OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bách Tùng Diệp Park

Bách Tùng Diệp Park (Vietnamese: Công viên Bách Tùng Diệp, formerly known as Liên Hiệp Park during the time of the Republic of Vietnam) is a park situated in the heart of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, within District 1. It is surrounded by Ly Tu Trong Street, Nam Ky Khoi Nghia Street, and Pasteur Street. Covering an area of approximately 5,000 square metres (1.2 acres), the park is located at the corner of Ly Tu Trong and Nam Ky Khoi Nghia, extending to the intersection of Ly Tu Trong and Pasteur, opposite the City Museum.

## Functionality

Previously, this area has only housed the statue of Tran Van On, a student at Pétrus Ký School who was fatally shot by the French authorities during the student protests in Saigon in early 1950. However, following the demolition of Quách Thị Trang Square in front of Ben Thanh Market for the construction of an underground station on Line 1, Ho Chi Minh City Metro, the statue of Quach Thi Trang was relocated here. Within the park stands a centuries-old banyan tree with five trunks, estimated to be over 300 years old as of the early 2000s. According to Pétrus Ký, in this area during the reign of King Tu Duc, there was a bustling market called Cây Da Còm, which was frequented by students purchasing clothes and hats before taking Confucian court examinations.
Around 2006, there was a proposal to build a five-story underground parking lot beneath the park, consisting of three levels for parking and two levels for commercial purposes. However, by early 2017, this plan was scrapped as it no longer aligned with urban planning. Towards the end of 2017, the park became a pilot location for the local government's "street vendor" initiative, providing free spaces for impoverished households in District 1 to conduct business under the regulations.

## History

In historical retrospect, France and Spain once allied to attack the Nguyen Dynasty, beginning in Danang in 1858. After seizing Gia Dinh Province, France handed over the land that now belongs to the park to Spain in 1864, with a smaller area of 3,000 square metres (0.74 acres) for the construction of a consulate. However, Spanish representatives gradually withdrew from Saigon, leaving this land vacant for over half a century. The colonial authorities carefully tended to the land, transforming it into a garden, thus giving rise to the name Jardin d’Espagne (literally "Spanish Garden"). In 1927, the Spanish transferred the land to the British for the construction of a British consulate. Recognizing the impracticality of building the consulate at this location, Britain officially exchanged it for another plot on Norodom Boulevard (now Lê Duẩn Boulevard) in 1928, where the British Consulate General remains to this day. In 1955, the South Vietnamese government renamed Jardin d’Espagne to Liên Hiệp Park. In the early 1980s, the houses adjacent to the park were demolished to expand it, as it remains today.
# Richard Ashcraft

Richard Ashcraft (26 September 1938 – 1 November 1995) was an American political theorist and Professor of Political Science at UCLA. He graduated from Harvard College (BA) and University of California, Berkeley (PhD).
John Dunn claimed in 1986 that Ashcraft "has been one of the most effective and interesting analysts of Locke's social and political thought for nearly two decades" and that his Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatises of Government was "not only by far the most impressive political biography of Locke available but also the fullest study to date of "radical" politics in England between the late 1660s and 1689".

## Works

* Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Princeton University Press, 1986).
* Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" (Routledge, 1987).
* (editor), John Locke: Critical Assessments. Volume I (Routledge, 1991).
* ‘Latitudinarianism and toleration: historical myth versus political theory’, in Richard Kroll, Richard Ashcraft and Perez Zagorin (eds.), Philosophy, Science, and Religion in England 1640–1700 (Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 151–177.
# Twiley Barker

Twiley W. Barker, Jr. (January 29, 1926 – July 13, 2009) was an American political scientist and scholar of constitutional law. He was a founding faculty member of the department of political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he worked from 1962 to 1994.

## Life and career

Barker was born on January 29, 1926, and he grew up in Franklinton, Louisiana. The political scientist Lucius Barker was Twiley Barker's brother. He attended Tuskegee University as an undergraduate, but he joined the Air Force during his studies, and after his service he completed his bachelor's degree at Southern University. He attended Southern at the same time as his brother Lucius Barker, and the two were persuaded to study politics rather than medicine after taking classes with the political scientist Rodney Higgins. He then obtained his PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign in 1955. From 1955 to 1960, he taught at Southern Illinois University, and in 1962 he moved to the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he worked until his retirement in 1994. In addition to being a founding member of that department, Barker was undergraduate director for two decades, and helped set up the pre-law program there.
Barker's scholarship focused on constitutional law and judicial politics in the United States. For example, he wrote a comparative analysis on the first terms of Clarence Thomas and Thurgood Marshall. In 1970, he and his brother Lucius Barker coauthored the textbook Civil Liberties and the Constitution. This textbook had been published in 9 editions by 2020, and is considered a classic textbook on the structure of the American legal system.
Barker was particularly noted as an instructor and a mentor, and his students included Carol Moseley Braun and Tony Podesta. In 1966 Barker won his university's highest teaching award, the UIC Silver Circle Award. He also won the 1969 E. Harris Harbison Prize from the Danforth Foundation for "unusual accomplishments in college teaching".
In addition to his academic work, Barker was also involved in local activism; for example, he worked against inequitable gentrification of his Chicago neighborhood, Groveland Park. He had two children. He died on July 13, 2009, having remained Professor Emeritus of Political Science at University of Illinois at Chicago.

## Selected works

* Civil Liberties and the Constitution, with Lucius Barker (1970)

## Selected awards

* UIC Silver Circle Award (1966)
* E. Harris Harbison Prize, Danforth Foundation (1969)
# Charles Herman Pritchett

Charles Herman Pritchett (February 9, 1907 - April 28, 1995) was an American political scientist who served as a Professor Emeritus in Political Science at the University of Chicago. He later moved to the University of California Santa Barbara, where he taught until 1974.
Pritchett was president of the American Political Science Association from 1963 to 1964, and he was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was regarded as an expert on American constitutional law and a pioneer in the behavioral approach in political science, especially in the analysis of decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Pritchett pioneered the modern study of judicial behavior.

## Life

Pritchett obtained a bachelor's degree from Millikin University in 1927 and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1937. He then worked for the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Social Science Research Council and the U.S. Department of Labor before becoming a member of the faculty at the University of Chicago.
From 1948 to 1955 and from 1958 to 1964 he was chairman of the local department of political science. Visiting professorships took him to Makerere University (Uganda) in 1963 and to Stanford University in 1966. He retired emeritus in 1966, but moved to the University of California Santa Barbara, in 1970, where he taught until 1974.
In 1963/64, Pritchett was president of the American Political Science Association. In 1988 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
C. Herman Pritchett was married to Marguerite Lentler Pritchett (1906–1998).

## The Roosevelt Court: A Study in Judicial Politics and Values, 1937-1947

Pritchett wondered why justices working with an identical set of facts, and with roughly comparable training in the law, come to different conclusions. His research indicated that justices seemed to vote along ideological lines, providing early evidence for the attitudinal model.

## Books

* The Roosevelt Court: A Study in Judicial Politics and Values, 1937-1947 (1948)
* The American Constitution (1959)
* Congress versus the Supreme Court (1961)
* The American Constitutional System (1963)
# Viktor Kazakov (lieutenant)

Viktor Kazakov – (Russian: Виктор Фёдорович Казаков; 10 February 1923 – 1 January 1995) was a Soviet air force lieutenant who fought on the Eastern Front. In 1946, Kazakov was named a Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Red Army drafted Kazakov in 1940. A year later, he graduated from the military aviation pilot school and in 1943-1945 fought at the Eastern Front. Kazakov participated in the Crimean offensive. After the operation's success, Kazakov was transferred to Belarus where he was appointed flight commander and led groups of attack aircraft into the battles. By May 1945, Kazakov made 174 sorties to bombard and attack enemy manpower and equipment, destroyed 18 tanks, up to 80 vehicles, over 40 field and anti-aircraft warfare, five small ships, seven fuel tanks, hundreds of Nazi soldiers.
After the end of the war, Kazakov graduated from the legal institute and worked at the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He died in Moscow on 24 January 1995 and was buried at the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.

## Awards

* Hero of the Soviet Union (1946)
* Order of the Red Banner
* Order of the Patriotic War
* Order of the Patriotic War
* Order of the Badge of Honour
# Albert R. Ellingwood

Elmer Albert Russell Ellingwood (22 June 1887 – 12 May 1934) was a pioneering mountaineer and climber in the western United States during the first half of the twentieth century. He made first ascents of many peaks and routes in the Rocky Mountains, particularly in Colorado, including Lizard Head in the San Juan Mountains, Ellingwood Ridge on La Plata Peak in the Sawatch Range, and Crestone Needle in the Sangre de Cristo Range. Many mountain features are named for him, on peaks such as Middle Teton, on which Ellingwood made the first ascent, the Ellingwood Ridge of La Plata Peak, and the Ellingwood Arete ascent of Crestone Needle; the fourteener Ellingwood Point, near Blanca Peak in southern Colorado, is named for him as well.
The brave pioneer of previously unattempted climbs died prematurely at the age of 46. At that time he was assistant dean at Northwestern University. Ellingwood was a Rhodes Scholar at Merton College, Oxford, from 1910 to 1913, and later became Professor of Political Science at Colorado College. At the time of his death during a medical procedure, he was Dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Northwestern University. Contrasting with the brevity of his life is the longevity of his climbing companion Eleanor Ehrman née Davis (1885-1993). Their "firsts" in climbs included the aforementioned Crestone Needle 1916 and again by the arete in 1925. In 1923 they made the first ascent of the South Teton as well the 3rd or 4th ascent of the Grand Teton.
# Erika Fairchild

Erika S. Fairchild (July 14, 1931 – November 25, 1992) was an American political scientist. She was professor of political science and public administration at North Carolina State University, where she was also the Associate Dean of the College of Humanities. Her research focused on comparative criminal justice and law enforcement systems.

## Life and career

Fairchild was born in New York City on July 14, 1931. She studied at Hunter College, graduating in 1953. She then attended Yale University, where she obtained an MA degree in political science in 1955. From 1955 to 1960, Fairchild worked as a financial analyst at the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1968 Fairchild began a PhD in political science at the University of Washington, which she completed in 1974. Her PhD dissertation was entitled Crime and Politics: A Study in Three Prisons.
In 1972, Fairchild began teaching at Meredith College. In 1976, she became a professor of political science at North Carolina State University. She conducted research mainly on comparative criminal justice and law enforcement systems. She did extensive fieldwork on the German police forces, which led to a book published in 1988. She authored and co-edited multiple other books on the topic, including authoring Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, which was published in 1993. The book compared the law enforcement structures in England, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Saudi Arabia.
Fairchild was elected president of the Women's Caucus for Political Science-South for a one-year term in 1990.
Fairchild had three children. She died aged 61 on November 25, 1992.

## Legacy

North Carolina State University established the Erika Fairchild Symposium in Fairchild's honour, and also created a student financial award named for her. There is also an Erika Fairchild Award given by the Women's Caucus for Political Science.

## Selected works

* German Police: Ideals and Reality in the Post-War Years (1988)
* Comparative Criminal Justice Systems (1993)
# Prince Abdulaziz bin Musa'ed Sports City

Prince Abdulaziz bin Musa'ed Sports City (Arabic: مدينة الأمير عبد العزيز بن مساعد الرياضية بحائل) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Al-Jabalain and Al-Tai. The stadium has a current capacity of 12,250 people following an expansion in 2022. Besides the football stadium the sports complex also includes other facilities such as a sports hall, an Olympic size swimming pool, a squash court, a track and field track and a youth dorm.
The stadium underwent renovations in June 2021 following Al-Tai's promotion to the Saudi Pro League. The renovations involved cultivating the grass, renewing the changing rooms, and establishing a media center to host press conferences and a video operation room to host VAR officials.
# Normandy Mountain

Normandy Mountain is a 2,849 metres (9,347 ft) peak in British Columbia, Canada, rising to a prominence of 924 metres (3,031 ft). Its line parent is Dieppe Mountain, 19 kilometres (12 mi) away. It is part of the Canadian Rockies.
# Sewan puja

Sewan puja (Hindi: सेवान पुजा) Sometimes Banshakti Thaan Puja। बनशक्ति देवता पुजा। is a kind of puja in Hindu culture of banghushree where people of this village gathered on the specific holy place and sacrifice the life of goat/Sheep or cock in believing that God of the forest will provide security to their castles. They also believe that worshiping this way causes rain in time. All the people have great faith in this holy function. They have planted on bare land and registered in government as a community forest with the name Banshakti samudayik ban to show their respect towards the forest.
Sewan puja is a symbol of respect for humans to other animals and plants. This puja starts each year right before monsoon season.
# Monroe Leigh

Monroe Leigh (1919–2001) was a prominent American political philosopher and diplomat. He was born in Halifax, Virginia, in 1919. He graduated from Hampden-Sydney College in 1940 and earned a law degree from the University of Virginia, serving as editor of the Virginia Law Review. His time in law school was interrupted by service in the Army Air Forces during World War II.
He served as a legal adviser for the United States Defense Department and was picked by Henry Kissinger to serve as Legal Adviser of the Department of State. He was also NATO mission envoy, and president of the American Society of International Law. He was a prolific writer on the subject of international law, with his influential criticism of the United States' refusal to sign the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court being published in 2000, the year before he died.
# Edwin Lieuwen

Edwin Lieuwen (February 8, 1923 – May 25, 1988) was an American historian, professor, and author. His area of expertise was focused on Latin America. His work was a major precursor to the establishing of the Latin American Institute.

## Early life and education

Born in Harrison, South Dakota on February 8, 1923, he attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1951 with a PhD. He then received a Fulbright lectureship to attend the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands.

## Career

After his return from the Netherlands, he worked for three years as a policy analyst at the United States State Department for three years. In 1957 he was appointed as chairman to the history department as the University of New Mexico. Lieuwen found himself in an academic circle that included France Vinton Scholes as the authority on Latin American studies. His work established the Latin American studies program which would later become the Latin American Institute.
He wrote for the Kirkus Reviews, The Journal of Economic History, Foreign Affairs, and several other academic journals.
He was considered an expert in several Latin-American fields including oil in Venezuela.

## Personal life

Lieuwen married Marian Whitehead Lieuwen (1925-2010).

## Death

Lieuwen died in 1988 in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of sixty-five. He is buried in Sunset Memorial Park.

## Legacy

An award was named after Lieuwen by the Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies for exceptional teaching and studies into Latin American policy and relations.

## Books

* The Cuban Revolution
* Generals Vs. Presidents: Neo-Militarism in Latin America
* Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise And Fall Of The Revolutionary Army, 1910 1940
* Arms and Politics in Latin America
* Venezuela
* The Role Of The Military In Underdeveloped Countries
# Sumdorong Chu

Sumdorong Chu (Tibetan: གསུམ་རྡོ་རོང་ཆུ, Wylie: gsum rdo rong chu; Chinese: 桑多洛河; pinyin: Sāng duō luò hé) is a tributary of the Nyamjang Chu river that flows along the disputed Sino-Indian border between the Tsona County of Tibet and the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. It originates in the Tokpo Shiri Glacier, about 7–10 kilometres east of Nyamjang Chu, and flows down to the river. Its junction with Nyamjang Chu is about two kilometers to the north of that of Namka Chu, another contested river valley.
The Sumdorong Chu valley was the site of a standoff between India and China in 1986–1987 which, despite giving rise to the fears of another war, deescalated successfully. Subsequently, India and China formulated agreements for managing future border tensions.

## Location

Sumdorong Chu flows in a disputed border region between Tibet's Tsona County and Arunachal Pradesh's Tawang district. The dispute arises due to differing interpretations of where the McMahon Line lies.
China adheres to the 1914 map of the McMahon Line, which shows the border as a straight line at 27°44'30" N latitude till the range of "Menlakathong La" (roughly the modern Bum La Pass). India believes that the true border lies along the highest watershed line in the region, which is to the north of the Namka Chu and Sumdorong Chu streams.

## 1987 standoff

In 1986–87, a military standoff took in the Sumdorong Chu Valley. It was initiated by China moving a company of troops to Wangdung, a pasture to the south of Sumdorong Chu which India held to be part of its territory. The Indian troops stood their ground on the neighbouring Lungro la ridge and both the sides moved a large number of troops to the border. The crisis was diffused after the visit of Indian Foreign Minister to Beijing in May 1987.
# Boscoppa

50°21′00″N 4°45′58″W﻿ / ﻿50.350°N 4.766°W﻿ / 50.350; -4.766
Boscoppa (Cornish: Boskoppa) is a settlement in the amalgamation of St Austell in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Originally Boscoppa was a separate village but is now a suburb of St Austell (Cornwall's largest town) and is west of the recently built A391 bypass road. The village lies in a former mining area.
# Parker Thomas Moon

Parker Thomas Moon (June 5, 1892 – June 11, 1936) was an American political scientist who as an expert in international relations and researcher on international peace, participated in the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I.
Moon was born in New York City in 1892, and graduated from high school in Yonkers in 1909. He attended Columbia University, completing a Bachelor of Science degree in 1913 and a PhD in political science in 1921. He joined the faculty at Columbia in 1920 initially as a history instructor, but then became an assistant professor in international relations in 1925, an associate professor in 1926, and a full professor in 1931.
Moon was a member of a study group of academics established by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917, led by Wilson’s foreign policy adviser Colonel Edward M. House, to prepare materials for postwar peace negotiations. Moon subsequently served in 1918 and 1919 on the American Commission to Negotiate Peace at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.
A convert to Roman Catholicism, after the war Moon served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association in 1926, and as president of the Catholic Association for International Peace for several years. He was also editor of the journal Political Science Quarterly from 1928 to 1936.

## Works

Moon’s published works included:
* The Labor Problem and the Social Catholic Movement in France (1921)
* Modern History (1923), co-written with Carlton J. H. Hayes
* Syllabus on International Relations (1925)
* Imperialism and World Politics (1926)
* Ancient and Medieval History (1929), co-written with Carlton J. H. Hayes
* Money and Credit in the Recovery Program (1934) (editor)
# Herman Clarence Nixon

Herman Clarence Nixon (1886 – 1967) was an American political scientist and a member of the Southern Agrarians.

## Early life

Herman Clarence Nixon was born in 1886 in Possum Trot, Alabama. He was educated in the public schools of Jacksonville, Alabama and attended the Jacksonville State normal school, graduating in 1907. He graduated from Alabama Polytechnic Institute, now known as Auburn University. He went to graduate school at University of Chicago. During World War I, he served in the United States Army in Europe.

## Career

Nixon taught Political Science at Vanderbilt University from 1925 to 1928. During that time, he joined the Southern Agrarians and contributed an essay to I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition. From 1928 to 1938, he taught at Tulane University. He then taught at Vanderbilt University again, from 1938 to 1955.
Nixon served as the President of the Southern Political Science Association in 1944 and 1945, though there was no meeting in 1945. Additionally, he was a member of the Southern Regional Committee of the Social Science Research Council.
Nixon served as the Chairman of the Southern Policy Committee from 1935 to 1937. He lobbied in favor of the Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937. By 1938, he became the Executive Secretary of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. Even though he quit by 1939, he felt threatened by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Nevertheless, he joined the Americans for Democratic Action in 1947.

## Personal life

Nixon had a son, John Trice Nixon, who served as a United States federal judge. His daughter-in-law, Betty C. Nixon, served on the Nashville city council from 1975 to 1987 and later worked for Vanderbilt University. His granddaughter, Mignon Nixon, is a professor at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London.

## Death

He died in 1967.

## Works

* Forty Acres and Steel Mules (1938).
* Possum Trot: Rural Community, South (1941).
* Lower Piedmont Country (1946).