OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization

The Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization (TESO) was an Eelam Tamil supporters organisation founded in 1985 with Dr. Kalaignar Karunanidhi as president and K. Veeramani and Nedumaran as members for the establishment of an independent Tamil Eelam in the northeast of Sri Lanka.
When the Central Government of India ordered Tamil Eelam leadership to be sent out of Madras, thousands of Tamilians marched along the streets of New Delhi protesting against the provocative order. Five days later TESO successfully prevented movements of trains throughout Tamil Nadu as a protest against the extradition of the Eelam leadership. When the situation on the borders between India and Sri Lanka were tense, Nedumaran heroically sailed to Sri Lanka, videotaped the plight of Tamils in Sri Lanka and on his return, went straight to New Delhi to meet Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to apprise him of the situation in Sri Lanka. Rajiv Gandhi refused to meet him and thus showed his indifference to the sufferings of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
When the Government of India sent an Indian Battalion to Sri Lanka as the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), the Dravidar Kazhagam protested against it. The worst fears of the Dravidar Kazhagam regarding the IPKF proved true within a week or two of its functioning in Sri Lanka. The battalion had to take orders from the Sri Lanka Government and naturally that Government employed the IPKF against the guerrilla fighters of Eelam. Very soon, Indian papers reported that the Indian Government was spending at the rate of rupees ten million per day for maintaining the IPKF in Sri Lanka. The general public then realized that making the Indo-Lanka pact was a historic folly on the part of the Indian Government awoke to the realities but stood on false prestige and did not wish to withdraw the IPKF. But the Government of Sri Lanka insisted on the withdrawal of Indian troops in May 1989 probably because this force tried to prevent the Sri Lanka army from hunting down not only the freedom fighters but the innocent Tamil civilians.

## Revival of TESO

On 20 April 2012 M. Karunanidhi sought the revival of the Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO). After this announcement M. Karunanidhi got severe criticism from several other pro-Tamil leaders.
After several hurdles on 12 August 2012 TESO conference held as Eelam Tamils Rights Protection Conference at YMCA grounds in chennai.
# Neh Rural District

Neh Rural District (Persian: دهستان نه) is in the Central District of Nehbandan County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Khansharaf.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 11,478 in 2,769 households. There were 12,433 inhabitants in 3,377 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 10,356 in 2,988 households. The most populous of its 128 villages was Chah Dashi, with 2,473 people.
# Red Crow

Red Crow (c. 1830 – 28 August 1900), also known as Captured the Gun Inside and Lately Gone and Sitting White Bull, was a Kainai leader.

## Name

His native name Mi’k ai’stoowa (Blackfoot: ᒍᘁ ᖳᖱᐧᒪᖷ) was sometimes romanized as Mékaisto or Mi’kasto or incorporated as John Mikahestow.

## Biography

Red Crow was born in Kainai territory in modern Alberta to Black Bear and Handsome Woman, and was a descendant of tribal chiefs. He earned a reputation as a warrior during raids against other Indigenous groups in the 1840s and 1850s. He succeeded to the chieftainship in 1870 after the death of his father from smallpox. He was a signatory to Treaty 7 in 1877. In the period after the treaty was concluded, he led the development of agriculture on his reserve.
In 1872, Red Crow murdered his brother Kit Fox by beating him repeatedly with a rock until he died. In response to this, Red Crow's surviving siblings (brothers Sheep Old Man and Not So Good, sisters Revenge Walker and Paper Woman) fled from Red Crow's band. After Revenge Walker discovered that her husband Running Bird abandoned her because Red Crow withheld horses he owed to Running Bird, Revenge Walker went to confront Red Crow but Red Crow had already left camp.
According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, Red Crow "remained a strong proponent of Indigenous culture and beliefs. In the wake of the disastrous effects of diseases and other external demands, he was a calm and wise leader who contributed to stability during a time of tremendous political and economic change".
Red Crow Mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana, is named in his honour. American actress Lily Gladstone is Red Crow's great-great grandchild.
# Mohammad Maleki

Mohammad Maleki (Persian: محمد ملکی; 11 July 1933 – 1 December 2020) was an Iranian academic and pro-democracy nationalist-religious activist who served as president of the University of Tehran.

## Life and career

Maleki was a founder of Legam, the Campaign for Step by Step Abolition of the Death Penalty. He appealed for the judiciary to uphold the constitutional rights of non-Muslims, and called for investigation into the persecution of members of the Baháʼí Faith.
Due to his activism, he was arrested numerous times by Iranian police. On August 22, 2009, he was arrested again in the context of the unrest after 2009 presidential election. In early March 2010 he was released on bail after spending about three months in solitary confinement. He was charged with Moharebeh for alleged "contact with unspecified foreign groups and working to undermine the Islamic system" and “insulting the founder of the Islamic Republic Ayatollah Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei.” Maleki was hospitalised several times for a heart attack and other physical problems including prostate cancer during his detention. He was also reportedly denied access to an adequate treatment, and later (September 2011), wrote a brief report to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Iran on the tortures he had suffered during his prison terms for which he was subsequently interrogated and received a notice banning him from travelling abroad.
Maleki at first refused to attend the Islamic Revolutionary Court, and at the second hearing July 30, 2011 refused to defend himself and said he would not appeal the sentence, because he considered the court of first instance to be illegal. He was finally sentenced on the charge of “propaganda against the system.” He was released but as of 25 January 2012 was summoned to serve a one-year prison term.
In 2013 Maleki publicly apologized for his part in turning away students from Iranian universities leaving them the only option of the Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education, a home based university-class system. The meeting was filmed by film director Mohammad Nourizad and Maleki posted the event to his Facebook page.
Mohammad Maleki had repeatedly attempted to obtain permission to leave the country to see his family and to seek medical treatment, but his requests for a passport were refused. In April 2015, he again wrote an open letter to the UN Special Rapporteur on Iran, in which he stated: “I have not committed theft, fraud or any other criminal offence. I have been deprived of my civil rights solely for my [political] beliefs … and human rights activities... I wish to visit my son after seven years... This is the obvious right and the deep wish of every father.” Amnesty International considers the travel ban against Mohammad Maleki to be a retaliatory violation of human rights guaranteed under Article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Iran is a party. Amnesty appealed that Mohammad Maleki be allowed to leave Iran, to visit family members who live in Canada and the Netherlands, and to seek medical treatment.
# Rummel
## People

Rummel is the surname of:
* Elizabeth Rummel (1897-1980), German-Canadian mountaineer and environmentalist
* Franz Rummel (1853–1901), German pianist
* Henrik Rummel (born 1987), American rower
* Joseph Rummel (1876–1964), American Archbishop
* Louise Rummel, New Zealand nurse educator
* Martin Rummel (born 1974), Austrian cellist
* R. J. Rummel (1932–2014), American historian and political scientist
* Sam Rummel (1906–1950), American attorney and murder victim
* Walter Morse Rummel (1887–1953), German-born French pianist

## Other

* Archbishop Rummel High School, Metairie, Louisiana
* Bavarian Rummel, the 1703 Bavarian campaign in Tyrol
# Kawang railway station

Kawang railway station (Malay: Stesen Keretapi Kawang) is one of eleven minor railway station on the Western Sabah Railway Line located in Kawang, Papar, Sabah, Malaysia.
# Endiandra sieberi

Endiandra sieberi, known as the corkwood is a rainforest tree growing in eastern Australia.

## Habitat

A common tree on lowland and some mountain rainforests. Very common on sand in littoral rainforests. The corky bark assists in protection from fire. It grows from Kioloa (35° S) near Batemans Bay in southern New South Wales to the islands of Moreton Bay (27° S), in south eastern Queensland. Common names include corkwood, hard corkwood, corkwood laurel and pink corkwood.

## Description

Endiandra sieberi is a medium-sized tree to 30 metres tall and 90 cm in trunk diameter.

### Bark, trunk and leaves

The bark is a fawnish grey, relatively soft and corky. Large trees sometimes shortly flanged but not buttressed at the base. The trunk is straight and cylindrical.
Leaves are alternate, simple and entire. 5 to 8 cm long, drawn out to a blunt point. Mid-green on the leaf top, but paler green beneath. Leaf stalks 5 to 10 mm.
Midrib raised slightly on the upper surface but flattened beneath. Net veins clearly seen as in Cryptocarya microneura. Mid rib colour is creamy yellow.

### Flowers, fruit and germination

Flowers appear from June to October, being cream or yellow in panicles.
The fruit is an egg shaped drupe. Black and shiny, 2 to 3.5 cm long. The single seed is ovate and pointed 25 to 30 mm long. Fruit eaten by rainforest birds including the white-headed pigeon and topknot pigeon. Fruit ripe from March to October.
Like most Australian laurel fruit, removal of the fleshy aril is advised to assist seed germination. Roots and shoots usually appear within three to twelve months, with a germination rate of around 20 percent.

## Timber and uses

Timber is light coloured, hard and close grained. In colonial times, the bark proved an unsuccessful cork substitute, compared with cork from the cork oak.

## Gallery

* Corkwood growing at Wyrrabalong National Park, Australia
* Corkwood growing at Wyrrabalong National Park
* new red Corkwood leaves growing at Wyrrabalong National Park
* Corkwood seedling & fruit at Wyrrabalong National Park
* fallen Corkwood fruit on sand, Wyrrabalong National Park
* Corkwood bark, growing at Chatswood West
* 30 metre tall Corkwood growing by the Hacking River, Australia
* 30 metre tall Corkwood growing by the Hacking River, Australia
* Flower panicles of Endiandra sieberi at Crows Nest National Park, Queensland
# Primorye (inhabited locality)

Primorye (Russian: Примо́рье) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia:
* Primorye, Kaliningrad Oblast, an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Svetlogorsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast
* Primorye, Perm Krai, a rural locality (a village) in Chastinsky District of Perm Krai
# Simon Janashia

Simon Janashia (Georgian: სიმონ ჯანაშია; July 13, 1900 – November 5, 1947) was a Georgian historian and public figure. He was a professor of history and one of the founding members of the Georgian Academy of Sciences.
Janashia was born in 1900, in Makvaneti in the southwestern Georgian province of Guria. His father, Nikoloz Janashia (1872-1918), was an educator and ethnographer, born in Abkhazia. In 1922, Simon Janashia graduated from the Tbilisi State University. From 1924 to 1947, he served as a lecturer (1924-1930), Associate Professor (1930-1935) and Professor (1935-1947) there. In 1941, he was one of the founders of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), and from 1941 to 1947, he was Vice-President of the Academy and Director of the Institute of History of the GAS. In 1943, Janashia was elected as a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (now the Russian Academy of Science). In the 1940s, he organized archaeological excavations in Mtskheta and Armazi in eastern Georgia.
Janashia's main fields of his research were the ethnogenesis of the Georgians and other Caucasian peoples, the history of feudalism in Georgia and the Caucasus, the history and archaeology of ancient Georgia, the history of Colchis and Caucasian Iberia, the history of Christianity in Georgia, and source studies of the history of Georgia and the Caucasus. He was an author of more than 100 scholarly works, including about 10 monographs. A full collection of Janashia's works was published in four volumes in Tbilisi between 1949 and 1968. Simon Janashia died in Tbilisi in 1947.

## Literature

* Simon Janashia, Tbilisi, 1948 (in Georgian)
* Shota Meskhia Tbilisi, 1960 (in Georgian)
* Simon Janashia (1900-1947). Bibliography, Tbilisi, 1976 (in Georgian, English and Russian)
# Yaisien

Yaisien (Egyptian Arabic: ياسين) is an Egyptian Arabic surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Abdallah Yaisien (born 1994), French footballer
* Omar Yaisien (born 2000), French footballer
# Aleksei Bolshakov

Aleksei Ivanovich Bolshakov (Russian: Алексей Иванович Большаков; born 25 May 1966) is a former Russian football player.
# Hassan Honarmandi

Hassan Honarmandi (Persian: حسن هنرمندی) (March 22, 1928 - September 17, 2002) was an Iranian writer, poet and translator. Born in Taleqan, Iran, he died by suicide in Paris.
# Dakhna (Riyadh)

Hillat al-Dakhna (Arabic: حلة دخنة), alternatively transliterated as Dekhna or Dukhnah, was a quarter and a douar within the former city walls in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of al-Gadimah and south of al-Duhairah in southern part of the walled town. The quarter contained the 18th century Dakhna Grand Mosque, due to which it was nicknamed as Hayy al-ʿUlamāʾ (Arabic: حي العلماء, lit. 'neighborhood of the scholars') and was located in close proximity to the Dakhna Gate. It was a prominent settlement and a major commercial center until the early 1960s and was incorporated into the metropolis of Riyadh between the 1950s and 1970s.
It was named after Dakhna well which was itself attributed to a tribe from Asir named Bani Sharif. In 1773, following the House of Saud-led takeover of the walled town, Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab built a mosque in the area, which later became a center of learning for Hanbali Sunni scholars and was dubbed as Hayy al-Ulama.
The quarter hosted the residences of Sheikh Mohammad bin Ibrahim Al Asheikh, Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdulateef Al Asheikh, Abdulaziz ibn Saud, Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Asheikh, Prince Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz as well as palaces of mother of Prince Fahd bin Saud bin Abdulaziz, Prince Saad bin Abdulaziz, Prince Badr bin Abdulaziz and Prince Faisal bin Saud bin Abdulaziz.

## Legacy

In 2021, the Dukhnaah Restaurant was opened in Boulevard City in Riyadh that offers culinary traditions from Najd and was named after the erstwhile quarter of the walled town.
# Zelzal

Zelzal (Persian: زلزال-۱, meaning "Earthquake") is a series of artillery rockets developed by Iran. The series consists of:
* Zelzal-1, with an estimated range of 150 km (93 mi)
* Zelzal-2, with an estimated range of 210 km (130 mi)
* Zelzal-3, with an estimated range of 200 km (120 mi)
These rockets were developed by Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam following development the Shahab-1 and Shahab-2.
# Harzand

Harzand (Persian: هرزند) may refer to:
* Harzand-e Atiq
* Harzand-e Jadid
* Harzand Station
* Harzand (horse)
# Muwangala Raja Maha Vihara

Muwangala Raja Maha Vihara, also known as Digamadulle Purana Raja Maha Vihara, (Sinhala: මුවංගල රජ මහා විහාරය හෝ දිගාමඩුල්ලේ පුරාණ රජ මහා විහාරය) is an ancient Buddhist temple in Muwangala, Sri Lanka. The temple is located on Hingurana – Ampara road approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) from Hingurana. The temple has been formally recognised by the Government as an archaeological site in Sri Lanka. The designation was declared on 26 December 2014 under the government Gazette number 1895.

## The temple

The temple complex at Muwangala has been constructed on two rocky outcrops between Ampara and Hingurana. The modern buildings of the temple are situated at the lower ground of the mountain and the ruined structures of the ancient temple are scattered on the top of rocky plateau. Among the ancient structures, Sri Pathul Gal (slabs of Buddha footprint), an Asanaghara, pieces of Sandakada pahana, plight of steps, rock inscriptions, a drip ledged cave, bases of buildings and pillars can be identified. Before the construction of Buddha statues, people used various objects such as Asanaghara and Sri Pathul Gal to represent Buddha. Therefore, the presence of Sri Pathul Gal or Asanaghara in a temple is considered by archaeologists as an indicator that the temple was there before the Buddha statues were built in the country.
# Archil Tsagareli

Archil Tsagareli (Georgian: არჩილ ცაგარელი; December 5, 1913 – November 25, 1988) was a prominent Georgian geologist. Member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1969). Honorary member of the Geological Society of London (1975). Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1951), professor (1954), Honored Scientist of the Georgian SSR (1966).

## Biography

Archil Tsagareli was born on 5 December 1913 in the Tbilisi. In 1936 he finished the Tbilisi State University. Since 1954 he worked as a pedagogue at Tbilisi State University. He had been working at Alexander Janelidze Institute of Geology from 1940 until his death, where he headed the department of regional geology. He was director of the Alexandre Janelidze Institute of Geology from 1979 to 1981. Since 1980 Tsagareli was academician-secretary Earth's sciences department of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 1951 defending his Doctor's degree.
Archil Tsagareli's scientific works concerned stratigraphy, paleontology, quaternary science and regional geology. He is the author of more than 100 scientific works, of which 7 is monograph. Most of his work contain important material of scientific significance and are being used to the present day. Tsagareli developed new scheme of the neotectonical stage Caucasus development. He also proposed chronology of the Caucasus alpine movement; set his age. In 1964 Geological Institute published on the collective, fundamental and generalizing work: "The Geology of Georgia", to be included in the All-Union series "The Geology of the USSR" as its 10-th volume. Tsagareli undertook to write the "physiographic description", "late cretaceous", "quaternary system", "history of geological development", "geomorphology" and "some issues of economic geology" chapter. Archil Tsagareli was also co-author and co-editor this work.
He perfectly spoke Russian, English and French languages. He was awarded a State Prize of the Georgia in 1973. He was also laureate of Alexander Janelidze Prize of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences.
# Jensenobotrya

Jensenobotrya lossowiana is the only species of genus Jensenobotrya, in the family Aizoaceae. It is a succulent plant endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It grows at Dolphin Head in Spencer Bay where it obtains moisture from the saline mists. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Jensenobotrya is named after Emil Jensen and the Greek βότρυς - botrys (bunch of grapes), because the leaves look like grapes. The vernacular name druiwetrosvygie means 'bunch of grapes mesemb'.
# Peter Osborne (1584–1653)

Sir Peter Osborne (1584 – 14 April 1653), of Chicksands in Bedfordshire, was an English administrator and Member of Parliament, who was Royal Governor of Guernsey during the English Civil War.

## Biography

Osborne was the eldest son of Sir John Osborne (1552–1628) and grandson of Peter Osborne (1521–1592), who had been Keeper of the Privy Purse to King Edward VI, and who had been granted the office of Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer to himself and his heirs. Francis Osborne, the well-known writer, was Sir Peter's younger brother. Sir Peter was knighted in 1611, and married Dorothy Danvers. Through the influence of her brother, the Earl of Danby, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey in 1621 with a reversion on the governorship in the event of Danby's death. He also served in James I's fourth and last parliament (the Happy Parliament in 1624) and Charles I's first parliament (the Useless Parliament in 1625), representing Corfe Castle, and after his father's death in 1628 also inherited his lucrative position in the Exchequer.
On Guernsey, Sir Peter was active with his brother-in-law in reinforcing the island against the threat of invasion from France; however, the cost of these soldiers fell on the islanders, occasioning considerable unrest, to which Osborne reacted by attempting to impose martial law in 1628. Parry noted that
   He took no pains to make himself loved by the inhabitants of Guernsey. He disliked and distrusted their religious and political principles, and expressed his opinions openly.
These grievances probably played a part in Guernsey's decision to declare for Parliament on the outbreak of the civil war, but Osborne remained loyal to the King, holding the impregnable Castle Cornet for the royal cause against constant siege. The castle was strategically priceless, commanding the entrance to St Peter Port harbour and reinforcing the still Royalist Jersey.
In 1644, on Danby's death, Osborne inherited the position of Governor. He remained at Cornet Castle until 1646 when with the military phase of the war in England over, he appointed Sir Baldwin Wake as lieutenant-governor and handed over the fortress to him. Wake continued to hold the castle until October 1651 when he surrendered it to Parliamentary forces.
Osborne seems first to have retired abroad, living in St Malo while his property was sequestered by Parliament, but later he returned, poverty-stricken, to Chicksands, where he died in 1653. However, the family's fortunes were restored at the Restoration, and his eldest son, John, was created a baronet in 1662.

## Family

By his wife Dorothy, daughter of John Danvers Osborne had eight sons and four daughters. One of his daughters, Dorothy, married Sir William Temple, and is well known for her charming "Letters", which were edited by Judge Parry in 1888.
His eldest son, Sir John Osborne (1615–1698), had a new grant of the office of remembrancer to the lord-treasurer, was a gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles II, was created a baronet 11 February 1661, and died 6 February 1698.
# David First

David First (born August 20, 1953) is an American composer and guitarist. His music most often deals with drones and interference beats, the latter aligning his music with that of Alvin Lucier. He has led the World Casio Quartet, Joy Buzzers and The Notekillers which originally existed from 1977–81 and reformed in 2004. He is also a member of Matter Waves, which includes Kid Millions on drums and Bernard Gann on bass, and the music collective New Party Systems.
His albums include 1991's Resolver, instrumental pieces influenced by minimalism and 2002's relatively pop-oriented Universary, which consists of "songs and drones". More recent releases include 2010's We're Here to Help (Prophase Records) by The Notekillers and Privacy Issues, a 3-CD set of droneworks on the XI label.
In 1995 First, along with visual artist Patricia Smith created an opera, The Manhattan Book of the Dead, which was presented at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club's Annex Theater in 1995 and The Washaus in Potsdam, Germany in 1996.
First received a 2001 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.
In January 2012, the music collective, New Party Systems, an ensemble containing First, released a song First wrote (C2011 Silent Graph Music ASCAP), "We Are" –– an anthem for the 99%, with a video by director, Toni Comas.

## Sources

* ↑ "David First on Dais Records". Dais Records. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
* ↑ "Music | New Party Systems". Newpartysystems.bandcamp.com. 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2022-05-04.