OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Elmer Eric Schattschneider

Elmer Eric Schattschneider (August 11, 1892 – March 4, 1971) was an American political scientist.

## Life and career

Schattschneider was born in Bethany, Minnesota. He received his AB at the University of Wisconsin, MA at the University of Pittsburgh, and his PhD at Columbia University. He taught at Columbia, the New Jersey College for Women (now a section of Rutgers University), and Wesleyan University (1930–1960). Schattschneider was president of the American Political Science Association between 1956 and 1957 and is the namesake of its award for the best dissertation in the field of American politics. He died in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.

## Publications

Schattschneider's books include Politics, Pressures and the Tariff (1935), Party Government (1942), The Struggle for Party Government, (1948), Equilibrium and Change in American Politics (1958), The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (1960) (for a discussion see: Mair, 1997), and Two Hundred Million Americans in Search of a Government (1969).

## Critique of pluralism

Along with the political scientist Theodore J. Lowi, Schattschneider offered perhaps "the most devastating" critique of the American political theory of pluralism: Rather than an essentially democratic system in which the many competing interests of citizens are amply represented, if not advanced, by equally many competing interest groups, Schattschneider argued the pressure system is biased in favor of "the most educated and highest-income members of society", and showed that "the difference between those who participate in interest group activity and those who stand at the sidelines is much greater than that between voters and nonvoters."
In The Semisovereign People, Schattschneider argued the scope of the pressure system is really quite small: The "range of organized, identifiable, known groups is amazingly narrow; there is nothing remotely universal about it" and the "business or upper-class bias of the pressure system shows up everywhere." He says the "notion that the pressure system is automatically representative of the whole community is a myth" and, instead, the "system is skewed, loaded and unbalanced in favor of a fraction of a minority." And "the flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent."
# Barış Hersek

Barış Hersek (born 26 March 1988) is a Turkish professional basketball who last played for Lokman Hekim Fethiye Belediyespor of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi. He plays at the power forward position.

## Professional career

Hersek started his pro career with Perteniyal, in the Turkish 2nd Division in the 2005–06 season. In 2006, he moved to the Turkish club Anadolu Efes. In 2008, he joined the Turkish club Darüşşafaka, and in 2009, he moved to the Turkish club Banvit
He joined Antalya BB in 2010, and moved to Beşiktaş in 2011. He moved to Karşıyaka in 2013.
He signed with Fenerbahçe in 2015. He re-signed with the Turkish club for another two years on 23 June 2017. In 2017–18 EuroLeague, Fenerbahçe made it to the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four, its fourth consecutive Final Four appearance. Eventually, they lost to Real Madrid with 80–85 in the final game. On 10 July 2019 Hersek and Fenerbahçe officially parted ways.
On 6 October 2020 he signed with Lokman Hekim Fethiye Belediyespor of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi.

## National team career

Hersek won the bronze medal with the Turkish national team at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara. Hersek also played in the Turkish national team which became the champion at the 2013 Mediterranean Games.
He also played with the senior Turkish national basketball team at the EuroBasket 2009, the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, and the EuroBasket 2015.

## Career statistics
### EuroLeague

| † | Denotes seasons in which Hersek won the EuroLeague |
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG | PIR |
| 2006–07 | Efes | 4 | 0 | 11.5 | .500 | .333 | .500 | 1.8 | .5 | .8 | .3 | 3.8 | 3.0 |
| 2007–08 | Efes | 3 | 0 | 4.7 | .250 | .000 | — | 1.3 | — | — | — | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| 2012–13 | Beşiktaş | 10 | 0 | 6.5 | .280 | .200 | 1.000 | 1.0 | .4 | .3 | — | 1.8 | 0.2 |
| 2015–16 | Fenerbahçe | 18 | 0 | 6.8 | .294 | .143 | — | .6 | .1 | .2 | .1 | 0.6 | -0.8 |
| 2016–17† | Fenerbahçe | 3 | 0 | 4.0 | .400 | .000 | — | — | — | .3 | — | 1.3 | -0.3 |
| 2017–18 | Fenerbahçe | 1 | 0 | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0 | -1.0 |
| Career | Career | 39 | 0 | 6.7 | .328 | .185 | .625 | .8 | .2 | .3 | .1 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
# Ichthyapus acuticeps

The sharpnose sand eel (Ichthyapus acuticeps) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Keppel Harcourt Barnard in 1923, originally under the genus Sphagebranchus. It is a marine, subtropical eel which is known from Zululand and Durban in South Africa, in the western Indian Ocean. Males can reach a maximum total length of 40 centimetres (16 in).
# Thomas Winstanley

Thomas Winstanley (1749 – 2 September 1823) was an academic at the University of Oxford, who held the positions of Camden Professor of Ancient History, Laudian Professor of Arabic, and principal of St Alban Hall.

## Life

Winstanley was born in the town of Winstanley, in what was then Lancashire, and was baptised on 11 November 1749. After an education at Manchester Grammar School, he matriculated at the University of Oxford as a member of Brasenose College in 1768, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1771 and his Master of Arts degree in 1774. He was appointed to a fellowship at Hertford College and succeeded Thomas Warton as Camden Professor of Ancient History in 1790. He was elected principal of St Alban Hall in 1797, and appointed as Laudian Professor of Arabic in 1814 (holding this in addition to the Camden chair). He was rector of Steyning, Sussex, between 1790 and 1792; prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral from 1794 to 1810; and vicar of St Nicholas and St Clements, Rochester, Kent, from 1812. His writings included Aristotelous peri poiētikēs: Aristotelis de poetica liber (1780), and an edition of the works of Daniel Webb (1802).
Winstanley died on 2 September 1823. He is buried in St Peter's-in-the-East in Oxford with a monument by Robert Blore.
# Robert Allen Rolfe

Robert Allen Rolfe (1855, Wilford, Nottinghamshire – 1921, Richmond, Surrey) was an English botanist specialising in the study of orchids. For a time he worked in the gardens at Welbeck Abbey. He entered Kew in 1879 and became second assistant.
He was the first curator of the orchid herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, founded the magazine The Orchid Review, and published many papers on hybrids of different species of orchids.
The genus Allenrolfea of amaranths was named after him by Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze.
Rolfe was buried in Richmond Cemetery.

## Works

* Rolfe, Robert Allen (1883). "On the Selagineæ described by Linnæus, Bergius, Linnæus, fil., and Thunberg." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 20(129): 338–358.
* Rolfe, Robert Allen (1884). "On Hyalocalyx, a new Genus of Turneraceæ from Madagascar." Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 21(134): 256–258.
* Rolfe, Robert Allen (1884). "On the Flora of the Philippine Islands, and its probable Derivation." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 21(135): 283–316.
* Rolfe, Robert Allen (1887). On Bigeneric Orchid Hybrids. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 24(160): 156–170.
* Rolfe, Robert Allen (1889). A Morphological and Systematic Review of the Apostasieæ. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 25(171): 211–243.
* Rolfe, Robert Allen & Hurst, Charles Chamberlain (1909). The Orchid Stud-Book: An Enumeration of Hybrid Orchids of Artificial Origin, with their parents, raisers, date of first flowering, references to descriptions and figures, and synonymy. With an historical introduction and 120 figures and a chapter on hybridising and raising orchids from seed. Frank Leslie & Co.
# Welsh Cycling

Welsh Cycling (Welsh: Beicio Cymru. Formerly the Welsh Cycling Union) is the governing body of cycling in Wales. It is part of British Cycling, the national governing body of cycling in Britain. Over 140 cycling clubs in Wales are affiliated with Welsh Cycling. The governing body aims to encourage more people to cycle through inspiring, integrity and excellence; it's three core values.
Welsh Cycling administers all six cycling disciplines: BMX; cyclo-cross; mountain biking (downhill and cross-country); road racing; time trials; and track racing. The body overseas sports cycling within Wales, including the Welsh Championship series, development of Welsh riders, regional competitions and racing licences, and organises the Welsh Commonwealth Games cycling team.
Welsh Cycling's performance programme has helped develop riders who have gone onto win medals at the Commonwealth Games, World Championships, and the Olympic Games. The Wales Racing Academy is the final step of the Performance Pathway. The Academy supports riders who are competitive nationally and internationally and have demonstrated the potential to gain selection to a British Cycling Olympic/Paralympic programme, gain a contract with a professional team or to win a medal at the Commonwealth Games.
Welsh Cycling is based at the Wales National Velodrome, at the Newport International Sports Village.
# Untermassfeld fossil site

The Untermassfeld fossil site is a palaeontological site in Thuringia, Germany. Excavated continuously since its discovery in 1978, it has produced many fossils dating to the late Early Pleistocene or Epivillafranchian geologic period, approximately 1.2 – 0.9 million years before present (BP). Claims that hominins were also present at the site have sparked a major controversy.

## Hominin controversy

In a series of papers published between 2013 and 2017, Günter Landeck and Joan Garcia Garriga claimed to have found evidence of a hominin presence at the site in the form of stone tools and butchery marks on bones. If verified, this would be the earliest known occupation of northern Europe by humans, as previous evidence had indicated that Europe was only sporadically occupied, at southerly latitudes, before 500,000 BP. However, these findings have sparked a major controversy. Questions were immediately asked about the provenance of the material, since neither Landeck nor Garcia Garriga had any connection to the Untermassfeld project and had never worked on the excavations at the site.
Further doubts were raised in October 2017, in the preprint of a paper authored by several palaeontologists and Palaeolithic archaeologists, including Wil Roebroeks and Ralf-Dietrich Kahlke, the director of the Untermassfeld excavations. The authors reported that they were unable to locate the collections Landeck and Garcia Garriga claim to have based their analysis on, even after contacting them. They alleged that the description of some of the bones discussed in Landeck and Garcia Garriga's papers matched those in a package anonymously delivered to a local natural history museum; and that two bones matched specific pieces that were reported stolen from the site in 2009 and 2012. Based on a reanalysis of the material in the anonymous package and the details provided in their papers, they also argued that Landeck and Garcia Garriga had misidentified both the stone tools and the butchery marks. They concluded that there was no evidence of a hominin presence at Untermassfeld.
Garcia Garriga has "strenuously denied" the allegations, stating that he had no connection to the material and had only helped write up Landeck's analysis. Landeck claimed that the material was shown to him by two unnamed private collectors who had found it during "rescue activities" near—but not in—the Untermassfeld site. Both told Nature that they had "nothing to do with a stolen bone" and were writing a detailed response to the allegations.
# Balyktykol (Shortandy District)

Balyktykol (Kazakh: Балықтыкөл; Russian: Балыктыколь) is a lake in Shortandy District, Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.
The lake is located 55 km (34 mi) to the west of Shortandy, the district capital. Kamyshenka village lies by the northwestern shore

## Geography

Balyktykol is an oval lake located on a slightly hilly plain roughly sloping to the north. Three intermittent watercourses flow into the lake from the west, southwest and the southeast. Approximately every three years —provided there is sufficient precipitation— Balyktykol becomes exorheic and drains through a roughly 12 m (39 ft) wide riverbed at the northern end. Its waters reach the left bank of the Kalkutan river, that flows 6.5 km (4.0 mi) to the north.
The lake lies about 30 km (19 mi) to the northeast of the Ishim, of which the Kalkutan is a tributary. The water of Balyktykol is fresh. The lake freezes in November and thaws by April. The ice thickness reaches between 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) and 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) in severe winters, but usually it is 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) thick in average winters. Among the lakes in its vicinity, Taldykol lies 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the northwest, and Alakol 56 kilometers (35 mi) to the SSW.

## Flora and fauna

About two thirds of the catchment area of the lake are agricultural fields, the remaining area has steppe vegetation. There is a continuous 200 m (660 ft) to 300 m (980 ft) wide strip along the lakeshore in which reeds predominate. Further offshore there are submerged aquatic plants covering about 20% of the lake surface. There are fish living in the lake.
# Richard Harkness

Richard L. Harkness (1907-February 16, 1977) was an American journalist. He was the Washington correspondent for the National Broadcasting Company from December 1942 to 1970. In the 1940s he had a 15-minute Monday-Friday newscast on NBC radio. Before going into broadcasting, Harkness was the Washington correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Journalism scholar Edward Bliss Jr. wrote that Harkness "suggested that [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt include freedom from fear in his 'Four Freedoms' speech before Congress in January 1941."
Harkness had the first regularly scheduled NBC television newscast from Washington. He interviewed government officials on the 15-minute weekly program, which began January 7, 1948. Harkness also anchored a Monday-Friday 11:45-noon (Eastern Time) newscast from Washington on NBC.
Harkness headed the national Radio Correspondents Association in 1945. On November 8, 1960, Harkness joined newsmen Chet Huntley and David Brinkley at the anchor desk for the NBC News coverage of the Kennedy-Nixon election night returns. Harkness' role was explaining to viewers the use of computer vote tabulation, relatively new at that time, by the RCA 501 computer. NBC, at that time, was a subsidiary of RCA. In the 1960s, he also did news and commentary on the local newscasts of WRC-TV, NBC's owned-and-operated station in Washington, D. C.
Harkness, retiring from NBC in 1972, later joined President Gerald R. Ford's anti-drug abuse program as press representative.
# Aliabad Chi

Aliabad Chi (Persian: علي ابادچي, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād Chī and ‘Alīābādchī) is a village in Borkhar-e Sharqi Rural District, Habibabad District, Borkhar County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 32 families.
# Dorrington railway station

Dorrington railway station was a station in Dorrington, Shropshire, England. The station was opened in 1852 and closed in 1958.
On the site of the station's goods yard, which is located just to the east of the village, is now an oil depot and a plant hire depot.
# Khanom la

Khanom la (Thai: ขนมลา, pronounced) is a traditional snack of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in southern Thailand. It is made from rice flour deep fried in thin strands with egg yolk to a golden appearance, then gathered and shaped to various designs. Khanom la is one of five snacks and desserts used as traditional offerings to monks in the Sat Thai festival, which falls in September or October, an important traditional observance for the people of southern Thailand especially in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Khanom la represents offerings of clothes to the spirits of the dead.
Khanom la can be separated in two types: la chet and la krop. Khanom la chet is thick and has less oil. When it is cooked, it will be formed in to a semicircle. Meanwhile, khanom la krop is a crispy one. It is done by adding more sugar on top of the normal khanom la chet and drying it in the sun. Another way to cook khanom la is to add more flour, and more oil. When it is done, it will be rolled with a stick then let dry and pulled out.
Nowadays, khanom la is made and sold all year round and not limited to the festival period.

## History

In the past, khanom la was made using coconut shells. People would drill several small holes in the coconut shell, through which the flour mixture was poured. The name khanom la may have come from the Thai term for coconut shells, kala (กะลา). Now, they drill small holes into cans instead of coconut shells.

## Beliefs

From Nakhom Si Thammarat and Surat Thani period, Villagers in Pak Phanang knew how to make khanom la used for Tenth Lunar Month Festival (Sat Thai) of Nakhom Si Thammarat period. In the past, They believed the deceased ancestors to be dire in the grave will return to earth. To get a charitable donation given by grandchildren. Which are Khanom la same as clothes, food and facilities that necessary to use.
# RPA C12A1

The C12A1 cadet target rifle is a competition firearm used by members of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets for advanced training and target shooting competition.
The C12A1 cadet rifle is a single-shot, bolt-action rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. The C12A1 features the RPA Trakker rear sight, and an Anschütz front sight with level; it has no applied safety; it features a light palma profile free-floating barrel, and an ejector. The rifle was designed around the RPA Quadlock action. It is equipped with one of three versions of a synthetic Robertson pistol-grip stock with adjustable cheekpiece and buttplate. The first two stock versions are in black, with either a wider stock and one inch spacing between the cheek rest and butt plate (pictured), or with a thinner stock and no spacing; butt spacers may be inserted in both cases to adjust butt length as needed. The National Rifle Team (NRT) version of the rifle shows patterns of red and white with maple leafs as well the butt-stock length is adjustable on a screw rather than with spacers and is also able to have the angle adjusted (in addition to standard height adjustment). The C12A1 fires a 7.62×51mm NATO or .308 Winchester round.
The National Rifle Team, the British Cadet Rifle Team (BCRT), cadets participating in the Fullbore Phase 2 summer training course (formerly Cadet Leader Instructor Marksman Course), previously trained staff cadets, and members of adult staff who are Rifle Coaches use this rifle.
# Belmeken Reservoir

Belmeken Reservoir (Bulgarian: Язовир Белмекен) is situated in the Rila Mountains in Bulgaria and is the highest reservoir on the Balkan peninsula. It is part of the Belmeken–Sestrimo–Chaira Hydropower Cascade. There is a pumped-storage plant the Chaira Hydro Power Plant built between the lake and a lower basin. Part of the water stored in the lake is cycled back and forth through the pumped storage turbines, while the lakes outflow drains through tunnels to the Sestrimo Hydro Power Plant.
# Der Internatsional

Der Internatsional (Yiddish: דער אינטערנאציאנאל, 'The Internationale') was a Yiddish language weekly newspaper published from Yekaterinoslav 11917-1920. The newspaper began publishing on August 1, 1917.
Initially Der Internatsional was the organ of the Yekaterinoslav Committee of the General Jewish Labour Bund. As of 1918 it functioned as the organ of the Regional Committee of the Bund for the Yekaterinoslav Governorate, the Kharkov Governorate, the Taurida Governorate and the Don Oblast.
# Mubarak Hussain Bin Abul Hashem

Mubarak Hussain Bin Abul Hashem is a citizen of Bangladesh who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. Joint Task Force Guantanamo counter-terrorism analysts estimate he was born in 1976, in Moind village, Majlishpur Union, Brahmanbaria Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh.
He was transferred to Guantanamo on January 17, 2002. He was repatriated to Bangladeshi custody on December 15, 2006.

## Study in Pakistan

Hashem's father, the Imam of the Graphics Art College Mosque in Mohammadpur in Dhaka, sent his son to Pakistan for further religious training in 1998, after he graduated from the Jamiya Rahmaniya Arabia Madrassah at Lalmatia in Dhaka. After two years of study at the Anwar-ul-Ulum Madrassah in Karachi, Abul Hashem's father said his son got a job teaching at the college where he had been studying, once he got his Mufti degree.

## Capture

Hashem's father reports that his son was teaching at a madrassa in Karachi when he disappeared in 2001. The Associated Press reported that Abul Hashem's family didn't know what had happened to him until 2004, when the Red Crescent informed them he was in Guantanamo. The Asian News International (ANI) press agency reports his family learned he was in Guantanamo in 2002.
The Daily Star reports Abul Hashem was captured when he emerged from a Pakistani mosque and asked for directions to Karachi. According to ANI, "A Pakistani intelligence officer captured him when he was again trying to enter Pakistan from the Afghan city of Jalalabad in 2001."

## Repatriation

Hashem was repatriated to Bangladeshi custody on December 17, 2006.

## Bangladeshi detention

Qatari newspaper The Peninsula quotes an unnamed Bangladeshi Police official, stating:
* "A magistrate of a special court has given him one-month detention late Friday for suspected anti-state activities."
* "During this time we will investigate whether he has any connection with international or local militant groups."
* "He went to Pakistan in late 1998 with a three-month tourist visa but overstayed there for more than two years before he was arrested by American intelligence officers."
# Clay Coton

Clay Coton is a village in West Northamptonshire in England. The population (including Elkington and Stanford-on-Avon) of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 271. The nearest large town is Rugby, Warwickshire, about 7 miles (11.3 km) away by road. The village is close to the M1 Motorway with its junction (known as Catthorpe Interchange with the M6 and A14 road which runs very close to the north.
The village is dominated by the mediaeval former church of St. Andrew. Built in 1340, it was restored by Edmund Francis Law in 1866 but fell into disuse in the 1950s and was renovated as a private house in 2000. However, the surrounding graveyard still has public access.
# Friedrich Richter (actor)

Friedrich Richter (born Friedrich Rosenthal; 5 June 1894 – 3 March 1984) was a German actor. He appeared in more than seventy films from 1943 to 1984.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title |
| 1943 | Warn That Man |
| 1950 | Hoegler's Mission |
| 1951 | Der Untertan |
| 1959 | Before the Lightning Strikes |
| 1961 | The Gleiwitz Case |
| 1966 | Der Frühling braucht Zeit |
| 1974 | Johannes Kepler |
| 1975 | Jacob the Liar |
# Ruhollah Isari

Ruhollah Isari (Persian: روح الله ایثاری; born 2 June 1992) is an Iranian professional futsal player. He is currently a member of Sunich in the Iranian Futsal Super League.

## Honours
### Club

* Badamli - Naxçıvan Kuboku
** Champion (1): 2019–20 (Badamlı Naxçıvan)
* Tajikistan Futsal Super Cup
** Champion (1): 2021 (Soro Company)
* Tajikistan Futsal League
** Champion (1): 2021 (Soro Company)
# Hradec Králové Observatory

Hradec Králové Observatory (Czech: Hvězdárna Hradec Králové) is part astronomical observatory and part planetarium. Also housed in the same building are the Institute of Atmospheric Physics and the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. It is located on the southern outskirts of Hradec Králové in the Czech Republic, and was founded in 1961.