OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dynabeads

Dynabeads are superparamagnetic spherical polymer particles with a uniform size and a consistent, defined surface for the adsorption or coupling of various bioreactive molecules or cells.

## Development and description

Dynabeads were developed after John Ugelstad managed to create uniform polystyrene spherical beads (defined as microbeads) of exactly the same size, at the University of Trondheim, Norway in 1976, something otherwise only achieved by NASA in the weightless conditions of SkyLab. Dynabeads are typically 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter. This is in contrast to Magnetic-activated cell sorting beads, which are approximately 50 nm.
The technology behind the beads, called Dynabeads, was licensed to Dynal in 1980.
Following a series of mergers and acquisitions, Dynal and Dynabeads are currently owned and produced by Invitrogen, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific.

## Applications

This discovery of Dynabeads revolutionised the liquid-phase kinetic separation of many biological materials. Since being licensed to Dynal in 1980, this magnetic separation technology has been since used for the isolation and manipulation of biological material, including cells, nucleic acids, proteins and pathogenic microorganisms. The uniformity in size, shape, and surface area allow for reproducibility and help to minimize chemical agglutination.
Dynabeads are frequently used for cell isolation. Cell-types often of interest to purify may be specific leukocytes, such as CD4+ T cells, stem cells, or circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Dynabeads may be covalently linked to an antibody that recognizes a specific protein on the surface of the target cell-type. Alternatively, Dynabeads may attach to the cell indirectly, either via streptavidin on the Dynabead linking to a biotinylated primary antibody, or a secondary antibody on the Dynabead linking to the primary antibody. Streptavidin linkage to the primary antibody allows Dynabeads to capture cells with lower expression of the surface protein.
# Jan Mertzig

Jan Mertzig (born July 18, 1970) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who played 23 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the New York Rangers. He was awarded Swedish Elite League Rookie of the Year Award for his achievements during the 1995–1996 season.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1989–90 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990–91 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 16 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1991–92 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 28 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 1992–93 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 35 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| 1993–94 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 35 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 26 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 1994–95 | Huddinge IK | Swe-2 | 34 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1995–96 | Luleå HF | SEL | 38 | 8 | 9 | 17 | 14 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 |
| 1996–97 | Luleå HF | SEL | 47 | 15 | 10 | 25 | 30 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 1997–98 | Luleå HF | SEL | 45 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 22 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 1998–99 | New York Rangers | NHL | 23 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1998–99 | Hartford Wolf Pack | AHL | 35 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1998–99 | Utah Grizzlies | IHL | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1999–2000 | Klagenfurter AC | IEHL | 34 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1999–2000 | Klagenfurter AC | AUT | 16 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | Klagenfurter AC | AUT | 46 | 11 | 31 | 42 | 54 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | Klagenfurter AC | AUT | 42 | 6 | 31 | 37 | 65 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2002–03 | Linköping HC | SEL | 28 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Swe-2 totals | Swe-2 totals | Swe-2 totals | 159 | 24 | 33 | 57 | 82 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 18 |
| SEL totals | SEL totals | SEL totals | 158 | 30 | 33 | 63 | 100 | 25 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| AUT totals | AUT totals | AUT totals | 104 | 25 | 67 | 92 | 133 | — | — | — | — | — |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1998 | Sweden | WC | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Vladimir Shalimov

Vladimir Yegorovich Shalimov (Russian: Владимир Егорович Шалимов; 8 August 1908 – 23 July 1942) was a Soviet pilot who was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for executing a "fire taran" attack when he intentionally flew his plane into enemy positions on the ground after his aircraft was bombarded by anti-aircraft fire.

## Early life

Shalimov was born on 8 August 1908 to a Ukrainian peasant family in the village of Bolshiye within the Russian Empire. After graduating from school he worked at a tram depot in Kharkiv before joining the Red Army in 1929.

## Military career

Shalimov enlisted in the Red Army in 1929 and entered studies at the Odessa Military Aviation School where he graduated in 1933 after becoming a member of the Communist Party in 1932. In 1938 he was deployed to China to fight in the Second Sino-Japanese War but returned to the Soviet Union in 1939 after the start of the Winter War in which he fought in. He was one of the first people to become an experienced pilot on the Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft.
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 Shalimov was deployed to the Western Front in June where he fought until her was sent to the Leningrad Front as a squadron commander in the 174th Assault Aviation Regiment. The unit was renamed the 15th Guards Ground Attack Aviation Regiment for showing heroism in the battle of Leningrad in early March. After the death of the regimental commander in spring Shalimov was promoted to the rank of Major and put in command of the regiment.
During a combat mission on 23 July 1942 Shalimov's plane took a direct hit from an anti-aircraft missile; as his aircraft was plummeting to the ground he chose to ram it into an enemy target on the ground in what the Soviets referred to as a "fire taran" attack. He was killed immediately from the explosion of the ramming attack. Residents of German-occupied Leningrad quietly buried his disfigured body in a field near a house. His body was reburied in 1965 with full military honors in Krasnenkoye Cemetery.
He had executed 52 combat sorties in the German Soviet war in which he destroyed twenty parked enemy aircraft, fifteen tanks, 55 cargo wagons, 76 ground vehicles, and over 100 mortar launch points in addition to shooting down one enemy plane in aerial combat. For bravery shown on combat missions and heroism in his final act of battle he was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin by decree of the Supreme Soviet on 10 February 1943. During his service he was awarded the Order of the Red Star in 1941 and Orders of the Red Banner in 1940 and 1942.
# Socialists of Catalonia

Socialists of Catalonia (Catalan: Socialistes de Catalunya, PSC–PSOE) was an electoral alliance formed to contest the 1977 Spanish Congress of Deputies election in Catalonia, comprising both the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress (PSC–C) and the Catalan Socialist Federation (PSOE). It was dissolved in 1978 when its two components merged with the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping (PSC–R) into the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC).
For the Senate of Spain, the alliance supported the aligned Agreement of the Catalans coalition, which was participated by both the PSC–C and the PSOE.

## History

The alliance was conceived within the Catalan parties' efforts at reorganizing the centre-left electoral space ahead of the 1977 Spanish general election. The Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress (PSC–C) under Joan Reventós aimed for establishing a "Candidacy of Socialist Unity" (Catalan: Candidatura d'Unitat Socialista) with other similarly aligned parties, including the Catalan Federation of the PSOE, the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping (PSC–R), the Catalan branch of the People's Socialist Party (PSP) and the Carlist Party of Catalonia (PCC), starting in February 1977 and aimed at the "instauration and consolidation of democracy, which, with respect to Catalonia, implies the reestablishment of the Generalitat". Contacts took place amid advancements from the PSC–R's "Left Front" of attracting the PSC–C into their alliance, a decision rejected by the latter on the grounds that its political project and that of the Front "absolutely diverged, in terms of motivations and goals".
Speculation arose in mid-March that negotiations between both the PSOE and the PSC–C were well underway, and on 29 March it was revealed that an agreement had been signed the previous day, under which both parties would advance towards their eventual merging into a single party. It also provided for the eventual incorporation of the PSC–R ahead of a future unification of the entire Catalan socialist space, but because of the agreement's permanent nature, several parties—such as the PSP, the PCC and other minor socialist groups—had been excluded from negotiations, at which these voiced their dissatisfaction by denouncing the "PSOE's hegemonic aspirations". Negotiations for the electoral lists' composition ensued throughout April, and on 4 May it was revealed that the alliance would run under the "Socialists of Catalonia" umbrella, which would score a decisive win in the election by finishing way ahead of the communist Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) and the rival Democratic Pact for Catalonia (PDC).

## Composition

Party :
* Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress (PSC–C)
* Catalan Socialist Federation (PSOE)

## Electoral performance
### Congress of Deputies

Congress of Deputies :
| Election | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia |
| Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– |
| 1977 | 870,362 | 28.56% | 1st | 15 / 47 | — |
# Lingenfeld

Lingenfeld (Palatine German: Lingefeld) is a municipality in the district of Germersheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated approximately 5 km north-west of Germersheim, and 10 km south-west of Speyer.
Lingenfeld has about 5,800 citizens (2020) and is continuously growing because of its good connections to nearby cities such as Speyer, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Karlsruhe via the S-Bahn ("suburban railway").
Lingenfeld is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Lingenfeld.

## Geography

Lingenfeld is located in the Upper Rhine valley in the south of the German wine-growing region Palatinate ("Pfalz") in Rhineland-Palatinate. Close by are the river Rhine in the East of the village and the German Wine Route to the West. Neighbouring places are Römerberg (Pfalz) to the north, Schwegenheim and Westheim (Pfalz) to the west, Germersheim to the south and the frontier to Baden-Württemberg realised through the cut-off meander of the Rhine to the east.
In past centuries the old current of the Rhine caused the loss of about 250 hectares of land due to undermining of the banks.
Lingenfeld lies 104 meters higher than the other communities close to the Rhine, so danger of flooding can be almost entirely excluded.

## History

The name Lingenfeld probably comes from settlement "at the long field". It was first mentioned in a document from 1163 as "Lengenveld".

## Religions

In 2007 53,3 percent of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 22 percent Protestant. The rest belonged to a different religion or was undenominational.

## Development of inhabitants

| Year | Population |
| 1480 | ca. 180 |
| 1530 | ca. 180 |
| 1705 | ca. 257 |
| 1742 | ca. 500 |
| 1771 | ca. 585 |
| Year | Population |
| 1806 | 871 |
| 1833 | 1229 |
| 1890 | 1556 |
| 1925 | 2270 |
| 1953 | 3000 |
| Year | Population |
| 1967 | 3740 |
| 1977 | 4172 |
| 1984 | 4055 |
| 2001 | 5473 |
| 2004 | 5870 |
# Jostin

Jostin is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Jostin Alarcón, Peruvian footballer
* Jostin Tellería, Costa Rican footballer
# Jerome Ogbuefi

Jerome Tochukwu Ogbuefi (born 26 August 1991) is a Nigerian footballer. He currently plays for the Finnish Kakkonen club Kajaanin Haka.
# Munduz, Jeti-Ögüz

Munduz (Kyrgyz: Мундуз) is a village in the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Jeti-Ögüz District. Its population was 707 in 2021.
# Tountouroun

Tountouroun (Pular: 𞤂𞤫𞤧-𞤯𞤢𞤤𞤭𞥅𞤪𞤫 𞤚𞤵𞤲𞤼𞤵𞤪𞤵𞤲) is a town and sub-prefecture in the Labé Prefecture in the Labé Region of northern-central Guinea.
# Woden Cemetery

The Woden Cemetery is the main cemetery in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located adjacent to the Woden Town Centre.
The cemetery opened in 1936 as the Canberra General Cemetery.
It closed for burials in 1979, but was re-opened in March 1999. Memorial gardens were opened in 1992, and the Christ the Redeemer Mausoleum, for burial in above-ground vaults, was completed in 2001.
The cemetery is nearing capacity; it was announced in February 2009 that it would be full in about 10 years, necessitating the construction of a third cemetery to service the city.

## Notable burials

* Ernest Albert Corey, Australian soldier in World War I
* John Linton Treloar, 2nd Director of the Australian War Memorial
* Lewis Nott, member of the Australian House of Representatives for Australian Capital Territory
* Francis Patrick Dwyer, distinguished scientist
* Gordon Upton, diplomat
* Sir George Knowles, diplomat
* Sir Robert Strachan Wallace, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney
* Herbert Vere Evatt, Federal Leader of the Australian Labor Party, Justice of the Australian High Court, Chief Justice of New South Wales and President of the General Assembly of the United Nations
* Richard Norden, Australian soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross for Australia

## War graves

It contains the war graves of 30 Australian service personnel of World War II – 10 soldiers and 20 airmen.
# Maty's

Maty's is a Peruvian restaurant in Miami, Florida. Established in March 2023, the business was included in The New York Times's 2023 list of the 50 best restaurants in the United States.
# Ýdalir (album)

Ýdalir is the sixth studio album by the Icelandic heavy metal band Skálmöld, released on 18 August 2023 through Napalm Records.

## Background

The Icelandic heavy metal Skálmöld formed in 2009 and released five studio albums before announcing a hiatus in 2020. Ýdalir marked the band's return after three years and was its first studio album in five years. The production of Ýdalir received a grant of 700,000 Icelandic krónur from the Music Recording Fund (Icelandic: Hljóðritasjóður) of Iceland's Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.

## Music and lyrics

Like Skálmöld's other albums, the lyrics are themed around Norse mythology. The songs on Ýdalir are especially indebted to the poem Grímnismál from the Poetic Edda.

## Release

The first album single "Ratatoskur" was released with a lyric video on 20 June 2023. The second single "Verðandi" was released with a music video on 18 July 2023. "Ýdalir" was released as a single with a video of Skálmöld performing the song on 15 August 2023.
Ýdalir was released by Napalm Records on 18 August 2023. Starting with two concerts in Iceland on 15 and 16 September 2023, Skálmöld plan to go on a European tour where they perform the album as one cohesive show, followed by some of their older material after an intermission.

## Reception

Louisa Esch of Metal.de wrote that Ýdalir places emphasis on narrative, atmosphere and melodic guitar riffs, and diverges from previous Skálmöld albums by including spoken parts, comparing this to Wardruna's recitations of poetry. Esch wrote that Skálmöld here appears "more serious and mystical than ever" and although it is far from the band's best album, it shows that Skálmöld still can surprise listeners.

## Track listing

The track listing is adapted from Bandcamp.

## Personnel

Skálmöld
* Baldur Ragnarsson – guitar, vocals
* Björgvin Sigurðsson – lead vocals, guitar
* Gunnar Ben – keyboard, vocals, oboe
* Jón Geir Jóhannsson – drums, vocals
* Snæbjörn Ragnarsson – bass, vocals
* Þráinn Árni Baldvinsson – lead guitar, vocals
# Jeff Payne

Jeff Payne (born 25 September 1938) is a Bermudian middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 1500 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Beautiful Life (Shy Nobleman album)

Beautiful Life is the second studio album by Israeli indie rock artist Shy Nobleman, released on November 2005. The lyrics of the album based mostly around the break-up of Nobleman with his girlfriend at the time.
The album was noted to be a departure from the more psychedelic pop sound of the first album, being more upbeat and more hard rock influenced, with the sound being a mix of power pop with psychedelic rock. The album proved to be very successful in Israel, charting at the Top 10 and becoming the most successful indie rock album at the time.
Four singles were released from the album: "Girlfriend", "Baby in the Rain", "2 Could Be Better Than 1" and "Wonderful/ Beautiful Life". The first two of them were promoted with music videos.
Nobleman's backing band on the album includes such names as singer-songwriter Geva Alon on guitar and vocals (sings co-lead vocals on "Wonderful"), Useless ID frontman Yotam Ben-Horin on bass and vocals, and Rockfour drummer Issar Tennenbaum on drums and percussion.

## Personnel

* Shy Nobleman - lead vocals, guitar
* Geva Alon - guitar, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Wonderful"
* Yotam Ben-Horin - bass, backing vocals
* Saul Eshet - keyboards
* Issar Tennenbaum - drums, percussion
# Saivodus

Saivodus is an extinct genus of ctenacanthiform fish that existed during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Fossils have been found in Ireland, Scotland, England, Belgium, Morocco, and the United States.

## Taxonomy

Saivodus was erected in 2006. The single species belonging to this genus was formerly included in the unrelated genus Cladodus.

## Description

Saivodus is the largest known member of its group measuring 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) or more in total body length, possibly even up to 6–7 metres (20–23 ft), based on individual teeth about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) or more in length. The shape of the teeth suggest it targeted soft-bodied prey.
# Polidocanol

Polidocanol is a local anaesthetic and antipruritic component of ointments and bath additives. It relieves itching caused by eczema and dry skin. It has also been used to treat varicose veins, hemangiomas, and vascular malformations. It is formed by the ethoxylation of dodecanol.

## Sclerotherapy

Polidocanol is also used as a sclerosant, an irritant injected to treat varicose veins, under the trade names Asclera, Aethoxysklerol and Varithena. Polidocanol causes fibrosis inside varicose veins, occluding the lumen of the vessel, and reducing the appearance of the varicosity.
The FDA has approved polidocanol injections for the treatment of small varicose (less than 1 mm in diameter) and reticular veins (1 to 3 mm in diameter). Polidocanol works by damaging the cell lining of blood vessels, causing them to close and eventually be replaced by other types of tissue. Polidocanol in the form of Varithena injected in the greater saphenous vein can cause the eruption of varicose and spider veins throughout the lower leg. This procedure should be done with caution and with the knowledge that the appearance of the leg may be forever compromised.
# Prince Gwangjuwon

Prince Gwangjuwon (Korean: 광주원군; Hanja: 廣州院君; lit. Prince of the Gwangju Courtyard) was a royal prince of Goryeo. He was the only son of King Taejo of Goryeo and Lady Sogwangjuwon.

## Biography
### Birth

Prince Gwangjuwon was born as the son of King Taejo and Lady Sogwangjuwon. Gwangjuwon's maternal grandfather, Wang Kyu, was the head of an influential regional family. Gwangjuwon's birth name and birth date, are unknown.

### Wang Kyu's rebellion

In 945, Wang Kyu sent assassins to kill King Hyejong while he was sleeping in his room so that Gwangjuwon could ascend to the throne. However, the king personally beat all of the assassins to death, foiling the plot. Not long after, Wang Kyu again sent assassins to kill Hyejong. However, Hyejong, after hearing a prophecy from astronomer Ch'oe Chi-mong, slept in another room, avoiding the assassination attempt.
However, even if Hyejong was killed, the throne would have gone to Taejo's older sons, Wang Yo (the future Jeongjong of Goryeo) and Wang So (the future Gwangjong of Goryeo), instead of Gwangjuwon. Realizing this, Wang Kyu attempted to frame the two princes, to no avail.
Meanwhile, in September of the same year, Wang Kyu was beheaded after being suppressed by the forces from Wang Yo and Wang Sing-nyŏm.

## Aftermath

A historian Kim Chang-Hyeon (김창현), on his book The Empire of Gwangjong (광종의 제국), estimated that the Prince was also executed by both of his half brothers, Jeongjong of Goryeo and Gwangjong of Goryeo who had tragically ruled the Prince's maternal grandfather, Wang Kyu (왕규) at this time. This was because it was believed that not only Wang Gyu but also the Prince could have acquired the legitimacy of the political affairs.

## In popular culture

* Portrayed by Byun Baek-hyun in the 2016 SBS TV Series Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo.
# Broad-billed moa

The broad-billed moa, stout-legged moa or coastal moa (Euryapteryx curtus) is an extinct species of moa that was endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

A 2009 genetic study showed that Euryapteryx curtus and Euryapteryx gravis were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies instead. E. c. curtus, the nominate subspecies, was labeled the "coastal moa", while E. c. gravis was the "stout-legged moa".
The cladogram below follows a 2009 analysis by Bunce et al.:

## Description

It was a ratite and a member of the lesser moa family. The ratites are flightless birds with a sternum without a keel. They also have a distinctive palate. The origin of these birds is becoming clearer as it is now believed that early ancestors of these birds were able to fly and flew to the southern areas that they have been found in.

## Habitat and distribution

It was one of the most widespreas moa species, inhabiting open areas. These moa lived in both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand, and on Stewart Island. Its habitat was in the lowlands (duneland, forest, shrubland, and grassland).

## Behaviour and ecology

As of 2006, half of all complete or mostly complete moa eggs in museum collections are likely broad-billed moa specimens. Of the specimens traditionally given the name Euryapteryx gravis, the eggs has an average length of 205mm and width of 143mm, while the group traditionally assigned to the name Euryapteryx curtus had an average length of 122mm and width of 94mm. The species presumably went extinct for the same reasons as other moa - overhunting by the Māori (who called them "moa hakahaka") upon their arrival in the 14th century.
# Ludovic Boi

Ludovic Boi (born 27 March 1989) is a Mauritian footballer who plays in the Football West State League for Floreat Athena.

## Career

Boi began playing football in Mauritius for Racing Club before moving with his family to Australia in 2001.
Ludovic started out his professional career with Stirling Lions. After that, he signed on for the inaugural Perth Glory youth squad, featuring prominently. On 1 November 2009 he made his senior debut for Perth Glory as a substitute against Melbourne Victory. In 2010, he rejoined Stirling Lions.
In 2012, he joined Floreat Athena, captaining them for a period of time. Over a decade later, he is still playing there.

## A-League career statistics

(Correct as of 20 April 2010)
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Finals | Finals | Finals | Asia | Asia | Asia | Total | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists |
| Perth Glory | 2009–10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Perth Glory | 2010–11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 |

## Honours

Personal honours
* National Youth League Top Scorer: 2009-2010 with Perth Glory - 5 goals (tied with Glen Trifiro)