OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hindlimb

A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the caudal (posterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term hindleg or back leg is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture (e.g. humans and some primates), the term lower limb is often used.

## Location

It is located on the limb of an animal. Hindlimbs are present in a large number of quadrupeds. Though it is a posterior limb, it can cause lameness in some animals. The way of walking through hindlimbs are called bipedalism.

## Benefits of hindlimbs

Hindlimbs are helpful in many ways, some examples are:

### Frogs

Frogs can easily adapt at the surroundings using hindlimbs. The main reason is it can jump high to easily escape to its predator and also to catch prey. It can perform some tricks using the hindlimbs such as the somersault and hindersault. Frogs have 4 digits in fore limb while hindlimb have five digits. All digits are without nails.

### Birds

All birds walk using hindlimbs. They have the ability to dig in two opposite directions using the hindlimbs. They can easily find food that makes them adapt on their surroundings. A bird with a forelimb that is very primitive is the Archaeopteryx. It adapted by using it but it was not capable of long-distance flights, leading to its extinction. The fastest biped is the ostrich. It runs at 70 km/h.

### Kangaroo rats

Bipedality in kangaroo rats are seen to be an agent of adaptation. Kangaroo rats are long jumpers that can jump up to 18 feet, (that is twice the highest possible long jump and also high jump).
Using hindlimbs they can survive a challenging ecosystem. They can easily find food and survive hindrances in the environment. Some species use hindlimbs for competition.

## First bipeds

The first vertebrate bipeds were the Bolosaurids, a group of prehistoric reptiles with no living relatives. The first one, Eudibamus, was a small, fast runner during the Permian Period.
# Dolni Lipovikj

Dolni Lipovikj (Macedonian: Долни Липовик) is a village in the municipality of Konče, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 423 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 423
As of 2021, the village of Dolni Lipovikj has 362 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:
* Macedonians – 343
* Person without Data - 19
# Menglang

Menglang (simplified Chinese: 勐朗镇; traditional Chinese: 勐朗鎮; pinyin: Mènglǎng Zhèn; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ) is a town in and the county seat of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County, Yunnan, China. As of the 2017 census it had a population of 87,703 and an area of 710-square-kilometre (270 sq mi). Menglang is the administrative, cultural, economic and transportation center of the Lancang Lahu Autonomous County.

## Etymology

"Menglang" is a place name of Dai language. "Meng" means place and "Lang" means wash. Two words together, meaning a washed place.

## Administrative division

As of 2016, the town is divided into four communities and eleven villages:
* Fofang Community (佛房社区)
* Dashuijing Community (大水井社区)
* Wenquan Community (温泉社区)
* Qiankuang Community (铅矿社区)
* Tangsheng (唐胜村)
* Mengbin (勐滨村)
* Nandian (南甸村)
* Fuben (富本村)
* Dalinwo (大林窝村)
* Xiagudi (下谷地村)
* Luoba (罗八村)
* Dapingzhang (大平掌村)
* Kanmashan (看马山村)
* Baomaidi (包麦地村)
* Bulao (布老村)

## History

After the Management System Reform in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), it came under the jurisdiction of Menglian Zhangguansi (孟连长官司).
In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), it became the jurisdiction of Mengbin Tusi (勐滨土司).
In 1940, it belonged to the 1st District of Lancang County. That same year, the 1st District of Lancang County was revoked and it belonged to Donglang Township (东朗乡).
Menglang was upgraded to a town in August 1962. In 1988, Tangsheng Township (唐胜乡) was merged into the town. In January 2006, the villages of Mashan (马山村), Bulao (布老村) and Baomaidi (包麦地村) and Donglang Hani Ethnic Township (东郎哈尼族乡) were merged into Menglang.

## Geography

It is surrounded by Laba Township and Zhutang Township on the northwest, Nuozhadu Town on the southeast, Donghui Town on the southwest, and Nanling Township on the northeast.
The town is in the subtropical climate zone, with an average annual temperature of 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), total annual rainfall of 1,200-to-2,400-millimetre (47 to 94 in), a frost-free period of 240 to 280 days and annual average sunshine hours in 2118.9 hours.
The terrain of the town is high in the northeast and low in the southwest. The highest point in the town is Mount Mangjing (芒京山), which, at 2,090 metres (6,860 ft) above sea level.
The Nanlang River (南朗河) flows through the town.

## Economy

The local economy is primarily based upon agriculture and pig-breeding. Soybean, vegetable, and sugarcane are the economic plants of this region.

## Demographics

As of 2017, the National Bureau of Statistics of China estimates the town's population now to be 87,703.
Ethnic groups in 2004 :
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Hani | 1864 | 16.7% |
| Lahu | 4039 | 36.1% |
| Han | 3904 | 34.9% |
| Wa | 128 | 1.1% |
| Yi | 326 | 2.9% |
| Dai | 289 | 2.6% |
| Hui | 383 | 3.4% |
| Other | 253 | 2.3% |

## Transportation

The National Highway G214 passes across the town northwest to southeast.
The town is the starting point of Provincial Highway S309.
# Cheonan Football Center

The Cheonan Football Center Stadium (Korean: 천안축구센터) is a football-specific stadium and training ground in Cheonan, South Korea. The stadium holds 2,881 spectators. It was built in 2008.
It is the former home of the Korea National League side Cheonan FC and the K3 League side Cheonan City FC.
# Telela Kebede

Telela Kebede (Amharic: ቴሌላ ከበደ; born 1938) is a retired Ethiopian singer who gained popularity during Ethiopia's 1960s and 1970s ‘‘Golden Era’’ of music.

## Early life

Born in 1938 in Kenya to Ethiopian (Amhara ethnic) parents in exile during Fascist Italy occupation of Ethiopia. After her family return to newly liberated Ethiopia in 1941, Telela's father received land grants and a political position in Sidamo Province from the Emperor Haile Selassie. Telela received an elite education at the French Lazarist mission school in Sidamo. There she sang in the mission choir and began performing publicly in the region. Despite her father's objections, Telela pursued a career as an azmari, performing in local drinking establishments.

## Career

Telela's reputation as a singer spread quickly in the 1950s, and in 1955 joined the Haile Selassie I National Theatre as both an actress and a singer. She popularized a number of songs in the late 1950s, one of them, a version of "Shäggaw Tәrәnbuli" (The handsome Ethiopian from Tripoli), told the stories of Ethiopians and Eritreans who had been recruited to serve with Italian colonial forces between 1911 and the 1930s in Libya. The song describes the return of an Ethiopian soldier from Tripoli wearing European style trousers and drinking an expensive brand of tej (honey-mead).
Ethiopian playwright Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin incorporated Telela's gifted singing voice in his 1974 play; Ha Hu Besidist Wer. In that same year, Telela Kebede was briefly (three months) sent to prison by the newly installed Derg regime for singing a song, "Lomi Tera Tera" (lit., Lemon quarters); that warned of the dissolution of her country. For two years after her release in 1974, Telela confronted serious personal and economic challenges, scratching together a living by performing privately as an azmari in her own home in Addis Ababa; Telela's singing was usually accompanied by the sounds of the masenqo, a bowed lute. However, Telela was once again harassed by authorities and spent another short period in confinement.
Telela Kebede migrated in the 1990s citing insecurity and continues surveillance under the new EPRDF regime.

## Legacy

Today, she is at home in the Ethiopian American diaspora. Telela serves as a mentor to dozens of young Ethiopian musicians struggling to sustain their careers in the United States.
# Anna Meades

Anna Meades (1734 - probably before 1779) was an English novelist.

## Early life

Meades was baptised on 18 October 1734 in Fordingham, Hampshire. She was the daughter of Frances Blachford (d. 1780) and the Reverend William Meades (1700-1780). Her father was the rector of All Saints' Church in Rampton, Cambridgeshire. She had a brother called William (baptised 12 March 1738).

## Career

She corresponded with Samuel Richardson from January 1757 until August 1758, initially under the soubriquet "Cleomira". She had initially approached him with the request that he publish her first novel. He declined but continued the correspondence, reading her novels and giving her comments and suggestions.
Both her novels were published anonymously. Scholars have argued the extent of Richardson's contributions to the second novel, The History of Sir William Harrington, which was advertised as having been revised and corrected by Richardson, a claim contested by his widow and daughters. This novel achieved sufficient success to permit a second edition to be brought out in 1787. In 1797 another edition was brought out, "revised and corrected by" a Mr Hull.
She was absent from her father's will of 1779, and may have been dead by then.

## Selected works

* The history of Cleanthes, an Englishman of the highest quality and Celemene, the illustrious Amazonian princess (1757)
* The History of Sir William Harrington (1771)
# Kim Song-gyu

Kim Song-gyu (Korean: 김성규, 1933 – August 24, 2010) was a military officer and politician of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. He successively served as the military director (estimated) of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and the commander of the 8th Army Corps. He held the rank of General of the Army.

## Biography

He was born in 1933. He was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea at the 17th Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, which was held on January 5, 1990. He was promoted to general in 1992. Following the death of President Kim Il Sung on July 8, 1994, he was elected as a member of the funeral Commission. In October of the same year, he was appointed commander of the VIII Corps and was promoted to general in 1997.
When he participated in the central debriefing session commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Guard Corps held on January 14, 2009, he was reported as the head of the Party, and according to the South Korean media and Ministry of Unification documents, he was the director of the party's Central Committee Civil Defense department. He was presumed to have been appointed director or the military director of the Party Central Committee. Following his death, he was replaced by O Il-jong.
He died of lung cancer on August 24, 2010.
# Kalateh-ye Molla

Kalateh-ye Molla (Persian: كلاته ملا) may refer to:
* Kalateh-ye Molla, Gonabad, Razavi Khorasan Province
* Kalateh-ye Molla, Zaveh, Razavi Khorasan Province
* Kalateh-ye Molla, Damghan, Semnan Province
* Kalateh-ye Molla, Meyami, Semnan Province
* Kalateh-ye Molla, alternate name of Dehmolla, Semnan Province
* Kalateh-ye Molla, South Khorasan
# Aukštupėnai Hillfort

Aukštupėnai mound (Lithuanian: Aukštupėnų piliakalnis) or Kupiškis mound (Lithuanian: Kupiškio piliakalnis) is a hillfort in Kupiškis, Lithuania.
# Inveran

Inveran (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhirean) is a small village in the Parish of Creich located in the Sutherland region of the Highland Council area of Scotland.
It is situated on the A837 at the head of the Dornoch Firth and the site of the Shin Hydro-electric Power Station.
Inveran Inn was designed by the architect William Fowler.
# Polotskoye, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Polotskoye (Russian: Полоцкое) is a rural locality (a village) in Kizilsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, in the Asian part of Russia. It has a population of 1,194 (2010 Census);

## History

The settlement was founded in 1842–1843, and named after the city of Polotsk, to commemorate the 1812 Battle of Polotsk.
# Inverse planning

Inverse Planning refers to the process of inferring an agent's mental states, such as goals, beliefs, emotions, etc., from actions by assuming agents are rational planners. It is a method commonly used in computational cognitive science and artificial intelligence for modeling agents' Theory of mind.
Inverse planning is closely related to Inverse Reinforcement Learning, which attempts to learn a reward function based on agents' behavior, and plan recognition, which finds logically-consistent goals given the action observations.

## Bayesian inverse planning

Inverse Planning is often framed with a Bayesian formulation, such as sequential Monte Carlo methods. The inference process can be represented with a graphical model shown on the right. In this causal diagram, a rational agent with a goal g produces a plan with a sequence of actions $a_{1:t}$, where
$a_{1:t}\sim P(a_{1:t}|g,s_{0})$
In the forward planning model, it is often assumed that the agent is rational. The agents' actions can then be derived from a Boltzmann rational action distribution,
$P(a_{i}|g,s_{0})={\frac {\exp({\frac {1}{\beta }}Q(s_{0},a_{i}))}{\sum _{a_{j}}{\exp({\frac {1}{\beta }}Q(s_{0},a_{j})))}}}$
where $Q(s_{0},a)$ is the cost of the optimal plan to goal $g$ by first performing action $a$, and $\beta$ is the Boltzmann temperature parameter.
Then giving action observations of $a_{1:t}$, Inverse Planning applies Bayes rule to invert the conditional probability to find the posterior probability of the agent's goal.
$P(g|a_{1:t},s_{0})\propto P(a_{1:t}|g,s_{0})P(g)$
Inverse planning can also be applied for inferring agent's beliefs, emotions, preferences, etc. Recent work in Bayesian Inverse Planning has also been able to account for boundedly rational agent behavior, multi-modal interactions, and team actions in multi-agent systems.

## Application

Inverse Planning has been widely used in modeling agent's behavior in cognitive science to understand human's ability to interpret and infer other agents' latent mental states. It has increasingly been applied in Human-AI and Human-Robot interactions, allowing artificial agents to recognize the goals and beliefs of human users in order to provide assistance.
# Gagauz World Congress

The Gagauz World Congress (Gagauz: Dünnä gagauzların kongresi) is held every three years in the capital of Gagauzia, Comrat town. It collects the Gagauz people from around the world.

## Congresses
### I congress

The first congress of the history of the Gagauz people was organized in 2006 and took place from 20 to 21 July. Within two days, the participants got acquainted with the history and life of Gagauzia, attended by its cultural-historical enterprise. The congress was attended by about 220 delegates from Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Canada, USA, Brazil and other countries of the world where there are Gagauz diaspora. Congress has successfully promoted the establishment of close social, economic and cultural relations between the Gagauzia and Gagauz representatives of the diaspora abroad.

### II congress

The second congress of the Gagauz was held in 2009 from 18 to 19 August. In the central square solemnly held bypassing national farmsteads different towns and villages of Gagauzia. They were presented national costumes, dishes, models of houses and different ideas. In the evening, a concert was organized with the participation of foreign art troupes and groups of Gagauzia, as well as Gagauz and Moldovan stars.

### III congress

The third congress was held in 2012 from 2 to 3 November. The event was postponed from August to November due to the parliamentary elections in Gagauzia, which took place on 9 September 2012. Also on 4 November celebrating the Day of Gagauzia wine, so members of Congress have been able to visit the event. Some 200 representatives of the Gagauz people came from 18 countries on the Third World Congress. Most Gagauz people came from Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Greece.

### IV congress

The fourth congress of the Gagauz was held in 2017 from 5 to 6 May. The congress was initially supposed to take place in 2015; however, Irina Vlah, a Moldovan politician, postponed it several times due to political reasons before it was finally confirmed for 2017. The congress was attended by the former Moldovan Prime Minister, Pavel Filip, and former Turkish Premier, Binali Yildirim, among other politicians and Gagauz businessmen from across the world, and representatives of foreign embassies situated in Moldova. The congress focused on the economic and cultural development of Gagauzia.
# Shibar

Shibar (Persian: شیبر) is the capital city of Shibar District located in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan.
# Cheraghabad

Cheraghabad (Persian: چراغ اباد) may refer to:
* Cheraghabad, Hormozgan
* Cheraghabad-e Bala, Hormozgan Province
* Cheraghabad-e Jonubi, Hormozgan Province
* Cheraghabad-e Markazi, Hormozgan Province
* Cheraghabad, Kerman
* Cheraghabad, Manujan, Kerman Province
* Cheraghabad, Rudbar-e Jonubi, Kerman Province
* Cheraghabad-e Chah Log, Kerman Province
* Cheraghabad, Kermanshah
* Cheraghabad, Firuzabad, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province
* Cheraghabad, Sahneh, Kermanshah Province
* Cheraghabad, Kurdistan
* Cheraghabad, Qorveh, Kurdistan Province
* Cheraghabad, Lorestan
* Charaghabad Pir Dusti, Lorestan Province, Iran
* Cheraghabad, Sistan and Baluchestan
* Cheraghabad Cham Nus, Lorestan Province, Iran
* Cheraghabad-e Olya, Lorestan Province, Iran
* Cheraghabad-e Sofla, Lorestan Province, Iran
* Cheraghabad Rural District, in Hormozgan Province, Iran
# Kirkman Finlay Jr.

Kirkman "Kirk" Finlay Jr. (August 16, 1936 – June 27, 1993) was an American lawyer and politician who served on the Columbia, South Carolina city council from 1974 to 1978 and as that city's mayor from 1978 to 1986. He died of brain cancer in 1993 at the age of 56.
His son, Kirkman Finlay III, followed in his footsteps and was elected to Columbia city council before running successfully for a seat in the South Carolina House of Representatives.
# Evan Thomas Davies (musician)

Evan Thomas Davies (1878 – 1969) was a Welsh musician. His parents were George Davies (a Dowlais barber), and Gwenllian, of Dowlais. His mother's family were descendants of songwriter Richard Samuel Hughes. He received private musical tuition from organist and composer Harry Evans, and in 1900 toured the USA as a pianist and organist. From 1900 to 1903 he was organist and choirmaster at Christchurch Cyfarthfa, Merthyr Tydfil, and from 1903 to 1917 organist at Pontmorlais Chapel. He also worked as a singing teacher in Merthyr Tydfil secondary school (1904–20). He was in considerable demand as a solo organist and is said to have given over 100 recitals across Wales to mark the opening of new organs.
In 1920, Davies was appointed as the Director of Music at the University College, Bangor, the first full-time appointee to this post. When he retired in 1943, he moved to Aberdare and spent his time composing, broadcasting and adjudicating at many National Eisteddfodau and international music competitions. He was conductor at several National Eisteddfod concerts and for a time chief examiner in music for the Central Welsh Board, examiner for school and higher certificates and examiner for Glamorgan county music scholarships.
His compositions included two sets of Welsh folk dances, which were celebrated in their day. He also composed songs, part-songs, piano works and chamber music. The song 'Ynys y plant' (The Children's Isle) was the prize song of the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1909 and became a favourite of the soprano Amy Evans. It is still performed today.
There are about 100 vocal and instrumental arrangements of folk tunes at Bangor. Davies also edited Welsh versions of Bach's St Matthew Passion, edited Welsh church hymnals and was author of articles, reviews and commentaries on Welsh music. His 1926 folk song arrangement Eos Lais (The Nightingale) has been recorded by The Tippett Quartet
# Biabanak

Biabanak (Persian: بيابانك) may refer to:
* Biabanak Rural District
* Biabanak, alternate name of Bayazeh
# Maria Newell

Maria Newell Gützlaff (4 August 1794 – 16 February 1831) was an English missionary, teacher and translator.
Maria was born at Stepney, Middlesex, in England, the child of Samuel Newell, tallow chandler, and Mary Duchesne.
Maria studied Chinese under Robert Morrison during his furlough in the 1820s, and was appointed the first female missionary of the London Missionary Society (LMS). The plan was for her to carry on female education among the Chinese immigrants. Before this time sending unmarried female missionaries was absolutely unheard of. She sailed from England on 11 April 1827 (in the company of Maria Dyer) and reached Malacca, Straits Settlements, on 26 August 1827.
On 26 November 1829 she was married to Karl Gutzlaff, after their marriage she went with her husband to Siam on 11 February 1830. "These two devoted themselves to studying Siamese and translating, hardly allowing themselves time to eat or sleep, and daily employing a number of copyists. Thus they succeeded in evolving a very imperfect translation of the whole Bible in Siamese, a considerable portion of it into the Lao and Cambodian languages, and preparing a dictionary and grammar of the Siamese and Cambodian. These translations were later delivered by Mr. Gutzlaff to Mr. Robinson of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the dictionary was taken over by Mr. Jones of the Baptist Board and became the foundation of the dictionary later prepared by Eliza Grew Jones."
On 16 February 1831 Maria gave birth to twin daughters at Bangkok, Siam. She died a few hours later. One child died at birth, the other was left for a time with her Siamese nurse, later, when it became possible she was put in the care of a Mrs. Thomson in Singapore, she lived about four months.
Maria and the small children were buried by special permit at the upper side of the Portuguese Consulate gate. This plot continued to be the burial ground of the missionaries and others until King Mongkut made a grant for this purpose in 1853, and in 1893 this earliest cemetery which had eventually been bought by the Baptist Mission, was sold and the graves moved to the new Protestant Cemetery.