OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alim Khan of Kokand

Alim Khan (Uzbek: Olimxon; Kazakh: Álim Narbotauly; Kyrgyz: Алим хан) was the Khan of Kokand c. 1801 to 1810. He became Khan after the death of his father Narbuta Bey.

## Policies as Khan

Alim continued his father's policies of expanding the Khanate, personally leading the military operation for the annexation of Ura-Tepe in 1806, but due to strong resistance the city had to be annexed again on multiple occasions. Alim also initiated an extensive campaign of military reforms, which included hiring mercenary Tajik forces.
Alim then took over Tashkent from Yunus Khoja, a feat his father Narbuta had attempted but failed. Kurama, containing the cities of Ura Tepe, Jizzak, and Khojend were annexed; the independent state originally under the control of a Kyrgyz sultan containing the cities of Shymkent, Turkestan and Sayram, were also captured and absorbed into the Khanate, but like Ura-Tepe resisted several times and were later re-annexed by Umar Khan.
A war broke out between Karakalpaks and Kokandian settlers along the Syr Darya river, leading to the expulsion of the Karakalpaks to Khiva. Alim's strict control of the Khanate and numerous unpopular military campaigns, including an unexplained massacre of a Kazakh village in winter, fragmented his army and led to his death at the hands of his brother Muhammad Umar Khan.

## Overthrow

In a plot to remove Alim as Khan, his brother Muhammad Umar announced to Alim's forces that Alim had been killed and had appointed a new governor of Tashkent, causing confusion among the 300 remaining troops loyal to Alim, which then withdrew their forces from the edge of the Chirchiq river and headed Southeast to the city of Kokand. When forces that had sworn allegiance to Umar took control of Tashkent, they declared Umar to be the Khan, while Alim spoke to his council to reconvene the troops loyal to him. Alim appointed his son to be the governor of Tashkent. With only twenty remaining loyal soldiers, Alim was advised to travel to Khodjend to meet reinforcements of 4,000 troops but did not. When he insisted on heading to the city of Kokand, 17 of the 20 remaining soldiers abandoned him; he was then fatally shot by a member of the Umar Khan faction when he got stuck in the sand with his horse. Alim's son was treated with hostility as governor of Tashkent, and was captured by the Umar's forces shortly after his father's death.
# A Moose for Jessica

A Moose for Jessica is a 1987 non-fiction children's book about a moose named Josh who loved a cow called Jessica. The story is told by Pat A. Wakefield and is illustrated with photographs by Larry Carrara, the owner of the cow.
In 1986, Josh turned up at a farm in Shrewsbury, Vermont, and began to show decided attraction toward Jessica, a Hereford cow. He stayed in the vicinity for 76 days. The visit of the moose inspired media attention and attracted tens of thousands of people to the area.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews described the book as "unique, fascinating, and delightful." The New York Times Book Review commented: "This quiet, unpretentious story has the magic of credibility thanks to Pat A. Wakefield's simple, intelligent writing, enhanced by wonderful photographs."
It was named as an Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children by the National Science Teachers Association and as one of the year's best books by Publishers Weekly.
* Children's literature portal
# Karaul

Karaul (Kazakh: Қарауыл) is the name of selo in Kazakhstan:
Karaul (Russian: Карау́л) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
* Karaul, Bogorodsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Ukhtymsky Rural Okrug of Bogorodsky District of Kirov Oblast
* Karaul, Kotelnichsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Kotelnichsky Rural Okrug of Kotelnichsky District of Kirov Oblast
* Karaul, Kumyonsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Bereznikovsky Rural Okrug of Kumyonsky District of Kirov Oblast
* Karaul, Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a selo in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai
* Karaul, Bardymsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Bardymsky District of Perm Krai
* Karaul, Inzhavinsky District, Tambov Oblast, a selo in Karaulsky Selsoviet of Inzhavinsky District of Tambov Oblast
# Charles Shute

Charles Shute may refer to:
* Charles Shute (academic) (1917–1999), English physician and academic
* Sir Charles Cameron Shute (1816–1904), British army officer and politician
# Sergey Gulev

Sergey Konstantinovich Gulev (Russian: Сергей Константинович Гулев; born November 29, 1958) is a Russian climate scientist. He is head of the ocean-atmosphere interaction laboratory at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences and is a professor of oceanology and meteorology at Moscow State University. In 2011, he was elected as a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
He served as a lead author of the 2007 and 2014 IPCC Scientific Assessment Reports on Climate Change, and is currently (as of 2018) coordinating lead author in the forthcoming Sixth Assessment Report.

## Awards

He was a Humboldt Fellow 1992/1993 at the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel, now called GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.
# Bocage's weaver

Bocage's weaver (Ploceus temporalis) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It is found in riparian zones of Angola, southern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northwestern Zambia.
The common name and Latin binomial commemorate the Portuguese naturalist José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage, who described the species in 1880.
# Lazar Reznikov

Lazar Osipovich Reznikov (Russian: Лазарь Осипович Резников; 8 December 1905 — 29 September 1970) was a Soviet philosopher and one of the pioneers of semiotics studies in Russia. Professor, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences.

## Biography

Lazar Osipovich Reznikov was born on 8 December 1905 in Chișinău in the Jewish family. His father was an artisan. In 1929 Lazar Reznikov graduated from the Pedagogical Faculty of the Don University in Rostov-on-Don, where he later worked as an assistant professor of the Department of Dialectical Materialism. In 1933—1936 he continued his studies in graduate school at Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History, then taught in Odessa. After defending his candidate thesis on the topic "The Marxist-Leninist theory of reflection and criticism of physiological idealism" in 1937 he was appointed head of the Department of Philosophy at Rostov University. In 1948 he defended his doctor thesis on the topic "Problems of the formation of general concepts" and became a professor.
He was arrested during the Campaign against cosmopolitanism in 1949, was expelled from the Communist Party "for the anti-Party activity, which was alien to the interests of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet people, expressed in propaganda of the ideology of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, counterrevolutionary Trotskyism and right opportunism in his works." In 1950, he was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor camps (in 1954 he was released, rehabilitated, and returned to his previous work).
Since September 1955 he was a professor of the Department of Philosophy of Leningrad State University.
His main research was in the field of the theory of knowledge, general theory of reflection, semiotics and semantics (sign language theory), logic and the history of logic. His monograph "Epistemological Questions of Semiotics" (1964) was translated into a number of foreign languages. Among his most prominent students — Andrey Zdravomyslov.

## Main works

* Понятие и слово. Л.: Ленинградский государственный университетт имени А. А. Жданова, 1958.
* Poje̦cie i słowo. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1960.
* Гносеологические вопросы семиотики. Л.: Ленинградский государственный университетт имени А. А. Жданова, 1964. — 302 с.
* Semiotica e marxismo. I problemi gnoseologici della semiotica. Milan: Bompiani, 1967.
* Erkenntnistheoretische Fragen der Semiotik. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1968.
* Вопросы теории познания и методологии научного исследования (редактор). ЛГУ, 1969. — 122 с.
* Вопросы гносеологии, логики и методологии научного исследования (редактор). ЛГУ, 1970.
* Semiótica y teoría del conocimiento. Madrid: Alberto Corazón, 1970.
* Zeichen, Sprache, Abbild. Frankfurt: Syndikat, 1977.
# Steef Nieuwendaal

Steef Nieuwendaal (Dutch pronunciation:, born 29 January 1986) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for OJC Rosmalen in the Dutch Derde Divisie.

## Career

Nieuwendaal is a midfielder who was born in Weert and made his debut in professional football, being part of the Willem II Tilburg squad in the 2004–05 season. He also played for MVV Maastricht, FC Den Bosch and Sparta Rotterdam.
# Fattahi Nishapuri

Muhammad ibn Yahya Sibak Nishapuri (Persian: محمد بن یحیی سیبک نیشاپوری), commonly known as Fattahi Nishapuri (فتاحی نیشاپوری; "Fattahi" was his pen name; died 1448), was a Persian poet and calligrapher in the Timurid Empire. A native of the city of Nishapur, he was one of the leading poets and calligraphers at the court of the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh (r. 1405–1447).
# Causal contact

Two entities are in causal contact if there may be an event that has affected both in a causal way. Every object of mass in space, for instance, exerts a field force on all other objects of mass, according to Newton's law of universal gravitation. Because this force exerted by one object affects the motion of the other, it can be said that these two objects are in causal contact.
The only objects not in causal contact are those for which there is no event in the history of the universe that could have sent a beam of light to both. For example, if the universe were not expanding and had existed for 10 billion years, anything more than 20 billion light-years away from the earth would not be in causal contact with it. Anything less than 20 billion light-years away would because an event occurring 10 billion years in the past that was 10 billion light-years away from both the earth and the object under question could have affected both. Depending on the expansion history of the universe, there may be a time such that there will be no particle horizons: all matter in the universe will be in causal contact.
A good illustration of this principle is the light cone, which is constructed as follows. Taking as event $p$ a flash of light (light pulse) at time $t_{0}$, all events that can be reached by this pulse from $p$ form the future light cone of $p$, whilst those events that can send a light pulse to $p$ form the past light cone of $p$.
Given an event $E$, the light cone classifies all events in spacetime into 5 distinct categories:
* Events on the future light cone of $E$.
* Events on the past light cone of $E$.
* Events inside the future light cone of $E$ are those affected by the beam of light emitted at $E$.
* Events inside the past light cone of $E$ are those that can emit a beam of light and affect what is happening at $E$.
* All other events are in the (absolute) elsewhere of $E$ and are those that will never affect and can never be affected by $E$.
See the causal structure of Minkowski spacetime for a more detailed discussion.
# Pietro Romanelli

Pietro Romanèlli (born in Rome, Italy in 1889 – died in Rome, Italy in 1981) was an Italian archaeologist.
Born in Rome, he carried out excavations at Tarquinia, Ostia Antica, the Palatine Hill in Rome, at the Forum Romanum and at Leptis Magna in Libya. Among his students was the Roman archaeologist and researcher at Ostia Antica Maria Floriani Squarciapino (1917-2003).

## Necrology

* A. M. Colini. "Pietro Romanelli" StRom 30 (1982), 358–65.

## Sources

Fabrizio Vistoli, s.v. "Pietro Romanelli", in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 88, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2017, pp. 221–224.
# Amos Yudan

Amos Yudan (Hebrew: עמוס יודן; born November 5, 1936) is an Israeli businessman, Chairman of the Israel-China and Hong Kong chamber of commerce and CEO of Comodan, a company that promotes Sino-Israeli business. Yudan was the first Israeli to initiate trade exchange with China in 1981.

## Business career

Yudan was born in Haifa (Israel) to Walter and Chaya Yudenberg.
During the 80's, Yudan managed the International Trade Division of Koor Trade Corporation, and in 1984 initiated the first trade relationships with companies in China. In 1987 he was asked by Israel's prime minister Mr. Shimon Peres to set up the first official Government owned company (Copeco Ltd) to establish and foster commercial activities between companies in China and Israel. The company was active till 1992, when official diplomatic relationships were announced between Israel and China. During these years, Yudan led the first business delegations from Israel to China and managed the first joint projects in the field of Agriculture and Telecommunication.
Since 1992, Yudan is the CEO and President of Comodan Far East Ltd, which specialises in business development and trade between Israel and China. Yudan initiated and led numerous joint ventures, and implemented large scale projects of Israeli companies in China, and Chinese companies in Israel. Yudan played an important role in the development of the Red Line section of Tel Aviv Light Rail.
In December 2011, Yudan has been awarded the prestige "Life Achievement Prize" of the Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce (FICC) as recognition for his many years of contribution to the promotion of trade between Israel and China. The prize was granted by Israel's Minister for Trade and Industry Mr. Shalom Simchon and the Chinese Ambassador to Israel.
# Republican Party (Iceland, 2013)

The Republican Party (Icelandic: Lýðveldisflokkurinn) is a political party in Iceland. It is not the same as the 1953 party with an identical name, although the name was chosen as a homage to that party.
It was officially granted list letter I on 8 March 2013, and started to compose a candidate list for participation in the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election. It, however, forwent participation in the election, choosing to merge with seven other parties into the new Households Party, which will contest the election with the list letter I.
# Sellyakh

The Sellyakh (Russian: Сыалах or Сельлях; Yakut: Сиэллээх, Sielleex) is a river in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia. It has a length of 352 kilometres (219 mi) —counting the length of the Ilin-Sellyakh (Илин-Сыалаах) at its head— and a drainage basin area of 8,700 square kilometres (3,400 sq mi).
The river flows north of the Arctic Circle, across territories of the Ust-Yansky District marked by permafrost. The lower course of the river belongs to the Yana Delta Ramsar wetland site. There are no settlements along its course. The nearest town is Tumat.

## Course

The Sellyakh has its sources in the western part of the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, East Siberian Lowland. The river is formed at the confluence of 125 km (78 mi) long Ilin-Sellyakh and 90 km (56 mi) long Arga-Sellyakh, also known as Sygynakhtaakh (Сыгынахтаах). The Sellyakh flows roughly northwestwards across very swampy flatland dotted with small lakes, to the northeast of the Nuchcha. Its channel meanders strongly and in its lower course the river turns north, its floodplain roughly parallel to the Chondon that flows northwards to the west. Finally the river ends in the Sellyakh Bay of the Laptev Sea. It shares a common mouth system with the Bilir, to the southwest of the mouth of the Danilkina.

### Tributaries

The main tributaries of the Sellyakh are the 189 km (117 mi) long Tut-Balyktakh (Туут-Балыктаах) and the 235 km (146 mi) long Syuyuryukteekh (Сююрюктээх) on the right, as well as the 90 km (56 mi) long Sygynastakh (Сыгынастаах) on the left. There are over 6,000 lakes in the Sellyakh basin. The river is frozen between early October and early June.
# Park Hyatt Hyderabad

Park Hyatt Hyderabad is a luxury hotel located in the Banjara Hills neighbourhood of Hyderabad, India that opened on 29 April 2012. Built on an area of 32,256 square metres (347,200 sq ft) the Hotel is the first urban Park Hyatt in India and 29th hotel in the Park Hyatt portfolio.

## History

Built across on an area of 32,256 square metres (347,200 sq ft) the construction of the hotel started in 2006. Owned by Gayatri Hi-tech Hotels and managed by Hyatt, the hotel was inaugurated on 29 April 2012 costing Rs 7 billion approximately.

## The Hotel

The Hotel has 185 rooms, 24 suites on the first six floors and 42 furnished service apartments called The Residence on the top two floors. The residences are pet friendly and guests can stay with their pets. Each of the hotel’s guestrooms are among the largest in Hyderabad, measuring at least 463 square feet. The lobby is designed with sparkling water feature and plants that surround a 35-foot tall white abstract sculpture. Park Hyatt Hyderabad is the first hotel in India to feature Hyatt’s residential-style meeting concept named The Manor. The total meetings and events facilities measure more than 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft). Accommodating a range of dining the hotel has a Lobby Lounge - The Living Room, The Dining Room – All Day Dining Restaurant, Tre-Forni Bar & Restaurant - Northern Italian Cuisine, Rika – Asian Cuisine. The Hotel is also equipped with Spa & Fitness Facilities.

## Art collection

The Park Hyatt Hyderabad owns a contemporary art collection composed of various international artists’ paintings: B2Fays (29 paintings, including 5 series of 20 meters long), Anuradha Thakur, N Ramachandran, Y Shivaramacharry, David Sequiera, Udaya Chiluveru, Anamika V, Ramana Reddy, Y Shivaramacharry, Ritu Purana Das, Hetal Chudasama, Ashoke Mullick, Jaya Javeri, Kiran Kumar, Ravi, Laxman Aelay, Atul Bhalla, Matthieu Faury, Mohammed Osman, Ramesh V, Chippa Sudhakar, Manohar C, G Anjaneyulu, Devyani Parikh, Laxma Goud.

## Events

The Hotel was a venue for events and conferences such as UNWTO, TATA We- connect, Malaysian Trade High commission, HAL parliamentary and interactive art installation "Via presence" by B2Fays. The Hotel is also the official hospitality partner of IPL team Sunrisers Hyderabad.
It is also hosting the Pakistan national cricket team for its initial leg of the 2023 Cricket World Cup.
# Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay

The Women's 4 x 400 metres relay athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange at 08:24 on 16 September 2016. A total of one event was contested over this distance with each leg being run by one of the two different classifications, T53 and T54.

## Results
### T53-54

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time |
| | 5 | China | Li Yingjie (T54), Liu Wenjun (T54), Zhou Hongzhuan (T53), Zou Lihong (T54) | 3:32.11 |
| | 1 | Australia | Angela Ballard (T53), Madison de Rozario (T53), Jemima Moore (T54), Christie Dawes (T54) | 3:46.63 |
| 3 | 7 | Turkey | Hamide Kurt (T53), Zeynep Acet (T53), Zubeyde Supurgeci (T54), Nursah Usta (T53) | DSQ |
| 4 | 3 | United States | Hannah McFadden (T54), Chelsea McClammer (T53), Cheri Madsen (T54), Tatyana McFadden (T54) | DSQ |
# Philip Sidney Smith

Philip Sidney Smith (28 July 1877 - 10 May 1949) was an American geologist and specialist in the geology of Alaska.

## Biography

On 28 July 1877, Smith was born in Medford, Massachusetts. He attended Harvard University, and under the influence of Nathaniel Shaler, entered the field of geology. He earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1904, and joined the Alaskan division of the United States Geological Survey in 1906 under Alfred H. Brooks. In 1925, he was promoted to Chief Alaskan Geologist.
In 1929, he served as an official delegate to the Fourth Pacific Scientific Congress in Java, and in 1937, he was Chairman of the US delegation to the Seventeenth International Geological Congress in the Soviet Union. He served as Governor of the Arctic Institute of North America from 1944 until his death.
Smith died of pneumonia on 10 May 1949 in St. Albans, Vermont. He was buried in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire.

## Legacy

The Philip Smith Mountains were named for Smith in 1950.
# Haramian

Haramian (Persian: حرميان) may refer to:
* Haramian-e Olya
* Haramian-e Sofla
# Vidovište

Vidovište (Macedonian: Видовиште) is a village in the municipality of Zrnovci, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 494 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 481
* Aromanians 13
# Vitaly Maiorov

Vitaly Maiorov (Russian: Виталий Иванович Майоров; Lithuanian: Vitalijus Majorovas; 6 April 1961 – 1997) was a Lithuanian chess player with Russian origin who holds the title of International Master (IM, 1987). He was Lithuanian Chess Championship silver (1982, 1988, 1989, 1990) and bronze (1977, 1979, 1985) medalist.

## Biography

From 1977 to 1991, Vitaly Maiorov regularly participated in the Lithuanian Chess Championships. In 1988, he shared 1st place in this tournament with Gintautas Piešina and Darius Ruželė but remained in 2nd place according to additional indicators. Also he won three silver (1982, 1989, 1990) and three bronze (1977, 1979, 1985) medals in this championships. Vitaly Maiorov played for Lithuania in Soviet Team Chess Championships (1979, 1983–1986), and in 1979 he won individual gold medal. In 1986, he won International Chess Tournament Kaunas Cup.
In 1979 Vitaly Maiorov awarded Master of Sports of the USSR in chess title. In 1987, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title.
In 1984 Vitaly Maiorov graduated from Vilnius University with a degree in economic cybernetics. He worked in the Ministry of Economy of the Lithuania.
From 1992 to 1995 Vitaly Maiorov worked as a trainer in the United Arab Emirates. As the head coach of the United Arab Emirates national team, he participated in the World Junior Team Chess Championship.
# Wohl degradation

The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939).
Let's say we have a kiliani-fischer synthesis, it basically removes the row of the C2 carbon, it shortens the carbon chain by one carbon. In one modification, d-glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction with hydroxylamine and sodium methoxide. In the second step the pentaacetyl glycononitrile is formed by reaction with acetic anhydride in acetic acid with sodium acetate. In this reaction step the oxime is converted into the nitrile with simultaneous conversion of all the alcohol groups to acetate groups.
In the final step sodium methoxide in methanol is added, leading to removal of all the acetate groups and ejection of the nitrile group and collapse of the second carbon from a tetrahedral structure to an aldehyde.

## Ruff–Fenton degradation

In a variation, the Ruff–Fenton degradation (Otto Ruff 1898, H.J.H. Fenton 1893) converts the aldose first to the alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid with bromine and calcium hydroxide and then to the shortened aldose by reaction with Iron(III) sulfate and hydrogen peroxide.
# Brusen Nunatak

Brusen Nunatak (68°12′S 58°13′E﻿ / ﻿68.200°S 58.217°E﻿ / -68.200; 58.217) is a lone peak 3 nautical miles (6 km) west of Mount Gjeita in the Hansen Mountains. It was mapped and named by Norwegian cartographers working from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37.