OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Isaz

| Name | Proto-Germanic | Old English | Old Norse |
| Name | *Isaz | Īs | Íss |
| "ice" |||
| Shape | Elder Futhark | Futhorc | Younger Futhark |
| Unicode | ᛁ U+16C1 | ᛁ U+16C1 | ᛁ U+16C1 |
| Transliteration | i | i | i |
| Transcription | i | i | i |
| IPA | [i(ː)] | [i(ː)] | [i(ː)] |
| Position in rune-row | 11 | 11 | 9 |
*Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i-rune ᛁ, meaning "ice". In the Younger Futhark, it is called íss in Old Norse. As a rune of the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is called is.
The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌹 i, named eis.
The rune is recorded in all three rune poems:
| Rune Poem: | English Translation: |
| Anglo-Saxon ᛁ Is bẏþ oferceald, ungemetum slidor, glisnaþ glæshluttur gimmum gelicust, flor forste geƿoruht, fæger ansẏne. | Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery; it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems; it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon. |
| Old Icelandic ᛁ Íss er árbörkr ok unnar þak ok feigra manna fár. glacies jöfurr. | Ice is bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed. |
| Old Norwegian ᛁ Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða. | Ice is called the broad bridge; the blind man must be led. |
# Communauté d'agglomération Creil Sud Oise

The Communauté d'agglomération Creil Sud Oise is a communauté d'agglomération located in the Oise département and in the Hauts-de-France région of France. Its seat is in the town Creil. It was created on 1 January 2017. Its area is 83.5 km$^2$. Its population was 88,665 in 2020, of which 35,970 in Creil proper.

## Composition

The communauté d'agglomération consists of the following 11 communes:
* Creil
* Cramoisy
* Maysel
* Montataire
* Nogent-sur-Oise
* Rousseloy
* Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
* Saint-Maximin
* Saint-Vaast-lès-Mello
* Thiverny
* Villers-Saint-Paul
# Ana P. Barros

Ana Paula Barros is an African-born American civil and environmental engineer currently the Donald Biggar Willett Chair of Engineering and Department Head of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an Elected Fellow of the American Meteorological Society. In 2019 she was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "contributions to understanding and prediction of precipitation dynamics and flood hazards in mountainous terrains". Prior to joining the University of Illinois, Professor Barros was the James L. Meriam Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University.

## Education

She earned her diploma in civil engineering at University of Porto in 1985 and an M.Sc. in ocean engineering in 1988 followed by her M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering at OGI School of Science and Engineering in 1990 and then Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Washington in 1993.

## Research

Her interests are hydrology and precipitation such as rainfall's effect on mountains and ground. Her highest cited paper is "Decoupling of erosion and precipitation in the Himalayas", which has been referenced over 500 times, according to Google Scholar.

## Publications

* Barros, AP; Hodes, JL; Arulraj, M, Decadal climate variability and the spatial organization of deep hydrological drought, Environmental Research Letters, vol 12 no. 10 (2017), pp. 104005–104005
* Arulraj, M; Barros, AP, Shallow Precipitation Detection and Classification Using Multifrequency Radar Observations and Model Simulations, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol 34 no. 9 (2017), pp. 1963–1983
* Understanding How Low-Level Clouds and Fog Modify the Diurnal Cycle of Orographic Precipitation Using In Situ and Satellite Observations, Remote Sensing, vol 9 no. 9 (2017), pp. 920–920
* Wilson, AM; Barros, AP, Orographic Land–Atmosphere Interactions and the Diurnal Cycle of Low-Level Clouds and Fog, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol 18 no. 5 (2017), pp. 1513–1533
* Tao, J; Barros, AP, Multi-year atmospheric forcing datasets for hydrologic modeling in regions of complex terrain – Methodology and evaluation over the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment 2014 domain, Journal of Hydrology (2017)
# Alain Douarinou

Alain Douarinou (1909–1987) was a French cinematographer. He was the younger brother of the art director Jean Douarinou, and was married to Madeleine Sologne.

## Selected filmography

* Blanchette (1937)
* The Time of the Cherries (1938)
* The West (1938)
* Place de la Concorde (1939)
* Threats (1940)
# Saman Pakbaz

Saman Pakbaz (Persian: سامان پاکباز, born 19 July 1995) is a paralympic athlete from Iran competing in category F11-12 shot put event.

## Career

In 2015 he earned his place in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro at the 2015 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Athletics World Championships in Qatar, earning a silver medal for Iran with a throw of 15.19 meters (16.61 yd).
Pakbaz competed in the 2016 Summer Paralympics shot put and won the silver medal in the F11-12 shot put.
# Sami Efendi

Sami Efendi (Ottoman Turkish: سامى افندي, Modern Turkish: Hattat Mehmet Sâmi Efendi) (1858-1912), was an Ottoman calligrapher.

## Life and work

He was born Mehmed Sami on 13 March 1838 in Haydarhâne district of Fatih in Istanbul. His father was Mehmed Efendi, an official of the Quilt-makers Guild and his mother was Nefise Hanim.
He studied calligraphy with Kibriszade Ismail Hakki Efendi and Haydar Bey (182-1870). He was also student of Sheikh Sadik Efendi, who had learned his art in 19th-century Bukhara and his students, including Sami, helped to carry it into the 20th-century. He was inspired by the work of Mustafa Raq'im (1757 - 1826)
He also learned the art of paper making and the art of marbling paper by studying with Edhem Efendi.
His personal style was most evident with Celî. These plates were generally written on black paper with yellow colored ink, or sometimes with gold. Sami designed the most attractive designs for vowell signs, refined many aids to reading and also developed the tezînyat (decorations) and numbers. These techniques are still in use in modern calligraphy. The Tughra (monogram) found its "definitive shape" with Sami Efendi during the era of Abdulhamid II.
For many years, he taught at the Topkapi Palace. His students included many calligraphers who went on to have notable careers including: Nazif Bey, Huhiso Efendi, Puza Efendi, Okyay Necmeddin and Kâmil Akdik.
Following the proclamation of the Constitutional monarchy, he retired. He was paralyzed in his final years and died 1 July 1912. He was buried in the Hazrat Mosque Mosque. His former student, Hacı Kâmil Efendi (Akdik) wrote his epigraph with celî sülüs.
His work adorns fountains, mosques and gravestones in Istanbul.
# Denisovka, Russia

Denisovka (Russian: Денисовка) is the name of several rural localities in Russia.

## Modern localities

* Denisovka, Dyatkovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Slobodishchensky Selsoviet of Dyatkovsky District of Bryansk Oblast
* Denisovka, Suzemsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Denisovsky Selsoviet of Suzemsky District of Bryansk Oblast
* Denisovka, Kemerovo Oblast, a village in Padunskaya Rural Territory of Promyshlennovsky District of Kemerovo Oblast
* Denisovka, Komi Republic, a village in Mutny Materik Selo Administrative Territory of the town of republic significance of Usinsk in the Komi Republic
* Denisovka, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Ustyansky Selsoviet of Abansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai
* Denisovka, Medvensky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Kitayevsky Selsoviet of Medvensky District of Kursk Oblast
* Denisovka, Shchigrovsky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Troitskokrasnyansky Selsoviet of Shchigrovsky District of Kursk Oblast
* Denisovka, Lipetsk Oblast, a selo in Urusovsky Selsoviet of Chaplyginsky District of Lipetsk Oblast
* Denisovka, Mari El Republic, a village in Maryinsky Rural Okrug of Yurinsky District of the Mari El Republic
* Denisovka, Omsk Oblast, a village in Sedelnikovsky Rural Okrug of Sedelnikovsky District of Omsk Oblast
* Denisovka, Kolpnyansky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Akhtyrsky Selsoviet of Kolpnyansky District of Oryol Oblast
* Denisovka, Pokrovsky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Verkhnezhernovsky Selsoviet of Pokrovsky District of Oryol Oblast
* Denisovka, Perm Krai, a village in Vereshchaginsky District of Perm Krai
* Denisovka, Pskov Oblast, a village in Kunyinsky District of Pskov Oblast
* Denisovka, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Ryazhenskoye Rural Settlement of Matveyevo-Kurgansky District of Rostov Oblast
* Denisovka, Monastyrshchinsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Novomikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement of Monastyrshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast
* Denisovka, Roslavlsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Syrokorenskoye Rural Settlement of Roslavlsky District of Smolensk Oblast
* Denisovka, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Kovrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast
* Denisovka, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Mosolovskoye Rural Settlement of Anninsky District of Voronezh Oblast

## Renamed localities

* Denisovka, former name of Lomonosovo, a selo in Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast
# Dissay

Dissay (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. The main landmark is the castle, built in the 15th century by Pierre d'Amboise, bishop of Poitiers.

## History

Human settlement in the territory of Dissay dates back millennia: a single grave in Poitou-Charentes dates back to 4300 BC. Gallo-Roman houses spring up along the Roman road that links Saintes to Poitiers Tours. The territory of Dissay is arranged like an axis, with this road as one of the lines. Tradition maintains the "Roman road" as a recurring term for that road.

## Economy

Dissay is located between Poitiers and Châtellerault. As of 2019, its labor force is of 1,617 active workers (activity rate: 79.9%). More than 80 merchants, artisans, industries and services are currently located in the town center and the two parks of the town.

## Twin towns

* Madone, Italy
# Reactivity

Reactivity may refer to:
* Reactivity (chemistry), the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction
* Reactive programming, a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataflow network
* Reactivity (psychology)
* Reactivity (electronics)
* Reactivity in nuclear reactions measures the nuclear chain reaction rate in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons
# Värska Parish

Värska Parish (Estonian: Värska vald) was a rural municipality of Estonia, in Põlva County. It had a population of 1,344 (as of 1 January 2009) and an area of 187.82 km$^2$ (72.52 sq mi).

## Settlements
### Small borough

Värska

### Villages

Koidula • Kolodavitsa • Kolossova • Korela • Kostkova • Kremessova • Kundruse • Litvina • Lobotka • Lutepää • Määsovitsa • Matsuri • Nedsaja • Õrsava • Pattina • Perdaku • Podmotsa • Popovitsa • Rääptsova • Saabolda • Saatse • Samarina • Säpina • Sesniki • Tonja • Treski • Ulitina • Vaartsi • Väike-Rõsna • Vedernika • Velna • Verhulitsa • Võpolsova • Voropi

## Gallery

* Koidula railway station
* Mustoja Landscape Conservation Area is the biggest protected area in Põlva County
* Poogandi Lake in Mustoja Nature Reserve
* Hirvemäe Holiday Centre
* Memorial stone in Säpina village
* Värska Orthodox Church
* Värska Vesi AS company which produces mineral water
# Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle

Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Léger on Bresle; Picard: Saint-Lgé-su-Brèle) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) south of Abbeville, on the D246 road and by the banks of the river Bresle, the border with Seine-Maritime.
# Birlik, Issyk Kul

Birlik (Kyrgyz: Бирлик, formerly имени ВЧК - imeni VChK) is a village in the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Tüp District. Its population was 1,195 in 2021.
# Marie-Louise Pichot

Marie-Louise Pichot (1885–1947) was a French Impressionist painter.

## Biography

Marie-Louise Pichot was a well-known artist from the Montmartre district. She was inspired by the work of the impressionists, and focuses mainly through her works on representations of the female body, nude or still life painting.
In February 1937, she took part in the collective exhibition “Les femmes artistes d'Europe exposent au Jeu de Paume” organized at the Jeu de Paume, honoring the works of contemporary women artists across Europe.
# William Sweeney (composer)

William John Sweeney (born 5 January 1950) is a Scottish composer.

## Biography

Born in Glasgow, he attended Knightswood Secondary School. He studied the clarinet and composition at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama from 1967 to 1970, and at the Royal Academy of Music from 1970 to 1973, where his teachers included Alan Hacker and Harrison Birtwistle. He went on to teach woodwind instruments, and then composition at the University of Glasgow. An early influence was the European avant-garde, particularly Karlheinz Stockhausen, though he returned to tonal composition in the mid-1970s.
His work is strongly influenced by traditional Scottish folk music; in particular, he has utilised the heterophonic style of Gaelic psalm-singing, and the piobaireachd form; he varies melodies through ornamentation, as in traditional pibroch, and in their contour; he modifies instruments' tone-colours through alternative fingerings. He has a strong regard for the music of Leoš Janáček. He has also addressed the reconciliation of classical and traditional music with jazz, using improvisational techniques and sometimes combining the two idioms. He has been influenced by ancient Greek poetry, and Indian and Arab traditions in his use of ostinato and other techniques of varied repetition.
His Sonata for cello and piano (2010) won the 2011 British Composer Award in the "Instrumental Solo or Duo" category.

## Selected works
### Opera

* An Turus, opera in 3 acts, 1997; libretto by Aonghas MacNeacail

### Orchestral

* Maqam, 1984
* Glasgow, 1985
* Sunset Song, 1986
* Cumha, 1987
* Seann Orain, 1989
* Air, Strathspey and Reel, 1990
* Concerto Grosso, for 9 clarinets, strings and timpani, 1990
* St. Blane's Hill, 1991
* A Set for the Kingdom, for string orchestra, 1991
* October Landscapes, 1993
* Birth/Procession, 1993
* The Lost Mountain (A-bheinn Air Chall), for wind band, 1996
* Sweeney Astray, 1996

### Concertante

* Ceol-Beag, for cello and orchestra, 1981
* An rathad ùr, for saxophone and orchestra, 1989

### Chamber music

* String Quartet, 1981
* Trio for clarinet, viola and piano, 1982
* Sonata for viola, marimba and claves, 1985
* Sweeney Astray, for 2 clarinets, 1987, or for clarinet and viola, 2003
* String Quartet No. 3, 2004–2007
* Sonata for cello and piano, 2010
* The Ballad of the Cat and the Ram, for violin and piano

### Choral

* Salm an Fhearainn, 1987
* An Seachnadh, 1988
* I Will Wait, 1990
* Two Lyrics, 1992
* Airc an dualchais, 1998

### Multimedia

* Tantallon! These Lands, This Wall, 2012

### Songs

* 3 Poems from Sangschaw, 1977
* The Heights of Macchu Picchu, 1988
* El Pueblo, 1989
* A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, 1992
* An Coilltean Ratharsair (The Woods of Raasay), 1993
* Seeking Wise Salmon, 1994
* All That Came in That One Coracle, 1999
# Ekaterina Beketova

Ekaterina Andreyevna Krasnova (née Beketova; Russian: Екатери́на Андре́евна Красно́ва, Бекето́ва; 29 August [O.S. 17 August] 1855 – 16 May [O.S. 4 May] 1892) was a Russian poet, writer, and translator. She was born in Moscow into a family of Russian nobility, the daughter of botanist Andrey Beketov. She also wrote children's literature and invested much attention on her nephew Alexander Blok. In 1892, she died of eclampsia following a medically mandated abortion.
# Deh-e Khan

Deh-e Khan or Deh Khan (Persian: ده خان) may refer to:
* Deh-e Khan, Chatrud
* Deh Khan, Shahdad
# Laura Marcu

Laura Marcu is an American scientist and a professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery at the University of California, Davis. She is also a Fellow of numerous professional societies: the Biomedical Engineering Society, SPIE, The Optical Society and the National Academy of Inventors.

## Career and research

Professor Laura Marcu received her Diploma of Engineer in Mechanical Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest, Romania. She did a post-graduate specialization in Spectroscopy, Laser and Plasma Physics at the University of Bucharest, Romania. Marcu obtained her M.S and Ph.D. Diploma in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Marcu's work focuses primarily on research for development of optical techniques for tissue diagnostics. Her laboratory has developed time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) systems for in vivo tissue interrogation, including human patients. Her laboratory has a broad expertise in clinical translation of biophotonic technologies that play an important role in addressing challenges associate with tissue diagnostics and therapies. Her group also studies the application of semiconductor quantum dots to early detection of pathologic transformations in tissues as well as the application of ultrashort electric fields to cancer therapy.
Marcu developed a catheter probe able to image arteries inside a living heart which could help cardiologists predict heart attacks more reliably.

## Patents

* Single catheter system that provides both intravascular ultrasound and fluorescence lifetime imaging
* Biochemical marker detection device
* Internal biochemical sensing device
* Method for intracellular modifications within living cells using pulsed electric fields
* Time-resolved and wavelength-resolved spectroscopy for characterizing biological materials

## Awards and honors

* Named a fellow by the National Academy of Inventors in 2017.
* Fellow of the Optical Society in 2014 for "the development and clinical translation of fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy and imaging techniques."
* Fellow of SPIE in 2012.
* Fellow of the Biomedical Engineering Society in 2011.
* Senior Member of IEEE.
# Agrarian Democratic Party

Agrarian Democratic Party (Czech: Agrární demokratická strana, ADS) is an agrarian political party in the Czech Republic, founded on 9 December 2015. The party considers itself to be a successor to the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, building on the legacy of Antonín Švehla.

## Leaders

* Pavel Šrámek (since 2019)
* Petr Šrámek (since 2018)
# Helix (stationery company)

Helix (also known as Helix Oxford or Maped Helix) is a United Kingdom-based manufacturer of stationery. It exports to over 65 countries, with offices in Hong Kong and US, and has its UK headquarters in Kingswinford in the West Midlands.

## History
### Establishment

Helix was established in 1887 under the name 'The Universal Woodworking Company Ltd.'; it manufactured wooden rulers and metal laboratory apparatus. In 1894, it patented the drawing compass and, with it, launched the Helix brand, following on from the initial success of the compass and rule. In 1912, the company's first mathematical set was created; and, in 1935, the brand "Helix Oxford" was launched. In 1955 the company was renamed the Helix Universal Company, and moved its headquarters to Lye, West Midlands. In the 1960s, the name was changed to Helix International Ltd.

### Administration

In 2004, the company's factory in Lye ceased production. In January 2012, the company entered administration. On 8 February 2012 the company stated, "The joint administrators from Grant Thornton UK LLP are currently speaking to a number of interested parties and have received offers for the sale of the business as a going concern." One week later, the company was bought by the French Maped group.

### Maped Helix

When Helix joined the Maped Helix Group the company changed its name to Helix Trading Ltd and moved its UK headquarters from Lye, West Midlands to nearby Kingswinford, where it has its showroom. In 2014 it reported sales of £8.5 million.

## Oxford Set of Mathematical Instruments

The Oxford Set of Mathematical Instruments is a set of instruments used by generations of school children in the United Kingdom and around the world in mathematics and geometry lessons. The set is marketed in over 100 countries by Helix.
It consists of a metal tin embossed on the front with a drawing of Balliol College and the words 'THE HELIX OXFORD SET OF MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPLETE & ACCURATE' in white against a blue background.
Inside the tin there are two set squares, a 180° protractor, a 15 cm ruler, a metal compass, a 9 cm pencil, a pencil sharpener, and an eraser. (In the 1970s a stencil for drawing chemical apparatus was included.) There is also a fact sheet and glossary of mathematical terms with a school timetable printed on the back. The export version also includes dividers.
# Boghi Kalon

Boghi Kalon (Tajik: Боғи Калон) is a village in the Republic of Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Istaravshan in Sughd Region.

## Location

Bogi Kalon is situated in the region of Sughd. Sughd's capital, Khujand, is roughly 70 km / 43 mi away from Bogi Kalon. The distance from Bogi Kalon to Tajikistan's capital, Dushanbe, is approximately 152 km / 94 mi. The terrain height above sea level is said to be approximately 1024 meters.

## Geographic coordinates of Bogi Kalon

The location is at a latitude of 39.8892° and a longitude of 68.9886°, with an altitude of 3,382ft (1,030m). In degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS), the coordinates are 39° 53' 21" N latitude and 68° 59' 19" E longitude. Distances from Bogi Kalon to the equator (0° lat) is 4,423 km north, and to the prime meridian (0° long) is 5,742 km east.

## Population

Boghi Kalon, located in Tajikistan, is a small village, and detailed population data are not readily available. But Tajikistan population is roughly approximated to be 9,313,800 people in 2020 and 10,273,000 in 2024, 74% of which live in rural areas.

## Places near by Boghi kalon

West : Saksiyon (0.8 nm), Tapkok (1.6 nm), Ak-Guaz-Kaaz (2.2 nm), Almaly (3.7 nm).
North: Bobotago (1.1 nm), Istaravshan (1.6 nm), Vogat (3.5 nm), Khuzya (4.7 nm), Rugund (5.1 nm).
East : Poshkent (1.9 nm), Qal'achai Gulizard (2.5 nm).
South : Objuvoz (1.4 nm), Nafaroch (3.5 nm), Obkarchagay (3.5 nm), Chavkandak (3.3 nm), Dalyon (3.7 nm), Dahyak (3.9 nm), Karasakol (4.0 nm), Dahyak (4.2 nm).
# Marie Duhem

Marie Duhem, born Marie Amélie Hortense Sergeant (18 March 1871 in Guemps – 9 July 1918 in Douai) was a French painter.

## Biography

Her parents operated a lace factory, so she became familiar with the work of designers and models from an early age. She began her art studies with Adrien Demont, husband of the painter Virginie Demont-Breton. It was at their workshop in Wissant that she met her future husband, the painter Henri Duhem, eleven years her senior. They married in 1890. After establishing their home in Camiers, they gathered their artist friends and acquaintances together to form what became known as the "École de Wissant", and would paint in the surrounding areas of Boulogne and the Côte d'Opale. Some of the better-known members of this group include Georges Maroniez, Francis Tattegrain and Fernand Stiévenart.
In addition to painting, the Duhems were avid art collectors, especially interested in Post-Impressionism. Their collection included significant paintings by Claude Monet and Paul Gauguin. In 1985 Nelly Sergeant-Duhem, their adopted daughter, donated the collection to the Académie des Beaux-Arts. It is currently preserved at the Musée Marmottan.
She was named an Officer in the Ordre des Palmes Académiques and, in 1912, a Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur.
In 1915 their only son, Rémy, was killed in the assault on Les Éparges. She never fully recovered from this loss, neglected her health, and died of a tumor at the age of forty-seven.