OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Political History of Islam

The Political History of Islam (Persian: تاریخ سیاسی اسلام) is a two-volume book by Rasul Jafarian. The first volume is entitled "The life conduct of the Prophet (of Islam)" in 692 pages and the second volume is entitled "History of the Caliphs" in 828 pages. The book has been translated into English, Arabic and Urdu.

## Introduction

The author Rasul Jafarian states in a part of the introduction of this collection:
   "The author admits that his judgments are not in accordance with reality in all cases; Because he is not necessarily an expert in all of these courses and is not familiar with the sources, especially the newly published research sources. However, as can be obtain text from the resources, an attempt has been made to consider the olden sources in each section."

## Structure

In the first volume of this two-volume book, which has been published with an analytical approach, called "The life conduct of the Prophet (of Islam)", examines the political history of Islam from life to the death of Mohammad Ibn Abdullah. But in the second volume called "History of the caliphs from the death of the messenger(s) to the decline of the umayyad", in addition to reviewing events, biography, and the origins of the first caliphs and the history of evolution of the two dynasties of the Umayyad and Abbasid, the life of Shiite Imams has also been discussed.

### The life conduct of the Prophet (of Islam)

This volume is written in 7 chapters that they are:
* Chapter One: Muslims historiography
* Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah period
** The political and social situation of Arabs of Arabian Peninsula
** Religion and religiosity of people during Jahiliyyah period
** Culture and science in Jahiliyyah period
* Chapter Three: The Beginning of Islam
* Chapter Four: Islam against the pressure of Quraysh
* Chapter Five: Islam in Medina (In this chapter, the analysis of the causes of rapid expansion of Islam in Medina has been discussed)
* Chapter Six: Wars of Prophet (of Islam) until the fifth year of his emigration (Battle of Badr, Battle of Uhud, Battle of the Trench, Banu Qurayza and war with tribes)
* Chapter Seven: To win over the Hejaz (In this chapter Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Battle of Khaybar, Conquest of Mecca and... to the death of Mohammad Ibn Abdullah has been discussed)

### History of the Caliphs

This volume is compiled in 12 main sections that they are:
* Section One: Abu Bakr's Caliphate
* Section Two: Omar's Caliphate
* Section Three: Uthman's Caliphate
* Section Four: Ali's Imamate
* Section Five: Hasan ibn Ali's Imamate
* Section Six: Mu'awiya's Kingdom
* Section Seven: Battle of Karbala and its Consequences
* Section Eight: Transfer of Caliphate from Sufyanids to Marwanids
* Section Nine: Imam Sajjad
* Section Ten: The government of the Marwanids
* Section Eleven: Shiites in the last decades of the Umayyad government
* Section Twelve: the Marwanids government facing the decline

## Critique and review

This two-volume book, in addition to the subject of several interviews and reports, has been criticized.
# Crymlyn Bog

Crymlyn Bog (Welsh: Cors Crymlyn) is a nature reserve and a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest of international significance, near Swansea, south Wales.
It is the largest area of lowland fen in Wales and lies immediately to the eastern side of Kilvey Hill just north of the industrial area of Crymlyn Burrows.
Plantlife found in the bog is more typical of that found in East Anglia. Habitats range from swamps, carr (fen), water meadows and tall reed beds to waterlogged scrub consisting mainly of willow, where wetter areas merge with woodland. There are a number of plants found in the wetland that are rare in Great Britain. Examples of these include the slender cotton grass and lesser water plantain. In 2003, surveys of Crymlyn Bog, Pant-y-Sais Fen and the inter-connecting wetlands identified the area as one of only three locations in the UK at which the fen raft spider is found. The extent of the population is unknown but the quality of habitat at the site is considered good enough for the population to be stable.
The reserve is a haven for birds. Predatory visitors like the hen harrier, buzzard, hobby and the occasional marsh harrier visit the site regularly. The site provides an important refuge for a range of wetland birds like the bittern, water rail, sedge and reed warblers, bearded tit and grey heron, which can often be seen or heard there.
There is a visitor centre in the bog, which is frequented by nature and bird watching enthusiasts.

## History

In previous inter-glacial periods the estuary of the River Clydach and River Neath once flowed through the valley now occupied by the wetland complex. Crymlyn Bog is an historic boundary between 'South' and 'West Wales', between the lordships of Glamorgan and Gower, and between the medieval and modern (i.e. until 1923) dioceses of St. David's and Llandaff.
Part of the land was previously owned by a BP oil refinery where oil from the refinery spilt out into the wetland changing its ecology. Crymlyn Bog was largely owned by the CEGB who used the fen to dump waste PFA and in this same area Swansea City Council used it as a landfill site. Small parts were owned by the Neath and Tennant Canal Company and some sections of the canal are still clear of emergent vegetation.
With the surrounding industrialisation, encroaching residential districts and a polluting landfill site beside it, it was uncertain that the bog would survive. Andrew Lees, who later became Campaigns Director of Friends of the Earth started a campaign with the Swansea branch of FoE to protect the bog. On an eastern limb of the bog is Pant-y-Sais fen, where there is a memorial to Mr Lees, which carries a quotation from him: "At some point I had to stand up and be counted. Who speaks for the butterflies?"
# Aq Manar District

Aq Manar District (Persian: بخش آق‌منار) is in Malekan County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Aq Manar, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 1,573 people in 514 households.

## History

After the 2016 census, Gavdul-e Sharqi Rural District was separated from the Central District in the formation of Aq Manar District.

## Demographics
### Administrative divisions

Aq Manar District :
* Administrative Divisions
* Gavdul-e Jonubi RD
* Gavdul-e Sharqi RD
* RD = Rural District
# Celebrate Recovery

Celebrate Recovery is an American Christian twelve-step program designed to facilitate recovery from a wide variety of troubling behavior patterns. The global headquarters is in Lake Forest, California, United States.

## History

The organization was founded in 1991 by John Baker, a former alcoholic staff member of Saddleback Church with the support of Pastor Rick Warren. John Baker served as the primary author of The Celebrate Recovery curriculum and materials. In 2004, the program was approved by the California Department of Corrections and entered prisons. In 2020, the organization was present in 10 countries around the world.

## Programs

Celebrate Recovery is a recovery program aimed at all "hurts, habits, and hang-ups", including but not exclusive to: high anxiety; co-dependency; compulsive behaviors; sex addiction; financial dysfunction; drug and alcohol addictions; and eating disorders. Celebrate Recovery is one of the seven largest addiction recovery support group programs. Promotional materials assert that over 5 million people have participated in a Celebrate Recovery step study in over 35,000 churches. Leaders seek to normalize substance abuse as similar to other personal problems common to all people.

## Methods

Celebrate Recovery uses both the 12 steps developed by Alcoholics Anonymous and a very similar set of eight sequential principles that are understood as a lesson of Jesus' Beatitudes. In addition to issue non-specific large group gatherings and individual mentoring, Celebrate Recovery encourages participants to form a small group of "accountability partners" who all have the same problem and support one another closely. Celebrate Recovery groups are held under the management of local church organizations. A study of Celebrate Recovery participants published in 2011 by the Journal of Religion and Health, found that levels of spirituality were associated with greater confidence to resist substance use. Celebrate Recovery has not been significantly studied, so there is no empirical evidence regarding the impacts or efficacy of the Celebrate Recovery program.

## Program fidelity constraints

The name Celebrate Recovery is a registered trademark of John Baker, and the national Celebrate Recovery organization requires that groups using this name hold closely to a standardized format. They may not use resources outside of the Bible and authorized Celebrate Recovery curriculum materials. Group facilitators must be trained and agree to a list of expectations, including standardized guidelines at each meeting.
# Evalyn Thomas

Evalyn Ann Thomas (1861 – March 27, 1950) was an American arts educator and theatre professional. She taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, from 1917 to 1938, during its transition from a normal school to a branch of the University of California system. She was known for her elaborate annual productions of Greek dramas on campus.

## Early life and education

Thomas was born in Buchanan County, Missouri, one of the thirteen children of Robert Martin Bean Thomas and Mary Anne Ewart Thomas. Her mother died in 1871. Thomas attended the University of Missouri, and earned a diploma from the Emerson School of Oratory in Boston in 1903. She received a Bachelor of Literary Interpretation degree from Emerson in 1920.

## Career

Thomas taught dramatic literature at Ellensburg Teachers College in Washington from 1904 to 1910. She toured in England from 1911 to 1912 giving dramatic readings. She moved to Los Angeles by the end of 1912, and continued giving recitals there. She was especially known for her costumed performances as Electra.
Thomas taught at the California State Normal School from 1917 to 1919. From 1919 to 1938, Thomas taught English and directed theatre programs at the University of California, Los Angeles, during its first years as a branch of the University of California. She produced an annual Greek drama with elaborate productions and large casts, including Antigone in 1917, Ajax of Sophocles in 1927, Hippolytus in 1928, and Oedipus Rex in 1938. In August 1924, she directed an "ambitious" production of Oedipus Rex in front of the Stanford Museum.

## Personal life and legacy

Thomas died in 1950, at her home in Westwood, in her late eighties. "Her amazing vitality, her salient force of character, her vigor of address, her lively and sometimes slightly grim humor, made her both a memorable colleague and a memorable teacher," according to a tribute essay published in 1957. UCLA has an Evalyn Thomas Memorial Scholarship Fund, named in her memory in 1946, to benefit incoming freshmen and transfer students.
# Gorenstein

Gorenstein is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Daniel Gorenstein (1923–1992), American mathematician, known for
** Alperin–Brauer–Gorenstein theorem
** Gorenstein–Harada theorem
** Gorenstein ring
** Gorenstein scheme
** Gorenstein–Walter theorem
* Eli Gorenstein (born 1952), Israeli actor, voice actor, singer and cellist
* Friedrich Gorenstein (1932–2002), Ukrainian author and screenwriter
* Hilda Goldblatt Gorenstein (1905–1998), artist and inspiration for the documentary I Remember Better When I Paint
* Mark Gorenstein (born 1946), Russian conductor
Horenstein may refer to:
* Irving Howe (born Horenstein; 1920–1993). Jewish American literary and social critic
* Jascha Horenstein (1898–1973), Ukrainian-born American conductor
# Eznaveleh

Eznaveleh or Eznavleh or Aznavleh or Aznavaleh or Aznauleh (Persian: ازناوله) may refer to:
* Eznaveleh, Hamadan
* Aznavleh, Isfahan
# Murjan

Murjan (Persian: مورجان or مورجن) may refer to:
* Murjan, Fars (مورجان - Mūrjān)
* Murjan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (مورجن - Mūrjan)
# Miroslav Šmíd

Miroslav Šmíd (1952, Police nad Metují, Czechoslovakia – 11 September 1993, Lost Arrow, Yosemite National Park, USA) was a Czech rock climber, solo climber, mountaineer, mountain cinematographer and photographer. He also organized climbing and cultural events. In 1981 he founded The International Festival of Mountaineering Films (Czech: Mezinárodní horolezecký filmový festival) in Teplice nad Metují. He also wrote several books.

## Life and climbing career

Šmíd started climbing in the Ostaš climbing area and continued in Adršpach-Teplice Rocks, where he climbed a number of famous first ascents. In the High Tatras, Slovakia, he completed 230 ascents (80 of which were in winter and 25 first ascents, including a solo ascent of the Poslední dostih route on Veľká Javorová veža in 1976). In Scotland he completed the first winter ascent of the Glover's Chimney route on Ben Nevis in 1981. He also completed several solo climbs in Caucasus. He tried to make his solo climbs a secret as they were not approved of by the Socialist Party officials who lead the country at that time. When the solo ascents were revealed, it was very difficult to settle the disagreement. Still, Šmíd received an honor for his sport activities despite the solo climbing controversy.
Miroslav Šmíd climbed in various mountain areas and made a number of important ascents: the Alps (first ascent in the north face of Eiger in winter in 1978), the Dolomites (north face of Cima Grande in 1975), Norway (Trollryggen in winter 1976), Caucasus (solo winter ascent of Donguz Orun 1983), Pamir Mountains (solo ascent of Peak Korzhenevskaya in 1977 and first ascent in 1979), Fann Mountains, Andes (first ascent of Yerupajá Sur, solo climb, 1980) Yosemite (solo ascent of Dihedral Wall on El Capitan 1978), Patagonia (Fitz Roy and Cerro Torre, 1990) and Alaska (Mount McKinley 1989, 1991 and 1993) He ascended Mount Kenya in Africa in 1986. He also participated in expeditions to the Himalayas (Lhotse Shar, Dhaulagiri 1984, Mount Everest 1987) He also undertook demanding solo ascents (e.g. Ama Dablam in 1986).
Šmíd was allured by everything adventurous, and he also became a pioneer of mountain paragliding in Czechoslovakia. His well-known descent from Bzeduch Mountain in the Caucasus mountain range resulted in a broken pelvis after landing on a moraine.
Šmíd died on 11 September 1993 while solo climbing on the Lost Arrow in Yosemite National Park. Apparently he fell just below the top while climbing unbelayed. All his equipment was found on the last ledge below the top. The body was found at the bottom of the gorge between the massifs and the spire by one of his friends. On the basis of a denture, the body was identified as Šmíd’s.
# Croatian Minute Movie Cup

Croatian Minute Movie Cup (Croatian: Hrvatski festival jednominutnih filmova) is the longest running international film festival in Croatia, held every year in Požega. The festival began in 1993.
Between 1993, when the festival began, and 2015, more than 5000 films from 79 countries were submitted.

## Sources

* "Hrvatski festival jednominutnih filmova". hfs.hr (in Croatian). Croatian Film Association. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
* "Hrvatski festival jednominutnih filmova u kinu "Velebit"". koprivnica.hr (in Croatian). City of Koprivnica. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
# Joseph C. Ritchie

Joseph C. Ritchie was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia for ten years, from July 1, 1976 to June 30, 1986. Ritchie was the first Republican mayor for the city; in fact, his election to City Council in 1970 was the first time a Republican had been chosen to serve as a Councilman.
Ritchie's decade as mayor saw significant growth in the city. Major improvements to the infrastructure of the city were carried out during his terms. Ritchie himself considered the lowering of tax rates, a cause with which he was particularly involved in, to be key to growth in the city during this time. In 2017 Ritchie signed a "sister city" agreement with the city of Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan.
After serving as mayor, Ritchie returned to his career as a contractor, as owner and CEO of the Ritchie-Curbow Construction Company. The company is responsible for building several sites of interest in the Hampton Roads area. Ritchie is also a managing member of Newport News Town Center, LLC, responsible for the managing of the city's new City Center at Oyster Point district. In addition, Ritchie is an "organizer-director" of Virginia Company Bank, a new bank expecting to start serving residents and businesses in August 2005.
| Preceded byHarry E. Atkinson | Mayor of Newport News 1976–1986 | Succeeded byJessie M. Rattley |
# Milkeh

Milkeh or Milekeh (Persian: ميلكه), also rendered as Milgeh or Millehgah or Milleh Gawana, may refer to:
* Milkeh-ye Baqer
* Milkeh-ye Buchan
* Milkeh-ye Shir Khan
# Dynamo Lebanon

Dynamo Lebanon (Arabic: دينامو لبنان) was a Lebanese basketball club located in Saifi Village, Beirut, Lebanon. It was disbanded in 2023.

## History

The club which was known as Tebnin SC, won the Lebanese Division 2 in 2005 and Lebanese Division 1 in 2006. Following their name change in 2020, their highest achievements were winning the 2020–21 Lebanese Cup, in addition to finishing the 2022–23 Lebanese Basketball League as regular season champions, before the losing the title in the finals. They also participated in the 2023 Arab Club Basketball Championship, where they qualified to the round of 16. Additionally, they reached the final of the 2023 Dubai International Basketball Championship. Later on, they withdrew from the 2023–24 season due to financial issues.

## Notable players

* Ali Mahmoud
* Bassel Bawji
* Ahmad Ibrahim
* Ghaleb Rida
* Elie Rustom
* Sean Armand
* Cleanthony Early
* Bakari Hendrix
* Scotty Hopson
* Zach Lofton
* Jo Lual-Acuil
* Lester Prosper
* Radhouane Slimane
* Ibrahima Thomas
# Leonid Vasiliev

Leonid Leonidovich Vasiliev (Russian: Леонид Леонидович Васильев; 1891–1966) was a Russian Soviet parapsychologist and physiologist.

## Career

Vasiliev worked as a professor of physiology at Leningrad University. He helped establish the first parapsychology laboratory at Leningrad.
Vasiliev conducted experiments with subjects into telepathy and reported successful results. After Vasiliev's main experiments were completed, his laboratory staff made an official statement declaring "We have not established whether telepathy exists. We want to find out. Then we can say yes or no." His research was discontinued. Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental Suggestion was translated into English in 1963 and was popular with Western parapsychologists.
Robin Waterfield stated that from the reports it was difficult to ascertain what controls there were in the experiments. The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel has criticized Vasiliev's experiments, stating that he "made little attempt to control the human factor in his experiments... insufficient information is given in Vasiliev's book about the precise conditions under which his experiments were carried out... The chief weakness lies in the lack of precautions against errors in recording and against the experimenter being affected by what he knows about the experiment."
Such criticism was echoed by the parapsychologist Stephen E. Braude, who stated that on the whole, "Vasiliev's experiments are not described in the kind of detail one would expect from a thoroughly scientific publication. Moreover, the long distance experiments are clearly preliminary in nature and invite various refinements in design, some of which were already planned when Vasiliev wrote his book. Nevertheless, his experiments are suggestive and deserve attempts at replication."

## Publications

* Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche (1959)
* Experiments in Mental Suggestion (1963)
* Experiments in Distant Influence (1976)
# Chhilka Roti

Chhilka roti or chilka roti is a traditional bread of Jharkhand, India. It is prepared using rice flour and chana dal. It is served with chutney, vegetables and meat.

## Preparation

Rice and chana dal are soaked in water overnight. They are ground in the morning, after filtering the water to make a batter, and salt is added for taste. Then a little oil is greased on the heated tawa and half a bowl of batter is dispersed on it. After the mixture turns light brown, it is turned and the other side is roasted. When the other side turns light brown with proper roasting, the bread is ready. It is generally served with chutney, vegetables and meat.
# Saint-Maden

Saint-Maden (French pronunciation:; Breton: Sant-Maden; Gallo: Saent-Maden) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Maden are called madennais in French.
# Sang Sarak

Sang Sarak (Persian: سنگ سرك) may refer to:
* Sang Sarak, Gilan
* Sang Sarak, Mazandaran
* Sang Sarak, Savadkuh, Mazandaran Province
# T. Parker Host Sr.

Thomas Parker Host Sr. (1892–1963) was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from September 3, 1940 to February 13, 1942. Prior to serving as mayor, he was the founder and owner of T. Parker Host, Inc., a maritime management company that served as an agent for liner services transporting goods through the ports of Hampton Roads. This company is now run by his son, T. Parker Host Jr., and grandsons Tom and David.
# R. Cowles Taylor

Robert Cowles Taylor (August 12, 1893 – December 20, 1955) was an American politician and dentist who served as the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from 1942 to 1955.

## Biography

Taylor was born in 1893, the son of Warren J. Taylor and Mary Isabel “Mamie” Eubank Taylor. Taylor worked for several years in the field of dentistry. In 1940, Taylor was elected to the Newport News City Council.

### Mayor (1941-1955)

Taylor served as mayor of the city during World War II, at a time when the city's ports were used to send American troops to Europe to fight in the war. As was seen during World War I, this activity put a tremendous strain on the city's infrastructure, and Taylor was instrumental in seeing that the city continued to function despite the effort. At one point, several tens of thousands of homes, rooms and hotels would come under rent control imposed by Taylor. Taylor also served on the committee that planned the city's Golden Anniversary year in 1946 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Newport News's incorporation as a city.

### Personal life and death

Taylor was married to Ellen Longan Taylor, and they had three children. He was a member of the Rotary Club and a Mason. Taylor died in office in 1955 at the age of 62, after an illness of several months.
# Pulju Wilderness Area

Pulju Wilderness Area (Finnish: Puljun erämaa) is a wilderness reserve in the municipalities of Enontekiö and Kittilä in Lapland, Finland. It is governed by Metsähallitus and covers 614 square kilometres (237 sq mi). It was established in 1991 like all the other wilderness areas in Lapland.
The Pulju area is especially known for its peculiar landscape forms from (probably) the latest ice age: worm-like winding Pulju moraines. They are situated about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north from the Pulju village.
# Seh Ran

Seh Ran (Persian: سه ران) may refer to:
* Seh Ran Bala, Iran
* Seh Ran Pain, Iran