. Hiram Scott coach Dick Beechner called Jay one of the best players to ever play for Hiram Scott and said, "He was a good option quarterback and when he stepped into the huddle we knew the play he called probably going to be successful. He had that leadership ability."
After the Hiram Scott program was shut down, Jay found his way into the United States Marine Corps, where he played quarterback for the 1972 Quantico Marines, who finished the season with an 8–4 record. The team was eliminated following that season in the wake of defense budget cuts, as the Vietnam War waned.
Jay was recruited heavily in 1973, as he still had three remaining years of collegiate eligibility. In order to pursue his dreams to be a veterinarian, Jay transferred to Texas A&M. He led the team in passing his sophomore season with 682 yards while running Emory Bellard's wishbone offense and sharing starting duties with 17-year-old freshman phenom David Walker. He lost the starting job to Walker the following season only to regain it once again his senior year. He was the starting quarterback for the Aggies during his senior season in 1975 and led them to a season high national ranking of No. 2 (in the 12/1/75 AP poll), a 10-game winning streak including a 20-10 win against the rival No. 5 ranked Texas Longhorns, a Southwest Conference championship and a Liberty Bowl appearance against USC in Trojan coach John McKay's last game. After the season, Jay was voted by his teammates as the winner of the Aggie Heart Award. The Aggie Heart Award is presented to a senior who has completed his eligibility and displayed intangibles such as effort, desire, determination, competitiveness, leadership and courage. The Heart Award is voted on by the entire Aggie football team and is considered the highest award that a senior athlete can receive at Texas A&M. At last look, Jay still held a little-known record from per play yards from scrimmage of more than 10+, the only aggie in history to average double digit yards every time he touched the ball.

## Personal life

After football, Jay became a successful entrepreneur, business consultant, and author. He has two daughters.
# Timeline of strikes in 1990

In 1990, a number of labour strikes, labour disputes, and other industrial actions occurred.

## Background

A labour strike is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. This can include wildcat strikes, which are done without union authorisation, and slowdown strikes, where workers reduce their productivity while still carrying out minimal working duties. It is usually a response to employee grievances, such as low pay or poor working conditions. Strikes can also occur to demonstrate solidarity with workers in other workplaces or pressure governments to change policies.

## Timeline
### Continuing strikes from 1989

* 1989–90 British Aerospace strike, 5-month strike by British Aerospace calling for a 35-hour work week.
* 1989–1990 British ambulance strike
* 1986–90 Colt strike, 4-year strike by Colt Firearms workers in the United States.
* 1990s Donbas miners' strikes
* First Intifada, including strikes, against the Israeli occupation of Palestine.
* Karabakh movement, including strikes, in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, demanding transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast to Armenia.
* Pittston Coal strike
* 1989–90 South African rail strike
* 1988–91 United States jai alai strike, 3-year strike by jai alai players in the United States.
* 1989–1990 unrest in Benin
* 1988–90 Zimbabwe healthcare strikes, series of strikes by healthcare workers, including doctors and nurses, in Zimbabwe.

### January

* 1990 Ford UK strike

### February

* 1990 Bacton Fashions strike, in the United Kingdom.
* 1990 Corona strike, 7-week strike by Corona brewery workers in Mexico.
* 1990 Finnish bank strike
* 1990 Hawaiian hotels' strike

### March

* 1990 Cuajone strike, by copper miners at the Cuajone mine in Peru.
* 1990-93 Greyhound strike, by Greyhound Lines drivers.
* 1990–1992 movement in Madagascar
* 1990 West Virginia Teachers’ Strike

### April

* 1990 Californian healthcare strike
* 1990 Waterford strike, 14-week strike by Waterford Crystal glass workers in Ireland.

### May

* 1990 Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center strike

### July

* 1990 Nicaraguan public sector strike
* 1990 Norwegian oil strikes

### September

* 1990 Congolese Trade Union Confederation strikes, 2-month series of strikes by the Congolese Trade Union Confederation in the Republic of the Congo demanding legal trade union independence.

### October

* 1990–1991 New York Daily News strike, 5-month strike by New York Daily News staff.
* 1990–1991 Togo protests
* 1990 Ukrainian student hunger strike, pro-democracy hunger strike by students in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

### November

* 1990 East German rail strike
* 1990–1991 Moroccan protests

### December

* December 1990 Histadrut strike
# Mrs. Grand International

Mrs Grand International also known as Mrs Grand is a beauty pageant franchise based in Myanmar. It consists of the annual national pageant Mrs. Myanmar, as well as the international competition Mrs Grand International, to which participating rights are licensed to organizers in other countries. This competition is for women, Advocating for the rights of families and children, in partnership with UNFPA and UNICEF, focuses on strengthening the rights of children and women around the world.
The current Mrs Grand International is Dr. Saiprasanna Behera of India who was crowned on 29 November 2023.

## Recent titleholders

| Year | Country | Mrs Grand International | National title | Venue | Number of entrants |
| 2022 | Vietnam | Phan Kim Oanh | Mrs Grand Vietnam 2022 | Mandalay, Myanmar | 23 |
| 2023 | india | Dr. Saiprasanna Behera | Mrs Grand India 2023 | Mandalay, Myanmar | 22 |

## Placements

Mrs Grand International 2023 competition result :
* Mrs Grand International 2023 competition result
* Color key:
* Winner  Top 10 (5th runners-up)
* 1st runner-up  Top 20
* 2nd runner-up  Unplaced
* 3rd runner-up  Withdrew
* 4th runner-up  No representative
| Placement | Contestant |
| Mrs Grand International 2023 | India – Dr. Saiprasanna Behera |
| 1st runner-up | Philippines – Zia Gee Cay ‡ ∆ |
| 2nd runner-up | Africa – Carika Bebb |
| 3rd runner-up | Vietnam – Nguyen Hue |
| 4th runner-up | Myanmar – Lê Khaing Khaing |
| Placement | Contestant |
| Mrs. Grand Royal International 2022 | Suriname – Sylvani |
| Mrs. Grand Classic International 2022 | Thailand – Napuk Mutthasathean |
| Mrs. Grand Supreme International 2022 | Vietnam – Phan Kim Oanh |
| Mrs. Grand Standard International 2022 | Myanmar – Nilar Wint Aung |
| Mrs. Grand Imperial International 2022 | Philippines – Meer-Banzuela |
| Top 8 | South Africa – Mokganyetsi Mashele |
| Top 8 | Canada – Leonor Garrison |
| Top 8 | India – Amordeep Gill |
| Mrs Grand International (MGI) Ambassadors ||
| Mrs. Grand Standard International | South Africa – Mokganyetsi Mashele |
| Mrs. Grand Classic International | India – Amordeep Gill |
| Mrs. Grand Royal International | Canada – Leonor Garrison |
| Special Awards ||
| Best in National Costume | Suriname – Sylvani |
| Mrs Photogenic | Philippines – Meer-Banzuela |
| Mrs Friendship | Myanmar – Nilar Wint Aung |
| Best in Talent | Myanmar – Sarah Boih |
| Mrs Grand Popularity | Myanmar – Sarah Boih |
| Best Model Award | Philippines – Meer-Banzuela |
| Best in Evening Gown | Philippines – Meer-Banzuela |
| Mrs Grand Elegance Ambassador | Myanmar – Nilar Wint Aung |
| Best in Intelligence | Canada – Leonor Garrison |
| Best in Body | Vietnam – Phan Kim Oanh |
# Mount Tod

Mount Tod (Secwemptsin: Skwelkwekwelt), commonly known as Tod Mountain, is a summit 50 km northeast of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. Located northeast of the junction of Louis and McGillivray Creeks, it is part of the upland area between the Interior Plateau (W) and the Monashee Mountains (E) known as the Shuswap Highland, the mountain is the highest of three summits comprising the Sun Peaks alpine ski resort.

## Name origin

The mountain is named for John Tod, one of the most prominent of the fur traders assigned to the New Caledonia fur district. He first joined the Hudson's Bay Company in 1813. He was in charge of Fort McLeod from 1823 to 1832, and in charge of Fort Kamloops (1841–43). His retirement home in Victoria, on which he began construction in 1850, is the oldest inhabited house in British Columbia.
Also named for him is Tod Inlet, a sidewater of Saanich Inlet and formerly the name of a post office at that location, to the southwest of Brentwood Bay, and also Tod Creek, which flows into it, and Tod Rock, which is offshore.
Mount Lolo, which is nearer to Kamloops than Mount Tod, is named for his right-hand man and interpreter, Jean Baptiste Lolo aka Chief Lolo, as is Paul Lake ("St. Paul" or "Chief Paul" were other names for Chief Lolo).

## Traditional land use

Skwelkwekwelt was known as a place where moose and deer meat was dried to last through the winter. As of 2012, a Shuswap website notes, "Many roots and medicines were harvested by the people at Skwelkwekwelt. This traditional use area is being destroyed by major expansion to the Sun Peaks Ski resort and by logging."
# 2023 Slovak Open – Women's doubles

Jesika Malečková and Renata Voráčová were the defending champions, but chose not to defend the title together. Voráčová partnered Katarína Kužmová but lost in the quarterfinals to Alevtina Ibragimova and Ella Seidel.
Malečková partnered Estelle Cascino and successfully defended her title, defeating Denisa Hindová and Karolína Kubáňová in the final, 6–3, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Alena Fomina-Klotz / Ekaterina Yashina (first round)
* Estelle Cascino / Jesika Malečková (champions)
* Denisa Hindová / Karolína Kubáňová (final)
* Katarína Kužmová / Renata Voráčová (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A Fomina-Klotz E Yashina | 4 | 6$^1$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | N Daubnerová M Pohánková | 6 | 7$^7$ | | WC | N Daubnerová M Pohánková | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Jašková J Štruplová | 1 | 2 | | | N Bartůňková A Kučmová | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Bartůňková A Kučmová | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | WC | N Daubnerová M Pohánková | 4 | 2 | | | | |
| 3 | D Hindová K Kubáňová | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | D Hindová K Kubáňová | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| Alt | D Hrdinková L Svatíková | 4 | 2 | | 3 | D Hindová K Kubáňová | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | IG Ghioroaie AK Tóth | 6 | 1 | [10] | | IG Ghioroaie AK Tóth | 6 | 4 | [8] | | | | | | | | |
| | R Jamrichová N Vargová | 4 | 6 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | 3 | D Hindová K Kubáňová | 3 | 2 |
| | A Ibragimova E Seidel | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | E Cascino J Malečková | 6 | 6 |
| WC | I Balus E Méri | 3 | 2 | | | A Ibragimova E Seidel | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Mayerová E Mravcová | 2 | 3 | | 4 | K Kužmová R Voráčová | 5 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | K Kužmová R Voráčová | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | A Ibragimova E Seidel | 4 | 4 | | | | |
| | K Kozakova L Ševčíková | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | 2 | E Cascino J Malečková | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | K Strešnáková R Zelníčková | 6 | 6 | | | K Strešnáková R Zelníčková | 2 | 6$^6$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Lansere R Šramková | 7$^8$ | 3 | [4] | 2 | E Cascino J Malečková | 6 | 7$^8$ | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Cascino J Malečková | 6$^6$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2012 Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge – Doubles

Nina Bratchikova and Darija Jurak were the defending champions. Jurak decided not to defend her title. Bratchikova teamed up with Vladimíra Uhlířová as the top seeds, but they lost to Eva Hrdinová and Karolína Plíšková in the quarterfinals after retiring in the second set.
Maria Elena Camerin and Vera Dushevina won the tournament, defeating the Czech pairing of Hrdinová and Plíšková in the final, 7–5, 6–3.

## Seeds

* Nina Bratchikova / Vladimíra Uhlířová (quarterfinals; retired)
* Oksana Kalashnikova / Tamarine Tanasugarn (quarterfinals)
* Kristina Barrois / Sandra Klemenschits (semifinals)
* Akgul Amanmuradova / Arina Rodionova (quarterfinals; withdrew)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | N Bratchikova V Uhlířová | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | K Nagy J Tinjić | 5 | 2 | | 1 | N Bratchikova V Uhlířová | 6$^2$ | 3$^r$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Hrdinová Ka Plíšková | 6 | 6 | | | E Hrdinová Ka Plíšková | 7$^7$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | A Amiraghyan O Jabeur | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | E Hrdinová Ka Plíšková | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | |
| 4 | A Amanmuradova A Rodionova | 5 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | N Lertcheewakarn Y Zhou | 2 | 6 | [4] | | | |
| | I Buryachok A Sadiković | 7 | 2 | [6] | 4 | A Amanmuradova A Rodionova | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Lertcheewakarn Y Zhou | 6 | 6 | | | N Lertcheewakarn Y Zhou | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | C Dinu D Kovinić | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | E Hrdinová Ka Plíšková | 5 | 3 |
| | G Dabrowski Kr Plíšková | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | ME Camerin V Dushevina | 7 | 6 |
| | N Abduraimova E Yashina | 1 | 3 | | | G Dabrowski Kr Plíšková | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | F Al Nabhani B Jovanovski | 1 | 1 | | 3 | K Barrois S Klemenschits | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | K Barrois S Klemenschits | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | K Barrois S Klemenschits | 5 | 5 | | | | |
| | ME Camerin V Dushevina | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | ME Camerin V Dushevina | 7 | 7 | | | | |
| | K Palkina N Rottmann | 4 | 0 | | | ME Camerin V Dushevina | 6 | 6$^1$ | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | S Murray E Webley-Smith | 1 | 1 | | 2 | O Kalashnikova T Tanasugarn | 3 | 7$^7$ | [4] | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | O Kalashnikova T Tanasugarn | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Toozaza Peak

Toozaza Peak is a tuya in the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains in northern British Columbia, Canada, located in the Iverson Creek. Toozaza Peak is the summit of a north–south aligned ridge between the head of Toozaza Creek and the head of the Jennings River, just south of the Jennings' divide with the Little Rancheria River headwaters. The Little Rancheria and Toozaza Creek are part of the Liard, while the Jennings is part of the Yukon River drainage via Teslin Lake, and the peak therefore stands astride the line of the Continental Divide. It is part of the Tuya Volcanic Field, a volcanic field associated with the Stikine Volcanic Belt, part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province.
# ES Guitars

ES Guitars is an American guitar manufacturer of electric guitars and bass guitars. Established in 2003, the company manufactures guitars in Connecticut but the main office is located in New York. The company focuses on heavy metal and hard rock guitars.
A prominent user of ES Guitars was Anders Nyström of the Swedish band Bloodbath. The guitar was used on Bloodbath's “The Wacken Carnage" DVD.
The company went out of business in 2015.

## Guitar Models

The company has several guitar and bass models such as the ES-86, ES- 87 and Metal Dagger.
# Chitose River

Chitose River (千歳川, Chitose-gawa) is a river in Hokkaidō, Japan. The river is a class A river. In the city of Ebetsu, the river is sometimes known as Ebetsu River (江別川, Ebetsu-gawa).
In the Ainu language Chitose was originally called shikot, meaning big depression or hollow, like Lake Shikotsu a caldera lake. To the Japanese, this sounded too much like dead bones (死骨, shikotsu), so it was changed to Chitose. The name of the river was changed in 1805.

## Course

The Chitose River is the outflow of Lake Shikotsu. From the lake the river flows through a series of power plants owned by the Oji Paper Company. The Chitose River flows through the center of the city of Chitose, before entering the Ishikari Plain. On the plain, the river feeds and is fed by numerous irrigation canals. Here the Chitose River forms part of the border between Ishikari and Sorachi Subprefectures. Finally, the river passes through the city of Ebetsu before it flows into the Ishikari River.

## Flooding

The Chitose River causes flooding damage about every two years, widening to as many as 40 kilometres (25 mi). The last major flood was in 1981, where the river flooded 2700 homes and 20,000 hectares (77 sq mi) of land. National, prefectural, and local governments have been adopting numerous measures to try to reduce the severity of the flooding.