OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arthur Vierendeel

Arthur Vierendeel (10 April 1852 – 8 November 1940) was a civil engineer born in Leuven, Belgium. He had a career as a university professor, and civil engineer. The structure known as the Vierendeel truss is named after him.

## Biography

He obtained an MSc in construction and mining engineering in 1874 at the Université catholique de Louvain, after which he worked as an engineer for the company Nicaise et Delcuve in La Louvière, Belgium. In 1885 he became Director for the Ministry of Public Works in West Flanders, and four years afterward also achieved the post of Professor of Construction, Material Strength, and Structural Engineering at the Université catholique de Louvain.
The idea of a bridge without trusses came to him in 1895; the design later became known as a Vierendeel bridge. For the 1897 World Fair at Brussels he built a 31.5m span bridge at his own expense and loaded to show the correlation between measurement and his numerical analysis.
His work, Cours de stabilité des constructions (1889) was an important reference during more than half a century. His first bridge was built in Avelgem in 1902, crossing the Scheldt river. The construction of this bridge became famous through the Stijn Streuvels book De Teloorgang van de Waterhoek.
He retired as director of public works in West Flanders in 1927, and as Professor at Leuven Catholic University in 1936. He died in 1940.

## Legacy

The Vierendeel truss was used in Belgium, particularly on the Belgian railways. Discussions in the journal Der Eisenbau concerning the pros and cons of the Vierendeel truss led to the development of deformational modelling of structures - necessary for mathematical analysis of Vierendeel trusses.
He emphasised an importance of aesthetics over pure engineering:
   Pour les constructions métalliques les dimensions doivent être déterminées à priori par des considérations esthétiques et qu’après seulement il y a lieu de recourir à la formule mathématique. (When constructing in metal the dimensions must be determined a priori by aesthetic considerations and only afterwards should mathematical formulas be used)
As of 2011 the castellated beam and cellular beam are in common use in construction for roof and floor support - both are open web structures without diagonal trusses; vierendeel truss type analysis is used to understand and predict failure modes, which include vierendeel truss type failures.
# Kishindih District

Kishindih or Kishindeh (Dari: کشنده) is the southernmost district in Balkh province. Its capital is Kishindinh Bala, situated in the northern part of the district.
# Gold standard (disambiguation)

A gold standard is a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is equal in value to and exchangeable for a specified amount of gold.
Gold standard may also refer to:
* Gold Standard issue, series of postage stamps issued by the Soviet Union between 1923 and 1927
* Gold standard (test), the diagnostic test that is the best available under reasonable conditions
* Gold Standard (carbon offset standard), widely accepted standard for evaluating the value of carbon offsets
* Gold Standard Laboratories, record label
* "Gold Standard", nickname of professional wrestler Shelton Benjamin
* The Gold Standard, the title of an episode of the television show NCIS: Los Angeles
* Gold Standard Corpora (GSC), text corpora used for Natural language processing that have been annotated manually
* The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism, book written by Walter Benn Michaels (1988)
# Larini-ye Sofla

Larini-ye Sofla (Persian: لرني سفلي, also Romanized as Larīnī-ye Soflá; also known as Larīnī) is a village in Lumar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 370, in 77 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Local storm report

A Local Storm Report (LSR) is transmitted by the National Weather Service (NWS) when it receives significant information from storm spotters, such as amateur radio operators, storm chasers, law enforcement officials, civil defense (now emergency management) personnel, firefighters, EMTs or public citizens, about severe weather conditions in their warning responsibility area (County Warning Area or CWA). Those reports are received by local National Weather Service offices (WFOs), and they can be used to issue Severe Thunderstorm Warnings, Tornado Warnings, and other weather warnings/bulletins, in addition to the LSR.
The Storm Prediction Center, working with the NWS WFOs, collects these reports for its own database, and it also works with the National Climatic Data Center, which eventually stores the reports in the official record, which is called Storm Data.

## Example

The following is an example of a stand-alone LSR that has one individual report from a SKYWARN spotter:
Summary LSRs, which can have an extensive listing of individual reports, are also often issued by NWS WFOs after a weather event has ended in order to inform the public and news media outlets of the breadth of severe weather across a WFO's CWA.
# Berit Heggenhougen-Jensen

Berit Heggenhougen-Jensen (born 1956) is a Danish artist who played a central role in the Danish Wild Youth artistic trend in the 1980s. She gained recognition from her participation in the 1982 exhibition Kniven på hovedet (Knife on the Head) held at Tranegården in Gentofte.

## Biography

Born in Copenhagen on 31 May 1956, she is the daughter of Frode Hans Erling Jensen, a teacher, and Turid Jensen (maiden name Heggenhougen) a nurse. She attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts under Hein Heinsen, Stig Brøgger, Helge Bertram and Torben Christensen, completing her studies in 1990. She later studied at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris (1999–2004). She played a central role in the Wild Youth trend which reached Denmark in 1982 with the Kniven på hovedet exhibition at Tranegården which had been inspired by German artists.
Over the years, Heggenhougen-Jensen's use of painting, installations, photography and video has evolved in phases but she characteristically dismantles conventional approaches playing with words, materials and historical references. One of her principal works is Schlager (Hits) from 1991 which is in Statens Museum for Kunst. It demonstrates her use of a landscape as a notice board on which she can place symbols of the cultural indecision of the 1980s. The work was created at the same time as her exhibition Frøken Jensens gastronomiske indetermination and the book she wrote to accompany it. In Schlager, she uses some of the same elements: photographs of nude women, gramophone records, a rocking chair and boots resembling those of van Gogh.
Heggenhougen-Jensen's works have been exhibited widely. They can be seen in the European Parliament's Art Collection in Brussels, in Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, and in Moderna Museet, Stockholm, as well as in several regional art museums in Denmark.

## Published works

* Jensen, Berit (1991). Frøken Jensens gastronomiske indetermination (in Danish). Galleri C. ISBN 978-87-89471-14-3.
# Farshad Fotouhi

Farshad Fotouhi (born 1957) is the dean of Wayne State University's college of engineering. Farshad Fotouhi joined Wayne State University in 1988 as faculty in the Department of Computer Science. From 2000 to 2004, he was associate chair of the department, and from 2004 to 2010 he was chair.

## Life and career
### Schooling and research

He holds a bachelor's in Computer Science from Western Michigan University and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the College of Engineering at Michigan State University.
Fotouhi's research includes biomedical informatics, multimedia systems and the Semantic Web. He has published more than 190 papers in academic journals and conference proceedings. His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Drug Abuse, Michigan Life Sciences Corridor, as well as Ford Motor Company and other companies.
He has been a program committee member for various conferences related to his research interests and is a member of the editorial board of IEEE Multimedia Magazine, chair of the Steering Committee of IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, and a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Semantic Web and Information Systems. In recent years, Dr. Fotouhi has organized several workshops including the Workshop on Privacy in Information Society, the IEEE Workshop on Scientific Workflow, and the ACM workshop on the Many Faces of Multimedia Semantics.
He was appointed dean of Wayne State University's college of engineering in March 2011.
# Szygówek

Szygówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pułtusk, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Pułtusk and 62 km (39 mi) north of Warsaw.
# Kahran

Kahran or Kohran (Persian: كهران) may refer to:
* Kahran, Ardabil
* Kahran, East Azerbaijan
# Dmitri Kovalenko

Dmitri Vladimirovich Kovalenko (Russian: Дмитрий Владимирович Коваленко; born 2 August 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Metallurg Lipetsk on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Arsenal Tula.
# Kafoumba

Kafoumba is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Kafoumba Coulibaly (born 1985), Ivorian footballer
* Kafoumba Touré (born 1994), Malian footballer
# Kansai Ki-in

The Kansai Ki-in (関西棋院), i.e., Kansai Go Association, is an organizational body for the game of Go in Japan, which was founded by Hashimoto Utaro in 1950. Though it is not as large as its chief rival, the Nihon Ki-in, it also issues diplomas to strong players and oversees professionals as the Nihon Ki-in does.
World War II created great difficulties in traveling from the Osaka region to Tokyo for Nihon Ki-in events. The Nihon Ki-in created a western branch, but when a dispute over the Honinbo title arose in 1950, this branch declared its independence.
# Mohseniyeh

Mohseniyeh (Persian: محسنيه, also Romanized as Moḩsenīyeh) is a village in Asiab Rural District, in the Central District of Omidiyeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 126, in 23 families.
# Kamp-e Abbas

Kamp-e Abbas (Persian: كمپ عباس, also Romanized as Kamp-e ‘Abbās) is a village in Julaki Rural District, Jayezan District, Omidiyeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 11 families.
# Delairea aparadensis

Delairea aparadensis is a species of plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to Brazil and was described in 2021.

## Discovery

Field work took place in southern Brazil from 2008 to 2020, where, in the latter year, a group of a scandent species of Senecioneae were discovered. The species looked morphologically distinct from the Brazilian native members of the Senecioneae tribe that are present in South America and were more comparable to those in southern Africa.
The 2021 report confirmed that the rambling species matched an undescribed species of Delairea (previously a monospecific genus), due the climbing habit, discoid flowers and the leaves' succulent nature.

## Description

A rambling subshrub and a perennial herb growing around 40 cm to 150 cm tall, it features erect, glabrous, foliose, green stems with toothed, veined leaves which decrease in size towards the apex, and yellow discoid flowers. D. aparadensis is distinguished from D. odorata by its deltoid leaves, being a rambling subshrub (whereas D. odorata is a vine) and its inflorescences made up by cymes of 2–6 capitula (as opposed to dozens of capitula in D. odorata). Flowers appear in March in the region, or early autumn.

## Distribution

The species is found in Southern Brazil in regions such as, Aparados da Serra National Park, Morro da Igreja, in São Joaquim National Park, and at Urubici in Santa Catarina, where it is present in cloud forest environment, at elevations of 1700–1800 m. Critically endangered, it is found roughly in area of occupancy of less than 1 km$^2$ due to the agricultural spread in Santa Catarina.
# Pinozero

Pinozero (Russian: Пинозеро) is a rural locality (a railway station) in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located beyond the Arctic Circle at a height of 105 meters (344 ft) above sea level. Population: 149 (2010 Census).
# Jonker JS-3 Rapture

The Jonker JS-3 Rapture is a glider built of glass-fibre, carbon fibre and Kevlar. It has full-span flaps and can be operated with a wingspan of either 15 m (49.2 ft) or 18 m (59.1 ft).
The manufacturer is Jonker Sailplanes of Potchefstroom South Africa, founded in 2004 by two brothers, Attie and Uys Jonker. The structural and chief designer is Attie Jonker, while the airfoil and main aerodynamic features were developed by Johan Bosman in co-operation with the Delft University of Technology.
The first flight of the JS-3 was on 12 December 2016.

## Design and development

Type certification of the JS-MD 3 was achieved with EASA on 18 July 2019.
The JS3 is equipped with Tost nose and centre of gravity release hooks, retractable main undercarriage leg with elastomeric shock absorbers, and a fixed pneumatic 180 mm (7.09 in) tail wheel with an aluminium hub. A retractable 150 mm (5.91 in) tail wheel can be fitted in place of the fixed tailwheel. Provision is made to fit two 12V LiFePo 7Ah/10Ah main batteries with a fuse box in the luggage compartment's recessed battery boxes, accessible from cockpit. A goose-neck microphone is optional, as are two independent speakers for radio, with the antenna in the rudder and a navigation computer in the instrument panel. The prototype flew in the 2017 World Gliding Championships

## Variants
### JS-3 Rapture 15m

    Version with 15 m (49 ft) wings

### JS-3 Rapture 18m

    Version with 18 m (59 ft) wings

## Specifications (JS3 - RAPTURE 18m)

Data from JS 3 Rapture 18m – Jonker Sailplanes
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Length: 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in)
* Wingspan: 18 m (59 ft 1 in)
* Height: 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in)
* Aspect ratio: 32.8
* Empty weight: 280 kg (617 lb) without engine, 297 kg (655 lb) with engine
* Gross weight: 600 kg (1,323 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 430 kg (948 lb) without water ballast
Performance
* Maximum glide ratio: 55:1 at 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn) at MAUW
* Best glide speed at 450 kg (992 lb): 105 km/h (65 mph; 57 kn)
* Rate of sink: 0.49 m/s (96 ft/min) 1.43 m/s (5 ft/s) at 200 km/h (120 mph; 110 kn) at MAUW
* Wing loading: 37.0 kg/m$^2$ (7.6 lb/sq ft) minimum, 60.36 kg/m$^2$ (12 lb/sq ft) maximum
# Chignin

Chignin (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Shenyin) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
The village of Chignin is located between the communes of Les Marches, Montmélian, Saint-Jeoire-Prieuré and Challes-les-Eaux, behind the Monronjoue downs in front of which the route nationale 6 runs.
It is famous for its white wine. Most Chignin is a scented dry white made from the local Jacquere grape variety.
Red wine accounts for only about 26% of Chignin's production. The most notable red grape varieties within the region are Gamay and Mondeuse Noire.
# Dublin Civic Trust

The Dublin Civic Trust is an architectural conservation and educational organisation founded in 1991 that works to identify, record, preserve and publicise Dublin's architectural heritage. The trust also comments and assists to a lesser extent with other buildings outside of Dublin.
The trust regularly appears in national print media lobbying on conservation and architectural heritage issues as well as contributing annual budget submissions.
An earlier Dublin civic group had been set up in December 1966 with similar aims to the trust although the trust is not its direct successor.

## List of completed building conservation projects

* 4 Castle Street, Dublin 2
* 18 Ormond Quay Upper, Inns Quay, Dublin 7, D07 V027 - winner of a 2021 Europa Nostra Award
* 21 Aungier Street, Dublin 2
* 10 and 11 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2
* 2 St. Andrew Street, Dublin 2
* 27 Pearse Street
* 9 Merchant's Quay
# Numblast

Numblast, released in Japan as Qruton, is a 2009 puzzle video game developed by Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.

## Plot

Choco Aoyama and Akasaka Sempai are students at Cross Academy. One day, while experimenting with Numblast cubes in the Scientific Alchemy Club, Choco accidentally turns club president Akasaka into a monkey. Choco then takes it upon himself to master the mysterious cubes so that he can harness their energy and restore Akasaka's human form.

## Gameplay

The game is played on an 8x8 grid. Each space on the grid is occupied by a Numblast cube bearing a number between one and four. Players control a 2x2 cursor which is used to rotate groups of four cubes either clockwise or counter-clockwise. When four or more of the same cube form a square, they turn red and rotate, and their number increases by one (four cycles back to one). If another square is then formed, the relevant cubes also turn red and rotate. This process continues until no new square is formed, at which point all the red cubes disappear and points are awarded (a "Numblast" occurs when the entire play area is cleared in the same combo). A few seconds later the empty spaces are filled with random cubes. If the player fails to clear a cube within a certain time, it will turn black, and if all cubes turn black, the game is over. If four black cubes of any number form a 2x2 square, that square cannot be rotated (although the individual cubes within the square can be rotated if the player's cursor covers at least one non-black cube). After a certain number of cubes have been cleared, a special star cube appears which can occupy any number. When the special cube is used as part of a square, it eliminates all cubes of whichever number the square is otherwise made up of.
There are three available modes: endless, time trial and puzzle. In endless mode, players attempt to score as many points as possible before all cubes have turned black. The rate at which cubes turn black is determined by difficulty (easy, medium or hard) and level (which increases as more cubes are cleared). In time trial mode, players attempt to score as many points as possible in three minutes. In puzzle mode, players are required to clear predetermined patterns of cubes using as few moves as possible. Bronze, silver and gold awards are available for each puzzle depending on how many moves are required. There are fifty puzzles in total.

## Development

The game was directed by Yasuhito Nagaoka and designed by Kaori Shinozaki, both having done the same for Namco's Mr. Driller series before joining Japan Studio.
# Qeshlaq-e Qarah Jalu

Qeshlaq-e Qarah Jalu (Persian: قشلاق قره جالو) may refer to:
* Qeshlaq-e Qarah Jalu Hajji Iman
* Qeshlaq-e Qarah Jalu Hajji Sadeq
# Guiclan

Guiclan (French pronunciation:; Breton: Gwiglann) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Guiclan are called in French Guiclanais.
# Vladimir Shtokman

Vladimir Borisovich Shtokman (Russian: Владимир Борисович Штокман; 10 March 1909 – 14 June 1968) was a Soviet oceanographer and geophysicist.

## Early life

Shtokman began his academic career in 1928, joining the faculty of physics and mathematics at the University of Moscow to study the emerging field of geophysics. He suspended his studies in 1932 to start work as a laboratory assistant in the Institute of Oceanography, whilst also working on the problem of undersea cables breaking unexpectedly. Shtokman was promoted for his work and led an expedition to the Barents Sea in 1933, where the Shtokman field, discovered in 1988, is located.

## Academic career

In 1934, Shtokman moved from Moscow to Baku, where he created the Laboratory of Physical Oceanography as part of the Soviet Union's All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Ocean Fisheries and Oceanography (UNIRO). Still a young scientist, this position proved to be very productive for him and allowed Sthokman to publish more than 20 articles devoted to the investigation of flow and mixture processes in the Caspian Sea. Shtokman finished his PhD in 1938.
During World War II, Shtokman was working at the Institute of Theoretical Geophysics in Krasnoyarsk, so was able to continue his work relatively unaffected by war.

## Death

Shtokman died of heart disease, in Moscow, on 14 June 1968.
# Goulven

Goulven (French pronunciation:; Breton: Goulc'hen) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Goulven are called in French Goulvinois.
# James Rippey

James Rippey (born 1977) is a Scottish born international indoor and lawn bowler who has represented both Scotland and England. He was a regular qualifier for World Bowls Tour events and was ranked as high as world number 17. As of 2019, he was ranked 21 by the World Bowls Tour.

## Career

Rippey won the Scottish national fours title aged just 17. He went on to captain the U25s England outdoor side and has won English indoor Singles, Pairs and Triples titles. He qualified for the 2016, 2017, 2019 (Singles & Pairs), 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2024 (Singles and Pairs) World Indoor Bowls Championships.
James has qualified for the PBA Scottish International Open in 2018, 2022, 2023 and 2024. In 2018, he defeated the world champion Mark Dawes in the first round of the Scottish International Open.
# Albert J. Adams

Albert James Adams (May 22, 1845 – October 1, 1906), known as "The Policy King" and the "Meanest Man in New York," was an American racketeer. He ran the numbers game in New York City from around 1890 to around 1905.

## Life

He was born in Massachusetts and lived in Rhode Island before he moved to New York City in 1871 as a brakeman for the railroad. He married Isabella (1840-?) and had six children: Albert J. Adams Jr. (1870-?); Lawrence Adams (1874-?); Louis Adams (1875-?); Walter C. Adams (1877-?); Evelyn Adams (1879-?) aka Eveline Adams, who married a Napoleon; and Ida Adams (1874-?) or Claudia P. Adams. In 1880 he was living at 236 West 38th Street in Manhattan and he listed himself as a "segar dealer".
He was named by the Lexow Committee, and was replaced by Peter H. Matthews when he retired. The anonymous testifier at the Lexow Committee in 1894 said: "[the principal policy backers in this city are] Al Adams. 'Jake' Shipsey, Cornelius B. Parker, 'Billy' Myers, 'Ed' Hogan, [and] Charles Lindauer. ...Al has the most ... sheets, and he is the biggest man, and has the most money, and has the biggest pile. ... He is called the king of the policy dealers. ... Al Adams has from Fourteenth street up on the west side mostly." After a 1901 raid on his gambling operation by F. Norton Goddard, the police estimated that he was making more than $1 million a year, and after his conviction in 1903 it was revealed that he had been allowed to stay at the Waldorf-Astoria until he was sentenced. He was sentenced on April 21, 1903, to "not less than a year and not more than one year and nine months" in Sing-Sing.
On April 5, 1904, his application for parole was denied by the New York State Board of Parole. The board members being C. V. Collins, the Superintendent of Prisons; State Treasurer John G. Wickser and president of the New York State Prison Commission John P. Jaeckel. This meant he was to stay in prison for the maximum time of the sentence.
On October 8, 1905, he wrote to The New York Times that he had quit the policy racket forever.
Adams had several legitimate business ventures as well. He owned several corner lots, capitalizing on the real-estate through the establishment of saloons. He was also President of the Amalgamated Goldmines Company, whose holdings included a mine in Guanajuato, Mexico.
He committed suicide at the Ansonia Hotel in 1906 after losing several million dollars by investing in a business venture with his eldest son. The funeral was held at 471 West End, he was 61 years old. His death did not end the policy racket in New York City.