OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hate speech actions by country

Hate speech, defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation", has been carried out by some state leaders or state policies. Hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, colour, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation".

## Hate speech actions by country

A few states, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Uganda, Rwanda Hutu factions, actors in the Yugoslav Wars, and Ethiopia, have been described as spreading official hate speech or incitement to genocide in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

### Ethiopia

Since Abiy Ahmed became prime minister of Ethiopia in 2018, he repeatedly used hate speech against ethnic Tigrayans. Expressions he used included "daylight hyenas" (Amharic: የቀን ጅቦች) and "unfamiliar others" (Amharic: ፀጉረ ልውጥ), that in the Ethiopian context were dehumanising and interpreted as referring to Tigrayans. Abiy described Tigrayans as "cancers and weeds to be uprooted". In 2021 during the Tigray War, African politics researcher Alex de Waal described Abiy as having "turned up the volume of nationalist-populist rhetoric to maximum", shifting ethnic hate speech from "fringe diaspora groups" to the mainstream.
# Samavak

Samavak (Persian: سماوك) may refer to:
* Samavak, Hamadan
* Samavak, Markazi
# Volkoderi

Volkoderi (Macedonian: Волкодери) is a village in the Resen Municipality of North Macedonia, northwest of Lake Prespa and near Galičica Mountain. It is located over 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) west of the municipal centre of Resen.

## History

Volkoderi was recorded as having 11 households and 32 male inhabitants in 1873.
The village suffered during the Ilinden Uprising. Ten of the village's homes were burnt down and herds of cattle were taken by the Ottoman Turks.

## Demographics

Volkoderi has a population of 114 people and is one of only four villages in Resen Municipality that saw a population increase from the 1994 census to the one in 2002.
| Ethnic group | census 1961 | census 1961 | census 1971 | census 1971 | census 1981 | census 1981 | census 1991 | census 1991 | census 1994 | census 1994 | census 2002 | census 2002 |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Macedonians | 64 | 100.0 | 70 | 100.0 | 51 | 100.0 | 102 | 99.0 | 102 | 100.0 | 114 | 100.0 |
| others | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 64 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 51 | 51 | 103 | 103 | 102 | 102 | 114 | 114 |
# Andrea Costa (footballer)

Andrea Costa (born 1 February 1986) is an Italian football coach and a former player who played as a defender or midfielder. He is the coach of Under-17 squad of Reggiana.

## Club career
### Reggiana

Costa started his career at hometown club Reggiana of Serie C1.

### Bologna

He was signed by Bologna in summer 2003 in co-ownership deal, but reported to squad in January 2005, which he already made 16 appearances for Reggiana.
After Bologna relegated in summer 2005, he entered the first team and played 43 Serie B games. Bologna also acquired Costa outright from bankrupted Reggiana in the same summer.

### Reggina

On 31 January 2008, he was signed by Serie A team Reggina, located in Reggio Calabria, for €100,000 loan fee. In June 2008, Reggina bought him outright for an additional €2.75 million transfer fee.

### Sampdoria

On 3 August 2011 he was signed by U.C. Sampdoria on a temporary basis for a loan fee of €1.9 million.$^{:62}$ On 3 July 2012 he was signed in a definitive deal for another €1.1 million on a 4-year contract.$^{:43}$

### Parma

On 27 August 2014 Costa joined Parma with Marco Marchionni moved to opposite direction. Both players were valued for €2 million fee. Costa became a free agent in June 2015, after the bankruptcy of the club.

### Empoli

Costa signed a three-year contract with Empoli on 21 July 2015. He left Empoli after the club relegated at the last round of 2016–17 Serie A season.

### Benevento

On 13 July 2017, he agreed to join newly promoted Benevento from Empoli on a two-year contract.

### Reggio Audace

On 27 August 2019, he joined Serie C club Reggio Audace on a 3-year contract.
# Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals

The Catalan Media Corporation (Catalan: Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals, CCMA; IPA:) is the public radio and television company in Catalonia owned by Generalitat de Catalunya.
The CCRTV is a public corporation created by the Generalitat de Catalunya by a Founding Act that passed the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 1983. It answers to the Parliamentary Control Commission and to the Catalan Audiovisual Council. It is funded through the Generalitat's General Budget as well as by income and yield from CCRTV's own activities. Its subsidiaries can partly finance themselves through advertising, sponsorship and the sale of merchandise and programming.
Catalunya Ràdio started broadcasting on 20 June 1983, while its first television channel, TV3, started its trial broadcast on 11 September that year.
In September 2006, CCRTV received the EFQM Excellence Award for its organisational gestion.

## Budget

The current allocation from the Catalan government to the public broadcaster is 343 million euros for 2015 which is similar in size and operation to Irish public broadcaster RTÉ and Finnish broadcaster YLE.

## Companies of the corporation

The CCRTV is composed of the following companies:

### Televisió de Catalunya

Televisió de Catalunya is Catalonia's public broadcasting network, composed of six channels, with TV3 as its flagship channel. TVC is headquartered in Sant Joan Despí, near Barcelona.

### Catalunya Radio SGR

Catalunya Radio SGR (Catalunya Ràdio) is Catalonia's public radio network. It has four stations, the most important of is its namesake Catalunya Ràdio. Catalunya Ràdio is headquartered in Barcelona.

### CCRTV interactiva

CCRTV interactiva creates and distributes interactive media content for the other companies of the corporation.

### Activa Multimèdia Digital

The trademark that markets CCRTV technology.

### CCRTV Administració Sistemes d'Informació

Provides support for management, planning, development, systems and computing.

### Corporate Shareholdings

* Catalan News Agency (Agència Catalana de Notícies) - Major shareholder.
* Vang 3 Publication - A publishing company founded by CCRTV and La Vanguardia.

### The TV3 Marathon Foundation

Created by the CCRTV to manage the funds raised by the annual telethon La Marató de TV3, devoted to raise funds for scientific research into diseases that are currently incurable.
# Zajk

Zajk (Croatian: Sajka) is a village in Zala County, Hungary. It is known for its cheese.
# Lankaran Lowland

The Lankaran Lowland (Azerbaijani: Lənkəran ovalığı) is a narrow strip of lowland in southern Azerbaijan by the Caspian Sea. It is the southward extension of the Kura-Aras Lowland which in itself is an extension of the Aral–Caspian Depression. It is named after the city of Lankaran.

## Geography

It joins the Mughan plain in the North and is bounded by the Caspian Sea from the East, the Talysh Mountains southwards and reaches Iran in the area of Astara by the sea and westwards. The plain part of the Hirkan National Park ("Moscow Forest") lies within the Lankaran Lowland. The Moscow Forest is the only preserved part of the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests which covered most of the lowland, that was later cleared for agriculture. However, there is a reforestation program of the lowland, on a designated non-forested lot which is the only non-cultivated land on the plain, in order to (partially because the Lankaran Lowland is far too valuable for its agricultural productivity for Azerbaijan, to be given up for reforestation) restore the ecology to its previous forested state. This lot will become the second forest in the lowland after the Moscow Forest and once it is reforested, it will become an additional part of the Hirkan National Park in the lowland.

## Climate

The lowland with its humid semi-subtropical climate is a place of tea, rice and citrus plantations. The maximum annual precipitation in Lankaran Lowland is between 1,600 mm to 1,800 mm, which along the Talysh Mountains is the highest precipitation in Azerbaijan.

## Fauna

| Animal | Name |
| Sultan chicken | Porphyrio poliocephalus |
| Glossy ibis | Plegadis falcinellus |
| Flamingo | Phoenicopterus ruber |
| Black francolin | Franco linus francolinus |
| Swan | Cygnus |
| Anser (bird) | Anser |
| Eurasian coot | Fulica atra |
# Gowmazi

Gowmazi or Gumazi (Persian: گو مازي) may refer to:
* Gowmazi Faqir
* Gowmazi Jari
* Gowmazi Kowsar
* Gowmazi Osman
* Gowmazi Saleh
* Gowmazi Sanjar
# Pir Mohammad Karwan

Pir Mohammad Karwan (Pashto: پیر محمد کاروان) is a prominent and contemporary poet writing in the Pashto language.

## Academic life

Karwan has published four collections of poetry and two collections of short stories.
Poetry books:
* La Mashama Tar Mashama - له ماښامه تر ماښامه
* Chinar Khabari Kawee - چنار خبرې کوي
* Da Shapiray Warghawai - د ښاپېرۍ ورغوی
* Zarzari Wazare - زرزري وزرې
Short stories:
* La Nargisa Tar Nargisa - له نرګسه تر نرګسه
* Ghrah Ta Rawan Saray - غره ته روان سړی

## Work life

Currently, Karwan works with BBC's Afghan education drama project as a drama writer.
Karwan is one of the founding father of افغان ادبي بهير Afghan Literary Movement aimed at nurturing new generation of Afghan poets. The movement was founded in the late 1980s by the then refugee Afghan poets, Siddique Pasarly, Nisar Haris, Mustafa Salik and Pir Muhammad Karwan in Peshawar city. This non-profit movement has given birth to many inspiring poets and writers in this war-torn country. Currently the movement is operating from the Cinema Pamir building in Kabul. The movement has a principle stand not to accept any donations, funds etc. in a bid to secure its independence.

## Translation

His poem Flower and Man has been translated into English by the Poetry Translation Centre.
# Bayvil

Bayvil (Welsh: Y Beifil) is a hamlet and parish in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is situated in the north of the county, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Newport. It is in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The parish includes most of the village of Felindre Farchog. Together with the parishes of Monington, Moylgrove and most of Nevern, it constitutes the community of Nevern.

## History

The name may derive from Norman-French Beauvil, a "pleasant settlement". It is in the heart of Welsh-speaking Pembrokeshire, in the Welsh cantref of Cemais.
The parish appears on a 1578 map of Pembrokeshire. It had, in 1844, a population of 130 in an area of 1,350 acres (550 ha). It included the more developed village of Felindre Farchog and part of the estate of Cwmgloyne, owned by the Lloyd family, and which gave its name to the former Cwmgloyne Arms in the nearby settlement of Crosswell. The estate was broken up to be sold in 1899 and part was sold for a total of £17,000. In 1909 the remainder, including the Bayvil portion, 356 acres, reached a bid of £6,550 before being withdrawn. Parts of the estate were bought by tenants.

## Parish church

The parish church of St Andrew was built in the early 19th century and is a Grade II* listed building, being a scarce rural example of an Anglican church of the period. It is built from rubble stone, and has a bellcote and slate roof. The font is 12th century. There is a memorial to T. Lloyd dating from about 1850. Having been closed for a period, with the roof being repaired in 1905, the church was reopened for services in 1908. It is now disused and looked after by the Friends of Friendless Churches.

## Demographics

Its census populations were: 102 (1801): 124 (1851): 67 (1901): 75 (1951): 44 (1981). The percentage of Welsh speakers was 100 (1891): 96 (1931): 70 (1971).
# Mohammad Ali Bashe Ahangar

Mohammad Ali Bashe Ahangar (Persian: محمدعلی باشه آهنگر; also Romanized as Mohammad-Ali Bashe Ahangar) (b. 1962) is an Iranian director and screenwriter.

## Filmography

* The Lost Half (نیمهٔ گمشده), 1998
* Sugar Solution (نبات داغ), 2003
* The Child of Dust (فرزند خاک), 2007
* Dreams Awakened (بیداری رؤیاها), 2010
* The Queen (ملکه), 2012
* Under Water Cypress (سرو زیر آب), 2018
* Cinema metropol (سینما متروپل), 2022
# USS Effective (AM-92)

USS Effective (AM-92) was an Adroit-class minesweeper of the United States Navy. Laid down on 9 February 1942 by the Dravo Corporation, Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, launched on 12 June 1942, and commissioned on 1 October 1942. The ship was reclassified as a submarine chaser, PC-1596 on 1 June 1944.

## World War II Atlantic Operations

Effective sailed from New Orleans, Louisiana, on 11 November 1942, and called at Key West, Florida, and Charleston, South Carolina, before arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, 8 January 1943. After intensive training, she arrived in Bermuda in February. She remained there on patrol and local escort, with occasional escort voyages to ports on the east coast, until 7 July 1944. Sailing from Bermuda she rendezvoused with a convoy bound for the Mediterranean.

## As submarine chaser PC-1596

On 15 August 1944 PC-1596 saw action in the invasion of southern France. She continued to support the operation by escorting convoys among various Mediterranean ports, training and patrol. She departed Oran 27 May 1945 for the east coast and arrived at Jacksonville, Florida, in June.
She was decommissioned on 9 November 1945 at Jacksonville, Florida, transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 30 July 1946, and sold to Mechanical Equipment, New Orleans, Louisiana. Fate unknown.
PC-1596 received one battle star for World War II service.
# Caesarus

Caesarus (known as Césaro in Portuguese and Spanish) was a chieftain of the Lusitanians, a proto-Celtic tribe from western Hispania. He followed and later replaced Punicus as their major military leader during the Lusitanian War.

## Biography

He is considered to have served as Punicus's lieutenant, which would explain the quick way he was promoted to leader after the latter's death. Caesarus might have previously accompanied him during his service as a mercenary for Phoenician or Punic territories in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. In 155 BC, Punicus provoked the Lusitanians and Vettones into revolting and pillaging the Roman colonies, but after being killed in 153 BC, he was relieved by Caesarus.
The new chieftain had his first major battle in Hispania Ulterior against the forces of Roman Praetor Lucius Mummius. Although the Roman forces were initially successful, obliging the Lusitanians to fall back and abandon their plunder, the Roman forces became disorganised in the chase, which Caesarus capitalised on to counter-attack. Mummius was defeated in the ensuing battle with as many as 9,000 of his men dying, allowing the Lusitanians to regain their spoils and also capture many of the Romans' weapons and standards. It has been speculated the whole sequence might have been a deliberate ruse by the Lusitanians. In any case, Caesarus then paraded mockingly with the Roman standards through the Iberian peninsula, helping to provoke the Second Celtiberian War.
Caesarus's forces faced Mummius again later, after the latter had remained in fortified positions training his army. This time Mummius won, recovering part of the lost plunder. Caesarus is not mentioned as being among the Lusitanians, making his ultimate fate unknown. Meanwhile, another Lusitanian contingent from adjacent lands had joined the war, led by the warlord Caucenus.

## Etymology

The meaning of the name Kaisaro is disputed, though it is believed it has a Phoenician root, bringing the possibility it was a title gained during his military experience in Phoenician or Punic territories. It might derive from the word ksr, related to the Carthaginian god Kusor, or alternatively from kysr, translating as "elephant" (the same origin as the Roman surname and title Caesar). Departing from the Phoenician thesis, it might come as well from the Celtic language, more specifically the words gaesi ("valiant man") or gaesum ("iron dart"), similar to the Celtic-Germanic name Caesorix.

## In film and television

The Spanish television series Hispania, La Leyenda (2010-2012) features Caesarus as the chief of Viriathus's home village. He is played by Lluís Marco.
# Stefan Czarnowski

Stefan Zygmunt Czarnowski (1 September 1879 – 29 December 1937) was a Polish sociologist, folklorist and professor of the University of Warsaw.

## Biography

Czarnowski was a member of the Polish pro-independence movements, he fought in the Polish Legions and the Polish-Soviet War. At first supporter of endecja, he gravitated towards supporting Polish Socialist Party.
After studies in Leipzig under figures such as Wilhelm Wundt, in Berlin with Georg Simmel and in Paris as a student and assistant to Marcel Mauss and Henri Hubert, Czarnowski habilitated in 1926 for cultural history at the University of Warsaw, 1928 to 1929 he lectured at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris. From 1930 he taught at the University of Warsaw as an associate professor of cultural history, from 1934 as a full professor of sociology and cultural history.
In his sociological work, Czarnowski closely followed Émile Durkheim's positivist concept of science, in which he researched the socio-cultural world using empirically verifiable theories and methods. At the same time he advocated an "ontological" humanism in the view that this world is a dimension constituted by symbolic communication, to be observed separately from natural phenomena. In most of his work, he appeared simultaneously as a historian and sociologist, which is why he is considered the first Polish representative of historical sociology. His main work Kultura offers a series of historical-sociological studies on the emergence, transformation and renewal of culture and is an attempt at a synthesis of Durkheim's concept of society and Marxist categories of analysis.
His works centered on sociology of culture and religion. He studied social movements, theory of heroes as well as history of the Celts.
He wrote in French a very important book: Le culte des héros et ses conditions sociales; Saint Patrick, héros national de l'Irlande, Paris, Félix Alcan, Collection des travaux sociologiques sous la direction d'Emile Durkheim, Préface d'Henri Hubert, 1919.
# Bahman District

Bahman District (Persian: بخش بهمن) is in Abarkuh County, Yazd province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Mehrdasht.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the district's population was 13,001 in 3,422 households. The following census in 2011 counted 13,429 people in 3,839 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 14,196 inhabitants in 4,271 households.

### Administrative divisions

Bahman District Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
| Esfandar RD | 3,824 | 3,992 | 4,044 |
| Mehrabad RD | 1,976 | 2,047 | 2,055 |
| Mehrdasht (city) | 7,201 | 7,390 | 8,097 |
| Total | 13,001 | 13,429 | 14,196 |
| RD = Rural District ||||
# Paul Rand Dixon

Paul Rand Dixon (September 29, 1913 – May 2, 1996) was an American attorney and decorated World War II veteran. Dixon was a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), serving on the body from 1961 to 1981. Additionally, he served as the agency's chair from 1961 to 1969 and again briefly in 1976.

## Early life and education

Dixon was born September 29, 1913, in Nashville, Tennessee, to James and Sarah Dixon. He received his bachelor's degree from Vanderbilt University and his Juris Doctor from the University of Florida.

## Career

Dixon was a member of the FTC's staff from 1930 to 1957, except for his three years of service in the U.S. Navy from 1942 to 1945. While in the Navy, Dixon would reach the rank of lieutenant commander. Between 1957 and 1961, Dixon served as counsel and staff director for the U.S. Senate Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee, where he worked with Senator Estes Kefauver (D-TN).

### Tobacco regulation

As FTC Chair, Dixon notably led the successful fight in 1965 to mandate cigarette companies to include health warnings on their products. The push began following a report by the Surgeon General on the carcinogenic qualities of tobacco, which led Dixon himself to stop smoking.

### Reputation

During his time as an FTC Commissioner, Dixon developed a reputation as a "colorful and often controversial member" with "almost legendary wit and candor". In 1978, he was praised at a reception for his longtime service to the agency by then-FTC Chair Michael Pertschuk, who said:
   "Paul Band [sic] Dixon can follow a trial of greed and abuse of market power by instinct to its source, and his heart and vote are consistently with the consummer [sic]"

## Personal life

Dixon was a Methodist, and attended the Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church in Washington, D.C. Dixon died on May 2, 1996, at the age of 82, having outlived his wife, Doris Evelyn (née Busby). Dixon was survived by his two sons, Paul Jr. and David.

## Legacy

In 2014 a famous dictum of his, from a ruling in a multi-level marketing (MLM) pyramid scheme case, "an intolerable potential to deceive," was newly immortalized in the title of a book, Downline... an intolerable potential to deceive, by E. Robert Smith. The FTC has awarded the "Paul Rand Dixon Award" in his honor to individuals within the agency who have displayed strong character and commitment to antitrust enforcement.
# Angels in Love

Angels in Love is a 1953 comedy play by the British writer Hugh Mills. It premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in Liverpool. It later transferred to the Savoy Theatre in London's West End where it ran for 203 performances between 11 February and 17 August 1954. The West End cast featured Peter Hammond, Barbara Kelly, Peter Reynolds, Kynaston Reeves, Henry Kendall, Christopher Morahan, Myles Rudge and Maxine Audley. It portrays the life of the now grown-up Little Lord Fauntleroy.
# Melon ball

Melon ballers are utensils to make balls of melon from a scoop with a diameter from around 1 centimeter to 3 centimeters (about 3/8 inch to 1 inch). These are generally used to make fruit salad.
Melon balls are made by pressing them into the melon's flesh and rotating. It can also be used to cut other soft fruit and ice cream. The diameter of a melon baller's bowl varies from around 1 centimeter to 3 centimeters (about 3/8 inch to 1 inch), and it is typically made of stainless steel with a handle of wood, metal, or hard plastic. Some varieties have the handle in the middle and a different-sized bowl on each end, and the bowl typically has a small hole in the middle to allow air and juice through. It is more commonly known as a prepping utensil. Melon ballers can be used for a variety of melons; like watermelon, cantaloupe, or honeydew. They typically are multifunctional utensils. They are also used for balling other soft fleshy fruits, trying small bits of other foods such as ice cream, or making chocolate truffles.