OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hengameh Shahidi

Hengameh Shahidi (Persian:هنگامه شهیدی; born 14 May 1975) is an Iranian journalist, political activist, and political prisoner currently serving a six-year sentence for "gathering and colluding with intent to harm state security" and "propaganda against the system".
Earlier in her career, Shahidi worked for Nowrooz newspaper before it was closed down, and was the candidate for the Sazandegi Party.
Shahidi is/was a PhD student at the School of Oriental and African Studies in the United Kingdom. She returned to Iran for the 2009 presidential election and acted as an adviser on women's issues to presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi, whose party (National Trust Party (Iran)|National Trust party), she was a member of.
On 30 June, following the eruption of mass protests against the officially announced re-election of incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, she was arrested. She was detained for over four months without charge during which time she states that she was tortured and otherwise ill-treated, threatened with execution, and subjected to a mock execution. She also says that her interrogators threatened to arrest other members of her family. In November 2009 she was released on bail. Her trial began shortly thereafter.
In December she was convicted of "participation in illegal gatherings", "collusion to disrupt security", "propagating against the regime", "disruption in public order", and sentenced to six years and three months and one day in prison. Her sentence was upheld on appeal (although her conviction for "insulting the President" was overturned). After being allowed liberty during her appeal she was rearrested on 25 February 2010.
Hengameh Shahidi suffers from a heart condition, for which she requires regular medication. According to an unnamed source quoted by iranhumanrights.org 21 August 2010:
   "Hengameh has not been in a good physical health and is suffering from heart and stomach problems, back disc, nervous rheumatism, and also severe drop in blood pressure. Even though about six months ago a medical furlough was requested, up to now her request has not been granted. Continuation of this situation would seriously jeopardize her health because her condition requires hospitalization and treatment."
# Leningrad 46

Leningrad 46 (2014) (Russian: Ленинград 46, stylized as ЛЕНИНГРАД ★ 46) is a highly popular Russian television series which revolves around the story of courage, the drama of human destiny, for the first time opening up many pages of post-war life in Leningrad - harsh and sometimes cruel. The city has just survived the siege and is still reeling from hunger, destruction and death. Here, the police conduct a nervous war on crime, cleaning up Leningrad after the war.
The TV series had great success among Russian viewers, with ratings up to 6% as of end of 2015.

## Plot summary

The year is 1946. World War II is over, but it doesn't mean that there is no one to fight with. The post-war city of Leningrad is ruled by criminals and a growing wave of crimes. The police conduct an unequal struggle against the criminal gangs. The main characters are police captain Yuri Rebrov and the gangster Igor Danilov, a former literature professor.
They lost everything - family, work and housing, and Danilov will be on the other side of the law. Trying to get justice and to avenge himself against those who crippled his life, Danilov sinks deeper into the criminal world of post-war Leningrad, gradually turning into one of the most cunning and dangerous criminals in the city, while Yuri is forced to track him down.

## Characters

* Sergei Garmash as Igor Danilov
* Yevgeny Miller as Yuri Rebrov
* Aleksander Lykov as Lavrenty Fyodorov, Head of Criminal Gang
* Vadim Yakovlev as Pastoukh, Criminal
* Igor Sergeev as Viktor Kuzmin, Head of department for combating Gangs
* Alexey Gorbunov as Vutya The Musician, criminal
# Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve

Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve (Lithuanian: Žuvinto biosferos rezervatas) is a strict nature reserve located in the southeast of Lithuania, about 30 km east of Alytus. Its nature protection status dates back to 1937, it is the oldest nature protection area in Lithuania.
“Zuvintas Visitor Center” requires tickets that cost 2 euros each (2024). However, the trails and the entire area is free of charge of everyone.

## Nature

Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve is inhabited by more than 4,200 species of animals, plants, fungi and insects, 137 of which are endangered or protected species. Around 2000 species are various insects.
In 2023, the combined bird population in this nature reserve totalled nearly 40 thousand. The area covers almost 20 000 hectares of wetlands, lakes, mires, peatbogs, and pine tree stands. There are three big lakes in the area – Žuvintas, Žaltytis [lt], and Amalvas [lt]. The area lies in an intensive farming region with productive agricultural soil. It is populated, but sparsely, accommodating around 11 thousand people. Less than 10% (about one thousand) live within the buffer zone.

## Protection history

Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve consists of strict nature reserves (IUCN category I), nature reserves (IUCN category IV) and is inscribed in national law under a specific protection category.
* In 1937, this nature reserve became the first nature protection area in Lithuania, on the initiative of zoologist Tadas Ivanauskas.
* In 1940, Soviet Union occupied Lithuania and removed protection status for the area. During Soviet occupation of Lithuania, this was a popular bird and mammal hunting spot for Soviet nomenklatura.
* In 1993, Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve became a Ramsar site. Ramsar identifies wetlands of international importance.
* In 2002, national legislation made it a designated biosphere reserve, the first of its kind in Lithuania.
* In 2004, this biosphere reserve was included in the Natura 2000.
* Since 2004, Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve has the status of Important Bird Area (IBA) and Site of Community Importance (SAC).
* In 2011, UNESCO added Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve to the Man and the Biosphere Programme.

## In society

* In 2013, Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve was featured on Lithuanian postal stamps.
* In 2021, Lithuania's central bank released a commemorative euro coin dedicated to Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve. Half a million such coins were issued.

## Awards

* In 2016, Irish RTÉ Radio 1 won Rose D'Or for The Dawn Chorus programme, featuring bird song from Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve.
# Parot doctrine

The Parot doctrine (Spanish: doctrina Parot, Basque: Parot doktrina) refers to a 2006 Spanish Supreme Court decision to deny persons convicted of serious crimes specific rights that are granted by Spanish law that limit or reduce the maximum term of imprisonment. The European Court of Human Rights ruled its application to be a violation of Articles 5 and 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

## Law

Spain is a member of the European Union and so may not change the application of lawful penalty after the crime has been committed, the regulation that the Supreme Court breached.
Article 70 of the Spanish Criminal Code of 1973 prescribed a maximum length of physical imprisonment of up to 30 years (there is no sentencing limit), and Henri "Unai" Parot was sentenced to a total of 4,797 years.
This 30-year maximum could be further reduced by good behaviour and participation in rehabilitative measures such as work and study. The central argument of that piece of legislation was that denying prisoners at least some hope of release was cruel and unusual punishment and likely to cause the offender to become violent and unmanageable. In later years, the maximum prison term was extended to 40 years.

## Background

Henri Parot was sentenced in 1990 to serve several thousands of years for numerous murders and offences committed, mainly for the 1987 Zaragoza Barracks bombing as a member of the armed Basque nationalist and separatist ETA, which was a designated as a terrorist organization by Spain.
The Supreme Court reviewed his case and, in a judgement of 28 February 2006, ruled that for crimes committed before the current penal code came into effect in 1995, reductions would apply no longer to the accumulative maximum sentence of 30 years but instead to the absolute total term of the sentence.
He was the first person to be awarded what was effectively a life sentence beyond the statutory maximum period of imprisonment and so the term "Parot doctrine" emerged.

## Successful appeal

Inés del Río Prada, another ETA member, was sentenced in 1987 in a similar context as Parot to serve 3,828 years. Under the 1973 law, she was eligible for release in 2008. The Supreme Court applied the Parot doctrine and so ordered her to be detained in prison until 2017.
She appealed to the European Court of Human Rights. The Strasbourg court ruled in 2012 that the continuous detention of her was a violation of Articles 5 and 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which cover the right to no punishment without law and the right to liberty and security, which essentially mean that legal standards were applied to her were not in force when she committed the offences. Spain appealed, but the European Court confirmed its decision in October 2013, demanded her immediate release and ordered the Spanish government to pay €30,000 (approximately $41,000, or £25,400) in compensation to her.
The ruling is binding, and Spain committed itself to abide by it. Dozens of other convictions were affected by the ruling.
# Khalilan-e Olya

Khalilan-e Olya (Persian: خليلان عليا) may refer to various villages in Iran:
* Khalilan-e Olya, Kermanshah
* Khalilan-e Olya, Lorestan
# CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers

The CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers (Arabic: تصفيات إتحاد شمال إفريقيا المؤهلة لدوري أبطال إفريقيا للسيدات) is the brand name for an annual international women's association football club competition organized by the UNAF (Union of North African Football), serving as the Northern African qualification tournament for the CAF Women's Champions League.

## History

With the launch of the CAF Women's Champions League in 2021, the African confederation decided to lunch a regional CAF qualifications. The first north African zone organized by UNAF was held in same year.

## Results

CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers finals :
| Season | Winners | Score | Runners-up | Venue | Attendance |
| 2021 | AS FAR | | Afak Relizane | Stade Municipal de Berkane, Berkane | 0 |
| 2022 | Wadi Degla | | AS Banque de l'Habitat | Stade Adrar, Agadir | 0 |
| 2023 | SC Casablanca | | Afak Relizane | Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria | 300 |
| 2024 | AS FAR | | Tutankhamun FC | Salem Mabrouki Stadium, Rouïba | 150 |
| Upcoming finals ||||||
| Season | Finalist | Match | Finalist | Venue | Attendance |
| 2025 | | – | | | |
    ^n/a A round-robin tournament determined the final standings.

## Records and statistics
### Winners by club

| Club | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runners-up |
| AS FAR | 2 | 0 | 2021, 2024 | |
| Wadi Degla | 1 | 0 | 2022 | |
| SC Casablanca | 1 | 0 | 2023 | |
| Afak Relizane | 0 | 2 | | 2021, 2023 |
| AS Banque de l'Habitat | 0 | 1 | | 2022 |
| Tutankhamun FC | 0 | 1 | | 2024 |

### Performance by nation

| Nation | Winners | Runners-up |
| Morocco | 3 | 0 |
| Egypt | 1 | 1 |
| Algeria | 0 | 2 |
| Tunisia | 0 | 1 |

### Top goalscorers

| Season | Player | Club | Goals |
| 2021 | Ibtissam Jraidi | AS FAR | 6 |
| 2022 | Nouha Saleh | Wadi Degla | 4 |
| 2023 | Naïma Bouhenni | Afak Relizane | 7 |
| 2024 | Sandrine Niyonkuru | Tutankhamun | 5 |
# Slovak Sign Language

The Slovak Sign Language (Slovak: Slovenský posunkový jazyk, SPJ) is the sign language of the deaf community in Slovakia. It belongs to the French sign-language family. Bickford (2005) found that Slovak, Czech, and Hungarian Sign formed a cluster with Romanian, Bulgarian, and Polish Sign.
Despite the similarity of oral Slovak and Czech, SSL is not particularly close to Czech Sign Language.
# Jeffrey Lawton

Jeffrey Lawton, FRNCM (11 December 1938 – 4 May 2018), was a tenor best known as an international opera singer. He began his career as a student at the Royal Manchester College of Music and from 1982 to 1987 was principal tenor with the Welsh National Opera Company. Lawton also sang with Opera North and the Scottish Opera. On one occasion in 1990 he substituted for the ill Plácido Domingo in the role of Otello at the Royal Opera, London under Carlos Kleiber. As well as singing at various British festivals and the BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall, other pursuits included president of the Wagner Society Manchester and patron of the Oldham Choral Society. Lawton was a tutor and a Fellow of the Royal Northern College of Music (FRNCM).

## Selected performances
### Welsh National Opera

* Otello - Otello, 1986
* The Trojans - Aeneas, 1987
* Die Frau ohne Schatten - The Emperor, 1989
* Tristan und Isolde - Tristan, 1993

### Opera North

* Wozzeck - Captain, 1993
* Tannhäuser - Tannhäuser, 1997
* Der Kuhhandel - President Mendez, 2006

### Scottish Opera

* The Greek Passion - Panait Katerina's lover, 1990
* Tristan und Isolde - Tristan a Cornish knight, 1994 & 1998
* Inés de Castro - Pedro Crown Prince of Portugal, 1996
* Peter Grimes - Peter Grimes a fisherman, 1997
* Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg - Balthasar Zorn a pewterer, 2006

### Royal Opera House

* Der Ring des Nibelungen, Siegfried - Siegfried, 1986
* Otello - Otello, 1990
* Elektra - Aegisth, 1994

## Film appearances

* Othello TV film, Production company BBC, Broadcaster ZDF, 1985
* After Moscow, Production company Euston Films, 1983
# Richard Salter (baritone)

Richard Jeffrey Salter (Hindhead, Surrey, on 12 November 1943 – Karlsruhe, 1 February 2009) was an English baritone, known as a founder member of The King's Singers before moving to Austria and Germany to take leading roles in many contemporary operas.
After the King's Singers' first concerts and recording in 1969, Salter was awarded a Richard Tauber Scholarship and moved to Vienna where he successfully established himself as an opera singer. Among his signature roles were Bernd Alois Zimmermann's Requiem for a Young Poet, Schoenberg's Von heute auf morgen, the baritone lead in operas by Manfred Trojahn and Wolfgang Rihm, the main character K. in Aribert Reimann's Das Schloß after Kafka (1996), and Philip Glass' Waiting for the Barbarians (2005).
# Mohammad Samir Haddad

Mohammad Samir Haddad is a Syrian politician from the Arab Democratic Union Party who served as Minister of State for Southern Development Affairs in the First Hussein Arnous government.
# Jean Rigby

Jean Rigby (born 22 December 1954) is an English opera and concert singer. A mezzo-soprano, she is a long-time principal with the English National Opera.

## Biography

Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Rigby studied at the Birmingham School of Music and the Royal Academy of Music. She made her debut with the English National Opera in 1977. She has sung with the Royal Opera and has been for many years a regular guest at the Glyndebourne Festival. At the 2008 Glyndebourne festival, she created the role of Martina Laborde in Peter Eötvös' opera Love and Other Demons. In the field of concert music, she has been a frequent soloist at the BBC Promenade Concerts. Her recordings include the role of Maddalena in the English-language RIGOLETTO (EMI/Angel), based on Jonathan Miller's "gangster" production for ENO. She is an opera coach at the Royal Academy of Music and a Patron of Bampton Classical Opera. She was a member of the jury for the company's Young Singers' Competition in 2019.
# Joan Rodgers

Joan Rodgers C.B.E. (born 4 November 1956, Cleator Moor, Cumbria, England) is an English operatic soprano.

## Early life

She attended Whitehaven Grammar School, gaining French, German and Russian A-levels.
She read Russian at the University of Liverpool and studied at the RNCM. She studied singing with Audrey Langford.

## Career

She made her professional opera debut at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in 1982 as Pamina in Mozart's The Magic Flute; a role she later sang for her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1995. In 1983 she made her debut at the English National Opera as the Wood Nymph in Rusalka, and performed for the first time at the Royal Opera House as the princess in L'enfant et les sortilèges. She made her debut at the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1989 as Susanna in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro.

## Personal life

She was married to the conductor Paul Daniel, and married Alan Samson in 2013.
She was created a CBE in 2001.
# Szulimán

Szulimán is a village in Baranya county, Hungary.

## Location

Szulimán is in the Zselic, 10 km (6.2 mi) from Szigetvár, 1 km (0.62 mi) from main road 67th.

## History

Lot of people think that Szulimán was named after Suleiman the Magnificent, who died some miles from here, but the village original name is Szőlőmál, what means 'hill with grape'. The name was written first in the 15th century, as Zelewmal.
The village was the property of Bálint Török around 1500. After the Turks get banished, Hungarians, and Croatians did come; from 1800 there are some Germans. The village built a church, whats get offered to Saint George, but later, the new church gets offered to Saint Michael. In 1950 there was a county-sorting project. The village with Szigetvár and some other village got annex to Somogy.

## Crest

Shield: Standing triangular shield in a gold field; cut with a green hill. Over that a bunch of grapes with two leaves. Helmet: Decorated with gold, and padded with red, with red and green armorial. Helmet ornament: A gold apostolic double cross, between two green oak leaves. Helmet covers: In green and gold colors. Sign: 'SZULIMÁN' sign, hanging under the crest.

## Monuments

* Roman Catholic church - sacred in 1890, and offered to Saint Michael.
# Mission to Hell

Mission to Hell (German: Die Diamantenholle am Mekong, French: Les diamants du Mekong, Italian: La sfida viene da Bangkok) is a 1964 West German-French-Italian spy film written and directed by Gianfranco Parolini and starring Paul Hubschmid. One of the first Eurospy productions, it was a box office success.

## Cast

* Paul Hubschmid as Werner Homfeld
* Marianne Hold as Dr. Vivian Lancaster
* Horst Frank as Jack McLean
* Brad Harris as Joe Warren
* Dorothee Parker as Gloria Pickerstone
* Chris Howland as Archibald "Smokie" Smoke
* Philippe Lemaire as Richard
* Gianni Rizzo as John Yakiris
* Michèle Mahaut as Jeanette May-Wong
* Adriana Ambesi as Tänzerin
* Reinhard Glemnitz as Journalist
* Elisabeth Volkmann as Secretary
# David Cushman Coyle

David Cushman Coyle (1887–1969) was an American structural engineer, economist, and writer. Coyle was the structural engineer of the Washington State Capitol and a prominent economic thinker during the New Deal.

## Early life

David Cushman Coyle was born in 1887. His parents were John Patterson Coyle, a Congregational minister, and Mary Cushman Coyle. His sister was Grace Coyle (1892–1962).

## Career

Coyle was a structural engineer, economist and writer. He also wrote several books on economic theory and policy, including Brass Tacks (1935) and Uncommon Sense (1945).
He engineered the concrete dome that spans the building's rotunda using a cantilevered truss system. At 287 feet in diameter, it remains the largest free-standing masonry dome in North America.

## Personal life and death

Coyle had two sons, and a daughter by his first wife. He was married to Doris Porter Coyle upon his death. He resided in Washington, D.C. and Cliff Island, Portland, Maine, and vacationed in Cape Porpoise, Maine. He was a member of the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. He died in 1969 in Washington, D.C.

## Selected works

* Uncommon Sense, (1936)
* America, (1941), published by National Home Library Foundation
* "Tolerance and Treason", The Yale Review, (Spring 1948)
* Conservation: An American Story of Conflict and Accomplishment, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press (1957)
* The United States Political System and How it Works, (1957)
* The United Nations and How It Works, (1965)
* Roads to a New America, (1969)
# Eucalyptus nitida

Eucalyptus nitida, commonly known as the Smithton peppermint, is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Tasmania. It has varying amounts of loose, fibrous or flaky bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of nine to fifteen, white flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus nitida is a tree that typically grows to a height of 40 m (130 ft), or a mallee to 5 m (16 ft), and it forms a lignotuber. It has smooth cream-coloured to greyish bark but older or larger specimens have rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and sometimes the larger branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves that are lance-shaped to elliptical, 45–85 mm (1.8–3.3 in) long and 10–30 mm (0.39–1.18 in) wide arranged in opposite pairs and stem-clasping. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, 55–130 mm (2.2–5.1 in) long and 6–17 mm (0.24–0.67 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 4–17 mm (0.16–0.67 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of between nine and fifteen on an unbranched peduncle 2–9 mm (0.079–0.354 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–6 mm (0.039–0.236 in) long. Mature buds are club-shaped, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide with a rounded to conical operculum. Flowering occurs from November to January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, hemispherical or conical capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in) wide with the valves near rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus nitida was first formally described in 1856 by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his book, The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror. III. Flora Tasmaniae. The specific epithet (nitida) is from the Latin nitidus meaning "shining", referring to the leaves of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

Smithton peppermint is widespread in northern, western and southern Tasmania and also occurs on some Bass Strait Islands. It grows in forest from sea level to hills and plateaus, sometimes as a mallee in coastal sand dunes.
# Chrey, Moung Ruessei

Chrey (Khmer: ឃុំជ្រៃ) is a khum (commune) of Moung Ruessei District in Battambang Province in north-western Cambodia.

## Villages

* Doun Tri
* Angkrong
* Tuol Ta Thon
* Mreah Prov
* Chrey Muoy
* Chrey Pir
* Chrey Cheung
* Chong Chamnay
# Pierre Gillet (trumpeter)

Pierre Gillet (born 6 August 1960) is a French classical trumpeter.

## Life

Born in Terville, Gillet followed the teaching of Pierre Thibaud in the trumpet class at the Conservatoire de Paris where he obtained a first prize. He is in his turn an assistant trumpet teacher at the same school and a professor at the 20th arrondissement of Paris conservatory.
He has been solo trumpeter of the Concerts Colonne and he is also soloist of the orchestra of the Opéra Bastille in Paris since 1984.
Since 1982, Pierre Gillet has been a member of the "Ensemble de trompettes de Paris" (Eutepé). With other musicians he founded the "Orchestre de Cuivres de Paris" and is its director. He is a member of the Ars Nova and Septentrion ensembles (brass quintet with piano and percussion).
# Shekar Ab

Shekar Ab or Shakar Ab or Shekarab or Shokrab (Persian: شكراب) may refer to:
* Shakar Ab, Ardabil
* Shokrab, Kermanshah
* Shekar Ab, Lali, Khuzestan Province
* Shekar Ab, Masjed Soleyman, Khuzestan Province
* Shekar Ab, South Khorasan
# Cook Islands Rugby Union

The Cook Islands Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in the Cook Islands. It was founded in 1989 and became affiliated to the International Rugby Board in 1995.
The Cook Islands Rugby Union are also members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance.