# Chikugo Province

Chikugo Province (筑後国, Chikugo-no kuni) was a province of Japan in the area of northern Kyūshū, corresponding to part of southwestern Fukuoka Prefecture. Chikugo bordered on Higo and Chikugo to the southeast, and Chikuzen to the north and east, Bungo to the east and Hizen to the west. Its abbreviated form name was Chikushū (筑州) (a name which it shared with Chikuzen Province), although it was also called Chikuin (筑陰). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Chikugo was one of the provinces of the Saikaidō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Chikugo was ranked as one of the "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital.

## History
### Early history

Ancient Tsukushi Province was a major power center in the Yayoi period, with contacts to the Asian mainland and may have been the site for the Kingdom of Yamatai mentioned in official Chinese dynastic Twenty-Four Histories for the 1st- and 2nd-century Eastern Han dynasty, the 3rd-century Records of the Three Kingdoms, and the 6th-century Book of Sui. During the Kofun period, many burial mounds were constructed and the area was ruled by a powerful clan who held the title of "Tsukushi no kuni no miyatsuko". The area was the launching point for Empress Jingu's purported conquest of Korea, and was the settlement area for many toraijin immigrants from China, Silla and Baekje. In 527, the Iwai Rebellion between rival factions supporting Silla against Yamato rule occurred. In 531, the priest Zensho arrived from Northern Wei and established Shugendo. In 663, the Yamato government, which was defeated by the combined Silla and Tang China forces at the Battle of Hakusonko, decided to establish Dazaifu as a regional military and civil administrative center, and after the Taika Reforms and the establishment of the Ritsuryō system in 701, Tsukushi Province was divided into Chikuzen and Chikugo Provinces.
The kokufu of Chikugo was located in what is now part of the city of Kurume, and its ruins are now a National Historic Site. The ruins of the Chikugo Kokubun-ji was also located in the same area, and are likewise a National Historic Site. The ichinomiya of Chikugo Province is Kōra taisha, also in Kurume and is also the Sōja shrine of the province.

### Muromachi and Sengoku periods

* 1359 (Enbun 4): Battle of Chikugo River (Chikugogawa), Ashikaga gain a military victory.
* 1361 (Enbun 6) : Imperial forces led by Kikuchi Takemitsu capture Dazaifu.
During the Sengoku period, the shugo of the province was the Otomo clan; however, in reality the province was controlled by 15 petty warlords, from the Kamachi clan, Tajiri clan, Kuroki clan and others.

### Edo period and early modern period

Chikugo under the Tokugawa shogunate was largely dominated by Kurume Domain, ruled by the Arima clan in the north, with a smaller area under the rule of Yanagawa Domain, ruled by the Tachibana clan in the south.
Bakumatsu period domains :
| Name | Clan | Type | kokudaka |
| Kurume | Arima | Fudai | 210,000 koku |
| Yanagawa | Tachibana | Tozama | 109,000 koku |
| Miike | Tachibana | Tozama | 10,000 koku |
Following the Boshin War and the Meiji restoration, former shogunal territory was assigned to Hita Prefecture on October 13, 1868, which was merged with Nagasaki Prefecture two weeks later. On November 11, 1868, Shimotedo Domain in Mutsu Province relocated its seat to Chikugo, and restored Miike Domain. With the abolition of the han system on December 25, 1871, Kurume, Yanagawa and Miike became prefectures, which were then united as "Mizuma Prefecture". On August 21, 1876, Mizuma Prefecture and merged into Fukuoka Prefecture.
Per the early Meiji period Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō (旧高旧領取調帳), an official government assessment of the nation's resources, Chikugo Province had 789 villages with a total kokudaka of 536,851 koku. Chikugo Province consisted of:
Districts of Chikugo Province :
| District | kokudaka | villages | Controlled by | Notes |
| Ikuha District (生葉郡) | 26,882 koku | 59 villages | Kurume | merged with Takeno District to become Ukiha District (浮羽郡) on February 26, 1896 |
| Kamitsuma District (上妻郡) | 79,464 koku | 115 villages | Kurume, Yanagawa | merged with Shimotsuma District to become Yame District (八女郡) on February 26, 1896 |
| Mihara District (御原郡) | 33,304 koku | 36 villages | Kurume | merged with former Mii (御井郡) and Yamamoto Districts to become a new and expanded Mii District (三井郡) on February 26, 1896 |
| Mii District (御井郡) | 56,528 koku | 72 villages | Kurume | absorbed Mihara and Yamamoto Districts to become a new and expanded Mii District (三井郡) on February 26, 1896 |
| Miike District (三池郡) | 53,125 koku | 72 villages | tenryō, Yanagawa, Shimotedo | Dissolved |
| Mizuma District (三潴郡) | 140,241 koku | 164 villages | Kurume, Yanagawa | |
| Shimotsuma District (下妻郡) | 29,920 koku | 37 villages | Kurume, Yanagawa | merged with Kamitsuma District to become Yame District on February 26, 1896 |
| Takeno District (竹野郡) | 22,875 koku | 89 villages | Kurume | merged with Ikuha District to become Ukiha District on February 26, 1896 |
| Yamamoto District (山本郡) | 16,559 koku | 30 villages | Kurume | merged with former Mii (御井郡) and Mihara Districts to become a new and expanded Mii District (三井郡) on February 26, 1896 |
| Yamato District (山門郡) | 77,948 koku | 115 villages | Yanagawa | merged with Ikuha District to become Ukiha District on February 26, 1896 |

## Gallery

* Kora taisha, the ichinomiya of the province
* Site of the Chikugo Kokubun-ji
* Site of the Chikugo Provincial Capital
* Kurume Castle
* Arima Yorishige, final daimyō of Kurume Domain