OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muslim Youth

Muslim Youth (Persian: سازمان جوانان مسلمان Sāzmān-e Jawānān-e Musulmān) was an Islamist group founded in 1969 in Kabul by several Afghan junior professors and a handful of students at Kabul University. Many of the leading figures of the Soviet–Afghan War were members of this group, including Professor Mawlavi Habibur Rahman, Engineer Habibur Rahman, Saifuddin Nasratyar, and Engineer Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

## History

The Muslim Youth Organization was founded in 1969 in Kabul, at a critical point in Afghanistan's history, with proponents of communism and Qutb-inspired Islamism vying fiercely to gain supremacy in determining the direction of the state and society. Kabul University was a center of this conflict, with both Marxists and Islamists on the faculty and corresponding student organizations dedicated to the respective ideologies. One professor of the Shar`ia faculty (the department for the study of Islamic law), the future mujahidin leader Burhanuddin Rabbani, had recently translated Sayyid Qutb's Milestones (Ma`alim fi'l-tariq) into Dari and was teaching this text at the university.
It was in this context that the Muslim Youth Organization was formed, and at its founding Rabbani was named its chairman, Sayyaf its vice-chairman, and Hekmatyar—though still in prison for the murder of a Maoist student—its political director. The group, in this form anyway, was short-lived; after a failed uprising attempt in Panjshir Valley in 1975 where it failed to gain local support, the Republic's government of Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan cracked down on Islamists, leading to all of the Muslim Youth leaders fleeing to Pakistan and the Organization itself ceased to exist. Its leaders continued to pursue its mission, however, and eventually went on to lead a successful insurgency war against the Marxist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, backed by the Soviet Union, between 1979 and 1989.
# Islam in Mauritania

Virtually all Mauritanians are Sunni Muslims. They adhere to the Maliki madhhab, one of the four Sunni schools of law. Since independence in 1960, Mauritania has been an Islamic republic. The Constitutional Charter of 1985 declares Islam the state religion and sharia the law of the land.

## History

The Umayyads were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the Islamic conquests, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the 7th century. Many Berber tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the Gao region in Mali.
It was not until the nineteenth century that the brotherhoods (Sufism and tariqa) assumed importance when they attempted to make religion a force for expanding identities and loyalties beyond the limits of kinship. The relative peace brought to the area by French administration and the growing resentment of colonial rule contributed to the rapid rise in the power and influence of the brotherhoods. In recent decades, these orders have opposed tribalism and have been an indispensable element in the growth of nationalist sentiment. Since the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement has a large presence in West Africa, the African Muslim Congress met in Mauritania in 1976 to call upon African nations to regard Ahmadi Muslims as apostates, though with little success.

## Sufi brotherhoods

In the 1980s, two brotherhoods (tariqa), the Qadiriyyah and the Tijaniyyah, accounted for nearly all the brotherhood membership in Mauritania. The Qadiriyyah and Tijaniyyah were essentially parallel "ways," differing primarily in their methods of reciting the litanies. Their Islamic doctrines and their religious obligations were basically similar.
Two smaller brotherhoods also existed — the Shadhiliyyah, centered in Boumdeït in Assaba Region, and the Goudfiya, found in the regions of Tagant, Adrar, Hodh ech Chargui, and Hodh el Gharbi.
# Javeria

Javeria (Arabic: جويرية) is a given name of Arabic origin. Notable people with the name include:
* Javeria Abbasi (born 1973), Pakistani actress and model
* Javeria Khan (born 1988), Pakistani cricketer
* Javeria Rauf (born 1989), Pakistani cricketer
* Javeria Saud (born 1972), Pakistani actress
* Javeria Zafar, Pakistani politician
# Rasim Ljajić

Rasim Ljajić (Serbian Cyrillic: Расим Љајић, pronounced; born 28 January 1964) is a Serbian politician and sports administrator who currently serves as president of FK Partizan.
A prominent Bosniak politician from Novi Pazar and president of Social Democratic Party of Serbia, he served in multiple ministerial positions of the Government of Serbia from 2000 to 2020. Following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, he first served as Minister of Human and Minority Rights of FR Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro from 2000 to 2006. Ljajić was also the president of the National Council for Cooperation with the Hague Tribunal. From 2007 to 2012, he served as Minister of Labour, Employment, Veteran and Social Policy.
From 2012 to 2020, he served as both the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia and the Minister of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunications.

## Education

Ljajić was born in Novi Pazar to a Bosniak Muslim family. After finishing high school, he graduated from the University of Sarajevo School of Medicine.

## Political career

In 1990, Ljajić was elected Secretary General of the Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak as one of its founders, a branch of the SDA in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, aimed at gathering Bosniaks in Serbia. In 1993 he left the party and with dissidents formed the Sandžak Democratic Party, criticizing Sulejman Ugljanin for being an extremist and endorsing separatism from Yugoslavia in an effort to join an enlarged Bosnia dominated by Bosnian Muslims.
One of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia leaders, he became Minister of Human and Minority Rights in 2000 after the fall of Slobodan Milošević, and his mandate as a minister was extended in the rump DS-led 2001 government.
Ljajić is the long-term Head of the Coordination Team with the Hague Tribunal. In the 2003 parliamentary election he unsuccessfully led a "Together for Tolerance" coalition, along with Nenad Čanak of the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina and Jožef Kasa of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians. The coalition received 4.2% of the vote and did not pass the 5% threshold.

## Sports administration

In 2024, Ljajić was elected president of FK Partizan temporary governing body.

## Personal life

Ljajić is an ethnic Bosniak. His relative and close friend Dževad Ljajić died in the military helicopter crash in Serbia on the night of 14 March 2015, which also claimed six other lives.
On 10 April 2022, Ljajić was seriously injured in a car accident on the Belgrade-Niš Highway near Ražanj. His associate and former MP Branko Gogić was killed in the accident.
# Cerne

Cerne may refer to:

## People

* Joe Cerne (born 1942), U.S. American football player
* Rudi Cerne (born 1958), German figure skater and TV presenter
* Teja Černe (born 1984), Slovenian sailor

## Places
### Czech Republic

* Černé Voděrady, Czech Republic; a village
* Černé Budy, Czech Republic; (Czech: Černé Shelter), a town
* Újezd u Černé Hory, Czech Republic; (Czech: Černé Hory District), a village
* Černé jezero, Czech Republic; (Czech: Černé Lake), a lake

### United Kingdom

* Nether Cerne, a village in Dorset, England, UK
* Cerne Abbas, a village in Dorset, England, UK
** Cerne Abbey, former abbey in the village
** Cerne Abbas Giant, a geoglyph
* Up Cerne, a village in Dorset, England, UK
* Lingfield Cernes (SSSI) the Cernes of Lingfield, Surrey, England, UK
* River Cerne, a river in Dorset, England, UK

### Ireland

* Cerne, the site of Athcarne Castle in Meath, Ireland

## Other uses

* Oraesia cerne (O. cerne), a species of moth
* Cerne Skalicke, a variety of grape
* Book of Cerne, an Old English prayerbook
# Alice Mary Hobson

Alice Mary Hobson (1860 – 1954) was an English landscape painter.
She became a watercolourist and member of the Society of Painters in Watercolours and the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in London from 1879. Her 1903 watercolour sketch of Leicester Guildhall called Room at Leicester in which Shakespeare is said to have Acted before Queen Elizabeth was included in the book Women Painters of the World. One of her works, "The Old Cock Pit," is held by the Royal Collection Trust and had been commissioned for the Library in Queen Mary's Dolls House.
# Old Warren County Courthouse

The Old Courthouse, Warren County, stands prominently on a hill in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and was a symbol of Confederate resistance during the Siege of Vicksburg. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968 and a Mississippi Landmark in 1986. The landmarked area comprises the entire Courthouse Square, which includes the courthouse and four attached buildings that were originally cistern houses for catching rainwater to fight fires, but these were later converted into offices. Since 1948, it has served as The Old Courthouse Museum, focused on local history and the Confederacy.

## History

Atop one of the highest bluffs in Vicksburg, construction began in the summer of 1858. The property for the new building was donated to the city by its founder, Newitt Vick. The Weldon brothers from Rodney, Mississippi, were hired to build the courthouse, which was completed in 1860 at a cost of $100,000.
During the Civil War, the building was one of the main targets in Vicksburg. As hard as the Union tried, the building suffered only one major hit. After a 47-day siege, on July 4, 1863, the Stars and Bars were lowered and the Stars and Stripes were raised. Many historical figures have visited the courthouse over the years, including Jefferson Davis, Booker T. Washington, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt.
Famous trials were conducted in the building's second-floor courtroom. One was of freed slave Holt Collier, who in 1867 was arrested and charged with the murder of a white police officer from North Mississippi. He was acquitted of all charges for defending his former owner's name.
On December 7, 1874, during the Reconstruction-era, the Warren County Courthouse was the site of the first brutal event related to the Vicksburg massacre, when Black citizens were attempting to reinstate the newly elected Black sheriff Peter Crosby who had been coerced at gunpoint by a White militant group to sign a paper of resignation. The event which lasted into January of the following year, and ended with the arrival of the U.S. Army.
The original iron doors and shutters are still on the building today.
Following the construction of the new Warren County Courthouse in 1939, the old building was neglected. Throughout the early 1940s, Eva Whitaker Davis, founder of the Vicksburg and Warren County Historical Society, conducted a letter-writing campaign and other public efforts to preserve the old courthouse. With the approval of the county board of supervisors, supervised prison inmates helped Davis clean and repair the building for use as a museum. On June 3, 1948, the building was reopened as The Old Courthouse Museum.
# Pygaera

Pygaera is a monotypic moth genus of the family Notodontidae erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1810. Its only species, Pygaera timon, was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1803. It is found in northern and central Europe, through eastern Asia up to Ussuri and Japan.
The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The moth flies from May to July depending on the location.
The larvae feed on Populus tremula, Populus alba and Populus nigra.

## Former species

* Pygaera voeltzkowi Aurivilius, 1909 is now placed in the genus Clostera.
# Charles Okpaleke

Charles Okpaleke, OON // (born 14 March 1983) is a Nigerian film producer. His debut film, Living In Bondage: Breaking Free won seven awards at the Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2020, including the Best Movie (West Africa) and Best Overall Movie categories. He has also acquired the rights to remake Nollywood classics including Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent and Glamour Girls.

## Early life

Okpaleke was born to Julian Chukwuemeka Okpaleke, an Assistant Inspector General of the Nigerian Police and Florence Ngozi Okpaleke, an attorney. Okpaleke attended Kings College Lagos and the University of Nigeria where he obtained a bachelor’s degree in 2005. He obtained a master's degree in Health Economics and Health Policy from the University of Birmingham in 2007.

## Career

In 2015, Charles Okpaleke acquired the rights to Living in Bondage from Kenneth Nnebue for a remake. In 2018, it was made public that the film will be a sequel instead of a remake and titled Living in Bondage: Breaking Free. Principal photography of Living in Bondage: Breaking Free took place on location in Lagos, Owerri and Durban. As the effects of corona virus pandemic bit harder in Nollywood, Charles Okpaleke introduced drive-in cinemas in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. He did this in collaboration with Silverbird Group and Genesis Cinemas. Okpaleke has also acquired the rights to remake three other Nollywood classics, Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent and Glamour Girls through his Play Network Africa company.

## Award

President Mohammadu Buhari on May 28, 2023, approved the conferment of the 2023 special national awards on 340 Nigerians. Charles Okpaleke was honoured for his outstanding contributions to the fields of drama and music alongside David Adeleke (Davido) and Kunle Afolanya among others. The trio were bestowed with the Officer of the Order of Niger (OON) award.
# Bukonys Eldership

Bukonys Eldership (Lithuanian: Bukonių seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in a north eastern part of Jonava District Municipality. As of 2020, administrative centre and largest settlement within eldership was Bukonys.

## Geography

* Rivers: Lankesa, Srautas;
* Lakes and ponds: Mimainiai lake, Biržuliai lake, Žeimelis lake;
* Forests: Siesikai forest;

## Populated places

Following settlements are located in the Bukonys Eldership (as for 2011 census):
* Villages: Baravykai, Biržuliai, Bukonys, Dovydonys, Dukuvka, Gaižūnai, Garniškiai, Gečiai, Juodžiai, Kačėnai, Karaliūnai, Kaupinai, Knipai, Liepiai, Liutkūnai, Mačioniai, Madlinava, Mimainiai, Narauninkiškiai, Pasraučiai, Petrašiūnai, Ražuotinė, Rudėnai, Rukuižiai, Šapova, Šiliūnai, Širviai, Vaiškoniai, Vaivadiškiai, Žeimeliai, Žvėrynas

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2001 | 1,769 | — |
| 2011 | 1,565 | −1.22% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2021 | 1,194 | −2.67% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 20112021 :

## Elections
### 2023 municipality elections

| Political party | Municipality elections | Municipality elections |
| Political party | Votes | % |
| Social Democratic Party of Lithuania | 235 | 58.31% |
| Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union | 61 | 15.14% |
| Labour Party | 30 | 7.44% |
| Political committee Our Jonava | 19 | 4.71% |
| Liberals' Movement | 18 | 4.47% |
| Homeland Union | 15 | 3.72% |
| Union of Democrats "For Lithuania" | 13 | 3.23% |
| Lithuanian Regions Party | 8 | 1.99% |
| Freedom Party (Lithuania) | 4 | 0.99% |
| Total registered voters: 1,084 | | Turnout: 37.18% |
# Olav Steinnes

Olav Martinius Knutsen Steinnes (9 January 1886 – 26 June 1961) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Labour Party and Nasjonal Samling.
He was born at Steinnes in Ørsta Municipality as a son of farmers Knut Olai Olavsen Steinnes (1856–1935) and Berte Sporstøyl (1860–1924). After some years as a laborer he attended Møre Folk High School and then Volda Teachers' College from 1907 to 1910. He worked as a teacher in Vikna Municipality from 1910 to 1912, then in Rjukan. In 1920 he was promoted to school headmaster, still in Rjukan. He remained here until 1935, when he was appointed as school director in the Dioceses of Agder and Stavanger.
He was a member of the executive committee of the municipal council of Tinn Municipality from 1916 to 1925. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1921, representing the constituency of Telemark. He was re-elected in 1924, 1927, 1930 and 1933, with his last term ending in 1936. In January 1928 he was appointed as Minister of Education and Church Affairs in Hornsrud's Cabinet. Hornsrud's Cabinet only lasted until February. While Steinnes was a Minister, his parliamentary seat was filled by Eileif Kolsrud.
During the German occupation of Norway he joined the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling. He claimed to have joined the party to stay in the school director job and counteract Nazification of the school system. He probably did so only when his own position was not at stake. Other than his job, he was preoccupied with nuclear physics as a hobby. After the war, he claimed to have made several great inventions in the preceding years. In a letter to Kaare Fostervoll in the autumn of 1945, he said that his "series of inventions" would "bring honor and benefit to me and my country. They are—after my calculations—the most important discoveries ever made in history by a single man".
On 1 February 1947, during the legal purge in Norway after World War II he was convicted of treason and sentenced to six months in prison and loss of his job.
# Vasil Zlatarski

Vasil Nikolov Zlatarski (Bulgarian: Васил Николов Златарски; 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1866 – 15 December 1935) was a Bulgarian historian-medievalist, archaeologist, and epigraphist.

## Life

Vasil Zlatarski was born in Veliko Tarnovo in 1866, the youngest child of the teacher Nikola Zlatarcheto (from his home-town Zlataritsa, near Tarnovo) who was a prominent activist in the educational movement and the religious and national struggle in the Tarnovo region before the Liberation. Zlatarski obtained his education in Veliko Tarnovo (until 3rd grade) and in the Peter and Paul Seminary at Liaskovets, near Tarnovo where he was preparing for priesthood. After the early death of his father, he went to his brother in Russia, where in 1887 he graduated the First Classical Lyceum in St. Petersburg. Studied History at the University of St. Petersburg in 1891 and as a post-graduate in Berlin in 1893–1895. Then he returned to Bulgaria and became a secondary school teacher in Sofia and Lecturer in the Higher School (now the Sofia University). He was promoted to the rank of full professor in 1906. Between 1926 and his death Zlatarski was vice-president of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Zlatarski was an historical objectivist, close to the positivist school. He contributed significantly to the development of Bulgarian historical science by becoming the first professor of history at the Sofia University who conducted original research and by creating the field of Bulgarian medieval history proper, within the parameters in which it still exists today. Between his first appointment at the university in 1893 and his death in 1935 he worked on his monumental History of the Bulgarian State in the Middle ages - a comprehensive study of the political history of the medieval Bulgarian state with long discussions of cultural and religious problems and meticulous analysis of broad source evidence. Zlatarski popularised historical research in the country and established contacts with major Russian and Western medievalists and Byzantinists such as A. A. Vasiliev or Henri Grégoire. He was the chairman of the Fourth International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Sofia, 1934.

## Selected works

* V. N. Zlatarski (1925). "The Making of the Bulgarian Nation". The Slavonic Review. 4 (11): 362–83. JSTOR 4201968. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
* V. N. Zlatarski; N. B. Jopson (1926). "The Making of the Bulgarian Nation (II)". The Slavonic Review. 4 (12): 629–44. JSTOR 4201998. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
# Mezhlauk

Mezhlauk (Russian: Межлаук) is a Russified form of the Latvian language surname Mežlauks (from mežs – 'forest' and lauks – 'field'). Individuals with the surname include:
* Valery Mezhlauk (1893–1938), Soviet government official
* Ivan Mezhlauk (1891–1938), Soviet government official
* Martin Mezhlauk [ru] (1895–1918), Soviet government official
# Charles Sherrard

Charles William Sherrard, RE (25 December 1848 – 1938) was a British Army officer and rugby union international who represented England from 1871 to 1872. Additionally, along with Lieutenant Charles Arthur Crompton RE, he was the first member of the armed forces to represent their national side.

## Early life

Charles Sherrard was born on 25 December 1848 in London, the son of James Corry Sherrard, Esq. of Reigate. He attended Rugby School, and was a member of Hutchinson House, leaving in 1865.

## Rugby union career

Sherrard played for Blackheath F.C., an open membership club originally set up for the old boys of Blackheath Proprietary School, which by the time Sherrard was playing was dominated by old boys from Rugby School, amongst whom was counted Sherrard himself. He was selected for the very first international in 1871, alongside his club captain Frederick Stokes and fellow Royal Engineer Charles Crompton. He made his international debut on 27 March 1871 at Edinburgh in the Scotland and England match. Scotland won that match but Sherrard was also involved in the return match on 5 February 1872 at The Oval which England won.

## Army service

Sherrard was gazetted as lieutenant to the Royal Engineers in 1870 rising to the rank of captain in 1882, through to major in 1888, lieutenant-colonel in 1895 and finally colonel by 1899. He also served as the Instructor in Fortifications, at the Royal School of Military Engineering, in Chatham from 1882 to 1888. He served in the South African War, in 1879 and was decorated with the Medal with Clasp for that campaign. In 1901 he was commanding the Chatham Sub-District and was a member of the United Service Club. After a period on half-pay, he retired from the army on 16 July 1902.

## Family and later life

Sherrard married Clara Maud Brooke, with whom he had six children. Clara died in 1919. He married Elizabeth Ballantyne in 1922, at the age of 73. He died in Beckenham (Bromley), aged 89, in 1938.
# Kenny Sinclair

Kenny Sinclair (born 28 July 1975 in Irvine, Scotland) is a former Scottish international Sevens rugby union player who played for Glasgow Warriors at the Scrum-half position.
Taking up rugby union at Marr College, Sinclair then progressed to play for Marr RFC before moving to play for Kilmarnock RFC in 1995. In 1999, he joined Glasgow Hawks and played there for 3 seasons.
He played for Glasgow District.
He was called up to Glasgow Warriors late in season 2000-01, coming on for Barry Irving in the 48th minute against Swansea RFC in Glasgow's final Welsh-Scottish League match of the season. He was still a Hawks player. After playing for the Warriors, Sinclair went back to playing for the Hawks.
He was capped for Scotland A in 2002 against Ireland Wolfhounds. He was also capped for the Scotland 7s side the same year, at Manchester's Commonwealth Games.
Sinclair is an electrician to trade and currently works in Edinburgh.