OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joachim Hoppers

Joachim Hoppers, occasionally Latinized to Hopperus (11 November 1523 – 11 December 1576), was a jurist and professor in the Habsburg Netherlands. He was advisor on matters affecting the Netherlands to Philip II of Spain.
After attending the Latin School of Haarlem, Hoppers studied law and philosophy in Leuven, Paris and Orléans. He received his doctorate in 1553. After this he became a professor in Leuven and – partly due to his friendship with Viglius – councilor at the Great Council of Mechelen, a member of the Privy Council and a member of the Council of State. He also became Secretary of State for Dutch affairs in Madrid in 1566 and thus advisor to Philip II. In that capacity he wrote an overview of the events of 1566 in the Netherlands, known as the Recueil de Hopperus. He condemned the riots but, as an Erasmian, disapproved of Philip's harsh measures against the Beeldenstorm.
Hoppers came from Sneek and was very loyal to Friesland. This is evident from parts of the Tabula, a work about a flourishing period in Friesland, among others, which he wrote in Frisian. The map he made of Friesland in Roman times is the first in the history of cartography.
He founded the University of Douai on behalf of Philip in 1561. Here he was able to apply his educational ideas which he described in Ferdinandus, sive de institutionale principis. This shows that he was more professor than statesman.

## Gallery

* Antiquae Frisiae situs sub Augusto Imperatore, ut fertia, 1579
* Commentatio succinta ad Institutiones iustinianeas, 1772
# Squeeze box (magic trick)

The Squeeze Box is an illusion designed and originally performed by André Kole.

## Effect

A person gets in a horizontal box, and sticks their head out of one end, their feet out of the other. The box is squeezed - sometimes by spinning a wheel - pushing both ends towards the middle until the person's head is right next to their feet. Both head and feet move throughout, and at the end the box is stretched back out and the person emerges unscathed.

## Notable performances

* André Kole
* David Copperfield
* Siegfried and Roy
# San Francisco Dungeon

The San Francisco Dungeon was a tourist attraction that recreated historical events using 360° sets, special effects, and live actors. Visitors walked through the Dungeon, and were guided through each show by professional actors. The attraction also contained a dark boat ride.
The San Francisco Dungeon was opened in June 2014, following the success of its European counterparts which include the London Dungeon and the Amsterdam Dungeon. The Dungeons are owned and operated by Merlin Entertainments.
The San Francisco Dungeon closed during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and did not reopen.

## Shows and rides

Shows and rides include:
* The Descent - visitors descend into the Dungeon in an old mine shaft elevator and meet businessman Colonel Jack Gamble
* Gold Rush Greed - a re-enactment of the clash between the natives and the new settlers on the American frontier in 1848
* Lost Mines of Sutter's Mill - visitors search the maze of mines for any remaining gold
* Streets of San Francisco - visitors meet gang The Hounds and their leader Sam Roberts down Kearny Street
* The Court of San Francisco - a re-enactment of an old San Francisco courtroom where visitors are interrogated by former mayor and judge "Mad Meade"
* Miss Piggott's Saloon - recreation of an old drinking saloon featuring Miss Piggott and Shanghai Kelly
* Shanghai Kelly's Boat Ride - boat ride through the back waterways to learn about the lives of those who were sold to work as sailors
* Chinatown Plague - recreation of the streets of San Francisco during the bubonic plague epidemic in 1900
* The Ghosts of Alcatraz - recreation of the Alcatraz military prison during the 1800s, ending with a drop tower.
During the San Francisco Dungeon’s operation a number of temporary overlays would be installed. These included an overlay of the Chinatown Plague room called Chinatown Gang Wars and an 18+ experience on select nights.
# Emmanuel Hugot

Emmanuel H. Hugot is a French astrophysicist, deputy director at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille. known for his contribution to the developments of new technologies that help to improve telescopes used by professional astronomers around the world. This includes the development of more efficient curved detectors, but also improvements in the manufacturing methods for optical elements and active optics systems. The technologies developed by Hugot and his group are used on the SPHERE instrument mounted on the European Very Large Telescope, as well as the coronagraphic instrument of the future NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which are used to detect exoplanets.

## Academic career

From 2015 to 2019, he was head of the R&D group in optics and instrumentation at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, gathering about 30 persons. He obtained his PhD entitled “Astronomical Optics and elasticity theory” at the Aix Marseille University, France in 2007. He supervised or co-supervised 15 PhD students since 2009.

## Awards

* 2014 awarded the young researcher (“Jeune Chercheur”) prize by French Society of Astronomy & Astrophysics
* 2016 received a 2 million euros starting grant from the European Research Council for his project ICARUS.
* 2017 Hugot awarded the MERAC early career prize for new technologies by the European Astronomical Society for his unique and pioneering work on innovative astronomical instrumentation, based on active systems, freeform optics and curved focal planes.
* 2017 awarded a bronze medal by the French National Center for Scientific Research (French: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS)
* 2020, the French Academy of Technologies awarded him the Jean Jerphagnon Prize, awarding young researchers starting entrepreneurship in the field of photonics.
* in 2024 he received the Georges Lake Technology Innovation Award, awarded by the European Astronomical Society through the MERAC foundation for the innovative telescope CASTLE (Calar Alto SchmidT-Lemaitre Explorer).
# Aula (river)

Aula is a river of Hesse, Germany. The 22.6-km Aula is a 22.6 km long tributary of the Fulda, joining it in Niederaula.
# This Night (Billy Joel song)

"This Night" is a song by Billy Joel released as the sixth single from his album An Innocent Man. The basis of the song's chorus uses the second movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Pathétique Sonata. Beethoven is credited as one of the song's writers on the sleeve of the album as "L.v. Beethoven". Joel has said in interviews that "This Night" was written about his brief relationship with supermodel Elle Macpherson, whom he dated just prior to second wife Christie Brinkley.
The song was released as a single only in the UK and Japan, reached number 78 on the UK Singles Chart and number 88 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart.
In the United States, "This Night" was the B-side of "Leave a Tender Moment Alone".

## Track listing
### 7" single

* "This Night"
* "I'll Cry Instead" (live)

### Japanese 7" single / CBS 07SP 722

* "This Night"
* "Careless talk"

## Chart positions

| Chart (1984) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 21 |
| Japan (Oricon) | 88 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 78 |
# Thermal grill illusion

The thermal grill illusion (also known to researchers as the TGI) is a sensory illusion originally demonstrated in 1896 by the Swedish physician Torsten Thunberg. The illusion is created by a grill of bars which are alternately warm, e.g. 40 °C (104 °F; 313 K), and cool, e.g. 20 °C (68 °F; 293 K). When someone presses a hand against the whole grill, they experience the illusion of burning heat. But if they press against only a cool or a warm bar, only coolness or warmth, respectively, is experienced.
Researchers have used the illusion to demonstrate that burning pain sensation is in fact a mixture of both cold and heat pain and that it is only the inhibition of the cold pain "channel" that reveals the heat component.
The illusion is demonstrated by positioning the middle finger in cold water and the ring and index fingers in warm water. Due to shortcomings in the body map—the multisensory representation of the body—and this particular sensory input configuration, for some people the brain is tricked into thinking the middle finger is in the warm water and the index and ring fingers in cold water.
In an fMRI experiment of the illusion, researchers in 2011 observed an activation of the thalamus not seen for control stimuli. Also, activity in a portion of the right mid/anterior insula correlated with the perceived unpleasantness of the illusion.
# CEN/TC 165

CEN/TC 165 (CEN Technical Committee 165) is a technical decision making body within the CEN system working on standardization in the field of wastewater engineering in the European Union. Its goal is to develop functional standards, and standards for performance and installation for systems and components in the field of wastewater engineering.
CEN/TC 165 was created on 01.01.1988 and Working Groups (WG) established under this Technical Committee are:
* WG1: General requirements for pipes
* WG2: Vitrified clay pipes
* WG4: Manhole tops, gully tops, drainage channels and other ancillary components for use outside buildings
* WG5: Fibre cement pipes
* WG6: Cast iron pipes
* WG7: Steel pipes
* WG8: Separators
* WG9: Concrete pipes
* WG10: Installation of buried pipes for gravity drain and sewer systems
* WG11: Gratings, covers and other ancillary components for use inside buildings
* WG12: Structural design of buried pipelines
* WG13: Renovation and repair of drains and sewers
* WG21: Drainage systems inside buildings
* WG22: Drain and sewer systems outside buildings
* WG23: Special projects
* WG30: Terminology in the field of wastewater engineering
* WG40: Wastewater treatment plants > 50 PT
* WG41: Small type sewage treatment plants (< 50 inhabitants)
* WG42: Working on standards for treatment plants from 51 to 500 population equivalents treatment plants; general processes
* WG43: Wastewater treatment plants; General requirements and special processes
* WG50: Use of treated wastewater
# Pozo de Banfield

The Pozo de Banfield is a former Buenos Aires Provincial Police station that was used as an Argentine clandestine detention center from November 1974 to October 1978, during the military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1976 to 1983. This detention center was an integral part of what came to be known as the Circuito Camps, and was one of the first to operate as such during the constitutional government of Isabel Perón, nearly 18 months before the 1976 coup d'état. With the nationwide extension of the 1975 annihilation decrees, provincial police forces were placed under command of the Army, and subsequently the Banfield Investigations Brigade became subordinated to the 3rd Mechanized Infantry Regiment of the Argentine Army.

## Location and architecture

The three-storey building is on the corner of Siciliano and Vernet streets in Villa Centenario in the city of Banfield, Greater Buenos Aires. The commander's office, a torture room, and other facilities were located on the ground floor. On the first floor there were cells, offices, the staff dining room and canteen, kitchens, and restrooms, while on the second floor there were more cells and another restroom.

## Historical significance

A total of 309 Argentines, Uruguayans, Paraguayans and Chileans were detained in the center. Ninety-seven detainees had been kidnapped in forced disappearances; five were set free and subsequently killed. Among the prisoners were four pregnant women (resp. at least eight, according to other sources) who gave birth while detained. Many of the children remain unidentified, although identifications were reported sometimes decades later, largely due to the efforts of the human-rights organization Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo which has been instrumental to establish the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team and the National Bank of Genetic Data with the goal to find victims by genetic testing. Only in 2023, for example, Daniel Enrique González found out that he was born in 1977 in Pozo de Banfield as Daniel Santucho, son Cristina Navajas and Juli Santucho, the latter the brother of the revolutionary Mario Roberto Santucho. Housing women during the last months of pregnancy and separating newborns from their mothers is considered to be one of the main functions of Pozo de Banfield.
Most of the students abducted during the Night of the Pencils in September 1976 were detained for three months in the building.
The building had been the headquarters of the Banfield Investigations Brigade since the 1960s, and continued in this capacity throughout its use as a clandestine detention center. In 2006, long after the end of the dictatorship, it was handed over to the Secretariat of Human Rights at the request of social organisations, to be used as a memory site (sitio de memoria).
# Hrasno

Hrasno (Cyrillic: Храсно) is a neighbourhood in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into four local communities: Hrasno, Staro Hrasno, Hrasno Brdo and Trg Heroja. Staro Hrasno is located in the municipality of Novi Grad, while the other three local communities are parts of the Novo Sarajevo municipality. Before the Bosnian War, Hrasno, Staro Hrasno and Trg Heroja were considered part of a single local community.
It is home of the fourth tallest skyscraper in the Balkans, known as the Bosmal City Center, which is located in Staro Hrasno.
# Hosseinabad, Zahedan

Hosseinabad, Zahedan (Persian: حسین‌آباد) is a village in Cheshmeh Ziarat Rural District, in the Nosratabad of Zahedan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 141, in 23 families.
# Rural Municipality of Bayne No. 371

The Rural Municipality of Bayne No. 371 (2016 population: 467) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 15 and SARM Division No. 5. It is located in the north-central portion of the province.

## History

The RM of Bayne No. 371 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 12, 1910. It was named after Deputy Minister, J. N. Bayne. Canadian Forces Station Dana was an NORAD Pinetree Line radar installation located within the RM until it was disbanded in 1987.

### Heritage properties

There are two historical properties within the RM.
* Sacred Heart Ukrainian Catholic Church - Constructed in 1927, on land donated by a local immigrant farmer (Nicholas Hawryluke). The property was recognized as a Municipal Heritage Property on May 13, 1999.
* St. Laszlo Canadian Magyar Hall - Constructed between 1903 and 1911, the church was established by Hungarian settlers to provide a place of worship. The hall is named after St. Laszlo. the hall is located 6.5 km northeast of Prud'homme, Saskatchewan.

## Geography
### Communities and localities

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

#### Localities

* Bremen
* Dana
* Muskiki Springs
* Peterson
* Sagehill

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Bayne No. 371 had a population of 461 living in 180 of its 202 total private dwellings, a change of -1.3% from its 2016 population of 467. With a land area of 788.95 km$^2$ (304.62 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.6/km$^2$ (1.5/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Bayne No. 371 recorded a population of 467 living in 189 of its 206 total private dwellings, a -5.3% change from its 2011 population of 493. With a land area of 802.93 km$^2$ (310.01 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.6/km$^2$ (1.5/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

The RM of Bayne No. 371 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Wednesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Michael Kane while its administrator is Diana Koenning. The RM's office is located in Bruno.
# Emblem of Rwanda

The Emblem of Rwanda is the national symbol and used by the Government of Rwanda. It was restyled in 2001 to match the color scheme of the new national flag. The text reads "Republic of Rwanda – Unity, Work, Patriotism" in Kinyarwanda. The central tribal devices, a stem of sorghum, a branch of a coffee tree and a traditional basket are surmounted on a cogwheel with the sun with its rays above, while two typical Rwandan shields protects them, one on the right and one on the left. They are encircled by a square knot.
The details of the emblem are laid out in Article 3(2) of the Constitution of Rwanda.
The previous emblem dated from the 1960s-the colors green, yellow and red represented peace; the nation's hope for future development; and the people. According to the state, the device and the flag itself were changed because they had become associated with the brutality of the Rwandan genocide. However, some Rwandans at the time expressed doubts about the stated reasoning and merely viewed all this as an attempt by the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front to express its political power by changing the state's symbols.

## Gallery

* Coat of arms of The German East Africa Company
* Proposed Coat of arms of The German East Africa
* Coat of arms of Ruanda-Urundi
* Emblem of Ruanda under Ruanda-Urundi (c. 1920–1962)
* Emblem of the Republic of Rwanda from 1962 to 2001
* Lesser arms of pretenders to the Rwandan throne, designed in 2007
* Full achievement of pretenders to the Rwandan throne, designed in 2007
* State emblem claimed by pretenders to the Rwandan throne, designed in 2007
# Alpha Sagittae

Alpha Sagittae, formally named Sham /ˈʃæm/, is a single star in the northern constellation of Sagitta. Alpha Sagittae is the Bayer designation, which is latinized from α Sagittae and abbreviated Alpha Sge or α Sge. It is visible to the naked eye as a yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.38. Despite the name, this is not the brightest star in the constellation – that distinction belongs to Gamma Sagittae. Based upon parallax measurements, Alpha Sagittae is approximately 382 light-years from the Sun. It is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 1.7 km/s.
This is an evolved bright giant with a stellar classification of G1 II. It is 151 million years old with 4 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to around 21 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 340 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,333 K. There is an X-ray source within 12″ of these coordinates.
The evolutionary state of Alpha Sagittae is unclear. Its temperature and luminosity place it within the Hertzsprung gap, a region of the H-R diagram where stars more massive than the sun are evolving rapidly away from the main sequence towards becoming red giants. However, the chemical composition of its surface indicates that it has already experienced the first dredge-up of fusion products that occurs soon after a star reaches the red giant branch. It also lies within the Cepheid instability strip, but is not a Cepheid variable. It belongs to a small group of known stars that have been called carbon-deficient red giants and may have experienced binary mass exchanges.

## Nomenclature

This star bore the traditional name Sham (or Alsahm), which derives from the Arabic word سهم sahm, meaning "arrow", the name formerly having been applied to the whole constellation. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Sham for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
In Chinese, 左旗 (Zuǒ Qí), meaning Left Flag, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Sagittae, Beta Sagittae, Delta Sagittae, Zeta Sagittae, Gamma Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and Rho Aquilae. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Sagittae itself is 左旗一 (Zuǒ Qí yī, English: the First Star of Left Flag).
# Delta Sagittae

Delta Sagittae (Delta Sge, δ Sagittae, δ Sge) is a binary star in the constellation of Sagitta, with an apparent magnitude of +3.68. The primary component is a red M-type bright giant, and the secondary is a B-type main-sequence star. It is approximately 430 light years from Earth, based on its Gaia Data Release 2 parallax.
Delta Sagittae is a spectroscopic binary with a composite spectrum, meaning that light from both stars can be detected. It has an orbital period of about 10 years and an eccentricity of about 0.44. It is also a variable star, with its brightness changing between a maximum of magnitude 3.75 and a minimum of 3.83 in an unpredictable way.
Delta Sagittae is moving through the Galaxy at a speed of 9.8 km/s relative to the Sun. Its projected Galactic orbit carries it between 23,800 and 35,300 light years from the center of the Galaxy.

## Naming

In Chinese, 左旗 (Zuǒ Qí), meaning Left Flag, refers to an asterism consisting of δ Sagittae, α Sagittae, β Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, the Chinese name for δ Sagittae itself is 左旗三 (Zuǒ Qí sān, English: the Third Star of Left Flag.)
# Mike King (Canadian football)

Michael Joseph King (May 13, 1925 – December 10, 2018) was a Canadian professional football player for the Edmonton Eskimos and Toronto Argonauts. He won the Grey Cup with the Eskimos in 1954, 1955 and 1956. He was born in Toronto and died in Edmonton at the age of 93 from pneumonia in 2018.
# Meanwhile Back at the Ranch/Should I Smoke

"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke" is a medley released by the British power pop band Badfinger. The song was the closing track on their critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful album, Wish You Were Here. "Meanwhile Back at the Ranch" was written by Pete Ham, while "Should I Smoke" was penned by Joey Molland.

## Release

"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke" was first released on the Wish You Were Here album in November 1974, where it was the ninth and final track. However, when the album was pulled from shelves in 1975 due to legal problems, the track, as well as the other eight songs from said album, became difficult to find (Wish You Were Here eventually saw CD release in 2007.) "Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke" has since appeared on many Badfinger compilation albums, such as The Very Best of Badfinger and The Best of Badfinger Vol. 2.

## Reception

Despite not being one of Badfinger's most famous songs, "Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke" has been praised by critics and fans alike. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the track a highlight from Wish You Were Here, while Matthew Greenwald of the same organization said of the song, "this piece is also one of the group's recorded masterpieces. A combination (à la the Beatles' 'A Day in the Life') of two separate songs that make up one huge piece, the song ended the album (and, unfortunately, the band's career) with a bang. Musically, it's one of the hardest-rocking pairs of songs that the group ever committed to tape. Like a cross between Abbey Road and some of the Who's finer efforts of the period, the song(s) rocks uncompromisingly hard while maintaining fabulous melodic core. The two pieces are also mutually nonexclusive as well, but joining each other with an undeniable grace. The orchestral guitar/horn coda is undoubtedly one of the most realized moments that Badfinger ever committed to vinyl. A true lost masterpiece."
Classic Rock critic Rob Hughes rated it Badfinger's 5th best song, saying that "This tough-rocking boogie spliced together Ham’s 'Meanwhile Back At The Ranch' with Joey Molland’s 'Should I Smoke?' to thrillingly epic effect." Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated it as Badfinger's 10th best song, calling it "one of their strongest album tracks." Goldmine critic Bill Kopp included "Name of the Game" as one of "5 wrongfully overlooked Badfinger songs."
According to music critic Richie Unterberger, Badfinger member Joey Molland said "'Meanwhile Back in the Ranch' was really, really on top form."