OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postage stamps and postal history of Tanzania

The story of the postage stamps and postal history of Tanzania begins with German East Africa, which was occupied by British forces during World War I. After the war, the territory came under British rule, was named Tanganyika and issued stamps under that name until after a union with Zanzibar in 1964.

## First stamps

The first issue of Tanzania proper was a set of four commemorative stamps marking the union, issued 7 July 1964. Inscribed "UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA & ZANZIBAR", two values depict a map of the coast from Tanga to Dar-es-Salaam along with Zanzibar and Pemba, while other two show hands holding a torch and spear.

## Later issues

The first definitive series inscribed Tanzania was issued 9 December 1965, and consisted of a set of 14 values ranging from 5 cents to 20 shillings, depicting a variety of scenes, symbols, and wildlife.
The stamps of Tanzania were also valid in Kenya and Uganda (until 1976), and so Tanzania did not typically issue its own commemoratives. A definitives series issued 9 December 1967 featured various fish, and series of 15 stamps from 3 December 1973 depicted butterflies. Four of these values were surcharged 17 November 1975.
In 1976 and 1977, Tanzania issued eight commemorative sets that shared design with the stamps of Kenya, and after that it issued its own designs.

## 85th birthday of the Queen Mother

In 1985, Clive Feigenbaum was the organiser of stamps of Tanzania to mark the 85th birthday of H.M. The Queen Mother. The stamps had to be reprinted when it emerged that the original designs were marked "85th Year of H.R.H. The Queen Mother" rather than "85th Birthday of H.M. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother". The stamps, printed by Holders Press, were eventually issued in corrected form on 30 September 1985 while the original printing was not issued in Tanzania. The British Crown Agents recommended that the original stamps be destroyed, however, they continue to be available on eBay and through stamp dealers. Holders Press went on to produce a number of further stamp issues for Tanzania.

## Recent stamps

Stamp-issuing policy was relatively restrained in the 1980s, with about 7-8 special issues each year, typically of four stamps each, and a definitive series of mammals in 1980, but by the end of the decade the postal administration had begun putting out large numbers of issues aimed solely at stamp collectors, with averages of over 100 types annually. Tanzania is a client of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation.
# Joint Integrated Air and Missile Defense Organization

The Joint Integrated Air and Missile Defense Organization (JIAMDO) supports the CJCS, through the Director Joint Staff J-8, in their responsibilities to coordinate development of air and missile defense capabilities. JIAMDO facilitates collaboration between Services, CCMDs, and agencies to identify existing and emerging capabilities and will foster innovation and integration through support to simulations, technology demonstrations, and RDT&E projects. JIAMDO's roles include:
* Representing Joint Force IAMD required capabilities and gaps within the requirements, acquisition, and PPBE processes
* Assessing IAMD capabilities through studies, simulations, technology demonstrations, and other test and evaluation programs
* Identifying and developing IAMD operational concepts and Joint requirements for system interoperability
# List of Antrim senior hurling team captains

This article lists players who have captained the Antrim county hurling team in the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship, the Ulster Senior Hurling Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

## List of captains

| Year | Player | Club | National titles | Provincial titles |
| 2006 | Karl McKeegan | Ruairí Óg Cushendall | Christy Ring Cup final winning captain | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2007 | Seán Delargy | Ruairí Óg Cushendall | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2008 | Paddy Richmond | Dunloy | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2009 | Neil McGarry | Loughgiel Shamrocks | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2010 | Paul Shields | Dunloy | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2011 | Eddie McCloskey | Loughgiel Shamrocks | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
| 2012 | Damien Quinn | Loughgiel Shamrocks | | Ulster Hurling Final winning captain |
* This Antrim hurling biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Khairwad

Khairwad is a village in Belgaum district in Karnataka, India.
# Pastetten

Pastetten is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany. It is a rural municipality in the south of the district. The town was founded about one thousand years ago along the road from Swabia to Erding.

## History

Pastetten is documented for the first time in 957 as "Poustetin" (late Povsteti), when Bishop Abraham of Vasallen and Earl Altuom exchanged real estate near Pastetten and Matzling. About 1483 the Count of Preysing received the castle and its judicial seat. The document refers to a tavern, and a smithy in the town. A tax description of 1671 names Hans Poegl as a market officer and states that the monasteries owned properties in Pastetten. The monastic properties were secularised in 1682.
The church dedicated to Saint Martin is a late Gothic brick building, established around 1400 in place of a far older and smaller church.
# Lanpher

Lanpher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Diane Lanpher (born 1955), American politician
* Edward G. Lanpher (born 1942), American diplomat
* Katherine Lanpher (born 1959), American writer, journalist, broadcaster, and podcaster
# Kehar Singh (physicist)

Kehar Singh (born 3 July 1941) is an Indian optical physicist and an emeritus fellow of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He is a former CLUSTER chair professor at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and a former professor of IIT Delhi. He has also served as an academic visitor at Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.
Known for his research on applied optics, Singh is an elected fellow of Optical Society of America, SPIE, Indian National Academy of Engineering, Laser and Spectroscopy Society of India and Optical Society of India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1985. He is also a recipient of the 2001 ICO Galileo Galilei Award of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.
* India portal
* Physics portal
# Power bandwidth

The power bandwidth of an amplifier is sometimes taken as the frequency range (or, rarely, the upper frequency limit) for which the rated power output of an amplifier can be maintained (without excessive distortion) to at least half of the full rated power. (Some specifications may mandate 100% of the rated power; sometimes referring to the full-power bandwidth.)
It should not be confused with "half-power" bandwidth, only used in conjunction with filter frequency response curves, where it refers to -3dB points in the frequency response of a band-pass filter.
Data sheets for operational amplifiers often use the term (full-)power bandwidth to indicate the highest frequency at which the achievable peak-to-peak output voltage swing is still equal to the DC output voltage range. This is also sometimes described as the slew-rate-limited bandwidth. The full-power bandwidth $BW$ is then related to the slew rate $SR$ in volts per second and the peak-to-peak voltage swing $V_{amp}$ by
    $BW={\frac {SR}{\pi ~V_{amp}}}$
where $BW$ is expressed in hertz. In data sheets for commonly available operational amplifiers, slew rate is usually given in volts per microsecond.

## Specifying power bandwidth

Power bandwidth may be specified as a frequency limit or shown in the form of a graph (e.g. as maximum available voltage swing versus frequency, often with power supply voltage as a parameter).
# Joint Intelligence Committee

The Joint Intelligence Committee is a nodal government agency in several countries, responsible for the internal and external security apparatus of the respective nations.
* Joint Intelligence Committee (India)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)
* National Committee for Intelligence Coordination (Bangladesh)
# Leon Goldstein

Leon M. Goldstein (died January 8, 1999) was a college administrator, President of Kingsborough Community College, and acting Chancellor of the City University of New York. The Leon M. Goldstein High School for the Sciences and the Leon M. Goldstein Performing Arts Center are both named in his honor.

## Early life and education

Goldstein was born in Borough Park, Brooklyn, to Jewish immigrants from Poland. He received his B.A. from City College of New York, and his M.A. from Brooklyn College.

## Career

Goldstein taught and was ultimately a professor of history, dean of faculty, and Vice President at New York City Community College from 1960 to 1971.
Goldstein was President of Kingsborough Community College from 1971 to 1999. In 1981 he was also Deputy Chancellor of the City University of New York.
Goldstein was acting Chancellor of the City University of New York from July 1982 to September 1982, during which time he took a leave of absence from his position as President of Kingsborough Community College. He also served as CUNY's Dean for Community Colleges. He was Vice President of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in 1994.
Goldstein died at his home in Manhattan on January 8, 1999, at the age of 66.
The Leon M. Goldstein High School for the Sciences in Brooklyn, New York, was named in his honor. The 743-seat Leon M. Goldstein Performing Arts Center at Kingsborough was also named in his honor.
# Platyomus

Platyomus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There are at least 40 described species in Platyomus.

## Species

These 46 species belong to the genus Platyomus:
* Platyomus agonista Germar, 1824$^{cg}$
* Platyomus angustifrons Voss, 1934$^{cg}$
* Platyomus atrosignatus Lucas, 1857$^{cg}$
* Platyomus auromaculatus (Voss, 1932)$^{cg}$
* Platyomus besckei Germar, 1824$^{cg}$
* Platyomus bruchi Hustache, 1926$^{cg}$
* Platyomus cauirostris Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus chrysopus Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus crassicornis Lucas, 1857$^{cg}$
* Platyomus dianae Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus duponti Boheman, 1833$^{cg}$
* Platyomus effusus Pascoe, 1880$^{cg}$
* Platyomus elegantulus Hustache, 1923$^{cg}$
* Platyomus eustaloides Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus eximius (Voss, 1932)$^{cg}$
* Platyomus fasciatus Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus flexicaulis (Schaffer, 1905)$^{cgb}$ (ebony broad-nosed weevil)
* Platyomus geminus Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus gratiosus Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus gyllenhali Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus humilis Erichson, 1847$^{cg}$
* Platyomus hystricosus Germar, 1824$^{cg}$
* Platyomus latacungae Kirsch, 1889$^{cg}$
* Platyomus macroscapus Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus marmomtus Marshall, 1922$^{cg}$
* Platyomus mollis Faust, 1890$^{cg}$
* Platyomus nigroguttatus Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
* Platyomus nodipennis Sahlberg, 1823$^{cg}$
* Platyomus ochraceus Hustache, 1938$^{cg}$
* Platyomus perlepidus Boheman, 1833$^{cg}$
* Platyomus piscatorius Germar, 1824$^{cg}$
* Platyomus planicollis Hustache, 1926$^{cg}$
* Platyomus prasinus Boheman, 1833$^{cg}$
* Platyomus sellatus Marshall, 1922$^{cg}$
* Platyomus septempunctatus Boheman, 1833$^{cg}$
* Platyomus signatus Rosenschoeld, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus silbermanni Rosenschoeld, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus squaminasus Champion, 1925$^{cg}$
* Platyomus transversesignatus Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus tripunctatus Kirsch, 1874$^{cg}$
* Platyomus undulatus Boheman, 1833$^{cg}$
* Platyomus vermiculatus Hustache, 1938$^{cg}$
* Platyomus viridis Voss, 1934$^{cg}$
* Platyomus wahlenbergi Boheman, 1840$^{cg}$
* Platyomus wellsi Rheinheimer, 2007$^{cg}$
* Platyomus zebra Champion, 1911$^{cg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Santiago Manuel de Alday y Aspée

Santiago Manuel de Alday y Aspée (1712, Concepción – 1789, Santiago) was a Chilean Roman Catholic priest. He served as Bishop of Santiago from 1755 to 1788. He is considered the most important bishops of Santiago during the eighteenth century.

## Moral diatribes

Alday is best remembered for his frequent polemics on moral issues, and campaigned against particular aspects of women's fashion at the time –such as short skirts reaching down to the calf of the leg or very short sleeves. He also opposed the opening of the theater in Santiago; he claimed that attending comedies there was a mortal sin. He also condemned the game known as palín or chueca, a form of field hockey of Mapuche origin, as well as the thick winter clothes worn by some clerics during cold weather, and the use of the sacramental bread by some people as a sealing wax on letters.
Alday, in a famous pastoral letter about women's fashions, ordered in 1782 that "...all women of whatever station or class extend the length of their clothes, employing round petticoats or half circle shaped skirts both inside and outside of their homes in a manner that reaches their ankles… and also, in the same manner, that women cover their arms up to the mid-point between the elbow and the wrist every time they leave the home or when they receive visitors at their home."

## Administrative work

In 1780, Alday revitalized the building program associated with the Cathedral of Santiago de Chile, placing the program in the hands of the architect Joaquín Toesca. Alday was also concerned with the building of new churches in South America, including the third church built in the Marian sanctuary of Andacollo as well as the completion and consecration of the principal church in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1760.
Alday founded new parishes as he traveled across his extensive diocese, visiting, for example, Copiapó and Cuyo. He founded San Lázaro (1775) in the suburbs of Santiago, and parishes in more distant areas, such as Paredones (1765), Combarbalá (1757), Pelarco (1787) and Renca (1764).
He organized a diocesan synod in 1763, hoping to enact clerical reforms and discuss the immoral customs of his flock.

## Theological work

He received a good education, receiving a doctorate in Law at the University of San Marcos de Lima. He possessed one of the largest libraries in Chile during the colonial era of 2,058 volumes, which today is conserved in the Museum of Carmen de Maipú. He wrote various treatises and participated in a discussion on Probabilism, in the synod of Lima of 1772, in which he opposed this philosophy. He was a major participant in this synod.

### Works

* Regla de la gloriosa virgen Santa Clara: según la observan las religiosas, que no son descalzas, aprobados por la santidad de Urbano IV (1773)
* Visitatio ad limina apostolorum Illmi. D. D. Emmanuelis de Alday Episcopi Chilensis, Catholicae Majestatis à Consiliis (1763)
* Synodo discesana (1763)
# Siege of Santa Maura

Siege of Santa Maura can refer to one of the following sieges of the fortress and island of Santa Maura (now Lefkada):
* Siege of Santa Maura (1684) by the Republic of Venice
* Siege of Santa Maura (1810) by the British
# Kauko Andersson

Kauko Kalervo Andersson (1 January 1913, Valkeala – 21 April 1979) was a Finnish electrician, civil servant and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1939 to 1948 and again for a short period from February to July 1951, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).
# Perry Point, Maryland

Perry Point is an unincorporated community in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. Perry Point is located on the east bank of the Susquehanna River south of Perryville and north of the river's mouth into the Chesapeake Bay.

## Notable people

* Frank Eugene Corder, American truck driver who flew a stolen airplane on the South Lawn of the White House and was killed on September 12, 1994
# Policordia pilula

Policordia pilula is a species of saltwater clams in the family Lyonsiellidae.

## Morphology

This species has about 30 radial hair like lines on the shell.

## Distribution

This species is recorded in China, Philippines and Japan.
# Power blackjack

Power blackjack is a variant of the card gambling game blackjack, modified by certain doubling and splitting rules, called "Power Double" and "Power Split," that are advantageous to the player, offset by the rule that, when the dealer makes a total of twenty two, any active player hands push rather than winning.

## Basic rules

The rules for the power blackjack game are based on the standard blackjack rules and involve common blackjack terms.

## Rules variations

The main variations are:
* 6 decks in shoe
* Dealer stands on soft 17
* Power double – (see explanation below)
* Power split – (see explanation below)
* Player's blackjack gets paid 3:2.
* Double down after a Split is allowed
* Dealer twenty two pushes against any active player hands (depends on casino rules)
* Surrender when dealer has an open Ace is not allowed (depends on casino rules)
* Insurance when dealer has an open Ace is not allowed (depends on casino rules)

### Power double

If the player's two-card total is nine, ten or eleven (in some casinos, only ten and eleven, and in some casinos soft 19 and 20 are included) and the player doubles, the player has the option of discarding the double-down card received and replacing it with top (unseen) card from the shoe. The player can not replace the second double card. This option increases the favorability of doubling opportunities. Thus, basic strategy for Power Blackjack includes more doubles than for regular blackjack. Furthermore, a player needs to learn the additional strategy of when to replace the first double-down card to take maximum advantage of this rule variation. This strategy will depend on the player's initial total, the card drawn, and the dealer's up card.

### Power split

If the player is initially dealt a fifteen or sixteen (in some casinos hard only), the player can split the two cards, even if they are different values. After a power-split, all regular double-down and split actions are allowed, but power-split and power-double options are no longer allowed.
# Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency

The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) was the organization directly responsible for Operation Paperclip, an OSS and Army CIC program for recruiting German scientists for U.S. government employment, primarily from 1945 to 1959. Many were former members and some were former leaders of the Nazi Party. The JIOA was established in 1945, as a subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces. The JIOA comprised one representative from each member agency of the JIC, and an operational staff of military intelligence officers from each military service.
The duties of the JIOA included: administrating the Operation Paperclip policies, compiling dossiers (more than 1,500) about Nazi and foreign scientists, engineers, and technicians, and being the liaison to British Intelligence officers executing similar scientific intelligence projects. It also collected, declassified, and distributed reports about German scientific, technical, and industrial intelligence, and the reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). Moreover, when the CIOS was disbanded, the JIOA assumed much of its work.
The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was disbanded in 1962, after seventeen years of service; most of its Nazi scientist dossiers were transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Among the Paperclip dossiers were those of Magnus von Braun (JIOA dossier RG 330, INSCOM dossier C3001437), Georg Rickhey, Arthur Rudolph, and Walter Schreiber. Yet, the Wernher von Braun dossier is unavailable to the public, because it was excluded from the JIOA documents transferred to the NARA, to wit: "Not included among the dossiers is one for rocket scientist Wernher von Braun. It was never transferred to NARA."
# Legionella dumoffii

Legionella dumoffii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella with a monopolar flagellum which was isolated from lung tissue of a patient who suffered from fatal pneumonia. L. dumoffii occurs in soil and freshwater environments and can cause human pneumonia and accidentally induce other diseases such as prosthetic valve endocarditis and septic arthritis.
# Planet FunFun

Planet FunFun was an indoor amusement park located in Kerava, Finland. Originally the park was called Fanfaari but soon after the opening, new owners took over and renamed the park Planet FunFun. Among others, the Hollywood director Renny Harlin was one of the new owners. The new name came partly as a pun from the old name (Fanfaari pronounced in Finnish sounds similar as FunFun in English), but partly it was influenced by the other business ventures of the new owners, especially Harlin's. At the time, Harlin was running a Planet Hollywood restaurant in Helsinki, so naming the amusement park Planet FunFun was also influenced by the name of the restaurant.
After few years of operation, it was clear to the new owners that Planet FunFun was not going to be commercially successful. This happened despite the fact that Harlin was one of the most followed Finnish celebrities at the time, and he brought many "Hollywood things" to the park, such as film props from his films.
In addition, he and producer Markus Selin started the Finnish version of the television show American Gladiators, called Gladiaattorit, which was shot in Planet FunFun. All of these efforts were short-lived and didn't do much to attract people to the park. So in 1995 the park was closed for good and the rides were sold other parks. The Planet Hollywood restaurant was also closed and the Gladiaattorit television show was cancelled, both around the same time that Planet FunFun closed.
Today not much remains of the Planet FunFun, except for the rides which were sold and relocated. Planet FunFun's only roller coaster is now in Fort Fun Abenteuerland, Germany and its new name is Devil's Mine. Many people still recognize the name "Planet FunFun" and remember it having been a park run by Renny Harlin - the original park name Fanfaari and previous ownership is not as well remembered, because of Harlin's "celebrity gossip" influence.
The building that housed the park was an old Nokia rubber factory building that was renovated to amusement purposes. The building is known today as Klondyke-house. After the park was closed, the building was once again suited for new purposes. Today it houses Kerava Art Museum, and parts of the building are used as restaurant space, floorball arena, conference and exhibition space, etc.
# Santiago Maior

Santiago Maior may refer to the following places:
* Cape Verde:
** Santiago Maior (Santa Cruz), a parish of the municipality of Santa Cruz, Cape Verde
* Portugal:
** Santiago Maior (Alandroal), a parish in the municipality of Alandroal
** Santiago Maior (Beja), a former parish in the municipality of Beja
** Santiago Maior (Castelo de Vide), a parish in the municipality of Castelo de Vide