OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mugeary

Mugeary (Scottish Gaelic: Mùigearraidh) is a farm or croft and former settlement on the island of Skye, Scotland. Located 4 kilometres (2+1⁄2 miles) southwest of Portree, it is known as the location where the basaltic rock mugearite was first identified. The Gaelic name is derived from Old Norse and probably means "narrow field".

## Location

Mugeary lies 150 m (490 ft) above sea level on a west-facing slope of the hill Stròc-bheinn, north of the Glenmore River. The Glenmore flows into the River Snizort, which passes the settlement of Carbost and joins the sea at the head of the innermost arm of Loch Snizort Beag.
Although only 4 km (2+1⁄2 mi) southwest of Portree, the island of Skye's main town, Mugeary is about double this distance away by road. There is a track across the Bealach Mòr (English: big pass) to the north of Stròc-bheinn which leads to the forestry plantation above the main A87 road south of Portree. According to the Skye and Lochalsh Local Plan of 2007 the Glenmore valley has potential both for further afforestation and also wind power developments in the vicinity of Mugeary.
To the south the landscape is dominated by the forestry plantation of Glen Tungadal through which flows the upper reaches of the River Snizort, providing beats for salmon and trout during the fishing season.
Mugeary's elevated situation in the path of prevailing westerly winds leads to a cool and damp climate. Average annual temperatures are c. 8 °C (46 °F) and annual rainfall exceeds 2,200 mm (87 in).

## History

The ruins surrounding the extant croft suggest a more substantial settlement prior to the Clearances, which devastated many parts of Skye, and a well-documented case from the 1850s in the parish of Snizort exists.
The RCAHMS have identified an old field system northwest of the existing farm buildings that predates 1881 and a second record describes the area as a crofting "township".

## Mugearite

Mugearite is a type of oligoclase-bearing basalt, comprising olivine, apatite, and opaque oxides. The main feldspar in mugearite is oligoclase. It was first identified by Alfred Harker in 1904 from formations in the vicinity of Mugeary, making this remote spot the rock's "type locality". It occurs in a variety of locations worldwide, including outcrops near Dunedin in New Zealand and in the Hawaiian Islands.
In 2012 the Mars exploration vehicle Curiosity discovered a small rock, named "Jake Matijevic" by NASA scientists, which appears to be made of mugearite. The rock was discovered by Curiosity en route to a destination called Glenelg about 200 m (660 ft) from "Jake" in Gale crater. Coincidentally, the village of Glenelg lies on the west coast of mainland Scotland, just 40 km (25 mi) from Mugeary itself.
# Iran Television School

Iran Television School (Persian: مدرسه تلویزیونی ایران) is a television program broadcast on IRIB Amoozesh that is broadcast to Iranian students following the COVID-19 pandemic. The schedule of this program is for Primary school, Middle school and High school.
This program covers all the lessons of each level and is broadcast every day and it is not possible to replay it. However, any part of the program can be downloaded from the network social medias.

## IRIB TV4

Also, a program like this program called Iran School will be broadcast on IRIB TV4.

## IRIB Quran

Also, a similar program is broadcast on the IRIB Quran, with the difference that this program only deals with religious lessons of each level.
# Gagarin (surname)

Gagarin (Russian: Гагарин), or Gagarina (feminine; Гагарина), is a Russian surname derived from the word gagara, meaning loon (a waterbird, genus Gavia). Notable people with the surname include:
* Gagarin family, a Rurikid princely family
* Anna Gagarina, maiden name of Anna Lopukhina (1777–1805), mistress of Emperor Paul of Russia
* Ivan Gagarin (1814-1882), Russian Jesuit theologian
* Nikolai Gagarin (1784–1842), Russian soldier and politician
* Grigory Gagarin (1810–1893), Russian painter, major general and administrator
* Polina Gagarina (born 1987), Russian singer, songwriter, actress, and model
* Andrey Gagarin (1934–2011), Russian prince and scientist
* Yekaterina Gagarina (1790–1873), wife of Russian diplomat Prince Grigory Gagarin and the daughter of the Secretary of State Pyotr Soymonov
* Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), Russian cosmonaut, the first man to travel in space
# Putatan railway station

Putatan railway station (Malay: Stesen Keretapi Putatan) is one of eleven minor railway station on the Western Sabah Railway Line located in Putatan, Penampang, Sabah, Malaysia.

## Track Layout

Putatan Railway Station track layout :
Legend :
# Karl Ove Moene

Karl Ove Moene (born 18 October 1949) is a Norwegian economist. A professor at the University of Oslo, he has published extensively in scientific journals, as well as regularly contributing to public debate on economic issues.

## Career

Moene graduated as cand.oecon. from the University of Oslo in 1977, and as dr. philos. in 1984. He was appointed professor at the University of Oslo from 1987. His research interests include companies owned by and ruled by workers, the Nordic model and the welfare state, and development economics. He has published more than one hundred scientific papers. His books include Likhet under Press: utfordringer for den skandinaviske fordelingsmodellen from 2003 (co-writer), Marked uten kapitalisme: økonomisk demokrati med selveide bedrifter from 1990 (co-writer), and Alternatives to Capitalism from 1989 (co-editor). He takes part in public debate on economic issues, and is a regular columnist for the newspaper Dagens Næringsliv. In 2011, he was awarded the Research Council of Norway's Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. In 2017, he gave a TEDx talk on Universal basic share(UBS), which is variation on Universal basic income (UBI). He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2012, he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea. He is director of the GiWES: Globalisation, Institutions and the Welfare State Project which is part of the NORFACE Welfare State Futures Programme network.

## Personal life

Moene was born in Voss on 29 October 1949, and grew up in Bergen.
# Janabad, Iran

Janabad or Jonabad (Persian: جان اباد) in Iran may refer to:
* Janabad, Hamadan
* Janabad, Isfahan
* Janabad, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
* Janabad, Razavi Khorasan
* Janabad-e Alijafar, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
# Ryan Bester

Ryan George Peter Bester (born 7 December 1984 in Hanover, Canada) is a Canadian lawn bowler.

## Bowls career
### World Outdoor Championships

Bester won the gold medal in the pairs with Keith Roney at the 2004 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Ayr. After winning a bronze in the 2008 World Outdoor Bowls Championship he finished runner-up to Leif Selby in the 2012 World Outdoor Bowls Championship men's singles. He won his fifth World Championship medal when winning a silver medal in the singles at the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Christchurch.
In 2020, he was selected for the 2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Australia but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2023, he was selected again by Canada for the 2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. He participated in the men's pairs and the men's fours events. In the pairs, Bester qualified in first place with John Bezear in his group before being eliminated at the semi final stage, after losing to Ireland. However one week later, in the singles he went on to win the gold medal after beating Gary Kelly in the final.

### Commonwealth Games

He clinched the silver medal in the 2014 Commonwealth Games in lawn bowling. He also won bronze medal in 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
In November 2017, Bester was named to Canada's 2018 Commonwealth Games team. During the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast in Queensland he won a silver medal in the singles. In 2022, he competed in the men's singles and the men's pairs at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

### Asia Pacific and Atlantic

Bester has won eight medals at the Asia Pacific Bowls Championships, a singles gold in 2005, a silver in the singles and bronze in the pairs in 2007, double bronze in 2011 and a pairs gold in 2015. His seventh and eighth medals came in with a singles silver and pairs bronze at the 2019 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships in the Gold Coast, Queensland. In 2007 he won the singles gold medal at the Atlantic Bowls Championships.
# Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic

The Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic (Czech: Federace židovských obcí, FŽO) is an umbrella organization representing Czech Jews, both religious and secular. In addition to representing 10 Jewish communities in the Czech Republic, the federation also represents several Jewish organizations.

## About

The federation is headquartered in Prague and represents 10 Jewish communities in the Czech Republic; the Jewish communities of Brno, Karlovy Vary, Liberec, Olomouc, Ostrava, Plzeň, Prague, Teplice, Ústí nad Labem, and Děčín. The federation is active in opposing antisemitism in the Czech Republic and supporting the State of Israel. Around 3,000 people are registered members of the federation, with around 1,400 living in Prague. Most of the 15,000 to 20,000 Jews in the Czech Republic are not affiliated with the federation or any other official Jewish organization.

## History

A 2021 report from the federation reported an increase in antisemitism during the COVID-19 pandemic. 98% of all reported antisemitic incidents were on the internet and the federation concluded that Czech Jews were largely safe compared to some other European countries.
# Roman Gavryush

Roman Igorevich Gavryush (Russian: Роман Игоревич Гаврюш; born 31 August 1983) is a former Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He played 4 seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Chita.
# Hunsdorf

Hunsdorf (Luxembourgish: Hënsdref) is a small town in the commune of Lorentzweiler, in central Luxembourg. As of 2024, the town has a population of 592.
# Takahiro Sonoda

Takahiro Sonoda (Japanese: 園田 高弘, Hepburn: Sonoda Takahiro, September 17, 1928 – October 7, 2004) was a Japanese classical pianist.

## Life

Sonoda was born in 1928 in the town of Nogata, today a part of Tokyo and renamed Nakano City. He was first taught piano by his father, Kiyohide, a student of Robert Casadesus. After his father's death in 1936, Sonoda continued his lessons; three years later he came under the tutelage of Leo Sirota, then resident in Japan. After graduating from elementary school, he entered the Tokyo Academy of Music (later absorbed by the Tokyo University of the Arts).
After the Pacific War, Sonoda began his career as a performer. He traveled to Europe in 1952 in the hopes of participating in the Geneva International Music Competition, but failed to place. Through an introduction by Kiyoko Tanaka, he met Marguerite Long, who briefly coached him privately. In Berlin he was also coached by Helmut Roloff (an encounter the Japanese government cited in awarding Roloff the Order of the Sacred Treasure for contributions to Japanese music in 1990).
In 1955 Sonoda returned to Japan and married a fellow international student. In 1954 Herbert von Karajan made his Japanese debut conducting the NHK Symphony Orchestra with Sonoda as soloist. Impressed by the young man's playing, Karajan persuaded Sonoda to study in Germany and wrote him a letter of recommendation. After his studies there, Sonoda debuted with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1959. The following year he returned to Japan, becoming a professor at the Kyoto City University of Arts. In his later years he became part of the faculty at the Shōwa Academia Musicae.
Although admired for his performances of works by German classics such as Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms, Sonoda maintained a keen interest in modern music. He was a member of the Shūzō Takiguchi-led Experimental Studio, along with friends Tōru Takemitsu and Toshirō Mayuzumi. In 1971 he premiered Makoto Moroi's Piano Concerto No. 1 with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.
When the Shōwa Emperor died on January 7, 1989, NHK General TV followed their announcement of his passing by broadcasting Sonoda's recording of Chopin's Funeral March. He was awarded the title of Person of Cultural Merit by the Japanese government in 1998.
He died in 2004 from an aortic aneurysm while preparing for a forthcoming concert.
# Jamiu Alimi

Jamiu Abiodun Alimi (born 5 October 1992) is a Nigerian international footballer who plays for Sunshine Stars, as a central defender.

## Club career

Born in Lagos, Alimi spent his early career with Westerlo and Metalurh Donetsk. He later played for Tavriya Simferopol, Olympiakos Nicosia, Sharks, Shooting Stars, Kano Pillars and Akwa United.
Jamiu joined Akwa United on a two-year deal from Kano Pillars, during the 2017–18 mid-season transfer window. On 27 February 2019, he was loaned out to El-Kanemi for the rest of the season because of lack of playing time after falling out of favour with Akwa United manager Rafael Everton. In September 2019 it was confirmed that he had joined Sunshine Stars.

## International career

He made his international debut for Nigeria in 2015.
# Homa Nategh

Homa Nategh (Persian: هما ناطق; May 26, 1934 – January 1, 2016) was an Iranian historian, Professor of History at University of Tehran. A specialist in the contemporary history of Iran, she resided in Paris, France, until her death. She was active during Iran's 1979 revolution. After the revolution she was purged from the University of Tehran and moved to Paris, where she was appointed as professor of the Iranian Studies at the Sorbonne. In Sorbonne she published several articles on Iranian history in Qajar period.

## Political activities

Nategh began her political activities when she was a student in Paris, having been described as "sympathetic to feminist causes and to the Ieft wing of the National Front". Ironically enough, however, during the 1979 revolution in Iran she joined voices with fundamentalist Islamists and called for all women to wear Islamic hijab. She was a member of the Confederation of Iranian Students, and one of the first females join it. After the Iranian Revolution, she was associated with the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas and after the split, she sided with the minority faction.
# Jeshm Afet Hanim

Jeshm Afet Hanim (Arabic: جشم آفت هانم; Turkish: Çeşmiafet Hanım; died 11 November 1907) was the third wife of Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt. She was the adoptive mother of the future Sultana of Egypt, Melek Tourhan.

## Life

Jeshm Afet was originally a concubine bought to the harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty from the Circassian slave trade. She married Isma'il Pasha as his third wife just after his accession to the throne in 1863. She was given the title of "Third Princess", a position at which she remained throughout his entire reign, until his deposition in 1879. In Egypt she was known as Kutschuk Hanim or Little Lady. She mostly wore traditional Ottoman garments, featuring a few western details. She was a poet. In 1869, she met with the Princess of Wales Alexandra of Denmark, when the latter visited Istanbul with her husband Prince of Wales Edward (future Edward VII).
Al-Tahtawi's book on the education of women, titled al-Murshid al-Amin lil Banat wa al-Banin (the faithful guide for girls and boys) published in 1873, was commissioned by Khedive Ismail after Jeshm Afet, used her own money to establish the first general public school for girls at al-Suyufiya in 1873, the Suyufiyya Girls' School, which claimed additional fame to her. The genealogy of the dynasty revealed that Jeshm Afet had no children of her own, which might explain her interest in the education of young girls. She had adopted a daughter, Faika Hanim. She was married to Mustafa Pasha, son of "Mufettish" Isma'il Pasha Sadyk. Immediately after the downfall of her father-in-law, she was divorced by her husband.
Hasan Tourhan Pasha, a captain in the Ottoman Navy offered an adoption of his daughter Melek, in order to improve her lot in life. Melek was adopted by Jeshm Afet, during the 1870s. While they lost touch with each other following the exile of Khedive Ismail, when Melek Hanim became the second wife of Prince Husein Kamel in 1887 returning to Egypt with him, she resumed her acquaintance and a relationship with Aisha Taymur. There was no doubt that the relationship between Jeshm Afet and Taymur was shaped by their mutual interest in women's education and poetry that reflected the changing interests and concerns of some royal and upper-class women beyond mothering and feminine crafts.
Jeshm Afet was widowed at Isma'il's death in 1895. In 1897, she took an active part in the Greco-Turkish War by contributing to the donation collection efforts in Egypt.

## Death

Jeshm Afet Hanim died on 11 November 1907, and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum, Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt.

## In popular culture

In the 2014 Egyptian historical drama series Saraya Abdeen, Jeshm Afet is portrayed by Egyptian actress Sawsan Arshid.

## Gallery

* Jeshm Afet Hanim and her female orchestra, circa 1872
* The tomb of Jeshm Afet Hanim
# Emelie Eldracher

Emelie Eldracher (born September 16, 1999) is an American pararower. She represented the United States at the 2024 Summer Paralympics as the coxswain of the mixed coxed four rowing team as the only non-disabled member of the team.

## Early life and education

Eldracher was first introduced to rowing in her freshman year of high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. She also participated in springboard diving in high school before committing to rowing in college. She was a member of the rowing team at MIT, where she was also studying for a Master of Engineering degree in Computation and Cognition.

## Career

She was selected to represent the United States at the 2024 Summer Paralympics. She participated in the PR3 mixed coxed four event, where she won a silver medal with the United States team.
# Champa Commune

Champa Commune (Khmer: ឃុំចំប៉ា) is a khum (commune) in Prey Kabbas District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.

## Administration

As of 2019, Champa Commune has 9 phums (villages) as follows.
| No. | Code | Village | Khmer |
| 1 | 21060301 | Ponsang | ពន្សាំង |
| 2 | 21060302 | Ruessei Thmei | ឫស្សីថ្មី |
| 3 | 21060303 | Chroy | ជ្រយ |
| 4 | 21060304 | Chumpu Proeks | ជម្ពូព្រឹក្ស |
| 5 | 21060305 | Champa | ចំប៉ា |
| 6 | 21060306 | Samraong | សំរោង |
| 7 | 21060307 | Danghoet | ដង្ហឹត |
| 8 | 21060308 | Chek | ចេក |
| 9 | 21060309 | Roneam Pechr | រនាមពេជ្រ |
# Tujjar as-Sultan

Tujjār as-Sultān (Arabic: تجّار السلطان, lit. "Merchants of the Sultan") were an elite group of official Jewish merchants in the service of the sultan of Morocco, responsible for much of the kingdom's long-distance trade. The institution of Tujjār as-Sultān was established in the Saadi period (1510–1659). Men such as Joseph Toledano, Meʾir Maqnīn, and Samuel Pallache also served the Makhzen in diplomatic roles.

## History

A 1680 treaty with Holland facilitated by Joseph Toledano under Sultan Ismail (1672–1727) of the 'Alawi dynasty, opened prosperous trade to the benefit of Tujjār as-Sultān and the Makhzen.
There were 20-30 royal merchants in Essaouira in the first half of the 19th century, virtually all of whom were Jewish. The Makhzen gave them tax benefits, provided housing, and protected their commercial interests and property rights. These merchants were of vital importance for their connections with Jewish trade networks in Europe, including in London, Amsterdam, Livorno, Marseilles, and other European ports, as well as with Jewish trade networks in southern Morocco, including in Marrakesh, Tafilalelt, Iligh, Ifrane Atlas-Saghir, and Oued Noun. They also worked with Muslims in the interior of Morocco, establishing business partnerships with them, loaning money to them, hiring them, and entrusting tribal chiefs with ensuring the safe passage of merchants and goods through remote areas in the south.
# Crvenice

Crvenice is a village in the Municipality of Tomislavgrad in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 997.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 996 | 99.9% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.1% |
| Total | 997 | 100% |

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue 2019, pp. 528–529.
# Circular debt

In Pakistan, circular debt is a public debt which is a cascade of unpaid government subsidies, which results in accumulation of debt on distribution companies. When this happens, the distribution companies cannot pay independent power producers who in turn, are unable to pay fuel-providing companies thus creating the debt effect as seen in the country.
As of July 2024, the total circular debt of Pakistan was Rs. 5,730 billion.
# As-Samawah District

As-Samawah District (also Al-Samawa) (Arabic: قضاء السماوة) is a district of the Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq. It has an area of 475.8 square kilometres (183.7 sq mi) and as of 2018 had an estimated population of 300,458. The capital of the district is the city of Samawah (As-Samawah).
# Falca Lines

The Falca Lines, also known as the Falca Gap Entrenchment (Maltese: Trunċiera ta' Falca Gap), are an infantry entrenchment in northern Malta, located on the limits of Mġarr and St. Paul's Bay. The lines were built in the 18th century by the Order of Saint John, and today lie in ruins.

## History

The Falca Lines are part of a series of fortifications built by the Order of Saint John in the early 18th century. The building programme began in 1714–16 with the construction of coastal batteries, redoubts and coastal entrenchments. By 1722, it was realised that there weren't enough soldiers to man all the fortifications, so the Order decided that in the case of an invasion, they would retreat to the Great Fault, a large fault cutting across northern Malta.
To be able to do this, a series of entrenchments began to be constructed next to the fault. These entrenchments were similar to the ones built around the coastline, with the main difference being that they were inland. The Falca Lines were built to flank what is known as the Falca Gap, while other entrenchments were built at Naxxar, San Pawl tat-Tarġa and other strategic locations.
Construction of the Falca Lines began sometime after 1723, and they were completed by 1732. They consisted of a bastion in the centre, flanked by curtain walls on either side. The curtain walls contained several redans.
The Falca Lines only saw use during the French invasion of Malta in 1798, when they were manned by the Naxxar militia. French forces managed to clear their position easily since they landed from behind the lines.
In the 1880s, the British began to fortify the area once more with the construction of the Victoria Lines (then known as the North West Front). The inclusion of the Falca Lines into the new fortifications was considered, but was eventually discarded since the position was unfavourable. Instead, the British built the Dwejra Lines further south of the Falca Lines.

## Present day

Today, the entrenchment lies in ruins. Only one demi-bastion still exists more or less intact and its general outline is still visible. Part of the lines are severed by Triq Sir Temi Zammit, the road leading to Mġarr.