# Proto-Mienic language

Proto-Mienic or Proto-Yao (Chinese: 原始瑶语) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Mienic languages.

## Reconstructions

Reconstructions of Proto-Mienic (Proto-Yao) include those of Purnell (1970), L-Thongkum (1993), Ratliff (2010), and Liu (2021).
Purnell (1970) and L-Thongkum (1993) do not include any data from the divergent Biao Min and Zao Min languages. Purnell's (1970) Proto-Yao reconstruction is based on Iu Mien (Chiengrai [Chiang Rai, in Hwei Kang Pa ห้วยก้างปลา], Hsing-an [Xing'an], and Taipan [Đại Bản 大板] dialects) and Kim Mun (Haininh [Quảng Ninh] and Ling-chun [Lingchuan] dialects).
Liu's (2021) Proto-Yao reconstruction is based on data from Iu Mien (Jiangdi 江底 and Miaoziyuan 庙子源 dialects), Biao Mwan (Luoxiang 罗香), Kim Mun (Liangzi 梁子 and Tansan 滩散 dialects), Biao Min (Dongshan 东山 and Shikou 石口 dialects), and Zao Min (Daping 大坪). More than 500 lexical items are reconstructed.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Liu (2021:78-80) gives the following consonant inventory for Proto-Mienic.
Proto-Mienic consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Stop, voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Stop, voiced | b | d | ɟ | | |
| Affricate, voiceless | | ts | | | |
| Affricate, voiced | | dz | | | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Fricative, voiceless | | s | | x | h |
| Fricative, voiced | | | | ɣ | ɦ |
| Approximant | w | l | j | | |
| Rhotic | | r | | | |
Initial consonants can be preglottalized, aspirated, or devoiced. Final consonants include /-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ/.

#### Proposed velarization

Ostapirat (2016) proposes velarized initials in Proto-Mienic, which are not reconstructed by Liu (2021), Ratliff (2010), and others. Below is a comparison of selected Proto-Mienic reconstructions with initial bilabial stops from Ostapirat (2016), Liu (2021), L-Thongkum (1993) ("Pre-Mjuenic" reconstructions), and Ratliff (2010).
| Gloss | Ostapirat (2016) | Liu (2021) | L-Thongkum (1993) | Ratliff (2010) |
| full, satisfied | *peu$^B$ | *pwɔŋ$^3$ | *pwɔŋ$^B$ | pHM *pu̯ɛŋ$^X$ |
| fruit | *pˠeu$^B$ | *pjiɔu$^3$ | *piəu$^B$ | pHM *pji̯əu$^X$ |
| float | *mbˠeu$^A$ | *mbliɔu$^2$ | *mbiəu$^A$ > *biəu$^{A2}$ | *mbi̯əu$^A$ |
| bedbug | *pˠi$^A$ | *pji$^1$ | – | pHM *pji |
| three | *pˠu$^A$ | *pwɔu$^1$ | *puə$^A$ | pHM *pjɔu |
| burn | *pˠu$^B$ | *pwɔu$^3$ | *puə$^B$ | *pɔu$^B$ |
| name | *mpˠu$^C$ | *ʔbwɔu$^5$ | *ʔbuə$^C$ > *buə$^{C1}$ | pHM *mpɔu$^H$ |
| hand | *bˠu$^B$ | *bwɔu$^4$ | *buə$^B$ > *puə$^{B2}$ | pHM *-bɔu$^X$ |

### Vowels

Liu (2021:165) reconstructs 8 Proto-Mienic vowels.
| | Front | Back |
| High | i | u |
| Mid-high | e | o |
| Mid-low | ɛ | ɔ |
| Near-low | æ | |
| Low | a | |
*ɛ only occurs as part of the rimes *-ɛːŋ and *-ɛk.
Liu (2021) reconstructs contrastive vowel length for Proto-Mienic. However, L-Thongkum (1993) and Ratliff (2010) do not reconstruct vowel length for Proto-Mienic, as they consider vowel length in synchronic Mienic languages to be later prosodic developments.

## Sound correspondences

Sound correspondences among the Mienic languages from Liu (2021):

### Initials

Reflexes of Proto-Mienic initials in synchronic Mienic languages are as follows (Liu 2021). Prenasalized Pre-Mienic initials are reconstructed; these developed into certain preglottalized and aspirated Proto-Mienic initials.
| Proto-Mienic | Pre-Mienic | Jiangdi Mien | Miaoziyuan Mien | Luoxiang Mien | Liangzi Mun | Tansan Mun | Dongshan Biao Min | Shikou Biao Min | Daping Dzao Min |
| *p | | p | p | p | p | ʔp | p | b | b |
| *pʰ | | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ | p |
| *b | | p | p | p | p | ʔp | p | b | p |
| *ʔb | *mp | b | b | b | b | b | b | p | b |
| *bʰ | *mpʰ | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| *mb | | b | b | b | b | b | b | p | b |
| *ʔm | | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| *hm | | m̥ | m̥ | m̥ | m | m̥ | m̥ | m | m |
| *ʔw | | w | w | w | w | v | w | v | v |
| *w | | w | w | v | w | v | w | v | v |
| *pw | | pw | pw | p | p | ʔp | p | b | b |
| *bw | | pw | pw | p | p | ʔp | p | p | p |
| *ʔbw | *mpw | bw | bw | bw | b | b | b | pw | b |
| *bʰw | *mpʰw | bw | bw | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| *mbw | | bw | bw | bw | b | b | b | p | b |
| *hmw | | mw | mw | m | m | m | m̥ | m | m |
| *mw | | mw | mw | mw | m | m | m | m | m |
| *pj | | pj | pj | pj | pj | ʔpj | pj | bj | b |
| *bj | | pj | pj | pw | f | f | pj | b | pj |
| *ʔbj | *mpj | bj | bj | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| *bʰj | *mpʰj | bj | bj | bw | v | b | bj | b | bj |
| *hmj | | mj | mj | m̥w | m | m | m̥j | m | mj |
| *mj | | mj | mj | mw | m | m | m | m | m |
| *ʔwj | | wj | wj | v | w | v | w | ʔ | vj |
| *wj | | wj | wj | w | w | v | w | v | vj |
| *pl | | pj | p | pj | pj | ʔpj | pl | pl | pj |
| *mbl | | bj | b | bj | bj | bj | bl | pl | b |
| *t | | t | t | t | t | ʔt | t | d | d |
| *tʰ | | tʰ | tʰ | tʰ | tʰ | tʰ | tʰ | tʰ | h |
| *d | | t | t | t | t | ʔt | t | d | t |
| *ʔd | | d | d | d | d | d | d | t | d |
| *dʰ | *ntʰ | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| *nd | | d | d | d | d | d | d | t | d |
| *ʔn | | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *hn | | n̥ | n̥ | n̥ | n | n | n̥ | n | n |
| *n | | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *s | | f | f | θ | tθ | θ | s | s | h |
| *sʰ | | s | s | ɕ | tθ | θ | s | s | h |
| *tw | | tw | tw | tw | t | ʔt | tw | d | d |
| *dw | | d | dw | d | d | d | dw | tw | d |
| *ʔdw | *ntw | d | d | d | d | d | dw | tw | d |
| *sw | | f | f | θ | tθ | θ | sw | sj | h |
| *sʰw | | s | s | ɕ | tθ | θ | sw | sj | h |
| *ʔdj | *ntj | dj | dj | d | d | d | t | d | d |
| *sʰj | | sj | sj | ɕ | s | ɕ | s | ɕ | sj |
| *ʔl | | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| *ʔlj | | lj | lj | l | lj | lj | lj | lj | lj |
| *hl | | ɬ | l | l | l | l | ɬ | l | l |
| *hlj | | ɬ | ɬ | l̥ | l | l | ɬ | lj | lj |
| *l | | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| *ʔr | | l | l | g | g | g | l | l | dz |
| *ʔrj | | l | l | g | gj | gj | l | l | dz |
| *hr | | ɬ | ɬ | g | g | g | ɬ | l | dz |
| *hrj | | ɬj | ɬj | gj | gj | gj | ɬj | lj | dz |
| *r | | l | l | g | g | g | l | l | dz |
| *rj | | l | l | g | gj | gj | l | l | dz |
| *ts | | ts | ts | θ | tθ | θ | ts | ts | t |
| *tsʰ | | tsʰ | tsʰ | θ | t | tʰ | tɕʰ | tsʰj | h |
| *dz | | ts | ts | θ | tθ | tθ | ts | ts | h |
| *ʔdz | | dz | dz | d | d | d | dz | ts | dz |
| *dzʰ | *ntsʰ | dz | dz | d | d | d | dz | tʰ | d |
| *ndz | | dz | dz | d | d | d | dz | ts | d |
| *tsw | | tsw | tsw | θw | tθ | θ | tsw | ts | t |
| *dzw | | tsw | tsw | θw | tθ | tθ | tsw | ts | h |
| *ʔdzw | *ntsw | dʑw | dʑw | j | ȡ | ȡ | ȡ | tɕ | g |
| *tsj | | tsj | tsj | tɕ | s | ɕ | ȶ | tɕ | ts |
| *tsʰj | | tsʰj | tsʰj | θj | tj | kʰj | tsʰ | tsʰ | h |
| *dzj | | tsj | tsj | tɕ | s | ɕ | ȶʰ | tɕ | sj |
| *ʔdzj | *ntsj | dzj | dzj | dʑ | ȡ | ȡ | hj | j | dz |
| *dzʰj | *ntsʰj | dzj | dzj | dʑ | ȡ | ȡ | ȡ | tɕʰ | dzj |
| *ndzj | | dzj | dzj | dʑ | ȡ | ȡ | tɕ | tɕ | h |
| *c | | ts | ts | tɕ | ȶ | ȶ | ȶ | tɕ | ts |
| *cʰ | | tsʰ | tsʰ | ɕ | ȶ | ȶʰ | ȶʰ | ȶʰ | h |
| *ɟ | | ts | ts | tɕ | ȶ | ȶ | ȶ | tɕ | s |
| *ʔɟ | *ɲc | dʑ | dʑ | j | ȡ | ȡ | dz | tɕ | dz |
| *ɟʰ | *ɲcʰ | dzj | dzj | ɕ | s | ɕ | s | tɕʰ | dzj |
| *ɲɟ | | dz | dz | dʑ | ȡ | ȡ | ȡ | tɕ | dz |
| *ʔɲ | | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ |
| *hɲ | | ȵ̥ | ȵ̥ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ̥ | ȵ | ȵ |
| *ɲ | | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ |
| *ʔj | | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j |
| *j | | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | dz |
| *cw | | tsw | tsw | tɕw | s | ɕ | ȶ | tɕ | ts |
| *cʰw | | tsʰ | tsʰ | ɕw | s | ɕ | ȶʰw | tɕʰ | ts |
| *ɟw | | tsw | tsw | tɕw | ȶ | ȶ | ȶw | tɕw | ts |
| *ɲw | | ȵ | ȵw | ȵw | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ | ȵ |
| *k | | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| *kʰ | | kʰ | k/kʰ | kʰ | k | kʰ | k | kʰ | k/f |
| *ʔg | *ŋk | g | g | d | d | d | k | k | k |
| *ʔŋ | | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| *ŋ | | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| *x | | dʑ | j | j | ȡ | ȡ | ȡ | k | k |
| *ɣ | | dʑ | j | j | ȡ | ȡ | ȡ | k | g |
| *kw | | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | k |
| *kʰw | | kʰ | kʰw | kʰ | k | kʰ | kʰw | kʰw | h |
| *gw | | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | kw | f |
| *ʔgw | *ŋkw | g | g | g | g | g | gw | k/kw | g |
| *gʰw | *ŋkʰw | g | g | g | g | g | gw | g | g |
| *ŋgw | | g | g | g | g | g | gw | kw | g |
| *kj | | tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | s | ɕ | ȶ | tɕ | k |
| *kwj | | tɕ | tɕw | tɕw | s | ɕ | ȶw | tɕw | ts |
| *gj | | tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | ȶ | ȶ | ȶ | tɕ | k |
| *gwj | | kwj | kj | kj | kw | kw | ȶ | tɕ | kj |
| *ʔgj | | g | g | g | gj | gj | g | k/kj | g |
| *kl | | tɕ | k | kj | kj | kj | kl | kl | ts |
| *kl | | tɕ | k | k | kj | kj | kl | kl | k |
| *kl | | tɕ | k | kj | kj | kj | kl | kl | t |
| *kwl | | tɕw | kw | kw | kw | kw | kl | kl | k |
| *klj | | tɕ | kj | kj | kj | kj | kl | klj | kj |
| *gl | | tɕ | k | kl | tl | kl | kl | kl | k |
| *glj | | tɕ | k | kl | tl | kl | kl | klj | kj |
| *ŋgl | | dʑ | g | gl | dl | gl | gl | kl | g |
| *ʔ | | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ |
| *h | | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | v |
| *ɦ | | ɦ | Ø | ɦ | ɦ | ɦ | ɦ | ɦ | ɦ |

### Rimes

Reflexes of Proto-Mienic rimes in synchronic Mienic languages (Liu 2021):
| Proto-Mienic | Jiangdi Mien | Miaoziyuan Mien | Luoxiang Mien | Liangzi Mun | Tansan Mun | Dongshan Biao Min | Shikou Biao Min | Daping Dzao Min |
| *i | e | e | i | i | i | i | i/e | i/ɛi |
| *im | im | iŋ | im | im | im | ɛn | en | um |
| *iːm | iːm | iŋ | im | im | im | in | iŋ | ɛm |
| *in | in | iŋ | in | in | in | ɛn | en | ɛn |
| *iːn | iːn | iŋ | in | in | iːn | ən | eŋ | ɛn |
| *iŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | iŋ | iŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ |
| *iːŋ | iːŋ | iŋ | iŋ | iŋ | iːŋ | ɛ | aŋ | aŋ |
| *iːp | ip | i | ip | ip | iːp | in | ɛ | ɛp |
| *it | it | i | | it | | | i | |
| *ik | i | ei | i | i | i | i | iŋ | ɛ |
| *e | i | ei | i | i | i | i | i | ɛ |
| *ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | ɛi | əi | i | ɛi |
| *ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | ɛi | əi | i | i |
| *ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | ɛi | i | e | i |
| *em | om | əŋ | em | am | am | an | en | um |
| *eːm | iːm | əŋ | em | eːm | iːm | ən | eŋ | um |
| *en | en | əŋ | en | in | in | in | en | ɛn |
| *eːn | eːn | əŋ | en | eːn | iːn | ən | eŋ | ɛn |
| *eːt | et | ei | et | eːt | iːt | ən | e | ɛt |
| *ɛːŋ | ɛːŋ | ɛŋ | ɛŋ | ɛŋ | ɛːŋ | ɛ | iŋ | ɛŋ |
| *ɛk | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | a | a |
| *æ | e | e | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| *æm | om | əŋ | em | im | im | an | an | ɛm |
| *æn | en | əŋ | an | an | an | an | ən | ɛn |
| *æːn | en | əŋ | an | aːn | aːn | an | ən | ɛn |
| *æŋ | eŋ | əŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | ɛŋ |
| *æp | op | e | ep | ap | ap | an | æ | ɛp |
| *æt | at | ə | ət | et | et | an | ɛ | ɔt |
| *æːt | at | ə | ət | ɛt | ɛːt | ə | ɛ | ɔt |
| *æk | e | e | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| *a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| *ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ɛi |
| *aːi | aːi | a | aːi | aːi | aːi | a | ai | ai |
| *aːi | ai | ai | ai | ai | aːi | ai | ai | ai |
| *aːi | aːi | a | aːi | aːi | aːi | a | ai | ai |
| *aːi | aːi | a | aːi | aːi | aːi | a | ai | ai |
| *aːi | ai | ai | ai | ai | aːi | ai | ai | ai |
| *au | au | au | au | au | au | a | ɔu | iu |
| *aːu | aːu | a | aːu | au | aːu | a | au | au |
| *am | am | aŋ | am | am | am | an | an | am |
| *aːm | aːm | aŋ | aːm | aːm | aːm | an | ɔn | ɔm |
| *an | an | əŋ | ən | an | an | an | ən | an |
| *aːn | aːn | aŋ | aːn | an | aːn | an | ən | ɔn |
| *aːn | aːn | aŋ | an | an | aːn | an | ən | an |
| *aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ |
| *aːŋ | aːŋ | aŋ | aːŋ | aŋ | aːŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ |
| *ap | ap | a | ap | ap | ap | an | æ | ap |
| *aːp | aːp | a | aːp | aːp | aːp | an | æ | ap |
| *at | at | a | at | at | at | an | æ | at |
| *aːt | aːt | a | aːt | aːt | aːt | an | æ | at |
| *ak | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| *aːk | o | ɔ | ɔːk | aːk | ak | ɔ | ɔ | ɔu |
| *o | u | u | o | u | u | u | u | ɔu |
| *ou | u | u | ou | ou | ɔu | ɔ | eu | au |
| *oŋ | oŋ | oŋ | oŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ/uŋ |
| *oːŋ | oŋ | oŋ | oŋ | ɔŋ | ɔːŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | uŋ |
| *op | op | əu | up | op | up | in | ɛ | ip |
| *oːp | op | oːp | op | ɔk | ɔp | | | u |
| *ot | ot | ə | ot | ɔt | ɔt | an | ɛ | |
| *ok | u | u | o | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔu |
| *ɔ | o | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔu |
| *ɔːi | oːi | a | ɔi | ɔi | ɔːi | ai | ei | æ |
| *ou | o | ə | u | u | u | au | ɔu | u |
| *iɔu | ou | əu | eu | ou | ɔu | au | ɔu | iu |
| *iɔu | ou | əu | eu | ou | ɔu | au | ɔu | u |
| *iɔu | ou | əu | ou | ou | ɔu | əu | eu | u |
| *iɔu | ou | əu | ou | ou | ɔu | əu | iu | u |
| *iɔu | ou | əu | eu | ou | ɔu | au | ɔu | ɛu |
| *ɔm | om | oŋ | om | ɔm | ɔm | an | ɔn | ɔn |
| *ɔːm | oːm | ɔŋ | ɔm | ɔm | ɔːm | ɔ | ɔ | ɔm |
| *ɔːn | oːn | aŋ | ɔːŋ | ɔn | ɔːn | an | ən | an |
| *ɔŋ | aŋ | əŋ | əŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | uŋ |
| *ɔːŋ | oːŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔŋ | ɔːŋ | ɔ | oŋ | ɔŋ |
| *ɔt | at | a | ɔt | ɔi | ɔːi | a | ɛ | ɛt |
| *ɔk | o | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔu |
| *ɔːk | u | u | ok | ɔːk | ɔːk | u | u | u |
| *u | o | ə | u | u | u | u | u | u |
| *uːi | uːi | ui | ui | ui | uːi | əi | ei | ai |
| *uːi | uːi | ui | ui | ui | uːi | əi | i | i |
| *iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu |
| *iːu | iu | iu | eu | eu | iːu | au | iu | ɛu |
| *um | om | oŋ | um | um | um | in | œn | um |
| *un | un | uŋ | un | un | un | un | un | in |
| *uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | ə | ɔŋ | ɔŋ |
| *uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | ə | ɔŋ | iŋ |
| *uŋ | aŋ | əŋ | oŋ | uŋ | uŋ | ɔŋ | aŋ | aŋ |
| *uːŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uŋ | uːŋ | uːŋ | ə | ɔŋ | iŋ |
| *ut | ut | u | ut | ut | ut | un | ɛ | ut |
| *uːt | ut | u | ut | uːt | uːt | in | ɛ | ut |
| *uk | u | əu | u | u | u | u | ɔ | iu |

### Tones

Proto-Mienic tonal categories and their respective tone pitch reflexes in synchronic Mienic languages (Liu 2021):
| Proto-Mienic | Jiangdi Mien | Miaoziyuan Mien | Luoxiang Mien | Liangzi Mun | Tansan Mun | Dongshan Biao Min | Shikou Biao Min | Daping Dzao Min |
| *1 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 44 |
| *1 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 13 | 33 | 33 | 44 |
| *2 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 55 | 53 |
| *3 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 545 | 55 | 35 | 35 | 24 |
| *3 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 43 | 42 | 35 | 35 | 24 |
| *4 | 231 | 232 | 213 | 32 | 31 | 42 | 31 | 44 |
| *5 | 24 | 35 | 35 | 44 | 335 | 24 | 44 | 42 |
| *5 | 24 | 35 | 55 | 21 | 331 | 24 | 44 | 42 |
| *6 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 22 | 32 | 42 | 13 | 22 |
| *7 | 55 | 54 | 43 | 24 | 35 | 53 | 35 | 44 |
| *7 | 55 | 54 | 43 | 54 | 35 | 53 | 35 | 44 |
| *7 | 55 | 54 | 43 | 31 | 12 | 53 | 35 | 44 |
| *7 | 55 | 54 | 43 | 32 | 12 | 53 | 35 | 44 |
| *8 | 12 | 21 | 32 | 42 | 32 | 42 | 22 | 22 |
| *8 | 12 | 21 | 32 | 21 | 32 | 42 | 22 | 22 |

## Sound changes

Sound change innovations in synchronic Mienic languages (Liu 2021:156–157, 228):
Initials :
| Proto-Mienic | Reflex | Dialect |
| *p | b | Shikou, Daping |
| *pʰ | p | Liangzi, Daping |
| *ʔm | m | all Mienic lects |
| *hm | m | Liangzi, Tansan, Shikou, Daping |
| *pw | b | Shikou, Daping |
| *t | d | Shikou, Daping |
| *tʰ | t | Liangzi |
| *tʰ | h | Daping |
| *ʔn | n | all Mienic lects |
| *hn | n | Liangzi, Tansan, Shikou, Daping |
| *hl | l | Liangzi, Tansan, Shikou, Daping |
| *ʔg | d | Luoxiang, Liangzi, Tansan |
| *s | f | Jiangdi, Miaoziyuan |
| *s | h | Daping |
| *sʰ | h | Daping |
| *tw | d | Shikou, Daping |
| *ts | θ | Luoxiang, Tansan |
| *ts | t | Daping |
| *dz | h | Daping |
| *ʔɲ | ɲ | all Mienic lects |
| *j | dz | Daping |
| *ɦ | zero | Miaoziyuan |
| *pj | bj > b | Shikou, Daping |
| *bj | f | Liangzi, Tansan |
| *ʔl | l | all Mienic lects |
| *ʔr/*hr/*r | l | Jiangdi, Miaoziyuan, Dongshan, Shikou |
| *ʔr/*hr/*r | g | Luoxiang, Liangzi, Tansan |
| *ʔr/*hr/*r | dz | Daping |
| *hɲ | ɲ | Liangzi, Tansan, Shikou, Daping |
| *ʔŋ | ŋ | all Mienic lects |
Rimes :
| Proto-Mienic | Reflex | Dialect |
| *i | e | Jiangdi, Miaoziyuan |
| *m | n | Miaoziyuan, Dongshan, Shikou |
| *p/*t | n | Dongshan |
| *ai | ɛi | Daping |
| *æːŋ | iŋ | Shikou |
| *æ | e | Jiangdi, Miaoziyuan |
| *ɛ | a | Shikou, Daping |
| *u | ə | Miaoziyuan |
| *u | o | Jiangdi |
| *ɔu | ə | Miaoziyuan |
| *ɔu | o | Jiangdi |
| *ɔŋ | aŋ | Jiangdi |
| *ɔŋ | əŋ | Miaoziyuan, Luoxiang |
| *uŋ | ə | Dongshan |
| *aːŋ | ɔŋ | Shikou, Daping |
| *æ | e | Jiangdi, Miaoziyuan |
| *aːn | ən | Shikou |
| *aːp | an | Dongshan |
| *aːu | a | Miaoziyuan, Dongshan |
| *aŋ | ɛ | Daping |
| *at | an | Dongshan |

## Footnotes

* ↑ Loose sound correspondences; not exact
* ↑ Loose sound correspondences; not exact
* ↑ Attested in only one word, 'skin (皮)'
* ↑ Attested in only one word, 'pigeon (鸽子)'