OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stern–Gerlach Medal

The Stern–Gerlach Medal is the most prestigious prize for experimental physicists awarded by the German Physical Society. It is named after the scientists of the Stern–Gerlach experiment, Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach. It was originally called the Stern–Gerlach Prize, and has been awarded annually since 1988. It was converted into a medal in 1992.
The highest award of the German Physical Society for theoretical physics is the Max Planck Medal.

## Laureates

* 1988 Erich Gerdau [de]
* 1989 Manfred Faubel [de]
* 1990 Horst Uwe Keller [de] (Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau)
* 1991 Dirk Dubbers und Walter Mampe [de]
* 1992 Wolfgang Krätschmer
* 1993 Klaus Winter [de]
* 1994 Wolfgang Kaiser
* 1995 Joachim Trümper [de]
* 1996 Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
* 1997 Peter Armbruster
* 1998 Herbert Walther
* 1999 Siegfried Hunklinger [de]
* 2000 Theodor W. Hänsch
* 2001 Achim Richter
* 2002 Jan Peter Toennies
* 2003 Reinhard Genzel
* 2004 Frank Steglich
* 2005 Bogdan Povh [sl; de]
* 2006 Erich Sackmann
* 2007 Peter Grünberg
* 2008 Konrad Kleinknecht [de]
* 2009 Friedrich Wagner
* 2010 Horst Schmidt-Böcking [de]
* 2011 Günter Wolf [de]
* 2012 Rainer Blatt
* 2013 Dieter Pohl
* 2014 Gerhard Abstreiter
* 2015 Karl Jakobs
* 2016 Werner Hofmann
* 2017 Laurens Molenkamp
* 2018 Karsten Danzmann [de]
* 2019 Peter Braun-Munzinger [de], Johanna Stachel
* 2020 Dieter Bimberg
* 2021 Joachim Ullrich
* 2022 Frank Eisenhauer
* 2023 Manfred Fiebig
* 2024 Immanuel Bloch
* 2025 Klaus Blaum
# Henri Rol-Tanguy

Henri Rol-Tanguy (French pronunciation:; 12 June 1908 – 8 September 2002) was a French communist and leader in the Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II. At his death The New York Times called him "one of France's most decorated Resistance heroes".

## Biography

Henri Tanguy was born on 12 June 1908 in Morlaix, Brittany to a family of a sailor. Aged 14, he moved to Paris to work as a foundryman. In 1925, he joined the Young Communists and ended up as a secretary. He did his military service in 1929 with the 8th Régiment de Zouaves in Oran, Algeria; on his return, he became an activist with the local metal workers union.
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1937, Tanguy joined the International Brigades to fight for the Spanish Republic. He was political commissar of the André Marty Battalion (made up of French and Belgian volunteers) which was part of the XIV International Brigade. He was wounded in the Battle of the Ebro in 1938. After the war, he returned to France.
At the outbreak of World War II, Tanguy was conscripted into the French Army. After the surrender, he went underground with his wife Cécile Le Bihan. He became one of the leaders of communist resistance in Paris and organized a group that became Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP). Tanguy used a nom de guerre of "Colonel Rol", after a close friend who had died in Spain.
In June 1944, Tanguy took command of the French Forces of the Interior in the Île-de-France. When Allied armies approached Paris, these forces took part in the liberation of Paris. Tanguy said, "Paris is worth 200,000 dead, so long as the city frees itself before the Free French armies arrive"
After five days of fighting, German General Dietrich von Choltitz notified Colonel Rol that he was ready to negotiate. Alongside Free French general Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Tanguy accepted and signed the act of surrender on 25 August 1944. Like many resistance members, Tanguy later added his wartime pseudonym to his official name and became Rol-Tanguy.
Rol-Tanguy joined the French 1st Army of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny and served during the battles in Germany. After the war, he received the Croix de Guerre, the Médaille de la Résistance and the Ordre de la Libération. He remained in the French army with a permanent commission until 1962.
After his army career, Rol-Tanguy joined the central committee of the French Communist Party where he remained until 1987. He lived in the department of Loir-et-Cher. In 1994, he received the Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur and, in 1996, received an honorary citizenship from Spain for his part in the International Brigades.
Henri Rol-Tanguy died on 8 September 2002, and received a salutation in the Invalides from Jacques Chirac, the recently re-elected President of France.
In 2004 he was commemorated at Place Denfert-Rochereau, in Paris, with a plaque renaming a part of the place Avenue du Colonel-Henri-Rol-Tanguy, and the metro station there was sub-titled Colonel Rol-Tanguy.
# Marco Bjurström

Marco Robert Bjurström (born 31 May 1966 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish dance instructor, director, choreographer, television host, and news anchor. He is best known as the host of the television game show BumtsiBum! (1997–2005), which was ultimately based on the Irish The Lyrics Board and watched weekly by more than a million people. Bjurström has hosted several ceremonies, such as the election gathering of President of Finland Tarja Halonen.
Bjurström has also directed the Finnish versions of three musical stage productions for the Peacock Theatre at Linnanmäki – Grease (2002), Hair (2003), and Saturday Night Fever (2004). Bjurström also hosted the Finnish version of Dancing with the Stars from 2006 to 2009 with Ella Kanninen (2006–2007), Vanessa Kurri (2008) and Vappu Pimiä (2009). In February 2010 it was announced that Bjurström will be replaced by actor Mikko Leppilampi as Bjurström will be the head judge of Dance Suomi, the Finnish version of So You Think You Can Dance. Bjurström was also seen during the pauses of the live Idols broadcasts.
He has been awarded the best male TV performer Telvis four times: in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. His game show BumtsiBum! was also awarded three Venlas in 1997–1998. His spouse (male) is Peter Pihlström.
# Mindaugas Bridge

The Mindaugas Bridge (Lithuanian: Mindaugo tiltas) is a bridge in Vilnius, Lithuania. It crosses Neris River and connects Žirmūnai elderate with the Old Town of Vilnius. The bridge was named after Mindaugas, King of Lithuania, and was opened in 2003 during the celebrations of the 750th anniversary of Mindaugas' coronation. The bridge is 101 metres (331 ft) in length and 19.7 metres (65 ft) in width.

## Gallery

* Bridge at night.
* Bridge as seen from top of Gediminas Tower.
# Philip Eriksson

Philip Eriksson (born 22 November 1991) is a Swedish professional golfer.
In 2016, Eriksson missed out on European Tour qualification after winning the first stage of Q-School. In 2018 he qualified for the South Africa-based Sunshine Tour and got his first win at the Dimension Data Pro-Am in February 2019. The win qualified him for the 2019 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational.

## Professional wins (7)
### Sunshine Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 17 Feb 2019 | Dimension Data Pro-Am | −21 (66-67-67-68=268) | 3 strokes | Justin Walters |

### Other wins (6)

* 2013 Skogaby Open (Sweden)
* 2015 Allerum Open (Sweden)
* 2016 Johannesberg Open (Swedish mini-tour Future Series), Gefle Open (Swedish mini-tour Future Series), Kumla Open, (Sweden), Oakley Tour (Sweden)

## Results in World Golf Championships

| Tournament | 2019 |
| Championship | |
| Match Play | |
| Invitational | T51 |
| Champions | |
"T" = Tied
# Ezra Furman and the Harpoons

Ezra Furman and the Harpoons were a four-piece rock band active between 2006 and 2011. The band consisted of Ezra Furman (vocals, guitar), Job Mukkada (bass guitar), Adam Abrutyn (drums), and Andrew Langer (guitar). They formed at Tufts University in 2006.

## History

They self-released their first album, Beat Beat Beat in June 2006, which was recorded in a series of college dorm rooms and engineered by former band member, Jahn Sood, and Dave Kant from Outtake Records.
In August 2007, the group signed with Minty Fresh Records for a two album contract and released their debut album Banging Down the Doors, produced by Brian Deck for Minty Fresh Records. Banging Down the Doors was met with critical acclaim, making several best of 2007 lists. Their second album, Inside the Human Body, was released in October 2008, and was also well received by critics.
After their contract with Minty Fresh Records expired, they released a self-produced album titled Moon Face, which included live recordings and some of Furman's solo work. When the album was ordered through the band's website, one could include a small passage about themselves, and as an addition to the album, Furman would write a song singularly for the purchaser.
Their third studio album, Mysterious Power, was released on April 5, 2011. through Red Parlor Records. It was recorded in Los Angeles and produced by Doug Boehm.
Ezra Furman has since created three solo albums and has toured with her band Ezra Furman and the Boy-Friends.

## Discography
### Albums

* Beat Beat Beat (2006)
* Banging Down the Doors (2007)
* Inside the Human Body (2008)
* Mysterious Power (2011)

### Compilations

* Moon Face: Bootlegs and Road Recordings 2006-2009 (2009)
# Feliu Elias

Feliu Elias i Bracons (October 7, 1878 – August 1948) was a Catalan caricaturist, painter and critic.
He was born in Barcelona. He studied art at the Hoyos Painting Academy and the Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc in Barcelona. During the first third of the twentieth century he achieved popularity as a cartoonist for various magazines, using the pseudonym Apa. Beginning in 1902, he contributed drawings to the magazine Cu-Cut!. In 1908, he founded the satirical magazine Papitu. He also published comics and cartoons in L'Esquella de la Torratxa, El Senyor Canons, Mirador, and many other magazines. In 1911, he fled to Paris to avoid arrest after a series of drawings he published in Papitu offended the government.
His cartoons in favor of the allied cause in World War I were collected in the book Kameraden, and earned him the Cross of the Legion of Honor. He made the daily vignette of the main Catalan newspaper of the twenties and thirties, La Publicitat, and wrote a treatise entitled L'Art de la caricatura (The Art of Caricature).
He developed an important work as an artistic critic, under the pseudonym "Joan Sacs", writing articles in the Catalan press and several books.
He also devoted himself to painting in a Magic Realist style, in which the still lifes, portraits and landscapes stand out. The Spanish critic Juan Manuel Bonet has compared Eliu's work to that of the German New Objectivity movement, and termed him "in a way, our Félix Vallotton".
Josep Pla dedicated one of his portraits in Homenots to Eliu.
* Fayans Català (ca. 1904)
* The Galery 1928 - in Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
# Tin, Iran

Tin (Persian: طين or تين) in Iran may refer to:
* Tin, Ahar (تين - Tīn), East Azerbaijan Province
* Tin, Khoda Afarin (طين - Ţīn), East Azerbaijan Province
* Tin, Kermanshah (تين - Tīn)
# Karol Mikloš

Karol Mikloš (born 1972) is a Slovak recording artist. A former member of a gothic rock band known as Shellwoy (1992–1993), recorded his own self-titled demo EP in 1994. His full-length debut, The Same Mist Here (1997), saw its official results on Róbert Gregor's Agency – G.A. Records. The guitar-based work made under production by Ladislav Lučenič, spawned a Grammy Slovakia Award-nomination as the New Artist. Its electronic follow-up issued on Millennium Records, Vis-à-vis (2002), became a Best Male Vocal Performance-nominee in favor of local Aurel Awards. While The Past of the Future (2008) with a more acoustic sound, was nominated for so-called Radio Head Awards, for a change. Apart from performing and composing skills for his own, Mikloš has occasionally been involved in production, audio and mastering engineering, mixing and programming for fellow artists.
On the occasion of the 2015 Record Store Day, Mikloš issued his most recent release, "One Life More or Less".

## Discography

   "Listening to Mikloš doesn't mean to hear some sonic boom of a pioneer and trailblazer, it is more likely an incredibly skilled tribute to foreign models with no need to be ashamed for and to dissociate self from them."
—Tadeáš Haager, Radio Wave, 2008.

### Studio albums

* 1997: The Same Mist Here
* 2002: Vis-à-vis
* 2008: The Past of the Future
* 2017: Poisoned EP
* 2022: This Side of Town
* 2024: Nočné vlaky

## Awards

Apart from a number of nominations for domestic music awards, all received in response to his album releases, in the Czech Republic The Past of the Future was listed among the Radio Wave's Albums of the Week in June 2008.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Category | Result |
| 1997 | The Same Mist Here | Grammy Slovakia Awards | Best New Artist | Nominated |
| 2002 | Vis-à-vis | Aurel Awards | Best Male Vocal Performance | Nominated |
| 2008 | The Past of the Future | Radio Head Awards | Audience Choice | Nominated |
| 2008 | The Past of the Future | Radio Head Awards | Critics Choice | Nominated |
| A ^ Lučenič himself won the category of the Best Producer on the ZAI ceremony, among others also for his credits of "Tomorrow". B ^ Won Bliiizko (Slnko Records, #SR 0025) by Noisecut. C ^ Won Rozhľadňa (#SR 0021) by Ján Boleslav Kladivo. |||||
# Anne Ker

Anne Ker (née Phillips; 17 November 1766 – c. 5 December 1821) was an English writer who published six novels between 1799 and 1817. She aimed for commercial success, writing in the popular Romance and Gothic genres.
Anne Ker's writing was supported financially by a number of subscribers, including Lady Jerningham, wife of the writer Lord Jerningham, and the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Brunswick. Her marriage into the Ker family, which was headed by the third Duke of Roxburghe, John Ker, is also thought to have assisted her creative work.

## Literary significance

Rachel Howard, compiler of Ker's biography for the journal Reading the Romantic Text, writes that Ker was a 'determined and outspoken character whose bold opinions on fiction contributed to contemporary debates about women's reading and writing'.
Although critically unsuccessful, Ker's writing appealed to readers through her imitation of popular writers such as Ann Radcliffe, and with her morally ambiguous presentation of social issues, for instance sexual promiscuity, prostitution, and portrayal of lower-class characters. Howard argues that the popularity of Ker's work with readers compared to critics gives literary historians insight into the biases of critics of the Romantic era who favoured morally conservative or religious texts, and disapproved of imitation.
   'The Heiress de Montalde is a wretched imitation of Mrs. Radcliffe's manner, but the black horror of the mysterious tale is not brightened by a single ray of that lady's genius. The plot is confused, the incidents contemptible, and the language destitute of all characteristic propriety. - New London Review.

## Life

Anne Philips was born to John and Ann Philips, of Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. A sampler commemorating her birth includes the arms of the family, a chained lion rampant.
John Gladstone Steele suggests that a Louisa Carr (later Peterson), born in 1786, with parents given as John and Anne Carr is in fact the daughter of John and Anne Ker. He suggests that the difference in the spelling of Anne and John Ker's surname on Louisa's birth certificate may indicate that Louisa was born and baptised secretly, before the pair would marry secretly in 1788.
Later in life, Ker feel into financial hardship and illnesses. She appealed to the Royal Literary Fund for assistance six times from 1820 to 1821, but only two of her appeals were successful, each granted £5. She died aged fifty-four, in 1821, suffering from gout.

## Works

* The Heiress di Montalde; or, the Castle of Bezanto: A Novel (1799)
* Adeline St Julian; or, the Midnight Hour, a Novel (1800)
* Emmeline; or, the Happy Discovery, a Novel (1801)
* The Mysterious Count; or, Montville Castle. A Romance (1803)
* Modem Faults, a Novel, Founded on Facts (1804)
* Edric, the Forester: Or, the Mysteries of the Haunted Chamber. An Historical Romance (1817).
A synopsis of each novel is available within Rachel Howard's biography of Ker.
# Koshkar

Koshkar (Kazakh: Қошқар, Qoşqar) is a village in the Atyrau Region of western Kazakhstan.
# Jishuitan station

Jishuitan station (Chinese: 积水潭站; pinyin: Jīshuǐtán Zhàn) is a station on Line 2 and Line 19 of the Beijing Subway.

## History

The station for Line 2 opened on September 20, 1984. It was closed for renovation (in order to interchange with Line 19) on April 10, 2021, and reopened on June 18, 2021. The station for Line 19 opened on December 31, 2021.

## Around the station

* Deshengmen bus terminal
* Fayuan Mosque

## Station layout

The station has underground island platforms for both line 2 and line 19.

## Exits

There are 7 exits, lettered A, B1, B2, C, D, F and G1. Exits B, C and F are accessible.

## Gallery

* Line 2 east concourse (April 2021)
* Line 2 west concourse (June 2021)
* Line 2 west concourse extension (June 2021)
* Line 19 concourse [1]
* Line 19 concourse [2]
# Rollandia (bird)

Rollandia is a small genus of birds in the grebe family. Its two members are found in South America.

## Species

They are:
Genus Rollandia – Bonaparte, 1856 – two species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| White-tufted grebe | Rollandia rolland (Gaimard, 1823) Three subspecies R. r. chilensis (Lesson, 1828) R. r. morrisoni (Simmons, 1962) R. r. rolland (Gaimard, 1823) | Peru and southeast Brazil southwards to Cape Horn and Tierra del Fuego. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Titicaca grebe | Rollandia microptera (Gould, 1868) | Peru and Bolivia. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | EN |
# Laukininkas

A laukininkas (plural: laukininkai) was a free peasant in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Laukininkai formed the majority of the Grand Duchy's population. They formed communities, called laukas (in modern Lithuanian the term means field). The term was later replaced by volosts (Lithuanian: valsčius) and subsequently laukininkas became known as valstietis, which is a modern Lithuanian term for farmers and peasants.

## History

In ancient times, when tools were crude and a single family could not support itself, the land was owned and worked by egalitarian communities. In the 12th century tools improved and more efficient techniques were adopted; increased harvest meant that individual families could sustain themselves. This facilitated transition from the community-based to family-based agriculture. By early 13th century the land was divided into individual lots that were owned and cultivated by a single family of laukininkai. The lots were inherited from one generation to the other (allodial title, known in Lithuanian as alodas). The community continued to own forests, meadows, rivers and lakes. Private ownership allowed stratification into early social classes and division of labor. Wealthier families could acquire dependent people – kaimynas or šeimynykštis. To maintain such structure in the society an organized state was needed. This need contributed to the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The early laukininkai community, or laukas, was obligated to provide the dukes and their officials with food and other accommodations when they stayed in the vicinity, and to help in building and maintaining castles and defense fortifications. Since the 14th century laukininkai were required to pay regular taxes, known as sidabrinė and dėkla. Sidabrinė was paid in silver and was the main source of revenue for the military. Dėkla was paid in grain, hay and other products. To administer the collection, the state territory was subdivided into volots, governed by a tijūnas, who was appointed to collect the tax and serve as a judge in laukininkai trials and disputes.
In the beginning of the 15th century rising grain prices in Europe prompted bajorai, a class of warriors and future nobility, to shift from warfare into landownership. Grand Duke Vytautas the Great started gifting laukininkai to his trusted followers for military services. Thus some laukininkai became veldamai – a class of peasants, which retained ownership of land, but owed taxes and levies imposed by the nobles. Increasingly rights of veldamai were curtailed by various privileges to the nobility issued by the Grand Dukes. It was a transitional stage between free peasants and serfs, fully established by the Wallach reform in 1557. After the reform all peasants lost personal freedom and land ownership.
# John McKenzie (philanthropist)

Sir John Robert Hugh McKenzie KBE (5 August 1876 – 26 August 1955) was a New Zealand businessman and philanthropist who founded the McKenzies chain of retail stores. He was born in Yarrawalla, Victoria, Australia, on 5 August 1876. In the 1950 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for public and philanthropic services. In 1996, McKenzie was posthumously inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.
# Daydar

Daydar or Dayedar or Daidar (Persian: دايدار) may refer to:
* Daydar-e Olya
* Daydar-e Sofla
# Ludvig Juht

Ludvig Juht (24 July 1894 – 20 January 1957) was an Estonian double-bassist and composer.
Juht was born in Väägvere, Tartu County. In childhood he learned trombone and double bass under the guidance of David Otto Wirkhaus. From 1913 to 1914 he studied in Tartu. From 1916 to 1918 he played with the Helsinki City Orchestra. From 1918 to 1921 and from 1928 to 1929 he worked at the Estonia Theatre. He was a member of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra from 1921 until 1927 while concurrently studying composition at the Berlin Academy of Music under the instruction of Paul Juon. Between 1930 and 1932, he played with the London Savoy Orchestra, and from 1932 until 1933 he was a lecturer at the Riga Conservatory in Latvia.
In 1934, he moved to the United States. In United States he played with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
In 1936, he established the Boston Estonian Society (Estonian: Bostoni Eesti Selts). From 1945 he was also a lecturer at the Boston University College of Music and from 1946 at the New England Conservatory.
He died on 20 January 1957 in Boston. He was married to Amanda Juht (1901–1988).
In 1939, he was awarded the Order of the Estonian Red Cross, fifth class.

## Works

* Kontrabassikontsert cis-moll (1932)
* Eesti tants sümfooniaorkestrile (1930)

### For double bass and piano

* Legend Valuojast
* Mälestus
* Scherzo
* Adagio (seade kontrabassikontserdi cis-moll II osa)
# Div Sultan Rumlu

Div Sultan Rumlu (Persian: دیو سلطان روملو) was a Turkmen military commander and politician from the Rumlu clan, one of the seven chief Qizilbash tribes which provided crack troops for Safavid guard. In 1516-1527, he served as the governor (hakem) of the Erivan Province (also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd). From 1524 to 1527, he was a powerful regent to Shah Tahmasp I, who was then underage. Div Sultan Rumlu had summer quarters at Lar Valley in the Alborz Mountains. He was killed in a power struggle in 1527.