OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ridus

Ridus (Russian: Ридус) is an online periodical newspaper with both editorial and user submitted content. Briefly serving as an activist outlet for citizen journalism and skyrocketing in popularity among a young adult demographic, the outlet's original creators left within two years of its founding and its writing quickly drifted closer to government opinion; the publication is now largely seen as a propaganda outlet of the Russian state.

## Background

Ridus was launched in September 2011. It was created by a photoblogger Ilya Varlamov (who became an Art Director). The website was designed by Art. Lebedev Studio, and former employees of many Russian online publications became the editorial staff. Vyacheslav Varvanin became the Chief Editor.
The outlet first came to prominence a few months after its creation, during its coverage of the 2011-2013 Russian protests. On December 10, 2011, the website was viewed more than a million times in one day, and by the end of the month, the outlet was ranked tenth in the citation rating of Medialogia Internet resources.
The paper was later suspected of collaboration with the Presidential Administration of Russia, after repeated publications of pro-government youth movements and affiliated figures. By 2013, all of the founding staff of Ridus had left the organization, and the outlet descended further into support of the government. The site began to regularly publish compromising materials on opposition political figures, and against this background, it was removed from Medialogia ratings. In April 2013, Maxim Deputatov left the paper, after which the editorial policy of Ridus became even more pro-government.
Among other controversies, the paper has published such unsubstantiated claims as Vesyoly Molochnik milk cartons promote homosexuality to children, that Russian shelling of a kindergarten in Donbas during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine was a "Ukrainian psyop", and that American laboratories in Ukraine were collaborating with Ukrainian forces to deploy biological weapons against Russia.

## Awards and recognitions

* Runet Prize — 2011.
# John Abraham (politician)

John Abraham (fl. 1672 – 1689) was a governor of the now abandoned Hudson's Bay Company settlement at Port Nelson (or Fort Nelson) on Hudson Bay, located in the northern part of the modern province of Manitoba.

## Biography

Immediately after joining the HBC in 1672, Abraham was sent to Hudson Bay, where he served under Governor Charles Bayly until 1678. In 1679, possibly as a result of Abraham's accusations of mismanagement, Bayly was recalled to London and replaced by John Nixon. Abraham held the position of Nixon's second-in-command until 1681, when he was assigned to The Diligence under the command Captain Nehemiah Walker.
Ignoring Nixon's criticisms of him, the HBC promoted Abraham to Captain of The George in 1683 and set sail for Port Nelson, where a fort had been established the previous year by Governor John Bridgar. Upon his arrival, Abraham discovered that the HBC's post had been routed by Pierre Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers, French agents competing with the HBC. Due to this and the fact that Bridgar had been captured and taken to Quebec by Radisson and Des Groseilliers, Abraham assumed command of Port Nelson. He spent the next winter contending with Jean-Baptiste Chouart, Des Groseilliers's son, for control of the region. Abraham decided to sail back to England in the spring of 1684, but returned to Port Nelson when he received a commission as governor from the HBC while en route. During his first official weeks as governor Fort York was constructed under the supervision of George Geyer. Also during this time, Abraham repulsed an attack carried out by Claude de Bermen de la Martinière of the French La Compagnie du Nord. The following winter saw minor skirmishes and increased tensions with the French.
In 1685, the HBC committee decided to replace Abraham with Governor Thomas Phipps because he had abandoned Port Nelson in 1684 before receiving word from England. He acted as Phipps deputy until 1688, when he was recalled. The HBC decided to do this for two reasons: they considered his opposition to the French in the winter of 1684-85 had been unjustified considering his stronger position and certain reports he had made lead them to believe that he was planning to mount an interloping expedition. These fears did not prove unfounded when, in 1688, Abraham, along with John Outlaw, sailed The Mary to Hudson Bay intent on infringing upon the HBC's charter. However, the expedition did not go as planned when The Mary was wrecked by ice in the Hudson Strait. Before the ship sank, her crew and supplies were rescued by John Marsh, who had been tasked by the HBC settle in Albany River. Despite the English and French crowns enjoying a rare peace, Marsh's colony clashed with the local French and Abraham was given up as a hostage. At some point during his captivity, Abraham switched his allegiance and proceeded to prey upon English ships on the St. Lawrence River for the remainder of his life.
# Francis Charles Fuller

Sir Francis Charles Bernard Dudley Fuller, CMG, KBE (1866–1944) was the chief commissioner to the Ashanti Empire during World War I.
He joined the Colonial Service in 1884. He was posted to Fiji as his first assignment. He was appointed chief commissioner to the Ashanti Region in 1908.
He was awarded the CMG in the 1906 Birthday Honours.
In 1916 he was aboard the British liner, the SS Appam and was detained by the Germans off of the coast of Africa. In 1921 he published A Vanished Dynasty: Ashanti.
He was awarded a KBE in 1919.
# Julius P. Meyer

Julius Paul Meyer (November 1, 1871 – July 9, 1945) was a German-American shipping executive.

## Early life

Meyer was born on November 1, 1871, in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was a son of Mathilde (née Teubner) Meyer (1845–1910) and Jurgen Friedrich Heinrich Meyer (1838–1913), the representative of the Hamburg Line for almost half a century who was known as "Steamer Meyer". Among his siblings were sister, Gertrude, and brothers, Carl Gerhard Meyer, Jergen Arnold Meyer, Rudolph Meyer, Otto Meyer.

## Career

After attending Hoboken Academy, Meyer began his career in 1888 as an employee of Kunhardt & Co. before becoming general agent of the line, then vice director in 1912. When the United American Line was taken over Hamburg America Line, he became Director-General. In this capacity, he reestablished connections with Germany after World War I. After forty-two years with the line, he retired in 1931.
Meyer served as president of the Board of Trade for German-American Commerce. He was a member of German Society in New York, founded in 1784, and was chairman of its anniversary committee in 1934.
He was also involved in Republican politics, supporting Charles Evans Hughes for Governor of New York in 1908 and attending the 1908 Republican National Convention in Chicago as a delegate. President Theodore Roosevelt took the Hamburg America Line steamship Winduk from Naples, Italy, to Mombasa, Kenya, during his African safari and Meyer corresponded with Roosevelt's Executive Clerk, Rudolph Forster. In 1927, he attended the funeral of Ambassador Adolf Georg von Maltzan.

## Personal life

Meyer and his wife, Wilhelmina, lived at 755 Park Avenue in Manhattan. After a seven-week illness, Meyer died at the French Hospital in New York on July 9, 1945.

### Honors

In 1914, he was awarded a Knight 2nd Class of the Order of the Red Eagle by Kaiser Wilhelm II.
# Mexican Federal Highway 307

Federal Highway 307 (Spanish: Carretera Federal 307, Fed. 307) is a free part of the federal highway corridors (Spanish: los corredores carreteros federales) of Mexico. It consists of two discontinuous portions, one of which is in the state of Quintana Roo, inland from the Caribbean coast, running from Cancún in the north to near Chetumal in the south. This section connects several major destinations in the Riviera Maya tourism district, including Tulum and Playa del Carmen. The other section of Highway 307 is in the state of Chiapas, one end at Palenque, then going south east looping around the Reserva de la Biósfera Montes Azules, paralleling the Guatemalan border, then coming back west to La Trinitaria, Chiapas.
# St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France

St. Louis Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis de Fort-de-France) is a Catholic cathedral in Martinique, an overseas department of France. It was built in the late 19th-century in the Romanesque Revival style and serves as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fort-de-France. The church is in the downtown area of the capital Fort-de-France, at the intersection of rue Victor Schœlcher and rue Blénac.
The construction of the cathedral began in the mid-17th century and it opened in 1657. Due to natural disasters, such as fire and earthquakes, that have hit Fort-de-France over the years, the current structure dates only to 1895. It was built with an iron frame in order to withstand any further such events. It is the seventh church to be erected on the site; it was built by Pierre-Henri Picq.

## History

Before the present cathedral was completed in 1895, a total of six churches had previously been constructed on the site, the first of which was built in 1657. These were all destroyed by either fire, earthquakes or hurricanes. The loss of significant buildings was not uncommon in Fort-de-France, as devastating natural disasters frequently plagued the region. The cathedral that immediately preceded the present one was destroyed by fire in July 1890, a disaster that also obliterated three-quarters of the town. Pierre-Henri Picq was hired to be the architect.
In the mid-1970s, the cathedral underwent an extensive program of restoration and refurbishment. Part of this entailed repainting the exterior to a tan and brown colour. The renovation was completed in 1978. The cathedral is one of the most famous landmarks in the capital and has been labelled "the religious centrepiece" of Martinique.

## Architecture
### Exterior

St. Louis Cathedral was built in a Gothic Revival style with rounded arches in the Neo-Romanesque style. The cathedral's façade features a steeple that rises 187 feet (57 m) above the city, while its exterior walls are supported by flying buttresses. Located in front of the cathedral is a small square that contains two royal palms which appear to flank the structure. The building is located directly across the square from the consulate of the United States and is one block northwest from the park La Savane.
The entire structure has a frame of iron beams which support the walls, ceiling and steeple making the church a fine example of architecture from the time of the Industrial Revolution. As a result, the cathedral is referred to in the Caribbean as the "Iron Cathedral" and has been compared to a "Catholic railway station".

### Interior

The interior of the church is noted for its "grand organ", ornate walls, beautiful stained glass windows and balustrade made of iron. Located underneath the choir loft is a crypt containing the tombs of several previous governors of Martinique.
# Arthur Shuttlewood

Arthur Shuttlewood (1920–1996) was a British journalist, author and ufologist.
Shuttlewood was born in 1920 in Chelmsford, Essex. Shuttlewood moved to Warminster in 1940, and served in the Grenadier Guards and the Air Ministry Constabulary.
He was significantly responsible for Warminster becoming a centre for UFO sightings from 1964 onwards.
He had five children.
Shuttlewood died in Warminster in 1996.

## Publications

* The Warminster Mystery 1967, Neville Spearman
* Warnings from Flying Friends 1968
* UFOs: Key to the New Age 1971
* The Flying Saucerers 1976, Sphere
* UFO Magic in Motion
* More UFOs over Warminster 1979, Arthur Barker
* UFO's: Visions of a New Age 1981, Inner Light
# Constitutional institutions (Italy)

The constitutional institutions of Italy (Italian: organi costituzionali italiani) are institutions of the Italian Republic which are defined in the constitution.

## Characteristics

In Italian jurisprudence, these are defined as the essential and immutable institutions of the State, which are foreseen as existing by the Italian constitution and whose fundamental powers and organisation are directly defined by the constitution. They have a relationship of mutual parity and they take part in the so-called "political process" (funzione politica), that is, they directly determine the goals to be pursued by the state.
Because these institutions are directly defined by the constitution, codification of any of them is a modification of the constitution and therefore requires the passage of a constitutional law. Their very existence, however, constitutes a limit on the modification of the constitution.

## The institutions

The constitutional institutions are:
* The President of the Republic
* The Parliament, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic
* The Council of Ministers
* The Constitutional Court
* The Judiciary
* The autonomous territorial entities, viz. the comuni, provinces, regions, metropolitan cities, and the state of Italy as a whole.

## Expenditure

Although all public expenses are included in the national budget, which is drafted by the government and approved by parliament, it is claimed that the constitutional institutions, which the constitution places outside the administrative control of the executive, are self-governing and should have control of their own finances. According to this argument, the budgets of the President, Constitutional Court, and Parliament cannot be reduced without their consent. A minority opinion, emphasising the treatment of the regional councils, have questioned this argument.
Although the President, Constitutional Court and the Parliament have full autonomy in the administration of the resources assigned to them, according to the principle of autocrinia, it is now firmly established that their administrative offices should be composed of employees recruited by public competition, as set down by the constitutional law on public employment. Legal provisions directly dealing with these administrations, governing the behaviour of public employees generally, remain rare. The entire public sector's freedom from the legal and economic regulations of contracts derives from the principle of autodichia, that is, the idea that constitutional institutions should be in charge of their own internal regulation.
# Corey–Seebach reaction

The Corey–Seebach reaction, or Seebach Umpolung is a name reaction of organic chemistry that allows for acylation by converting aldehydes into lithiated 1,3-dithianes. The lithiated 1,3-dithianes serves as an acyl anion equivalent, undergoing alkylation with electrophiles. The reaction is named in honor of its discoverers, Elias J. Corey and Dieter Seebach.

## Implementation

The aldehyde is first converted into a dithiane, usually with 1,3-propanedithiol. The resulting 1,3-dithiane is then lithiated with the use of butyllithium. The 2-lithio-1,3-dithiane reacts with electrophiles to give a 2-alkyl-1,3-dithiane.
Finally, the 2-alkyl-1,3-dithiane can be converted to a carbonyl by hydrolysis, usually with the use of mercury(II) oxide. Alternatively the 2-alkyl-1,3-dithiane can be reduced to an alkane.

## Scope

As a strategy for protecting aldehydes and ketones, dithiane formation is cumbersome because deprotection is inefficient. Typically ketones and aldehydes are protected as their dioxolanes instead of dithianes. The Corey–Seebach reaction is of interest as an acyl anion equivalent, allowing aldehydes to be converted to ketones.
The lithiated 1,3-dithiane can be alkylated with alkyl halides, epoxides, ketones, acyl halides, and iminium salts, which after hydrolysis of dithioacetals can yield ketones, β-hydroxyketones, α-hydroxyketones, 1,2-diketones and α-aminoketones. Notably, α-hydroxyketones and 1,2-diketones can not be generated through typical reactions of aldehydes such as the aldol reaction. Other possible electrophiles include aldehydes, amides, and esters.
The reaction between lithiated 1,3-dithianes and arenesulfonates offers a similar path to that of alkyl halides, being able to form dithioacetals which can be converted to ketones.

## Historic references

* Corey, Elias James; Seebach, Dieter (1 December 1965). "Synthesis of 1,n-Dicarbonyl Derivates Using Carbanions from 1,3-Dithianes". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 4 (12): 1077–1078. doi:10.1002/anie.196510771.
* Corey, Elias James; Seebach, Dieter (1 December 1966). "Phenylthiomethyllithium and Bis(phenylthio)methyllithium". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 31 (12): 4097–4099. doi:10.1021/jo01350a052.
* Seebach, Dieter; Corey, Elias James (1 January 1975). "Generation and synthetic applications of 2-lithio-1,3-dithianes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 40 (2): 231–237. doi:10.1021/jo00890a018.
# Ocotea quixos

Ocotea quixos is a species of evergreen tree in the family Lauraceae, native to Ecuador and Colombia. It is one of the South American trees with a cinnamon-like aroma and is used as a spice called ispinku in Southern Quechua or ishpinku in Kichwa (Hispanicized spellings ishpingo, eshpingo).

## Growth conditions

Ispinku seeds have a diameter of almost 1 inch and grow in soil which is mildly acidic. It grows at an annual rate of roughly 6 inches for the first three years of its life. After flowering starts, the flowers are produced once every two years.

## Use as a flavouring

The bark is used to produce 'Ecuadorian' (or 'American') cinnamon which bears some resemblance to common cinnamon (which also comes from a tree in this family). The tree is known in Quechua languages as ispinku, which specifically refers to the flowers, and more recently as Flor de Canela.
The taste of Ecuadorian cinnamon is thought to come from the presence of methyl cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde which are also found in the essential oils which come from the flower calices of the plant.
Some reports show it has been used as a flavouring since Incaic times, and modern Ecuadorians still use this spice during general cooking and the production of food for rituals. Offerings to family ancestors for the Day of the Dead for example. These include food such as colada morada (purple pudding) and beverages such as the alcoholic drink alajua, both of which require the use of ispinku as a key ingredient.

## Medicinal uses

The oils have previously been used in the traditional medicine of some Amazonian tribes for their anti-inflammatory properties and some peer-reviewed data also support this theory. Investigation of trans-cinnamaldehyde showed that it significantly reduced the production of NO by macrophages (cells of the immune system), which is something that normally occurs during inflammation. The same study of methyl cinnamate did not show this effect. It has also been shown that this oil can reduce the chance of blood clot formation by preventing platelet aggregation in the blood.
# MacLean Park

MacLean Park is a public park in Seattle's Queen Anne neighborhood, in the U.S. state of Washington. The park has benches facing Lake Union, and also offers views of the Cascades, Gas Works Park, and the Puget Sound. There is a trail leading down from Taylor Avenue.
MacLean Park has been cleaned multiple times by the volunteer group We Heart Seattle. Neighbors have also formed Friends of MacLean Park, which hosts cleanups and walks, and "collaborates with the City and non-profits to ensure that individuals in the Greenbelt are provided necessary outreach".
# BTCC (company)

BTCC is a cryptocurrency exchange established in June 2011. Originally known as BTC China, the exchange underwent significant restructuring after it was acquired by a Hong Kong–based blockchain investment fund in 2018, ceasing operations in China and expanding internationally.

## History

BTCC was founded in June 2011. BTCC now stands for 'BTC & Crypto', as stated on the company's official website, although it used to mean 'BTC China'.
Before becoming the company's CEO, entrepreneur Bobby C. Lee approached the then two-person company in early 2013 and, after investing his own money and attracting investors, oversaw the company's rapid expansion and market share growth by the end of the year. The Stanford computer science graduate, whose brother Charlie founded the cryptocurrency Litecoin, previously worked for Yahoo! in the United States, and as vice president of technology for Walmart China.
In November 2013, BTCChina raised $5 million in Series A funding from investors, Lightspeed China Partners, and Lightspeed Venture Partners.
On 18 December 2013, BTCChina announced that it was temporarily suspending acceptance of Chinese Yuan deposits, attributing the decision to government regulations, following a December statement from the People's Bank of China (PBOC). On 30 January 2014, the exchange resumed accepting yuan deposits, after further studying the PBOC statement and other rules. While the PBOC prohibited banks from trading in Bitcoin, BTCChina explained that they were accepting Yuan into their corporate bank account, and transferring that money to their customer accounts, before it was traded for bitcoins.
In September 2017, BTCC announced it would cease all trading, reacting to Chinese authorities banning initial coin offerings (ICOs) one week prior. Later in January 2018, BTCC was acquired by an unnamed Hong Kong–based blockchain investment fund with the intent to move its operations out of China.
In 2018, BTCC reorganized and established multilingual regional businesses in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. Localized language revisions were released at the same time. However, on August 18, 2022, it was reported that BTCC was among 16 foreign cryptocurrency businesses that lacked the proper registration to operate in South Korea. An intelligence unit of the Financial Services Commission reported the businesses to the nation’s investigative body and asked other agencies to block access to the firms’ local websites.
# Glacier Discovery

The Glacier Discovery is a passenger train operated by the Alaska Railroad between the towns of Anchorage, Whittier Alaska and south on the Seward rail line as far as Grandview whistle stop; then back again. It is a seasonal train, only operating between the months of May and September.

## Station Stops

The Glacier Discovery utilizes part of the Anchorage–Seward route. It makes the following station stops:
* Anchorage
* Girdwood
* Portage
* Whittier
* Portage
* Spencer Whistle Stop
* Grandview Whistle Stop
After the stop at Grandview the train travels back again:
* Spencer Whistle Stop
* Portage
* Whittier
* Portage
* Girdwood
* Anchorage

## Rolling Stock

The Glacier Discovery consist uses the following rolling stock
* 1 EMD GP38-2
* 1baggage car
* 1-3 single level passenger cars
* 1 Colorado Railcar bi level DMU 751