OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Thelwall Thomas

Professor William Thelwall Thomas MBE, ChM, FRCS (February 1865 – 10 September 1927) was a Welsh surgeon who worked in Liverpool.

## Early life, family and education

Thomas was born in Liverpool in 1865, the son of the Welsh photographer John Thomas (1838–1905) and his wife Elizabeth. His father made a series of photographs of Thomas that are now in the collection of the National Library of Wales.
Thomas attended school at the Liverpool Institute and studied medicine at the University of Glasgow where he graduated in 1886.

## Career

Thomas decided to devote himself to work as a consultant surgeon to the exclusion of other medical work; this was unconventional at the time. He was appointed as an assistant surgeon at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary in 1892 and as a full surgeon there in 1907. In 1913 he was elected professor of Regional Surgery at the University of Liverpool, a position he held until his retirement in 1927.
Thomas became president of the surgical section of the British Medical Association in 1913. He was on the council of the Royal College of Surgeons from 1921 until his death.
Thomas was a fine and dexterous surgeon who was equally skilled at diagnosis. He pioneered the use of antiseptic techniques in Liverpool, following the principles of Joseph Lister to which he had been exposed as a student in Glasgow. He developed what is still the most common surgical treatment for varicose veins. The first planned appendectomy in Liverpool was performed by Thomas in 1895.

## Personal life and death

Thomas spoke Welsh fluently and maintained a close interest in Welsh affairs. In 1925 he was one of the presidents at the National Eisteddfod in Pwllheli.
Thomas was an active member of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church (now the Presbyterian Church of Wales) and was for many years a Sunday school teacher. He was the medical officer of the Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church of Wales.
In 1892 he married Anabel Spence; they had no children. Anabel died in 1927, two months before her husband on 10 September 1927.
# Tordylium apulum

Tordylium apulum, commonly known as the Mediterranean hartwort, is an annual forb or herb. It is classified within the family Apiaceae, the carrot family. It is native to Europe and Western Asia, but has been introduced to the United States, where it is now found only in Arizona. This plant's seeds are suggested as the plant model used for the famous gold "Malia Pendant", a jewel of high quality gold-smithery of the Minoan times now on display at the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.

## Derivation of English Common Name

The name Hartwort, meaning ‘Deer plant’ is a scholarly coinage from the belief, first recorded by Aristotle that female deer sought out the leaves of the plant to eat, after giving birth. If true, this observation might indicate medicinal or nutritive properties in the plant preventative of post-partum haemorrhage.

## Description

The Mediterranean hartwort usually grows to 20-50 centimeters in height. It has an erect stem that is branched with soft, spreading hairs at the base, and scattered hairs along the rest of the stem. The leaves are softly hairy and pinnate, with the lower leaves being oval with toothed segments, and the upper leaves having linear segments. It has 2-8 primary rays. The marginal flowers each have 1 white petal, enlarged, and uniformly deeply 2-lobed. The bracts and bracteoles are linear long-pointed with spreading hairs. The fruit is round, flattened, elaborately textured, and usually is 5-8 millimeters in size.

## Habitat

Mediterranean hartwort is found as a weed of cultivation, on waste land, and by waysides. The plant is equally at home in sandy, loamy and clay soils. Hartworts may be found growing on acid, neutral and basic soils, but will not thrive in shade.

## Reproduction

The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile.

## Uses

The leaves of the plant are edible and are used as a potherb and salad vegetable in Greece. In Italy it is used as a condiment. The essential oil composition of aerial parts of Tordylium apulum L. from Italy was analyzed. Sixty-seven compounds were identified representing 96.5% of the oil. The most abundant compounds were (E)-β-ocimene (17.3), α-humulene (11.4%) and octyl octanoate (8.8%). Essential oil from aerial parts of T. apulum from Greece was reported to have α-humulene (28.7%) and octyl hexanoate (11.7%) as the main constituents. There are no known medicinal uses for this plant.

## In Popular Culture

During the Medieval and Renaissance periods, Tordylium apulum, or hart-wort, was reputed to be the herb associated with the zodiac sign Pisces, and was used in charms & talismans, according to Appendix Four: Fixed Star Rulerships from Cornelius Agrippa, Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book I, Ch. 32. Appendix 4.
# Yihun Endashew

Yihun Endashew Zewide (Amharic: ይሁን እንደሻው; born 5 November 1992) is an Ethiopian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Ethiopian Premier League club Fasil Kenema and the Ethiopia national team.

## Club career

Endashew has played for Dire Dawa City, Jimma Aba Jifar, Hadiya Hossana and Fasil Kenema.

## International career

He made his international debut for Ethiopia in 2015.
# Lödderitz

Lödderitz is a village and a former municipality in the district Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Barby.
# Rigu

Rigu or Reygu (Persian: ريگو), also rendered as Rigu, may refer to:
* Rigu, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province
* Rigu, Qeshm, Hormozgan Province
* Rigu Bovingdon, Anglo-Maltese Australian writer and musician
# Neprošteno

Neprošteno (Macedonian: Непроштено, Albanian: Nepreshten) is a village in the municipality of Tearce, North Macedonia.

## History

According to Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900 the village was home to 680 inhabitants of which 580 were Bulgarian Orthodox and 100 Albanian Muslims.
According to revolutionary and ethnographer Gyorche Petrov Neprošteno is divided by a small river into 2 mahalas, one Macedonian the other inhabited by Albanians who at the time were characterized as being involved in banditry. The Macedonian mahala is on the right side and the Albanian on the left side of the river, the village exported beans, fruit but most famously chestnuts, and had two churches, one old and one new.
During the inter-ethnic conflict in 2001 4 ethnic Macedonian inhabitants of the village were kidnapped by the NLA whose whereabouts are unknown to this day.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1,309 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Albanians 898
* Macedonians 405
* Serbs 2
* Others 4
# Berma

Berma (Persian: برما) may refer to:
* Berma-ye Ashrostaq
* Berma-ye Zarem Rud
# Bagh-e Malek (disambiguation)

Bagh-e Malek is a city in Khuzestan Province, Iran.
Bagh-e Malek (Persian: باغ ملك) may also refer to:
* Bagh-e Malek, Isfahan
* Bagh-e Malek, Kerman
* Bagh-e Malek County, in Khuzestan Province
# Zuchau

Zuchau is a village and a former municipality in the district Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Barby.
# Mark Silk

Mark Silk is an American academic. He is Professor of Religion in Public Life at Trinity College, where he also serves as the Director the Leonard E. Greenberg Center for the Study of Religion in Public Life. In addition, Silk is a Contributing Editor of the Religion News Service, specializing in Spiritual Politics.

## Early life and education

Silk was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 12, 1950, and graduated from Harvard College in 1972, magna cum laude. In 1982 he earned a Ph.D. in medieval history from Harvard. He was editor of the Boston Review from 1985 to 1986, and worked as a reporter, editorial writer, and columnist for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

## Career

Silk is the author of Spiritual Politics: Religion and America Since World War II and Unsecular Media: Making News of Religion in America and co-editor of Religion by Region, an eight-volume series on religion and public life in the United States, and columnist for the Religion News Service. With Andrew Walsh he wrote the series summary volume, One Nation Divisible: How Regional Religious Differences Shape American Politics, published in hardcover in 2008.
In the 1980s and 1990s Silk was a regular contributor to the New York Times, contributing essays and book reviews on feminist theology, new religious movements, Jewish identity, and other religion-related topics. In 1984 he traced the use of "Judeo-Christian" in American culture. In 1995 he argued that the American news media approach religion with certain Western religious preconceptions that do not always do justice to the varieties of religious belief and behavior. In 2005, he traced the history of the idea of civil religion through changing views of the figure of Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. Since 2007 Silk has blogged about religion in public life at Spiritual Politics that began as "A blog on religion and the 2008 election campaign" and is hosted at Religion News Service.
Silk's areas of speciality include religion in America, religion and media, medieval history, and intellectual history of the West. As of 2021, Silk teaches Religion and American Politics and Religion and Climate Change at Trinity College.
# Xinhe station (Shenzhen Metro)

Xinhe station (Chinese: 新和; pinyin: Xīnhé; Jyutping: San1 Wo4) is a station on Line 16 of Shenzhen Metro. It opened on December 28, 2022. It is located in Pingshan District under Baoshan 2nd Industrial Zone North.

## Future development

In 2028, this station will feature an interchange with Line 19.

## Station layout

The station has an island platform under Baoshan 2nd Industrial Zone North near Xinhe Road.
| G | - | Exits A-D |
| B1F Concourse | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| B2F Platforms | Platform | 16 towards Universiade (Pingshan) |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left ||
| B2F Platforms | Platform | 16 towards Tianxin (Liuhe) |

## Exits

| Exit | Destination |
| Exit A | Changsheng Road (W), Pei Ying School |
| Exit B | Changsheng Road (W), Baoshan 2nd Industrial Zone |
| Exit C | Changsheng Road (E), Baoshan 2nd Industrial Zone, Jiahua Lingyue Plaza, Xinhe Hospital-style Community |
| Exit D | Changsheng Road (E), Changhuwei Community |
# Ljubomir Mihajlovski

Ljubomir Mihajlovski (Macedonian: Љубомир Михајловски; born 1954 in Skopje), is the minister of internal affairs of the Republic of Macedonia since December 2004. He graduated in law in 1980. He has had several posts in the ministry, including Deputy Assistant Minister of Criminal Police. He was Director general of the customs.
# Hossein Erfani

Hossein Erfani Parsaei (Persian: حسین عرفانی پارسایی) was an Iranian voice actor who is known for Persian voice-dubbing of foreign films.

## Career
### Voice acting

Hossein Erfani started his career as a voice actor at the Moulin Rouge Studio in Tehran in 1961. He is known for dubbing over Humphrey Bogart roles in Maltese Falcon or Casablanca and Clark Gable role as Rhett Butler From Gone with the Wind. He has also dubbed over some of Orson Welles, Marlon Brando, Charlton Heston, Gene Hackman, Toshiro Mifune, William Holden, Morgan freeman and Arnold Schwarzenegger's voice roles in films they starred in. He has also dubbed over Iranian actors such as Bahman Mofid's role in Dash Akol Movie, Faramarz Gharibian's role in The Deer and Jahangir Forouhar's role in Daie Jan Napoleon Iranian Television serial in the 1970s.
Some of Hossein Erfani's Works :
| Actor | Role | Film |
| Humphrey Bogart | Sam Spade | Maltese Falcon |
| Clark Gable | Rhett Butler | Gone with the Wind |
| Orson Welles | Othello | Othello |
| Marlon Brando | Fletcher Christian | Mutiny on the Bounty |
| Morgan Freeman | Ellis Boyd | The Shawshank Redemption |
| Arnold Schwarzenegger | The Terminator/T-800 Model 101 | Terminator 2 |

### Acting career

Erfani began his acting career in 1974, playing a role in “Bitter and Sweet”, a popular TV serial directed by Mansur Purmand. He was also known for Hormat-e Rafigh (1977) and Sim-e Khardar (1981).

### Radio

Erfani worked with voice actor and director Manuchehr Nozari in "Friday morning with you" and other radio programs in 1980s.
# Vėžaičiai Eldership

Vėžaičiai Eldership (Lithuanian: Vėžaičių seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the northern part of Klaipėda District Municipality.
# Mikushin

Mikushin (Russian: Микушин or Мику́шин) is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Mikhail Mikushin (born 1978), a Russian researcher and suspected spy
* Vladislav Mikushin (born 2001), a Russian football player
# Pomegranate soup

Pomegranate soup is an Iranian dish made from pomegranate juice and seeds, yellow split peas, mint leaves, spices, and other ingredients. It is regarded as an āsh, which is the Iranian term for a "thick soup". This soup has different types and forms in Iran.
# Cross-platform virtualization

Cross-platform virtualization is a form of computer virtualization that allows software compiled for a specific instruction set and operating system to run unmodified on computers with different CPUs and/or operating systems, through a combination of dynamic binary translation and operating system call mapping.
Since the software runs on a virtualized equivalent of the original computer, it does not require recompilation or porting, thus saving time and development resources. However, the processing overhead of binary translation and call mapping imposes a performance penalty, when compared to natively-compiled software. For this reason, cross-platform virtualization may be used as a temporary solution until resources are available to port the software. Alternatively, cross-platform virtualization may be used to support legacy code, which running on a newer and faster machine still maintains adequate performance even with virtualization overhead.
By creating an abstraction layer capable of running software compiled for a different computer system, cross-platform virtualization characterizes the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements outlined by Gerald J. Popek and Robert P. Goldberg in their 1974 article "Formal Requirements for Virtualizable Third Generation Architectures". Cross-platform virtualization is distinct from simple emulation and binary translation - which involve the direct translation of one instruction set to another - since the inclusion of operating system call mapping provides a more complete virtualized environment. Cross-platform virtualization is also complementary to server virtualization and desktop virtualization solutions, since these are typically constrained to a single instruction set, such as x86 or Power ISA. Modern variants of cross-platform virtualisation may employ hardware acceleration techniques to offset some of the cost incurred in the guest-to-host system translation.
# Gavrikov

Gavrikov (Russian: Гавриков) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Gavrikova. It may refer to
* Dmitri Gavrikov (born 1994), Russian football player
* Viktor Gavrikov (1957-2016), Lithuanian-Swiss chess grandmaster
* Vladislav Gavrikov (born 1995), Russian ice hockey defenceman
# Morag (lake monster)

Morag (Scottish Gaelic: Mòrag) is the nickname given to a loch monster believed by many to live in Loch Morar, Scotland. After Nessie, it is among the most written about of Scotland's legendary monsters. "Morag", a Scottish female name, is a pun on the name of the loch. Reported sightings date back to 1887, and numbered 34 incidents by 1981. Sixteen of these involved multiple witnesses.
A widely reported claim involved two local men, Duncan McDonell and William Simpson, and their boat, with which they claimed to have accidentally struck the creature, prompting it to attack them. McDonell defended with an oar, and Simpson opened fire with his rifle, whereupon it sank slowly out of sight. They described it as being brown, 25–30 feet (7.6–9.1 m) long, with rough skin, three dorsal humps rising 18 inches (46 cm) above the loch's surface, and a head a foot wide, held 18 inches (46 cm) out of the water.
# Castrila

Castrila is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family described in 2024. The genus contains only one species, viz. Castrila latens, which is endemic to south-eastern Spain.
# Mårten Stenberger

Mårten Karl Herman Stenberger (27 March 1898 – 19 January 1973) was a Swedish archaeologist, who from 1952 to 1965 served as professor of archaeology at Uppsala University. Before his professorship he took part in many excavations, including in Öland, in Gotland, and in Greenland.

## Early life and education

Mårten Stenberger was born on 27 March 1898 in Göteborg, Sweden, to Karl Nilsson Stenberger, a merchant, and Beda Kristina Stenberger (née Eriksson). He obtained a master's degree in geography, geology, mineralogy and Scandinavian and comparative archaeology, though was most interested in geology. In 1933 he obtained a Ph.D.; his dissertation, entitled Oland under äldre järnåldern ("Oland during the Early Iron Age"), is considered to be the first one in Sweden with a clear architectural-archaeological orientation.

## Career

Stenberger participated in numerous excavations throughout his career. Many summers were spent excavating Iron Age settlements in Öland, Sweden's second largest island, and in the 1930s he joined a Danish excavation to Greenland, where he dug out Viking Age houses. From 1934 onward, Stenberger spent his summers in Oland, and his winters lecturing in Uppsala. Further excavations from 1946 to 1950, of a town with stone houses, took place at Vallhagar (sv) in Gotland, and in 1955 he published a description of these in two extensive volumes.
From 1952 to 1965, following after Oscar Almgren and Sune Lindqvist, and coming before Bertil Almgren, Stenberger served as a professor of archaeology at Uppsala University.

## Personal life

Mårten Stenberger died on 19 January 1973, in Stockholm County.
# Cold Feet (1989 film)

Cold Feet is a 1989 comedy film directed by Robert Dornhelm. It stars Keith Carradine, Tom Waits, Bill Pullman, Sally Kirkland & Rip Torn.

## Plot

Kenny, a psychotic killer with mommy issues, Monte, a charming crooked cowboy, and Maureen, Monte's beautiful oversexed wife-to-be, steal some jewels and smuggle them across the border surgically implanted inside a horse. Monte turns out to be not a sharing or marrying type of person. He saddles up, steals the horse and the jewels, and heads for his brother's ranch in Montana, where his brother and sister-in-law do not fully trust him. When Kenny and Maureen realize what Monte has done with the horse and jewels they set off in hot pursuit of him.

## Cast

* Keith Carradine as Monte Latham
* Sally Kirkland as Maureen
* Tom Waits as Kenny
* Bill Pullman as Buck Latham
* Kathleen York as Laura
* Rip Torn as Sheriff
* Jeff Bridges as Bartender
* Macon McCalman as store owner

## Release

Cold Feet was released in theatres on May 19, 1989.
# Kiryukhin

Kiryukhin (Russian: Кирюхин) may refer to:
* Andrei Kiryukhin (1987–2011), Russian ice-hockey player
* Nikolay Kiryukhin (1896–1953), Soviet general
* Oleg Kiryukhin (born 1975), Ukrainian boxer
* Oleksandr Kyryukhin (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer
# Story of Pao

Story of Pao or Pao's Story (Vietnamese: Chuyện của Pao) is a 2006 Vietnamese film. It stars Đỗ Thị Hải Yến who also starred in The Quiet American, and was directed and written by her husband Ngô Quang Hải. It is set among the Hmong people of North Vietnam. The film had premiered in the First Films World Competition section of the 30th Montreal World Film Festival. It also won four Golden Kite Prizes (the Oscars of Vietnam).

## Actors

* Đỗ Thị Hải Yến as Pao
* NSND Như Quỳnh as bà Kía
* Lý Thanh Kha as ông Chúng
* Đỗ Hoa Thúy as bà Sim
* Trần Doãn Tuấn as Chử
# Maria Paz Bertoglia

Maria Paz Bertoglia (born February 14, 1978) is a Chilean epidemiologist who works in public health research, teaching, and science communication in social media.

## Early life and career

Maria Paz Bertoglia Arredondo, the daughter of a paediatrician mother and an otorhinolaryngologist father, grew up in the Chilean cities of Copiapó and Valparaiso
Bertoglia graduated as kinesiologist in 2001 at the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Chile, she also completed an MSc in epidemiology at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, an MSc in biostatistics at University of Chile in 2016 and a PhD in Public Health at University of Chile. She started her professional life as a kinesiologist, but changed to academia. She was a professor at the Catholic University of the North and at the Andrés Bello National University and then assistant professor at the faculty of medicine of the University of Chile.

## Public health outreach

Bertoglia has coordinated health teams at national and international levels. She has worked at the Pan-American Health Organization and in the Public Health Institute in Chile, among other academic and health institutions. She is currently Member of the Editor Board at Social Medical Notebooks published by the Chilean professional Order of physicians, president at Chilean Epidemiology Society and Member of the Immunization Advisory Committee at the Chilean Infectology Society.

## Television and popular culture

Bertoglia is a founding member of the Chilean scientific outreach publication Etilmercurio and she teaches critical thinking at the University of Chile. She has been vocal about the promotion of snake oil cures and conspiracy theories by the Chilena television, where she is frequently interviewed herself.
Bertoglia has given advice and participated in the public debate on television and radio about mayor health issues such as the flu and vaccination policies. She has also spoken about addictions such as alcoholism and cigarette smoking, including the lack of regulation and the dangers of electronic cigarettes and the scandal involving UNICEF and the tobacco industry
Bertoglia declined to participate in televised debate with anti-vaccination proponents, stating that she would not validate an artificial debate that could generate the false perception that both sides of the debate where equally valid, confusing the population. During the 2019-2020 COVID-19 pandemic, Bertoglia has been in the media giving science-based advice and also as a harsh critic of the government of Sebastian Piñera and its handling of the pandemic and the scarcity of data available for scientist and public health researchers to make recommendations
# HC-12a

HC-12a, also called ES-12a, OZ-12a, DURACOOL 12a and Hydrocarbon Blend B, is marketed as a "drop-in" replacement refrigerant for R-12 and other refrigerants. HC-12a is a mixture of hydrocarbons, specifically propane (R-290) and isobutane (R-600a), and is therefore considered nearly non-ozone-depleting. The hydrocarbon blend is compatible with hoses and oils used in R-12 systems.
As it is flammable, it is illegal for use as an R-12 replacement in the United States. Its use in public transport vehicles has also been illegal in the United States since 1990.
This hydrocarbon blend caused of the Tragedia de La Cresta [es] in October 2006, a bus fire which killed 18 people and injured 25, some severely, which in turn led to an overhaul of Panama City's public transport system. The refrigerant ignited due to an electrical spark which followed a refrigerant leak, which quickly set the bus ablaze as the fire spread from the refrigeration system towards the interior of the bus. The bus lacked emergency exits and fire extinguishers, and the occupants' peril was aggravated by the location of the engine and the refrigeration system compressor—below a cover on the inner side of the only passenger exit door. A lawsuit in a US court against Northcutt, which imported the HC-12 involved in the tragedy, and OZ technology, Inc., which manufactured the HC-12 began in 2008; in 2018, Northcutt reached a settlement with the victims of the tragedy and their relatives.