OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hompesch Gate

The Hompesch Gate (Maltese: Il-Mina ta' Hompesch) is a commemorative arch in Żabbar, Malta. It was built in 1801 to commemorate the locality's status as a city, which had been granted by Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim on 14 September 1797.

## History

Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, the Grand Master of the Order of St. John, attended the feast of the village of Żabbar on 10 September 1797. The inhabitants welcomed the Grand Master's visit, and the parish priest, Don Carlo Caruana, requested that the village be elevated to the status of a city. Hompesch agreed and gave Żabbar the title Città Hompesch by a decree dated 14 September 1797.
Following the elevation of their village to a city, the people of Żabbar wanted to build a monument to the Grand Master. In 1798, the French invasion of Malta expelled Hompesch and the Order from the island. The invasion was followed by a brief French occupation and a Maltese uprising, before Malta became a British protectorate in 1800. These political upheavals delayed the construction of a monument.
In December 1801, while repair works were being made to the Żabbar Sanctuary, Don Caruana decided to build the Hompesch Gate. The arch does not make any reference to the Grand Master or the Order, due to the sensitive political context in which it was constructed. An armorial crest was supposed to surmount the arch, and although the sculpture was begun it was never finished.
The Hompesch Gate was included on the Antiquities List of 1925. The arch is now scheduled as a Grade 1 national monument, and it is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.

## Architecture

Hompesch Gate is built in the neoclassical style. It consists of a single arched opening, flanked by two pairs of Doric pilasters. The arch is topped by a triangular pediment, below which lies a depiction of Our Lady of Graces.
# Bazargan

Bazargan (Persian: بازرگان) may refer to:

## Places

* Bazargan, Afghanistan
* Bazargan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran
* Bazargan, Darab, a village in Fars Province, Iran
* Bazargan, Iran, a city in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Bazargan, Piranshahr, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Bazargan, Qazvin, a village in Qazvin Province, Iran
* Bazargan District, Iran

## People with the surname

* Abolfazl Bazargan, Iranian activist and politician
* Mehdi Bazargan (1907–1995), Iranian scholar and politician
# Zhavarud

Zhavarud (Persian: ژاورود) may refer to:
* Zhavarud-e Gharbi Rural District
* Zhavarud-e Sharqi Rural District
# Stephen Speed

Stephen R. Speed (born c. 1963), is a retired captain, U.S. Naval officer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. Formerly on Dover City Council, he was elected as the non-partisan mayor of Dover, Delaware. Speed was Dover's second full-time mayor.
He resigned in July 2007 to accept a position with Delaware State University, spending eight years as the director of the Aviation Program. Speed later left DSU to pursue a career as a commercial pilot.

## Early life and family

Speed was born in 1963. After graduation from U.S. Naval Academy in 1985, he served as an active duty navy officer from 1985 until 1994. He retired as a captain from the Navy Reserve in 2010. He received his MBA from the Florida Institute of Technology in 1993, and was self-employed as a realtor from 1994 until 2004. He and his wife, Lori, have two daughters.

## Political career

Dover, Delaware operates with a council-manager form of government. The mayor and nine council members serve two-year terms and hire a city manager to manage municipal operations. Speed was elected Dover 1st District Councilman in May 2001 and was the mayor of Dover, Delaware from May 10, 2004. He won reelection to a second two-year term in April 2006.
Speed resigned from office, effective July 22, 2007, to accept a position as the director of the Aviation Program at Delaware State University. Carleton Carey won a special mayor election held on September 18, 2007, to succeed Speed.
In 2010, Speed campaigned for the Kent County Levy Court as a Republican, but lost the election.
# Deraz Ab

Deraz Ab (Persian: درازاب) may refer to:
* Deraz Ab, Razavi Khorasan
* Deraz Ab, Semnan
* Deraz Ab-e Olya, Razavi Khorasan Province
* Deraz Ab-e Sofla, Razavi Khorasan Province
# Berazan

Berazan or Barazan (Persian: برازان) may refer to:
* Barazan, Kurdistan
* Berazan, West Azerbaijan
# Lev Altshuler

Lev Vladimirovitch Altshuler (Russian: Лев Владимирович Альтшулер, 9 November 1913 – 23 December 2003) was a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of the study of solids under extremely high pressures and temperatures and a member of the Soviet atomic bomb project.

## Biography

Altshuler was born in a family of Jewish intellectuals in Moscow. His father Vladimir Aleksandrovich Altshuler (1882–1965) was a lawyer and former revolutionary who worked at the Soviet Ministry of Finances. Altshuler had a brother Sergei (1909–1979) and a sister Olga (1912–1992). In 1932 he started working at the X-ray Laboratory of the Moscow Machine Building Institute. Two years later he enrolled to the Moscow State University, graduating in 1936. Being a specialist in properties of metals and an aviation engineer, he was sent to the Soviet Army in 1940, but in 1942 recalled from the front to the laboratories of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. During those World War II years he defended a PhD (1943) and developed a pulsed X-ray radiography method for real-time analysis of damage induced by a projectile to the tank armor, receiving the State Prize for this work in 1946. The same year he was assigned to the Soviet atomic bomb project. Between 1946 and 1969 he worked at the Soviet Nuclear Center Arzamas-16 under top secret conditions, defending a habilitation in 1954. His administrative promotions were hampered by his outspoken nature, as he publicly opposed some official views and policies. In 1969 he returned to Moscow, assuming a position of department head at the Institute of Optical-Physical Measurements. Twenty years later he became a Chief Researcher at the Institute for High Energy Densities of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In his late years Altshuler published several books and articles on high-pressure science and on the history of the Soviet Atomic Project.
Altshuler was married to Mariya Speranskaya (1916–1977); they had three sons: Boris (b. 1939), Aleksandr (b. 1945) and Mikhail (b. 1955). Boris became a notable physicist and besides his scientific research published a series of historical books related to Andrei Sakharov, his father and the Soviet atomic bomb project.

## Awards

* USSR State Prize (1946, 1949, 1953)
* Order of Lenin (1949, 1953, 1967)
* Lenin Prize (1962)
* Shock Compression Science Award of the American Physical Society (1991)
* Russia State Prize (1999)
# Gavshaleh

Gavshaleh (Persian: گاوشله) may refer to:
* Gavshaleh, Divandarreh
* Gavshaleh, Saqqez
# Sergey Gusev-Orenburgsky

Sergey Ivanovich Gusev-Orenburgsky (Russian: Серге́й Иванович Гусев-Оренбургский) (October 5, 1867 – June 1, 1963) was a writer from the Russian Empire. He was a member of the Moscow literary group Sreda.

## Biography

Gusev-Orenburgsky was born into the family of a merchant. In 1893 he became a village priest, but left the priesthood in 1898.
He began publishing his works in 1890. He was greatly influenced by his acquaintance with Maxim Gorky and by his participation in the Znanie (Knowledge) collections, which published his best works, including the novella In the Parish (1903), and the novel The Land of the Fathers (1905). Gusev-Orenburgsky wrote about the impoverishment of the Russian countryside and criticized the church and its ministers. The Land of the Fathers depicts the development of revolutionary events in the city and countryside and creates the image of the peasant-revolutionary.
After the October Revolution he emigrated to Harbin in 1921. It was there in 1922 that a Jewish aid organisation published his detailed account of pogroms against Jews in Ukraine in 1919-20. A censored version was published in the Soviet Union in 1923 with an introduction by Maxim Gorky. In 1923 he emigrated to the United States and lived in New York. In 1928 he published the novel The Land of the Children.

## English translations

* The Land of the Fathers, (novel), The Dial Press, NY, 1924.
* The Land of the Children, (novel), Longmans, Green and Co, NY, 1928.
# Belad Motaleb

Belad Motaleb or Balad Matlab or Belad Motlab or Belad-e Motalleb (Persian: بلادمطلب), also rendered as Badmutlab, may refer to:
* Belad Motaleb-e Olya
* Belad Motaleb-e Sofla
# Marino Selo camp

The Marino Selo camp was a makeshift prison camp located on the premises of the fishing hut in the village of Marino Selo where Croatian Serb civilians were detained, tortured and killed by members of the 76th Independent Battalion Croatian National Guard (ZNG).

## Background

In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ), ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs worsened. The self-styled Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) declared its intention to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia while the Government of the Republic of Croatia declared it a rebellion. In June 1991 Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia. Tensions eventually broke out into full-scale war, which lasted until 1995.

## Camp and crimes

At the end of 1991, members of the military police of the 76th Independent Battalion of the ZNG opened an improvised prison at the fishing hut location, in which they mentally and physically abused Serbs. At least 24 civilians had passed through the prison, and 17 had died as a result of the abuse. The camp was operational between November 1991 and February 1992.

## Trials

Six Croatian policemen were indicted for the crimes. On 13 March 2009 after the completion of their trial, The Požega County Court delivered a first instance court verdict that found all six guilty of war crimes: Damir Kufner, Davor Šimić, Pavao Vancaš, Tomica Poletto, Željko Tutić and Antun Ivezić. On 23 March 2010, the Supreme Court quashed the verdict of the Požega County Court War Crimes Council because of procedural omissions and transferred the case to the Osijek County Court. In 2011, the Osijek County Court sentenced Poletto to 15 years, Tutić to 12 years in prison, and released the others.
# Avenger-class escort carrier

The Avenger-class escort carrier was a class of escort carriers comprising three ships in service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War and one ship of the class in the United States Navy called the Charger Type of 1942-class escort carrier. All three were originally American type C3 merchant ships in the process of being built at the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company Chester, Pennsylvania. The ships laid down in 1939 and 1940 were launched and delivered to the Royal Navy by 1942 under the Lend-Lease agreement.
The ships had a complement of 555 men and an overall length of 492.25 feet (150.04 m), a beam of 66.25 feet (20.19 m) and a height of 23.25 ft (7.09 m). Their displacement was 8,200 long tons (8,332 t) at normal load and 9,000 long tons (9,144 t) at deep load. Propulsion was provided by four diesel engines connected to one shaft giving 8,500 brake horsepower (6,300 kW), which could propel the ships at 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph).
Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the 410 feet (120 m) long wooden flight deck, one aircraft lift 43 by 34 feet (13 m × 10 m), one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the 190 by 47 feet (58 m × 14 m) half hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised three single mounted 4-inch dual purpose anti-aircraft guns and fifteen 20 mm cannons on single or twin mounts. They had the capacity for fifteen aircraft which would typically be a mixture of Grumman Martlet or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft. The three ships in the class were HMS Avenger, HMS Biter and HMS Dasher. A fourth ship, USS Charger was built at the same time to the same design but was commissioned in the U.S. Navy.
# Philip Wasserman

Philip Wasserman (December 1828 – February 26, 1895) was the mayor of Portland, Oregon, United States from 1871 to 1873. He was a pioneer banker and co-founder of the First National Bank.
Wasserman moved to Portland from San Francisco in 1858 and entered the tobacco and cigar business with his brother, Herman. He was part of a group of successful early Jews in Portland who exhibited a strong sense of public responsibility and appetite for public life, along with his predecessor (and Portland's first Jewish mayor), Bernard Goldsmith.
He died of heart failure at his home in Portland on February 26, 1895.
# Llantarnam

Llantarnam (Welsh: Llanfihangel Llantarnam) is a village of Cwmbran, and is a community and electoral ward in the county borough of Torfaen in south east Wales. The ward covers the same area as the community, but also includes Southville. It is equidistant from Cwmbran town centre and the town of Caerleon.
Llantarnam Abbey is a Cistercian abbey founded in 1179 as a daughter house of Strata Florida Abbey. The remains of that abbey are incorporated into the present buildings housing the Sisters of Saint Joseph. It also contains St Michael's Church.
Llantarnam Hall is home to Rougemont School.
In 2015 Llantarnam School amalgamated with Fairwater High School to make the new school of Cwmbran High School.

## Demographics

At the 2011 Census
* Population 4,125 (community), 5,526 (ward), (Torfaen 91,075)

## Notable people

* David Lewis (martyr)
* Thomas Morgan (of Llantarnam)
# QENS Musherib

Musherib (Q61) is the lead ship of the Musherib-class offshore patrol vessels built for the Qatari Emiri Navy.

## Development

Fincantieri showcased the Musherib-class offshore patrol vessels for the Qatari Emiri Navy during DIMDEX 2018. In August 2017, Qatar officially announced for the order of the two ships of the class after signing the contract in June 2016.
They are able to operate high speed boats such as rigid-hulled inflatable boats with the help of lateral cranes and hauling ramps.

## Construction and career

Musherib was laid down in August 2017 in Fincantieri shipyard in Muggiano, Italy. She was launched on 18 September 2020, and expected to arrive in Qatar in 2022.
# Barkala

Barkala (Persian: باركلا, also Romanized as Bārkalā) is a village in Tuskacheshmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Galugah County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 29 families.
# Croft, Kansas

Croft is an unincorporated community in Township 10, Pratt County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Pratt, along SW 140th Ave between SW 90th St and SW 100th St.

## History

Croft reported a population of 30 in 1910 and was located in the now-defunct Springvale Township of Pratt County, Kansas. It formerly hosted a station on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. It had telephone connections, local trade, did some shipping and in 1910, reported a population of 30. A post office was opened in Croft in 1907, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1961.
The town's grain elevator closed in the early 1990s.

## Education

The community is served by Skyline USD 438 public school district.
# Keneder Adler

Der Keneder Adler (Yiddish: דער קענעדער אדלער, lit. 'The Canadian Eagle') was Canada's leading Yiddish newspaper from 1907 until 1977. Founded in Montreal by Hirsch Wolofsky, the Adler underpinned Yiddish cultural activity in the city for much of the 20th century.

## History

After losing his fruit store on St. Lawrence Boulevard to a fire, Hirsch Wolofsky founded the Eagle Publishing Company with the insurance money salvaged from the disaster. Within a month, the publishing company had established functional offices and housed Canada's first Yiddish linotype machine. The Keneder Adler published its first issue on 30 August 1907. While newspaper's status was precarious during its early years, appearing only biweekly after the fourth edition, the Adler began publishing daily as of October 1908.
The paper was funded by Mortimer B. Davis when it struggled again financially during the First World War. The Adler would have to pay Davis off after he sought to control the Keneder Adler's editorial policy. In 1918, the Adler published its edition of the Babylonian Talmud, which became known as the Montrealer Shas ('The Montreal Talmud') and raised the newspaper's prestige.
The Adler served as a literary forum for Montreal's emerging Yiddish intelligentsia, as both a promoter of Yiddish literature and culture (through the efforts of J. I. Segal, in particular) and as a book publisher and distributor. A. A. Roback served as editor of Der Keneder Adler from 1908 to 1912, and Reuben Brainin as editor from 1912 to 1915, before departing for New York after a disagreement with Wolofsky. A. M. Klein maintained close ties with the paper, and authored the Adler's English page from 1938 to 1941. Israel Medres's regular columns, "Di vokh in kanade" ('This Week in Canada') and "Bilder in gerikht-zal" ('Pictures in a Courtroom'), presented readers with accessible discussions of contemporary political and legal matters.
After Wolofksy's death in 1949, the Adler was run by his son Max. The newspaper ceased publication in 1977, after unsuccessful reincarnations as a weekly and as a bilingual English–Yiddish publication.
# Uzbekistan District

Uzbekistan District (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston tumani) is a district of Fergana Region in Uzbekistan. The capital lies at the city Yaypan. It has an area of 690 km$^2$ (270 sq mi) and it had 246,400 inhabitants in 2022. The district consists of one city (Yaypan), 22 urban-type settlements (Shoʻrsuv, Avgʻon, Dahana Qaqir, Islom, Katta Tagob, Qizil Qaqir, Kichik Tagob, Sardoba, Kudash, Kul elash, Qulibek, Qumbosti, Qoʻshqoʻnoq, Qoʻrgʻoncha, Nursux, Ovchi, Oyimcha Qaqir, Oqmachit, Oxta Tagob, Oʻqchi Dasht, Oʻqchi Rajabgardi, Iftixor) and 10 rural communities.
# Pierre Du Mage

Pierre Du Mage (also Dumage; baptised 23 November 1674 – 2 October 1751) was a French Baroque organist and composer. His first music teacher was most likely his father, who was the organist at Beauvais Cathedral. At some point during his youth, Du Mage moved to Paris and studied under Louis Marchand. He also befriended Nicolas Lebègue, who in 1703 procured for him a position as the organist of the Collegiate Church of Saint-Quentin. In 1710, Du Mage was appointed the titular organist of Laon Cathedral. Due to strained relations with his superiors in the cathedral chapter, Du Mage left on 30 March 1719, at the age of 45, and became a civil servant. He apparently neither played nor composed music professionally until his death.
Du Mage's only surviving work is Premier livre d'orgue, published in 1708. This collection is dedicated to the chapter of Saint Quentin. It contains a single Suite du premier ton, comprising eight pieces in the traditional French forms: Plein jeu, Fugue, Trio, Tierce en taille, Basse de Trompette, Récit, Duo and Grand jeu. In the brief preface to the collection, Du Mage explains that these are his first works, modelled after the music of his former teacher Marchand. His music is, however, of very high quality, and entirely representative of French organ music of the period. Musicologists Félix Raugel and Willi Apel both singled out the Récit for its "delicate and gentle lyricism", and Apel also praised the Tierce en taille and the Grand jeu as particularly striking. Du Mage presented a second livre d'orgue (now lost) to the chapter of Laon Cathedral in 1712.
# Finnish Antiquarian Society

The Finnish Antiquarian Society (Finnish: Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys) is a scholarly society for the purpose of promoting archaeological, ethnological, art-historical and cultural-historical research concerning Finland and other Finno-Ugrian regions and peoples.
The society publishes four peer-reviewed book series; Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja, Suomen Museo-Finskt Museum, Kansatieteellinen Arkisto and Iskos.

## List of chairmen

* Zachris Topelius 1870–1875, 1878–1879
* Wilhelm Lagus 1875–1878
* K. E. F. Ignatius 1879–1885
* J. R. Aspelin 1885–1915
* Hjalmar Appelgren-Kivalo 1915, 1918–1919
* Theodor Schwindt 1916–1917
* Axel Olai Heikel 1917–1918
* Alfred Hackman 1919–1920
* Juhani Rinne 1920–1921
* Kustavi Grotenfelt 1921–1922
* U. T. Sirelius 1922–1923, 1924–1929
* Julius Ailio 1923–1924
* Björn Cederhvarf 1929–1930
* A. M. Tallgren 1930–1942
* Aarne Äyräpää 1942–1945
* Kustaa Vilkuna 1945–1962
* Ella Kivikoski 1962–1968
* Lars Pettersson 1968–1973
* Carl Fredrik Meinander 1973–1976
* Henrik Lilius 1977–1984
* Juhani U. E. Lehtonen 1984–1991
* Torsten Edgren 1991–1998
* Teppo Korhonen 1998–2004
* Helena Edgren 2004–2010
* Mika Lavento 2010–2016
* Pia Olsson 2016–2021
* Elina Räisänen 2021–
# A Conspiracy of Paper

A Conspiracy of Paper is a historical mystery novel by David Liss, set in London in the period leading up to the bursting of the South Sea Bubble in 1720.

## Synopsis

The novel's story is told in the form of a first-person memoir penned by Benjamin Weaver (born Lienzo), London-born son of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish parents. After a successful career in bare-knuckle boxing, Weaver has found a new calling as a 'thief-taker'—roughly equivalent to a modern private investigator. Believing that his estranged father died in a tragic accident, Weaver is shocked when a prospective client claims that the 'accident' was, in fact, murder. Weaver's subsequent investigation involves him in the new London financial world of banks, stocks, speculation, violence and scandal leading up to the world's first stock-market crash, the South Sea Bubble. In order to solve the mystery, he must learn the inner workings of this new world of paper money. The murder investigation moves toward its conclusion in lock-step with the accelerating frenzy of the Bubble's final days.
A sub-plot involves Benjamin's gradual reintegration, after years of estrangement, into his family's community and traditions. This gives the author the opportunity to introduce the Lienzo family, and their struggles to survive and prosper as Jews and foreigners in 18th century London. Benjamin finds added incentive to rejoin his family when he meets the beautiful Miriam, widow of his cousin and now living in his uncle Miguel's household.
Eventually, Weaver goes back to live in the Jewish area of Dukes Place, regularly attends Sabbath prayers at the Synagogue and strictly refrains from consuming pork. As referenced in David Liss' extensive personal note at the end of the book, this parallels the author's own personal development - raised as a completely secular Jew in the present-day US and deciding as an adult to keep some of the observances of Judaism.

## Real world ties

Though the Lienzo family and other main characters are fictional, the story is well-researched, and includes historical events surrounding the South Sea Bubble. The early days of the London Stock Exchange in the coffee houses of Exchange Alley are colorfully depicted, and Weaver has to deal with historical characters such as Jonathan Wild, the notorious 'Thief-taker General'. In the 'Historical Note' following the novel, regarding the Benjamin Weaver character, Liss states that "I found inspiration for his character in the story of Daniel Mendoza", a real-life boxing champion.

### Explanation of the novel's title

The title alludes to the South Sea Company's fraudulent schemes to inflate and maintain the value of its stock.

## Awards and nominations

* Best First Mystery Novel 2001. Macavity Awards
* Best First Novel 2001. Edgar Awards