OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Solomon Birnbaum

Solomon Asher Birnbaum, also Salomo Birnbaum (Yiddish: שלמה בירנבוים Shloyme Birnboym, December 24, 1891 – December 28, 1989) was a Yiddish linguist and Hebrew palaeographer who was born in Vienna and died in Toronto.

## Biography

Birnbaum, born in Vienna, was the oldest son of Nathan Birnbaum and Rosa Korngut. He was an Austrian Jew of West Galician descent.
Solomon Birnbaum served in World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and then studied and attained a doctorate from the University of Würzburg, specializing in languages of Asia. From 1922 to 1933, he was an external lecturer of Yiddish at the University of Hamburg. After the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, in 1933 Birnbaum emigrated to Great Britain with his wife, Irene Grünwald, and his children, in 1933.
From 1936 to 1957, Birnbaum was a lecturer on Hebrew paleography and epigraphy at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. He taught Yiddish at the same time at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London, from 1939 to 1958. During World War II, Birnbaum worked in the postal censorship for the British authorities. In 1970, he immigrated to Toronto, Canada.
Solomon Birnbaum is the father of Jacob Birnbaum, who, after his emigration to New York in 1963, helped to found the Soviet Jewry Movement.

## Publications

* Praktische Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache, Vienna and Leipzig, 1918; Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache, Hamburg: editions 1966, 1979, 1984, 1988
* Leben und Worte des Balschemm, 1920
* Das hebräische und aramäische Element in der jiddischen Sprache, 1921 (dissertation)
* "Die jiddische Sprache," in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift (1923)
* "Die Umschrift des Jiddischen," in: Teuthonista (1933)
* "The Age of the Yiddish Language," in: Transactions of the Philological Society, London (1939)
* "Jewish Languages," in: Essays in Honour of the Very Rev. Dr. J.H. Hertz, London, 1942
* Yiddish Phrase Book, published by The Linguaphone Institute for The Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad, London, 1945
* "The Cultural Structure of East Ashkenazic Jewry," in: The Slavonic and East European Review, London (1946)
* "The Verb in the Bukharic Language of Samarkand," in: Archivum Linguisticum, 2 (1950/51)
* "How Old are the Cave Manuscripts?" in: Vetus Testamentum (1951)
* The Hebrew Scripts, 2 vols., Leiden, 1954–57, 1971
* Die jiddische Sprache, Hamburg 1974, 1986, 1997
* Yiddish – A Survey and a Grammar, Toronto, 1979
* "Zur Geschichte der u-Laute im Jiddischen," in: Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie (1981)
* Yiddish, A Survey and a Grammar, 2nd edition, with additional essays etc by David Birnbaum, Eleazar Birnbaum, Kalman Weiser, Jean Baumgarten. Toronto, 2016
# Kargaly District

Kargaly (Kazakh: Қарғалы ауданы, Qarğaly audany) is a district of Aktobe Region in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the settlement of Badamsha. Population: 16,741 (2013 estimate); 16,781 (2009 Census results); 19,172 (1999 Census results).
# Layland v Ontario (Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations)

Layland v Ontario (Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations) was a 1993 case brought towards the Ontario Divisional Court (Superior Court) after a same-sex couple was denied a marriage license at Ottawa City Hall. The couple sought judicial review of the decision by the Ottawa City Clerk to deny them a marriage license, arguing that the acknowledged common law prohibition of same-sex couples from marriage violated their rights under section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by discriminating on the basis of their sex.
In a 2-1 decision, judges of the Ontario Divisional Court dismissed the application for an order requiring the issue of a marriage licence, ruling "that under the common law of Canada applicable to Ontario a valid marriage can take place only between a man and a woman."
# Mehdi Qoli Khan Qajar

Mehdi Qoli Khan Qajar (Persian: مهدی قلی خان قاجار) was an Iranian military commander, who served as the khan (governor) of the Erivan Khanate from 1805 to 1806.

## Biography

He belonged to the Qavanlu branch of the Qajar tribe. He was the son of Mohammad Zaman Khan and nephew of Mostafa Khan Qavanlu-Qajar, a commander under Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the first Qajar shah (king) of Iran. Mehdi Qoli Khan was one of the most skilled commanders of the crown prince Abbas Mirza, and participated in the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813.
In 1805, Mehdi Qoli Khan was appointed as the khan (governor) of the Erivan Khanate by Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834). Mehdi Qoli Khan started to treat the minorities (Armenians and Kurds) badly after blaming the Russian successes on them. The Russian general Ivan Gudovich was concerned about leaving Tiflis unprotected and prohibited Major-General A. Nesvetov from carrying out his plan to invade Erivan, but the general discontent and the decline of Iranian-Ottoman relations could have easily given the Russians a reason to attack. As a result of Gudovich's orders, the Russians did not take advantage of the opportunity.
Due to Mehdi Qoli Khan's ineffectiveness, the shah had him replaced with Ahmad Khan Moqaddam, the beglarbeg (governor-general) of Tabriz and Khoy.
# Crnci, Podgorica

Crnci (Cyrillic: Црнци; Albanian: Crncë) is a village in the municipality of Podgorica, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 182.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Montenegrins | 114 | 62.6% |
| Serbs | 50 | 27.5% |
| Albanians | 13 | 7.1% |
| other/undeclared | 5 | 2.7% |
| Total | 182 | 100% |
# Ospern

Ospern (Luxembourgish: Osper) is a small town in the commune of Redange-sur-Attert, in western Luxembourg. As of 2024, the town has a population of 427.
# Seyed Ali Kashefi Khansari

Seyed Ali Kashefi Khansari (Persian: سید علی کاشفی خوانساری; born 11 February 1972, in Tehran) is an Iranian children's writer and editor-in-chief of Iranian children literature magazine Soroush Nojavan.

## Life

Seyyed Ali Kashefi Khansari was born in 1972, Tehran. When he was 20 years old he officially started working as a journalist. He has written more than a hundred articles and more than 200 statement about Children's Literature. There is 95 published books written by him which are usually about the criticism and the history of Children's Literature and Publications. He has received 16 awards for his works.
He has also worked in many NGO’s and public organizations, having responsibilities in the topic of Literature, Theater and Press. He has held many conferences in international festivals and exhibitions held in 19 different countries like Spain, Germany, India, Indonesia and Lebanon.He has worked as the Chief Editor of 15 magazines which the best known of them are Children & Young Adults’ Quarterly Book Review and also Shahrzad, a monthly magazine about childhood & parenthood.
# Kanifay

Kanifay (Yapese: Kanifaay) is a village and municipality in the state of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia.
# Books Council of Wales

The Books Council of Wales (Welsh: Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru; previously known as the Welsh Books Council) is a literature advocacy organisation in Wales. It was established in 1961, and today it is funded by the Welsh Government. The council's aims are to promote the interests of Welsh language books and English language books of interest to Wales, to promote the publishing industry, and to assist and support authors by offering a number of services and distributing grants. It offers design and editorial services for publishers, distributes grants for authors and publishers, and provides services for libraries.
The council's headquarters are in the former St Mary's College building in Castell Brychan, Aberystwyth; and it also has a distribution centre on the outskirts of the town at Glanyrafon Enterprise Park. It employs 40 permanent staff between both locations. The distribution centre has an annual turnover of around £3 million (net).
Alun Creunant Davies held the position of director from 1965 to 1987.
The current Chief Executive is Helgard Krause.
# Kaseh Garan

Kaseh Garan or Kaseh-ye Geran or Kasehgaran (Persian: كاسه گران) may refer to:
* Kaseh Garan, Kermanshah
* Kasehgaran, West Azerbaijan
# Karla Gutiérrez

Karla Gutiérrez (born 21 December 1966) is a Mexican sailor. She competed in the women's 470 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Sandan District

Sandan (Khmer: ស្រុកសណ្ដាន់) is a district within Kampong Thom Province, in central Cambodia. According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 38,574.

## Administration

The following table shows the villages of Sandan District by commune.
| Khum (Communes) | Phum (Villages) |
| Chheu Teal | Chheu Teal, Boeng Rolum, Kampong Ta Baen, Samret, Veal Pring Kraom, Kae Rang, Boeng Pra, Andoung Pring, Prey Kanlaeng, Choam Phka, Konlong Khting |
| Dang Kambet | Srae Khsach, Srae Veal Khang Lech, Srae Veal Khang Kaeut, Sampoar Touch, Sampoar Thum |
| Klaeng | Peam Klaeng, Roka Chuor, Tuek Vil, Prey Choar, Klaeng, Kampout Chhuk, Trakuon, Angkor Sen Chey |
| Mean Rith | Kantir, Boeng, Sam Aong, Choam Svay, Tboung Tuek, Trapeang Tralach, Rang Khnay, Ou Pok Sameakki |
| Mean Chey | Chek Muoy Stong, Veal Snay, Roneam, Trabaek, Rumpuh, Choan Leaeng, Choam Phal, Samrom, Popueng, Phtoul, Thmei |
| Ngan | Dang Totueng, Khmer, Krang Daeum, Rovieng, Sralau, Ngan, Samphi, Troeb, Veal Pring Leu, Tang Krasau, Krabei Prey, Ou Tnaot, Svay |
| Sandan | Danghet, Chhuk, Krasang, Srae Chang, Prasat Andaet, Kbal Khla, Svay, Chor, Tuek Mleang, Sandan, Kampong Trabaek, Ba Chey, Prey Kokir |
| Sochet | Rumchek, Krang, Pou Roung, Tayang, Ansa, Pren, Srae Pring |
| Tum Ring | Leaeng, Roneam, Ronteah, Tum Ar, Kbal Damrei, Samraong, Sralau Sraong, Khaos |
# John McDougall (phthisiologist)

John Bowes MacDougall CBE FRSE FRCPE (1890–1967) was a 20th-century physician and phthisiologist who also was a Scottish international rugby union player who won five caps between 1913 and 1921. He was a world expert in the field of tuberculosis. As an unusual pastime he was interested in rabbit breeding.

## Life

He was born in Greenock on 5 December 1890 the son of Allan McDougall. He was educated at Greenock Academy.
He studied medicine at Glasgow University graduating MB ChB in 1914. He received a commission in the First World War and served as a major in the Royal Army Medical Corps at the No 30 General Hospital in Calais, France. He received his doctorate (MD) in 1916, while on active service.
In 1924 he became medical director of the Preston Hall Sanatorium near Maidstone, Kent. In 1931 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir George Newman, Noel Dean Bardswell, Sir Frederick Menzies and Donald McIntyre. In the 1943 New Year's Honours List he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).
In 1945 he left Preston Hall to become Chief Tuberculosis Officer for the World Health Organization, the highest position in his field of expertise.
He died in Athens in Greece on 30 September 1967 aged 76.

## Rugby career

He played club rugby for Greenock Wanderers and Wakefield RFC.
He originally joined Wakefield RFC on being posted to the West Riding County Council as Chief Tuberculosis Officer. In 1947 he became Chief of the Tuberculosis section of the World Health Organization.
He organised Wakefield RFC's 'Coming of age' fete and Bazaar in 1922.

## Publications

* How to Become an Efficient Athlete (1922)
* The Rabbit in Health and Disease (1929)
* Angoras in the Colonies (1932)
* Rehabilitating the Tuberculous (1945)
* Rabbit Keeping (1946)
* Tuberculosis: A Global Study of Social Pathology (1949)

## Family

He married twice. In 1920 he married Sarah Purdy Shepherd. In 1954 he married Marietta Tsitsecles from Greece.
# Manouchehr Yazdi

Manouchehr Yazdi (Persian: منوچهر یزدی) is an Iranian teacher and pan-Iranist politician who served as a member of parliament from 1975 to 1979. Yazdi is a senior Pan-Iranist Party member. He resigned from Resurgence Party in June 1978.
# Tõrva Parish

Tõrva Parish (Estonian: Tõrva vald) is a rural municipality in Valga County. It includes the town of Tõrva.

## Settlements
### Town

Tõrva

### Boroughs

Helme, Hummuli

### Villages

Aitsra, Ala, Alamõisa, Holdre, Jeti, Jõgeveste, Kalme, Karjatnurme, Karu, Kaubi, Kirikuküla, Koorküla, Kulli, Kungi, Kähu, Leebiku, Linna, Liva, Lõve, Möldre, Patküla, Piiri, Pikasilla, Pilpa, Pori, Puide Ransi, Reti, Riidaja, Roobe, Rulli, Soe, Soontaga, Taagepera, Uralaane, Vanamõisa, Voorbahi

## Religion

Religion in Tõrva Parish (2021)
# Petroshimi Maahshahr F.C.

Petroshimi Mahshahr Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال پتروشیمی ماهشهر) was an Iranian football team based in Mahshahr, Iran.
* This article about an Iranian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Jennifer Ziegler

Jennifer Ziegler is an American writer and faculty member at Vermont College of Fine Arts.

## Biography

Ziegler was raised in Texas and is of Mexican-American heritage. She received a Bachelor of Arts in English and a Bachelor of Journalism in magazine journalism from the University of Texas. She presently serves as the faculty co-chair of Vermont College of Fine Arts's Master of Fine Arts program in Writing for Children and Young Adults.
Ziegler currently lives in Austin, Texas with her husband, Chris Barton. Together, they have four adult children.

## Publications
### Standalone books

* Alpha Dog (2007, Delacorte Press, ISBN 978-0-3857-3285-7)
* How Not to Be Popular (2008, Delacorte Press, ISBN 978-0-3857-3465-3)
* Sass & Serendipity (2011, Delacorte Press, ISBN 978-0-3857-3898-9)
* Worser (2022, Margaret Ferguson Books, ISBN 978-0-8234-4956-9)

### Brewster Triplets series

The Brewster Triplets series is published by Scholastic Inc.
* Revenge of the Flower Girls (2014, ISBN 978-0-5455-6141-9)
* Revenge of the Angels (2015, ISBN 978-0-5458-3899-3)
* Revenge of the Happy Campers (2017, ISBN 978-1-3380-9119-9)
* Revenge of the Teacher's Pets (2018, ISBN 978-1-3380-9123-6)
# Tari Mangal

Tari Mangal (Pashto: تري منګل) is a town in the Kurram Valley at the Durand Line, near Spin Ghar, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Tari Mangal is 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from Parachinar, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the town of Aryob in Zazi District, Afghanistan. The Pashtun tribe Mangal has been living in Tari Mangal since 1600 AD. From 1977–1988, during the Soviet–Afghan War, the city served as a Mujahideen camp. Weapons and funds from the United States, en route to Pakistan, were delivered to Afghanistan through the border at Tari Mangal, as well as its neighbouring region Torkham. Due to Tari Mangal's normal weather in summer, many people from hot areas in Pakistan visit Tari Mangal to enjoy cold weather.

## History

Current-day Tari Mangal is control by the Mangal tribe since 1600 AD. At that time, prior to the partition of India and formation of an independent Pakistan in 1947, Tari Mangal was a part of British India.

## Education

Tari Mangal, like Parachinar, was growing and thriving until war came to the area in 2007. Due to the Kurram Agency War April 2007, many government services were discontinued. For example, from 2007 to 2014, all government schools were closed. With the exception of the Government Girls Primary School, all have now reopened. There are now three schools in Tari Mangal:
* Government High School Tari Mangal.
* International Public School Tari Mangal, administered by education reformer and political activist Syed Ahmad Shah
* Government Girls Primary School, organized by the federal government

## Climate

Climate conditions in Tari Mangal are generally favorable. January and February are the harshest months due to snow, rain, and cold temperatures. Occasionally, heavy fog and cold air coming from the Spin Ghar mountain range add to adverse weather conditions. From the middle of June to the middle of August, temperatures can be warm. During the rest of the year, however, the climate is moderate and considered to be ideal. Even in the summer months, there is generally no need for air conditioning or fans.

## Population demographic

Many people use the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan for business and trade. However, nowadays a significant number of locals reside and work abroad in places like the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, bringing prosperity back to the area.

## Tari Mangal post

Tari Mangal Post is a fort located in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Pakistan.It was constructed by British Government in 1905. Its estimated elevation is 2174 meters above sea level. Latitude: 33°57'25.98" Longitude: 69°53'38"

## Ali Mangal Post

Tari Mangal is located 0.8 km from Ali Mangal Post. Its estimated elevation is 2079 meters above sea level, 6820.87 ft, 81850.44 in. Latitude: 33° 57' 44" North Longitude: 69° 56' 5" East

## Nearby villages

* Kotri Mangal
* Sursurang
* Gido
* Gobazana
* Haq Dara
* Pewar Tangai
* Shelozan Tangai
# Chouquette

Chouquettes (French:) or petits choux are small pieces of French patisserie consisting of small spheres of choux pastry, sugared and baked. The term was known in the 16th century, and was originally applied to small savoury spheres. Since the late 17th century choquettes have been sweet.

## History

In The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson writes that the term is of long standing: "A street cry in the 16th century was 'Choux, petits choux, tout chauds' [all hot]." According to Le Thresor de santé (The Treasury of Health), published by Jean-Antoine Huguetan in 1607:
Randle Cotgrave's A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues (1611) gives the name of the item as "tichous" – "Little cakes made of egges and flower with a little butter (and sometimes cheese among) eaten ordinarily with sugar and Rosewater." Davidson notes that Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel (1690) describes "something closer to the modern petits choux, without cheese".
Davidson describes chouquettes as among the most popular Parisian friandises – "eaten at tea when warm and soft, semi-dry at other times". Wedding cakes are sometimes constructed from them, in the manner of a croquembouche, with crème pâtissière inside.
# Tiziana Di Matteo

Tiziana Di Matteo may refer to:
* Tiziana Di Matteo (astrophysicist)
* Tiziana Di Matteo (econophysicist)
# Ain Al Kuayba

Ain Al Kuayba Arabic: عين الكعيبة is a freshwater spring located in Qatif, Saudi Arabia. It hosted the black stone in 930 (317H) after it had been looted from Kaaba by Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. In 2012 it was mistakenly bulldozed by a construction contractor, but reconstructed in 2015. Historians such as Ali Aldarorah believe that it dates back to the third millennium BC.
# Krasnoye, Krasninsky District, Lipetsk Oblast

Krasnoye (Russian: Красное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Krasninsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,634 (2021 Census); 3,832 (2010 Census); 4.057 (2002 Census); 4,338 (1989 Soviet census).
Krasnoye is the locality closest to Moscow (330 kilometres (210 miles) south of the city) where it was visually confirmed that Wagner Group troops had reached during their rebellion. The closest location overall may have been Kashira, but this is not confirmed.
# Jangy-Turmush

Jangy-Turmush (Kyrgyz: Жаңы-Турмуш) is a village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Alay District. Its population was 1,208 in 2021.
# Goli Jan

Goli Jan or Golijan (Persian: گلی‌جان) may refer to:
* Goli Jan, Ardabil
* Golijan, Fars
* Goli Jan, Mazandaran
* Goli Jan Rural District, in Mazandaran Province
# Kharu, Kuhsorkh

Kharu (Persian: خرو, also Romanized as Kharū) is a village in Barrud Rural District, Kuhsorkh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 89, in 30 families.
# Almanbet Matubraimov

Almanbet Matubraimovich Matubraimov (born 25 August 1952) is a politician from Kyrgyzstan. In December 1993, he served briefly the acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. He took over from Tursunbek Chyngyshev. He served as the Chairman of the Assembly of People's Representatives from March 1995 to November 1997.
On 3 January 2006, Matubraimov was appointed to the role of representing Kyrgyzstan in the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).
# Sorkheh Deh

Sorkheh Deh (Persian: سرخه ده) may refer to:
* Sorkheh Deh, Harsin, Kermanshah Province
* Sorkheh Deh, Salas-e Babajani, Kermanshah Province
* Sorkheh Deh-e Olya, Lorestan Province
* Sorkheh Deh-e Sofla, Lorestan Province
* Sorkheh Deh, Markazi
* Sorkh Deh, Qom
* Sorkheh Deh, Tehran
# Dobri Dol, Sopište

Dobri Dol (Macedonian: Добри Дол) is a village in the municipality of Sopište, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 431 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians - 424 (98.3%)
* Turks - 1 (0.2%)
* Serbs - 1 (0.2%)
* Vlachs- 2 (0.4%)
* Others - 3 (0.6%)
# Jhukar-jo-Daro

The Jhukar-jo-Daro (Sindhi: جهڪر جو دڙو) is the highest mud mound in Larkana, located at a distance of 6 miles (10 kilometers) from Larkana city towards west near to village Mithodero on the left of the Larkana-Mehar Road (N55 National Highway) in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It was explored and excavated by renowned archaeologist N. G. Majumdar in 1928. Jhukar-Jo-Daro is an archaeological site where Jhukar Phase was explored and it has been recorded that Harappan Phase came after or it is followed by Jhukar Culture. Some historians have revealed that Jhukar Phase partly covers or overlaps with the Harapppan Phase but obviously persists much later. The remains of late Harappan culture of Chalcolithic period were discovered here at Jhukar-Jo-Daro.
# Aspy River

The Aspy River (/ˈæspi/) is a river on northeastern Cape Breton Island which rises in the Cape Breton Highlands and empties into Aspy Bay. The North Aspy follows the ancient Aspy Fault which extends for 40 km inland from the coast and extends along the upper section of the northeast Margaree River. This geological fault is thought to be a part of the Cabot Fault (Newfoundland)/ Great Glen Fault (Scotland) system of Avalonia.
It is believed by some sources that John Cabot landed at Aspy Bay in 1497. In 1856, a submarine cable was laid across the Cabot Strait from Aspy Bay to Newfoundland establishing a telegraph link between St. John's, Newfoundland and New York City.
A dirt road in Cape Breton Highlands National Park leads to the Beulach Ban falls on the North Aspy River. "Beulach Ban" is Gaelic for "white gorge".