# Rhinella

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.
Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.

## Etymology

* Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.
* Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).
* Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’) and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).

## Species

There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella:
| Binomial name and author | Common name | Distribution |
| Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) | | southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul) |
| Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) | Cordoba toad | northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces) |
| Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) | | Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) |
| Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) | Cerro Mali beaked toad | Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama |
| Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) | | Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela |
| Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) | | Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador |
| Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) | | Loja Province, Ecuador |
| Rhinella angeli (Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022) | | Peru |
| Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) | Cochabamba toad | Bolivia (Cochabamba Department) |
| Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) | Mendoza Pass toad | Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region) |
| Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | Common toad; Argentine toad | Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes |
| Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) | Rio Chili toad | Peru |
| Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) | Arunco; Concepcion toad | Chile |
| Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) | Vallenar toad; Atacama toad | Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region) |
| Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) | | Paraguay |
| Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's Toad | Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad |
| Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) | | Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay |
| Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010 | | Argentina |
| Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014 | | Brazil (Ceará) |
| Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991) | Para toad | Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru |
| Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009 | | Panama (Chiriquí) |
| Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) | Horned toad | Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil |
| Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007 | | Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes) |
| Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) | | Peru (Huánuco) |
| Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) | Rio Viejo toad | Honduras |
| Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021) | | Peru (Huánuco) |
| Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) | | Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province) |
| Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | Striped toad | eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro |
| Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) | Bom Jardim toad | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |
| Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) | Cope's toad; cururu toad | Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil |
| Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Dorbigny's toad | northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil |
| Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020 | | Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios) |
| Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) | Bella Vista toad | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay |
| Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) | Valle Santiago beaked toad | Ecuador and Peru |
| Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) | Carabaya toad | Bolivia and Peru |
| Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) | Gallardo's toad | Argentina |
| Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | | Brazil |
| Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) | Rio Grande toad | Argentina |
| Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) | Common lesser toad | Brazil |
| Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) | | Brazil |
| Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) | | Brazil |
| Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | Cane toad | north-western South America |
| Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's toad | Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas |
| Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) | Yellow Cururu toad | northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay |
| Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) | Inca toad | Peru |
| Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012 | | Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil |
| Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) | Rio Perene toad | Peru |
| Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) | Cururu toad | Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) |
| Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) | El Chape toad | Bolivia |
| Rhinella kuka (Köhler, Vences, Padial, Plewnia & Lötters 2023) | | Bolivia |
| Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) | | Peru |
| Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | | French Guiana, Suriname |
| Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017 | Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad | Peru |
| Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) | Peru Coast toad | Peru |
| Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) | Murri beaked toad | Colombia |
| †Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019 | | Argentina |
| Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) | Santa Rita beaked toad | Colombia |
| Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007 | | Brazil |
| Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936) | | Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil |
| Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007 | | Peru |
| Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) | South American common toad | Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela |
| Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Cane toad | South and mainland Central America |
| Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | | Suriname |
| Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) | | Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil |
| Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) | | Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz) |
| Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005) | | Peru (Pasco) |
| Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967) | | Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana |
| Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) | Laguna toad | Peru |
| Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) | Colombian beaked toad | Colombia (Antioquia) |
| Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) | Ocellated toad | Brazil |
| Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824 | | Brazil |
| Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014 | | Colombia (Chocó) |
| Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010 | | Paraguay |
| Rhinella parecis Ávila, Morais, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Rojas, Gordo & Farias, 2020 | | Brazil |
| Rhinella pleuroptera Schmidt, 1857 | | Peru |
| Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) | Gray toad | Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia |
| Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) | Beaked toad | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |
| Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) | Rio Parahyba toad | Brazil |
| Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) | Incachaca toad | Bolivia |
| Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941) | | northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil |
| Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) | Mesopotamia beaked toad | Colombia (Antioquia) |
| Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) | | Brazil |
| Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848) | Rusty toad | Chile and Argentina |
| Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) | | Colombia (Antioquia) |
| Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) | Salta toad | Bolivia |
| Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) | | Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) |
| Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) | | Venezuela |
| Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | | Brazil |
| Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) | Warty toad; Huanuco toad | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru |
| Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) | | Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz) |
| Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858) | Falcon toad | Colombia and Venezuela |
| Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) | | Bolivia (La Paz) |
| Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Antioquia Beaked Toad | Colombia |
| Rhinella teotoniensis (Ferrão, Souza, Colatreli, Hanken & Lima, 2022) | Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad | Bolivia, Brazil |
| Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Trueb's Beaked Toad | Colombia |
| Rhinella unapensis Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022) | | Peru |
| Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) | Alto Maranon toad | Peru |
| Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) | Veragua toad | Bolivia and southeastern Peru |
| Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) | | Brazil(Piauí and Bahia) |
| Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007 | | Peru (Pasco) |
| Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014) | | Peru (Yungas) |