OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joshua Rozenberg

Joshua Rufus Rozenberg KC (hon) (born 30 May 1950) is a British solicitor, legal affairs commentator, and journalist.

## Education and career

Joshua Rozenberg was educated at Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith and Wadham College, University of Oxford, where he took a law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1976 after training at Dixon Ward solicitors in Richmond, London, although he never practised law.
Rozenberg began his career in journalism in 1975 at the BBC, where he launched Law in Action on BBC Radio 4 in 1984. At the BBC he worked as a producer, reporter and then legal correspondent. In 2000 he left to join The Daily Telegraph as legal affairs editor, where he remained until the end of 2008.
He resigned from his Telegraph position in 2007, explaining in 2015 his reasons for doing so. While reporting for the newspaper on the House of Lords legal ruling on the applicability of the Human Rights Act 1998 outside Britain, Telegraph editors pressured him to include a statement that, under the ruling, legal claimants against the actions of British Army in Iraq would be entitled to millions of pounds in compensation. In Rozenberg's view this was not accurate, and he refused to include the statement. According to Rozenberg, Telegraph news editors later altered one of his reports without his knowledge to include such a statement, one that Rozenberg had warned them was false; the claim appeared under his by-line.
After leaving the Telegraph Rozenberg wrote a column for the Evening Standard. A freelance journalist since his Telegraph tenure, he writes regular columns for the Law Society Gazette and The Critic. He wrote a weekly column for The Guardian's online law page from 2010 to 2016. Also in 2010, nearly 25 years after leaving the radio programme, he returned to the BBC to present Law in Action until its final edition in March 2024. He continues to be seen on BBC Television News as a legal affairs analyst.

## Recognition

Rozenberg holds honorary doctorates in law from the University of Hertfordshire (1999), Nottingham Trent University (2012), the University of Lincoln (2014) and the University of Law (2014). Rozenberg is also an honorary bencher of Gray's Inn, and is a non-executive board member of the Law Commission. He has won the Bar Council's Legal Reporting Award four times. In January 2016, he was made an honorary Queen's Counsel (now known as King's Counsel; KC).

## Publications

* Joshua Rozenberg (12 January 1995). The Search for Justice. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-62859-6.
* Joshua Rozenberg (24 April 1997). Trial of Strength, Richard Cohen Books, ISBN 1-86066-094-0.
* Joshua Rozenberg (11 March 2004). Privacy and the Press. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0-19-925056-1.
* Rozenberg, Joshua (21 April 2020). Enemies of the People?. Bristol University Press. ISBN 9781529204506.

## Personal life

Rozenberg is married to journalist Melanie Phillips; the couple have two children. He is Jewish.
# Ljubiša Racić

Ljubiša Racić (born 20 January 1954) is a Bosnian and Yugoslav semi-retired rock musician, known as the vocalist and guitarist of the hard rock band Formula 4 and as a part-time bass guitarist for the highly popular rock band Bijelo Dugme.

## Biography
### Early career

Racić started his career in the late 1960s, performing with the bands Mladi Lavovi (The Young Lions), Albatros (Albatross) and VIS Oni (Vocal Instrumental Ensemble Them).

### Formula 4 (1970–1979)

Racić formed the hard rock band Formula 4 in 1970. The first lineup of the band featured Racić on vocals and guitar, Brano Likić on bass guitar, Zlatko Nikolić on rhythm guitar and Senad Begović on drums. The band quickly gained attention with Racić's trademark leopard print suit and energetic stage performances, and with their versions of classical pieces. Despite never managing to achieve larger popularity, during the 9 years of the band's existence, they regularly held performances in Sarajevo, releasing two 7-inch singles – the first one, with the songs "Kakvo veče" ("What An Evening") and "Oproštaj s tobom" ("Farewell to You"), released in 1976 through PGP-RTB, and the second, with the songs "Mladi smo, mladi mi" ("Young, We Are Young") and "Nikom nije tako kao što je meni" ("No One Has It Going Like I Do"), released in 1979 through Diskoton. Owing to the fact that Racić's fater worked in the management of FK Željezničar Sarajevo football club, in 1974, Formula 4 performed on Koševo Stadium during the half-time of the match between FK Željezničar and Red Star Belgrade, in front of some 30,000 people. During their career, the band went through several lineup changes, with different lineups featuring later-prominent musicians Sanin Karić and Điđi Jankelić. After performing as an opening band on Riblja Čorba's concert at Tašmajdan Stadium held on 1 September 1979, Formula 4 ended their activity.

### Bijelo Dugme (1976)

At the beginning of 1976, Racić became a touring member of the highly popular band Bijelo Dugme. He was hired as a temporary replacement for the band's bass guitarist Zoran Redžić, who was at the time serving his mandatory stint in the Yugoslav People's Army. During 1976, Racić went on a Yugoslav tour with the group, but did not take part in the recording of the band's 1976 studio album Eto! Baš hoću!, the recording sessions featuring the band's vocalist Željko Bebek playing bass guitar. After spending several months with the band, Racić asked for higher fees, after which he was fired and replaced by former Teška Industrija member Sanin Karić.

### Later career

With the outbreak of Yugoslav Wars in 1991, Racić moved to Germany, where he started his boat building business. During the 2000s and 2010, he occasionally reformed Formula 4 for live performances.

## Discography
### With Formula 4
#### Singles

* "Kakvo veče" / "Oproštaj s tobom" (1976)
* "Mladi smo, mladi mi" / "Nikom nije tako kao što je meni" (1979)
# Meteosat 8

Meteosat 8 was a weather satellite, also known as MSG 1. The Meteosat series are operated by EUMETSAT under the Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) program. Notable for imaging the first meteor to be predicted to strike the Earth, 2008 TC3. Launched 28 Aug 2002 by an Ariane V155, this European Meteorology satellite is in a Geostationary orbit.
While Meteosat 8 meteorological instruments are working, solid state power amplifier SSPA-C failed in October 2002.
On 22 May 2007, the satellite experienced an unexpected orbit change. This was initially assessed as due to a hit by an unknown object, but that was later assessed not to be credible. The thermal protection was damaged at the same time as the orbit change. Subsequent investigation assessed the Meteosat-8 spinning spacecraft's orbit change due to the mass release of thermal covering whose attachment failed. Meteosat-8 is still operating, and as of April 2013 is providing a backup capability to the Meteosat-10 primary 0-degree Full Earth Scan Service and also a backup to the Meteosat-9 Rapid Scan Service over Europe.
In May 2012 Meteosat-8 switched to operating in an Earth Sensor Mode due to a problem with the Sun sensor data on board. After modifying the ground image processing system the Rapid Scan Service image quality was restored back to nominal.
On 29 June 2016, EUMETSAT approved the proposal of relocating Meteosat-8 to 41.5°E, for the continuation of the Indian Ocean Data Coverage (IODC), replacing Meteosat-7. Meteosat-8 arrived at 41.5°E on 21 September. The distribution of IODC Meteosat-8 data, in parallel to Meteosat-7 data, started on 20 October. On 1 February 2017, Meteosat-8 replaced Meteosat-7 as the official EUMETSAT geostationary satellite for the Indian Ocean.
Meteosat-8 had used up most of its available fuel by 2020, leaving the remaining fuel to be used for safe removal to an altitude 740km above the geostationary ring and slowing the satellite's spin rate. Although not designed to comply with the more recent ISO-24113 guidelines for space debris mitigation, EUMETSAT chose to do so in the case of Meteosat-8 as it had done so the year before for the polar-orbiting Metop-A. Meteosat-8 was finally decommissioned in October 2022 after twenty years in orbit.
# John Cowe McIntosh

John Cowe McIntosh AFC (1892 – 28 March 1921) was a British-born Australian aviator.
McIntosh was born in Scotland and later emigrated to Western Australia. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps, serving with the 4th Field Ambulance in Gallipoli and reaching the rank of corporal. In 1918, he transferred to the Australian Flying Corps and began flying training near Oxford in England. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in April 1919 and shortly afterwards was promoted lieutenant.
After the end of the war, the Australian government offered a prize of £10,000 for the first flight from England to Australia. He paired with another Australian Flying Corps officer, Ray Parer, and, although leaving well after the event had been won, they arrived in Darwin on 2 August 1920. Their aircraft was an Airco DH-9, and theirs was the only other entrant to successfully complete the race. He and Parer were awarded the Air Force Cross for this feat on 23 November 1920, as well as £500 each.
In 1921, McIntosh was killed in an air crash near Pithara, Western Australia. It was the first fatal air crash in the state.
On 21 October 2023, McIntosh and Ray Parer were inducted into the Australian Aviation Hall of Fame.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 National Library of Australia
* ↑ "No. 32133". The London Gazette. 23 November 1920. p. 11347.
* ↑ Isaacs, K., "Parer, Raymond John Paul (1894–1967)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, Melbourne University Press, 1988, pp.133–134
* ↑ Photograph of the monument to McIntosh, State Library of Western Australia
* ↑ "John McIntosh". Australian Aviation. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
# Archisynagogue

In ancient Judaism, an archisynagogue (Greek ἀρχισυνάγωγος; Hebrew ראש הכנסת; lit. "synagogue chief") was the officer who supervised matters pertaining to the religious services of the synagogue.

## Usage

Use of the term can be traced from the time of Jesus to about the year 300. It occurs several times in the New Testament.
The name is borrowed from the Greek, and was therefore used by Jews throughout the Roman Empire, but not by Jews in Babylonia. Hence, the Babylonian Talmud – when mentioning the archisynagogue – finds it necessary to translate the word by parnas.

## Role

The distinctive function of the archisynagogue was to select suitable men for the reading of the Law, the reciting of prayers, and for preaching; since in ancient times the synagogue did not have regularly appointed officers for the performance of these duties.
From the Jerusalem Talmud, it further appears that in cases of necessity the archisynagogue of a community had to act as its reader.
In consonance with the nature of his office, the archisynagogue was chosen for his piety and good moral character, while in the case of an archon the essential requirements were social position and influence. The Pharisees therefore regarded the archisynagogues as inferior only to the scholars (talmidei chachamim).
Like most of the offices of the Pharisaic Jews, that of the archisynagogue was not limited in time, but was usually held for life, and not infrequently was hereditary; the Pharisees holding that the son had a claim upon his father's office unless he had shown himself unworthy. This explains why the title "archisynagogue" was sometimes attached to the names of the wife and the children, as found on some Greek inscriptions. It was used, no doubt, to indicate that they were members of an archisynagogal family.
# Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797

The Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 (37 Geo. 3. c. 70) was an Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act was passed in the aftermath of the Spithead and Nore mutinies and aimed to prevent the seduction of sailors and soldiers to commit mutiny.
The Act was made permanent by the Allegiance of Sea and Land Forces Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. 7).
The Parliament of Ireland passed an equivalent Act in the same year: the Incitement to Disaffection Act (Ireland) 1797 (37 Geo. 3. c. 40 (I)).

## Section 1 – Any person who shall attempt to seduce any sailor or soldier from his duty or incite him to mutiny, etc to suffer death

This section provided:
   Any person who shall maliciously and advisedly endeavour to seduce any person or persons serving in His Majesty's forces, by sea or land, from his or their duty and allegiance to His Majesty, or incite or stir up any such person or persons to commit any act of mutiny, or to make, or endeavour to make, any mutinous assembly, or to commit any traitorous or mutinous practice whatsoever, shall on being legally convicted of such offence, be adjudged guilty of felony ...
The words at the end were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.
The reference to felony was construed as a reference to "an offence" following the Criminal Law Act 1967 and the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967.
The offence was extended to members of the Royal Air Force by the Air Force (Application of Enactments) (No 2) Order 1918 (S.R. & O. 1918/548).
The death penalty for the offence under section 1 was reduced to transportation for life by section 1 of the Punishment of Offences Act 1837. It was reduced again to penal servitude for life by section 2 of the Penal Servitude Act 1857, and to imprisonment for life by section 1(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 and of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949.

## Section 2

This section was repealed by Part III of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Law Act 1967.

## Section 3 – Persons tried for offences against this Act not to be tried again for the same, as high treason, or misprision of high treason, etc

This section read:
   Provided always, that any person who shall be tried and acquitted or convicted of any offence against this Act shall not be liable to be indicted, prosecuted or tried again for the same offence or fact as high treason or misprision of high treason; and that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to extend to prevent any persons guilty of any offence against this Act, and who shall not be tried for the same as an offence against this Act, from being tried for the same as high treason or misprision of high treason, in such manner as if this Act had not been made.

## Section 4

This section was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1871.
# Oxcentrics

The Oxcentrics is a Dixieland jazz band founded in 1975 at Oxford University. The band's name was derived from The Oxontrics, an original 1920s jazz band. Several (although by no means all) members were from University College, where many of the rehearsals took place. They played at a number of Oxford Balls, for the Oxford University Jazz Club, on May Morning, and for other events, including playing on punts on the River Cherwell in Oxford. The line-up, mostly Oxford University undergraduates, who recorded The Halcyon Days of the '20s & '30s on 29 February 1976 at the Acorn Studios in Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, and the songs recorded were:
Adrian Sheen was the original bandleader and Mike Southon subsequently took over as frontman in late 1976 (as "Gorgeous Mike Vaseline"). Colin Moynihan was the original but short-lived pianist. Sally Jones tap danced for the band on occasions. Jonathan Bowen took many photographs and recorded the band in the 1970s. Further musicians who played with the Oxcentrics included Yva Thakurdas (trumpet) and Hugh Wallis (tuba). The band's manager was Laura Lassman.
The band continued in a changed form in London in the 1980s, managed by Olly Weindling, using many of the top young London jazz musicians such as Ashley Slater, Mark Lockheart and Billy Jenkins. Guests included Django Bates, Iain Ballamy and many others from Loose Tubes. In 1988, the Oxcentrics produced a CD, Oxcentromania! through Eccentric Records.
In 2005, the Oxcentrics reformed to celebrate their 30th anniversary. They also got together again in 2006 for a one-off gig at a ball held at St Hugh's College, Oxford, again in 2016 for a late 40th-anniversary gig, and in 2019 back at University College, Oxford, followed by a recording session. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the band produced a distributed lockdown versions of the 1925 song Don't Bring Lulu and the 1918 song After You've Gone. In 2024, the Oxcentrics celebrated their 50th anniversary slightly early as part of the University College, Oxford 775th anniversary celebrations.
# Puder

Puder is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Daniel Puder (born 1981), American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
* Ulf Puder (born 1958), German painter
# 2002 Netherlands Antilles general election

General elections in the Netherlands Antilles took place on 18 January 2002.

## Results

| Party | Party | Island | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Workers' Liberation Front | Curaçao | 18,383 | 22.24 | 5 |
| | Party for the Restructured Antilles | Curaçao | 16,443 | 19.89 | 4 |
| | National People's Party | Curaçao | 10,706 | 12.95 | 3 |
| | People's Crusade Labour Party | Curaçao | 9,695 | 11.73 | 2 |
| | Democratic Party Sint Maarten | Sint Maarten | 4,225 | 5.11 | 2 |
| | New Antilles Movement | Curaçao | 4,174 | 5.05 | 0 |
| | National Alliance | Sint Maarten | 3,829 | 4.63 | 1 |
| | Bonaire Patriotic Union | Bonaire | 2,882 | 3.49 | 2 |
| | Organisahon pa Restourashon Di Un i tur | Curaçao | 2,969 | 3.59 | 0 |
| | C-93 | Curaçao | 2,382 | 2.88 | 0 |
| | Bonaire Democratic Party | Bonaire | 2,084 | 2.52 | 1 |
| | Democratic Party Curaçao | Curaçao | 1,903 | 2.30 | 0 |
| | Bonaire Social Party | Bonaire | 823 | 1.00 | 0 |
| | Democratic Party Sint Eustatius | Sint Eustatius | 419 | 0.51 | 1 |
| | Windward Islands People's Movement | Saba | 380 | 0.46 | 1 |
| | Progressive Labour Party | Sint Eustatius | 346 | 0.42 | 0 |
| | P-100 | Curaçao | 273 | 0.33 | 0 |
| | Saba Labour Party | Saba | 170 | 0.21 | 0 |
| | Sint Eustatius Alliance | Sint Eustatius | 139 | 0.17 | 0 |
| | PAN | Curaçao | 117 | 0.14 | 0 |
| | BBB-S | Curaçao | 106 | 0.13 | 0 |
| | POB | Bonaire | 104 | 0.13 | 0 |
| | St. Eustatius Action Movement | Sint Eustatius | 75 | 0.09 | 0 |
| | National Democratic Party | Sint Maarten | 42 | 0.05 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 82,669 | 100.00 | 22 |
| Source: The Daily Herald, Statistical Yearbook ||||||
# Syncytiotrophoblast

The syncytiotrophoblast (from the Greek 'syn'- "together"; 'cytio'- "of cells"; 'tropho'- "nutrition"; 'blast'- "bud") is the epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi, which invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. It is a multinucleate, terminally differentiated syncytium, extending to 13 cm.

## Function

It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material between the mother and the embryo.
The syncytial property is important since the mother's immune system includes white blood cells that are able to migrate into tissues by "squeezing" in between cells. If they were to reach the fetal side of the placenta, many foreign proteins would be recognized, triggering an immune reaction. However the syncytium acts as a giant cell so there are no gaps for immune cells to migrate through.
One way in which it accomplishes this task is by suppressing the expression of immunity-related genes HLA-A and HLA-B, which are classically known to be expressed by all nucleated cells. These genes normally express the MHC-I ligand that acts as a major binding mechanism for T-cells. By decreasing the translation of these gene products, the syncytiotrophoblast reduces the chances of an attack by the maternal immune system mediated by T-cells.
The syncytiotrophoblast secretes progesterone and leptin in addition to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL); hCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum. Progesterone serves to maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and, until the syncytiotrophoblast is mature enough to secrete enough progesterone to support pregnancy (in the fourth month of embryonic development), it is aided by the corpus luteum graviditatis.

## Formation

The syncytiotrophoblast lacks proliferative capacity and instead is maintained by fusion of underlying cytotrophoblast cells. This fusion is assisted by syncytin, a protein that was integrated into mammalian genomes from an endogenous retrovirus.

## Additional images

* Section through embryonic area of Vespertilio murinus to show the formation of the amniotic cavity.
* Histopathology of a chorionic villus, in a tubal pregnancy
* Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out.
# Oberburg, Regensberg

Oberburg (English: Upper Castle) or Oberstadt (Upper Town) is the upper section of the medieval municipality of Regensberg, Switzerland, which was founded as a hilltop fortified settlement. The 13th-century Regensberg Castle is located in Oberburg, which is enclosed by the town wall, partly formed by two rows of houses which were constructed in the late 17th century. Also within the square is a 57 m (187 ft)-deep water well. Regensberg Reformed Church overlooks the main square. Beside it is the round tower (German: rundturm), the only remnant of the castle.
Oberburg is separated from Unterburg (lower castle), likely built in the 14th century, by a gate.
* The fountain (centre) and well (right)
* Gate to and from Unterburg, looking south
* Regensberg Reformed Church
* Round tower
# Mamanwa language

The Mamanwa language is a Central Philippine language spoken by the Mamanwa people. It is spoken in the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Norte in the Lake Mainit area of Mindanao, Philippines. It had about 5,000 speakers in 1990.
Mamanwa is a grammatically conservative language, retaining a three-way deictic distinction in its articles which elsewhere is only preserved in some of the Batanic languages.
Before the arrival of Mamanwa speakers in central Samar Island, there had been an earlier group of Negritos on the island. According to Lobel (2013), the Samar Agta may have switched to Waray or Northern Samarenyo, or possibly even Mamanwa.
In addition to this, Francisco Combes, a Spanish friar, had observed the presence of Negritos in the Zamboanga Peninsula "in the Misamis strip" in 1645, although no linguistic data had ever been collected. The traditional Mamanwas believe in Tahaw as their supreme deity who is given prayers of supplications and petitions, as well as True, a deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals.