OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spit-take

A spit-take is a comedic technique or reaction in which someone spits a drink, or sometimes food, out of their mouth as a reaction to a surprising or funny statement.
An essential part of the spit-take is comedic timing. The person performing the spit-take usually starts drinking or eating right before the punchline is delivered. When the joke hits, the person accentuates the effect by pretending that the alleged humor/shock is so overwhelming and irresistible, that they cannot even control the urge of laughter/scream before swallowing, and therefore has to reflexively spit out the mouthful of content to prevent choking.
In performance, a spit-take represents a reaction of shock, while in real life it is typically one of mirth.
"Spit take" was included in the Oxford Dictionaries (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary) in a 2014 update. It was also added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in an April 2019 update.

## Etymology

The spit-take, as a comedic technique, is a noun, but it shows up in media in some different forms. It can be seen used figuratively in a description of a satire work, Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping: "(it) is a spit-take on the world of contemporary pop music and celebrity..."
It can also be used as a verb: "On the morning of May 12, LinkedIn ... emailed scores of my contacts and told them I'm a professional racist. It was one of those updates that LinkedIn regularly sends its users, algorithmically assembled missives about their connections' appearances in the media.... This surely caused a few of my professional acquaintances to spit-take. — Will Johnson, Slate, 24 May 2016."
The conjugation of spit-take as a verb is not clearly defined. There is evidence of both "spit-taked" and "spit took." Constructions like "made me spit-take" are convenient for avoiding this issue all together. Beyond that, leaving the phrase as a noun, like "do a spit-take," continues to be the most common usage.

## Origin

Originally called a spit gag, the word itself most likely dates to the early 20th century, but it mostly existed in showbiz vernacular.
Danny Thomas, commonly associated with the spit-take, is credited as the comedian who made it famous. It is sometimes referred to as the "Danny Thomas spit take." He perfected it during the 11 seasons of The Danny Thomas Show (1953-1964). However, Ricky Ricardo did it a year earlier in an I Love Lucy (1951-1957) episode. Also a year before Thomas, a spit-take was performed by David Bruce in a 1952 episode of Beulah (1950-1953), "The New Arrival." It has been used in several sitcoms since.
The "spit" part of the term is clear, but the "take" part is a little less obvious. In this context, the word "take" is used in the sense of a visible response or reaction (as to something unexpected). It is similar in construction to the phrase "double-take".
# Rajesh Varsani

Rajesh Varsani (born 29 July 1982) is an Indian-born Kenyan former cricketer.
Varsani was born at Bhuj in the Indian state of Gujarat in July 1982. He emigrated to Kenya and later made two appearances in List A cricket for the Kenya national cricket team against the United Arab Emirates at Nairobi in the 2011–2013 ICC World Cricket League Championship. He scored 57 runs in the first match, helping Kenya to a 66 runs victory. In the second match he kept wicket in place of Jeshani Naran, though was less successful with the bat, being dismissed for a single run by Saqib Ali. Varsani did not feature again for Kenya following these matches.
# Behjerd

Behjerd (Persian: بهجرد) may refer to:
* Behjerd-e Bala
* Behjerd-e Sofla
# Bityug

The Bityug (Russian: Битюг) is a river in Voronezh Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Don. Its upper reaches are located in Tambov Oblast. The Bityug is 379 kilometres (235 mi) long, with a basin of 8,840 square kilometres (3,410 sq mi). There are more than 400 lakes in the Bityug basin. The river freezes up in mid-December and stays icebound until late March or early April.
# Black River (Ireland)

The Black River (Irish: An Abhainn Dubh; OSI grid ref: M2953) is a river in Connacht in Ireland. For much of its length it forms the border between County Galway and County Mayo. It flows past Shrule, and drains into Lough Corrib.
# Konjadkar

Konjadkar or Konjed Kar (Persian: كنجدكار) may refer to:
* Konjadkar, Bagh-e Malek
* Konjed Kar, Masjed Soleyman
# Zenovka

Zenovka (Russian: Зеновка) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eduard Zenovka (born 1969), Soviet modern pentathlete
* Irina Zenovka (born 1972), Russian choreographer of rhythmic gymnastics, wife of Eduard
# M. V. Frunze Museum

The M. V. Frunze Museum (Kyrgyz: М. В. Фрунзенин Үй-музейи) is a museum located in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. The museum is dedicated to exhibiting artifacts of Mikhail Frunze.

## History

The museum opened for the first time in December 1925, the aim with the creation of the museum was to commemorate Mikhail Frunze in the house where he was born, this house was built in 1879 by Vasily Frunze, Mikhail's father. In 1967, the museum was renovated after the anniversary of the October Revolution, the muralists Alexei Kamensky and Alexander Voronin participated in the decoration of the building. In 2002, the building was added to the State List of Historic and Cultural Monuments of Republican Importance. In 2014, three exhibits were stolen from the museum, including the banner of the 46th regiment of the Red Army. In April 2019, Du Dewen [zh], the ambassador of China to Kyrgyzstan visited the museum. Also in 2019, jewelry from the museum were stolen.

## Collections

In 2001, the museum contained about 6583 objects. Some of these artifacts were donated by Mikhail's family or friends, including furniture and plates. One of the main exhibits of the museum was an adobe hut. The museum contains books, manuscripts, documents, photographs and paintings. In 2018, an exhibition about the development of Bishkek with photographs was organized in the museum, which was attended by Aigul Ryskulova, Vice Mayor of Bishkek at that time. In 2019, the museum presented an exhibition about Epic of Manas, in this exhibition documents, photographs and illustrations were shown. In February 2021, the museum organized the exhibition "Frunze Week" where it presented personal belongings of Mikhail Frunze. In April 2021, the museum presented an exhibition with old books dating from the late 19th and early 20th century.
# Touba and the Meaning of Night

Touba and the Meaning of Night (Persian: طوبی و معنای شب) is a novel written by the Iranian novelist, Shahrnush Parsipur and originally published in Iran in 1989. Written after the author had spent four years and seven months in prison, it is Parsipur's second novel and is a fictional account of a woman, Touba, living through the rapidly changing political environment of 20th century Iran. Like other works of Shahrnush Parsipur, Touba and the Meaning of Night is considered by most to be a feminist work. Also, like Parsipur's other work, Touba and the Meaning of Night remains banned in Iran.

## Plot summary

Spanning eighty years, the novel follows the life of Touba, a young woman educated by her father in a time when few women received education. After her father passes away, Touba proposes to and marries a 52-year-old man. Initiated in desperation, the marriage causes Touba to fall into depression and eventually ends in a divorce. Touba later remarries a Prince of the Qajar dynasty. Though her second marriage starts happily, it also ends in divorce when the Prince takes a second wife. After the divorce, Touba is left to raise their daughter on the dwindling allowance afforded by her former husband's diminishing dynasty. To compensate, Touba weaves rugs.
# Kalab

Kalab (Persian: كلاب) may refer to:
* Kalab, Gilan
* Kalab-e Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
* Kalab-e Olya, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
* Kalab-e Sofla, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
* Kalab-e Vosta, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
* Kalab, North Khorasan
* Kalab-e Sufian (disambiguation)
# Garamduz-e Sharqi Rural District

Garamduz-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان گرمادوز شرقي) is in Garamduz District of Khoda Afarin County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Mahmudabad.

## History

After the 2006 National Census, Khoda Afarin District was separated from Kaleybar County in the establishment of Khoda Afarin County. Garamduz-e Sharqi Rural District was created in the new Garamduz District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2011 census, the rural district's population was 4,138 inhabitants in 1,021 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 4,236 in 1,212 households. The most populous of its 15 villages was Mahmudabad, with 1,138 people.
# Mikhail Darski

Mikhail Yegorovich Darski (Russian: Михаил Егорович Дарский, born Psaryan, Russified as either Psarov or Shavrov; 1 September 1865 - 3 May 1930) was a Tiflis-born theatre director, reader in drama and male actor.
A Saint Petersburg University alumnus, he started acting as an amateur in 1882 and in 1884 became a professional, working first in the Russian capital's summer theatres and clubs, then in Vitebsk, Minsk, Zhitomir, Vilno. In 1898 Darski joined the Moscow Art Theatre where his performance as Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice caused a huge scandal. Stanislavsky, while praising the actor's fiery temperament and 'wondrous voice' was less happy with what he saw as 'provincial routine' in his manner of presenting the character and insisted that Darski should emphasise Shylock's ethnicity. This strategy badly backfired. Darski's grotesque portrayal of Shylock prompted accusations in the press of anti-Semitism, and the production was cancelled after ten performances. Darski's other premiere roles in MAT were Prince Andrey Shuyski in Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich by A.K. Tolstoy and Haemon in Antigone by Sophocles.
Mikhail Darski left MAT in 1899 and, after more work in the province, in 1902 joined the Alexandrinsky Theatre with which he stayed until 1924. Here he produced The Seagull by Anton Chekhov and played, among others, the roles of Hamlet, Shylock and Boris Godunov (The Death of Ivan the Terrible by A.K. Tolstoy). Since 1905 Darski was also a reader in drama. In 1930 he was honoured with the title the Meritorious Artist of RSFSR.
# Dizeh (disambiguation)

Dizeh is a city in Kurdistan Province, Iran.
Dizeh (Persian: ديزه) may also refer to various places in Iran:
* Dizeh, Marand, East Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh, Osku, East Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh, Shabestar, East Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh, Varzaqan, East Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh Posht, Mazandaran Province
* Dizeh, Khoy, West Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh, Naqadeh, West Azerbaijan Province
* Dizeh, Urmia, West Azerbaijan Province
# Zhusandala Plain

Zhusandala (Kazakh: Жусандала) is a plain in the Balkhash District, Almaty Region and Moiynkum District, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan.
The Almaty—Astana M36 Highway passes through the plain. In the 20th century, at the time of the Kazakh SSR, the territory was used as a wintering pasture ground for numerous herds of cattle and overgrazing led to severe depletion of the vegetation. Nowadays the Zhusandala Plain has recovered as grazing has been reduced to a relatively low intensity.

## Geography

The plain is elongated, extending from ESE to WNW between the northeastern slopes of the Chu-Ili Range and the southern edge of the Taukum desert. The average annual rainfall is 250 mm (9.8 in). The terrain is dissected by dry river beds. It consists of mostly steppe in the sloping upper elevations near the hills, giving way to semi-desert in zones near the Taukum.
* Zhusandala Plain (center) and Taukum (upper right) Sentinel-2 picture.

## Flora and fauna

The soil of the plain is gray and crumbly owing to high salinity. There are a few sand dune stretches at the edge of the Taukum. Arid grassland species dominate the vegetation, such as wormwood, feather grass, saltwort, speargrass, Calligonum, Scirpus, sedges, as well as Bromus, including scattered Bromus inermis clumps. Patches of Saxaul, Atraphaxis and tamarisk may grow in the floodplains of the rivers.
The Zhusandala Plain is an important bird area. It is a breeding place for the houbara bustard. Other bird species include the eastern imperial eagle, lesser kestrel, Eurasian stone-curlew, greater sand plover, Caspian plover, Pallas's sandgrouse, black-bellied sandgrouse, greater short-toed lark, Sykes's warbler, Asian desert warbler, desert wheatear and the rufous-tailed scrub robin, among others.
# Harris Lewin

Harris A. Lewin, an American biologist, is a professor of evolution and ecology and Robert and Rosabel Osborne Endowed Chair at the University of California, Davis. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2011, Lewin won the Wolf Prize in Agriculture for his research into cattle genomics. Lewin chairs the working group for the Earth BioGenome Project, a moonshot for biology that aims to sequence, catalog, and characterize the genomes of all of Earth’s eukaryotic biodiversity over a period of 10 years. Lewin is a founding co-editor of the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, first published in 2013.

## Career

Lewin studied at Cornell University and earned his B.S. in Animal Science in 1979 and M.S. in Animal Breeding and Genetics in 1981. He was awarded his Ph.D. in Immunology from the University of California, Davis in 1984. He then worked at the University of Illinois. In 2003, he served as the founding director of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. In 2009, he and a team of researchers fully sequenced the cow genome.
Lewin served as vice chancellor for research at University of California, Davis from 2011 until 2016. In 2016 he returned to the faculty in the University of California, Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology and the Genome Center. Lewin is a member of a group biologists that propose to sequence the DNA of all life on Earth.
Lewin was senior author of a study that revealed one of the most prolific bulls in the history of Holstein cattle breeding, Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, had a lethal gene mutation estimated to have caused half million spontaneous cow abortions worldwide. Lewin collaborated with researchers from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique in France for a study that used RNA-sequencing to highlight problems with gene expression in cloned cattle. In a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Lewin and his colleagues used an algorithm to computationally recreate the chromosomes of the first eutherian mammal, the long-extinct, shrewlike ancestor of all placental mammals.
At the 48th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, Lewin announced a landmark partnership between the Earth BioGenome Project and the Earth Bank of Codes to map the DNA of all the planet’s eukaryotes, some 1.5 million known species. Lewin was the lead author for a perspective paper published April 23, 2018 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Earth BioGenome Project: Sequencing life for the future of life." In the paper, the 24 interdisciplinary experts who comprise the Earth BioGenome Project Working Group, outline a roadmap and rational for the project, which is estimated to cost $4.7 billion and take ten years.
# List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly

The Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of Tripura, the main law-making body for the Indian state of Tripura. The Speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Tripura Legislative Assembly after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the assembly. The speaker is chosen from sitting members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly. The Speaker can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the assembly by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of Speaker, the meeting of Tripura Legislative Assembly is presided by the Deputy Speaker.

## Eligibility

* Being a citizen of India;
* Not be less than 25 years of age;
* Not holding any office of profit under the Government of Tripura; and
* Not being a Criminal Offender.

## List of the Speakers of Tripura

| No | Name | Constituency | Term | Term | Term | Assembly | Party |
| 1 | Upendra Kumar Roy | | 1 July 1963 | 11 January 1967 | 3 years, 194 days | 1st | Indian National Congress |
| 2 | Manindra Lal Bhowmik | Kailashahar | 14 March 1967 | 20 January 1972 | 10 years, 315 days | 2nd | Indian National Congress |
| 2 | Manindra Lal Bhowmik | Chandipur | 29 March 1972 | 23 January 1978 | 10 years, 315 days | 3rd | Indian National Congress |
| 3 | Sudhanwa Debbarma | Takarjala | 24 January 1978 | 6 January 1983 | 4 years, 347 days | 4th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 4 | Amarendra Sharma | Dharmanagar | 9 February 1983 | 4 February 1988 | 4 years, 360 days | 5th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 5 | Jyotirmoy Nath | Kadamtala | 29 February 1988 | 7 April 1993 | 5 years, 38 days | 6th | Indian National Congress |
| 6 | Bimal Sinha | Kamalpur | 14 May 1993 | 22 September 1995 | 2 years, 131 days | 7th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 7 | Jitendra Sarkar | Teliamura | 12 October 1995 | 10 March 1998 | 7 years, 146 days | 7th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 7 | Jitendra Sarkar | Teliamura | 23 March 1998 | 7 March 2003 | 7 years, 146 days | 8th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 8 | Ramendra Chandra Debnath | Jubarajnagar | 20 March 2003 | 3 March 2008 | 14 years, 358 days | 9th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 8 | Ramendra Chandra Debnath | Jubarajnagar | 17 March 2008 | 6 March 2013 | 14 years, 358 days | 10th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 8 | Ramendra Chandra Debnath | Jubarajnagar | 15 March 2013 | 13 March 2018 | 14 years, 358 days | 11th | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 9 | Rebati Mohan Das | Pratapgarh | 23 March 2018 | 2 September 2021 | 3 years, 163 days | 12th | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 10 | Ratan Chakraborty | Khayerpur | 24 September 2021 | 12 March 2023 | 1 year, 169 days | 12th | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 11 | Biswa Bandhu Sen | Dharmanagar | 24 March 2023 | | | 13th | Bharatiya Janata Party |
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# Butler's desk

In England, the butler's desk, a piece of furniture designed for those in service to fine houses to keep documents and records, was eminently practical and based on the ever-growing needs of an increasingly literate group of persons in service. In the United States, the butler's desk is a form of cupboard with curved sides, three drawers in the frieze, a writing drawer below and central and side cupboards.

## Usage

While the lord of the house commanded the final say in all matters, the need to delegate certain tasks to the highest ranking servant of the house necessitated a specific location where records could be kept. Following the founding of both Oxford and Cambridge, an increasingly literate aristocracy replaced the largely uneducated peerage. As the power of England grew, so did the wealth of the elite as did the need of the great houses of England to bring in a better informed class of help. This better educated servant class permitted the person so designated to acquire supplies and obtain services to maintain and run large buildings with many servants.
The earliest form of butler's desk was a high desk for use by a standing person. It had many drawers of different size and had locks on both the drop front (which later developed) and individual drawers - the size of the drawers being governed by the size of the documents they contained and for personal use (some of the larger drawers being used for the butlers clothes in order to save space in the head butlers personal room). Many of these desks would have a secret compartment reserved for any important documents that were entrusted to the head butler by the master.
By the 1850s the butler's desk became far more stylistically diffuse. There were many instances where the desk of the lord of the manor was handed down to the head of the house. As the role of the butler became more oriented to a kind of overall manager and coordinator for household functions, the taller earlier desk was abandoned for a more practical piece of furniture.
# Meeksi

Meeksi (Võro: Miiksi) is a village in Räpina Parish, Põlva County, Estonia.
Before the administrative reform in 2017, Meeksi was the administrative centre of Meeksi Parish.
# Bess Norriss

Elizabeth May Norriss, later Bess Norriss Tait, (17 May 1878 – January 1939) was an Australian artist.

## Life

Norriss was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1878. She studied at Melbourne Art Gallery School and in 1905 at the Slade School of Fine Art in London. She specialised in watercolours and miniatures. In 1907, she was made a member of the Royal Society of Miniature Painters. She became a member of the British Watercolour Society and Society of Women Artists.
In 1908, she married the Australian entrepreneur J. Nevin Tait (1876–1961), the UK representative of and partner in the theatrical company J. & N. Tait. They travelled to South Africa in 1909 before returning to Australia. The National Portrait Gallery hold a self-portrait c.1900-10.
Norriss Street in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm is named in her honour.

## Life in London

In 1911, she returned to London and resided in Church Street, Chelsea. She exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, the New Society of Artists and the Paris Salon between 1908 and 1936, the Grosvenor Gallery and the Goupil Gallery. She was commissioned to paint the miniatures in Queen Mary's Dolls' House, produced 1921-4, currently on display at Windsor Castle. Francis Derwent Wood's bronze bust of her (1922) was purchased by the Chantrey Bequest for the Tate in 1926. A large one-man show of her work was held at Walker's Galleries in 1938. She died in London in 1939.

## Work in collections

Her work is in the collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
# Stephen Downing

Steve or Stephen Downing may refer to:
* Stephen Downing (producer) (born 1938), American screenwriter, activist and investigative journalist
* Steve Downing (born 1950), American retired basketball player
* Stephen Downing, English 17-year-old in 1974 convicted for Murder of Wendy Sewell
# Tyler Cup

The Tyler Cup was an association football competition played between clubs in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The competition ran from 1978 to 1980, and was similar to the earlier Blaxnit Cup, North-South Cup, Dublin and Belfast Intercity Cup, or the Setanta Sports Cup inaugurated in the 2000s.

## Format

The tournament began late in the 1977–78 season, before skipping a year and returning for the 1979–80 season. It ran again, for the last time, at the beginning of the 1980–81 season and was sponsored by a footwear company. The format for the first competition involved four teams from each country taking part in a knock-out first round, then semi-finals and a final. All ties were decided by a single match and the tournament was won by Shamrock Rovers. For the second and third seasons eight teams from each country took part. Again it was a knock-out with a first round, quarter-finals, semi-finals and a final. The final was over two legs but the preceding matches were all single ties. These two editions were won by Athlone Town and Linfield respectively.
# Goniophyto

Goniophyto is a genus of true flies in the family Sarcophagidae.

## Species

* G. boninensis Lopes, 1958
* G. bryani Lopes, 1938
* G. formosensis Townsend, 1927
* G. honshuensis Rohdendorf, 1962
* G. horii Kurahashi & Suenaga, 1994
* G. shanghaiensis Deng, Chen & Fan, 2007
* G. tibialis Hennig, 1941
* G. unguicularis Hennig, 1941
* G. yaeyamaensis Kano & Shinonaga, 1964
# Saqarchin

Saqarchin or Seqerchin (Persian: سقرچين) may refer to:
* Saqarchin, Tehran
* Seqerchin, Zanjan