OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1756 in science

The year 1756 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Chemistry

* Joseph Black describes how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them.
* Scottish physician Francis Home publishes Experiments on Bleaching in Edinburgh.
* Mikhail Lomonosov disproves the phlogiston theory of combustion and pioneers the study of oxidation by converting tin to stannic oxide.

## History of science

* Thomas Birch begins publication of The History of the Royal Society of London.

## Technology

* John Smeaton produces the first high-quality cement using hydraulic lime since Roman times for construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (completed 1759, following burning down of the second in 1755).
* The recipe for mayonnaise (originally "salsa mahonesa" or "maonesa") is probably brought back to France by his chef after Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu's military success on Menorca.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: Not awarded

## Births

* June 4 – Jean-Antoine Chaptal, French chemist who names nitrogen in 1790 (died 1832)
* September 21 – John Loudon McAdam, Scottish highway engineer (died 1836)
* November 30 – Ernst Chladni, German physicist (died 1827)
* December 26 – Bernard-Germain-Étienne de La Ville-sur-Illon, French naturalist (died 1825)
* David Friesenhausen, German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer (died 1828)

## Deaths

* February 22 – Pehr Löfling, Swedish Linnean botanist, (born 1729)
* April 16
** Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (born 1677)
** Andrew Plummer, Scottish physician and chemist (born 1697)
# 1756 in music
## Events

* Christoph Willibald Gluck is knighted by Pope Benedict XIV
* Johann Christian Bach settles in Italy.

## Published Popular Music

* Mme Papavoine – Vous fuyez sans vouloir m'entendre (Paris)

## Classical music

* Johann Friedrich Agricola – 6 Canzonette
* Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
** La Bergius, H.90
** La Borchward, H.79
** La Gleim, H.89
** La Pott, H.80
** La Prinzette, H.91
* Anna Bon – 6 Flute Sonatas, Op. 1
* Michel Corrette
** Troisième Livre d’Orgue
** 6 Organ Concertos, Op. 26
* Baldassare Galuppi – 6 Harpsichord Sonatas, Op. 1
* Joseph Haydn – Keyboard Concerto No. 1 in C, Hob. XVIII/1
* Marianus Königsperger – Præambulum cum fuga octavi toni
* Julien-Amable Mathieu – 6 Trios, Op. 2
* Leopold Mozart – Sinfonia di caccia
* Giuseppe Antonio Paganelli - Ariae pro organo et cembalo
* Giuseppe Sammartini – 8 Overtures in 7 Parts, Op. 10
* Elizabeth Turner – A Collection of Songs

## Opera

* Pasquale Cafaro – La disfatta di Dario
* Baldassare Galuppi – Idomeneo
* Pierre van Maldere – Le Déguisement pastorale
* Jean-Philippe Rameau – Zoroastre
* Antonio Sacchini – Fra Donato
* John Christopher Smith – The Tempest

## Publications

* Johann Friedrich Daube – General-Bass in drey Accorden
* Jacob Wilhelm Lustig – Samenspraaken over muzikaale Beginselen
* Leopold Mozart – Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule ("A Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Playing")
* Jean-Philippe Rameau – Suite des Erreurs sur la musique dans l'Encyclopédie

## Births

* January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (died 1791)
* February 9 - Karel Blažej Kopřiva, Czech composer (died 1785)
* March 21 – Augustus Frederic Christopher Kollmann, German composer (died 1829)
* March 24 – Franziska Lebrun, composer and vocalist (died 1791)
* May 7 – Thomas Linley the younger, English composer (died 1778)
* June 20 – Joseph Martin Kraus, German-born composer (died 1792)
* September 8 – Anton Teyber, composer and organist (died 1822)
* September 27 – Christoffer Christian Karsten, Swedish operatic tenor (died 1827)
* December 30 – Paul Wranitzky, Moravian-Austrian composer (died 1808)
* date unknown – Joséphine-Rosalie de Walckiers, Dutch-Austrian composer (died 1836)

## Deaths

* January 25 – Christian Vater, German organ and harpsichord builder (born 1679)
* April 10 – Giacomo Antonio Perti, Bolognese composer (born 1661)
* April 13 – Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, German keyboard virtuoso (born 1727)
* August 18 – Erdmann Neumeister, German hymnologist (born 1671)
* September 19 – Josef Antonín Sehling, Bohemian composter (born 1710)
* date unknown – Riccardo Broschi, Italian-born composer (born c. 1698)
# 1756 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Works published
### United Kingdom

* Isaac Bickerstaffe, Leucothoe, published anonymously
* Francies Brooke, Virginia: A tragedy, a drama that contains poems
* Richard Owen Cambridge, An Elegy Written in an Empty Assembly Room, a parody of Alexander Pope's Eloisa to Abelard
* Thomas Cole, The Arbour; or, The Rural Philosopher, published anonymously
* William Kenrick, Epistles to Lorenzo, published anonymously
* William Mason, Odes
* Edward Moore, Poems, Fables and Plays
* Christopher Pitt, Poems [...] Together with The Jordan, "By the celebrated translator of Virgil's Aeneid", according to the book
* Christopher Smart:
** Hymn to the Supreme Being
** Translator, The Works of Horace (see also Works of Horace, Translated into Verse 1767)
* Joseph Warton, An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope, Volume 1 (Volume 2 published in 1782), criticism

### English, Colonial America

* Jacob Duche, "Pennsylvania: A Poem", English, Colonial America
* Samuel Tilden, Tilden's Miscellaneous Poems, on Divers Occasions, Chiefly to Animate and Rouse the Soldiers, English, Colonial America, posthumously published

### Other

* Solomon Gessner, Switzerland, German-language:
** Idyllen, versions of the work eventually appeared in English, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and Czech (see also a second volume of Idyllen 1772)
** Inkel und Yanko, a reworked story borrowed from The Spectator (No. 11, March 13, 1711)
* Voltaire, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on the Lisbon Disaster"), on the 1755 Lisbon earthquake; 180 lines, composed in December, 1755; France

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* April – William Gifford (died 1826), English satiric poet and literary editor
* July 25 (probable year) – Elizabeth Hamilton (died 1816), Irish-born Scottish essayist, poet and novelist
* November 13 – Edward Rushton (died 1814), English poet, bookseller and abolitionist

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* March 26 – Gilbert West (born 1703), English poet
* c. April 1 – Stephen Duck (born 1705), English "thresher poet", by suicide
* Frehat Bat Avraham, Jewish Poet
# Jason Glass

Jason E. Glass is an American academic administrator serving as the associate vice president of teaching and learning at Western Michigan University since 2023. He was the commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Education from 2020 to 2023. Glass previously worked as the director of the Iowa Department of Education from 2010 to 2013 and superintendent of Jefferson County Public Schools in Colorado from 2017 to 2020.

## Life

Glass was raised in Brandenburg, Kentucky. He earned a B.A. (1994) in political science and history, M.A. (1996) in education, and a M.A. (2007) in political science from the University of Kentucky. In 2011, he earned a doctor of education in educational leadership from Seton Hall University. His dissertation was titled, The Influence of Teacher Motivation in the Context of Performance-Based Compensation.
Glass served as the vice president of quality ratings with Qualistar Early Learning. He held several posts with the Colorado Department of Education and worked as a university instructor and high school teacher in Kentucky. From 2007 to 2010, Glass was the director of human resources and director of research and assessment of the Eagle County, Colorado school district. He held positions within the Colorado Department of Education. He was later the senior director of human capital strategy at Battelle for Kids in 2010. Glass was the director of the Iowa Department of Education from 2010 to 2013 under governor Terry Branstad. From 2013 to 2017, he served as the superintendent of Eagle County Public Schools. In 2016, U.S. president Barack Obama nominated Glass to join the board of directors of the National Board for Education Sciences.
On July 1, 2017, Glass became the superintendent of Jefferson County Public Schools. He left the position in September 2020 to become the commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Education. He stepped down from the role on September 29, 2023, to become the associate vice president of teaching and learning Western Michigan University.
# Ken Paulson

Kenneth A. Paulson (born 1953) is the director of the Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University, former dean of MTSU's College of Media and Entertainment, and former editor-in-chief of USA Today.
Paulson is the founder and director of the "1 for All" campaign for the First Amendment He formerly hosted "The Songwriters," a television show MTSU created in partnership with the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Paulson edited Gannett Company newspapers in Wisconsin, New York, New Jersey, and Florida, which led to a personal connection with Gannett president Al Neuharth, founder of the Freedom Forum. Paulson later led the Freedom Forum's First Amendment Center and its Newseum.
He earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Missouri and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Illinois College of Law.
In 2018 Paulson testified before the United States House Committee on Education and Labor about how First Amendment rights were expressed on college campuses, saying he didn't "believe there’s an epidemic of suppression or intolerance in the nation’s universities." Instead, he said, most students were concerned about “paying for school, staying in school and making good enough grades to get a job when they leave.”
# Ken Patterson

Kenneth Brian Patterson (born July 8, 1964), is an American former professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball from 1988–1994. He taught private lessons in the Central Texas area from 1998–2004 before beginning his coaching career as a rookie league pitching coach for the Batavia Muckdogs of the Philadelphia Phillies organization in 2005. Patterson then coached the Arkansas Travelers, a Los Angeles of Anaheim affiliate, from 2006 to 2010. He won the Texas League Mike Coolbaugh Coach of the Year Award in 2009. Ken Patterson currently serves as a pitching coach for the McLennan Community College Highlanders in Waco, Texas, where he was a member of the 1983 NJCAA National Championship team.
# Javeed Alam

Javeed Alam (12 August 1943 – 5 December 2016) was an activist and thinker who served as Chairman of the Indian Council for Social Science Research from 2008 to 2011.

## Early life

Javeed Alam was born to Khadija and Alam Khundmiri in the erstwhile State of Hyderabad that was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad. His parents were leftist activists in Hyderabad and his family were deeply involved in the Telangana struggle of the peasantry. He completed his BA and MA degrees at Osmania University, getting a gold medal for standing first in the MA. He did his PhD at the Indian School of International Studies (ISIS), Delhi, and got his doctorate from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) since ISIS was merged with JNU.

## Activism and career

Alam, described as a Marxist, was associated with the CPI(M) since the 1970s. His teaching career at Delhi University’s Salwan College was terminated since he married Jayanti Guha, a Hindu. This led to a larger agitation that was backed by the Teachers' association and defended the secular character of the University. From 1973 to 1999 he taught at Himachal Pradesh University (HPU). He returned to Hyderabad in the late 1990s and taught at the English and Foreign Languages University from which he retired in 2005. He was Chairman of the Indian Council for Social Science Research from 2008 to 2011.

## Publications

* Dissent and Domination: Peasants and Politics (1985)
* India: Living With Modernity (1999)
* Who Wants Democracy? (2004)
* Gandhi: A Philosophical Debate (Special Issue of Social Scientist, May-June 2006).
# Javel

Javel may refer to:
* Javel, Paris, a neighborhood of Paris
* Javel–André Citroën, a station of the Paris Métro
* Gare de Javel, a train station in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, by the Pont Mirabeau
# Osbornia

Osbornia is a monotypic genus of mangrove in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. The sole species is Osbornia octodonta, commonly known as the myrtle mangrove, which inhabits coastal areas of Borneo, the Philippines, the Lesser Sunda Islands. the Northern Territory, Queensland, and northern Western Australia. It was first described in 1862 by Ferdinand von Mueller, based on material collected in Trinity Bay. who published the description in his tome Fragmenta Phytographiæ Australiæ. It is usually found on the landward side of mangrove forests.
# Kevin Caizley

Kevin Caizley (born 2 December 1968) was an English footballer who made 12 appearances in the Football League playing as a midfielder for Darlington. He started his football career on the books of Newcastle United signing as a schoolboy in 1984 before beginning his full-time professional career with them from 1985 to 1988. Without representing them in the football League, he represented them many times in the reserves and youth teams. He then signed for Darlington FC for the 1988–89 season. He then went on to play for North Perth Croatia, Western Australia in 1990. He went on to play non-league football for Newcastle Blue Star, Blyth Spartans and Hebburn Town. He started his academic studies at Gateshead College in 1994 before moving to the United States in 1995 to continue his studies. He continued his full-time studies from 1995 until 2001 when he graduated as a Doctor of Chiropractic in April 2001. He practiced privately until 2017, when he became a teacher at Kingwood Park High School. He has also coached competitive soccer in the US with Texas Heatwave, Eclipse, Albion Hurricanes, Kingwood Alliance and Challenge Soccer Clubs.
# Kerewe

Kerewe may refer to:
* Kerewe people
* Kerewe language
# Ruprechtia salicifolia

Ruprechtia salicifolia (native name viraró) is a timber tree native to South America. Its wood withstands decay and is good for making springboards and other articles.

## Description

A thicket-forming shrub or dioecious tree native to South America, it is a perennial phanerogamous or seed producing plant in the Polygonaceae family.
It grows to a height of about 4–6 m (exceptionally, 10 m). It has a somewhat tortuous trunk with visible lenticels and is highly branched. Its foliage is deciduous, with simple, alternating, lanceolate 9–16 cm long leaves and a shiny upper surface. It has small paniculate male flowers and racemoid female flowers. It begins to flower in spring. Its fruit is a chestnut-coloured, splined rhomboid achene. It fruits in summer — with a notable presence that covers the treetop — and ripens in autumn.
A detailed, open access description by Pendry is available online. Pendry says salicifolia is unmistakable in the Ruprechtia genus "because of its long, narrowly ovate leaves, which have the highest length:width ratio".

### Synonyms

Kew Plants of the World Online accepts these homotypic synonyms:
* Magonia salicifolia
* Triplans salicifolia.

## Common names

R. salicifolia is known locally as viraró or iviraró. The former name is also applied to the similar species R. laxiflora. In Brazil both are known as marmeleiro-do-mato (bush quince).

## Habitat

It thrives on the banks of rivers and streams. One source says it is native to the banks of the Uruguay River and its tributaries.

## Distribution

Northeast Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay.

## Use

It furnishes an excellent hard timber (relative density 0.62-0.70) that resists decay and is siliceous (thus it blunts edged tools, but withstands mollusc and crustacean attack). It is used in coachwork, boatbuilding, bearings, tools, beams, springboards, goal posts, shoe trees, fine folded furniture, cabinet making, walking sticks, tobacco pipes, carvings, kitchen mortars, and other woodwork. It is used for making plywood.
Ziliani attributes the mature wood's hardness and resistance to decay in aquatic environments (notably in the presence of the naval shipworm) to its silica content, a feature found in timbers with similar properties.
Because of its affinity for river bank thickets it has been suggested for planting for erosion defence.
# Ruprecht 44

Ruprecht 44 is an open cluster in the Milky Way galaxy. It is about 6,600 pc away in the constellation Puppis. Ruprecht 44 is a very young open cluster, only about several million years old.
Prominent stars :
| Star name | LSS number | Effective temperature | Absolute magnitude | Bolometric magnitude | Mass (M$_☉$) | Spectral type |
| WR 10 (HD 65865) | LSS 916 | 63000 | -4.2 | -8.5 | 25 | WN4.5 |
| | LSS 891 | 37200 | -4.4 | -8 | 27 | O8III(f) |
| | LSS 898 | 35100 | -4.3 | -7.7 | 24 | Be |
| | LSS 902 | 31600 | -4.7 | -7.9 | 23 | B0V |
| | LSS 920 | 34700 | -3.7 | -7.1 | 21 | O9.5V |
| | LSS 907 | 31600 | -4.3 | -7.4 | 20 | B0V |
# Organino

Organino indicates a small organ. In particular it can refer to:
* Portative organ
* A free-reed instrument designed by Filippo Testa in 1700, ancestor of the reed organ
# 102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)

The 102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Selfless Service Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.
The AOR of the 102nd TAS Group covers the entirety of Manila. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.

## Mission

* Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion within its AOP.
* Assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters.
* Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns.
* Assist in the operation & maintenance of essential government and private utilities (e.g. power, telecommunications, water).

## The Commissioned Officer Corps

Officers of the 102TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:
* Lawyers and Paralegal Specialists (Judge Advocate General Service)
* Medical Doctors (Medical Corps)
* Nurses (Nurse Corps)
* Dentists (Dental Service)
* Veterinarians (Veterinary Corps)
* Licensed Teachers (Corps of Professors)
* Allied Medical, Business, and Mass Communication Specialists (Medical Administrative Corps)
* Licensed Engineers (Corps of Engineers)
* Ordained Chaplains (Chaplain Service)
# Rural Municipality of Happyland No. 231

The Rural Municipality of Happyland No. 231 (2021 population: 285) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 8 and SARM Division No. 3. Located in the southwest portion of the province, it is adjacent to the Alberta boundary and south of the South Saskatchewan River.

## History

On January 1, 1913, the RM of Happyland No. 231 became a rural municipality. It was originally named the RM of Prussia No. 231 but its name was changed sometime during 1917, at the height of the First World War and anti-German sentiment in Saskatchewan.

## Geography
### Communities and localities

The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.

#### Towns

* Leader

#### Villages

* Mendham
* Prelate
The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

#### Localities

* Liebenthal

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Happyland No. 231 had a population of 285 living in 110 of its 140 total private dwellings, a change of 14.5% from its 2016 population of 249. With a land area of 1,269.18 km$^2$ (490.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.2/km$^2$ (0.6/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Happyland No. 231 recorded a population of 249 living in 101 of its 113 total private dwellings, a -12.3% change from its 2011 population of 284. With a land area of 1,259 km$^2$ (486 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.2/km$^2$ (0.5/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

The RM of Happyland No. 231 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Tuesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Timothy Geiger while its administrator is Kim Lacelle. The RM's office is located in Leader.

## Transportation
### Rail

* Great Sandhills Railway (a Leader-to-Swift Current branch line)

### Roads

* Highway 21—serves Leader, Liebenthal
* Highway 32—serves Leader, Prelate
* Highway 321—serves Liebenthal
# Rural Municipality of Hazel Dell No. 335

The Rural Municipality of Hazel Dell No. 335 (2016 population: 515) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 9 and SARM Division No. 4.

## History

The RM of Hazel Dell No. 335 incorporated as a rural municipality on January 1, 1913.

## Geography
### Communities and localities

The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.

#### Villages

* Lintlaw
The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

#### Organized hamlets

* Hazel Dell
* Okla

#### Localities

* Lone Spruce
* Rockford
* Stove Creek

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Hazel Dell No. 335 had a population of 511 living in 229 of its 275 total private dwellings, a change of -0.8% from its 2016 population of 515. With a land area of 1,358.45 km$^2$ (524.50 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.4/km$^2$ (1.0/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Hazel Dell No. 335 recorded a population of 515 living in 235 of its 288 total private dwellings, a 0.8% change from its 2011 population of 511. With a land area of 1,394.02 km$^2$ (538.23 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.4/km$^2$ (1.0/sq mi) in 2016.

## Attractions

* Porcupine Provincial Forest

## Government

The RM of Hazel Dell No. 335 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Wednesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Randall Harriman while its administrator is Michael Rattray. The RM's office is located in Okla.

## Transportation

* Saskatchewan Highway 49
* Saskatchewan Highway 617
* Saskatchewan Highway 753
* Saskatchewan Highway 755
# Kevin Verity

Kevin Patrick Verity (born 16 March 1940) is an English former football player and manager.

## Playing career

Born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, Verity played as a right winger and began his career at Halifax Town, scoring 6 goals in 13 appearances in the Football League between 1958 and 1960. He later played non-League football with Ilkeston Town.

## Coaching career

Verity was manager of the Trinidad and Tobago national team between November 1972 and December 1973.
He became manager of the England C team in December 1984, resigning in November 1988 due to his other commitments with the Football Association.

## Personal life

His brother Dave was also a professional footballer.
# Osceola Township, St. Clair County, Missouri

Osceola Township is an inactive township in St. Clair County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Osceola Township was erected in 1841, taking its name from the community of Osceola, Missouri. As of 2022, the population of Osceola was recorded to be at 1,669, with the median age being at 41.3years.
# Osem

Osem may refer to:
* Osem (mathematics) – algorithm for image reconstruction in nuclear medical imaging
* Osem (company) – Israeli food corporation
* Orquesta Sinfonica del Estado de Mexico, an official State symphony orchestra in Mexico.
# Rushey Green

Rushey Green or Rushy Green may refer to two places in England:
* Rushey Green (ward), London Borough of Lewisham
* Rushy Green, East Sussex, a location near Ringmer