OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Colorimeter (chemistry)

A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a given solution by the application of the Beer–Lambert law, which states that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance.

## Construction

The essential parts of a colorimeter are:
* a light source (often an ordinary low-voltage filament lamp);
* an adjustable aperture;
* a set of colored filters;
* a cuvette to hold the working solution;
* a detector (usually a photoresistor) to measure the transmitted light;
* a meter to display the output from the detector.
In addition, there may be:
* a voltage regulator, to protect the instrument from fluctuations in mains voltage;
* a second light path, cuvette and detector. This enables comparison between the working solution and a "blank", consisting of pure solvent, to improve accuracy.
There are many commercialized colorimeters as well as open source versions with construction documentation for education and for research.

### Filters

Changeable optics filters are used in the colorimeter to select the wavelength which the solute absorbs the most, in order to maximize accuracy. The usual wavelength range is from 400 to 700 nm. If it is necessary to operate in the ultraviolet range then some modifications to the colorimeter are needed. In modern colorimeters the filament lamp and filters may be replaced by several (light-emitting diode) of different colors.

### Cuvettes

In a manual colorimeter the cuvettes are inserted and removed by hand. An automated colorimeter (as used in an AutoAnalyzer) is fitted with a flowcell through which solution flows continuously.

## Output

The output from a colorimeter may be displayed by an analogue or digital meter and may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0 to 100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0 to 2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0–1, because above 1 the results become unreliable due to scattering of light.
In addition, the output may be sent to a chart recorder, data logger, or computer.
# Jin Suidong

Jin Suidong (Chinese: 靳绥东; born January 1954) is a former Chinese politician who spent most of his entire career in north China's Henan province. On September 18, 2018, he has been placed under investigation as Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's continues an anti-graft dragnet at all levels of government, military and ruling Communist Party.
Jin is also a calligrapher, especially the semi-cursive script and oracle bone script. He is a member of the Chinese Calligraphers Association.
He was a member of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and a delegate to the 10th National People's Congress.

## Education

Jin was born in Qufu, Shandong in January 1954. He entered the workforce in May 1972 and joined the Chinese Communist Party in June 1982. After resuming the college entrance examination in 1978, he entered Henan University, majoring in political and legal science.

## Career

After university in 1982, he was assigned to the Henan Provincial Government as a civil servant. He served as Deputy Communist Party Secretary and magistrate of Changge County from 1990 to 1992, and Communist Party Secretary, the top political position in the county, from 1992 to 1995. In May 1995 he was transferred to Anyang, where he served as secretary-general, and held that office until December 1998. He became Mayor of Anyang in January 2001, and then Communist Party Secretary, the top political position in the city, beginning in January 2004.
In January 2008 he was promoted to become vice-chairman of the Henan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a position he held until January 2017.

## Downfall

On September 18, 2018, he has been placed under investigation for serious violations of laws and regulations by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China.
In February 2019, he was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party for multiple violations. On February 6, he was arrested. On May 23, he stood trial at the Intermediate People's Court of Jinan on charges of taking bribes. He was accused of abusing his powers in former positions he held between 1999 and 2018 in Henan to benefit organizations and individuals on matters related to real estate projects and arranging jobs. In return, he accepted money and valuables worth over 44.34 million yuan (about 6.42 million U.S. dollars). On September 26, Jin was sentenced on 15 years in prison and fined 4 million yuan. Jin was charged with accepting bribes worth 44.34 million yuan (about 6.27 million U.S. dollars), by the Intermediate People's Court of Jinan.
# Yannick Pelletier

Yannick Pelletier (born September 22, 1976, in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland) is a Swiss chess Grandmaster and a six-time Swiss Champion currently living in Luxembourg.

## Career

He completed his final Grandmaster norm at the 2000 Chess Olympiad in Istanbul and was officially awarded the Grandmaster title in 2001. Pelletier won the Swiss Chess Championship 6 times, in 1995, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2014 and 2017. He has also won numerous titles at the Swiss Team Championship with his first club Biel, and later the SG Zurich.
In 2005, he won the German Bundesliga with Werder Bremen. He also won the French Team Championship with Clichy in 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2013, as well as the French Cup in 2008 and 2009. In 2018, he won the gold medal on board 6 for Bischwiller and helped this team to win the French Team Championship.
In 2001 he tied for 1st-4th with Tamaz Gelashvili, Mark Hebden and Vladimir Tukmakov in the 9th Neuchâtel Open. He won the Zurich Christmas Open alone in 2001 (with 6,5 out of 7) and in 2006 and tied for 1st in 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2009). He tied for 3rd-5th in 2007 with Judit Polgár and Alexander Grischuk in the 40th Biel chess tournament. He won on tiebreak at the Basel Hilton Open 2010 and at the Cap d'Agde Open in 2012. He won the Martinique Open alone in 2012 and on tiebreak in 2013.
Leader of the Swiss national team, he has represented his country at all major events since 1996 (Chess Olympiads, European Team Championship).
In October 2015, he beat World Nr 2 Hikaru Nakamura at the European Club Cup in Skopje. Barely a month later, at the European Team Championship in Reykjavik, he won against World Champion Magnus Carlsen. He is only the third Swiss chess player to beat a reigning World Champion (after Oskar Nägeli in 1932, who beat Alexander Alekhine at a training tournament in Bern, and of course Viktor Kortchnoi). In November 2016, representing the SG Zurich at the European Club Cup in Novi Sad, he achieved his best-ever rating performance (2803) by scoring 6 out of 7 on board 3.
Fluent in French, English, German, Spanish and Russian, he is one of the most appreciated live commentators at chess events. He has been named by the chess historian Edward Winter as one of the top five Internet broadcasters.
From 2013 until 2018, he worked as the Tournament Director of the International Biel Chess Festival.
In September 2013, he took part in a special event called the Marseille Biathlon, regrouping chess and shogi. He won the chess part with 4.5 out of 5 and scored 3 out of 5 in shogi. This enabled him to win the event. Since then, he improved at shogi and took part in the 5th International Shogi Forum in Shizuoka.
# Gelenkhüü

Gelenkhüü (Mongolian: Гэлэнхүү, c. 1877–1938), full name Khainzangiin Gelenkhüü (Хайнзангийн Гэлэнхүү), also known as Gelenkhüü Shükherch (Гэлэнхүү Шүхэрч - Parachute-Gelenkhüü), is a semi-legendary figure from Northern Mongolia. There are numerous tales about him, but the deed he is most remembered for is his attempt to fly by using self-made wings.

## Early life

Gelenkhüü was born around 1877 in the Sain Noyon Khan Aimag's Dalai Choinkhor Khoshuu, in what belongs today to Jargalant sum in Khövsgöl aimag. He is said to have been a lively and bright kid. Spending some years as a novice in a local monastery, he seems to have developed technical and creative attempts early on. After having been expelled from the monastery for rejecting certain religious teachings, he became a herder.

## The quest for a male heir

Although being married and father to six daughters, Gelenkhüü's desire for a son eventually grew so strong that he left his home for two years and travelled to the Darkhad areas in northwestern Khövsgöl in order to consult the shamans living there. When he returned, he brought a female shaman as second wife. She got pregnant, but only to give birth to yet another daughter.
Being an outcast in a community both fearful and suspicious of shamanism, she left Gelenkhüü soon afterwards and returned home. Gelenkhüü, afraid of her possible revenge and evil spirits, erected a suvarga close to his home, using a white-spotted black yak to collect the building material and burning incense sticks and butter lights upon its completion.
The northward-facing suvarga still can be found some 20 km north-east of Jargalant's sum center. In the late 1920s, Gelenkhüü finally adopted a son from a local woman. As of 2000, the son lived in Mörön.

## The flight attempt

During the lama uprising of 1932, Gelenkhüü saw airplanes for the first time. He became so fascinated that he began to secretly make a pair of wings from sheepskin and eagle wings. He chose a 170m high cliff as the site for his first flight attempt. Fortunately he had been prudent enough to drive his sheep to the foot of the cliff before jumping into the abyss and got away unharmed.
Gelenkhüü died in 1938. A statue in his honour has been erected in front of Mörön's airport building.
# Viktor Svensk

Viktor Svensk (born 2001) is a Swedish orienteering competitor who represents club Stora Tuna OK.

## Orienteering career
### Junior years

In 2021 Svensk won a silver medal in the middle distance at the Junior World Orienteering Championships in Turkey. He was also part of the Swedish team winnig gold in the relay, along with Noel Braun [sv] and Axel Elmblad [sv].

### Senior career

Svensk won a silver medal in the relay at the 2022 European Orienteering Championships, along with Isac von Krusenstierna and Max Peter Bejmer.
In May 2024 Svensk helped his club Stora Tuna OK to win the 2024 Tiomila relay.
In August he placed eighth in the long distance at the 2024 European Orienteering Championships in Hungary. The next day he placed sixth in the long distance at the championships, and two days later he won a silver medal in the relay with the Swedish team, along with Albin Ridefelt and Emil Svensk.

## Personal life

Viktor Svensk is born in 2001. He is a brother of international orienteer Emil Svensk.
# Estonian Women's Union

Estonian Women's Union (Estonian: Eesti Naisliit, abbreviated ENL) is an Estonian organization which is the umbrella organization of Estonian women organizations, and which deals with topics related to women in Estonia.
ENL is established in 1920 as Union of Estonian Women's Organizations (Estonian: Eesti Naisorganisatsioonide Liit). First leader of ENL was Marie Reisik. In 1940, ENL was closed. ENL is re-established on 13 May 1989 in Tartu.
1996–2019, the leader of ENL was Siiri Oviir. Since 2019, the leader of ENL is Mailis Alt.
Every year, ENL chooses Mother of Year (Estonian: aasta ema) and Father of Year (Estonian: aasta isa).
# Shënkoll

Shënkoll (Albanian for St. Nicholas) is a village and a former municipality in the Lezhë County, northwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Lezhë. The population at the 2023 census was 10,153.

## Geography

Shënkoll is a rapidly developing village situated 10 km south of the town of Lezhë, near the mouth of the river Mat.

## History
### Families

Shënkoll is inhabited by a number of brotherhoods and families who trace their ancestry back to the Malësia ethnographic region situated in the extreme north of Albania as well as in eastern Montenegro. The vast majority of families originate from the historical Kelmendi tribe and arrived during the early nineteenth century. The families of Shënkoll include the:
* Turkaj: The Turkaj trace their ancestry to Turk Vuksani who was the bajraktar of Nikç, Kelmend, and the first of this line to settle in Shënkoll. Turk Vuksani fathered two sons born in Shënkoll, Kaçel born in ca. 1820, and Llan born in ca. 1840.
* Cokaj: The Cokaj (or Coku) are descended from Cok Preka who was born in ca. 1810 in the village of Broja, a part of the Nikç bajrak of Kelmendi. Early on in his life Cok Preka would leave his home village and, originally, base himself and his herds in Shënkoll for the winter, still keeping his shepherd huts in the highlands of Kelmend. Consequently, Preka would father seven children born in Shënkoll. From his first wife he fathered a son named Mash and a daughter named Curra. Due to his wife's death, Preka remarried and fathered five more children with Lula, the daughter of Kaçel Doda from Kastrati: the sons were Gjeto, Deda, and Pjetri; while the daughters were Tringa and Prena.
* Djalaj: The Djalaj arrived in Shënkoll from Nikç, Kelmend, during the 1820s.
* Dembacaj
* Radaj
* Nik Daka: The Nik Daka stem from Marash Prek Pllumi who was from the Vocaj of Broja, Kelmend, and had a son named Dak Marashi. Dak Marashi would be among the Albanian highlanders to settle in Shënkoll and the surrounding area during the early nineteenth century as a result of new privileges granted by the authorities, allowing them to shelter their herds in the lowlands during the winter. Dak Marashi would father two sons, Nik and Mark Daka. It is from the first son that this family descend and take their name. Nik Daka would consequently also father two sons named Llesh and Martin.
* Kadri Keqi: This family derive their name from their ancestor bearing the same name. They originate from Nikç in Kelmend.

## Localities

* Alk
* Barbullojë
* Gajush
* Grykë Lumi
* Rilë
* Tale 1
* Tale 2
# Lion Express

Lion Express (Hindi: लाॅयन एक्सप्रेस) is an Indian newspaper.
Biraj Mohan (Ramawat), the founder of Lion Express, was born in a very simple farmer's family in a small village Basi-Barsinghsar of Bikaner district. Instead of giving up on the circumstances, he chose the path of hard work with courage and dedication. The word IMPOSSIBLE is not even in Biraj Mohan's dictionary. Once he sees a dream, then he believes it only after realizing it. Lion Express is the successful culmination of his passion. Today Lion Express is one of the best and most successful portals in Western Rajasthan. Always ready to help the needy people, Biraj Mohan (Ramawat) himself is a very good speaker, writer and journalist and is known for his simplicity and ease. Nowadays veteran writer and journalist Harish B Sharma is editor of Lion Express.

## History

The Newspaper was launched in 2011 in Rajasthan, India.
Go to Lion Express in one click .
More than 4 lakh followers on Facebook
It was founded by Biraj Mohan (बृजमोहन रामावत) , in 2011 and published as Lion Express in Bikaner Rajasthan.
# Magoar

Magoar (French pronunciation:; Breton: Magor) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.
# Masidwola dialect

Masidwola (Pashto: ماسیدوله, meaning "of the Mehsuds"), Mehsudi, or Maseedwola is a dialect of Waziristani.

## Phonology

Rozi Khan Burki claims that in Waziristani is that the phonemes [ʃ] and [ʂ], along with their voiced counterparts, [ʒ] and [ʐ], have merged into the phonemes [ɕ] and [ʑ], both of which also exist in the nearby Ormuri or Warmuri language of Burkis of Kaniguram, South Waziristan. But Pashto linguists such as Josef Elfenbein, Anna Boyle or Yousaf Khan Jazab have not noted this in Waziri Phonology.
# Minjarna Shenkora

Minjarna Shenkora (Amharic: ምንጃርና ሸንኮራ, lit. 'Minjar and Shenkora'), also Menjarna Shenkora is a woreda in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is named in part after the historic Shewan district of Minjar, which was the southernmost district of Shewa and near the location of the modern woreda. Located at the southern end of the Semien Shewa Zone, Minjarna Shenkora is bordered on the east, south and west by the Oromia Region, on the northwest by Hagere Mariamna Kesem, and on the northeast by Berehet; the Germama (or Kesem) river forms the boundary between this woreda and Hagere Mariamna Kesem and Berehet. The administrative center of this woreda is Arerti; other towns in the woreda include Balchi and Eranbuti.
This woreda is served by the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway with a station at Malka Jilo. It is the only woreda in the Amhara Region with a train station.

## Demographics

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 128,879, an increase of 29.65% over the 1994 census, of whom 66,918 are men and 61,961 women; 12,237 or 9.49% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 1,509.93 square kilometers, Menjarna Shenkora has a population density of 85.35, which is less than the Zone average of 115.3 persons per square kilometer. A total of 29,359 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.39 persons to a household, and 28,221 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 94% reporting that as their religion, while 5.73% of the population said they were Muslim.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 99,402 in 17,787 households, of whom 51,537 were men and 47,865 were women; 8,378 or 8.43% of its population were urban dwellers. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Menjarna Shenkora were the Amhara (93.78%), the Oromo (3.11%), and the Argobba (2.65%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.46% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 96.93%, and Oromiffa was spoken by 2.76%; the remaining 0.31% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 94.74% reporting that as their religion, while 5.15% were Muslim.
# 2nd Aviation Regiment (United States)

The 2nd Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.

## History

The regiment was originally constituted on 24 May 1957 in the Regular Army as the 2nd Aviation Company, part of the 2nd Infantry Division. It was activated on 20 June 1957 at Fort Richardson, Alaska. On 20 February 1963, it was reorganized and redesignated as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) of the 2nd Aviation Battalion. The battalion's organic elements were constituted on 25 January 1963 and activated on 20 February of that year. On 16 September 1988, the battalion was redesignated as the HHC of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division.
1st Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment (Attack) was stationed at Camp LaGuardia in Uijongbu, Korea from 1989 to 1993. The "Attack Deep" Battalion was composed of one headquarters company (HHC), three flight companies (A,B,C), and one Aviation Unit Maintenance (AVUM) company (D). The Battalion's aircraft consisted of three UH-60As, 21 AH-1Fs, and 12 OH-58A/Cs. 1-2 AVN REGT Then obtained 24 AH-64A Apaches in the early 1990s. Along with 6 Kiowa Warrior 0H-58A/C Kiowa Scouts. In the late 1990s, Early 2000s, The unit transferred their Apaches and Kiowas to the Army National Guard. Their motto was, "STRIKE DEEP." The unit then went to Ft. Hood Texas during the year 2000 to undergo Unit Training Program (UTP) under III Corp, 21st Cavalry Brigade. It obtained 24 AH-64D Longbow Apaches. After graduating UTP, 1-2 AVN REGT boat loaded all 24 aircraft at Galveston, TX. Deploying during the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the United States. Arriving in Pusan, South Korea Sept. 17th, 2001, The unit then reassembled their Apaches and were stationed at Camp Page, Chuncheon, South Korea. The unit was there until the year 2003, when they transferred to Camp Eagle, Wonju Enclave, South Korea. 1-2 AVN Regt Strike Deep, then was redesignated 4-2 AVN Death Dealers, and transferred to Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek, South Korea.
2nd Battalion was constituted 25 January 1963 in the Regular Army as Company B, 2d Aviation Battalion, an element of the 2nd Infantry Division.
On 17 October 2006, the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment (General Support) was activated at Camp Humphreys, using the personnel and equipment of the inactivated 2nd Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment.

## Heraldry

The distinctive unit insignia and coat of arms of the regiment were originally approved for the 2d Aviation Battalion on 5 August 1963. They were redesignated for the 2d Aviation Regiment and amended to update the blazon and symbolism on 8 December 1988. The white peak represents Denali, near where it was activated. Teal blue was used for aviation units of the United States Army, and the wings represent the unit's aviation function.

## Current configuration

The following units are currently part of the regiment:
* 1st Battalion (Attack) ("Gunfighters" / "Strike Deep")
* 2nd Battalion (Assault) (UH/UL −60) – "Wild Card"
* 3rd Battalion (General Support) (CH-47F, UH/UL-60) – "Nightmare"
* 4th Battalion (Attack Reconnaissance) (AH-64D) – "Death Dealer"
# Food Packaging Forum

The Food Packaging Forum is a nonprofit foundation established in 2012 and based in Zurich, Switzerland. It is a science communication organization that provides information on chemicals in all food packaging materials and their impacts on health. In doing so, the Food Packaging Forum aims to address a wide range of stakeholders, including business decision-makers, regulators, media and communication experts, scientists, and consumers. Topics within the organization's scope of work include issues such as chemical migration, endocrine disruptors, low dose effects, and mixture toxicity. It produces educational documents about these topics in plain language.

## Operation

The Food Packaging Forum is operated by a foundation board with advice from a scientific advisory board consisting of independent scientists. It is funded by unconditional donations, mainly from glass packaging industry, as well as funding from the MAVA Foundation, the European Environment and Health Initiative, and the Plastics Solution Fund.

## Events and Collaborations

The Food Packaging Forum organizes meetings, webinars, and presentations about food packaging issues and runs an annual workshop aimed to support dialogue surrounding improving food safety.
The Food Packaging Forum conducts studies about the chemicals in food packaging and is a stakeholder in a range of research projects including the EU-funded project LIFE-EDESIA, which investigates chemical alternatives to bisphenols, phthalates and parabens. The Food Packaging Forum also contributed to the report "A Circular Economy for Plastics", published by the European Commission.
# Stefan Karlsson (snowboarder)

Stefan Karlsson (born 26 March 1981) is a Swedish snowboarder. He competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics.