OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biy

Biy (Kazakh: Би, Bi) were elected Kazakh judges and administrators during the Kazakh Khanate era. Biys were below Sultans in rank. Many consider "Biy" to simply be a Kazakh variation of "Bey", though there are major differences: like, for example, the fact that "biy" is not an inheritable position.
Biys of Kazakhstan were chosen mainly based on their personal qualities. They possessed knowledge of history, the people's lives, customs and traditions, they were distinguished with their wisdom and eloquence. During the years of the strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate (XVII-XVIII centuries) and continuous wars fought with the Dzonghar Khanate, biys of three zhuzs played a major role: Senior — Töle Biy, Middle – Qazybek Biy, Junior – Äiteke Biy. They are considered to be three of the most important historical figures in Kazakh history. During the years of colonialism of the Russian Empire, these professions and their practices were either weakened or stopped completely. The profession of Biys was eventually abolished by an imperial order on 25 March 1891.
The Council of biys [kk; ru] was the highest council, a kind of senate.
# Raymond I of Cerdanya

Raymond I of Cerdanya (Catalan: Ramon I de Cerdanya) (?–1068) was the count of Cerdanya and of Conflent (1035-1068) and of Berga (1050-1068).
He was the eldest son of Wifred II, Count of Cerdanya and Guisla of Pallars. His brothers were Bernard I of Berga and Berengar of Berga. He inherited the County of Cerdanya upon his father's death in 1035. When his brother Bernard I died in 1050 and his other brother Berengar renounced the County of Berga to become a bishop, Raymond also inherited the County of Berga.
He collected taxes from the Saracens and his usual residence was at Ix. He fought against Ermengol III, Count of Urgell, who had the support of Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona, but ended up signing a peace agreement with Urgell around 1050-51. In 1058, he agreed to help the Count of Barcelona liquidate the Saracen enclave of Les Oluges, in the upper Segarra. Later he supported Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona in his actions against the Saracens of Saragossa, Lleida and Tortosa.
He also paid tribute to the count of Barcelona and had his heir marry the count's daughter Sança.

## Marriage and issue

He married Adela, who survived him, and had
* William I, Count of Cerdanya (?-1095), Count of Cerdanya and Berga,
* Enric de Cerdanya (?-1102),
* Clemència de Cerdanya (?-?), married to Arnau-Riculf, lord of So.

## Source

* Gran Enciclopedia Catalana.
| Preceded byWifred II | Count of Cerdanya 1035–1068 | Succeeded byWilliam I |
| Preceded byBerengar of Berga | Count of Berga 1050–1068 | Succeeded byWilliam I |
# San Cristobal River

The San Cristobal River (Tagalog: Ilog ng San Cristobal), commonly known as the Matang Tubig River, is a river system in the cities of Calamba and Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines. The river is one of 21 major tributaries of Laguna de Bay.

## Hydrology

The main source of the San Cristobal River is Mount Sungay, the highest mountain of Cavite province, where the main stem and its tributaries drain the northern and eastern side of the mountain. Its watershed area covers Calamba and Cabuyao in Laguna, Tagaytay and municipality of Silang in Cavite. The river system of San Cristobal from Mount Sungay is connected to the Matang Tubig located in Casile and Canlubang.

## Water quality

Along with the San Juan River, the two rivers act as natural drainage systems by receiving and conveying Calamba's (and Cabuyao's for San Cristobal) liquid wastes and storm surface runoff to the nearby Laguna de Bay. Both rivers are very polluted as a result, thus, affecting the water quality of the lake as well.
Although a 1991 study cited the San Pedro River and Morong River as the sources of eutrophication-causing minerals in Laguna de Bay, the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) has noted that more recent deterioration of the San Cristobal River in Calamba have made it one of the lake's major sources of nutrient loading. The LLDA's conservation efforts for the major tributaries and watersheds of Laguna de Bay have led to the creation of the Laguna de Bay River Basin Councils, of which the San Cristobal River Enhancement Defenders (SACRED) is particularly tasked with conservation of the San Cristobal.
# Lashkargah Mosque

Lashkargah Mosque (Pashto: د لښکرګاه جومات) is a mosque in the city of Lashkargah, in Helmand province of south-western Afghanistan.
# András Bereznay

András Bereznay is a Hungarian-British historical cartographer and historian, specialising in the compilation of maps for historical atlases. Born in Budapest, he left Hungary in 1978 and is based in London. Bereznay has researched and compiled historical maps, on a great variety of subjects, for numerous publishers. He has a particular interest in ethnographical and other thematic maps.

## Education and employment

Educated for five years at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Budapest, he received the equivalent of an M.A. in History and Spanish. From 1974 to 1978 he was a freelance editor of historical maps, working for the Historical Institute of the Hungarian Scientific Academy, and preparing maps of the many-volume History of Hungary, and for a research group at ELTE University compiling a series of maps about Eastern European history.
Bereznay left Hungary in 1978 for political reasons and settled in London. He has worked as a freelance historical map editor, and as a cartographer for many British, American and other publishers. He created all the maps for The Times Atlas of European History; Richard J. Evans' trilogy The Coming of the Third Reich, The Third Reich in Power, and The Third Reich at War; and The Times Kings and Queens of the British Isles. Bereznay created all the maps for Evans' 2016 The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815-1914.

## Writings on political geography

Bereznay has written extensively about issues of political geography: mostly in Hungarian, also in English in The Times. From 2008 to 2014, he was a regular contributor to Magyar Nemzet, a Hungarian national daily newspaper, with over 40 articles, both maps and accompanying text.
In 2009, he was invited to present a paper at an international conference on the Historical Cartography of Transylvania at the University of Cluj. His submission, "The depiction of Transylvania in Roumanian Historical Atlases published 1920–2000", was debarred by the conference organizers. His own account of this incident has been published in Hungarian.

## Historical Atlas of Transylvania

In 2011, Méry Ratio published Erdély történetének atlasza (Historical Atlas of Transylvania), with text and 102 plates of maps by Bereznay. A detail to the right illustrates Bereznay's use of color, texture and outline to show several features simultaneously on the same map from the atlas is shown to the right. In 2012, this atlas received a special award from the President of Hungary. Bereznay undertook a lecture tour in Transylvania to discuss this work, and also presented it in Norway.

## Historical Atlas of the Gypsies

In 2018, Méry Ratio published A Cigányság Történetének Atlasza (Historical Atlas of the Gypsies), with text and plates of maps by Bereznay, the first historical atlas of the Romani people.

## Historical atlases in English

In 2021, Méry Ratio published in English both Historical Atlas of Transylvania and Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps. In June 2022, these English-language editions were described as "very profound and in-depth" in a review in the CUP journal Nationalities Papers.
# The Happy Cricket and the Giant Bugs

The Happy Cricket and the Giant Bugs (Portuguese: O Grilo Feliz e os Insetos Gigantes) is a 2009 Brazilian animated fantasy film directed by Walbercy Ribas and Rafael Ribas and produced by Start Desenhos Animados. The film is the sequel of The Happy Cricket, released in 2001.
The Happy Cricket and the Giant Bugs was nominated for best movie in the 2009 Chicago International Children's Film Festival." In 2010, the film won the Academia Brasileira de Cinema's prize for best animation and best children's feature film.

## Production

This Brazilian computer-animated children's fantasy film was produced by Start Desenhos Animados. It uses animation software Adobe After Effects and Autodesk Maya.
# Papi Oviedo

Gilberto Oviedo la Portilla (9 February 1938 – 31 October 2017), better known as Papi Oviedo, was a Cuban tres player.

## Early life

Papi Oviedo was born Gilberto Oviedo La Portilla in 1938, son of tres player Isaac Oviedo (1902–1992). Papi Oviedo began playing tres in 1952 and worked his way up through local bands to be the primary tres player for singer Orlando Contreras. Between 1957 and 1969, he was the featured tresero for Conjunto Tipico Habanero, Conjunto Chappottín and Estrellas de Chocolate. Between 1980 and 1995, he teamed up with Elio Revé in a re-formed version of charanga outfit Orquesta Revé. In 1995, Papi left Orquesta Revé to record his debut solo album, Encuentro entre soneros (1997, Tumi Music). In 2001, he released Bana Congo, a collaborative album with Congolese guitarist Papa Noël.

## Discography
### As a leader

* 1997: Encuentro entre soneros (Tumi)
* 2001: Bana Congo (Tumi) – with Papa Noël

### With Jane Bunnett

* 2002: Cuban Odyssey (Blue Note)

### With Rubén González

* 2000: Chanchullo (World Circuit)

### With Isaac Oviedo

* 1992: Routes of Rhythm Vol. 3 (Rounder)
# Sklyarov

Sklyarov (Russian: Скляров) is a surname of Russian origin. People with this name include:
* Aleksandr Valeryevich Sklyarov (born 1971), is a former Kazakhstani football player.
* Andrei Vladimirovich Sklyarov (born 1989), is a Russian professional footballer.
* Dmitry Sklyarov (born 1974), a Russian citizen employed by the Russian company ElcomSoft
* Igor Sklyarov (born 1966), is a former Russian footballer.
* Ivan Sklyarov (1948–2007), was a Russian politician.
* Yuri Sklyarov (1925–2013), is a CPSU party member since 1944, a candidate member of the Central Committee (1981-1989), Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 11 convocation.
# Ruwenzori colobus

The Ruwenzori colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), also known as Ruwenzori black-and-white colobus, is a subspecies of the Angola colobus. This primate is distributed from the Afromontane forests of the Ruwenzori Mountains across the mountains in Burundi and Rwanda to the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika.

## Taxonomy

In 1901, Oldfield Thomas described two skins of Ruwenzori colobus zoological specimens that were collected at the northwestern slopes of the Ruwenzori Mountains in Bwamba Country of western Uganda. Thomas considered it a species using the scientific name Colobus ruwenzorii.

## Characteristics

The Ruwenzori colobus is black with hair on the shoulders between 23 and 33 cm (9.1 and 13.0 in) long. Its tail is also black and greyish-white at the end. It has white bushy tufts on the cheeks. The white hair on the forehead forms a crest.

## Distribution and habitat

The Ruwenzori colobus occurs at Lake Nabugabo and Rwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda. Troops of 300 to 400 individuals inhabit Rwanda's Nyungwe National Park.
Some authors reports indicate that it perhaps also occurs in some Tanzanian regions.

## Ecology and behaviour

The Ruwenzori colobus is a highly arboreal and acrobatic leaf-eater. Its diet consists of about two thirds of leaves and one third of fruit and seeds.
Although all Colobus species are very sociable, they usually move on the troops of several hundred animals.
# The Raga Guide

The Raga Guide is a 1999 Nimbus Records compilation of 74 Hindustani ragas on four CDs. It includes a textbook edited by Joep Bor (of the Rotterdam Conservatory of Music) with information and western-style transcriptions of the ragas and a catalogue of two sets of ragamala plates, dated to c. 1610 and 1650. The 1610 plates are painted in the Mughal style.
The featured artists are Vidyadhar Vyas (vocal), Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar (vocal), Buddhadev Das Gupta (sarod), and Hariprasad Chaurasia (flute).
# Mariveleño language

Mariveleño (also known as Magbikin, Bataan Ayta, or Magbukun Ayta) is a Sambalic language. It has around 500 speakers (Wurm 2000) and is spoken within an Aeta community in Mariveles in the Philippines.

## Geographic distribution

Reid (1994) reports the following Magbikin locations.
* Kanáwon, Morong, Bataan
* Bayanbayanan, Magbikin, Mariveles, Bataan
Himes (2012: 491) also collected Magbukun data from the two locations of:
* Biaan, Mariveles, Bataan
* Canawan, Morong, Bataan
Cabanding (2014), citing Neil (2012), reports the following Magbukon locations in Bataan Province.
* Dangcol, Balanga, Bataan
* Kinaragan, Limay, Bataan
* Kanawan, Morong, Bataan
* Pita, Bayan-bayanan in Orion, Bataan
* Pag-asa, Orani, Bataan
* Ulingan, Matanglaw, and Magduhat (all in Bagac, Bataan)
* Sitio Luoban in Samal, Bataan
* Bangkal in Abucay, Bataan
# Tajareh

Tajareh or Tajreh or Tejrah (Persian: تجره) may refer to:
* Tajreh, Hamadan
* Tajareh, Barzok, Kashan County, Isfahan Province
* Tajareh, Neyasar, Kashan County, Isfahan Province
* Tajareh, Khvansar, Isfahan Province
* Tajareh, Saveh, Markazi Province
* Tajareh, Shazand, Markazi Province
* Tajareh, Tehran
* Tajareh Sadat
* Tajareh Sar Ab-e Sadat
* Tajareh-ye Galehdar
# Certified in Financial Forensics

Certified in Financial Forensics (CFF) is a specialty credential in financial forensics issued in the United States by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In Canada, the CFF credential is granted by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada).

## History

The CFF credential was established in 2008 to designate expertise in forensic accounting. The program objectives included enhancing the quality of forensic services and increasing public awareness of the CFF designation.

## Knowledge

To obtain the credential an individual needs to complete both fundamental and specialized knowledge training.
* The fundamental knowledge includes, Laws, Courts and Dispute Resolution, Planning and Preparation, Information Gathering and Preserving, Discovery, and Reporting, Experts and Testimony.
* The specialized, includes Bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization, Valuation, Economic damage calculations, Family Law, Financial Statement Misrepresentations, Fraud prevention, detection and response, and Computer forensic analysis which includes Data integrity - Data imaging, Data recovery, and Cyber crime.

## Eligibility

To obtain the CFF credential, the applicant must:
* Hold a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) license;
* Pass the CFF examination;
* Demonstrate in excess of 1,000 hours of experience doing forensic accounting work;
* Complete 75 hours of continuing professional education (CPE) related to forensic accounting.
After obtaining the CFF credential, the CPA must continue to earn at least 20 hours of financial forensics-related CPE per year to maintain the CFF credential.
# Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq

Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq (born 1971) is a British Muslim artist based in London. She is deaf and a British Sign Language user.

## Early life and education

Aurangzeb-Tariq was born in 1971; her family had previously settled in England from Pakistan. She graduated from Central Saint Martins in London with a BA in 1995. She was awarded an MA in fine art from the Surrey Institute of Art & Design in 1996. She also holds an MA in art psychotherapy from Goldsmiths University and an additional MA in psychodynamics.

## Career
### Artistic practice

Aurangzeb-Tariq's work has been exhibited nationally and internationally since 1992, in solo shows (London and Oxford) and in group exhibitions (London, Montreal, Paris and Birmingham). Her work concerns deaf identity and explores the idea of belonging to a "minority within a minority" and the intersection between deafness, Muslim culture and feminism. In 2007, she collaborated with architects at the University of Northumbria to examine how deafness, accessibility and building design affect one another.
In 2013, she created new work sponsored by Arts Council England which examined marriage traditions within Asian families and the emotional impact on women. She works in a variety of media, such as painting (mainly abstract and conceptual art), sculpture (for example casts of her hands) and installations with lights and colours. She was the lead artist for the "Translating the Deaf Self" project, a joint academic and artistic project exploring deaf people's lived experience of being represented through translation. In it she developed a range of paintings exploring deafness and colour. As an artist and BSL user, she has worked with the Royal Collections Trust to deliver experiences for deaf visitors.

### Psychotherapy

In her art psychotherapy practise, Aurangzeb-Tariq works particularly with children and adults who have experienced a wide range of mental, emotional and behavioural issues. As an expert in sexual and relationship education for deaf people, she provides consultancy and training to deaf young people and professionals in the field. She currently works as a consultant and trainer on health education for the charity Deafax and the NHS, and she has been part of a team developing the Signly app, aimed at improving accessibility for deaf people by translating English into British Sign Language.
She is a founder member of the Deaf Ethnic Women's Association (DEWA) and sits on the board of trustees of Deaf Aspirations and BSL Zone.

## Media

Aurangzeb-Tariq has appeared on television a number of times, including on the BBC's See Hear and on ITV in the 2019 series Create. In 2020, she was a speaker at the Women of the World Festival in London.

## Awards

* Deaf Explorers Arts Award.
# Mbongeni Khumalo

Mbongeni Khumalo (born 15 July 1976) is a South African performance poet, poet and writer. He was born in Soweto. His poems and short stories have appeared in New Coin, Global Fire, Tribute, Timbila and Botsotso. In 1999 he won a merit award from the English Academy of South Africa.

## Poetry

* Apocrypha, Timbila Poetry Project and Bila Publishers (2003)
* Throbbing Ink, (co-author) Timbila Poetry Project (2003)
# Galugah (disambiguation)

Galugah is a city in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Galugah or Galu Gah or Gelugah (Persian: گلوگاه) may also refer to various places in Iran:
* Galugah, Babol, a city in Babol County, Mazandaran Province
* Galugah County, an administrative subdivision of Manzandaran Province
* Galugah, Fars, a village in Fars Province
* Galugah, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province
* Galugah, Zahedan, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
# Seyqal Sara

Seyqal Sara (Persian: صيقل سرا) may refer to:
* Seyqal Sara, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
* Seyqal Sara, Rezvanshahr
# A Secret Life (film)

A Secret Life (also known as The Test of Love) is a 1999 American drama film directed by Larry Peerce and starring Roma Downey and William Russ. Made for direct release to television by Lifetime Network, it was retitled in the United Kingdom as Breach of Trust.

## Plot summary

Mark and Cassie Whitman are a happily married couple. They are proud of their teenage son. They are obviously still in love at their twentieth anniversary party. Mark leaves to go on a business trip; the plane crashes and he is soon reported badly injured but alive. Listed as Mark's wife is a travelling companion of which Cassie knows nothing about. Her husband is in a coma in the hospital. Cassie did not know her husband had a mistress, nor did he know of their eight-year-old daughter Erica. Cassie sets out to find out the truth.

## Cast

* Roma Downey as Cassie Whitman
* William Russ as Mark Whitman
* Jed Millar as Kevin Whitman
* Jamie Rose as Judith Evans
* Penny Johnson Jerald as Hope
* Kristina Malota as Erica
# Orient Avia

Orient Avia (Russian: Ориент Авиа) was an airline based in Moscow, Russia. It operated domestic scheduled passenger services and international charters from its base, Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Its name came from the Russian Far East, where most of its scheduled destinations were.
The company was founded in 1994 and started operations with four Ilyushin Il-62Ms and a single Ilyushin Il-86. A pair of Tupolev Tu-134B-3s were bought in 1996 to expand its route network. However, the company suffered from financial difficulties. After merger negotiations with cargo carrier East Line failed, Orient Avia filed for bankruptcy on July 10, 1997.

## Fleet history

During its operations, Orient Avia used the following eight aircraft:
* 4 Ilyushin Il-62M
* 1 Ilyushin Il-86
* 2 Tupolev Tu-134A-3
* 1 Tupolev Tu-154B-2
# Armington elasticity

An Armington elasticity is an economic parameter commonly used in models of consumer theory and international trade. It represents the elasticity of substitution between products of different countries, and is based on the assumption made by Paul Armington in 1969 that products traded internationally are differentiated by country of origin.
The Armington assumption has become a standard assumption of international computable general equilibrium models. These models generate smaller and more realistic responses of trade to price changes than implied by models of homogeneous products. Yet no consensus on the magnitude of the elasticity exists. In different contexts, researchers tend to obtain substantially different estimates. A quantitative survey of 3,524 estimates of the Armington elasticity available in 2019 shows that – conditional on these differences and corrected for the publication bias using meta-regression techniques – the Armington elasticity lies in the range 2.5-5.1 with a median estimate at 3.8.
# Thiosulfonate

Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSO$_2$SR'. The parent member CH$_3$SO$_2$SCH$_3$ is a colorless liquid.
Thiosulfonate esters are usually produced by oxidation of disulfides or the nucleophilic attack of thiolates on organosulfonyl halides. The simplest thiosulfonate, CH$_3$SO$_2$SCH$_3$ can however be prepared from dimethyl sulfoxide by treatment with oxalyl chloride.
Alkali metal thiosulfonates are the conjugate base of thiosulfuric acid. They are prepared by the reaction of organosulfonyl chlorides with sources of sulfide.
Oxidation with mCPBA gives disulfones.
# Louis-Clément Picalausa

Louis-Clément Picalausa (17 April 1898 – 19 November 1969) was one of Belgium's first Scouts and a Scout novelist, chief scout of the Boy-Scouts van België until 1940. The landscape of the Belgian Ardennes inspired him in the writing of his scout novels.

## Background

His parents nicknamed him "the man of the woods." He was already camping by 1912, and was Scoutmaster of the 1st Seraing Scout Group in 1919, and became Deputy Camp Chief and Akela (national Cub Scout leader, National Commissioner in 1929, then Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts of Belgium until 1940. He received the Silver Wolf Award from Lord Baden-Powell in 1937.
In 1923 he was Director of Publications of the Belgian Red Cross, where he had created the first aid courses for young people. Seriously wounded in World War II as a cavalry officer, he was at that time professionally Secretary General of the Belgian Red Cross. He founded the Red Cross Cadets in 1942. He later became Deputy Director General of the organization.

## Works

* Zi et Za – Histoires pour les enfants de 9 à 99, Édition La Flamme, 1935
* Aventure – (d'apres St. Ed. White), Coll. Autour du feu 1945. Casterman
* Les Aubes Sauvage. Casterman
* Les Chasseures de Mammouths, Coll. Autour du feu. Casterman
* Les Yeux de la Jungle, Coll. Autour du feu. Casterman
* Le Sel de la Mer – (d'après deux légendes norvégiennes), Coll. Autour du feu. Casterman
* L'Enfant des Bêtes – (Introduction de S.A. le prince Albert de Ligne.), Coll. Autour du feu. Casterman
* Framboh – (chronique du Sapin Vert), Coll. Autour du feu. Casterman
* Les Aubes sauvages, Coll. Le Rameau Vert. Casterman
* Sur la piste du Sapin Vert, Coll. Le Rameau Vert. Casterman
* Ceux du Sapin Vert, Coll. Le Rameau Vert. Casterman
* Zi et Za de la jungle, Coll. Le Rameau Vert. Casterman, 1945
# Evarcha armeniaca

Evarcha armeniaca is a jumping spider species in the genus Evarcha. It was first described by Dmitri Logunov in 1999 and is found in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.