OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NAC Air

NAC Air was a Canadian regional airline that began operations in 2000. Its main base was at the Thunder Bay International Airport. NAC Air was a 100% First Nations-owned company, owned by the communities of Eabametoong (Fort Hope), Neskantaga (Lansdowne House), Webequie, Sachigo Lake, and Sandy Lake
NAC Air ceased operations indefinitely in early 2008 due to financial difficulties.

## History

North American Charters (NAC) was established in 2000 to provide cheaper and more frequent airline services to First Nations communities in Northwestern Ontario. NAC's airfares were 40-50% lower than its competitors' existing fares and it also offered daily services with the possibility of same-day returns for business travellers. It commenced services with two Piper PA31-350 Chieftains and quickly added a Fairchild SA226-TC Metro II as well. The two Chieftains were soon replaced by the first Pilatus PC-12s and the Metro was also retired at the end of 2001. NAC grew steadily, evolving from the early two aircraft operation serving four communities to an eleven aircraft operation connecting Sioux Lookout, Ontario; Winnipeg; Thunder Bay; Red Lake, Ontario; Thompson, Manitoba and 21 First Nations communities. In 2006 NAC changed its name to NAC Air, this coincided with the company moving into a new three-storey office and hangar complex at the Thunder Bay International Airport. In 2007 a base was opened in Winnipeg, Manitoba, it serviced 2 aircraft which flew out of Winnipeg and 1 which flew out of Thompson, Manitoba.
On 13 January 2008 NAC Air ceased operations indefinitely due to financial difficulties, they claim, stemmed from a lawsuit with rival Wasaya Airways. The shut down forced 150 employees off the job.

## Service Communities

* Brochet
* Bearskin Lake
* Big Trout Lake
* Deer Lake
* Fort Hope
* Gods Lake Narrows
* Gods River
* Kasabonika
* Lac Brochet
* Muskrat Dam
* Neskantaga
* Norway House
* Oxford House
* Pikangikum
* Red Lake
* Round Lake
* Sachigo Lake
* Sandy Lake
* Shamattawa
* Sioux Lookout
* Summer Beaver
* Tadoule Lake
* Thompson
* Thunder Bay
* Webequie
* Winnipeg

## Fleet

As of November 2007, NAC Air had a fleet of 11 aircraft.
* 2 Beechcraft 100 King Air
* 1 Beechcraft A100 King Air
* 8 Pilatus PC-12/45
# Antoinette Gauthier

Antoinette Gauthier (born 8 March 1955) is a Haitian sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Apple Newton-Smith

Apple Newton-Smith is a Canadian judge and former criminal defense lawyer. She was called to the bar in 1999. Newton-Smith was appointed as a provincial court judge effective March 13, 2019. She was appointed a judge of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice on May 1, 2024.
# Galan

Galan may refer to:

## People

* Galan Erilich, Pictish king of the 5th or 6th century
* Alberto Galán (1901–1977), Spanish-born Mexican film actor
* Alfredo Galán, Spanish serial killer
* Álvaro Galán Floria, boccia player from Spain
* Ana Galán, Spanish writer
* Augie Galan, American baseball player
* Borja Galán (born 1993), Spanish footballer
* Cachita Galán (1943–2004), Argentine singer
* Carlos F. Galán, Spanish-born lieutenant for the Mexican Army, lawyer, founder of La Baja California
* Carlos Walter Galán Barry, auxiliary bishop of Morón and archbishop of La Plata
* Cristóbal Galán, Spanish composer
* Daniel Elahi Galán (born 1996), Colombian tennis player
* Demetrio Galán Bergua, Spanish physician, humanist and journalist
* Enrique Galán, Spanish footballer
* Ernesto Galán, Spanish footballer
* Fermín Galán, Spanish soldier
* Francisco Galán, Spanish military officer
* Giancarlo Galan, Italian politician and Governor of the Veneto region
* Gilda Galán, Puerto Rican actress
* Gillian Galan, French rugby union player
* Javier "Javi" Galán Gil (born 1994), Spanish footballer
* Joaquín and Lucía Galán, Argentine duo better known as Pimpinela
* Jorge E. Galán, Argentine biologist
* Jorge Galán, Spanish footballer
* José Antonio Galán, Colombian historical figure
* José Ignacio Sánchez Galán, Spanish businessman
* José María Gabriel y Galán, Spanish poet
* José María Galán, Spanish military officer
* José María Garza Galán, Mexican politician
* José Galán, Spanish footballer
* Juana Galán, Spanish guerrilla fighter
* Juan Eslava Galán, Spanish writer
* Juan Manuel Galán Pachón, Colombian politician
* Julio Galán, Mexican artist
* Lucas Ramírez Galán O.F.M. (1714–1774), Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop
* Luis Carlos Galán, Colombian politician murdered in 1989
* Magda De Galan, Belgian politician
* Nely Galán, Cuban entrepreneur
* Pacho Galan, Colombian composer
* Pedro Cerezo Galán, Spanish philosopher and university professor.
* Pedro José Lorenzo Galán, Spanish footballer
* Romeo Galán, Argentine sprinter
* Sebastián Galán, Uruguayan footballer
* Tommy Galán, Dominican politician

## Places

* Galán, a caldera in Catamarca Province, Argentina
* Galan, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées département, in southwestern France
* Galán, Santander a municipality and town in Colombia
* Galan, Kurdistan, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
* Galan, Mazandaran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
* Garza Galán, a city in Coahuila, Mexican
* Kelileh Galan, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran

## Other uses

* Galan (grape), an alternative name of the Bulgarian wine grape Dimiat
* Arthur Galan AG, a fashion brand
* Luis Carlos Galán Velodrome, in Bogotá, Colombia
* Galactus, a cosmic entity in Marvel Comics whose name was once Galan
# 1982 Florence Open

The 1982 Florence Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Florence, Italy that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and was played from 10 May until 16 May 1982. Second-seeded Vitas Gerulaitis won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Vitas Gerulaitis defeated Stefan Simonsson 4–6, 6–3, 6–1
* It was Gerulaitis' 2nd singles title of the year and the 21st of his career.

### Doubles

Paolo Bertolucci / Adriano Panatta defeated Tony Giammalva / Sammy Giammalva 7–6, 6–1
# Armillaria altimontana

Armillaria altimontana is a species of agaric fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. The species, found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, was officially described as new to science in 2012. It was previously known as North American biological species (NABS) X. It grows in high-elevation mesic habitats in dry coniferous forests. This species has been found on hardwoods and conifers and is associated most commonly with fir-dominated forest types in southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and northern California.
A. Altimontana competes directly with A. solidipes, and evidence suggests it's beneficial and can increase tree survival.
# Phìn Hồ, Điện Biên

Phìn Hồ is a commune (xã) and village of the Nậm Pồ District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam. The commune covers an area of 114.3 square kilometres and has a reported population of 2544 inhabitants in 2005.
# Neville Gertze

Neville Melvin Gertze (born August 5, 1966, in Windhoek ) is a Namibian diplomat who was, among other things, Ambassador of the Republic of Namibia to Germany and has been permanent representative and ambassador to the United Nations in New York City since 2017.
In 1990 he was the first advisor for Asia and the Pacific, and then between 1991 and 1995, First Secretary at the Embassy in the United States. [2] Upon his return, he was from 1995 to 1997 Personal assistant to Foreign Minister Theo-Ben Gurirab, and subsequently, between 1997 and 2003, Counselor and head of the commercial department at the embassy in South Africa.
He then acted as High Commissioner in Malaysia from 2003 to 2008, based in Kuala Lumpur, and was also accredited as Ambassador to the Philippines and Thailand. On 13 January 2009, he was ambassador to Germany and remained there until 2015. Since May 29, 2009, he was also ambassador to the Holy See and ambassador to Poland and Turkey accredited. On his return, he was Chief of Protocol at the Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation between 2015 and 2017.
In 2017 he was appointed Permanent Representative and Ambassador to the United Nations in New York City and presented his letter of accreditation to UN Secretary-General António Guterres on January 9, 2017.
Gertze is married and has two children.
# 600s

600s may refer to:
* The period from 600 to 699, almost synonymous with the 7th century (601–700).
* The period from 600 to 609, known as the 600s (decade), almost synonymous with the 61st decade (601–610).
# Julius Waring Walker Jr.

Julius Waring Walker Jr. (February 21, 1927 – December 5, 2003) was an American diplomat and United States Ambassador to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1981 to 1984.

## Biography

Walker was born February 21, 1927, in Plainview, Texas. He was employed in Texas in the private industry, serving successively as assistant manager of a grocery store, claims adjuster of an insurance company, newspaper reporter, and television announcer from 1950 to 1956. In 1950, he received his B.F.A. from the University of Texas and later on his M.S. in 1973 from George Washington University.
Walker entered the U.S. Foreign Service in 1956 as an information officer with the News Division in the State Department. From 1958 to 1961 he was a consular officer in Malta, and political officer in Burundi from 1961 to 1963. In the Department he was personnel officer in the Bureau of Personnel from 1963 to 1965 as well as international relations officer from 1965 to 1966. During 1966 to 1969, he was Deputy Chief of Mission in Chad and political officer in England from 1969 to 1972. He was associated with the National War College from 1972 to 1973. He became Director of the Office of African Regional Affairs in the State Department from 1973 to 1975, Director of the Office of Directorate for Transportation and Communication Agencies from 1975 to 76, and Director of the Office of International Conferences from 1976 to 1978. From 1978 to 1981 he was Deputy Chief of Mission in Liberia.
On June 27, 1981, Walker was nominated to be the United States Ambassador to Upper Volta by President Reagan. He remained at that post until July 5, 1984. He was married to his wife, Savannah Tunnell, and had three children. He died in 2003.
# Carbon-11-choline

Carbon-11 choline is the basis of medical imaging technologies. Because of its involvement in biologic processes, choline is related to diseases, leading to the development of medical imaging techniques to monitor its concentration. When radiolabeled with $^{11}$CH$_3$, choline is a useful a tracer in PET imaging. Carbon-11 is radioactive with a half-life of 20.38 minutes. By monitoring the gamma radiation resulting from the decay of carbon-11, the uptake, distribution, and retention of carbon-11 choline can be monitored.

## Specific applications

One of the first uses of carbon-11 choline in PET imaging examined Alzheimer's disease patients. Choline is the precursor to neurotransmitter acetylcholine whose cholinergic activity is impaired in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s. While there was uptake of the tracer in the brain, no pharmacokinetic pattern was found.
Carbon-11 choline has found more success in cancer systems imaging. Choline is a precursor for the synthesis of phospholipids. When a cell is about to divide, it synthesizes these phospholipids to generate enough material to build the cell membranes of the two daughter cells. Thus it was hypothesized that highly proliferative tumors would uptake more choline than the surrounding healthy tissue. This was first tested in brain tumors after successful demonstration of choline uptake in the brain. It was found that these brain tumors had over 10x the uptake of carbon-11 choline than the surrounding brain tissue. Furthermore, because of the low choline uptake in healthy brain tissue, carbon-11 choline was found to be a superior PET tracer than fluorine-18 Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) when delineating brain tumors. Carbon-11 choline has also been used to detect tumors in the colon and esophagus and lung metastases.
Prostate cancer is another disease where carbon-11 choline PET imaging has found success. As with the brain, there is too much signal from the surrounding tissue, especially the bladder, to accurately measure tumor uptake with fluorine-18 FDG. While it was shown carbon-11 choline could be used to detect the initiation of prostate cancer, its value was found in detecting prostate cancer recurrence when it is the most deadly. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved carbon-11 choline as an imaging agent to be used during a PET scan to detect recurrent prostate cancer.
# Carex jacens

Carex jacens is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to Japan and the Kuril Islands.
# Carob (hieroglyph)

Carob-Pod n(dj)m (nedjem) in hieroglyphs :
In Budge's compendium dictionary, there are fifteen entries with nedjem, and related words. Six of them are a doubling of the word, nedjemnedjem related to passion, concubines, etc.
# Galerie Huit

Galerie Huit was an art collective and gallery established by American artists in Paris in 1950. During the mid-twentieth century American artists traveled and lived in Paris to study and make art. Many of the male American artists were able to finance excursions to France because of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (the G.I. Bill). The city provided access to modern art as well as African art. Led by Haywood Rivers, American artists in Paris at that time united to create a cooperative gallery space to show their work.
The Galerie Huit was located at 8, rue St. Julien le Pauvre. It existed from 1950 through 1954 according to a catalogue for the Reina Sofia Museum, other sources state that exhibitions were held from 1950 through 1952.
Artists associated with the gallery include:
* Oscar Chelimsky [fr]
* Carmen D'Avino
* Sam Francis
* Sidney Geist
* Simon Hantaï
* Al Held
* Raymond Hendler
* Shirley Jaffe
* Herbert Katzman
* Paul F. Keene Jr.
* Jonah Kinigstein
* Jules Olitski
* George Earl Ortman
* Marianna Pineda
* Reginald Pollack
* Haywood Rivers
* Shinkichi Tajiri
* Harold Tovish
* Hugh Weiss [fr]
In 2002 the Studio 18 Gallery in New York City held an exhibition entitled Galerie Huit: American Artists in Paris 1950-1952 featuring Galerie Huit artists. In 2018 the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid, Spain held an exhibition entitled Lost, Loose and Loved: Foreign Artists in Paris 1944-1968 that featured several of the Galerie Huit artists.
# Casing hanger

In petroleum production, the casing hanger is that portion of a wellhead assembly which provides support for the casing string when it is lowered into the wellbore. It serves to ensure that the casing is properly located. When the casing string has been run into the wellbore it is hung off, or suspended, by a casing hanger, which rests on a landing shoulder inside the casing spool. Casing hangers must be designed to take the full weight of the casing, and provide a seal between the casing hanger and the spool.
Casing Hangers may also be suspended within the wellhead by means of radial distortion of the wellhead bore e.g. the "Pos-Grip" method.
This is installed to support the individual casing strings in the well. It is the landing base or the casing head. This is usually welded or screwed to the top of the surface casing string. The surface casing serves as a foundation pile for the well which transfers the hanging load to the earth. The casing head is prepared with a bowl into which the slips sit and chuck the casing in place. Most casing heads allow for the pressure readings to be taken on the annulus and provide the means to pump out or into if necessary. The top of the casing string and annulus is usually sealed.
The most common size of casing hanger is 13+3⁄8 in (340 mm) with over 155,000 such units installed worldwide in 2014 alone.
The contraction of the oilfield industry throughout 2015 meant that this figure was reduced somewhat to just under 120,000 units, of which 36,822 were "Pos-Grip" casing hangers.
Intermediate, or protective, casing may be one or more strings of casing. Protective casing is most frequently installed in a well because of the mud weight required to drill deeper in the well. Common sizes of intermediate strings range from 7 in (180 mm) to 10+3⁄4 in (270 mm) (or larger in deep wells). Each string is cemented in place. Obviously, if several strings of intermediate casing are required in a well, the diameter of the surface hole must be large enough to permit all of the necessary strings. Wells are planned from the bottom up. The purpose of the well determines the diameter of the bottom of the well. If the well is an exploratory wild cat offshore, the bottom of the well must be only large enough to accommodate a logging sonde. If the well is a very productive oil well, a 7 in (180 mm) production tubing might be installed in a larger diameter casing. Gas wells may only require a small 2+7⁄8 in (73 mm) tubing set in 4+3⁄4 in (120 mm) casing, so the hole might be relatively small. With rank wildcats in geological basins that have not been explored extensively, the first holes might be large enough to provide for a couple of contingency strings of casing.
# John Slattery (disambiguation)

John Slattery (born 1962) is an American actor and director.
John Slattery may also refer to:
* John Henry Slattery (died 1933), American politician from Colorado
* John P. Slattery (born 1958), American politician from Massachusetts
* John R. Slattery (1851–1926), co-founder of the Josephites, a Catholic religious community serving African Americans
* John Rodolph Slattery (1877–1932), general manager for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in New York City
* John Slattery, host of the radio show Gascony Show
* Jack Slattery (John Terrence Slattery, 1878–1949), American baseball player
* Jack Slattery (footballer) (born as Edward John Slattery in 1937), Australian rules footballer
# Imelda Molokomme

Imelda Mishodzi Molokomme (born 1942) is a feminist activist and community developer from Botswana, "well known for her active role in the gender agenda". Molokomme married at 17, and did not start her university degree until she was 42, and her daughter, Athaliah Molokomme, the country's Attorney General, was one of her lecturers.

## Early life

Imelda Mishodzi Molokomme was born in Botswana, but moved to Cape Town with her father when she was four years old. She returned to Botswana to be educated at secondary school in Mochudi, where she was the only girl in her class. Molokomme did not start a degree until she was 42 years old, and enrolled at the University of Botswana, where her daughter, Athaliah Molokomme, Botswana's Attorney General, was one of her lecturers.

## Career

In 2002, she was the co-author of the book Promoting an Integrated Approach to Combat Gender Based Violence: A Training Manual, published by the Commonwealth Secretariat, which is also available for free online.
In February 2007, Molokomme was voted in unopposed as the new president of Emang Basadi, by members of the Botswana women's organisation, with Diana Leagajang elected vice president, beating Rhoda Sekgoroane.
In 2014, she commented on the women's movement in Botswana, "It would seem women have given up and surrendered to the cause. Numbers were higher before and after the period when women returned from the World Conference on Women held in Beijing 1995".
Molokomme runs a consultancy company in Botswana which trains and coaches women in politics and unions.

## Personal life

Molokomme married at the age of 17. She is the mother of Botswana's first woman Attorney General, Athaliah Molokomme.

## Publications

* Promoting an Integrated Approach to Combat Gender Based Violence: A Training Manual (2002)
* The Phenomenal Woman's Empowerment Handbook Molokomme, I. M. (2006).
* Tautz, S., Jahn, A., Molokomme, I., & Görgen, R. (2000). Between fear and relief: how rural pregnant women experience foetal ultrasound in a Botswana district hospital. Social Science & Medicine, 50(5), 689-701.
* I am Tjibelu: Memoirs of an Inspired Life (2020)
# Jacques Carabain

Jacques François Joseph Carabain, or Jacob Frans Jozef Carabain (23 February 1834, Amsterdam – 2 January 1933, Schaerbeek) was a Dutch-Belgian painter, known primarily for his scenes of cities and buildings in the Romantic-Realist style. He was especially interested in Medieval and Baroque structures, and was often attracted to busy market places.

## Biography

He began his studies at the Amsterdamer Kunstakademie, where he initially painted landscapes and seascapes as well as cityscapes. His teachers there included Jacobus Schoemaker Doyer and Valentijn Bing. His first major showing was at the Exhibition of Living Masters in 1852. He lived in Amsterdam until 1856, when he travelled throughout Europe, then lived in Brussels for a short time before settling in Schaerbeek. It was there he began specializing in cityscapes and was influenced by François-Antoine Bossuet.
Eventually, he painted cities in Italy, Germany, France and Austria as well. He also exhibited at the Third (1873) and Fourth (1874) International Exhibitions in London.
In 1880, he became a Belgian citizen. In 1885, he travelled to New Zealand and Australia, where he exhibited at the Victorian Academy of Arts. After living in Melbourne for a time, he returned home in 1889.
From 1894 to 1897, he painted a series of 59 watercolors depicting the old areas of Brussels. This was the result of a commission from Mayor Charles Buls, who was concerned about the grandiose redevelopment plans being carried out by King Leopold II. In 2011, a major exhibition featuring these works was held at the Museum of the City of Brussels.
He held his last exhibition in 1907 and appears to have stopped painting. A few sources give that as his year of death, although he actually lived for twenty-six more years and died one month short of his 99th birthday.
Two of his children became artists; Victor (1863-1942), who also did cityscapes, and Emile, a still-life painter about whom little is known.
# Nodaway Township, Page County, Iowa

Nodaway Township is a township in Page County, Iowa. Clarinda, the seat of Page County, is located in Nodaway Township.

## History

Nodaway Township was established in 1858.
# Carex drepanorhyncha

Carex drepanorhyncha is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to South-Central China. It has a Chinese common name of 镰喙薹草, or lián huì tái cǎo, meaning sicklebill.

## Description

The rhizome is woody, rigid, and stoloniferous. The tufted culms are between 20 and 45 centimeters in height, and has dark brown sheaths at the base. The leaves are longer than the culms, 3 to 5 millimeters wide, and flat. The bracts are shortly bladed and have a height of between 8 and 15 millimeters long. There are 4 or 5 spikes, with terminal male spikes and lateral female spikes. The female glumes are red-brown in color and around 3.5 millimeters long. The utricles are yellow-green and longer than the glumes. The nutlets are pale brown and ovate.