OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Nicholson (printer)

George Nicholson (1760 – 1 November 1825) was an English printer, author, and vegetarianism advocate.

## Life and career

Nicholson was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Nicholson had started a printing business with his brother George and in 1797 they moved their business to Manchester. Two of their more significant works were Pious Reflections for Every Day of the Month; Translated from the French of Fénelon by John Clowes and his book, The Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals.
Rachel Prescott of Manchester published a book of poetry in 1799 which was dedicated to Nicholson. Her dedication was based on their congeniality of mind, and on principles which can experience neither alloy nor decay.
Nicholson settled in Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire in 1808 where he remained for the rest of his life. He was a nationally known printer of the time. His printing press was at 15 Bridge Street and the premises are now a listed building. Nicholson was an advocate of animal welfare, women's rights and the abolition of slavery.
Nicholson died in Stourport-on-Severn on 1 November 1825.

## Vegetarianism

Nicholson was a vegetarian. He authored The Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals in 1797, expanded into The Primeval Diet of Man: Arguments in Favour of Vegetable Food: On Man's Conduct to Animals, in 1801. Nicholson's book cited Porphyry, Plutarch, Erasmus Darwin, John Arbuthnot and many others. A supplement, On Food was added to the 1803 edition, offering vegetarian recipes. The book was republished by Edwin Mellen Press with introduction and notes by historian Rod Preece in 2000.
Nicholson's argument for vegetarianism consisted of five components. He argued that the earliest humans ate a vegetarian diet, and we should mimic this diet as a healthier and moral way of life. Nicholson asserted that human conduct towards animals is frequently unjust and if we recognise how similar we are to other species we will treat them with more respect. He also urged for education and legislative protection for animals.

## Selected publications

* The Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (1797)
* The Primeval Diet of Man: Arguments in Favour of Vegetable Food: On Man's Conduct to Animals (1801, 1819)
# Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque

Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque (French pronunciation: ; Catalan: Sant Llorenç de la Salanca) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.

## Geography

Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque is located in the canton of La Côte Salanquaise and in the arrondissement of Perpignan.
# Selby Clewer

Selby James Clewer (6 April 1917 – 12 April 2001) was an English architect.
Born in Morton, Shropshire, to James Clewer (1889–1968) and Minnie Thacker (1883–1918), with his father a policeman, he spent his childhood in many different areas in the Midlands. His mother died in 1918. While studying at the Birmingham School of Architecture he won the Pugin Prize.

## Work abroad

In 1940, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Friends' Ambulance Unit and volunteered for the China Convoy. They set out in May 1941 and arrived in Rangoon in July. Later he moved to China and was responsible for the design of what became the Convoy HQ in Kutsing, (Chuxiong City) Yunnan. On 8 April 1943 he arrived in Liverpool on the RMS Mauretania.
He married (Hilda) Dorothy Street at St Petrock's Church, Parracombe in the same year. He then went to Ethiopia, where he was responsible for designing the Princess Tsahai Memorial Hospital, (renamed the Armed Forces General Hospital after the revolution in 1974, and now Torhayloch Hospital). After a year, his wife Dorothy joined him and they stayed there for nine years. He became Chief Architect to the Abyssinian Ministry of Education.

## Work in England

Having joined the Society of Friends, he went to work for the Bournville Village Trust and later became Chief Architect, a post he held for 21 years. In 1966 he designed the chapel at St Francis of Assisi's Church, Bournville. He was responsible for the design of Quinton Methodist Church in 1968, St. David's Church, Shenley Green which opened in 1970 and the Friends Meeting House in Redditch, 1974, and the adjoining housing complex, built for the Redditch Friends Housing Trust.
Other buildings include:
* Shard End Boys’ Club, Brownfield Road, Shard End, Birmingham 1960
* Northfield Boys’ Club, Vineyard Road, Northfield, Birmingham 1960 (now demolished)
On retirement, Selby was appointed Administrator of Hanbury Hall and was able to raise the profile of this historic house. Later he and his with moved to Ice House Cottage, in the grounds of the Hall, (where many remember buying garden produce, ice cream and honey sold in aid of charities) and finally to Studley.
He died suddenly on 12 April 2001.
# Socialist Unity Party (Finland)

Socialist Unity Party (Finnish: Sosialistinen Yhtenäisyyspuolue, SYP) was a left-wing political party in Finland. The SYP was founded in March 1946 by socialists working inside the communist-dominated Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL). Most of the founders were former members of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). The SYP had many known politicians in its ranks but it never became a mass party. In 1955, the party split from the SKDL and was disestablished soon afterwards.
The founders of the SYP included the so-called "socialist six" (in Finnish "kuutoset") who were expelled from the SDP parliamentary group in 1940 before the summer 1941 Continuation War against Soviet Union. Another important group was the former "peace opposition" which split from the SDP after the war. In autumn 1946, two members of the SDP parliamentary group joined the SYP/SKDL. Some of the socialists working inside the SKDL never joined the SYP.
The first chairman of the SYP was J.W. Keto, former leader of the peace opposition. He was succeeded by Atos Wirtanen in 1948. In 1955, Wirtanen organized an extraordinary party congress in which it was decided that the SYP would leave SKDL. The congress, however, was held under somewhat shady conditions. The secretary of the congress was Wirtanen's wife and no representatives from the important Southern Workers Organization of Helsinki were present. Many leading members and sections of the SYP dismissed the congress, left the party and continued their work inside the SKDL.
The SYP organ was Vapaa Pohjola (Free Pohjola), a weekly newspaper which was published until 1949 and edited by Ensio Hiitonen. In 1952, the SYP published nine issues of the paper Yhteisrintama (United Front). During the summer of 1955, the party had a paper called Veckoposten (Weekly Post).
# Johann Christian August Heyse

Johann Christian August Heyse (21 April 1764 in Nordhausen – 27 June 1829 in Magdeburg) was a German grammarian and lexicographer. He was the father of philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse (1797–1855), who edited and revised several of the elder Heyse's works.
From 1783 to 1786 he received his education at the University of Göttingen. He later was a schoolteacher in Oldenburg (from 1792), an academic rector in Nordhausen (from 1807) and a school director in Magdeburg (from 1819 until his death).

## Selected works

He is chiefly known for his work in the field of German school grammar. He wrote:
* "Kleine theoretisch-praktische deutsche Grammatik : ein Auszug aus dem grössern Lehrbuche der deutschen Sprache" (3rd edition 1821).
* "Theoretisch-praktische deutsche grammatik" (4th edition 1827).
* "Leitfaden zum Unterricht in der deutschen Sprache" (twenty-fifth edition, 1885).
* "Deutsche Schulgrammatik", (twenty-sixth edition by Otto Lyon, 1900).
* "Allgemeines verdeutschendes und erklärendes Fremdwörterbuch : mit Bezeichnung der Aussprache und Betonung der Wörter nebst genauer Angabe ihrer Abstammung und Bildung (19th edition by Otto Lyon, 1910).
# Verin Sasunik

40°19′50″N 44°08′57″E﻿ / ﻿40.33056°N 44.14917°E﻿ / 40.33056; 44.14917
Verin Sasunik (Armenian: Վերին Սասունիկ) is a village in the Ashtarak Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. It was depopulated in 1960 and resettled in 1989.
# Macrotermes natalensis

Macrotermes natalensis is a fungus-growing termite species of South Africa that belongs to the genus Macrotermes. This species is associated with the Termitomyces fungal genus. M. natalensis has domesticated Termitomyces to produce food for the colony. Both termite species- fungal genus- are obligate and mutually beneficial where termite relies on the fungus to break down for plant materiel and nutrient resource. In contrast, the fungal species obtain plant material and optimal conditions for growth.
M. natalensis has become a well-studied fungus-growing termite species, and its genomic sequence reads generate 1.3 gigabytes of data, making it the largest termite genome to date.

## Colony caste system

All the fungus-growing termite colonies are similar caste systems. Each caste plays a different role in the colony, but it is not yet known how caste selection occurs. The primary reproductive caste or royal pair is made up of a king and a queen. The winged alates make up the secondary reproductive caste. Sterile castes do not possess any reproductive capacity and include workers and soldiers, both major and minor.

## Termitomyces in a colony

Termitomyces fungi play a major role in termite nutrition. They also influence termite survival and caste development. The fungal garden is managed by the worker caste.
In a mature M. natalensis colony, older workers collect dead plant material along with Termitomyces asexual spores from their habitat and pass these on to the younger workers. The young workers only stay in the nest. They receive the plant material and ingest it along with the Termitomyces spores. Later, young workers defecate this blended plant material, along with fungal spores, somewhere in the colony nest. It forms a "comb", where the fungal mycelium establishes a dense network. The Termitomyces fungi use the nutrients from the comb and complete their life cycle with fruiting bodies or fungal nodules.
# Felix Halfon

Felix Halfon (Hebrew: פליקס חלפון, born 7 April 1972) is an Israeli footballer.

## Drug smuggling conviction

In August 2003 Halfon was caught smuggling cocaine in the Ben Gurion International Airport. In 2004 Felix was sentenced for 4.5 years in prison but was released in June 2006 after 2.5 years for good behavior.

## Honours

* State Cup (1):
** 1999
* Liga Gimel (Sharon) (1):
** 2011-12
# Naima Akter

Naima Akter (born 7 February 1999) is a Bangladeshi swimmer. She competed in the women's 50 metre backstroke event at the 2018 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), in Hangzhou, China.
# Medal of Poglavnik Ante Pavelić for Bravery

Medal of Poglavnik Ante Pavelić for Bravery (Croatian: Kolajna poglavnika Ante Pavelića za hrabrost) is founded as a "visible sign of decoration for acts of personal bravery in combat". Poglavnik of Croatia has awarded with this medal officers, NCOs and soldiers of Croatian Armed Forces who showed personal bravery in combat. It was possible that medal be awarded to members of foreign armed forces, and those members were needed to be involved in combat along with Croatian soldiers. Medal for bravery had four grades:
Golden medal for bravery It was worn on unusual created ribbon which hung from the second upper button. Holder of the Golden medal for bravery had right on title "Knight" ("Vitez"). Golden medal for bravery was awarded to only seven persons and five of them was awarded posthumous. Also, two Golden medals for bravery were awarded to flags of two Croatian units.
Great silver medal for bravery It was worn on triangle ribbon which hung on the left chest.
Croatian citizens, which have been awarded with Great silver or Golden bravery medal had monthly allowance. There was also Small silver medal and Bronze medal of Poglavnik Ante Pavelić for bravery which were massively awarded.
Creator of this medal is famous Croatian sculptor Ivo Kerdić.

## Recipients
### Golden Medal for bravery

Ten medals were awarded:
* Artillery Lance Sergeant Marijan Banovac
* Ustaša Captain Mijo Babić
* Ustaša Colonel Jure Francetić
* Infantry Major Juraj Bobinac
* Ustaša Major Krunoslav Devčić
* Air Force 2nd Lieutenant and ace Mato Dukovac
* Air Force Lieutenant Cvitan Galić
* General Eduard Bona-Bunić
* Kladanj Battalion
* 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment

## Sources

Hrvatska odlikovanja (mr. sc. Stjepan Adanić, general-bojnik Krešimir Kašpar, prof. Boris Prister, prof. Ivan Ružić)
# Tro Khmer

The tro Khmer (Khmer: ទ្រខ្មែរ) is a traditional bowed string instrument from Cambodia. Its body is made from a special type of coconut covered on one end with snake skin, and it has three strings. Instruments are not standardized, and coconuts vary in size; however the instrument's sound bowl may have dimensions 16.5 cm by 14 cm. In the past the strings were made of silk. By the 1960s, metal strings were in use, and the sound of the instrument changed, becoming sharper.
The tro Khmer is closely related to a Thai instrument called saw sam sai.
The instrument may be related to the similarly shaped Indonesian version of the rebab, arriving there from Muslim culture, c. 15th century a.d. A difference between the two is the number of stings; where the Indonesian rebab has two strings, the tro Khmer has three.
# Seberuang language

Seberuang is a Malayic Dayak language of Borneo.
# Sphenomorphus dekkerae

Sphenomorphus dekkerae is a species of skink found in Indonesia.
# Statue of Thomas Guy

A statue of Thomas Guy stands in the forecourt of Guy's Hospital in the borough of Southwark in Central London. The statue is Grade II listed.
Due to Guy's controversial connection with the Transatlantic Slave trade, the statue has come under scrutiny.

## History

Thomas Guy was a British member of Parliament, investor and bookseller. He held shares in the South Sea Company. Due to a brief period where the company attempted to sell slaves in Spanish America, he is seen as a controversial figure.
The bronze statue was cast by Peter Scheemakers between 1731 and 1734.
In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom following the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, many controversial statues became the target of attacks and scrutiny. The Mayor of London Sadiq Khan established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm in order to review statues and monuments in the city. The Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust announced that they would work with Khan on the issue. The Statue was boarded up on 12 June. In November 2022, the hoarding around the statue was removed and a plaque explaining Guy's role in the Transatlantic Slave Trade was erected.
# Roger Maxwell (actor)

Roger Maxwell real name Roger Done Latham (1 January 1900 – 24 November 1971) was an English actor and first-class cricketer.
The son of Alexander Mere Latham, he was born at Chelsea on New Year's Day in 1900. He was educated at Wellington College, completing his education there in 1917. With the First World War ongoing, Maxwell attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst from which he graduated into the Middlesex Regiment as a second lieutenant in August 1918. Following the war, he was promoted to lieutenant in September 1921, which was antedated to February 1920. Maxwell played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against the British Army cricket team at Lord's in June 1920. Batting once in the match, he ended the MCC's first innings unbeaten on 16, sharing in a 58 runs stand for the final wicket with Richard Busk.
Progressing into a career in acting, Maxwell's first role was in the 1927 docudrama The Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands. On stage he appeared in the West End in Ian Hay's Leave It to Psmith and Off the Record, Terence Rattigan's Who Is Sylvia? and Peter Jones's The Party Spirit.
In 1959, he was a member of the jury at the Venice Film Festival.
Maxwell died on the Isle of Man at Onchan in November 1971.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1927 | The Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands | | |
| 1938 | Save a Little Sunshine | Hector Stanley | |
| 1949 | Badger's Green | Sir John | |
| 1949 | Stop Press Girl | Director | Uncredited |
| 1950 | Ha'penny Breeze | Mr. Simmonds | |
| 1951 | Mister Drake's Duck | Col. Maitland | |
| 1951 | Night Was Our Friend | Colonel | |
| 1952 | Song of Paris | Weldon | |
| 1952 | Treasure Hunt | Military-Looking Man | Uncredited |
| 1952 | Girdle of Gold | Chairman of the Bench | |
| 1953 | Deadly Nightshade | Col. Smythe | |
| 1953 | The Steel Key | | |
| 1953 | Glad Tidings | | Uncredited |
| 1954 | John Wesley | General Holt | |
| 1954 | Colonel March of Scotland Yard | The Major | |
| 1955 | No Smoking | Major | |
| 1955 | The Cockleshell Heroes | Passenger on train | Uncredited |
| 1956 | Keep It Clean | General Ponsonby-Goreham | |
| 1956 | Reach for the Sky | Pantiles | Uncredited |
| 1959 | The Captain's Table | Fred | Uncredited |
| 1960 | A Touch of Larceny | Club Member #2 | |
| 1960 | The Angry Silence | Collins | |
| 1963 | The Cracksman | Magistrate | Uncredited |
| 1965 | Doctor Zhivago | Beef-Faced Colonel | |
| 1970 | The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer | Party chairman | |
| 1971 | Dad's Army | General Wilkinson "Peppery Old Gent" | (final film role) |
# Mary Evans (artist)

Mary Evans (born 1963) is a contemporary artist who lives and works in England and utilises in her subject matter both her African heritage and European upbringing.

## Early life and education

Evans was born in Lagos, Nigeria in 1963. After a foundation course at St Helens College of Art & Design (1981–82), she studied painting for her B.A. at Gloucestershire College of Arts and Technology (1982–85), and attained her M.A. in Fine Art at Goldsmiths' College (1987–89). She subsequently did a postgraduate residency at the Rijksakademie, Amsterdam (1991–93).

## Career

Evans has received a number of significant commissions, awards and residencies, including a Smithsonian Artists Research Fellowship, National Museum of African Art, Washington, DC, in 2010. She typically uses paper as her medium, producing large-scale, site-specific work — sometimes with reference to highly charged subjects, such as lynching in the Deep South. Her work has been exhibited extensively across the UK, as well as internationally — in the United States, the Netherlands, Mexico and China, including Farewell to Post-Colonialism at the 3rd Guangzhou Triennale in 2008, Port City (2007) at the Arnolfini, Bristol, and A Fiction of Authenticity: Contemporary Africa Abroad (2003), Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis.
Reviewing her solo exhibition Cut and Paste (2012, Tiwani Contemporary, London), critic Stephanie Baptist wrote: "Her mixed media artworks reveal not just her story, but African ancestral stories that are not often told. I will liken Evans to a griot. This role is an important one, as she is both historian and storyteller. She carries the collective narratives of the village, the tragic and the triumphant. She who remembers can reinterpret the unwritten histories and share the untold stories of the un-namable that may have otherwise been forgotten."
In 2020 Evans was included in the show Paper Routes: Women to Watch 2020 at the National Museum of Women in the Arts.
Evans is the director of the Slade School of Fine Art at UCL in London

## Selected exhibitions

* 1993: Mary Evans - Art & Project, Rotterdam
* 1997: Filter, Leighton House, London
* 2000: Because a Fire Was in my Head, South London Gallery, London
* 2000: Continental Shift, Ludwig Forum fur Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany
* 2001: Scope, Café Gallery Projects
* 2003: A Fiction of Authenticity: Contemporary Africa Abroad, Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis
* 2005: 5 Continents and 1 City, Museum of Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
* 2007: Freedom & Culture, South Bank Centre, London
* 2007: Port City, Arnolfini, Bristol
* 2008: Meditations, Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore
* 2012: Cut and Paste, Tiwani Contemporary, London
* 2016: Thousands Are Sailing, EVA International Biennial

## Publications

* Filter, London: InIVA and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, 1997. ISBN 1-899846-14-X
# Kaev Hua II

Preah Keo II (Khmer: ព្រះកែវហ៊្វាទី២, born Ang Chee (Khmer: អង្គជី); 1652–1677) also known as Kaev Hua II or Keo Fa II was a Cambodian king from 1673 to 1674. He was the son of Barom Reachea V.
During his reign Preah Keo II came into conflict with Prince Ang Nan. With the help of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, he drove out Ang Nan to Vietnam. Ang Nan sought help from the Vietnamese Nguyễn lord and the Vietnamese army under Nguyễn Dương Lâm and Nguyễn Đình Phái invaded Cambodia, captured Prey Nokor (Saigon), then attacked Phnom Penh. Preah Keo II was defeated, and retreated into forest. There, he continued fighting against the Vietnamese until he was killed in 1677.
# Hygrocybe procera

Hygrocybe procera is a colourful Hygrocybe (waxcap) fungus. First described as Hygrophorus procerus by Greta Stevenson in 1963, the species was transferred to Hygrocybe in 1971 by Egon Horak. It is only known with certainty from New Zealand.

## Description

The fruit bodies of this fungus are red, orange or yellow with a cap up to 5 cm in diameter, and a 15–70 x 3–6 mm cylindrical stipe (stem) of uniform diameter, or tapering towards its base. It is seen between February and June in forests.
# Kilkenny marble

Kilkenny marble or Kilkenny black marble is a fine-grained very dark grey carboniferous limestone found around County Kilkenny in Ireland in the "Butlersgrove Formation", a Lower Carboniferous limestone that contains fossils of brachiopods, gastropods, crinoids and corals. The first and main source was the "Black Quarry" in the townlands of Archersgrove and Gallowshill just south of Kilkenny city, which was used from the 17th to the 19th century. Kilkenny is nicknamed "the Marble City"; the footpaths of the city streets were paved with Kilkenny marble flagstones, which were highly polished with wear and glistened when wet.

## Quarrying

Large rough-hewn blocks were transported from the Black Quarry on horse-drawn drays the short distance to the River Nore, then onto small river floats or barges and brought about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) down-river to Milmount where it was worked. A weir on the river provided water to drive reciprocating cross-cut saws to cut the larger blocks into the finished shapes required for the market. The saws were actually steel bands, about four meters long. Sand was used as an abrasive cutting agent. Water levels were kept low by two steel 30-centimetre-diameter (12 in) reciprocating pumps, probably driven by steam. A lime kiln was located close by which produced lime from the stone chips and off-cuts. Coal, probably from Castlecomer, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Kilkenny, layered with stone and set to smoulder, produced white chunks of lime, which, when powdered was used as an agricultural fertilizer. The quarry was owned by the Colles family, a famous member being physician Abraham Colles. From the top of the Black Quarry, Cromwell's forces in 1650 are said to have positioned cannon and fired on the city.
Produce from other quarries of Butlersgrove Formation stone continue to be marketed as "Kilkenny black marble" when polished, including Bannagagole Quarry near Oldleighlin, County Carlow.

## Uses

As well as in several local buildings, including Green's Bridge, Kilkenny marble was used in Cobh Cathedral and Bowen's Court in County Cork; Lissadell House, County Sligo; the headstone of Daniel O'Connell in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin; the altar of St Patrick's Church, Belfast; and the plinth of the 2015 tomb of Richard III of England in Leicester Cathedral. In 1878, Bishop Thomas Francis Hendricken, a native of Kilkenny, and 1st Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island USA, laid a large block of Kilkenny marble as the cornerstone of his new cathedral. Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul (Providence, Rhode Island)