OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India v Roper

Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India v Roper [1892] AC 125 is an old and controversial English company law case concerning shares. It concerns the rule that shares should not be issued "at a discount" on the price at which they were issued.
Under United Kingdom company law the rule is now codified in Companies Act 2006, sections 552 and 580.

## Facts

The Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India issued 120,000 shares at £1 each. Shareholders said they wanted to sell on the shares for 5 shillings, (i.e. 25 new pence) one quarter of the value the shares were issued at, but that the buyers would be credited with a full £1 in the company. This would mean that shareholders would get a 15 shilling (75 new pence) discount. At the time of the litigation, the share price stood at £2 14s. The shareholders at the time of the purchase (who now wanted money to pay off a debenture) even though they had voted for the issue, then turned around to the buyers and argued that shares were prohibited from being issued at a discount, and that the transaction was void.

## Judgment

The House of Lords agreed that shares must not be issued at a discount. It was concerned with the potential effects on creditors. Although it is arguable that any capital increase would benefit creditors (hence speaking in favour of not preventing issue at a discount), the Lords held the proper technical route would be for the company to reduce the nominal value of the shares (as seen in the later case of Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd). Lord Halsbury LC said the following.
   the Act of 1862... makes [it] one of the conditions of the limitation of liability that the memorandum shall contain the amount of the capital with which the company proposes to be registered, divided into shares of a certain fixed amount. It seems to me that the system thus created by which the shareholder’s liability is to be limited by the amount unpaid upon his shares, renders it impossible for the company to depart from that requirement, and by any expedient to arrange with their shareholders that they shall not be liable for the amount unpaid on their shares.
Lord Watson noted that otherwise, ‘so long as the company honestly regards the consideration as fairly representing the nominal value of the shares in cash, its estimate ought not to be critically examined.’
# Kent Walker

Kent Walker (born 1961) is an American legal executive who has served as President of Global Affairs and chief legal officer of Google & Alphabet since 2021.

## Early life and education

Walker was born in Palo Alto. He graduated from Harvard College in 1983 and received his JD from Stanford Law School.

## Career

In 1990, Walker began his legal career in San Francisco at Howard, Rice, Nemerovski, Canady, Robertson & Falk, now Arnold & Porter, and worked as a litigator specializing in government and public law issues. He then served 5 years as an Assistant U.S. Attorney at the United States Department of Justice.
Walker worked at various technology companies, starting in 1995 with Airtouch Communications. From 1997 to 2001 he was deputy general counsel at Netscape, from 2001 until 2004 he worked for Liberate Technologies, and from 2003 until 2006 he was deputy general counsel at eBay.
Since 2006, Walker has advised Alphabet's board and management on legal and policy issues, its work with governments around the world, its policies for content on its various services, and its philanthropic efforts. Since 2021, he has been President of Global Affairs and chief legal officer at Alphabet. On September 12, 2023 Walker was followed by a man dressed up as Mr. Monopoly, as he went to attend Google's antitrust trial United States v. Google LLC (2023) at federal court in Washington, D.C. in which the DOJ accused Google of illegally abusing its monopoly power as the largest online search tool.

### Board service

As of 2018, he served on the Harvard Board of Overseers and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2015 he was on the HeartFlow Board of Directors, and advised the Mercy Corps Social Ventures Fund.

## Controversy

In 2008, Walker introduced a "communication with care" policy at Google, which resulted in the company adopting a policy of automatic deletion of employee chat logs, a practice that became a source of legal controversy for the company during later federal antitrust lawsuits.

## Personal life

As of 2010, Walker was married to Diana Walsh, a former San Francisco Chronicle reporter, and they had three children. As of 2022, his base salary at Google was $1,000,000, with a maximum of a $2,000,000 annual bonus, one tranche of performance stock units of $5,000,000, and one tranche of restricted stock units worth $18,000,000.
# John Alford (priest)

John Richard Alford (21 June 1919 – 27 February 1995) was a Church of England priest. He was the Archdeacon of Halifax from 1972 to 1984.
Alford was educated at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and Ripon College Cuddesdon; and ordained in 1944. After curacies in Halifax and Wakefield he became a Tutor at Wells Theological College. He was Priest- Vicar of Wells Cathedral from 1950 to 1956; Vice-Principal of The Queen's College, Birmingham from 1956 to 1967; and Vicar of Shotwick from then until 1972.
# Humphrey Ellis

Humphrey Ellis, D.D. (died 1676), was an English Roman Catholic priest, real name Waring, a leader of English Catholics in the Commonwealth period.

## Life

Ellis belonged to a family "of great antiquity and good account", and finished his theological studies at the English College at Douay. On 25 August 1628 he was sent from Douay, with nine other students, under the care of the Rev. Joseph Harvey, to take possession of the newly founded English College of Lisbon. There he pursued his theological studies under Thomas White (alias Blackloe), and by degrees became professor of philosophy and divinity, doctor in the latter faculty, and president of the college. Afterwards he returned to England.
In 1649 he was involved in the interrogation of William and Mary Gadbury who were tried twice after he claimed to be Jesus Christ and she claimed to be Christ's spouse. Both recanted but Mary was mistreated to encourage her compliance. In 1650 he published his account of the crimes and trials.
Ellis was elected dean of the Old Chapter at the general assembly held in November 1657, but he did not take the oath attached to the office until 14 October 1660, although in the meantime he acted in the capacity of dean.
Some Jesuits and Franciscans were opposed to the reintroduction of a Catholic bishop in England. Claudius Agretti, canon of Bruges and minister apostolic in Belgium, sent by Pope Clement IX on a mission to examine Catholic affairs in England in 1669, stated in his report that Ellis was anxious for the confirmation of the status of the chapter; and was willing that the Pope should create afresh a new dean and chapter. Agretti doubted, however, whether they would really assent to this outcome. He described Ellis as "noble, esteemed, learned, and moderate" but tinged with "Blackloism".
Ellis died in July 1676.
# Jesús Muñoz

Jesús Muñoz may refer to:
* Jesús Muñoz Tébar (1847-1909), Venezuelan politician
* Jesús Muñoz (footballer) (born 1976), Spanish footballer
# Rainans

Rainans (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Hurricane High School

Hurricane High School may refer to:
* Hurricane High School (Utah)
* Hurricane High School (West Virginia)
# Hutchins, Wisconsin

Hutchins is a town in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 539 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.6 square miles (87.0 km$^2$), of which, 33.5 square miles (86.7 km$^2$) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km$^2$) of it (0.30%) is water.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census there were 539 people, 195 households, and 158 families in the town. The population density was 16.1 people per square mile (6.2/km$^2$). There were 219 housing units at an average density of 6.5 per square mile (2.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.40% White, 1.86% Native American, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19%.
Of the 195 households 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 15.9% of households were one person and 4.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.07.
The age distribution was 28.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males.
The median household income was $35,682 and the median family income was $41,875. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,404. About 3.8% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.
# Rafely Rosario

Rafely Rosario (born 8 September 1986 in Santo Domingo) is a Dominican singer. In 2010, Rosario was nominated for a Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical New Artist of the Year.
# Jessica Shirvington

Jessica Shirvington, née Pagent, (born in Sydney on 15 April 1979) is an Australian author. She is best known for her book series Embrace, also called The Violet Eden Chapters.
Shirvington and her husband, Australian athlete and television presenter Matt Shirvington, live in Mosman. They have two daughters and a son.
# Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board

Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] IRLR 26 is a UK labour law case concerning the justifications for unequal pay.

## Facts

Ms Rainey was a prosthetist. Men had been recruited from private practice, to the Board’s new prosthetic fitting service, which had previously been done by private contractors. The men had comparable qualifications and experience. They were paid 40% more. The women were directly recruited on the NHS pay scale. There had been no arrangements to phase out the pay disparities.

## Judgment

Lord Keith, overturning Lord Denning in Clay Cross said that ‘material’ meant ‘significant and relevant’ and one should consider all the case’s circumstances, which may well go beyond personal qualities.
   In particular, where there is no question of intentional sex discrimination whether direct or indirect (and there is none here) a difference which is connected with economic factors affecting the efficient carrying on of the employer’s business or other activity may well be relevant…’
   [Citing Bilka-Kaufhaus...] ‘If the national court finds that the measures chosen by Bilka correspond to a real need on the part of the undertaking, are appropriate with a view to achieving the objectives pursued and are necessary to that end, the fact that the measures affect a far greater number of women than men is not sufficient to show that they constitute an infringement of Article 119’.
   ‘It was not a question of the appellant being paid less than the norm but of [her comparator] being paid more. He was paid more because of the necessity to attract him and other privately employed prosthetists into forming the nucleus of the new service.’
   ‘Further, there would not appear to be any material distinction in principle between the need to demonstrate objectively justified grounds of difference for purposes of section 1(3) and the need to justify a requirement or condition under section 1(1)(b)(ii) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
He noted the ECJ would probably not exclude administrative efficiency concerns. He then said that the Whitley Council pay scale had been the natural thing for the NHS women to join. It was an ‘accident’ that the people coming from the private sector were men.
# Hull Road Park

Hull Road Park is a 25-acre (10 ha) open-space park in the suburb of Tang Hall, York, in Northern England. The park is bordered on its southern edge by Osbaldwick Beck, which has become a home for the endangered water vole. The City of York Council withdrew support for the park in 2011, and it is maintained and cleaned by a network of volunteers working for several different societies.

## History

The park was opened in 1927 in the Tang Hall area of York, and is bordered by housing to the north, Tang Hall Lane to the east, Melrosegate to the west, and Osbaldwick Beck to the south. The beck, which flows from east to west (and feeds into the River Foss) has been canalised during the park's history and has several weirs.
After a seven-year remedial work programme on Osbaldwick Beck and its banks, it was confirmed in August 2024 that the red-list endangered water vole, had taken up residence on the beck through the park. Students from University of York helped in this effort by creating a bog garden along the banks of the beck in 2023. The course of the beck is prone to floods, which can overwhelm the roads on the western side of the park. In 2017, the city council provided £60,000 for a re-naturalisation scheme to help alleviate flooding. The area has been affected by flooding from Osbaldwick Beck and Tang hall Beck in 1947, 1982, 2000 and the Boxing Day floods of 2015.
Budgetary restraints in 2011 led to the City of York Council withdrawing attendants from the park, and flowerbeds being converted to public open spaces in an effort to save money. Several local volunteer groups now maintain parts of the park with access to council funding.

## Facilities and transport

The park covers an area of 25 acres (10 ha) and has basketball courts, tennis courts, a playpark, and large areas of semi-natural woodland. The park also used to have formal gardens and a bowling green, with a resident bowling team.
The No. 6 bus between Clifton Moor and Heslington calls at a stop opposite the park every twenty minutes during the day.
# Ji Chen

Ji Chen is an American nuclear physicist who invented an image analysis software application.

## Biography

Ji Chen got his PhD from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2003 and the same year was employed by Emory University where he invented an image analysis software program which can automatically calculate the prognosis of heart failure in patients by using left-ventricular dyssynchrony. In 2006 he was awarded the GE Healthcare Research Award from the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology and in 2009 got a grant from both the National Institute of Health and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Currently he has written 40 articles and held 28 lectures.
# Jessica Braithwaite

Jessica Braithwaite is an Australian television presenter and musician born in Mount Gambier, South Australia. She is a Nine News weather, entertainment and chat show presenter and also performs at major music events. Her 2021 single Who You Know hit no. 1 on Australia's AMRAP and Play Mpe radio charts. Her Christmas single 'I Still Get Excited For Christmas' debuted at no. 5 on the iTunes Rock Charts.
In 2020, 2021 and 2023 she hosted the Australian Independent Music Awards with Dylan Lewis.
She has previously presented on Sky News, Ten Eyewitness News, the kids TV show Totally Wild, Studio 10 and Ten Late News.
Braithwaite was a lead singer in the 2013 folk band Gemini Downs gaining Triple J airplay and performing at Australian music festivals including the Big Day Out and Adelaide International Guitar Festival.
Braithwaite is a writer for brands including 9Honey, Tiger Air, Flight Centre and Australian Traveller Magazine. She currently presents for the Nine Network.
She is a Save the Children ambassador.
She is not related to Australian singer Daryl Braithwaite.
# Rajab Farajzade

Rajab Farajzade (born 19 December 1980), is an Azerbaijani futsal player who plays for Araz Naxçivan and the Azerbaijan national futsal team.
# Hybolasius castaneus

Hybolasius castaneus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Broun in 1893. It is known from New Zealand.
# Human Proteome Folding Project

The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab.
HPF Phase 1 applied Rosetta v4.2x software on the human genome and 89 others, starting in November 2004. Phase 1 ended in July 2006. HPF Phase 2 (HPF2) applies the Rosetta v4.8x software in higher resolution, "full atom refinement" mode, concentrating on cancer biomarkers (proteins found at dramatically increased levels in cancer tissues), human secreted proteins and malaria.
Phase 1 ran on two volunteer computing grids: on United Devices' grid.org, and on the World Community Grid, an IBM philanthropic initiative. Phase 2 of the project ran exclusively on the World Community Grid; it terminated in 2013 after more than 9 years of IBM involvement.
The Institute for Systems Biology will use the results of the computations within its larger research efforts.

## Publications

* Malmström, Lars; Riffle, Michael; Strauss, Charlie E. M.; Chivian, Dylan; Davis, Trisha N.; Baker, David; Baker, D (2007), "Superfamily Assignments for the Yeast Proteome through Integration of Structure Prediction with the Gene Ontology", PLOS Biology, 5 (4): e76, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050076, PMC 1828141, PMID 17373854
* Drew, K; Winters, P; Butterfoss, GL; Berstis, V; Uplinger, K; Armstrong, J; Riffle, M; Schweighofer, E; Bovermann, B; Goodlett, DR; Davis, TN; Shasha, D; Malmström, L; Bonneau, R (November 2011). "The Proteome Folding Project: proteome-scale prediction of structure and function". Genome Research. 21 (11): 1981–94. doi:10.1101/gr.121475.111. PMC 3205581. PMID 21824995.*
* Baltz, AG; Munschauer, M; Schwanhäusser, B; Vasile, A; Murakawa, Y; Schueler, M; Youngs, N; Penfold-Brown, D; Drew, K; Milek, M; Wyler, E; Bonneau, R; Selbach, M; Dieterich, C; Landthaler, M (8 June 2012). "The mRNA-bound proteome and its global occupancy profile on protein-coding transcripts". Molecular Cell. 46 (5): 674–90. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.021. PMID 22681889. (Used fold enrichment and function predictions)
* Wang, KH; Isidro, AL; Domingues, L; Eskandarian, HA; McKenney, PT; Drew, K; Grabowski, P; Chua, MH; Barry, SN; Guan, M; Bonneau, R; Henriques, AO; Eichenberger, P (November 2009). "The coat morphogenetic protein SpoVID is necessary for spore encasement in Bacillus subtilis". Molecular Microbiology. 74 (3): 634–49. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06886.x. PMC 2806667. PMID 19775244. (Used predictions as hypothesis for further experimental characterization)
# Human Proteome Organization

The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is an international consortium of national proteomics research associations, government researchers, academic institutions, and industry partners. The organization was launched in February 2001, and it promotes the development and awareness of proteomics research, advocates on behalf of proteomics researchers throughout the world, and facilitates scientific collaborations between members and initiatives. Ultimately, it is organized to gain a better and more complete understanding of the human proteome.

## Congress

Since 2002, HUPO organizes one international congress each year, with past congresses held in Cancun in 2022, virtually in 2021 and 2020, Adelaide in 2019, Orlando in 2018, in Dublin in 2017, in Taipei in 2016 and in Vancouver 2015.

## Awards

HUPO awards multiple awards each year, among them the
* Distinguished Service Award
* Translational Proteomics Award
* Science & Technology Award
* Discovery in Proteomic Sciences Award
* Distinguished Achievement Award in Proteomic Sciences
# Hypotrix basistriga

Hypotrix basistriga is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known only from the White Mountains and Pinaleño Mountains in eastern Arizona.

## Description

Hypotrix basistriga is recognizable by is small size and streaky coloration. Its forewings feature a prominent black basal dash and black shading on the forewing veins; shading between the veins is a pale brown-gray. The orbicular spot touches the outer edge of the antemedial line. The subterminal line is obscure. The length of the forewings is 12–13 mm. Males and females are similar in size, color, and maculation.
H. basistriga is one of 40 species in the genus Hypotrix.

## Ecology and behavior

The habitat of H. basistriga consists of open ponderosa pine forests. Adults are on wing from mid-June to late July.
# Jessica Dawson

Jessica Dawson is a female international table tennis player from England.

## Table tennis career

Dawson from Thornaby-on-Tees represented England at the 2012 World Team Table Tennis Championships (Corbillon Cup women's team event) with Joanna Parker Kelly Sibley and Hannah Hicks. The following year she was crowned National Junior champion.
# Ralph Griffith (Indian Army officer)

Sir Ralph Edwin Hotchkin Griffith KCSI CIE (4 March 1882 – 11 December 1963) was an administrator in British India and served as the last Chief Commissioner and the first Governor of the North-West Frontier Province during the British Raj.

## Education and early career

Ralph Edwin Hotchkin Griffith was the younger brother of Sir Francis Griffith and the son of Francis Robert Griffith (1828–1901) Educated at Blundell's School and the Royal Military College. He was commissioned in 1901 into the Middlesex Regiment and transferred to the Indian Army and the 26th Prince of Wales's Own Light Cavalry in 1903 and was promoted to Lieutenant in 1903. He was appointed Adjutant of the Governor's Body Guard, Bombay from 1907 to 1908.
Griffith joined the Indian Political Service (which was then recruited half and half from the Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service) in November 1908. and served an apprenticeship under Sir George Roos-Keppel, who, like him, was a fluent speaker of Pashto. He was promoted Captain in 1910 and Major in 1916.
His early positions included Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar, secretary to the head of the Province, and Resident in the turbulent region of Waziristan, where his influence and understanding of the Wazir tribesmen reduced tensions in the area.
When Assistant Political Agent, Mohmand he was mentioned in dispatches for services on the North West Frontier during the early part of World War I.

## Governor of the North-West Frontier Province

Griffith succeeded Sir Steuart Pears as Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province in 1931. He became the first Governor in 1932, when the importance of the northern shield was recognised by the raising of the status of the Pashtun land to that of a Governor's province. He served as Governor until 1937, during the formative inter-war period.
Griffith was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1917, promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1927, and was made Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1932.

## Sources

* Obituary, Lt-Col. Sir Ralph Griffith, The Times, 13 December 1963; p. 17; Issue 55883; column D
Political offices :
| Preceded bySir Steuart Pears | Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province 1931–1932 | Succeeded byabolished |
| Preceded by- | Governor of the North-West Frontier Province 1932–1937 | Succeeded bySir George Cunningham |