OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Erik Dons

Erik Dons (2 April 1915 – 29 January 2002) was a Norwegian diplomat.
He was born in Horten as a son of navy captain Hans Fleischer Dons (1882–1940) and his wife Hilda Marie Høyer. He finished his secondary education in 1934, and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.jur. degree in 1939. He started working in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940, and followed the political leadership into exile in London during the Second World War. He was promoted to assistant secretary in 1949. He was a counsellor to the Norwegian United Nations delegation from 1952, and was present in the delegations to the General Assembly from 1946 to 1955. He also represented Norway in the International Refugee Organization's general council in 1949 and 1951, and in the United Nations Economic and Social Council delegation from 1954 to 1956. He served as ambassador to Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines from 1956 to 1959, the People's Republic of China from 1959 to 1964 and Portugal from 1964 to 1966. He was succeeded by Jørgen Finne-Grønn. He was hired as a special adviser in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1967, and from 1976 to 1981 he was Norway's ambassador to East Germany. He then worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs again, until 1985. He wrote two books, Norsk statsborgerrett (1947) and FN i arbeid (1949).
He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav (1958) and held the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Thailand. His Order of St. Olav was upgraded to Commander in 1978. He died in January 2002 and was buried in Ris, Oslo, having lived at Vinderen in his later life.
# Arild Feldborg

Arild Feldborg (18 April 1912 – 26 October 1987) was a Norwegian playwright, revue writer, script writer, humorist and broadcasting person.

## Personal life

Feldborg was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, as the son of wholesaler Henry Theobald Feldborg and Petra Normandine Schnitler Blehr, and grew up in Norway. He was married to headmaster and secretary Aase Refsdal from 1948. He died in Bærum in 1987.

## Career

Feldborg graduated as cand.oecon. in 1934. He wrote for revue theatres from the late 1920s, and his breakthrough came in 1934 with the song "Å" (co-written with Bias Bernhoft), in the Chat Noir revue Det hendte i går. Among his songs from the 1930s are "Norge, våkn opp!" from 1934 (English: Norway, Wake Up!, performed by Lalla Carlsen) and "Penere og penere" (English: Nicer and nicer, performed by Einar Rose in 1936, on Mussolini's attack on Ethiopia). His song "Bursda'n min" (English: My Birthday, performed by Einar Rose acting as a short man with moustache), was stopped by the police after strong protests from the German Minister in Norway. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1945 he took part in the resistance in various ways. While in exile in Sweden he wrote songs for the Norwegian police troops in Sweden. His song Norge i rødt, hvitt og blått", co-written with Finn Bø, was met with wild enthusiasm when it was introduced by Lalla Carlsen in May 1945.
He also collaborated with other songwriters such as Arild Haga, Otto Nielsen and Alfred Næss. Among his post-war songs are "Vigelandvise" (performed by Einar Rose), "Måten da ser De" (for Kari Diesen), and "Swingdilla" (for Leif Juster). Rolf Just Nilsen had his artistical breakthrough in 1958 with Feldborg's song "Operasangeren".
He worked for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1947, first within the radio's entertainment department, and later at Radioteatret. He also wrote for television. Among his works are a book on bridge, Bridge med Arild Feldborg from 1965, the crime novel Malkesaken (co-written with Michael Grundt Spang) and a book on solving crosswords, Damms kryssordløser from 1982. He edited the anthology Humor i Norge (English: Humor in Norway) from 1974. His comedy Mannfolk was performed at Oslo Nye Teater in 1980. He wrote the television opera Sjakk from 1980, and the musical Balder from 1984. He was awarded the Leonard Statuette in 1980.
# Arvid G. Hansen

Arvid Gilbert Hansen (5 May 1894 – 24 January 1966) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour and Communist parties.

## Early life and Labour Party career

He was born in Kristiansand as a tinsmith's son. He spent his entire youth in Bergen, before moving to Stavanger where he took the examen artium in 1913 as a private candidate. He then studied philology for two years at the Royal Frederick University, but quit the studies. He had joined Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund in 1910, and was secretary from 1915 and acting editor of Klassekampen in 1916. He then chaired the organization for one year. From 1917 to 1919 he was editor-in-chief of the Labour Party newspaper Akershus Social-Demokrat, and from 1921 to 1923 he edited the party's ideological periodical Det 20de Århundre. From 1921 to 1928 he was married to Mirjiam Rathus (who subsequently married Henry Wilhelm Kristiansen).In 1923 he took over Klassekampen again, returning to Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund to strengthen the left wing there.
He was also involved in socialist schooling. He wrote several books and pamphlets in this period. Haandbog i lags- og studiearbeidet (with Reinert Torgeirson, 1916) was the first handbook of its kind. Skolen, kirken og dogmerne (1915) and Kampen for religionsfrihet (1918) were critical to the religious situation. Also in 1923 he wrote the propagandistic history book Den røde ungdom i kamp og seier. Norges kommunistiske ungdomsforbund gjennem 20 aar together with Eugène Olaussen and Aksel Zachariassen.

## Communist Party career

In 1923 the communists in the Labour Party broke away to form the Communist Party, and Hansen became a leading figure. Except for the period 1924 to 1926, he avidly followed Comintern. He edited the magazine Proletaren, then the newspaper Norges Kommunistblad in 1929 (before it went defunct) and then Arbeideren from 1929 to 1931. From 1931 to 1935 he stayed in Moscow where he educated Scandinavians in the party line. In 1936 he returned to Norway to edit Arbeidet. From 1937 the work became harder as the Communist Party prioritized Arbeideren financially. Johanna Bugge Olsen took over as editor in 1938.
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1945 Hansen was exiled in Sweden. In 1949 he was notably excluded from the Communist Party, as a supporter of the former party leader Peder Furubotn who had fallen from grace.

## Later life

He continued releasing books. In 1949 he edited Boligreising i Norge og andre land and in 1953 he wrote Boligkooperasjon i Norden, both on the housing question. In 1960 he wrote a book about laborers in Norwegian poetry, Arbeideren i norsk diktning fra Wergeland til i dag. Hansen was married five times. He died in January 1966 in Oslo.
# Bernera Island

Bernera Island (Scottish Gaelic: Beàrnaraigh) or simply Bernera is a tidal island off Lismore, in Argyll, Scotland.

## History

In the 6th century, Bernera was settled by monks of the Irish Culdee church under the leadership of St. Moluag. St. Columba used the island as a private place for retreat, meditation and prayer, and may have preached under (and possibly planted) a vast yew tree. It is reported that the wood was turned into a staircase for Lochnell Castle at Ardmenhuis and survived at least two fires, which burned down the rest of the building.
The island has the remains of an ancient chapel and burial ground.

## Natural history

The island is limestone and this reflected in the diversity of species found on the island.
Bernera Island is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest on the basis of its feature of limestone maritime cliffs along with the presence of the nationally scarce rock whitebeam.
The common seal is a regular visitor to the coastal strip between the high and low water marks. This littoral zone forms part of the Eileanan agus Sgeirean Lios mòr Special Area of Conservation along with the nearby islets of Eilean na Cloich and Eilean Dubh in the Lynn of Lorn to the east and Dubh Sgeir and Eilean Gainimh in the Lynn of Morvern to the west.
# Richards Brothers

Richards Bros Buses (Welsh: Brodyr Richards) is a bus operator based in Cardigan, Wales. It has purchased many smaller bus companies over time, and currently has 65 vehicles running local bus services and school buses in south-west Wales (primarily Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire, with some Carmarthenshire services), as well as coach tours. Richards Bros also operates a share of the new demand-responsive Bwcabus service.

## History

William Goronwy Richards started carrying passengers in the late 1930s however Richards Brothers was established in May 1943 by William Richards, when his children Idris and Reggie were introduced to the company.
The first buses run by Richards were mostly Bedfords, the first being a converted Bedford WS, registered ALP 674 purchased in 1937. A second-hand Bedford WHB followed in July 1941.The first bought new (in 1943) was a Bedford OWB, manufactured with wooden seats to fit the war years, and the first operations base was a small site in Moylgrove.
Originally, Richards were contracted by the military to ferry employees of the Royal Naval Armaments Depot at RNAD Trecwn and Royal Aircraft Establishment at Aberporth; these contracts were crucial to the firm up to the 1960s. These decreased rapidly throughout the 1980s and stopped during the 1990s.
In 1958 the first of many purchases was made when Owen Williams of Cardigan was acquired. In 1971 Western Welsh ceased and Richards took over the Fishguard to St Davids service. In 1972 Blue Glider of St Dogmaels was purchased from Lewis Williams followed by in 1976 by Pioneer Motors, Newport.
In 1982 the Haverfordwest operation of Marchwood Motorways was purchased. In 1998 TM Daniels of Cardigan was purchased.

## Services

As at June 2014 Richards Brothers operate services on 40 routes including TrawsCambria 550 and X50. Since 2015 the 550/X50 have been known as the TrawsCymru T5.

## Livery

Richards Bros' coaches carry a white livery with a variety of logos. The current bus livery is silver towards the front with a dark blue skirt which rises at the rear to cover the rear of the bus. This was 'pinched' from the Optare demonstration livery. This was preceded by a silver upper half with a blue skirt running straight along the bus with a red stripe along the side slightly above the blue. This in turn was preceded by a blue and maroon colour scheme, with more white added in for the coaches.
Richards Bros also operate several vehicles which carry special liveries for certain services. These include the Pembrokeshire Coastal buses (e.g. Poppit Rocket), TrawsCambria, TrawsCymru and Bwcabus

## Fleet

As the company grew older, Bedford remained the dominating vehicle manufacturer; both second hand and new buses were purchased, with the largely prevailing bodybuilders being Duple and Plaxton. Over 100 Bedfords were used by the Richards family. Since Bedford closed in 1986, new buses have generally been of Volvo, DAF or Dennis manufacture.
There were only ever seven double-deck buses within the fleet, and were two Bristol K6As, an AEC Regent V, three Leyland Titans and an AEC Bridgemaster.
# Anjirlu

Anjirlu (Persian: انجيرلو) may refer to:
* Anjirlu, Bileh Savar, Ardabil Province
* Anjirlu, Germi, Ardabil Province
* Anjirlu Rural District, in Ardabil Province
# Villeneuve-de-la-Raho

Villeneuve-de-la-Raho (French pronunciation: ; Catalan: Vilanova de Raó) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department, southern France.

## Geography

Villeneuve-de-la-Raho is located in the canton of La Plaine d'Illibéris and in the arrondissement of Perpignan. The town is the location of Lac de Villeneuve-de-la-Raho.
# Mary Broadfoot Walker

Mary Broadfoot Walker (17 April 1888 – 13 September 1974) was a Scottish physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of the condition myasthenia gravis, a disease relating to muscle weakness. She was also the first to recognise the association between familial periodic paralysis and low blood potassium levels.

## Early life and education

Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, Wigtown, Scotland in 1888. The eldest of four children, her father was a solicitor. After school, she trained in medicine at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, and like most of the college's students, she received much of her clinical teaching in Glasgow. She graduated MB ChB from the University of Edinburgh in 1913.

## Career and research

During the First World War, she served with the Royal Army Medical Corps at the 63rd General Hospital, Malta. In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in "Poor Law Service" at St Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936. In 1932, she was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Physicians. She then worked at St Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St Benedict's Hospital, Tooting.
In 1934, while working at St Alfege's Hospital, Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients with myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in curare poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an antidote to curare poisoning at that time. The first case of myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in the Lancet in June 1934.
In 1935, Walker was the first to recognise the association between the condition familial periodic paralysis and hypokalaemia (low blood potassium levels). She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment. During 1935, her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the University of Edinburgh, and for which she received a gold medal.
After her retirement to Croft-an-Righ in 1954, she continued to work part-time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity and Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis.
Her 1973 article also describes the Mary Walker Effect, a clinical sign found in myasthenia gravis.
She died on 13 September 1974 at the age of 86.

## Awards and honours

In 1962, Walker was the first recipient of the Royal College of Physicians Jean Hunter Prize "for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital".
# Manitoba Club

The Manitoba Club is private club in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Established as a gentleman's club in 1874, the Manitoba Club is the oldest private club in Western Canada.

## History

On 16 July 1874, ten men met at the St. James Restaurant in Winnipeg to organize a club where city leaders could meet and relax. The Manitoba Club was incorporated one month later, becoming the first private club in Western Canada.
The first clubhouse was founded in a rented building. This building burned down in February 1875 when Winnipeg’s first steam fire engine, on its inaugural run, failed to get there in time. Within six weeks, a new location was found, serving the club for 6 years. The third clubhouse was owned by the club and located on Garry Street, later being sold to Donald E. McKenty for $30,000, and then sold again three weeks later to Fred Richardson for $35,000.
Dignitaries who have visited the club include Mark Twain, General William Tecumseh Sherman, Princes of Monaco, Jordan and Iran, every Canadian Prime Minister through the 1940s, the British High Commissioner and many others.
Sir Hugh John Macdonald, the son of Canada's first Prime Minister, served as President of the Manitoba Club from 1896 to 1899—shortly before the construction of its current location. Around this time, he also became the leader of the fledgling Manitoba Conservative Party in 1897, and was elected the 8th Premier of Manitoba in December 1899, as MLA for Winnipeg South.
In November 1902, the Club purchased three lots at 194 Broadway from the Hudson’s Bay Company for $8,000. The Club announced in April 1904 that it would be moving from 298 Garry Street to a new building at the corner of Broadway and Fort Street. Two months later, the building's foundation was laid. The neoclassical-style building was officially opened by Sir Albert Henry George Grey, 4th Earl Grey, Governor General of Canada, on 10 October 1905, and exists as the Club's current residence.
The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at the Manitoba Club.
In 2017, the Club made plans to add a Cigar Room on the top floor. No other private club in Canada has such.
# Betty Lindsay

Betty Lindsay (Minnie Elizabeth Barclay Lindsay) (9 October 1897 – 11 January 1953) was an early professional civil engineer working in Albania and, in 1921, may have been only the second female engineering graduate (after Elizabeth Georgeson in 1919) of the University of Edinburgh.

## Early life and education

Betty Lindsay was born in China but her family returned to Scotland when she was three years old. Her father, Edward John Lindsay was a banker. Both her parents died by 1913 so she went to live with her uncle in Evie, Orkney. In 1921 she obtained a BSc in mechanical engineering from the University of Edinburgh (she had also been awarded a second-class certificate of merit in mechanical engineering during her studies). In her career, however, she worked mainly as a civil engineer. From 1922 to 1925 she worked for William Tawse Ltd as an engineering assistant.

## Work in Albania

Lindsay was a Scottish member of the Women's Engineering Society and in 1926 its journal, The Woman Engineer, reported that she had volunteered for an anti-malarial mission to Albania, which also included female doctors, a nurse and a driver. The mission had been organised by Lady Carnarvon; she had established schools, hospitals and clinics in Albania after the death in 1923 of her son, Aubrey Herbert, who had been a leading advocate of Albanian independence. The article noted that having arrived at the State Hospital, Valona (Vlorë), on 21 March that year, she undertook duties which ‘at present consist of organising and supervising the work of draining, ditching and filling in pits, etc., and in clipping for and examining mosquito larvae’.
Lindsay remained in Albania until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, working on anti-malarial civil engineering projects throughout the country, and with the Rockefeller Foundation Malarial control engineer, Frederick W. Knipe, and International Health Board ecologist Dr Lewis W. Hackett.

## Later life

She then returned to the UK and became a technical translator for the Air Ministry, where she remained working, latterly as Chief Translator, until her death in 1953. She was buried in the family grave in Edinkillie, Morayshire.

## Sources

* 1 2 3 4 5 Baker, Nina C. (9 October 2019). "Engineer of the Week: 91: Betty Lindsay". Magnificent Women. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
* ↑ Edinburgh University Calendar 1920-21. University of Edinburgh. 1921. p. 746.
* ↑ Haslett, Caroline (September 1926). "The Women's Engineering Society: Seventh Annual Report". The Woman Engineer. II (8): 176 – via IET Archives.
* 1 2 "Passing Events". The Woman Engineer. II (7): 133. June 1926 – via IET Archives.
* ↑ Carnarvon, Fiona, Countess of (2012). Lady Almina and the real Downton Abbey : the lost legacy of Highclere Castle. London. ISBN 978-1-4447-3084-5. OCLC 809565721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Barbara Moore (vegetarian activist)

Barbara Moore, born Anna Cherkasova (Russian: Анна Черкасова; 22 December 1903 – 14 May 1977), was a Russian-born British engineer who attempted to gain celebrity status in the early 1960s for her long-distance walking and promotion of questionable health fads.

## Biography

Moore was among the first generation of Soviet female engineers after the Russian Revolution. In 1932, she became the Soviet Union's long-distance motorcycle champion. She immigrated to Great Britain in 1939, marrying an art teacher, Harry Moore. They later separated. She also used the name Barbara Moore-Pataleewa.
In December 1959, she walked from Edinburgh to London. In early 1960, she walked from John o'Groats to Land's End in 23 days. She then undertook an 86-day, 3,387-mile walk from San Francisco to New York City, where she arrived on 6 July 1960.
She was a vegetarian and a breatharian, believing it is possible for people to survive without food. She walked with only nuts, honey, raw fruit and vegetable juice for nourishment. In November 1944 the then-new Vegan Society held its first meeting, at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn, London. Those in attendance were Donald Watson, Elsie B. Shrigley, Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Moore observing.
Moore held that people could live to be 200 years old by abstaining from smoking, drinking alcohol and sex. She claimed she had cured herself of leukemia by way of a special diet.
To test her health theories, she planned to build a laboratory next door to her home in Frimley. She was soon drawn into a lengthy legal battle over a sewer and access roads for a nearby housing estate. She spent years and her life savings fighting her case, but ultimately lost in the High Court of Justice. She was jailed for contempt of court after she refused to accept the ruling.
She died in a London hospital on 14 May 1977, bankrupt and near starvation because of her refusal to eat.
Her John o'Groats-to-Land's End walk caught the attention of Harry Griffin, who advocated a revival of the Bob Graham Round as possibly a much sterner test of fitness.
Moore was portrayed by Zena Walker in a dramatisation of her later life in a 1980 episode of Play For Today entitled 'That crazy woman' after one of the newspaper headlines generated by her walks.
# Flag of Melilla

The flag of Melilla, a Spanish enclave in North Africa, consists of a pale blue background with the city's coat of arms in the centre. The flag is adopted on 13 March 1995 when Melilla became an autonomous city of Spain.
The coat of arms of Melilla is the same as the coat of arms of the House of Medina Sidonia, from which it comes directly. Its blazon is as follows: in an azure field, two cauldrons checkered in gold and gules , surrounded by seven serpents in sinople, placed on a pole. Border of the royal arms of Castile and Leon, of nine pieces of gules, with castles of gold, alternating, with nine pieces of silver with lions of gules. The shield is topped with a ducal crown, which dominates a figure representing Guzmán el Bueno, in the act of throwing a dagger, from the castle of Tarifa. It is supported by the columns of the Strait of Hercules, with the inscription Non Plus Ultra. At the foot of the shield, but outside of it, appears a Dragon in sinople. On the crest appears a winged ribbon with the motto Praeferre Patriam Liberis Parentem Decet (A father must put his country before his children).