OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daniel Markovits

Daniel Markovits (born August 4, 1969) is the Guido Calabresi Professor of Law at the Yale Law School and the founding director of the Yale Center for the Study of Private Law. He is the author of The Meritocracy Trap (2019).

## Education

After earning a B.A. in mathematics, summa cum laude, from Yale University, Markovits received a British Marshall Scholarship to study in England, where he was awarded an M.Sc. in econometrics and mathematical economics from the London School of Economics as well as a bachelor and doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oxford. Markovits then returned to Yale to study law and, after clerking for Guido Calabresi, joined the faculty.

## Career

At Yale, Markovits publishes on a range of disciplines, including on the philosophical foundations of private law, moral and political philosophy, and behavioral economics.
He delivered the 2015 commencement speech at the Yale Law School, in which he argued that "meritocracy now constitutes a modern-day aristocracy, one might even say, purpose-built for a world in which the greatest source of wealth is not land or factories but human capital, the free labor of skilled workers".
Markovits has also published a number of articles in The Atlantic.

### The Meritocracy Trap

In 2019, Markovits published his third book, The Meritocracy Trap, in which he places meritocracy at the center of rising economic inequality and social and political dysfunction. The book takes up the law, economics, and politics of human capital to identify the mechanisms through which meritocracy breeds inequality, and to expose the burdens that meritocratic inequality imposes on all who fall within meritocracy's orbit. The book figured on the Amazon bestseller list and was widely praised. It was not universally well-received, however. Timothy Sandefur, writing for The Objective Standard, a libertarian journal, explains that "Markovits's prescription [for the problems he addresses] is for a society in which government will reward 'uncompetitive mediocrity' instead of individual initiative, and mankind's noblest quality—the love of excellence—is regarded as a menace". Further, Sandefur argues that "Markovits's reliance on...loaded language is a good sign that his argument cannot stand—pardon the pun—on its own merits".

## Selected publications

* A Modern Legal Ethics: Adversary Advocacy in a Democratic Age (2008)
* Contract Law and Legal Methods (Foundation Press – 2012)
* "The Distributional Preferences of an Elite", Science (2015)
* The Meritocracy Trap (Penguin Press – 2019)
# Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo

The Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo (Albanian: Partia Shqiptare Demokristiane e Kosovës, PSHDK) is a political party in Kosovo. It embraces Christian-democratic ideals in Kosovo, although not all of its members are Catholic, as is the case in some other countries.
At the last legislative elections, 24 October 2004, the party won 1.8% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats.
The president of Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo is Nikë Gjeloshi.
The Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo is a close ally of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), consequently, the first post-war minister of transport and telecommunications of the Kosovo Government was a member of PShDK. The Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo platform supports Kosovo independence and like all other Kosovo Albanian political parties does not take part in the general elections in Serbia nor any other election or referendum organized by the Serbian parliament.

## Election Results

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| 1992 | 23,303 | 3.10 (#4) | 7 / 140 | 7 |
| 2001 | 7,701 | 4.76 (#8) | 1 / 120 | 6 |
| 2004 | 12,427 | 1.80 (#5) | 2 / 120 | 1 |
| 2007 | 57,002 | 9.97 (#4) | 2 / 140 | 0 |
# John Mackay (poet)

John Mackay (Scottish Gaelic: Iain (Dall) MacAoidh; 1656–1754), known as Am Pìobaire Dall (The Blind Piper), was a Scottish Gaelic poet and composer, and the grandfather of William Ross.
# Jadval-e Now

Jadval-e Now or Javdal Now (Persian: جدول نو) may refer to:
* Jadval-e Now, Fars
* Javdal-e Now, alternate name of Eslamiyeh, Fars
* Jadval-e Now, Shiraz, Fars Province
* Jadval-e Now, Kerman
* Jadval-e Now, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
# Čalakli

Čalakli (Macedonian: Чалакли) is a village in the municipality of Valandovo, North Macedonia. It is located close to the Greek border.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 385 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Turks 381
* Serbs 3
* Others 1
As of 2021, the village of Chalakli has 412 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:
* Turks - 388
* Albanians – 1
* Serbs – 1
* Person without Data - 22
# Čerkezi

Čerkezi (Macedonian: Черкези, Albanian: Çerkez) is a village in the municipality of Kumanovo, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

According to the statistics of Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900 the settlement is recorded as Čerkezko Selo as having 120 inhabitants, all Circassians recent emigrants who survived the Circassian Genocide. As of the 2021 census, Čerkezi had 3,137 residents with the following ethnic composition: The name Čerkezi means Circassian and it was named by them, when they migrated to the village. They have been assimilated into the local populations and some have migrated since the founding of the village.
* Albanians 3,027
* Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 99
* Turks 5
* Macedonians 3
* Others 3
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 3,741 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Albanians 3,719
* Macedonians 2
* Bosniaks 4
* Others 16
# Diana Gutkind

Diana Gutkind is an English pianist and keyboardist.
Gutkind worked as a session musician with bands such as Sandals, before joining Blur as their live keyboardist in 1995. She took over the part of Cara Tivey. She stayed with the band up to their 2000 Best of concert tour. She played numerous gigs with the band and can be seen with the band on the Singles Night concert video, and be heard on the live version of "Beetlebum" that appeared on the Tibetan Freedom Concert album, and Live at the Budokan.
In 2004, she played keyboards on Something Ilk by Cathy Davey. In 2005, she played piano on two tracks from Before the Poison by Marianne Faithfull.
She is currently in the band Mesmerise with Scottish free jazz singer, Maggie Nicols.
# Minister for Water and Power

The Minister for Water and Power heads the Ministry of Water and Power. The following is the list of all the previous Water and Power ministers of Pakistan to date.

## List of ministers for water and power of Pakistan

| Name of Minister of Water and Power | Entered office | Left office |
| Raja Sikander Zaman | 9 March 1981 | 26 February 1985 |
| Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali | 10 April 1985 | 28 January 1986 |
| Lt. Gen. (Retd) Jamal Said Mian | 28 January 1986 | 20 December 1986 |
| Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid | 1 February 1987 | 15 May 1988 |
| Wazir Ahmad Jogezai | 15 May 1988 | 29 May 1988 |
| Elahi Bux Soomro (Caretaker) | 9 June 1988 | 20 November 1988 |
| Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari | 28 December 1988 | 6 August 1990 |
| Ghulam Mustafa Khar (Caretaker) | 7 August 1990 | 6 November 1990 |
| Shahzada Muhammad Yousaf | 10 September 1991 | 18 July 1993 |
| Khursheed K . Marker (Caretaker) | 5 August 1993 | 19 October 1993 |
| Ghulam Mustafa Khar | 26 January 1994 | 5 November 1996 |
| Abdullah J. Memon (Caretaker) | 5 November 1996 | 17 February 1997 |
| Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan | 25 February 1997 | 11 July 1997 |
| Raja Nadir Pervez | 11 July 1997 | 6 August 1998 |
| Gohar Ayub Khan | 6 August 1998 | 10 October 1999 |
| General Pervez Musharraf | 10 October 1999 | 23 November 2002 |
| Aftab Ahmad Sherpao | 23 November 2002 | 25 August 2004 |
| Liaquat Ali Jatoi | 30 June 2004 | 15 November 2007 |
| Tariq Hameed (Caretaker) | 22 November 2007 | 25 March 2008 |
| Raja Pervez Ashraf | 31 March 2008 | 11 February 2011 |
| Syed Naveed Qamar | 5 March 2011 | 2 June 2012 |
| Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar | 4 June 2012 | 16 March 2013 |
| Doctor Musadik Malik (Caretaker) | 3 April 2013 | 4 June 2013 |
| Khawaja Muhammad Asif (Federal Minister), Abid Sher Ali (Minister of State) | 7 June 2013 | 28 July 2018 |
| Omar Ayub Khan | 11 September 2018 | 17 April 2021 |
| Hammad Azhar | 17 April 2021 | 10 April 2022 |
| Awais Leghari | 11 March 2024 | 7 November 2024 |
| Bushra DGK | 7 November 2024 | Incumbent |
# Chimqal'a

Chimqal'a (Tajik: Чимқалъа, formerly Chimkurgan) is a village in Sughd Region, northern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Sarazm in the city of Panjakent.
# Eccellenza Umbria

Eccellenza Umbria is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in the central Italian region of Umbria, Italy. It is competed among 16 teams, in one group. The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

## Champions

Here are the past champions of the Umbria Eccellenza, organised into their respective seasons.
* 1991–92 Pontevecchio
* 1992–93 Città di Castello
* 1993–94 Sansepolcro
* 1994–95 Nestor Marsciano
* 1995–96 Ellera
* 1996–97 Gubbio
* 1997–98 Orvietana
* 1998–99 Tiberis Umbertide
* 1999–2000 Todi
* 2000–01 Orvietana
* 2001–02 Angelana
* 2002–03 Foligno
* 2003–04 Voluntas Spoleto
* 2004–05 Narnese
* 2005–06 Arrone
* 2006–07 Pontevecchio
* 2007–08 Deruta
* 2008–09 Group Città di Castello
* 2009–10 Todi
* 2010–11 Pierantonio
* 2011–12 Bastia
* 2012–13 Narnese
* 2013–14 Villabiagio
* 2014–15 Città di Castello
* 2015–16 Trestina
* 2016–17 Villabiagio
* 2017–18 Bastia
* 2018–19 Foligno
* 2019–20 Tiferno Lerchi
* 2020–21 Not awarded
* 2021–22 Orvietana
* 2022–23 Sansepolcro
* 2023–24 Fulgens Foligno
# Michael MacKenlagh

Michael MacKenlagh (Scottish Gaelic:Mìcheal MacFhionnlaigh) was Bishop of Galloway or Whithorn (1355–58). He had previously been Prior of Whithorn, head of the cathedral's monastery and leader of the local religious elite. He was elected to the episcopate sometime between March 1354, the death date of his predecessor, and June 1355, when it was recorded that he had been granted safe conduct by Edward III of England to receive confirmation by John, Archbishop of York. The latter date and event indicates a recent election, almost certainly in the year 1355. He was consecrated in July of that year by William Edendon, Bishop of Winchester. He is recorded for the last time in January 1358, when it is recorded that he received a letter of safe-conduct by King Edward to visit the Archbishop of York. His successor, the priest Thomas MacDowell, was bishop by December 1359.
# Paskuh Rural District

Paskuh Rural District (Persian: دهستان پسكوه) may refer to:
* Paskuh Rural District (Sib and Suran County), Sistan and Baluchestan province
* Paskuh Rural District (Qaen County), South Khorasan province
# Seyyed Karim Hosseini

Seyyed Karim Hosseini (Persian: سید کریم حسینی) (born: 1969, Ahwaz) is a former principlist representative of Ahwaz in the Islamic Consultative Assembly who was elected on 21 February 2020.
Hosseini, an Ahwazi Arab Seyyed, is a university lecturer and general practitioner. He has managerial backgrounds in the Ministry of Health, Khuzestan Governor's Office, Martyr Foundation and Social Security. Seyyed-Karaim served in the presidential elections (and also city council elections) in 2017 as the head of staff of Ebrahi-Ra'isi in the province of Khuzestan. He is also the spokesman of the Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces. He was the head of "Amirkabir-Hospital" in the city of Ahvaz for several years; currently, he is active as the Shahid-Rajaei polyclinic's chief.
# Lampaul

Lampaul (Breton: Lambaol), meaning the llan (church) of St Paulinus or Paul Aurelian, is the name of several places in Brittany, France:
* Lampaul, the principal settlement on the island of Ushant
* Lampaul-Guimiliau, west of Morlaix
* Lampaul-Ploudalmézeau, north west of Brest
* Lampaul-Plouarzel, west of Brest
# Loniu language

Loniu is an Austronesian language spoken along the southern coast of Los Negros Island in the Manus Province, immediately east of Manus Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Loniu is spoken in the villages of Loniu and Lolak, and there are estimated to be 450–500 native speakers, although some live in other Manus villages or on the mainland of Papua New Guinea.
Loniu generally fits with most of the observations made about Oceanic languages, specifically the Admiralty Islands languages. The six morphosyntactic features of 'Type B' Oceanic Languages (which include the Admiralties languages) as noted by Ross are found in Loniu. The language is essentially SVO and contains prepositions.

## Phonology
### Consonant Phonemes

| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| Stop | p | t | | k |
| Rounded stop | p$^w$ | | | |
| Affricate | | | tʃ | |
| Fricative | | s | | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
| Rounded nasal | m$^w$ | | | |
| Lateral Approximant | | l | | |
| Trill | | r | | |
| Approximant | w | | j | |

### Vowel Phonemes

| | Front | Back |
| High | i | u |
| Mid tense | e | o |
| Mid lax | ɛ | ɔ |
# Georg Steinmetz

Georg Steinmetz (September 28, 1882, Kassel – April 4, 1936, Berlin) was a German architect.

## Life and work

After studying architecture at the Berlin Art Academy, where he was a master student of Franz Schwechten, and at the Technical University of Charlottenburg, he initially worked for five years as an architect in the Prussian Ministry of Public Works in Berlin. In 1908, Steinmetz became an employee in Helmuth Grisebach's architectural office in Berlin. Since 1912 at the latest, he was co-owner of the joint office Grisebach and Steinmetz.
After 1918, he worked as a self-employed architect in Berlin, where he had an architectural office in Charlottenburg. From 1925 to 1936, he was a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts and the Prussian Academy of Civil Engineering. In 1925, the Stuttgart Technical University awarded him an honorary doctorate (Dr.-Ing. E. h.). He was also the inventor of the plan-spiral drawing registry (with 38 patents). In his writings, he represented the idea of solid craftsmanship as a basis for architecture. In 1928, Steinmetz was with Heinrich Tessenow, Paul Bonatz, German Bestelmeyer, and others as judges of the limited competition Neue Universität (Heidelberg). In 1924, Rudolf Schwarz was his colleague for a few weeks.
Since 1908, he was married to Martha née Schydlow (d. 1934). His final resting place is in the southwest churchyard of Stahnsdorf, Brandenburg.
# Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code

The Section 326 B in the Indian Penal Code lays down the punishment for attempted acid attacks. The minimum punishment is 5 years' imprisonment. It can extend up to 7 years' imprisonment with fine. A separate law to punish offenders in such cases was passed along with amendment of law on sexual offences. Such a legislation in line with the laws in other countries like Bangladesh was demanded by various sections of the society for a long time.

## Text

326B: Whoever throws or attempts to throw acid on any person or attempts to administer acid to any person, or attempts to use any other means, with the intention of causing permanent of partial damage or deformity of burns or maiming or disfigurement or disability or grievous hurt to that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than five years, but which may extent to seven years and also be liable to fine.
Explanation 1.- For the purposes of section 326 A and this section, "acid" includes any substance which has acidic or corrosive character or burning nature, that is capable of causing bodily injury leading to scars or disfigurement or temporary or permanent disability.
Explanation 2.- For the purposes of section 326 A and this section, permanent or partial damage or deformity shall not be required to be irreversible.'.
# Ali Atshani

Ali Atshani (Persian: علی عطشانی; born May 16, 1978) is an Iranian film director, film producer and screenwriter.
Atshani started his career in 1994 and made his film debut in the drama film Habib. In 2002, Ashtani directed a documentary called Unfinished, about religious rituals in Iran. Because of the high sensitivity of this subject in the Iranian society, the documentary was banned by the government and never distributed in Iran. In 2011, he directed The President's Cell Phone, a film about Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The film was shot over a period of one year. In 2013, Atshani directed the first 3D movie in the history of Iranian cinema, called Mr. Alef.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Credited as |
| 1994 | Habib | Director & Writer |
| 2003 | Unfinished | Director & Producer |
| 2004 | Forgotten Positives | Director & Producer |
| 2005 | One Step to God | Director |
| 2006 | Banana Peel | Director & Producer |
| 2009 | Sky Track | Director |
| 2010 | Democracy in Daylight | Director |
| 2010 | Captain | Director |
| 2011 | Along City | Director |
| 2012 | The President's Cell Phone | Director |
| 2013 | Mr. Alef | Director |
| 2014 | Negar's Role | Director & Producer |
| 2014 | Keep It Between Us | Director |
| 2016 | Paradise | Director & Producer |
| 2017 | Wishbone | Director & Producer |
| 2017 | Reversed Seven | Producer |
| 2018 | Katyusha | Director & Producer |
| 2018 | Selfie with Democracy | Director & Producer |
| 2019 | 1st Born | Director & Producer |
| 2021 | Paper Dream | Director & Producer |
| 2021 | Loteria | Director & Producer |
| 2023 | My Little Moon | Director & Producer |
# Shor Shor

Shor Shor or Shar Shar or Sher Sher (Persian: شرشر) may refer to:
* Sher Sher, East Azerbaijan
* Shor Shor, Lorestan
* Shor Shor, Razavi Khorasan
* Shor and Shorshor, 1926 Soviet film
# Valery Potapenko

Valery Nikolayevich Potapenko (Russian: Валерий Николаевич Потапенко; born on 10 June 1958), is a Tajik-born Russian statesman, who had served at the 5th Governor (Head) of Nenets Autonomous Okrug from 2006 to 2009.

## Biography

Valery Potapenko was born in Tajikistan, Soviet Union on 10 June 1958.
In 1980, graduated from the Tajik State University. V.I. Lenin.
From 1980 to 1982, he was the Junior Researcher at the Tajik State University.
From 1982 to 1992, he was an employee of the KGB of the Tajik SSR.
From 1992 to 2004, he was an employee of the Office of the Federal Security Service for Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast.
In August 2004, he was appointed as the chief federal inspector for the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
In June 2006, Potapenko was appointed the acting head of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, after which he was approved in this position by the Assembly of Deputies of Nenets Autonomous Okrug on 2 June.
On 16 February 2009, the President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, dismissed Potapenko from the post of governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug at his own request.
On 2 November 2011, he was appointed Chief Federal Inspector for the Arkhangelsk Oblast.
He eventually became the head of the Department for Internal Policy of the Office of the Plenipotentiary Representative in the North-West Federal District.
# Mokerang language

Mokerang is an Austronesian language spoken on Los Negros Island, immediately east of Manus Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea.
# Maestro (Alla Pugacheva song)

"Maestro" (Russian: Маэстро) is a song by Russian singer Alla Pugacheva. It was released in June 1981, by Melodiya as the lead single from her fifth studio album, Kak trevozhen etot put (1982).

## Background

The song "Maestro" is one of the most famous and popular songs in the repertoire of Pugacheva. This song was the first result of the singer's collaboration with composer Raimonds Pauls. Ilya Reznik, the lyricist, had already worked with Pugacheva and by the time the song was created, he had already co-authored several hits in the singer's repertoire.
The song got to Pugacheva by accident. Pauls sent her another song, "Dva strizha", but Pugacheva did not like it, although the lyricist Reznik drew attention to the melody. It was he who wrote the lyrics. According to Pugacheva's memoirs, 15 versions of the song were written, and the recording of the song lasted for a year.

## Release

The song was first performed on the air of the New Year's show Little Blue Light in 1980. In June 1981, the single "Maestro" was released. The song "Dezhurny angel" (music by Pugacheva, lyrics by Reznik) was used as a b-side. A month earlier, a flexi single was released, but the songs "Papa kupil avtomobil" and "Tri zhelaniya" from the album Podnimis nad suyetoy! (1980) were used as the b-side there.
According to a survey of readers of Moskovskij Komsomolets, the song was recognized as the best for seven months in a row (from January to July 1981), it was also recognized as the song of the year. For the song "Maestro" Pugacheva and the authors of the song in 1981 became laureates of the annual variety television festival Song of the Year. By the end of 1982, the single had sold a record 2,600,000 copies.
# Zarchuiyeh

Zarchuiyeh (Persian: زارچوئيه) may refer to:
* Zarchuiyeh, Golzar, Bardsir County
* Zarchuiyeh, Jiroft
# Autorité des Marchés Financiers (France)

The Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF) (English: "Financial Markets Authority") is the securities commission in France. The AMF is an independent public body that is responsible for safeguarding investments in financial instruments and in all other savings and investments, as well as maintaining orderly financial markets.

## Background

France's first securities commission, the Commission des Opérations de Bourse [fr] (COB, lit. 'Exchange Transactions Commission'), was established in 1967 as part of the financial reform package promoted by Finance Minister Michel Debré. Its successive presidents included André Postel-Vinay [fr] (1973-1974), Jean Donnedieu de Vabres [fr] (1974-1980), Bernard Tricot [fr] (1980-1984), Yves Le Portz (1984-1988), Jean Farge [fr] (1988-1989), Jean Saint-Geours [fr] (1989-1995), and finally Michel Prada (1995-2003).
In 2003, the COB merged with the Conseil des Marchés Financiers (CMF, lit. 'Financial Markets Council') and the Conseil de Discipline de la Gestion Financière (CDGF, lit. 'Council for Conduct in Asset Management') to form the AMF.

## Overview

The AMF was established by the Financial Security Act of 1 August 2003, as an independent public body with legal personality and financial autonomy, with the duty of:
* Safeguard investments in financial instruments and in all other savings and investment vehicles
* Ensure that investors receive material information
* Maintain orderly financial markets
It falls under the European regulatory umbrella of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID).

## Substantial shareholdings

Shareholders are required to notify their holdings to the AMF when their stake exceeds or falls below certain thresholds. According to the act of 26 July 2005, the lowest disclosure threshold is 5% (article l. 233-7 of the commercial code). Pursuant, the same article allows that companies can set additional notification thresholds in their articles of association. In July 2012, after Jacques Delmas-Marsalet took on the interim presidency of the AMF, the competent parliamentary committees gave the green light to the appointment of Gérard Rameix as head of the AMF, replacing Jean-Pierre Jouyet. He was appointed Chairman of the AMF by a decree dated August 1.

## Leadership

The successive chairs (French: Président) of the AMF have been:
* Michel Prada (2003-2008)
* Jean-Pierre Jouyet (2008-2012)
* Gérard Rameix [fr] (2012-2017)
* Robert Ophèle [fr] (2017-2022)
* Marie-Anne Barbat-Layani [fr] (since 2022)
The role of chief executive officer, referred to as Secretary-General (French: secrétaire général), has been held successively by:
* Gérard Rameix [fr] (2003-2009)
* Thierry Francq (2009-2012)
* Benoît de Juvigny (2012-2023)
* Sébastien Raspiller (since 2023)