OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Indirect utility function

In economics, a consumer's indirect utility function $v(p,w)$ gives the consumer's maximal attainable utility when faced with a vector $p$ of goods prices and an amount of income $w$. It reflects both the consumer's preferences and market conditions.
This function is called indirect because consumers usually think about their preferences in terms of what they consume rather than prices. A consumer's indirect utility $v(p,w)$ can be computed from their utility function $u(x),$ defined over vectors $x$ of quantities of consumable goods, by first computing the most preferred affordable bundle, represented by the vector $x(p,w)$ by solving the utility maximization problem, and second, computing the utility $u(x(p,w))$ the consumer derives from that bundle. The resulting indirect utility function is
    $v(p,w)=u(x(p,w)).$
The indirect utility function is:
* Continuous on R$^n$+ × R+ where n is the number of goods;
* Decreasing in prices;
* Strictly increasing in income;
* Homogenous with degree zero in prices and income; if prices and income are all multiplied by a given constant the same bundle of consumption represents a maximum, so optimal utility does not change;
* quasi-convex in (p,w).
Moreover, Roy's identity states that if v(p,w) is differentiable at $(p^{0},w^{0})$ and ${\frac {\partial v(p,w)}{\partial w}}\neq 0$, then
    $-{\frac {\partial v(p^{0},w^{0})/(\partial p_{i})}{\partial v(p^{0},w^{0})/\partial w}}=x_{i}(p^{0},w^{0}),\quad i=1,\dots ,n.$

## Indirect utility and expenditure

The indirect utility function is the inverse of the expenditure function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every price vector $p$ and utility level $u$:$^{:106}$
    $v(p,e(p,u))\equiv u$

## Example

Let's say the utility function is the Cobb-Douglas function $u(x_{1},x_{2})=x_{1}^{0.6}x_{2}^{0.4},$ which has the Marshallian demand functions
       $x_{1}(p_{1},p_{2})={\frac {0.6w}{p_{1}}}\;\;\;\;{\rm {and}}\;\;\;x_{2}(p_{1},p_{2})={\frac {0.4w}{p_{2}}},$
where $w$ is the consumer's income. The indirect utility function $v(p_{1},p_{2},w)$ is found by replacing the quantities in the utility function with the demand functions thus:
       $v(p_{1},p_{2},w)=u(x_{1}^{*},x_{2}^{*})=(x_{1}^{*})^{0.6}(x_{2}^{*})^{0.4}=\left({\frac {0.6w}{p_{1}}}\right)^{0.6}\left({\frac {0.4w}{p_{2}}}\right)^{0.4}=(0.6^{0.6}*.4^{.4})w^{0.6+0.4}p_{1}^{-0.6}p_{2}^{-0.4}=Kp_{1}^{-0.6}p_{2}^{-0.4}w,$
where $K=(0.6^{0.6}*0.4^{0.4}).$ Note that the utility function shows the utility for whatever quantities its arguments hold, even if they are not optimal for the consumer and do not solve his utility maximization problem. The indirect utility function, in contrast, assumes that the consumer has derived his demand functions optimally for given prices and income.
# Jonatan Fleita

Jonatan Brian David Fleita (born 20 January 1995) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Atlético de Rafaela.
# Davlatmand Kholov

Davlatmand Kholov (Tajik: Давлатманд Холов; 26 October 1950 – 18 February 2024) was a Tajik musician and singer from Kulob. He was an expert in the southern folk genre of Tajik music called Falak (lit. "the firmament"). A multi-instrumentalist, trained in Shashmaqam at the Conservatory of Music in Dushanbe, he was well-known for his works on the two-string dutar, ghijak, and setar which are popular instruments in Central Asia.
Kholov played and sang poetry of the Sufi poets, mainly Jalaleddin Rumi; Davlatmand's outlook was close to Rumi's poetry and philosophy. He also belonged to the post-Soviet nationalist school of thought, or was influenced by "Tajikisation", therefore turning his back on Tajik shashmaqam. This can be displayed through his works: Sawt-i Falak or "The Voices of Falak", where he creates European symphonic settings to tell tales of Tajik life and rural practices. He released the album Learned & Folk Music on 9 January 1996.
Kholov died on 18 February 2024, at the age of 73 from cancer.
# Raja Horu

Raja Horu (Sinhala: රජ හොරු) is a 2013 Sri Lankan Sinhala comedy film directed and produced by Suranga de Alwis. It stars Ranjan Ramanayake, Arjuna Kamalanath, and Buddhika Jayaratne in lead roles along with Ariyasena Gamage, Himali Siriwardena and Sriyani Amarasena. Music composed by Sarath de Alwis. The film was influenced by Bollywood film Hera Pheri which itself was adopted from Malayalam film Ramji Rao Speaking which turn was based on the 1971 Television film See The Man Run. It is the 1198th Sri Lankan film in the Sinhala cinema.

## Cast

* Ranjan Ramanayake as Mahesh
* Arjuna Kamalanath as Sirimal
* Ariyasena Gamage as Sumanapala
* Buddhika Jayaratne as OIC Kapila
* Himali Siriwardena as Shanika
* Sriyani Amarasena Mahesh's mother
* Sandun Wijesiri as Dunusinghe
* Ronnie Leitch as Manager
* D.B. Gangodathenna as Makka
* Eardley Wedamuni as Prabha
* Premadasa Vithanage as Mudalali
* Hemantha Iriyagama as Maradankadawala Gune
* Nishani Gamage as Siba
* Damitha Saluwadana
# Karl Anschütz

Karl Anschütz (1813/1815 Koblenz, Kingdom of Prussia – 30 December 1870 New York City) was a Kingdom of Prussia-born musical director and composer who founded the German Opera in New York City. He was the son of Josef Andreas Anschütz and the brother of Hermann Anschütz.

## Biography

Anschütz's father Joseph Andreas Anschütz was an eminent musician and was in charge of a school for vocal and instrumental instruction. His early musical studies were made under his father, and in 1837 he was sent to study under Friedrich Schneider, of Dessau, whose daughter he married. His brother was the painter Hermann Anschütz.
He then returned to Koblenz, where he became conductor of the royal musical institution and of the orchestra at the theatre, with the title of royal musical director. In 1848 he led the orchestra at Nuremberg, and in 1849 was conductor of the German opera at Amsterdam. During the same year, he went to London with a German opera troupe, and subsequently he became leader of the orchestra at Drury Lane Theatre. He conducted in 1849 and 1850 the Wednesday Concerts in Exeter Hall; at this venue he gave Beethoven's ninth symphony with an orchestra of 250 musicians and a chorus of 500 singers. He also conducted the Italian opera at Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and elsewhere in Great Britain.
In 1857 he came to the United States with Bernard Ullman's Italian opera troupe, which he conducted until 1860. From 1860 to 1862, he was conductor for the Arion Society. In 1862, he founded the German opera in New York, and was active in the establishment of the New York Conservatory of Music. In 1869 he served as musical director of the New York section of the mass choruses at the Baltimore singing festival. He was also a composer of some ability, and wrote out for brass instruments the nine symphonies of Beethoven, of which two were performed.
# Jacqueline Winspear

Jacqueline Winspear (born 30 April 1955) is a mystery writer, author of the Maisie Dobbs series of books exploring the aftermath of World War I. She has won several mystery writing awards for books in this popular series.

## Personal life and career

Winspear was born on 30 April 1955 and raised in Cranbrook, in Kent. She was educated at the University of London's Institute of Education and then worked in academic publishing, higher education and in marketing communications. She emigrated to the United States in 1990. Winspear stated that her childhood awareness of her grandfather's suffering in World War I led to an interest in that period.

## Maisie Dobbs series

Maisie Dobbs is a private investigator who untangles painful and shameful secrets stemming from war experiences. A gifted working class girl in class-conscious England, she receives an unusual education thanks to the patronage of her employer, who had taken her on as a housemaid.
She interrupts her education to work as a nurse in the Great War, falls in love and suffers her own losses. After the war, she finishes her university education, then works under the tutelage of her mentor. When he retires, she sets up as an investigator in her own office.
Dobbs places emphasis on achieving healing for her clients and insists they comply with her ethical approach.
She grows older throughout the series of novels; further, her cases reflect the times, from the Great War to the Second World War.

## Books
### Maisie Dobbs series

* Maisie Dobbs (2003) ISBN 9781569473306, OCLC 519884816
* Birds of a Feather (2004)
* Pardonable Lies (2005)
* Messenger of Truth (2006)
* An Incomplete Revenge (2008)
* Among the Mad (2009)
* The Mapping of Love and Death (2010)
* A Lesson in Secrets (2011)
* Elegy for Eddie (2012)
* Leaving Everything Most Loved (2013)
* A Dangerous Place (2015)
* Journey to Munich (2016)
* In This Grave Hour (2017)
* To Die but Once (2018)
* The American Agent Harper Collins, 2019. ISBN 9780062436665, OCLC 1041763123
* The Consequences of Fear (2021) ISBN 978-0062868022
* A Sunlit Weapon (2022)
* The Comfort of Ghosts (2024)

### Standalone

* The Care and Management of Lies New York : HarperCollins Publishers, 2014. ISBN 9780062336132, OCLC 894542985
* What Would Maisie Do?: Inspiration from the Pages of Maisie Dobbs New York : HarperCollins Publishers, 2019. ISBN 9780062859341
* The White Lady New York : HarperCollins Publishers, 2023. ISBN 978006286798-8

### Memoir

* This Time Next Year We'll Be Laughing (2020) ISBN 978-1641292696 (Ms. Winspear also narrates the Audible audio version of her childhood memoir)
# İsmail Haktan Odabaşı

İsmail Haktan Odabaşı (born 7 August 1991) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for TFF Third League club Sapanca Gençlikspor.

## Life and career

Odabaşı signed a youth contract with Balçovaspor in 2005. He was transferred to Bursaspor in 2007. As a player for Bursaspor A2, Odabaşı has scored 18 goals in 67 matches. He made his professional debut on 10 March 2010 against Kasımpaşa S.K. in the Süper Lig. Odabaşı featured in six more matches during the 2009–10 campaign, and was a part of the Bursaspor squad that won the 2009–10 Süper Lig.
Odabaşı has played internationally for the Turkey U-16, U-17, and U-19 squads. In 2009, he helped the U-19 squad qualify for the Elite Round of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, scoring a goal against Germany in the final group stage match. The team progressed past the Elite Round, but finished last place in Group B of the finals.

## Honours

* Bursaspor
** Süper Lig (1): 2009–10
# Tagol language

The Tagol Murut language is spoken by the Tagol (highland) subgroup of the Murut people, and serves as the lingua franca of the whole group. It belongs to the Bornean subdivision of the Austronesian language family. Tagol Murut people can be found in Sabah and Sarawak, usually in areas around Sipitang, Tenom, Lawas, Limbang, and along the border areas shared with Brunei and Indonesia.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | | k | ʔ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | [b] | [d] | (dʒ) | [ɡ] | |
| Fricative | Fricative | β | s | | | h |
| Rhotic | Rhotic | | r | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | l | j | | |
/dʒ/ occurs only in recent loanwords.
Sounds /β r h/ are heard as voiced stops [b, d, ɡ] in word-initial and word-medial position, when preceded by nasal consonants.

### Vowels

Vowels are heard as /i, a, o, u/.
# The Pent House

The Pent House is a Grade II listed building in Plympton, Devon, England. Standing at 20 Fore Street, Plympton's main street, it dates to the 17th century and is believed to have originally been merchants' houses or tenements of cottages. It is now one property.
It has rubble walls, except for the deeply projecting first floor, which is render and likely timber framed.
Although its interior has not been inspected by Historic England, it was evaluated by Time Team in 1999. In the episode, architectural historian Beric Morley discovered, in what would have been the back of the building in mediaeval times, a large timber lintel spanning a fireplace that was likely original to the 17th-century construction. A dendochronology sampling dated the timber's felling date (but not the date it was inserted into the fireplace) to around 1290.
# Christoffer Källqvist

Patrik Christoffer Källqvist (born 26 August 1983) is a former Swedish professional football goalkeeper. He was a one-club man and spent his entire career at BK Häcken.

## Club career

During the 2018 Allsvenskan season, Källqvist announced his decision to retire from elite football at the end of the season. He underwent hip surgery in 2015, and has only played 5 Allsvenskan games for Häcken since then.
In his youth, Christoffer had a couple of trials with a various number of teams in England, such as Charlton Athletic and Ipswich Town.

## International career

Källqvist represented the Sweden U17, U19, and U21 teams a total of 41 times between the years 1998 and 2005.

## Honours
### BK Häcken

* Svenska Cupen: 2015–16
# Jonathan Ivanoff

Jonathan Yamil Alexis Ivanoff (born 14 May 1989) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Ivanoff began in the youth of Juventud Cooperativista Quitilipi and Centenario de Venado Tuerto, before joining Sarmiento in 2003. He was a senior for five years from 2008, notably making five appearances in Primera B Metropolitana as they won the league title in 2011–12. June 2013 saw Ivanoff join Independiente. Twenty-four matches followed for him in Torneo Argentino B, in a campaign which the club ended with promotion. He featured forty times across the following two seasons, prior to moving across the division in January 2016 after agreeing terms with Sportivo Las Parejas.
His debut came in February versus Libertad. In August 2017, Ivanoff joined fellow third tier team Chaco For Ever; after a failed medical stopped him signing for Sportivo Desamparados. He didn't appear for the club in 2017–18. At the conclusion of the aforementioned season, Ivanoff departed to join Deportivo Riestra. Like with Chaco For Ever, the goalkeeper didn't participate in a competitive match in 2018–19; though was on the substitutes bench three times. In September 2019, Ivanoff revealed he had joined Juventud Unida de 25 de Mayo of Liga Veinticinqueña.

## Career statistics

    As of 16 September 2020.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sarmiento | 2012–13 | Primera B Nacional | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Independiente | 2013–14 | Torneo Argentino B | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Independiente | 2014 | Torneo Federal A | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Independiente | 2015 | Torneo Federal A | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Independiente | Total | Total | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 64 | 0 |
| Sportivo Las Parejas | 2016 | Torneo Federal A | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Sportivo Las Parejas | 2016–17 | Torneo Federal A | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| Sportivo Las Parejas | Total | Total | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Chaco For Ever | 2017–18 | Torneo Federal A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deportivo Riestra | 2018–19 | Primera B Metropolitana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 88 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 90 | 0 |

## Honours
### Sarmiento

* Primera B Metropolitana: 2011–12
# Marie-Antoinette Demagnez

Marie-Antoinette Demagnez (1869–1925) was a French sculptor who worked during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Demagnez was a frequent exhibitor at the annual Salon art exhibition in Paris, and was one of only a few women whose works were juried into the show at that time in history.
She is best known for her stone statue called Source d’amour and her monumental war memorial statue at Saint-Chaptes that memorializes soldiers killed in both the First and Second World War.
Demagnez died in Paris in 1925.

## Early life and education

Demagnez was born in Paris, France, in 1869. During a time in history when very few women ventured into the male-dominated world of bronze sculpture, Demagnez’s work was deemed to be of such good quality that she broke the barrier and was allowed to exhibit her work in what was at the time arguably the world’s most important art show—the annual Salon exhibition. She studied sculpture under the direction of Antonin Mercié at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.

## Career

Although perhaps best known for her World War I Memorial at Saint-Chaptes, she also produced a number of bust sculptures featuring prominent French citizens. Among these is a bronze bust of Léopold Bellan [fr], cast by the A. A. Hébrard foundry, that she completed in 1911. Her circa 1895 stone sculpture entitled Mélancolie was described in 1902 by an art critic who said, "The work has delicate and thoroughly feminine sentiment, and is distinctly praiseworthy, albeit the execution shows marks of indecision and inexperience".
Demagnez won a bronze medal at the 1900 Exposition Universelle and also participated in the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition (informally known as the St. Louis World’s Fair) where she presented a stone statue called Poetry.
Demagnez completed an important World War I memorial in 1919 that is now located in Languedoc-Roussillon, Gard, Saint-Chaptes, France, in the Town Hall Square. It is made of stone, concrete and iron. It depicts a woman draped and crowned with laurel raising a palm with a soldier standing guard nearby.
Engraved on the bas-relief are the names of those soldiers from Saint-Chaptes that gave their lives for France in the First World War. The concrete portion was edited by Coignet of Paris. A plaque indicating the dead from this town in the Second World War was added sometime after that war ended in 1945.

## Death

Demagnez died in Paris in 1925.
# Abraham Mordechai Piurko

Abraham Mordechai Piurko (Yiddish: אברהם מרדכי פּיורקאָ, romanized: Avraham Mordekhai Piyurko; 15 February 1853 – 11 June 1933) was a Hebrew-language author, children's writer, publisher, and educator.

## Biography

Piurko was born to a Jewish family in Lomza, Poland. After having studied Talmud and rabbinics, he devoted himself to modern Hebrew literature, publishing successively: Bat Yiftaḥ (Lyck, 1873), a Biblical poem; Reʿuyim ha-devarim le-mi she-omrim (Warsaw, 1880), criticisms on Biblical and Talmudical legends; Sefer mikhtavim ha-shalem (Warsaw, 1882), a Hebrew letter-writer, containing 150 specimens of letters on different subjects; Nitʻe naʻamanim (Warsaw, 1884), 100 stories for the young; Kur ha-mivḥan (Warsaw, 1887), a book for teachers, containing a Biblical catechism; and Haskalah medumah (Warsaw, 1888), a sketch of Jewish life.
In 1893 Piurko published eleven stories for children, two of which were written by his son Ḥayyim, and in 1894 Shevet sofer ha-shalem, a new letter-writer, also containing 150 specimens. In the same year he published Yilkut ha-reʻim, a grammatical work in verse, and issued a new and revised edition of his Nitʻe naʻamanim. Elef ha-magen, a grammar for school courses, was published in 1898.
In 1899 Piurko began the publication of the weekly periodical Gan sha'ashu'im, the first Hebrew children's newspaper outside Palestine. Besides numerous articles by him, two of his works deserving special mention were published in the newspaper, namely, Av le-banim (1899) and Ha-rav ve-talmidav (1900). The latter work consists of essays on grammar. In addition, Piurko contributed to many Hebrew and Yiddish periodicals in Odessa, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw.

## Publications

* Bat Yiftaḥ. Lyck: Druck von Rudolph Siebert. 1873.
* Pjurko, Abraham Marcus (1880). Reʿuyim ha-devarim le-mi she-omrim. Warsaw.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Sefer mikhtavim ha-shalem. Warsaw: Defus Natan Shriftgisser. 1882.
* Sefer nitʻe naʻamanim. Warsaw: Druk fun Aleksander Ginz. 1883.
* Haskalah medumah: sipur me-ḥaye ʻamenu. Warsaw: Ha-almanah Levin-Epshtain u-vaneha. 1887.
* Kur ha-mivḥan. Warsaw: Druk fun Aleksander Ginz. 1887.
* Arum raʿah raʻah ve-nistar. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Aḥarit rasha. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Dam naki. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Matza isha matza tov. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Shevet sofer ha-shalem. Warsaw. 1893.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Ud mutzal me-esh. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Ḥalom emet. Warsaw: Defus ha-aḥim Shuldberg. 1893.
* Yilkut ha-reʻim. Warsaw: Defus Halter ve-Aizenshtadt. 1894.
* Sefer luḥot ha-peʻalim ha-ḥadash. Piotrków. 1902.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Beit sefer Ivri ha-ḥadash; o, ha-medaber bilshon amo. Warsaw: Defus ha-almanah veha-aḥim Romm. 1903.
* Elef ha-magen. Warsaw: Defus ha-almanah veha-aḥim Romm. 1904.
* Sefer luḥot ha-peʻalim ha-matkan. Grayeve: Defus Avraham Mordekhai Piyurko. 1905.
# Oh Jae-hyeok

Oh Jae-hyeok (Korean: 오재혁; born 21 June 2002) is a South Korean footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Seongnam FC on loan from Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.

## Early life

Oh Jae-hyeok was born in South Korea. He played for the youth side of Pohang Steelers before joining their first team in 2021.

## Career

Oh started his career with Pohang, before being loaned out to Bucheon FC 1995, before joining them permanently. He then joined Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in 2023.

## International career

Oh was called up to the South Korea under 17 side in 2019, and has played 5 times in total for the side. In 2022, he was called up to the South Korea under 23s side, making 4 appearances in total, scoring 1 goal.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 7 June 2023.
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Pohang Steelers | 2021 | K League 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bucheon FC 1995 (loan) | 2021 | K League 2 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Bucheon FC 1995 | 2022 | K League 2 | 33 | 2 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 35 | 2 |
| Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | 2023 | K League 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 54 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 2 |
# Inverasdale

Inverasdale (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Àsdail) is a hamlet in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, located by Loch Ewe, in the region of Wester Ross.

## Inverasdale Primary School

In 2012 Inverasdale Primary School was "mothballed" after service to the community of upwards of 130 years.
In 2015 it was announced that Inverasdale Primary School would close permanently due to a shortage of pupils.
The old school building is currently the temporary home of the Arctic Convoys exhibition.
More information about the history of Inverasdale can be accessed in the archives of Gairloch Heritage Museum.

## Notable Individuals

Kay Matheson was born in Inverasdale in 1928. In 1950 she was part of the Removal of the Stone of Scone from Westminster Abbey. The police visited Inverasdale while looking for the stone.
Aonghas “Bear” MacIver
Innes hammer