OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Language observatory

A language observatory is something which is built or implemented to observe and measure language activities in society.

## The need for observatories

According to the UNESCO report "Atlas of the World Languages in Danger of Disappearing", between 6,000 and 7,000 languages are spoken throughout the world and, that many more have become extinct. Concerns regarding content online have been expressed. Another UNESCO document, "Recommendation concerning the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace" noted in its preamble that "linguistic diversity in the global information networks and universal access to information in cyberspace are at the core of contemporary debates and can be a determining factor in the development of a knowledge-based society", and recommended that UNESCO establish "a collaborative online observatory on existing policies, regulations, technical recommendations, and best practices relating to multilingualism and multilingual resources and applications, including innovations in language computerization." In 2018, was created the UNESCO Chair Language Policies for Multilingualism as a research network to generate knowledge on the different contexts of multilingualism so to help the development of UNESCO policies, such as the Promotion of Multilingualism in Cyberspace, and the development of the UNESCO Atlas of the World Languages.

## Language observatories in the world

Several language observatory activities and projects have already emerged in various parts of the world, such as Language Observatory, and UNESCO Observatory on the Information Society, which has a section focusing on Cultural Diversity and Multilingualism. One observatory which is dedicated to produce indicators of the presence of languages in the Internet, "The Observatory of linguistic and cultural diversity on the Internet " was active between 1998 and 2009 and regained activity in 2017, updating since then and yearly indicators for 329 languages and providing a data base access to those indicators .
# Kinamutay

Kinamutay /ˌkiːnəˈmuːtaɪ/ (Cebuano: kinamutay, lit. "effeminate hand fighting"; Tagalog: kinamotay; Baybayin: ᜊᜒᜈᜋᜓᜆᜌ᜔), commonly but incorrectly orientalized kino mutai, is a specialized subsection of some martial arts that emphasizes biting, pinching, eye-gouging, and other forms of "dirty" fighting techniques. Kinamutay involves extensive use of grappling and manipulation of nerve and pressure points, so as to allow the kinamutay practitioner to inflict pain and control the opponent while applying the techniques. Although in Cebu it is culturally associated with women's catfighting, the techniques used are effective against opponents of all sizes.
The root word of the term is Cebuano kinamut, "using the hands" (such as in eating food), from kamut, "hand" (and compare related Tagalog kamot, "to scratch"), with the feminizing suffix -ay. Formalization of kinamutay as a martial art is a Western tradition not founded in Filipino martial arts or culture, where the term has little difference in meaning from "catfight". It was popularized in the magazine Black Belt in the late 1980s, especially by martial artist Paul Vunak; it is also associated with Jeet Kune Do.
One key principle is uninterrupted biting: This means that the kinamutay practitioner places himself in such a position that he can continue to hold a bite as long as he wants, disabling his opponent from escaping his bite. The biting aspect of kinamutay concerns itself with what targets to bite, how much to bite at a time, and the angle and movement of the bite. Favored targets include sensitive and easily accessible areas such as the face, neck, ear, groin, nipple, and latissimus dorsi muscle. These targets are also chosen over others because of the difficulty countering a kinamutay practitioner biting them, ensuring an uninterrupted bite can take place. It can be used to inflict pain and can be used to cut arteries which can cause severe bleeding.
# Eduard Rottmanner

Eduard Rottmanner (2 September 1809 – 4 May 1843) was a German composer and organist.
Rottmanner was born in Munich and was the cousin of German poet, philosopher, and politician Karl Rottmanner, and the great-nephew of lawyer Simon Rottmanner. He studied the organ and music composition with Joseph Graetz and Caspar Ett. In 1828 he entered the University of Munich where he studied philosophy, logic, history, physics, and statistics. During that time he continued taking music lessons privately and held organist posts at various churches in Munich, including the Bürgersaalkirche, the Herzogspitalkirche, and St. Michael's Church, Munich. In 1839 he was appointed organist of the Speyer Cathedral, a post he held until his death four years later.
# Mohammad Reza Banna

Mohammad Reza Banna (Persian: محمدرضا بنّا, born 5 May 1971) is an Iranian former cyclist. He competed in two events at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Rana Javadi

Rana Javadi (b.1953; Persian: رعنا جوادی) is an Iranian photographer and museum founder.

## Early life and education

Self-taught Iranian photographer, Rana Javadi began working as the Director of Photo and Pictorial Studies at the Cultural Research Bureau in Tehran in 1989. From 1997 to 1999 she was a founding member of Askhaneh-Shahr, Iran's first museum of photography; she is also on the editorial board of the photography journal Aksnameh. During her career she has exhibited widely both in Iran and abroad. Her work includes the series "When You Were Dying", in which she takes old studio photographs from Iran and uses them as the basis for photocollages involving fabrics, flowers, and other items. She has also been active as a documentary photographer, chronicling the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War. Javadi is the widow of photographer Bahman Jalali.
One work by Javadi, an untitled 1978 photograph from the series "Days of Blood, Days of Fire", is currently in the collection of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution.
# Indiana Bible College

Indiana Bible College (IBC) is a Bible college endorsed by the United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI).

## Overview

Founded in 1981 by Rev. Dennis Croucher of Seymour, Indiana, United States, it relocated to Indianapolis in 1988 under Pastor Paul Mooney and Calvary Tabernacle of Indianapolis, Indiana.
The campus is at the former University Heights Hospital at 1502 East Sumner Avenue site, 1 km from University Heights.

## Academics

Indiana Bible College (IBC) focuses on preparing students for careers in professional ministry. The college offers Associate of Arts and Bachelor of Arts programs in Biblical Studies, Worship Studies, and Missiology with academic minors in religious education, missiology, social science, theology, communications and media, and worship studies, youth ministries, and urban ministries. IBC provides leadership across the United Pentecostal Church International, both in music and theology. It also offers on-site courses, night classes, a large External Studies program, and Spanish course offerings at the main campus.
While none of the degrees that are offered have been accredited by any higher accreditation agencies, IBC credits routinely transfer to institutions of higher learning, and several students have used IBC degrees to obtain accredited master's degrees and Doctorates from around the country in various fields. (e.g., Urshan Graduate School of Theology, the accredited seminary of the UPCI, accepts degrees from IBC because their accrediting agency considers IBC equivalent to an accredited institution.)

## Campus Life

The Worship Studies Department has several groups that travel extensively ministering throughout the US, including IBC PRAISE and IBC Chosen.
‘’Perspectives Magazine’’ is the official magazine of IBC. It has a readership of about 20,000 per issue, making it the largest circulated Apostolic Pentecostal periodical in the US.
The library has around 20,000 volumes and a broad range of scholarly and practical periodicals are also accessible to students. A rare book room contains many volumes for special areas of study and learning.

## Staff

President Joshua Carson is an international speaker has previously served as the General Youth President of United Pentecostal Church. As of June 2020 he is the Pastor of Calvary Tabernacle.
In June 2020, Rev. Jason Gallion became Executive Vice President.
Jim Sleeva (Dean of Urban Missions) has been a missionary, prison chaplain, youth counselor, and Bible College instructor for many years.
Other staff members include Lindel Anderson, Rev. Chris Henderson, Rev. Tim Massengale and Rev. Bobby Killmon.
# Plantation Reserve

Plantation Reserve Sugar is a product of the West Indies Sugar & Trading Company of Barbados and is a coarser, lighter raw cane sugar with a distinctive natural taste. The product itself is only made using sugarcane selected and harvested when sucrose content is at its peak. This occurs during a 2-week period of the 5 month harvest season and provides exceptionally pure juice for the mills. This juice purity allows the production of naturally larger crystals through a unique process that takes almost three times longer than that used for normal sugar.

## Background

Plantation Reserve has been developed with the government of Barbados in order to ensure the sustainability of the Barbados sugar industry. The company pays almost twice as much as any equivalent sugar product reflecting both the unique process required to produce Plantation Reserve and a need to ensure that farmers to make a reasonable margin. This is part of an effort to support the Barbados sugar industry, under threat from a decline in the subsidised price traditionally paid for sugar by the European Union. Sugar is important to Barbados not only from a foreign exchange and aesthetic perspective, helping to keep the island attractive for tourism, but also protects the island’s thin layer of topsoil and prevents flooding. The company also supports the sugar heritage of Barbados in conjunction with the Barbados National Trust and is based at the Morgan Lewis sugar mill, Barbados – the oldest surviving wind-powered mill in the world, which still grinds canes for Plantation Reserve.

## Markets

Plantation Reserve is primarily sold through the English speaking Caribbean, including Barbados, and the United Kingdom, although no UK supplier can be identified as of November 2017. As of February 2020 it is available at Home Bargains and B&M.

## Response

It has been used at the Ritz Hotel, London and Sandy Lane Hotel in Barbados as well as in The Cliff restaurant and at the Royal enclosure at Ascot races. Chefs use the natural flavour of Plantation Reserve in small quantities to enhance dishes such as crème brûlée and to add flavour to dressings, sauces and desserts. According to Sandy Lane’s executive pastry chef, Cameron Steele, "If you smelled and tasted Plantation Reserve blind against other golden sugars, you would definitely spot the difference. It has a buttery caramel taste and a more intense, deep flavour and aroma than any other sugar. It is very, very different."
Other than cooking, it is used on porridge and to enhance the taste of teas and coffees.
# Hallelujah New World

Hallelujah New World is a song written by Daniel Bellqvist, Frederik Zäll and Robert Birming, and recorded performed by Eskobar at Melodifestivalen 2008, participating in the third semifinal inside the Cloetta Center in Linköping on 23 February 2008, where the song ended up eight, and didn't made it further.
Escobar also released as a single in 2008, and it also appeared on their 2008 album Death in Athens. The single peaked at 55th position at the Swedish singles chart.

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 55 |
# Cairnwell Pass

The Cairnwell Pass (Scottish Gaelic: Càrn a' Bhailg) is a mountain pass on the A93 road between Glen Shee, Perthshire, and Braemar, Aberdeenshire, in the Scottish Highlands. The border between the two counties crosses the summit of the pass. With a summit altitude of 670 m (2,200 ft), the Cairnwell Pass is the highest main road in the United Kingdom, and at the summit is the Glenshee Ski Centre, Scotland's largest and oldest ski centre. Historically, the pass was a drover's route from the Lowlands to the Highlands. The road is often blocked by snow in the winter, with snow gates at Braemar, at the summit (south of the Ski Centre), and at the Spittal of Glenshee.
1 mi (1.6 km) south of the summit is the Devil's Elbow, a notorious double-hairpin bend. The often-quoted gradient of 33 per cent (1 in 3) is a myth: in reality it is no more than 1 in 6 (17%). The double bend can be seen clearly on Taylor & Skinner's map of 1776, with the 1749 military road already bypassed. The modern road bypasses the hairpin bends, but the old road still exists and its route can be walked, or carefully cycled.

## Climate

Cairnwell Pass has tundra climate (Köppen ET).
Climate data for Cairnwell Pass, Elevation: 933 m (3,061 ft), 1991–2020 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) | 0.3 (32.5) | 1.5 (34.7) | 4.3 (39.7) | 7.8 (46.0) | 10.5 (50.9) | 12.1 (53.8) | 11.3 (52.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | 5.4 (41.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | 5.6 (42.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) | −1.8 (28.8) | −0.7 (30.7) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.7 (40.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | 9.1 (48.4) | 8.7 (47.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 0.7 (33.3) | −1.1 (30.0) | 3.2 (37.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | −2.9 (26.8) | −1.2 (29.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.3 (39.7) | 6.1 (43.0) | 6.2 (43.2) | 4.3 (39.7) | 1.4 (34.5) | −1.2 (29.8) | −3.2 (26.2) | 0.7 (33.2) |
| Source: Met Office ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Cairnwell 56°52′44″N 3°25′12″W﻿ / ﻿56.879°N 3.42°W﻿ / 56.879; -3.42, elevation: 933 m (3,061 ft), 1981–2010 normals :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) | −0.2 (31.6) | 0.9 (33.6) | 3.3 (37.9) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.6 (49.3) | 11.6 (52.9) | 11.0 (51.8) | 8.6 (47.5) | 4.8 (40.6) | 2.3 (36.1) | 0.9 (33.6) | 5.0 (41.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) | −2.3 (27.9) | −1.2 (29.8) | 0.8 (33.4) | 4.2 (39.6) | 6.8 (44.2) | 8.9 (48.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 3.0 (37.4) | 0.5 (32.9) | −1.2 (29.8) | 2.7 (36.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) | −4.4 (24.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | 1.3 (34.3) | 3.9 (39.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 6.0 (42.8) | 3.9 (39.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | −1.4 (29.5) | −3.2 (26.2) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Source: Met Office ||||||||||||||
# Hans Bischoff (pianist)

Hans Bischoff (17 February 1852 in Berlin – 12 June 1889 in Niederschönhausen) was a German pianist most noted for his edition of Johann Sebastian Bach's keyboard works. He studied with Theodor Kullak in Berlin. He taught piano and theory at Kullak's Neue Akademie der Tonkunst. He also taught at the Stern Conservatory and was active as a concert pianist.
In addition to editing Bach's works, Bischoff edited and revised his late teacher's book on piano playing. The book went through multiple German editions and was also published in English translation in the United States.
# Corpach

Corpach (Scottish Gaelic: A' Chorpaich) is a large village north of Fort William, in the Scottish Highlands. The canal lock at Corpach Basin on Loch Linnhe, east of the narrows leading to Loch Eil, is the western sea entrance of the Caledonian Canal. It is a natural harbour, unlike Fort William.

## History

The name Corpach is reputedly based on the Gaelic for "field of corpses", so called because it was perhaps used as a resting place when taking coffins of chieftains on the way to burial on Iona.
The Battle of Corpach in about 1470 saw Clan Cameron rout Clan MacLean.
In World War I, the United States Navy had a base at Corpach as part of the laying of the North Sea Mine Barrage. Naval mines were shipped into Corpach from the United States, and were then sent to the Inverness base along the Caledonian Canal, which joins Loch Linnhe at Corpach.
During World War II, Corpach was the engineering base for HMS St Christopher which was a training base for Royal Navy Coastal Forces. Some of the buildings are still in use. There was a large camp at Annat, which became Annat Village after the War consisting of some 200 houses similar to Prefab houses but of stronger cement construction and flat-roofed (some of the cement remains can still be seen about the area) however it is now used as a caravan site.
# Howard Brown (pianist)

Howard Fuller Brown (24 July 1920 in Arkona, Ontario – 2001) was a Canadian pianist, harpsichordist, and music educator, and was active as a concert pianist and recitalist in Atlantic Canada during the mid-twentieth century, appearing as a soloist with many important Canadian symphony orchestras. He also performed on numerous broadcasts with CBC Radio.
A graduate of The Royal Conservatory of Music (Associate diploma, 1939), the University of Toronto (B.A., 1943; B.Mus., 946), and the University of Michigan (MA in music literature, 1954), Brown studied under such teachers as Harry Dean, Lubka Kolessa, Boris Roubakine, Leo Smith, Arnold Walter, and Healey Willan. He later studied in England in 1957 through a grant from the Royal Society of Canada with harpsichordist Valda Aveling and pianist Harold Craxton.
Brown served as the chair of the piano faculty at both Maritime Conservatory of Music (1949–1950) and Mount Allison University (1950–1953) before becoming the head of the music department at the latter university from 1953 to 1967. He was then head of the music department at Bishop's University from 1967 to 1983, and where he was made a professor emeritus upon his retirement in 1984.
# 3537 Jürgen

3537 Jürgen, provisional designation 1982 VT, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station, Arizona, on 15 November 1982. It was named after planetary scientist Jürgen Rahe.

## Orbit and classification

Jürgen is both a member of the Eunomia and Maria family of asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,520 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1982, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just 25 days prior to its discovery.

## Physical characteristics

Jürgen is a common S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a rare LS-type by Pan-STARRS' large-scale photometric survey.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 7.8 and 8.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.168 and 0.188, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes an albedo of 0.21 and hence calculates a larger diameter of 9.1 kilometers.

### Rotation period

A 2004-published photometric lightcurve analysis by Brazilian astronomer Alvaro Alvarez-Candal rendered a provisional rotation period of 14 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.3 in magnitude (U=1).

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Jürgen Rahe (1939–1997), German planetary scientist, astrophysicist, and Director for Solar System Exploration at NASA's Office of Space Science. He is best known for his cometary atlases and observations using the International Ultraviolet Explorer.
Jürgen Rahe was also a principal investigator of the International Halley Watch (IHW), director of both, the astronomy department at FAU and the Dr. Remeis Observatory, and affiliated with IAU's Physical Studies of Comets, Minor Planets and Meteorites commission for many years. His diplomatic skills in international projects were beneficial to both IHW and IAU. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 1988 (M.P.C. 12973).
# Saralanj, Aragatsotn

40°36′11″N 44°23′34″E﻿ / ﻿40.60306°N 44.39278°E﻿ / 40.60306; 44.39278
Saralanj (Armenian: Սարալանջ) is a village in the Aparan Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia.
# Vinod Kumar Sharma

Vinod Kumar Sharma (also known as Vinod Sharma) is an Indian professor who is the first professor of disaster management in India and got Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar in 2022. He is known for efforts for bringing disaster risk reduction in India.

## Career

He is the founder coordinator of National Center for Disaster Management. Currently he is serving as Senior Professor at Indian Institute of Public Administration. He also served as associate professor at University of Benghazi, University of Sulaymaniyah and Salahaddin University-Erbil, Consultant at University of Delaware and visiting professor at Kyoto University. He is resource person at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration.
# Mariemont Players

Founded in 1936, Mariemont Players is a community theatre company in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mariemont Players, Inc. (MPI) which were organized in 1960 stages 6 new performances including comedies, musicals, challenging mysteries and dramas a year.
# Parker Hall

Parker Hall may refer to:

## People

* Parker Hall (American football) (1916–2005)

## Buildings

* Parker Hall, a dormitory at Bates College, in Lewiston, Maine, named for Thomas Parker
* Parker Masonic Hall, Parker, South Dakota, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
# Bruce MacLean

Vice-Admiral M. Bruce MacLean CMM, CD is a retired officer of the Canadian Forces. He was Chief of the Maritime Staff from 2004 to 2006.

## Career

Educated at Dalhousie University, MacLean joined the Canadian Forces in 1970. He became Commanding Officer of the submarine HMCS Okanagan in 1982. He went on to be Director Maritime Force Development in the Directorate of Submarine Requirements in 1986, Commanding Officer of the supply ship HMCS Provider in 1992 and Chief of Staff to the Commander Maritime Forces Pacific in 1994. He was next appointed Director General Maritime Development in the National Defence Headquarters in 1995, Director General International Security Policy at National Defence Headquarters in 1998 and Commander of Maritime Forces Atlantic in 2000. His final posts were as Canadian Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee in August 2002 and Chief of the Maritime Staff in 2004 before retiring in 2006.

## Awards and decorations

MacLean's personal awards and decorations include the following:
| Description | Notes |
| Order of Military Merit (CMM) | Appointed Commander (CMM) on 3 October 2001 Appointed Officer (OMM) on 18 November 1992 |
| Special Service Medal | with NATO-OTAN Clasp |
| Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal | Decoration awarded in 2002 Canadian version |
| Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD) | with two Clasp for 32 years of service |
* He was a qualified Submariner and as such wore the Canadian Forces Submariner Dolphins
# Hong Seung-hyun

Hong Seung-hyun (Korean: 홍승현; born 28 December 1996) is a South Korean footballer who plays as defenderfor Gimhae FC in K3 League.

## Career

Hong joined K League 2 side Daegu FC before 2016 season starts.
# Stogov

Stogov (Russian: Стогов, from "стог" meaning "haystack") is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Stogova. It may refer to
* Oleg Stogov (born 1965), Russian football coach and former player
* Vladimir Stogov (1930–2005), Russian weightlifter