OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tarski's plank problem

In mathematics, Tarski's plank problem is a question about coverings of convex regions in n-dimensional Euclidean space by "planks": regions between two hyperplanes. Alfred Tarski asked if the sum of the widths of the planks must be at least the minimum width of the convex region. The question was answered affirmatively by Thøger Bang (1950, 1951).

## Statement

Given a convex body C in R$^n$ and a hyperplane H, the width of C parallel to H, w(C,H), is the distance between the two supporting hyperplanes of C that are parallel to H. The smallest such distance (i.e. the infimum over all possible hyperplanes) is called the minimal width of C, w(C).
The (closed) set of points P between two distinct, parallel hyperplanes in R$^n$ is called a plank, and the distance between the two hyperplanes is called the width of the plank, w(P). Tarski conjectured that if a convex body C of minimal width w(C) was covered by a collection of planks, then the sum of the widths of those planks must be at least w(C). That is, if P$_1$,…,P$_m$ are planks such that
    $C\subseteq P_{1}\cup \ldots \cup P_{m}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n},$
then
    $\sum _{i=1}^{m}w(P_{i})\geq w(C).$
Bang proved this is indeed the case.

## Nomenclature

The name of the problem, specifically for the sets of points between parallel hyperplanes, comes from the visualisation of the problem in R$^2$. Here, hyperplanes are just straight lines and so planks become the space between two parallel lines. Thus the planks can be thought of as (infinitely long) planks of wood, and the question becomes how many planks does one need to completely cover a convex tabletop of minimal width w? Bang's theorem shows that, for example, a circular table of diameter d feet can't be covered by fewer than d planks of wood of width one foot each.
# Bruce Brubaker (baseball)

Bruce Ellsworth Brubaker Jr. (born December 29, 1941) is an American former pitcher in Major League Baseball who appeared in two major league games, one for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1967 and one for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1970 during a professional career that lasted for 14 years (1959–1972). The native of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 198 pounds (90 kg).

## Biography

Brubaker's two MLB appearances came as a relief pitcher during lopsided losses, by his Dodgers to the St. Louis Cardinals (13–4) on April 15, 1967, and his Brewers to the Chicago White Sox (9–3) on August 5, 1970. In the former game, he allowed a three-run home run to Baseball Hall of Famer Lou Brock, and in the latter contest, he gave up a two-run blast to journeyman Syd O'Brien. Those five runs were all that he allowed in the majors in 31⁄3 innings pitched. He gave up five hits and one base on balls, with two strikeouts.
During his minor league career, Brubaker won 117 games.

## Family

He currently resides in Owensboro, Kentucky where he owns a Ford/Lincoln/Mazda car dealership named Champion. In May 2010, the Brubaker family opened another Ford dealership in Rockport (REO) Indiana which has now consolidated with their Owensboro store in November 2018. In May 2011 they opened Championship 54 Autos in Owensboro. Brubaker has been married for over 42 years to Leda. Has two sons, Bruce Ellsworth "Duke" Brubaker III, and Tyler C. Brubaker, and four grandchildren.
On May 14, 2010, Brubaker was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame. His father, Bruce Ellsworth "Hushpuppy" Brubaker Sr., is also a member of the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame. Brubaker's nephew is Jorge Posada of the New York Yankees; Posada's mother is the sister of Brubaker's wife.
# Joe Gatto (artist)

Victor Joseph Gatto (born 1893 New York City, died 1965 Miami) was an American primitive artist.
# Bormus

Bormus (Ancient Greek: Βῶρμος) or Borimus (Βῶριμος), in a Greek mythology of North Anatolian origin, was a Mariandynian, son of a rich and illustrious man named Upius or Titias or Tityos, and was distinguished for his extraordinary beauty. Once during the time of harvest, when he went to a well to fetch water for the reapers, he was drawn into the well by the nymphs, and never appeared again. For this reason, the country people in Bithynia celebrated his memory every year at the time of harvest with plaintive songs (βῶρμοι) with the accompaniment of their flutes. The harvest-song for Phrygian Lityerses was, according to one tradition, a comic version of the lament sung by the Mariandyni for Bormos. The myth of him is parallel to, and is connected with the same location as that of Hylas.
# Betzdorf (Verbandsgemeinde)

Betzdorf is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. On 1 January 2017 it merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Betzdorf-Gebhardshain. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde was in Betzdorf.
The Verbandsgemeinde Betzdorf consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
| Municipality | Area (km²) | Population |
| Alsdorf | 5.93 | 1,513 |
| Betzdorf | 9.57 | 10,223 |
| Grünebach | 2.50 | 499 |
| Scheuerfeld | 2.66 | 2,110 |
| Wallmenroth | 3.85 | 1,208 |
| Wissen | 34.88 | 8,543 |
50°47′10″N 7°52′23″E﻿ / ﻿50.786°N 7.873°E﻿ / 50.786; 7.873
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# Chamni district

Chamni (Thai: ชำนิ, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the central part of Buriram province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Lam Plai Mat, Mueang Buriram, Nang Rong, Nong Ki and Nong Hong of Buriram Province.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) was created on 1 April 1992, when the five tambons: Chamni, Cho Phaka, Laluat, Mueang Yang, and Nong Plong were split off from Nang Rong district. It was upgraded to a full district on 5 December 1996.

## Motto

The Chamni District's motto is "The three brook city, have many fish, jasmine rice, Chamnit Buddha image."

## Administration

The district is divided into six sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 64 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas, and six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Chamni | ชำนิ | 8 | 4,644 |
| 2. | Nong Plong | หนองปล่อง | 10 | 5,480 |
| 3. | Mueang Yang | เมืองยาง | 14 | 7,248 |
| 4. | Cho Phaka | ช่อผกา | 13 | 6,856 |
| 5. | Laluat | ละลวด | 11 | 5,759 |
| 6. | Khok Sanuan | โคกสนวน | 8 | 3,659 |
# Christian Ntuba Greef

Christian Ntuba Greef is a Motswana politician and former Member of Parliament for Gaborone Bonnington South.
# Álvaro Caminha

Álvaro Caminha was appointed by King John II of Portugal in 1492 Captain-major (governor) – the third – of the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe which had been discovered 22 years earlier.
He was a knight of the king's household. He was told to settle and "Christianize" the then-deserted island with his family and friars, and for that purpose was given the children of Spanish Jewish refugees from Granada, which had not been able to pay the tax requested by the king, and who were married to Black people from the Congo.
# Yun Ji-hyeok

Yun Ji=hyeok (Korean: 윤지혁; born 7 February 1998 in South Korea) is a South Korean footballer who now plays for Bucheon FC 1995 in his home country.

## Career

Yun started his senior career with Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in the K League 1, where he made one appearance and scored zero goals. After that, he played for Bucheon 1995.
# Tarachand Sahu

Tarachand Sahu kattar Chhattisgarhiya (1 January 1947 – 11 November 2012) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Durg constituency of Chhattisgarh and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party.
Sahu was elected twice to the undivided Madhya Pradesh Assembly in 1990 and 1993 from Gunderdehi constituency in Durg district on BJP ticket. He made his debut in Lok Sabha from Durg in 1996 and continued to retain the seat in 1998, 1999 and 2004 elections.
Sahu, who was expelled from the BJP three months before the 2009 Lok Sabha polls for his anti-party activities, was virtually playing the lead role for formation of a third front in the state by uniting the NCP, the LJP, the Samajwadi Party, the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha, the Gondwana Ganatantra Party and other regional parties to fight against ruling BJP and opposition Congress in the assembly elections due next year. So to gain Chhattisgarhi leader's influence in State Politics he founded Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch (CSM) as a third front fighting for Chhattisgarhi Swabhiman.
Expressing their shock over the sudden demise of the leader, former Union Minister and suspended Congress leader Arvind Netam said the death of Sahu has come as a huge blow to the movement, which had just taken shape after several rounds of discussion with all these parties.
# Peadar Carton

Peadar Carton (born 2 April 1986) is a hurler who plays inter-county senior hurling for Dublin and for his club O'Tooles. His brother Michael also hurls for Dublin and O'Tooles.
Peadar scored 1-2 for Dublin U21s in the Leinster final victory over Offaly at Parnell Park in July 2007

## Honours

* Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 2007
# Ehrenfels Castle (Hesse)

Ehrenfels Castle (German: Burg Ehrenfels) is a ruined hillside castle above the Rhine Gorge near the town of Rüdesheim am Rhein in Hesse, Germany. It is located on the steep eastern bank of the river amid extended vineyards. The grape variety Ehrenfelser is named after the castle.

## History

It was (re-)built about 1212 at the behest of the Archbishop of Mainz as a defensive work against the constant attacks by Elector Palatine Henry V, who, as Imperial vicar of Franconia, strived to cut down the archbishop's reach. Mainz staffed the castle with Burgmannen and erected a customs post controlling the shipping on the Rhine, supplemented by the Mouse Tower below at the river. Heavily damaged in the course of the Thirty Years' War, the castle was finally devastated by French troops under the command of Lieutenant General Nicolas Chalon du Blé during the 1689 Siege of Mainz.

## Today

The ruin can be reached from Rüdesheim via a hiking trail through the vineyards. The interior however can only be visited in guided tours by prior appointment.

## Sources and external links

* www.loreley-info.com/eng/rhein-rhine/castles/ehrenfels.php
* This article about a castle in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This article about a Hesse building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Zhanazhol (Karaganda Region)

Zhanazhol (Kazakh: Жаңажол) is a selo in the Karkaraly District of the Karaganda Region in Kazakhstan. It is a part of the Karshigalinskiy Village District.

## Population

In the year 1999, the population of the selo was 280 people (141 men and 139 women). According to the 2009 census, there were 209 people (103 men and 106 women).
# Environment and Communications Committee (Iceland)

The Environment and Communications Committee (Icelandic: Umhverfis- og samgöngunefnd) is a standing committee of the Icelandic parliament.

## Jurisdiction

According to law № 55/1991, with later amendments, all matters relating to the following subjects are referred to the Environment and Communications Committee:
* Planning
* Construction
* Research
* Consulting
* Protection
* Sustainability
* Transport
* Implementation

## Members, 140th parliament

The main members have seats in the committees and attend the meetings. When they are unable to do so the substitute members temporarily take their place.
# Garnet Point

Garnet Point (66°56′S 143°46′E﻿ / ﻿66.933°S 143.767°E﻿ / -66.933; 143.767) is a rocky coastal point consisting of garnet gneiss, located at the west side of the entrance to Watt Bay, in the George V Coast area of Antarctica. Garnet Point was discovered by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) under Douglas Mawson, and named by that expedition's geological party led by Frank L. Stillwell.
# Klochki

Klochki (Russian: Клочки) is the name of several rural localities and villages in Russia:
* Klochki, Altai Krai, a selo in Klochkovsky Selsoviet of Rebrikhinsky District of Altai Krai
* Klochki, Kirov Oblast, a village in Kugalsky Rural Okrug of Yaransky District of Kirov Oblast
* Klochki, Tambov Oblast, a village in Sestrenovsky Selsoviet of Petrovsky District of Tambov Oblast
# Malaysian Solidarity Party

The Malaysian Solidarity Party or in Malay: Parti Solidariti Malaysia (MSP) was a political party based in Malaysia formed in 1986. It became defunct after the Malaysian general election, 1990 and the resignation of its Chairman, Yeoh Poh San and other Central Committee members. MSC was one of the seven coalition members of Gagasan Rakyat (GR).
# Maydh Island

Maydh Island, also known as Rabshi Island (Somali: Jasiirada Rabshi) is an island off the coast of Maydh, Somaliland. The island is located 13km off the shore of the town of the same name, Maydh. The island is less than 2km long and 300m wide, and serves as an important seasonal breeding site for several marine bird species. The island is accessible by boat.

## Description

The island's long axis is aligned with east-northeast to west-southwest. The island's southern face features rocky buttresses that alternate with gullies filled with scree, while its northern face is an uninterrupted precipice. The island has steep sides and rises abruptly out of the water. The surface of the granitic gneiss rock, which is covered in guano deposits, has large fissures in some places.
The island has no vegetation at all and receives only a meagre 50 mm of rain annually, which is the only source of fresh water. An area of seasonal coastal upwelling surrounds the island.
The island is home to marine bird species such as the Somali sooty tern as well as the S. d. melanops.
# Karula Parish

Karula Parish (Estonian: Karula vald) was a rural municipality in Valga County, Estonia.

## Settlements
### Villages

Kaagjärve - Käärikmäe - Karula - Kirbu - Koobassaare - Londi - Lüllemäe - Lusti - Pikkjärve - Pugritsa - Raavitsa - Rebasemõisa - Väheru - Valtina
# Shavur

Shavur (Persian: شاوور) may refer to:
* Rashg-e Shavur
* Sadd-e Shavur
* Shavur, Iran, a city in Karkheh County, Khuzestan province
* Shavur District
* Shavur Rural District
# Shumikhinsky (rural locality)

Shumikhinsky (Russian: Шумихинский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Gremyachinsky Urban okrug, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 1,645 as of 2010. There are 31 streets.

## Geography

Shumikhinsky is located 32 km north of Gremyachinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yubileyny is the nearest rural locality.
# Ayteke Bi

Ayteke Bi (Kazakh:Әйтеке би, Äiteke bi), formerly Novokazalinsk, is an urban-type settlement and the administrative center of Kazaly District in Kyzylorda Region of Kazakhstan. Population: 38,046 (2009 Census results) 33,441 (1999 Census results).
# IRIS Fateh (920)

Fateh (Persian: فاتح, lit. 'conqueror') is a coastal submarine of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, and the lead ship of her class. She was commissioned into the Southern Fleet on 17 February 2019 at Bostanu shipyard, Bandar Abbass, and bestowed by Iranian President Hassan Rouhani.

## Construction

Fateh was launched in 2016, according to Sebastien Roblin. However, H. I. Sutton says Fateh was launched in September 2013 with the hull number 961, before being changed to 920. Iran had announced that it will soon launch an indigenous submarine on 4 December 2016.

## Description

Jeremy Binnie of Jane's commented that based on released imagery, the submarine is equipped with retractable sensors such as an electro-optical mast and an optical periscope, as well as radar and electronic intelligence sensors. The propulsion system of Fateh was covered and is unknown. Four 533 mm torpedo tubes were seen on her bow.
Iranian sources wrote that she is armed with torpedoes, AShM cruise missiles and naval mines that could be fired when submerged. According to Caleb Larson, Fateh is likely able to fire Jask-2 missiles.

## Service history

Fateh was first seen on action during Joint Exercise Zolfaghar 99, held in September 2020. It first fired torpedoes during Eqtedar (Power)-99 naval exercise, held in January 2021.
On April 20, 2023, The Iranian Navy’s Fateh submarine detected the American nuclear-powered submarine USS Florida that was cruising in the Strait of Hormuz stealthily and forced it to surface and correct its course. "The US submarine was approaching while submerged, but the Iranian submarine Fateh detected it and carried out... maneuvers to force it to surface as it went through the Strait (of Hormuz). It had also entered into our territorial waters but ... it corrected its course after being warned", the Navy’s commander said.
# Samuel L. Manzello

Samuel L. Manzello is a technical advisor at Reax Engineering, Inc. and a visiting professor Tohoku University (Japan).

## Life and career

Manzello holds B.S. with honors (1996) and PhD (2000) in mechanical engineering from University of Illinois-Chicago. He was awarded NASA Graduate Student Research fellowship during his PhD. He carried out experiments in NASA's drop tower and Japan Microgravity Centre's drop tower. He investigated sooting and radiation on droplet combustion in microgravity.
After graduation, Manzello joined the National Institute of Standards and Technology as a National Research Council postdoctoral fellow in 2001 and worked for 20 years. He left in 2021, and joined Reax Engineering, Inc, as a technical advisor. He is currently a visiting professor at Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University. He is an associate editor for Fire Technology journal.
Manzello was the editor of the Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface Fires published in 2020.

### Awards and honors

* 2015 Harry C. Biggelstone Award from the National Fire Protection Association for a paper "Characterizing Firebrand Exposure from Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires: Results from the 2007 Angora Fire" This is the first journal paper which investigated the firebrand exposure from wildland-urban interface fires.
* 2017 Samuel Wasley Stratton Award, National Institute of Standards and Technology "for his groundbreaking engineering and scientific research on the vulnerabilities of built structures to ignition from wind-driven firebrand showers produced from wildland-urban interface fires".
* 2024 Jack Bono Award for Engineering Communication from Society of Fire Protection Engineers for a paper "Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Outdoor Firefighting".
# Nuevo River (Puerto Rico)

The Nuevo River is a river of Puerto Rico.
# Dinis Dias

Dinis Dias was a 15th-century Portuguese explorer who sailed down the coast of West Africa, passing the Senegal River and reaching the Cape Verde Peninsula for the first time.
In 1445, as Dias was beginning to enter old age and made the decision to take up exploring because "he was unwilling to let himself grow soft in the well being of repose", left Portugal and sailed down the West African coast, setting a new record by reaching a point about 800 kilometres south of Cap Blanc. This, the most westerly part of the African continent, he named Cap-Vert (Dias named it Cabo Verde, "verde" being Portuguese for "green", a reference to the lush vegetation in the area). Note that Dias did not discover the Cape Verde Islands, but rather the actual cape.
The success of this expedition has been attributed to his lack of interest in taking slaves, a pursuit most Portuguese mariners in Africa focused on.
Later that year, Dias sailed with the explorer Lançarote de Freitas in a large scale slaving expedition to Arguim.
# Yurqunabad

Yurqunabad (Persian: يورقون اباد) may refer to:
* Yurqunabad-e Olya
* Yurqunabad-e Sofla
# Guy Anton Carlander

Guy Anton Carlander (April 8, 1888 – April 19, 1975) was an American architect. Born in Kansas, he designed many buildings in Amarillo, Texas.

## Works

* Alice Landergin School (c. 1928 or before)
* Amarillo Natatorium (July 1922)
* Amarillo Globe Dream House (1925)
* Childress High School (January 1927)
* Fisk Medical Arts Building (1927 or 1928)
* Palisade State Park Concession Building (1933)
* Palo Duro Canyon canyon-rim lodge (by January 1934)
* Tulia High School (c. 1924)
* Wellington High School (1929)
# Dina Koston

Dina Koston (b. 1929?, d. 2009, Washington, D.C.) was an American pianist, music educator and composer.

## Life and career

Dina Koston began the study of music at age two with her mother. She continued her studies at the American Conservatory of Music and later studied with Gavin Williamson in harpsichord, Mieczyslaw Horszowski and Leon Fleisher in piano, and with Luciano Berio and Nadia Boulanger. She spent one summer studying at Darmstadt.
Koston taught at the Peabody Conservatory and at Tanglewood. She wrote music for theatrical productions at Café La Mama and the Arena Stage. With Leon Fleisher she co-founded and co-directed the Theater Chamber Players from 1968-2003, which was the first resident chamber ensemble of the Smithsonian Institution and of The Kennedy Center.
Koston married Dr. Roger L. Shapiro (1927-2002), a research psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She suffered from a long illness at the end of her life and died in Washington, D.C. A bequest after her death established the Dina Koston and Roger Shapiro Fund for New Music. This fund provides for commissions and performance of new music at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.

## Works

Koston composed for a variety of instruments. Selected works include:
* In Memory of Jeannette Walters
* Trio Brasso
* Flourishes
* Reflections
* Messages
* Solo for clarinet
* Wordplay
* Distant Intervals
Her work is recorded and available on media including:
* Leon Fleisher: All the Things You Are (2014)