OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Noisiel

Noisiel (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the French department of Seine-et-Marne, administrative region of Île-de-France. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, 20.5 km (12.7 mi) from the center of Paris.
The commune of Noisiel is part of the Val Maubuée sector, one of the four sectors in the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée.

## Demographics

Inhabitants of Noisiel are called Noisiéliens. The population of Noisiel increased sharply in the 1970s, and has since stabilised around 15,000 inhabitants. As of 1998, 8% of the population was Asian and certain parts of the commune had high Asian populations.

## Transportation

Noisiel is served by Noisiel station on Paris RER line .

## Menier chocolate

Noisiel is synonymous with the name "Menier", famous chocolate makers who built the first automated chocolate production facility in 1825 at a time when the village's inhabitants numbered around 200. The Menier company would prosper and in the 1870s built a complete "town" to accommodate its employees that numbered more than 2000 by the end of the 19th century.
Members of the Menier family were mayors of Noisiel without interruption from May 11, 1871, to November 8, 1959.
* Emile-Justin Menier (1871 to 1881)
* Henri Menier (1881 to 1913)
* Gaston Menier (1913 to 1933)
* Jacques Menier (1934 to 1945)
* Antoine Gilles Menier (1945 to 1959)
The Menier Chocolate factory operated until 1993 and today is a museum and the French head office of the Nestlé company who now own the company. It has been designated by the government of France as a Monument historique and is on the tentative list to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is open once a year to visitors during the Open Doors Days in September. The Noisiel heritage office also offers several guided tours for visitors wishing to discover Noisiel and its history.

## Education

Noisiel has five groupings of preschools and elementary schools: Allée-des-Bois, Allée des Chevreuils, Bois-de-la-Grange, Ferme-du-Buisson, Jules-Ferry / Maryse-Bastié, Les Noyers, and Les Tilleuls.
Noisiel has one junior high school, Collège du Luzard. There are other nearby junior high schools in Champs-sur-Marne, Emerainville, Lognes, and Torcy.
The commune has two senior high schools/sixth-form colleges:
* Lycée Gérard-de-Nerval
* Lycée René-Cassin
Other senior high/sixth-form establishments in surrounding communes:
* Lycée Émily-Brontë (Lognes)
* Lycée René-Descartes (Champs-sur-Marne)
* Lycée Arche-Guédon (Torcy)
* Lycée Jean-Moulin (Torcy)
# Richard John Charles Burke

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard John Charles Burke (5 May 1878 – 31 August 1960) was a British military officer and member of the Indian Political Service. He was British Resident in Mysore and Chief Commissioner of Coorg from 1930 to 1933.
# Julian Iantzi

Julian Iantzi Mitxelena is a Spanish TV presenter, mainly known for his works in the Basque Country television.

## Life

In the 1960s, Iantzi's parents, Ángel Iantzi and Txelo Mitxelena, emigrated from Lesaka to The United States, looking for a better lifestyle. They were there about 23 years, thirteen years grazing and other ten years in a farm.

## Media work

Later he returned to EITB to present new editions of El conquistador del fin del mundo. In that TV show, the contestants have to deal with the hard weather, to life conditions and to hard events. The aim of the reality is to bring the flag to the world's end lighthouse.
He would later return to Cuatro to present Billete a Brasil and, in 2015, to LaSexta to collaborate in Zapeando. In 2017, he returned to Antena 3 to present Contigo al fin del mundo. In 2021, he debuted in reality TV as a contestant in the sixth edition of the VIP format MasterChef Spain, where he remained for five weeks.
# Intruder in the Dust

Intruder in the Dust is a 1948 crime novel written by American author William Faulkner. Taking place in Mississippi, it revolves around an African-American farmer accused of murdering a Caucasian man.

## Overview

The novel focuses on Lucas Beauchamp, a black farmer accused of murdering a white man. He is exonerated through the efforts of black and white teenagers and a spinster from a long-established Southern family. It was written as Faulkner's response as a Southern writer to the racial problems facing the South.
Intruder in the Dust is notable for its use of stream of consciousness style of narration. The novel also includes lengthy passages on the Southern memory of the American Civil War, one of which Shelby Foote quoted in Ken Burns' 1990 documentary The Civil War.
The characters of Lucas Beauchamp and his wife, Molly, first appeared in Faulkner's collection of short fiction, Go Down, Moses. A story by Faulkner, "Lucas Beauchamp", was published in 1999.
The character Gavin Stevens appears as a protagonist in Faulkner's short story collection Knight's Gambit (1949).
Intruder in the Dust was turned into a film of the same name directed by Clarence Brown in 1949 after MGM paid film rights of $50,000 to Faulkner. The film was shot in Faulkner's home town of Oxford, Mississippi. In 1950, Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." The Nobel Prize was not specifically for his novel Intruder in the Dust but for the enduring contribution of his writing as a whole.

## Analysis

In her contemporary review of the novel, Eudora Welty noted its humor. Dayton Kohler's 1949 article noted the book's recognition of black Americans in the American south. John E. Bassett has commented that this novel represents a "serious attempt to explore contemporary Southern racism through Gavin and Chick." Jean E. Graham has discussed the contrasting rhetorical styles of Gavin and Chick throughout the course of the novel. Ticien Marie Sassoubre has examined the novel in the context of the social issues related to lynching in the American South, and then-recent American federal law with respect to black Americans.
D. Hutchinson has elucidated the unifying literary devices of the novel. Peter J. Rabinowitz analyzed Faulkner's use of the detective story in the context of the "discovery novel" as compared to Dostoyevsky.
# Richard Turner (MP for Bletchingley)

Richard Turner (fl. 1390s), was an English Member of Parliament (MP).
He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Bletchingley in 1393 and January 1397.
# Non-silicon robot

Non-silicon robots are robotic systems that include no traditional computers, integrated digital or analog solid state devices, or other solid-state electronic devices. The term non-silicon robot is often used to describe a robot that has some autonomous abilities.
As a simple example, a non-silicon mobile robot could consist of a platform base with drive wheels and steering system connected to a series of mechanical switches arranged around the exterior of the robot so that when the robot collides with an object the switches are triggered so that it reverses direction.
One of the most important areas of non-silicon robotics includes molecular and nano-scale machines.

## History

Any robotic system that was built before the advent of modern electronics could be considered a non-silicon robot. Automation has been a significant component of industry for over 150 years and pre-transistor control systems of the 1930s and 1940s were fairly sophisticated. These control methods are largely forgotten. Such systems use pneumatic, mechanical and electric control systems.
With some notable early exceptions (W. Grey Walter), in the modern era, non-silicon robots have been mainly confined to obscure research and purely teleoperated robots and have received relatively little attention. However, this is changing with the development of non-traditional computing technologies such as molecular computing (unconventional computing and non-silicon computing).

## Journals and conferences

* International Journal of Unconventional Computing
* Unconventional Computing
* From Utopian to Genuine Unconventional Computers
# Interstate 635

Interstate 635 may refer to:
* Interstate 635 (Kansas–Missouri), a connector highway between Interstate 35 in Overland Park, Kansas and Interstate 29 in Kansas City, Missouri, signed as the Harry Darby Memorial Highway
* Interstate 635 (Texas), a partial loop around Dallas, Texas also signed as the LBJ Freeway
# Noahdendron

Noadendron is a monotypic genus - i.e. a genus containing only one species - of plants in the witch-hazel family Hamamelidaceae. It is the third described of three monotypic Australian genera in this family, the others being Ostrearia and Neostrearia. It is most closely related to these genera, as well as Trichocladus (4 species) from southern Africa and Dicoryphe (13 species) from Madagascar, and together these five genera form a distinct clade within Hamamelidaceae.
The sole species in this genus is Noahdendron nicholasii, commonly known as noahdendron, was described in 1985 and is endemic to the rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia.

## Description

Noahdendron nicholasii is a small tree growing to about 10 m (33 ft) tall. The simple leaves are oblong to elliptic and measure up to 30 cm (12 in) long by 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. The stipules are large and leaf-like (foliose), about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, 1 cm (0.39 in) wide and ovate.
The inflorescence is terminal (i.e. it is produced from the very end of the branch) and it takes the form of a spike. It is about 7 cm (2.8 in) long, bearing numerous small sessile flowers. The calyces are brown, the petals are purple, pink or red and about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.
The fruit is a small, brown, 2-lobed, woody capsule, densely covered in fine brown hairs, each lobe containing a brown seed about 7 mm (0.28 in) long.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Swiss botanist Peter Karl Endress, working with the Australian botanists Bernard Hyland and John Geoffrey Tracey. Their description was based on material collected separately by Tracey and Hyland from Noah Creek near Cape Tribulation, and their work was published in the journal Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie in 1985.

### Etymology

The genus name Noahdendron is from the location where the plant grows, Noah Creek, combined with the Ancient Greek word δένδρον (dendron), meaning tree. The species epithet nicholasii is for John Nicholas, a local resident who was involved in the discovery of the plant.

## Distribution and habitat

Noahdendron is entirely restricted to a single catchment in the Daintree National Park. Noah Creek is about 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Cape Tribulation, and it is within this watershed that the species occurs. The altitudinal range of the plant is from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft), and the area of occupancy is just 7 km$^2$ (2.7 sq mi).

## Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Government's Department of Environment, Science and Innovation as endangered. As of 24 February 2024, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## Gallery

* Habit
* Foliose stipules
* Flower budding
* Inflorescence
* In flower
# Richardson baronets

There have been five baronetcies created for persons with the surname Richardson, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, one in the Baronetage of Ireland and three in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
The Richardson Baronetcy, of Pencaithland in the County of Haddington, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 13 November 1630. For more information on this creation, see Stewart-Richardson baronets.
The Richardson Baronetcy, of Augher in the County of Tyrone, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 30 August 1787. For more information on this creation, see Richardson-Bunbury baronets.
The Richardson Baronetcy, of Yellow Woods in the province of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 26 January 1924 for Sir Lewis Richardson. He was head of the firm of L. Richardson & Co, of Port Elizabeth, London, New York and Boston.
The Richardson Baronetcy, of Weybridge in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 26 July 1929 for the sports shooter and Conservative politician Philip Richardson. The title became extinct on the death of the third Baronet in 1981.
The Richardson Baronetcy, of Eccleshall in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 20 November 1963 for the prominent physician John Samuel Richardson. In 1979 he was created a life peer as Baron Richardson, of Lee in the County of Devon, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Both titles became extinct on his death in 2004.

## Richardson baronets, of Pencaithland (1630)

* see Stewart-Richardson baronets

## Richardson baronets, of Augher (1787)

* see Richardson-Bunbury baronets

## Richardson baronets, of Yellow Woods (1924)

* Sir Lewis Richardson, 1st Baronet (1873–1934)
* Sir Leslie Lewis Richardson, 2nd Baronet (1915–1985)
* Sir Anthony Lewis Richardson, 3rd Baronet (born 1950)
The heir apparent is the present holder's only son William Lewis Richardson (born 1992).

## Richardson baronets, of Weybridge (1929)

* Sir Philip Wigham Richardson, 1st Baronet (1865–1953)
* Sir William Wigham Richardson, 2nd Baronet (1893–1973)
* Sir George Wigham Richardson, 3rd Baronet (1895–1981)

## Richardson baronets, of Eccleshall (1963)

* Sir John Samuel Richardson, 1st Baronet (1910–2004) (created a life peer as Baron Richardson in 1979)
# Nordic Network for Music Education

The Nordic Network for Music Education (NNME) is a state-sponsored organization that supports professionalization of music teacher education across eight countries in Northern Europe. It includes the 18 institutions in the Nordic and Baltic states that award professional postgraduate (Master) degrees in the specialized field of music education.

## Network activities

Sponsored by the Nordplus program of the Nordic Council of Ministers, for over 20 years the NNME has annually offered an intensive joint Master course for ECTS credits, and supported 'mobility' exchange of music lecturers and Master students across the member institutions, enabling the sharing of research-based knowledge in this field. Founded by Torunn Bakken Hauge, since 2018 it is managed by David Hebert at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. NNME multi-year projects have focused on several themes over the years: democratic approaches, sustainability of music, universality of music, and digitization of heritage. The NNME has also produced a book, and various online resources related to musical heritage and music teaching in the Nordic-Baltic Eight nations.

## International collaboration

Notable keynote speakers for NNME intensive courses have included Alexandra Kertz-Welzel, Even Ruud, Sandra Trehub, Lucy Green, Thomas Adam Regelski, Randall Allsup, David J. Hargreaves, Marie McCarthy, Lauri Vakeva, Patrick Schmidt, Øyvind Varkøy, Catherine Grant, Bo-wah Leung, Emily Achieng’ Akuno, Juniper Hill, Mara Marnauza, Henrik Frisk, Stefan Östersjö, and Alex Ruthmann.
The NNME's institutional coordinators, across the eight Nordic and Baltic countries (Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), have included notable music education researchers such as Lars Brinck, Cecilia Ferm Almqvist, Goran Folkestad, Eva Georgii-Hemming, Helga Rut Guðmundsdóttir, Marja Heimonen, Geir Johansen, Harald Jorgensen, Kai Karma, Kristi Kiilu, Mara Marnauza, Frede V. Nielsen, Fredrik Pio, Heidi Partti, Eva Saether, Ulrik Volgsten, and Maria Westvall, to name a few.
# Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition

In organic chemistry, an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition is a Diels–Alder reaction in which the diene and the dienophile are both part of the same molecule. The reaction leads to the formation of the cyclohexene-like structure as usual for a Diels–Alder reaction, but as part of a more complex fused or bridged cyclic ring system. This reaction can gives rise to various natural derivatives of decalin.

## Reaction products

Because the two reacting groups are already attached, two basic modes of addition are possible in this reaction. Depending on whether the tether that links to the dienophile is attached to the end or the middle of the diene, fused or bridged polycyclic ring systems can be formed.
The tether than attaches the two reacting groups also affects the geometry of the reaction. As a result of its conformational and other structural restrictions, the exo vs endo results are usually not based on the simple (intermolecular) Diels–Alder reaction effects.

## Use in total synthesis

Intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been used in total synthesis. Through this reaction polycyclic compounds can be accessed with high stereoselectivity. The following potential drugs have been synthesized using the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction: salvinorin A, himbacine, and solanapyrone A.
# Investor Daily

Investor Daily (or Investor Daily Indonesia on its nameplate) is a daily business newspaper published in Jakarta, Indonesia. The paper is owned by B Universe.
Investor Daily was first published on 26 June 2001 as Investor Indonesia, with Adi Hidayat as the first editor-in-chief. The paper, which was owned by standalone company Investor Group, headed by former president director of TPI (now MNCTV) Tito Sulistio, was initially an evening newspaper; it took its name from its sister publication Investor magazine which was published earlier in 1998. In 2002, Lippo Group acquired Investor Group, its name then changed to the present name and turned into morning publication. Investor Group later provided the bases for Lippo Group's media business that would eventually become BeritaSatu Media Holdings in 2011, which later changed its name to B Universe in 2022 following the acquisition by former Minister of Trade, Nasdem Party politician and businessman Enggartiasto Lukita.
# Norfolk County

Norfolk County may refer to:
* Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States
* Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada
* Norfolk County, Virginia, (defunct)
* Norfolk, a county in England
* Norfolk, Virginia, an independent city and county-equivalent in Virginia, United States
* "Old" Norfolk County, Massachusetts Colony (extinct)
# Iowa Central Air Line Railroad

The Iowa Central Air Line Rail Road, also derisively known as the Calico Railroad, is a historic railroad that was planned to operate in Iowa.
The railroad was planned to operate from Lyons, Iowa to Council Bluffs, Iowa and was organized in 1853.
Iowa residents purchased stock and Iowa counties voted bonds to help build the road. Early in 1854 work on the track between Lyons and Iowa City was begun and progressed rapidly.
The funds, however, were inadequate and some were misappropriated. As a result, work was stopped in June and engineers, contractors and laborers, involving some 2,000 persons in all, were left without their pay and without work. The Iowa counties, however, were compelled to redeem their bonds.
The railroad company had a store at Lyons, and the goods (including a supply of calico) were distributed in partial payment to the workers; hence the nickname.
# Richard Robinson (actor)

Richard Robinson (died March 1648) was an actor in English Renaissance theatre and a member of Shakespeare's company the King's Men.

## Biography

Robinson started out as a boy player with the company; in 1611 he played the Lady in their production of The Second Maiden's Tragedy. He was cast in their production of Ben Jonson's Catiline in the same year, and in their Bonduca, c. 1613. He became a sharer in the King's Men in 1619, perhaps succeeding Richard Cowley; and he was cast in their revival of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi c. 1621. Robinson reportedly played the part of Wittipol in Jonson's The Devil is an Ass in 1616. In the printed text of that play (1631), Jonson praises Robinson's acting of female roles and calls him an "ingenious youth." Robinson played the role of Aesopus in the company's 1626 production of Massinger's The Roman Actor, and Count Orsinio in Lodowick Carlell's The Deserving Favourite (1629).
Robinson is included in the cast lists for the company's productions of Bonduca, The Double Marriage, A Wife for a Month, and The Wild Goose Chase, plays in the canon of John Fletcher and his collaborators.
According to the last will and testament of Nicholas Tooley, Robinson owed Tooley £29 13s. in 1623; Tooley forgave the debt in his will. Robinson married Winifred Burbage (d.1642), the widow of Richard Burbage. Together with Cuthbert Burbage, William Heminges, Joseph Taylor and John Lowin, Robinson and his wife, Winifred, filed a Bill of Complaint on 28 January 1632 in the Court of Requests against the owner of the Globe, Sir Matthew Brend, in order to obtain confirmation of an extension of the 31-year lease originally granted by Sir Matthew Brend's father, Nicholas Brend.
Robinson was one of the King's Men who signed the dedication of the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio in 1647.
Seventeenth-century sources, including James Wright's Historia Histrionica (1699), falsely report that Robinson was killed in the siege of Basing House in October 1645, during the English Civil War. Richard Robinson was probably confused with another actor with a similar name; there was more than one Robinson in Caroline era theatre —; though the actor in question was most likely comedian and fellow King's Man William Robbins. In fact, Richard Robinson was buried at St. Anne's Church, in Blackfriars, on 23 March 1648.
# Nonlinear distortion

Nonlinear distortion is a term used (in fields such as electronics, audio and telecommunications) to describe the phenomenon of a non-linear relationship between the "input" and "output" signals of - for example - an electronic device.

## Model

For many devices, a linear model is accurate only for small signal levels. For example, at 2 volts input, a typical audio amplifier might put out 20 V, meaning the linear gain is 10 V/V. For 3 V input, it might then output 30 V. However, the model implies that at 50 V input it would produce 500 V, which is not possible with most amplifiers.
Mathematically, the input-output relationship of many devices should be described by a polynomial or Taylor series, as shown below.
$v=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }a_{k}u^{k}$
For larger values of u, the higher order coefficients such as $a_{2}$ and $a_{3}$ come into play.

## Effects of nonlinearity

Nonlinearity can have several effects, which are unwanted in typical situations. The $a_{3}$ term for example would, when the input is a sine wave with frequency $\omega$, result in an extra sine wave at $3\omega$, as shown below.
$v=(a_{1}+{\frac {3}{4}}a_{3})sin(\omega t)-{\frac {1}{4}}a_{3}sin(3\omega t)$
In certain situations, this spurious signal can be filtered away because the "harmonic" $3\omega$ lies far outside the frequency range used, but in cable television, for example, third order distortion could cause a 200 MHz signal to interfere with the regular channel at 600 MHz.
Nonlinear distortion applied to a superposition of two signals at different frequencies causes the circuit to act as a frequency mixer, creating intermodulation distortion.