OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pre-colonial history of Northern Nigeria

The pre-colonial history of Northern Nigeria encompasses the history of Northern Nigeria before the advent of European explorers and the subsequent pacification of Northern Nigeria by the British Empire. In pre-historical times, the area known as Northern Nigeria was home to the Kwatarkwashi/Nok culture. Elements of human civilisation have also been discovered around the Niger River near Kainji Dam.

## Kabara Period

Around the 7th century the Kabara Nation under the control of the Kabara's emerged in Northern Nigeria. Around the 9th century an upheaval of unexplained origins saw a transference of power from these matriarchal monarchs and a new set of nations emerged in their place.

## The Fourteen Kingdoms

In the 9th century a set kingdoms emerged in Northern Nigeria to replace the Kabara Nation, these Kingdoms share a similar ethno-historical dynamic cemented in their belief in a common origin. The lore of the Fourteen Kingdoms unify the diverse heritage of Northern Nigeria into a cohesive system. Seven of these Kingdoms developed from the Kabara legacy of the Hausa people. In the 9th century as vibrant trading centers competing with Kanem-Bornu and Mali slowly developed in the Central Sudan, a set Kingdoms merged dominating the great savannah plains of Hausaland, their primary exports were leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, animal hides, and henna. The Seven Hausa states included:
* Daura ?–1806
* Kano 998–1807
* Katsina c. 1400–1805
* Zazzau (Zaria) c. 1200–1808
* Gobir ?–1808
* Rano
* Biram c. 1100–1805 (also known as Hadejia)
The growth and conquest of the Hausa Bakwai resulted in the founding of additional states with rulers tracing their lineage to a concubine of the Hausa founding father, Bayajidda. Thus they are called the 'Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard Seven. The Banza Bakwai adopted many of the customs and institutions of the Hausa Bakwai but were considered unsanctioned or copy-cat kingdoms by non-Hausa people. These states include:
* Zamfara
* Kebbi
* Yauri (also called Yawuri)
* Gwari (also called Gwariland)
* Kwararafa (a Jukun state)
* Nupe (of the Nupe people)

## Sudanic States

The Sudanic States emerged from the wake of the upheaval that transformed the system of governance in the central Sudan to patriarchal system. With influence of Islamic Mali Empire, the Hausa Kingdoms were replaced beginning with the Kingdom of Kano by a set of sultanates in the 11th century. The rise of the Sultanates led to series of wars that periodically saw the emergence of organised Empires in Northern Nigeria, by the 17th century, however, these empire had debilitated their economies and have largely stagnated. The parallel rise Fula influence resulted in a wave of ethnic Jihads that saw the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate encompassing much of Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon.

## Sokoto Caliphate

The Sokoto Caliphate emerged from a series of religious campaigns led by the Fula people. By 1809 it had encompassed much of Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon.
# Gladys Johnston

Gladys Johnston (née Foster; 1906–1983) was a Canadian artist known primarily for her landscapes. Johnston was a self-taught painter; she was also an author, writing local and family history books and travel stories. Johnston spent most of her life in British Columbia, living in Salmon Arm from 1944 until her death in 1983. Major exhibitions of her work were held in 1988 and 2007.

## Biography

Johnston was born Gladys Foster in Birch Hills, Saskatchewan in 1906. She showed promise as an artist at an early age. As a child on her family's dairy farm she would often draw the team of horses grazing outside her kitchen window. Her family encouraged her in developing these skills, alongside her studies in piano and writing. In 1925 she completed a brief painting course at the University of Saskatchewan. She married Ernest Johnston in 1926, with whom she had three sons. Johnston's painting may have been influenced by her husband. (Her husband also painted, and he had spent time learning from Charles Russell in Montana before his marriage.) However, her earliest works predate the marriage, and her color sense and style of paint application was very different from her husband's. Her earliest works are signed Gladys Foster.
Gladys Johnston was very industrious as she homesteaded with her husband. There were many demands on her time as she raised her three sons, kept the household running, and helped with the trapping, log cabin construction and gardening. Her paintings were a part of how she supplemented the family income, along with writing and reading tea leaves. Her artworks were not lauded as special or rare pieces of fine art during this time. They were simply a part of her impetus to express herself in various ways, as well as another commodity with which she could support herself and her family.
The subject matter of Gladys Johnston's paintings deal with the local geography of the places she lived in and around British Columbia, adventure scenes (such as a man in a canoe encountering a bear, a man being thrown from a horse), nature and other homesteading scenes. She kept several scrapbooks and diaries. The scrapbooks were filled with sketches and pages torn from popular magazines. Her diaries included records of things seen while traveling and lists of chores. These are written in a straightforward, yet often poetic, fashion.
Her vibrant use of colour is notable, as she made use of a full spectrum palette. The saturated hues are grounded by touches of black and nuanced neutrals. Purples are liberally used in skies and mountains. The sense of space is odd, subordinate to the narrative. Thin glazes sit next to thickly applied paintstrokes outlining figures.
Johnston died in Salmon Arm, British Columbia in 1983.
# Hermann von Stengel

Hermann Guido Leopold Freiherr von Stengel (19 July 1837 – 5 May 1919) was a Bavarian administrator, a German politician and Finance Minister of the German Empire from 1903 to 1908.

## Early life

He was born in Speyer, Electorate of the Palatinate, on 19 July 1837, and baptized two days later. Hermann was the son of Carl Albert Leopold von Stengel and Julia Magdalena Catharina Franziska von Mayer.

## Political career

After studying law, he entered into the civil service of Bavaria. In 1874, he became government assessor in Würzburg. In 1881 he was made ministerial council, and as such authorized deputy of the Bundesrat in Berlin. He exercised this office until he was appointed State Council sixteen years later.
On 23 August 1903, he was appointed as a successor to Max Franz Guido von Thielmann as Finance Minister of the German empire. In the years that followed, there was a steady deterioration of the empire's finances that developed into a constant, structural crisis. The Fleet Acts of 1898 and 1900, employment of German troops during the Boxer Rebellion in China, the expansion of the army in 1893, 1899 and 1905 by as many as 613,000 men, and the increase in military pensions, all had to be financed.
Pressured by the increasing costs of armament, he developed a measure in 1906 that undermined the existing federal system, and instituted a country-wide inheritance tax, in addition to higher excise taxes. Yet the measures were not able to achieve the desired results, so the German empire's debt of 3 billion marks in 1904, grew to 4 billion in 1908 (equivalent to 21 billion and 25 billion 2021 euros). On 20 February 1908, he was replaced as Finance Minister by Reinhold Sydow.

## Publications

* (in German) Die Grundentlastung in Bayern, Würzburg, 1874

## Orders and decorations

* Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon, 23 May 1906
# Gabriel Petrović

Gabriel Petrović (born 25 April 1984) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

He was a defensive midfielder with both Swedish and Bosnian citizenship..
Starting his youth career with AIK, he developed all the way up to the first team squad in the beginning of the 2002 season. On 6 April 2002, he made his league debut, entering the pitch in the 70th minute. Following year he played another 6 matches in the league and 2 in the first round of the UEFA cup. In 2005, he played another 14 games for the side and contributed when the club, after only one year in the second division, immediately advanced to the first league. After his contract wasn't renewed, he joined Finnish first team IFK Mariehamn. His first and only year there was successful as the club ended the season in 5th place and he finished second in the assist league, with many of them coming from corners and set pieces. He spent the 2007 and 2008 seasons with Väsby United, which at the time played in 3rd tier league, Division 1. His first year was a success as the team finished second in the league which led to promotion to the Superettan. The team managed a successful run in the 2007 Swedish Cup as they were sent out late in the semifinals against Kalmar, losing 4-1 home at Vilundavallen.
In summer of 2008, AIK offered him a lucrative contract, but he refused as he wanted to concentrate on his team's performance in the league and continue his studies in the School of Naprapathy in Stockholm. In end of 2008, he was transferred to IF Brommapojkarna, newly promoted to the Allsvenskan.
After the 2018 season with IFK Mariehamn, Petrović retired from football.
# Luciano Balbi

Luciano Damián Balbi (born 4 April 1989) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a left-back for Brown de Adrogué.

## Honours
### Lanús

* Copa Sudamericana: 2013
# Grand-Reng

Grand-Reng (French pronunciation:; Walloon: Grand-Rin) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Erquelinnes, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
It is located on the border with France, on the main road from Mons to Beaumont. Its French neighbour is called Vieux-Reng.
On 13 May 1794, the village was the site of the Battle of Grandreng when Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg's Austrian army defeated a French army under Louis Charbonnier.
50°20′N 4°04′E﻿ / ﻿50.333°N 4.067°E﻿ / 50.333; 4.067
* This Hainaut Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Libuse, Louisiana

Libuse is an unincorporated community in Rapides Parish, Louisiana United States and part of the Alexandria metropolitan area, Louisiana. It was founded in 1914 by Czech immigrants, and named after Libuše. As of 2011, fundraising has commenced for a future Louisiana Czech Museum to be built in Libuse. The tribal office of the Talimali Band of Apalachee is located in Libuse.
Libuse was the home of the late State Representative Carl Gunter, Jr.

## Demographics

At the time of the last census, Libuse's population was 1,965 with 800 total housing units. The median household income was $30,370. 50.7% of the population are male thus the other 49.3% are female. The median age of Libuse was 34. The racial makeup of the community was 233 people or 11.9% are Black or African American and 1621 people or 82.5% are White. 5.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

## Geography

Libuse is located at 31°21′15″N 92°20′00″W﻿ / ﻿31.35417°N 92.33333°W﻿ / 31.35417; -92.33333.
# Abdullah Badheeb

Abdullah Abdulrazzaq Badheeb (1931-1976) was a Yemeni socialist writer, theorist, journalist and politician, and one of the leaders of the Marxist faction of the National Liberation Front in southern Yemen during the late 20th century that sought to free southern Yemen from the British occupation. Badheeb played a major role in the dialogue between the national factions in the occupied southern Yemen at the time, which led to their unification and the formation of the paramilitary political organization called the National Liberation Front that succeeded in liberating southern Yemen and establishing the South Yemen state, which later evolved into the Yemeni Socialist Party. Badheeb's presence was always noticeable in Aden with his ability to persuade, attract, debate, organize, spread reassurance and hope, and motivate the people around him.

## Biography

He was born in Al-Shahr area in Hadhramout governorate in 1931, he received his elementary, preparatory, and secondary education in Aden and obtained two degrees from the Bazara's charitable school in Hadhramout, he then joined highschool, and had to drop out in the final year due to personal and family related circumstances in 1951. Despite this, Abdullah Badheeb, due to his intellectualness, managed to draw attention to himself in the country while he was still a student. His knowledge varied between literature, history, philosophy, and politics.
# Harry Stuart Fonda

Harry Stuart Fonda (August 24, 1864–August 9, 1942) was an American painter, musician, and professor, best known for his marine and landscape paintings.

## History

Fonda was born August 24, 1864, in Marysville, California. He was born in a family of six children, to parents Eleanor (née Middleton) and William Thomas Fonda. From 1883–1885 he studied at California School of Design (now known as San Francisco Art Institute) with Virgil Macey Williams. From 1893–96, he studied at Académie Julian with Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens.
While still living in Paris on February 9, 1896, he married singer May Elizabeth MacLeod. Together with his new wife they moved to California sometimes in late 1896, eventually settling in to a home and studio at 3011 Sacramento Street in San Francisco. Fonda was a member of the Bohemian Club, joining on November 18, 1896. He sometimes taught private classes from his studio. Frequently in summers he would teach art classes in Monterey, California.
From 1897 until 1899, he was an instructor at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art (now known as the San Francisco Art Institute). Other artists working at Mark Hopkins Institute of Art during this time period included Thomas Hill, Ernest Narjot, Emil Carlsen, Amedee Joullin, Raymond Dabb Yelland, and Douglas Tilden. Fonda's students included Pedro Joseph de Lemos, amongst others. His oil painting, House of the Four Winds, was bought by President William McKinley.
After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fonda moved to Monterey, California and taught art in the public schools for one year. Fonda was a musician, a piano player and piano teacher, and he wrote a comic operetta called Prince Toggerty (1910) and starred Josephine Bruguière (mother of artist Francis Bruguière).
His wife May died in San Francisco in 1929. In 1940, he moved to Carthage, New York, to live with his daughter Louise "Elsie" LeRoy Martin, and his son-in-law. He died on August 9, 1942, in Carthage.
# North Holme

North Holme is a suburb and ward of Louth in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It covers the northern part of the town and had a population of 2,613 at the 2021 UK Census.

## Geography

The ward covers the northern part of the town, it extends from County Hospital Louth to Fairfield Industrial Estate. The A16 road forms the western boundary of the ward.

## Amenities

North Holme is close to the Fairfield Industrial Estate which has many mainstream fast food outlets, retail shops, and industrial estates. Some notable amenities include: McDonald's, KFC, Starbucks, Tescos (Proposed) and Screwfix.

## Transport

The area is served Monday - Saturday by Stagecoach Bus Route 51 between Grimsby and Louth. The area was also served by Louth railway station on the former East Lincolnshire Line. The nearest active railway stations are now Grimsby Town and Market Rasen.
# Nikolai Gritsenko

Nikolai Olimpievich Gritsenko or Mykola Olimpiiovych Hrytsenko (July 24 1912 [O.S. July 11] – December 8, 1979) was a Soviet theater and film actor. He appeared in more than 30 films between 1942 and 1978. Gritsenko also was member of the Vakhtangov Theatre company in Moscow. There he was designated Honored Artist of the RSFSR and People's Artist of the USSR. He died on 8 December 1979 after a "conflict" with patients at a hospital he was staying in, and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

## Partial filmography

* Mashenka (1942) - Kolya
* Old Vaudeville [ru] (1947) - Lt. Anton Petrovich Fadeev
* Farewell, America (1949)
* Dream of a Cossack (1951) - Artamashov
* The Night Before Christmas (1951) - Vakula (voice)
* Hostile Whirlwinds (1953) - Schreder
* Marina's Destiny (1953) - Terenty
* The Safety Match (1954) - Psekov, estate manager
* A Big Family (1954) - club manager
* The Road (1955) - Ivan Alekseevich
* The Sisters (1957)
* The Eighteenth Year [ru] (1958)
* Gloomy Morning [ru] (1959) - Vadim Roshchin
* Wind of Freedom (1961) - Georg Stan
* Barrier of the Unknown (1962) - Vadim Lagin
* Ponedelnik: den tyazhyolyy (1964) - Kuzma Yegorovich Stryapkov
* Russian Forest [ru] (1964) - Aleksandr Gratsiyansky
* Mother and Stepmother [ru] (1964) - Fedor Zhurbenko
* Man without a Passport (1966) - Pyotr Izmaylov
* Two Years over the Abyss [ru] (1966) - Colonel Miller
* The Places Here are Quiet [ru] (1967) - Saveliy Petrovich Fisyuk
* Anna Karenina (1967) - Karenin
* There Lived a Man [hy] (1968)
* A Little Crane (1969) - Markelov
* Razvyazka (1969) - Terekhov
* The Adjutant of His Excellency (1970, TV Series) - Vikentiy Pavlovich Speransky
* Family Happiness (1970) - Vaksin
* I, Francisk Skaryna... [ru] (1970) - Reichenberg
* Schastye Anny (1971) - Prokhor Lychkov
* Veseli Zhabokrychi [uk] (1971) - Vasil Mironovich
* The Land of Sannikov (1973) - Trifon Stepanovich Perfilyev, gold mines
* The Black Prince [ru] (1973) - Ananiy Mytnikov
* Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973, TV Mini-Series) - general in the train
* The Land of Sannikov (1973) - Trifon Perfilyev
* A Man in Civilian Clothes [ru] (1973) - baron Erich von Ostenfelzen
* Doker (1973)
* Time of Her Sons [ru] (1974) - Anton Trofimovich Gulyayev
* Crime [ru] (1976) - Pyotr Yegorovich
* Stazhyor (1976) - Aleksandr Trofimov
* Enemies [ru] (1978) - General Pechenegov
* Exile No. 011 [ru] (1978) - Varlamtsev
* Father Sergius (1979) - General Korotkov
* Rebel Barricade [ru] (1979)
# Edith Derby Williams

Edith Roosevelt Derby Williams (June 17, 1917 – June 8, 2008) was an American historian and conservationist. She was a member of the Roosevelt family and a granddaughter of the 26th president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt.

## Biography

Williams was born as Edith Roosevelt Derby in New York City to Dr. Richard Derby and Ethel Carow Roosevelt of the Roosevelt family. She was the second child of Dr. and Mrs. Derby and the eldest daughter. Her maternal grandparents were President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. She was actively involved in Republican politics and addressed the 1960 Republican National Convention, seconding the nomination of Richard Nixon. Later she founded the Vashon Island Health Center. For forty years, she was the Republican Committeewoman for the state of Washington. In 1975, Williams was named to the board of trustees for the University of Washington, where she served until 1981. Mrs. Williams served on the board of trustees for the Theodore Roosevelt Association where she received the Rose Award in 2004 for her many years of service and dedication to the organization. Williams was also recognised for her work in behalf of conservation and promoting a healthier environment by reducing pollution.
In 1941, she married Andrew "Mike" Murray Williams (1916–1998). After World War II in 1946, the family moved to Washington and settled in the Seattle area. They lived on Federal Ave in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle in a home designed and built by the legendary architect, Carl Gould. The home contained several important historical artifacts including china from the Roosevelt White House, pieces of which are in the Smithsonian. The family had three children, Andrew Murray Jr. (1942–2004), Richard Derby (born 1944), and Sarah Gilmore (born 1948). Bruce K. Chapman is her son-in-law and husband to Sarah.
Williams died on June 8, 2008 after breaking her hip at her Vashon Island, Washington home. She was 90.
# Pascual Amat y Esteve

Pascual Amat y Esteve (October 20, 1856 – August 10, 1928) was a Spanish politician, military figure and lawyer.
Born in Yecla, he was Minister of Justice of Spain during the reign of Alfonso XIII. He initiated his political career by joining the Liberal Fusionist Party, participating in the elections of 1893 to 1898 and successfully becoming deputy to Congress for Avila (province). In 1899 he joined the Conservative Party again representing Avila after the elections celebrated between 1903 and 1914 and then in 1916 representing the party in the Spanish Senate. Between 1918 and 1923 he returned to the Congress and again became senator in 1923. He served as Minister of Justice between 20 July and 12 December 1919 in a government presided over by Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo.
He died in Madrid on August 10, 1928.
# Pericleidas

Pericleidas (fl. 5th century BCE) was a man of ancient Sparta -- possibly the proxenos of Athens at Sparta -- who played a role during the Peloponnesian War.
After the 464 BC Sparta earthquake, Pericleidas led a diplomatic mission to Athens to appeal for help putting down the revolt of the Helots against the Spartan aristocracy that the earthquake had unleashed. The Athenian general Cimon agreed to this and sent soldiers, but the Spartans rejected them when they arrived, as the Spartans worried that the Athenians' political leanings might make them too sympathetic to the Helots. This rejection was a precipitating event in the First Peloponnesian War.
A century later, this act was still a topic of discussion for Athenians, and the scene as portrayed in Aristophanes's 4th century BCE play Lysistrata derisively describes Pericleidas, his face "pale with fear", combining religion and politics by approaching Athenian altars "begging for an army".
Pericleidas had a son, Athenaeus of Sparta. The names of both Pericleidas and Athenaeus suggest some close relationship with Athens or its leading families, leading some scholars to speculate whether the family had some relationship with that of Pericles. Some scholars consider it likely that Pericleidas was friendly with the Athenian general Cimon, and it is often remarked on in the literature how the Spartan Pericleidas had a son named Athenaeus ("Athenian") and the Athenian Cimon had a son named Lacedaemonius ("Spartan").
# Cruces, Rincón, Puerto Rico

Cruces is a barrio in the municipality of Rincón, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,455.

## History

Cruces was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Cruces barrio was 770.

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.
The following sectors are in Cruces barrio:
Carretera 412, Cruz Medio, Sector Danubio, Sector Emiliano González, Sector Feliciano, Sector Juan Soto, Sector La Rincoeña, Sector Los Gandía, Sector Los Puentes, Sector Mito Caro, Sector Ríos, Sector Rosado, Sector Sierra Maestra, Sector Soto, and Sector William Noriega Rodríguez.