OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernst Robert Curtius

Ernst Robert Curtius (/ˈkʊərtsiʊs/; 14 April 1886 – 19 April 1956) was a German literary scholar, philologist, and Romance languages literary critic, best known for his 1948 study Europäische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter, translated in English as European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages.

## Biography

Curtius was Alsatian, born in Thann, into a north German family; Ernst Curtius, his grandfather, and Georg Curtius, his great-uncle, were both notable scholars. His family moved to Strasbourg after his father Friedrich Curtius was appointed president of the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine, and Curtius received his Abitur from the Strasbourg Protestant gymnasium. He studied at Strasbourg under Gustav Gröber. He traveled in Europe afterward, and was fluent in French and English. Albert Schweitzer, who boarded with the family between 1906 and 1912, is credited with introducing Curtius to modern French literature; of great influence also was the Romance philologist Gustav Gröber. He studied philology and philosophy in Strasbourg (doctorate, 1910), Berlin, and Heidelberg; he wrote his Habilitationsschrift for Gröber in Bonn, 1913, and began teaching there in 1914. World War I interrupted his scholarly work: Curtius served in France and Poland and was wounded in 1915; his injuries were severe enough for him to be discharged in 1916; he returned to Bonn to resume teaching. At Heidelberg, in 1924, he was appointed to the University’s chair of Romance Philology.

## Work

Much of Curtius's work was done while the Nazis were in power, and his interest in humanist studies is usually seen as a response to the totalitarianism of his times. Curtius saw European literature as part of a continuous tradition that began with the Greek and Latin authors and continued throughout the Middle Ages; he did not acknowledge a break between those traditions, a division that would separate historical periods from each other and support a set of national literatures without connections to each other. Greatly interested in French literature, early in his career he promoted the study of that literature in a period in Germany when it was considered the enemy's literature, a "humanist and heroic" stance that earned him the criticism of the nationalist intelligentsia in Germany.
He is best known for his 1948 work Europäische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter. It is a study of Medieval Latin literature and its effect on subsequent writing in modern European languages. Curtius argues that, first, the standard "Classic-Medieval-Renaissance-Modern" division of literature was counterproductive given the continuity between those literatures; and second, that, in the words of L.R. Lind, "much of Renaissance and later European literature cannot be fully understood without a knowledge of that literature's relation to Medieval Latin rhetoric in the use of commonplaces, metaphors, turns of phrase, or, to employ the term Curtius prefers, topoi". The book was largely responsible for introducing the concept of the "literary topos" into scholarly and critical discussion of literary commonplaces.
# Wolfgang Lange (philologist)

Wolfgang Friedrich-Karl Lange (29 June 1915 – 29 July 1984) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.

## Biography

Wolfgang Lange was born in Kiel, Germany on 29 June 1915. After gaining his abitur in Wilhelmshaven in 1934, Lange did labor service in the Wehrmacht. Since 1935, Lange studied German, history, philosophy, anthropology, music and art at the University of Kiel. At Kiel, Lange came under the influence of Otto Höfler, who inspired himself to specialize in Germanic studies, particularly Old Norse studies. In 1939, Lange accompanied Höfler to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he gained his Ph.D. under the supervision Höfler with a thesis on dragons in early Germanic literature.
Lange served as an officer in the Wehrmacht throughout World War II. He was imprisoned at the end of the war, and was a slave laborer in a Polish mine until 1949. Lange's enslavement interrupted his academic career and left him in permanently poor health.
Upon the recommendation of Wolfgang Krause, Lange was in 1950 made an assistant of Ulrich Pretzel [de] at the University of Hamburg. At Hamburg, Lange came under the influence of Hans Kuhn, who had a strong influence on him. Upon the recommendation of Krause and Eduard Neumann, Lange habilitated at Kiel in 1955 with a thesis on Christian Skaldic poetry. The thesis was printed in 1956, and became a standard work on the subject.
Lange joined the faculty of the University of Göttingen in 1956, where he in 1963 was appointed a professor. After the retirement of Krause in 1964, Lange was appointed Director of the Scandinavian Seminar at the University of Göttingen.
Lange became known as one of Germany's foremost authorities in the study of Germanic Antiquity. His strongest expertise was in early Germanic literature, especially Old Norse literature. In the 1960s he worked with Herbert Jankuhn and Hans Fromm [de] on the third edition of Rudolf Much's commentary on Germania. Lange's assistant Klaus Düwel was also involved in this work. Lange was also interested in modern Scandinavian literature, such as the works of Knut Hamsun.
The health issues rising from Lange's years a slave laborer worsened as he became older, and Lange retired prematurely from Göttingen in 1977. He continued to be continued to his field of study, both as a writer and researcher, and as the editor of the journal Skandinavistik. Lange died in Göttingen on 29 July 1984.

## Sources

* Klaus Düwel: Wolfgang Lange. In: Christoph König (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Birgit Wägenbaur u. a.: Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800–1950. Band 2: H–Q. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-015485-4, S. 1053–1054 (kostenpflichtig bei de Gruyter Online).
* Fritz Paul: Wolfgang Lange (1915–1984) in memoriam. In: Skandinavistik 15, 2 (1985), S. 157–160.
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# Christopher R. Fee

Christopher R. Fee is an American philologist and medievalist. He is a professor of English at Gettysburg College.

## Biography

An alumnus of Saint Edward High School, the English Departments of Loyola University Chicago and Baldwin-Wallace College, and the Medieval Studies Program of the University of Connecticut, Christopher R. Fee received his Ph.D. in English Language at the University of Glasgow, where he taught Old English, Old Norse, historical linguistics and other topics. Fee has since served as Professor of English and Chair of the English Department at Gettysburg College.
From 2008 to 2011, he was Johnson Distinguished Teaching Professor in the Humanities at Gettysburg College. In 2012, Fee was named one of the 300 Best Professors in America by the Princeton Review. In 2012, 2015, and 2016, Fee was a visiting faculty member in Copenhagen at the Danish Institute for Study Abroad. He has written numerous works on the subjects of Anglo-Saxon paganism and Old English literature, and is known as an authority on dragons.
He is also editor of the Encyclopedia of Conspiracies & Conspiracy Theories in American History and the Encyclopedia of American Myth, Legend, and Folklore.
# Straža, Lipkovo

Straža (Macedonian: Стража, Albanian: Strazhë) is an abandoned village in the municipality of Lipkovo, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

The 1971 Yugoslav census was the last to record any people as residing in the village which contained 89 inhabitants, all Albanians. According to the 2002 census, the village had 0 inhabitants.
# Appointment with Happiness

Appointment with Happiness (Egyptian Arabic: موعد مع السعادة, translit. Maw`ed Ma` al-Sa`adah) is a 1954 Egyptian romance/drama film directed by Ezz El-Dine Zulficar. It starred Imad Hamdi and Faten Hamama. This film received an award from the Egyptian Catholic Centre. The film portrays the life of a woman who is raped and struggles to raise her daughter.

## Plot

In the Buheirat rural area, lives Ehsan (Faten Hamama) with her father (Abdel Waress Assar) who tends and takes care of a rich family's house. In his breaks, her father usually goes hunting with his friends. In the house, Ehsan, who is usually left alone with the rich man's son, Mamdouh (Imad Hamdi), falls in love with him, but he doesn't share her love. This man notices her beauty and he eventually falls in love with her, only secretly.
One day, he arrives home drunk. He assaults and rapes her. Weeks later, she discovers that she became pregnant, but decides not to reveal that to her father. Instead, she travels to Cairo, changes her name to Amal, and months later, she gives birth to a daughter (Nadia Zulficar). Years later, Ehsan (Amal) graduates as a nurse, and Mamdouh, who had traveled to Europe to complete his studies, graduates as a doctor.
He returns to Cairo to work in a hospital, where luck and coincidence brings him and her together, except he does not recognize her. A love relationship starts between the two. Ehsan's father learns of her location and travels to see his missing daughter. Meanwhile, Ehsan reveals the truth to Mamdouh, and both agree to marry each other. The father arrives to find his daughter has married a man and started a family.

## Cast

* Faten Hamama as Ehsan/Amal (when she moved to the city)
* Imad Hamdi as Mamdouh, a doctor
* Hussein Riad as
* Abdel Waress Assar as the father
* Nadia Zulfacar as Ehsan's daughter
# Provincial Teacher Training College

The Provincial Teacher Training College (Khmer: សាលាគរុកោសល្យ និងវិក្រឹតការខេត្ត), located in Siem Reap, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia, is a two-year college for students, who enter after they have completed either 9 or 12 years of school education. Graduates of the college teach in primary schools in Cambodia.

## History

The college opened on March 27, 1980, a little over one year after the end of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge regime. After several relocations, it is now at a site previously used as Soryavaraman II Secondary High School between Siem Reap and Angkor Wat.

## Curriculum

The curriculum includes general knowledge, educational professional skills and ICT. Teaching practice involves students being placed in one of several primary schools in and around Siem Reap. First year students have 6 weeks of practice, second year students 8 weeks.

## NGO Involvement

The school received assistance between 2004 and 2008 from Belgian group VVOB for "strengthening the methodology of primary school teachers"; they remain involved in 2013.
# Ronald Carter (linguist)

Ronald Allan Carter MBE FRSA AcSS (4 May 1947 – 12 September 2018) was a British linguist.
A native of Leeds, Carter studied English, Russian, and German, as well as comparative literature, at University of Birmingham. He began teaching at the University of Nottingham after completing a doctorate in 1979. Carter was a founding member of the Poetics and Linguistics Association, and later led the group as chairman. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1995, and granted an equivalent honor by the Academy of Social Sciences in 2002. In 2009, Carter was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
Carter died on 12 September 2018 at the age of 71.
# John Nevin Schaeffer

John Nevin Schaeffer (July 23, 1882 – June 10, 1942) was an American classicist from Danville, Pennsylvania, who spent his career teaching at Franklin & Marshall College, from which he also received his bachelor's degree in 1903. He later received a second degree from Oriel College at the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. With Henry Lamar Crosby, whom he met while teaching summer courses at the University of Pennsylvania, he wrote Introduction to Greek, a popular textbook on ancient Greek which remained in print for 20 years.
Schaeffer was a member of the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, school board. He married Ruth Frantz and they had five children.
His son, Philip B. Schaeffer, was city editor at The Philadelphia Inquirer.
# Alexander Welsh

Alexander Welsh (April 29, 1933 – April 11, 2018) was an American philologist, the author of books including Freud's Wishful Dream Book (1994).
Born on April 29, 1933, Welsh served in the United States Army. He earned a doctorate from Harvard University, then taught at Yale University between 1960 and 1967. Welsh subsequently joined the University of Pittsburgh faculty and later the University of California Los Angeles, before returning to Yale in 1991, where he was named the Emily Sanford Professor of English. Welsh was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1969, and served as editor of Nineteenth-Century Literature between 1975 and 1981. He died on April 11, 2018, aged 84, survived by his partner, Ruth Yeazell, who also taught at Yale, and three children.
# Masoud Hedayatifard

Masoud Hedayatifard (Persian: مسعود هدایتی‌فرد), born in Babol, (Mazandaran, Northern province), Iran, is a specialist in fishery science and industries. Since 1997, he is a faculty member of the Islamic Azad University. Hedayatifard has published more than 215 scientific articles on aquatic areas in English and Persian and some of them have been re-indexed in ISI journals, ScienceAlert, ISC journals, academic journals, and SID Journals.
# Fathabad, Boshruyeh

Fathabad (Persian: فتح اباد) is a village in Eresk Rural District of Eresk District, Boshruyeh County, South Khorasan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 378 in 104 households, when it was in the former Boshruyeh District of Ferdows County. The following census in 2011 counted 344 people in 104 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Boshruyeh County. The rural district was transferred to the new Eresk District. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 317 people in 105 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Jack Hibberd (politician)

John (Jack) Hibberd (1931 – May 15, 1997) was a Canadian politician and medical doctor, who represented the electoral district of Whitehorse South Centre in the Yukon Territorial Council and the Legislative Assembly of Yukon from 1974 to 1981.
Born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, he was educated as a surgeon, and later moved to Yukon to accept a position at Whitehorse General Hospital.
First elected to the territorial council in 1974, during his term he served on the executive committee as minister of consumer and corporate affairs and natural resources.
When territorial political parties were created for the 1978 election he joined the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party. He was reelected to the new legislative assembly in 1978.
Hibberd resigned his seat in the legislature on April 15, 1981, after accepting a position as a surgical consultant with a hospital in British Columbia. He was succeeded in a by-election by Roger Kimmerly of the Yukon New Democratic Party, resulting in the NDP overtaking the Yukon Liberal Party in seats and supplanting them as the Official Opposition.
He died on May 15, 1997, in Penticton, British Columbia.
# Slowness (seismology)

Slowness (s) is a quantity introduced in Seismology which is the reciprocal of velocity. Thus travel time of a wave is the distance that the wave travels times the slowness of the medium ( in seismology, it refers to different layers of Earth exhibiting different densities) Thus,
Slowness = 1/Velocity
If we divide the path followed by the ray into N segments numbered i = 1, 2 .. N the total travel time of the wave is
$\Gamma =\sum _{i=1}^{N}s_{i}\Delta x_{i}$
Therefore, the residual travel time is due to departures in slowness experienced by the wave along the raypath.

## Sonic well logs

Measurements of interval transit time, designated ${\Delta }t$, made during wireline logging are used to determine sonic velocities of the wallrock in boreholes. The tool used has sources and receivers that are in contact with the wellbore and it measures the delay between the source being triggered and the signal being received. The measurements are normally in the units of microseconds per foot and are recorded on the well log.
# Artemisia santonicum

Artemisia santonicum (saline wormwood) is a species of wormwood native to eastern Europe and western Asia, from Austria east through the Balkans, Ukraine and southern Russia to Kazakhstan, and also through Turkey to Iran.
There are two subspecies, which overlap in parts of southeast Europe:
* Artemisia santonicum subsp. santonicum – in the eastern and central parts of the range
* Artemisia santonicum subsp. patens (Neilr.) K.Perss. – in the western part of the range

## Description and similar species

Saline wormwood is a herbaceous perennial plant or subshrub growing to 20–60 cm tall. It has strongly aromatic foliage, usually greyish-green to whitish-green, but can become glabrous green with wear. The leaves are deeply twice to thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments 0.7–1 mm broad, and are covered on both sides with a dense coat of white hairs. The small, oblong flower heads are 1–2 mm diameter, are of a yellowish or brownish tint; they are produced in September to October, and are arranged in racemes, sometimes drooping, sometimes erect.
It has often been erroneously reported as the closely related north European Artemisia maritima.

## Habitat

It occurs on saline soils, being found on the drier parts of saltmarshes, brackish ditches, saltpans, sea cliffs, and coastal shingle.
* Foliage. Dried-out small salt lake near Neusiedl am See, Burgenland, Austria.
* Flowers; erect form. Same site as left.
* Flowers; drooping form. Same site as left.
# Justice Powers (American football)

Justice Powers (born April 7, 1996) is an American professional football offensive tackle. He played college football at UAB. He has been a member of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL), the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL).

## College career

After graduating high school, he attended Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas. He appeared in 12 games where he helped his team win the 2016 SWJCFC Championship. He was also named 2016 JUCO Super Sophomore Selectee by Sporting News College Football Preview Magazine. The following year he played for UAB and played 27 games. In 2018 he was a UAB representative along with Spencer Brown on First-team All-Conference USA.

## Professional career
### Los Angeles Rams

After going undrafted in 2019 he was signed by the Los Angeles Rams on April 30, 2019. On May 21, 2019, he was waived.

### Hamilton Tiger-Cats

On December 23, 2019, he was signed to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. On July 29, 2021, he was released.

### Birmingham Stallions

Powers was selected in the 7th round of the 2022 USFL draft by the Birmingham Stallions. He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 30, 2022. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 10.

### Ottawa Redblacks

Powers signed with the Ottawa Redblacks of the CFL on May 11, 2022. However, he was released after the first 2022 pre-season game on May 29, 2022. The Redblacks signed Powers to the practice roster on September 20, 2022, approximately two-thirds of the way through the 2022 regular season. On June 3, 2023, Powers was released by the Redblacks.
# Finnish Trade Union Federation (1960)

The Finnish Trade Union Federation (Finnish: Suomen Ammattijärjestö, SAJ) was a national trade union centre in Finland.
The federation was established in 1960, as a split from the Finnish Federation of Trade Unions (SAK), by unions which supported the Social Democratic Party of Finland. By 1968, the federation had 17 affiliates, but a total of only 95,166 members. In 1969, it merged with the SAK, to form the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions.

## Affiliates

The following unions held membership of the federation for some period:
| Union | Abbreviation | Founded | Affiliated | Reason left | Left | Membership (1965) |
| Air Transport Workers' Union | | 1962 | 1962 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 726 |
| Federation of Railway Trade Unions | | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 6,255 |
| Finnish Electrical Workers' Union | SS | 1955 | 1963 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 9,494 |
| Finnish Mining Union | | 1966 | 1966 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | N/A |
| Finnish Printers' and Bookbinders' Union | VA | 1894 | 1960 | Resigned | 1967 | 13,131 |
| Finnish Road Transport Union | SAL | 1948 | | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 7,850 |
| Finnish Seamen's Union | SMU | 1930 | | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 10,050 |
| Finnish Social Democratic Journalists' Union | SSSL | 1907 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 150 |
| Finnish Union of Paper Machine Operators | | 1956 | | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 220 |
| Finnish Union of Precious Metal Workers | | 1906 | | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 892 |
| Finnish Wood Industry Workers' Union | SPL | 1931 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 15,585 |
| General and Speciality Workers' Union | YEA | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 10,982 |
| Leather and Rubber Trade Union | KINL | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 3,715 |
| Road Workers' Union | | 1963 | 1963 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 1,412 |
| Steel, Mining and Machine Shop Workers' Union | | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 6,891 |
| Textile and Knitting Workers' Union | KNL | 1952 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 7,538 |
| Union of Clothing Workers | SVL | 1938 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 3,872 |
| Union of Organising Officers | | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 81 |
| Workshop Workers' Union | | 1960 | 1960 | Transferred to SAK | 1969 | 3,946 |
# Valeri Kleymyonov (footballer, born 1975)

Valeri Vladimirovich Kleymyonov (Russian: Валерий Владимирович Клеймёнов; born 18 December 1975) is a former Russian football player.
# Mian-Seh-Chal

Mian-Seh-Chal (Persian: میان سه چال meaning in the middle of three holes) is a mountain in the Takht-e Suleyman Massif, Alborz mountain range, north of Iran.
With an elevation of 4,348 metres (14,265 ft), it is located in the middle of North Eastern glacier of the massif, just as its name suggests.
# Stockholm Ladies Curling Cup

The Stockholm Ladies Cup, or the Stockholm Ladies Curling Cup is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, that takes place at the Danderyd Curling Arena in Stockholm, Sweden. The tournament is held in a round robin with straight playoff format. This change was made in 2014 from a triple-knockout format. The tournament was started in 2005 and became a Curling Champions Tour event, now part of the World Curling Tour.

## Past champions

Only skip's name is displayed.
| Year | Winning team | Runner up team | Purse (SEK) |
| 2005 | Rhona Martin | Dordi Nordby | |
| 2006 | Rhona Martin | Anette Norberg | |
| 2007 | Anette Norberg | Anna Hasselborg | |
| 2008 | Stina Viktorsson | Binia Feltscher-Beeli | 50,500 |
| 2009 | Karin Rudström | Anna Sidorova | |
| 2010 | Mirjam Ott | Anna Hasselborg | 75,750 |
| 2011 | Liudmila Privivkova | Anna Hasselborg | 75,750 |
| 2012 | Anette Norberg | Anna Hasselborg | 120,000 |
| 2013 | Silvana Tirinzoni | Michèle Jäggi | 200,000 |
| 2014 | Margaretha Sigfridsson | Rachel Homan | 250,000 |
| 2015 | Rachel Homan | Eve Muirhead | 270,000 |
| 2016 | Anna Hasselborg | Hannah Fleming | 270,000 |
| 2017 | Alina Pätz | Kim Eun-jung | 331,000 |
| 2018 | Anna Hasselborg | Anna Sidorova | 331,000 |