OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Asfij

Asfij or Esfij or Asfyj (Persian: اسفيج) may refer to:
* Asfich, in South Khorasan
* Asfij, South Khorasan
* Asfyj, Yazd
* Asfyj District, in Yazd Province
* Asfyj Rural District, in Yazd Province
# Orbital Railway Line

The Barcelona orbital line (Catalan: línia orbital) is a railway project forming part of both the Pla d'infraestructures de Catalunya (PITC), a long-term development plan due for completion in 2026, and the Pla de transport de viatgers de Catalunya (PTVC), a short-term plan due for completion in 2012. In following perimeter routes the orbital line and another railway project, the Eix Transversal Ferroviari de Catalunya, are the first railway schemes to depart from the radial system developed so far in the Barcelona area.
Also known as the Quart cinturó ferroviari, the orbital line will connect Rodalies Barcelona services between Vilanova i la Geltrú and Mataró via a 119 kilometres (74 mi) line passing through Granollers, Sabadell, Terrassa, Martorell and Vilafranca del Penedès, but avoiding the actual city of Barcelona. Some sections will make use of existing track belonging to Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (Adif) and operated by Renfe Operadora, whilst 68 km of track - of which 46 kilometres (29 mi) in tunnels - and 23 new stations will be constructed.
# Sač

Sač (Cyrillic: Сач; Croatian: Peka) is a large metal or ceramic lid like a shallow bell with which bread dough or various dishes to be baked are covered, and over which ashes and live coals are placed. Dishes prepared in a sač are evenly cooked, retain their juiciness, and are praised for their rich flavour.
Sač can also refer to a dish made of meat, vegetables and potatoes, baked in sač oven.

## Origin

The bell itself probably comes from the saj, a curved metal utensil used on its convex side for flatbread baking, and with the concave side employed similarly to a wok in the Middle East and large parts of Asia.

## History

Traditionally, the sač was a simple, primitive oven for baking various foods used by less well-off families who could not afford a stove in their homes, and the lid itself often doubled as a plate for flatbread baking.
Today, the baking appliance is commonly used by restaurants all over Turkey and the Balkan Peninsula –Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (where it is called "peka"), Greece (where it is called "Παραδοσιακή Γάστρα", "Σινί" or "Χάνι"), Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia.

## Use and characteristics

Cooking in the sač enables even, convection baking, and the bell shape allows the steam to recirculate, which makes the meat, fish and vegetables to remain juicy, and the potatoes, and vegetables to intermix their flavours with that of the meat. It is also used for baking bread and traditional pastry like burek and pizza. This traditional style of cooking has been adopted mostly because of its specific flavour-enhancing properties, which enable the food to be lightly smoked, additional to aforementioned convection cooking process.

## Regional variants

In Bulgaria, the word сач (sach) or сачѐ (sachè) refers to a flat clay plate, which is heated to a high temperature, and placed on the table, where thin slices of vegetables and meat are cooked on it. Fat is not used, and it is not covered. In the region of the Rhodopes typically more meat is used.
In some regions of Romania, the equivalent of sač, called țest, a derivate of the Latin testum, was used for baking bread.

## Gallery

* An example of cooking lamb in the sač
# Legal affairs of Donald Trump

Legal affairs of Donald Trump may refer to:
* Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump
* Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president
* Federal prosecution of Donald Trump
# Lewis H. Pounds

Lewis Humphrey Pounds (April 9, 1860 in Eaton, Lorain County, Ohio – December 16, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York) was an American businessman and politician.

## Life

He graduated from Oberlin College and Boston University. About 1893 he moved to Brooklyn, New York where he became a real estate broker and developer. He married Carrie Stilson (d. 1940).
He was Brooklyn Commissioner of Public Works when he was elected Borough President of Brooklyn on July 3, 1913. He stayed in office until 1917, the only Republican Borough President of Brooklyn in history. On April 30, 1921, he was appointed one of the original six commissioners of the Port of New York Authority, and later became its president.
He was the last New York State Treasurer, elected in 1924 defeating the incumbent Democrat George K. Shuler. Governor Al Smith undertook a major re-organisation of the State government during his four terms in office, and the State Treasury was merged on January 1, 1927, into the Department of Audit and Control headed by the New York State Comptroller.
In 1932, after the resignation of Jimmy Walker, Pounds ran for Mayor of New York City, but was defeated by Democrat John P. O'Brien.
He was a delegate to the 1908, 1936 and 1940 Republican National Conventions.
He died at his home at 317, East Seventeenth Street, in Brooklyn, and was buried at the Northport Rural Cemetery in Northport, New York.

## Sources

* Political Graveyard
* Elected Borough Pres., in NYT on July 4, 1913
* Appointed port commissioner, in NYT on May 1, 1921
* Pres of Port Authority, in NYT on June 17, 1922
Party political offices :
| Preceded byN. Monroe Marshall | Republican nominee for New York State Treasurer 1924 | Succeeded byNone |
| Political offices |||
| Preceded byAlfred E. Steers | Borough President of Brooklyn 1914–1917 | Succeeded byEdward J. Riegelmann |
| Preceded byGeorge K. Shuler | New York State Treasurer 1925–1926 | Succeeded byMorris S. Tremaine as New York State Comptroller |
# Thomas Potts

Thomas Potts may refer to:
* Thomas Potts (naturalist) (1824–1888), British-born New Zealand naturalist and politician
* Thomas Potts (clerk) (fl. 1612–1618), English law clerk, and the author of the Discoverie of Witches
* Thomas Potts (Pennsylvania politician) (died 1785), American politician from Pennsylvania
* Thomas Potts (writer) (1778–1842), English solicitor and writer
* Thomas R. Potts (1810–1874), American physician, civic leader, and politician
* Tommy Potts (1912–1988), Irish fiddle player and composer
* Thomas Pott or Potts, Scottish royal servant to James VI and I
* Tom Potts, the subject of a child ballad of the same name
# Raduša chromium mine

The Raduša Mine (Macedonian: Рудник „Радуша“) was a former chromium ore mine located 18 kilometers northwest of the city of Skopje. It served as a crucial source of chromium for Yugoslavia. A mining colony was created around the mine, which is still managed as a separate administrative unit under the name Rudnik Raduša. The mine operated under the framework of the Chemico-Electrometallurgical Combine „Jugokrom“.

## Outline

The Raduška massif is the largest (approx. 70 km (43 mi)) and is considered the most ore-bearing. Its submontane section is dominated by dunites and harzburgites, where the most significant ore bodies are found. The central zone of the massif is composed of harzburgites and lherzolites, where chromium mineralisation is insignificant. In the upper section, the dunites are more altered, and mineralisation is more present. The chromite ore bodies are associated with dunites and exhibit simple mineralisation. The total ore reserves amount to 649,905 metric tons. Two notable investigators of chromite in Raduša were Stanko Grafenauer (1949–1954) and Kočo Grčev (c. 1962).

## History

The mine was not damaged during the Skopje earthquake in 1963 but all but one of its engineers died in the earthquake. The Raduša mine went bankrupt in 1974. After the mine ceased operations, the mining waste dump site was transformed into Raduša Lake ('Takbol' Reservoir).

## Gallery

* Structure of the former Raduša mine
* Structure of the former Raduša mine
* Former administrative building
* Structure of the former Raduša mine
* Raduša mine
# Allèves

Allèves (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Alève) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

## Geography

The village is located above the right bank of the Chéran, which forms the commune's southern border.
# Rajong language

Rajong (Razong) is a language of central Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.
# The Edifice

The Edifice is a 1997 work of interactive fiction by Lucian P. Smith about the evolution of an early anthropoid in stone-age times. It is distributed in z-code format as freeware. The game won the 1997 Interactive Fiction Competition, and went on to also win that year's XYZZY Award for Best Puzzles and XYZZY Award for Best Individual Puzzle. It gained plaudits for its famous "language puzzle".
# Crazy Shagdar

Crazy Shagdar (Mongolian:Shaγdar soliyatu, 1869–1930s) was a wandering lama from the Baarin banner (in what is now Ulanhad city) in Inner Mongolia. He is the hero of a number of, usually quite critical, tales, in which he mocks corrupt nobles, other lamas etc. One tale deals with how he rebuked Chinese traders on a temple fair:
   The annual Baarin temple fair had always attracted many traders from Inner China.
   Shagdar came very close to the side of the tent of one of these traders, made a fireplace from three stones, pulled a Tibetan cooking pot from his bundle, then he helped himself to the water from the traders' clay ton and made a fire from their wood. When the eldest of the traders scolded him and called him crazy, Shagdar replied
       I, Shagdar, only drank from the waters of my homeland,
       Made a fire with nothing but the wood from my hills.
       I used none of the water or wood you brought from Shandong!
       Squeezing out the people's blood -
       That's where you belong, bastards!
   That is how he swore at them in both Mongolian and Chinese.
A collection of tales about him appeared in Mukden in 1959, and some of those have been translated into German.
# Baseri, Iran

The Basseri, Baseri or Basiri (Persian: باصری) is an ethnic group in Iran, it also may refer to:
* Baseri Aqajan, Eqlid County
* Baseri Hadi, Eqlid County
* Baseri, Marvdasht
# Crowned cormorant

The crowned cormorant (Microcarbo coronatus) or kuifkopduiker, 'Fringe-head diver', is a small cormorant that is endemic to the waters of the cold Benguela Current of southern Africa. It is an exclusively coastal species and is not found more than 10 km (6 mi) away from land. This species is related to the reed cormorant, and was formerly considered to the same species.

## Distribution

It is found from Cape Agulhas north to Swakopmund along the coast of southern Africa.
The population appears to be between 2500 and 2900 breeding pairs. It breeds in small groups, with fewer than 150 individuals per colony being typical. Ringing recoveries show that juveniles may disperse up to 277 km from their nests, and adults move between breeding sites over 500 km apart.

## Description

The crowned cormorant is 50–55 cm in length. Adults are black with a small crest on the head and a red face patch. Young birds are dark brown above, paler brown below, and lack the crest. They can be distinguished from immature reed cormorants by their darker underparts and shorter tail.

## Behaviour

Crowned cormorants feed on slow-moving fish and invertebrates, which they forage for in shallow coastal waters and among kelp beds.
It builds a nest from kelp, sticks, bones and lines it with kelp or feathers. The nest is usually in an elevated position such as a rocks, trees or man-made structures, but may be built on the ground.

## Conservation

Threats to the species include predation of eggs and chicks by kelp gulls and great white pelicans, human disturbance, oiling, and commercial fishing activities, including entanglement in marine debris and plastic fishing gear.
According to the Sasol Birds of Southern Africa and The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, its status is Near Threatened due to its small distribution area, though the IUCN lists it as Least Concern.
# Assérac

Assérac (French pronunciation: ; Gallo: Aserac, Breton: Azereg) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
# Harriet Zeitlin

Harriet Zeitlin (born 1929) is an American artist. Long a painter and printmaker, she has more recently begun working in sculpture.

## Life

Born in Philadelphia, Zeitlin earned her BFA at the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, which institutions she attended from 1946 to 1950; she received additional instruction at the Barnes Foundation from 1948 to 1950. She took printmaking classes at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1963 to 1969, and studied photography at Santa Monica City College from 1980 to 1981. She has exhibited both alone and in group shows throughout the United States and worldwide.
During the 1970’s Zeitlin served as President of Artists for Economic Action in Los Angeles, and Executive Director of a CETA Title VI Art in Public Places program, which employed 10 local artist to make public art around the city.
Among the institutions which hold examples of her work are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Library of Congress, as well as many private and corporate collections. She received a second prize from the Atlanta College of Art in 1988, and received grants from the California Arts Council (1977–1978) and the City of Los Angeles (1990–1991). She has taught printmaking, mask making, quiltmaking, and painting in her own studio and in public and private extension classes around Los Angeles and Santa Monica, California.
# Rembong language

Rembong is a language of central Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.
# Henry S. Rowe

Henry Spoor Rowe (October 11, 1851 – March 20, 1914) was an American businessman and politician. He served as the Mayor of Portland, Oregon, from 1900 to 1902.

## Background

Rowe was born in Bolivar, New York, on October 11, 1851 (another source says October 18), one of the six children of John S. Rowe and Hulda Peck Rowe. The family moved to Wisconsin and Henry Rowe began working for the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad as a telegraph operator at the age of thirteen. He held numerous positions in the railroad industry, working primarily in Kansas. Rowe met Agnes Hefly in Kansas; they were married and had two sons. Rowe moved to Oregon in 1880, initially working for the steamship division of Henry Villard's newly established Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company.

## Political career

After becoming active in politics at the county and state level, Rowe was elected Mayor of Portland, Oregon, as a member of the Republican Party, defeating the incumbent W. A. Storey. He was elected on June 4, 1900, and took office on July 2, 1900. During Rowe's term, Portland's first Board of Park Commissioners was established. Rowe also served as president of the Board of Fire Commissioners and on the city's Water Committee. He is noted for his interest in developing Oregon's scenic attractions and also for reducing city expenditures.

## Later career

Rowe returned to the railroad industry after his term as Portland's mayor. He was also involved in the banking and real estate industries. Rowe later went into business with Lee Holden, a former Portland Fire Chief. Rowe and Holden constructed the Rhododendron Inn near Mount Hood in 1905. A post office was established nearby in 1909; the town was christened "Rowe" in his honor, but the name was eventually changed to Rhododendron, Oregon. Rowe died on March 20, 1914, of heart disease at a duck farm he owned on Sauvie Island. He is buried in Lone Fir Cemetery.
# Diana Blumenfeld

Diana Blumenfeld (1 April 1903 – 3 August 1961) was a Polish folksinger, pianist, and actress.

## Early life and education

She was born in Warsaw, Poland. In 1921 she studied piano in the conservatory for one year, and then continued her studies at Khrinivietska's Polish Dramatic School, graduating in 1924.
She married Jonas Turkow in 1923.

## Career

In 1924 Blumenfeld played with Esther-Rukhl Kaminska's troupe in Wilno. Toward the end of the same year, she performed with a company at Warsaw's Central Theater, and then became one of the first members of the Warsaw Yiddish Art Theater (Varshever Yidisher Kunst-teater; VYKT).
In 1925 she toured with Turkow's company, and in 1926 to 1927, with the Kraków Yiddish Dramatic Theater. In 1929 she starred in the film Di Poylishe velder (The Polish fields). With her beautiful alto voice, and talent as a pianist, Blumenfeld achieved great popularity as a performer, even inspiring some of Warsaw's best songwriters to compose songs for her.

## Internment in the Warsaw Ghetto and escape

In 1940 she and her husband were among those confined in the Warsaw ghetto. During this period she continued to sing, performing in cafes, and in the ghetto theater Femina, on Leshno Street. Mordechai Gebirtig sent her his new songs, in the hope that through her performances she could spread them throughout the ghetto.
She and Turkow escaped the liquidation of the ghetto.

## Post World War II

After the war the couple attempted to rebuild Polish-Jewish culture. In 1944 she helped organize a concert through the Association of Jewish Writers, Journalists and Actors. She sang on the Polish radio, touring displaced persons' camps, and gave concerts for survivors.
Blumenfeld and her husband left Poland in 1945 and toured Europe; later they also performed in North and South America, and Israel. They settled in the United States in 1947.

## Death

Diana Blumenfeld died in The Bronx, New York in 1961.

## Selected recordings

* A Brivele Der Mamen (Solomon Smulevitz)
* Fisher Lid (Aliza Greenblatt)
* My Yiddishe Momme (Jack Yellen - Lou Pollack & Jack Yellen)

## Filmography

* 1924: Tkies khaf [de] [The Vow; literally: The Handshake]; screenplay by Henryk Bojm, based on a play by Perez Hirschbein
* 1929: In die poylishe velder [de] [In Polish Woods], as Rachel; screenplay by Henryk Bojm, based on a novel by Joseph Opatoshu
# Ryszard Kole

Ryszard Kole (Polish:) is a Polish–American pharmacologist and professor emeritus in the Pharmacology Department at the UNC School of Medicine within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is known for his research on control of gene expression by antisense oligonucleotides and messenger RNA-based therapeutics. He is the recipient of the 2019 Massry Prize.

## Life and career

He graduated in chemistry from the University of Warsaw in 1969. Between 1970–1977, he held the position of senior research associate at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), where he obtained his PhD degree. His research there mostly concerned the role of ribonucleases on cell function.
In 1977, he moved to the United States where, as a postdoctoral fellow, he trained with Sidney Altman and Sherman Wiseman at Yale University. In 1983, joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as Professor of Pharmacology.
In 2019, he became the joint recipient of the Massry Prize, alongside Stanley T. Crooke, for "their seminal work in the development of oligonucleotides targeting messenger RNA as novel therapeutics for a wide range human diseases".
# Great Burgan

Most of Kuwait's oil is located in the Great Burgan area (reserves of approximately 70 billion barrels), which is considered to be the world's second largest oil field. Great Burgan comprises the Burgan, Al-Maqwa, and Al-Ahmadi fields located south of Kuwait City, as well as the Wafra oil field. These three fields together pump 31' and 33' range crude into 14 tank farms.
The Burgan field is known to be pressurized by seawater intrusion. While this had been speculated upon for decades, definitive proof was made evident in the 1991-92 period when the Iraqi Army used demolition explosives to break open scores of wells and set them on fire. The wells kept producing oil until capped, demonstrating to the world that natural pressure was causing the oil to flow to the surface, and pressure in nearby Saudi Arabian fields declined until the Burgan wells were capped. If the wells were productive under artificial lift the fires would have self extinguished from lack of fresh oil when the pumps were shut off.
In 2006 and again in 2007 the national oil company of Kuwait has stated that Burgan is producing at its best possible rate. If true this demonstrates that Kuwait has reached peak production and can not increase its production in the future.
# Punjab Dian Lok Gathawan

Punjab Dian Lok Gathawan (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀਆਂ ਲੋਕ-ਗਾਥਾਵਾਂ; also spelled as Punjab Diyan Lok Gathawan), the 7 inch, 45 rpm, was the first EP of Kuldeep Manak released by HMV (a subsidiary label of EMI) in 1973. The music was composed by Ram Saran Das and the lyrics were penned by Hardev Dilgir. The record contained one kali, Teri Khatar Heere, while the other three are the folk songs related to the old folktales of the Punjab. Recorded on the mono format, the record was a hit.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Hardev Dilgir; all music is composed by Ram Saran Das
# Pasaveh

Pasaveh (Persian: پساوه, also Romanized as Pasāveh; also known as Khvārazm and Pasāva ) is a village in Dasht-e Taybad Rural District, Miyan Velayat District, Taybad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 904, in 205 families.
# Stefan van der Lei

Stefan van der Lei (born 5 March 1993) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for VV Pelikaan-S.

## Career

In 2018, Van der Lei played for Dalkurd FF in Sweden.
# Rana Chandra Singh

Rana Chandra Singh (Sindhi: رانا چندر سنگه‎; 1931 – 1 August 2009), also known as Rana Chandar Singh, was a Pakistani politician and a federal minister. He was one of the founding members of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Umerkot seven times with PPP between 1977 and 1999. He founded the Pakistan Hindu Party (PHP) in 1990.

## Early life

Rana Chandra Singh was born in 1931 in Rana Jagir, 16 km from Umarkot, present day Umerkot District. He belonged to the Hindu Sodha clan of Rajputs, and was the Rana (chieftain) of the Amarkot (Umerkot) jagir, a Rajput estate in Pakistan.

## Career

He was a close friend of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto, and was a founding member of Pakistan Peoples Party. He was also elected as MPA a number of seven times, serving as Minister of Science and Technology, Revenue and Narcotics Affairs. In 1990, he left PPP and formed his own political party, the Pakistan Hindu Party (PHP). He himself designed for his party a saffron flag bearing two ancient logos – Om and Trishool. He served as Minister for Agriculture and Revenue, and was the Chairman of National Commission of Minorities. He won elections as an Independent candidate for a continuous 53 years – a considerable achievement for a minority Hindu. He had joined PPP after parting way with PML-Q.
He died on 1 August 2009 at the age of 78, after a prolonged illness, as he suffered paralysis in 2004. Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani, in a message to his family, expressed grief over the death of former federal minister, while President Asif Ali Zardari described him as "one of the fearless political activists who joined the party in the early days of its formation by Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and who stood by him through thick and thin". His body was taken to his native village Rana Jagir, 16 km from Umarkot for cremation, where earlier, his elder son Rana Hamir Singh was installed as his successor, the 26th Rana of Tharparkar's Thakurs.
According to Waseem Altaf, a retired Pakistani bureaucrat, "whenever the Cabinet was given a defense-related briefing, Rana Chandra Singh was asked to leave the Cabinet Room."

## Personal life

He was married to Rani Sahiba Subhadra Kumari, daughter of Rawat Tej Singh of Rawatsar in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. They have four sons and one daughter.
# Adenophorus tamariscinus

Adenophorus tamariscinus, the wahine noho mauna, is a species of fern endemic to the US state of Hawaii. Fronds grow up to 8 in (20 cm) long. In its native habitat it is an epiphyte, growing in wet-mesic forests or rain forests.