OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mustansirite Hardship

The Mustansirite Hardship (Arabic: الشِّدَّةُ المُسْتَنْصِرِيَّة‎, romanized: Ash-shiddatu l-Mustanṣiriyyah) was a political crisis in Fatimid Egypt which resulted in a seven-year famine that occurred between 1064 and 1071 CE. Around 40,000 people are estimated to have starved to death during that period. The crisis occurred during the reign of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, after whom it is named.

## Causes

For several years before the crisis, the Nile failed to flood as was required for crop irrigation, which lowered agricultural outputs.$^{:98}$ In 1066, a quarrel between Turkish Mamluk slave-mercenaries and Sudanese African slaves escalated into a full-blown civil war, with both sides vying for control over the weak Caliph al-Mustansir.$^{:335}$ The Caliph's mother, being an African slave herself, used her influence in favor of the African faction.$^{:273}$ The Turks were led by the general Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan.$^{:273}$ Military engagement between the Turkish and African factions, including a siege of Cairo, led to further food shortages. Eventually, Nasir al-Dawla was able to rout the African forces and thus took control of the viziership of Egypt.$^{:273}$

## Famine

A market run on wheat and bread caused rapid inflation and the complete depletion of Fatimid state coffers. Soon enough, food became too expensive, if not unobtainable, for the average Egyptian.$^{:98}$ The 14th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi relates some of the desperate measures taken by the starving masses during this time—cannibalism became commonplace, and some even resorted to kidnapping passersby by use of hooks dangled from the roof of buildings, upon which the kidnappers would eat the victim.$^{:337}$ The corpses of executed criminals were also eaten.$^{:99}$ Dogs were sold at 5 silver dirhams each, which eventually caused a shortage of dogs.$^{:98}$ Al-Maqrizi also relates the story of a woman who had strips of flesh cut from her thighs by hungry kidnappers.$^{:337}$ Several cities were completely depopulated as a result of the famine, including al-Askar and al-Qata'i, and other cities such as Fustat saw the majority of their populations perish.
Some Arab historians likened this famine to Egypt's seven-year famine described in Judeo-Christian and Islamic tradition.$^{:100}$
# Amara language

Amara is an Austronesian language spoken by about 1200 individuals along the northwest coast of West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Britain. Speakers have close to 100% bilingualism with Bariai, and many also speak Tok Pisin.

## Phonology

Consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Velar |
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g |
| Fricative | | s | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ |
| Approximant | | r, l | |
* The voiced stops /b d g/ frequently manifest as fricatives [β ɹ ɣ] after vowels.
Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i | | u |
| Mid | e | | o |
| Low | | a | |
# David Gow (composer)

David Godfrey Gow (6 April 1924 – 23 February 1993) was an English composer (of Scottish descent) and teacher.

## Life

Gow was born in London. His ancestors included the 18th Century Scottish fiddler Niel Gow and his son Nathaniel (a connection he acknowledged in his Six Diversions on an Ancestral Theme). He studied at the Royal College of Music with Gordon Jacob and Frank Merrick, where he gained his first recognition as a composer, winning the Clements Prize with his Clarinet Quintet (1945). He then took further composition lessons with Alan Bush and an M Mus degree at Durham University. He began regular composition in the 1950s, but later disowned many of his early works.
After a period teaching further education evening classes in London, Gow was appointed music lecturer at Swindon Technical College in 1962. He stayed on there until retirement. He also lectured at Bristol University, and from 1969 was closely involved with music courses for the Open University, and a regular at the University's Summer School music courses at Warwick and Cardiff.
Gow lived with his wife Margaret in Axford, Wiltshire, later moving to Aldbourne. He died in 1993 at the age of 68 after eight years of poor health, through which he continued to compose.

## Music

Gow described the style of his music as "serialism tempered by tonality", but he was always careful not to make unreasonable demands on performers. He composed nine string quartets (spanning the years 1946 to 1990) and from 1984 (starting at the String Quartet No 4) established a close association with the Maggini Quartet. His Quartet for flute, oboe, violoncello and harpsichord, Op. 28, won the Hans Oppenheimer Prize of the Saltire Society in 1967. He wrote many concertos, including the Piano Concerto for Philip Martin in 1980, the Cello Concerto for Timothy Hugh, and a Marimba Concerto for Evelyn Glennie, completed just before his death. His solo piano works include Twelve Preludes and a Postlude (1979) and two piano sonatas (1984 for Philip Martin and 1990 for Eric Parkin).
There are also songs and song cycles (such as Fifteen Faces of Love, 1982) and choral works such as Ave Maris Stella, which has been recorded. Gow worked closely with the BBC Northern Singers and their conductor Stephen Wilkinson, who gave the first performances and broadcasts of his cantatas The Wreck of the Deutschland (1971, setting Gerard Manley Hopkins), Little Cantata to the Stars (1974), Walden (1984), and Star Gazers (1990). Orchestral works include a nine minute long Mini Symphony written for the Hounslow Youth Orchestra in 1968, the Overture One-Two-Five (1978) commissioned by British Rail and used as the soundtrack for a short documentary film produced by British Transport Films, and the Symphony No 3 Wessex Heights, written in 1990 to commemorate 150 years since the birth of Thomas Hardy.
# Frida Kern

Frida Kern née Seitz (b. 9 March 1891, d. 23 Dec 1988) was an Austrian composer. She was born in Vienna and grew up in Linz, studying piano with Anna Zappa, and later at the Linz Music Academy with August Göllerich.
She married Max Kern in 1909 and began composing in 1911. In 1923 she entered the Vienna Academy where she studied composition with Franz Schmidt and conducting with Robert Heger. She continued her studies with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Alexander Wunderer, graduating in 1927. Kern established a women's orchestra which toured Europe and North Africa, and in 1942 took a teaching position at the music school in Vienna. In 1960 she was honored by the Austrian Republic. She died in Linz.

## Works

Selected works include:
* Die vier Geigerlein (Vier kleine Vortragsstucke) (1891–1988) For 4 violins
* Flotenserenade op. 62 (1891–1988) For flute and piano
* Scherzo (1891–1988) For Horn and Piano
* Spanischer Tanz Nr. 1 aus op. 24 (1891–1988) For Bassoon and Piano or Violoncello and Piano
* Vier Stucke fur Blaserquintett op. 25 (1891–1988) for Wind Quintet
Her music has been recorded and issued on CD, including:
* Frida Kern
# Chaffin's Bluff

Chaffin's Bluff is located in Henrico County, Virginia, United States, on the north side of the James River, opposite Drewry's Bluff, long-considered a major defense point of the river below Richmond. Located at a major bend in the river about eight miles south of Richmond, both bluffs were fortified by the Confederates early in the American Civil War.

## History

A Union attempt to take Richmond by water by the ironclad USS Monitor and other Union warships during the Peninsula Campaign failed to get past the defenses at this location during the Battle of Drewry's Bluff on May 15, 1862.
Chaffin's Bluff and Chaffin's Farm (later renamed Fort Harrison) were adjacent to each other.
On August 15, 1864, the Federal expedition to Chaffin's Bluff and the capital's defenses was delayed and frustrated by Confederate forces. On September 30, 1864, there was another battle at Fort Harrison or Chaffin's Farm, Virginia. General Robert E. Lee had lost Fort Harrison the previous day, and led a strong counterattack, but was beaten off by the Federal forces. The battle ended major Federal attempts against Richmond from north of the James River, and the Confederates constructed new outer works between the Fort Harrison line and Richmond, while the Federals built and manned siege lines east of the Confederate capital.
On a map included in Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, published in 1881 by Jefferson Davis, president of the late Confederate States, Chaffin's Bluff was marked as "Chapin Bluff", 8.5 miles down the James River from Richmond.
Drewry's Bluff is part of the Fort Darling unit of the Richmond National Battlefield Park.
In modern times, singer and businessman Jimmy Dean and his wife Donna Meade Dean made their home at Chaffin's Bluff, located on private property on the Henrico County side of the river. Dean died at his home there on June 13, 2010.
# Suzanne Chaigneau

Suzanne Chaigneau (14 June 1875 – 13 April 1946) was a French violinist and chamber musician, and a noted violin teacher.
She spent her childhood between Barbizon and Paris, receiving her musical education from her mother and family friends including Charles Lamoureux and Camille Chevillard. With her sisters she formed a piano trio which gave its first concert in Paris on 25 February 1895.
She was the daughter of painter Ferdinand Chaigneau and Louise Deger, the twin sister of the cellist Marguerite and the sister of pianist Thérèse, with whom she played as the Trio Chaigneau. In 1910 she married the son of violinist Joseph Joachim, Hermann Joachim, an officer in the German army, and was the mother of the singer Irène Joachim. The Chaigneau home welcomed many artistic visitors and was also considered close to the Dreyfusard cause, with Georges Picquart among other visitors to the home.
The Trio Chaigneau played in London and Edinburgh and, with assistance from Joachim, undertook a tour of Germany in 1905. Their repertoire was both the Austro-German classics – Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart – and modern French composers. Apart from a few appearances in 1920, the Trio ended at the start of the First World War.
Suzanne Chaigneau was stranded in Berlin during the war, and her husband died of tuberculosis in 1917. However she was able to continue with musical activity which brought her into contact with Wanda Landowska and Carl Flesch. Although she was able to send her daughter back to France in 1918, she herself was only able to return around 1920. Back in Paris she taught the violin, and founded the Institut moderne du violon with Lucien Capet in 1924. She also became a music correspondent for the Berliner Tageblatt, signing her articles as 'S Francoeur'.
In 1926 and 1927 Chaigneau spent time in Chicago with the Yanker family to teach her violin method. Her books on violin playing included L’Art d’etudier, as well as a translation of the Journal Intime of Novalis.

## Sources

Massin B. Les Joachim – Une famille de musiciens. Fayard, Paris, 1999.
* This article on a violinist or fiddler is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Oktyabrsky, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast

Oktyabrsky (Russian: Октябрьский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Gorodensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 12 (2010 Census); 31 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The khutor is located in the Seym River basin, 51 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 55 km south-west of Kursk, 10.5 km east of the district center – the town Lgov, 3 km from the selsoviet center – Gorodensk.

### Climate

Oktyabrsky has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Oktyabrsky is located 5.5 km from the road of regional importance 38K-017 (Kursk – Lgov – Rylsk – border with Ukraine) as part of the European route E38, on the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-433 (Lgov – Gorodensk – Borisovka – Rechitsa), 5.5 km from the nearest railway halt 412 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 61 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 138 km from Belgorod International Airport and 265 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Awad Bing language

Awad Bing, or Biliau, is an Austronesian language spoken by about 1,100 people in seven villages near Astrolabe Bay, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Almost all speakers also use Tok Pisin as a second language. Awad Bing is also spoken by a few Ngaing for trading purposes.
# Peter Holman

Peter Kenneth Holman MBE (born 19 October 1946, in London) is an English conductor and musicologist best known for reviving the music of Purcell and his English contemporaries. Holman, with the ensemble The Parley of Instruments made many of the extensive series of recordings of lesser-known English baroque music on Hyperion Records in that label's English Orpheus series from 1980 to 2010. The ensemble was co-founded in 1979 by Holman and the violinist Roy Goodman. Holman and the ensemble now record on the Chandos Classics label.
Holman was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to early music.

## Publications

* Dowland: Lachrimae (1604) 1999
* Henry Purcell 1994
* Life After Death: The Viola Da Gamba in Britain 2010
* From Renaissance to Baroque: change in instruments Jonathan Wainwright, Peter Holman, University of York. Dept. of Music - 2005
* Four and twenty fiddlers: the violin at the English court, 1540-1690 - 1996
* Music in the British Provinces, 1690-1914 Rachel Cowgill, Peter Holman - 2007
* Purcell - 23 articles ed. Peter Holman - 2011
* Terpsichore at 400: Michael Praetorius as a Collector of Dances. The Viola da Gamba Society Journal, Volume Six - 2012. pp. 34–51. online
# Marcel Rubin

Marcel Rubin (7 July 1905 – 12 May 1995) was an Austrian composer.
Born in Vienna, where he studied with Richard Robert and Franz Schmidt, he later emigrated to Paris, where he pursued further studies with Darius Milhaud. After living in Mexico City for a while, he returned to Vienna after the end of World War II.
Among the works he composed there are ten symphonies and the opera Kleider machen Leute (1969).

## Honours and awards

* 1959: State Prize for Music
* 1961 and 1965: Award from the Theodor-Körner Foundation
* 1964: Title of Professor
* 1969: City of Vienna Prize for Music
* 1970: Grand Austrian State Prize for Music
* 1974: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
* 1979: Honorary Member of the Austrian Society for Contemporary Music
* 1980: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
* 1985: Honorary Member of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna
* 1986: Gold Medal of Vienna

## Selected compositions

Stage works
* Die Stadt, ballet (1933, rev. 1980)
* Kleider machen Leute, opera (1969)
* Der Schneider im Himmel, fairy tale in music (1981)
Cantatas & oratorios
* Die Albigenser (1961)
* O ihr Menschen. Ein Heiligenstädter Psalm (1977)
* Auferstehung (1986)
* Licht über Damaskus (1988)
Orchestral works
* Ten symphonies (between 1928 and 1986)
* Concertos for double bass (1970), trumpet (1972), bassoon (1976), piano (1992), flute & strings (1994)
* Sinfonietta for string orchestra (1966)
Chamber music
* 6 string quartets (between 1926 and 1991)
* String Trio (1927, rev. 1962)
* Sonata, for cello and piano (1928)
* Sonata, for violin and piano (1974)
* Concertino, for 12 cellos (1975)
Solo instrumental
* 4 piano sonatas (between 1925 and 1994)
* Tageszeiten. 4 piano pieces (1955)
* Petite Sérénade pour Guitare (1977)
* Klaviermusik 94, for piano (1994)
# Tang-e Khoshk

Tang-e Khoshk (Persian: تنگ خشك) may refer to:
* Tang-e Khoshk, Isfahan
* Tang-e Khoshk, Khuzestan
* Tang-e Khoshk, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
# George Tofan

George Tofan (5 November [O.S. 17 November] 1880 – 15 July 1920) was a writer and official from Austro Hungary, the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and Romania. He was the editor in chief of Școala magazine (1907); also, George Tofan was a journalist and official in Chișinău.

## Biography

George Tofan was born on 5 November [O.S. 17 November] 1880, in Bilca (at the time in Austria-Hungary, now in Romania), studied in Suceava (1892–1900) and graduated from the Chernowitz University (1904). He contributed to Junimea literară (1904), Viața Românească (1906), Patria, and Foaia poporului (1909). On 31 January 1909 he became the president of the Teacher Training Resource Centre "George Tofan". Also, he was the secretary of "Societatea pentru Cultura și Literatura Română în Bucovina".
In 1914, Tofan was appointed as an inspector for the Romanian private schools and director of a school from Bazargic (today Dobrich). In 1917, together with Onisifor Ghibu, Tofan edited Școala Moldovenească in Chișinău; there he was a founder of the National Moldavian Party. On 6 November 1918 he was appointed as school inspector in Chișinău. In April 1919 Tofan was "Departamentul Instrucțiunii Publice din Bucovina" in Cernăuți, where he died a year later.

## Honours

* Teacher Training Resource Centre “George Tofan”, Suceava
* "George Tofan" Publishing House, Suceava
# Büyen

The Büyen (Kazakh: Бүйен, Büien) is a river of Kazakhstan. Its source is in the Dzungarian Alatau. It flows to the north, parallel to the Aksu to its east, and vanishes in the Jalkum desert south of Lake Balkhash. The Bronze Age settlement Tasbas is located in the upper Büyen valley.
# Govindpura, Bhopal

Govindpura (Hindi: गोविन्दपुरा) is an area in the BHEL township in the city of Bhopal, India.

## Etymology

In Sanskrit, Govindpura means the place of Govind, one of the names of Lord Krishna, a Hindu deity.

## Points of interest
### Restaurants

Govindpura has many roadside dhabas and small eating places.

### Schools

* Hema School
* Gandhi School
* Government Girls High School
* Vidya Niketan
* Raman Higher Secondary School
* St John's School
Carmel Convent Senior Secondary Girls School

## Getting there and orientation

The easiest way to get to Govindpura is to board one of the private buses that run in Bhopal. Auto rickshaws are also a very popular mode of transport.

## Industrial estate

Govindpura has a sprawling industrial estate that comprises mainly ancillary industries to BHEL.
# Alexandro-Nevsky, Novosibirsk Oblast

Alexandro-Nevsky (Russian: Александро-Невский) is a rural locality (a selo). It is part of the Kazansky Village Council of Bagansky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 217 (2010 Census); 296 (2002 Census);
# Baeggu language

The Baeggu language (also called Baegu or Mbaenggu) is spoken by the indigenous people of the North Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands. In 1999 there were 5,900 people known to speak the language. The language is largely intelligible with Baelelea, To'aba'ita, and Lau.
# Amadou Jawo

Amadou Jawo (born 29 September 1984) is a Gambian footballer who plays as a striker for Brottby SK in Sweden.

## Career

Jawo was born in Banjul, Gambia. He arrived in Sweden at the age of five and after settling down in Täby kyrkby he joined the local club IK Frej. When he was sixteen he made his first team debut for Vallentuna BK in Division 1. During his time at the club he scored 9 goals in 56 games.
At the end of 2007 Jawo trialed with Djurgårdens IF. He played two games for the Stockholm club but did not end up getting signed. In the second game where Djurgården played against Gefle IF he however impressed Gefle manager Per Olsson enough to be signed by the Gävle club instead. After two successful seasons at Gefle IF he was sold to IF Elfsborg in what was one of the most lucrative deals in the history of the club.
Jawo struggled to break into the starting eleven at Elfsborg and declared at the end of 2011 that he would not accept being a bench player for another year. The new Djurgården manager Magnus Pehrsson tried to bring Jawo to his club during several transfer windows and finally in March 2013 he joined them on a season long loan. In January 2014, Djurgården announced that Jawo had signed a 5-year contract, keeping him at the club through 2018.
On 23 April 2019, Jawo joined Brottby SK.

## Personal life

Jawo is of Gambian descent. He was a Djurgårdens IF supporter when he was growing up. He has a total of nine siblings. His brother Omar Jawo has played 89 games in the Swedish top tier Allsvenskan while another brother, Momodou Jawo, was a goalkeeper for IK Frej.

## Career statistics

    As of 19 July 2016
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | League | League | Svenska Cupen | Svenska Cupen | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| 2008 | Gefle IF | Allsvenskan | 27 | 5 | — | — | — | — | 27 | 5 |
| 2009 | Gefle IF | Allsvenskan | 15 | 4 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 17 | 5 |
| 2009 | IF Elfsborg | Allsvenskan | 10 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 1 | 12 | 2 |
| 2010 | IF Elfsborg | Allsvenskan | 20 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 26 | 3 |
| 2011 | IF Elfsborg | Allsvenskan | 13 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 3 |
| 2012 | IF Elfsborg | Allsvenskan | 14 | 2 | — | — | 3 | 1 | 17 | 3 |
| 2013 | IF Elfsborg | Allsvenskan | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | Djurgårdens IF (loan) | Allsvenskan | 26 | 12 | 5 | 1 | — | — | 31 | 13 |
| 2014 | Djurgårdens IF | Allsvenskan | 29 | 6 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 32 | 7 |
| 2015 | Djurgårdens IF | Allsvenskan | 11 | 0 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 14 | 1 |
| 2016 | Djurgårdens IF | Allsvenskan | 8 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 173 | 35 | 18 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 205 | 42 |

## Honors
### Club
#### IF Elfsborg

* Allsvenskan (1): 2012

### Individual

* Årets Järnkamin (1): 2013
# Ruch-e Sofla

Ruch-e Sofla (Persian: روچ سفلي) may refer to:
* Ruch-e Sofla, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
* Ruch-e Sofla, Qazvin
# Ugnė Karvelis

Ugnė Karvelis (13 June 1935 – 4 March 2002, in Paris, France) was a writer, a translator and a member of the UNESCO Executive Board from 1997 to 2002.

## Biography

Karvelis was born in Noreikiškės, Kaunas district on 13 June 1935, to Lithuanian politician Petras Karvelis (1925-1929 Foreign Minister of Lithuania) and Veronika Bakštytė, a cultural activist. Following the 1940 incorporation of Lithuanie into the Soviet Union, the Karvelis family emigrated to Germany in 1944.
In 1940 Karvelis enrolled in Sacre Coeur, a private school in Berlin. She continued her studies at Kaunas Aušra Gymnasium (1943-1944) and Tübingen French school (1945-1950). Karvelis studied at the Sorbonne (1951-1952) and then in the international relations department at Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris from 1952 to 1956. Karvelis furthered her studies overseas at Columbia University in New York in the history and economics departments from 1957 to 1958.
In 1955 Karvelis began working for Express magazine in the international relations department. From 1959 to 1983 she worked as a publisher and editor for Editions Gallimard, beginning as an international department manager, and later managing the Latin America, Spain, Portugal and Eastern Europe departments. Thanks to her, many renowned writers such as Julio Cortázar (her partner between 1967 and 1970), Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz were published in France. Karvelis also worked as a literary critic publishing in Le Figaro and Le Monde.
In 1988 Karvelis visited Lithuania and in 1991 helped Lithuania to join UNESCO. In 1993 she became Lithuania's permanent delegate to UNESCO.
In 1991 Karvelis directed two documentary movies about Lithuania.
She translated many Lithuanian authors into French, most notably novels by Saulius Tomas Kondrotas (Gaze of the Viper Lithuanian: Žalčio žvilgsnis)), Ričardas Gavelis, Bitė Vilimaitė, and Jurga Ivanauskaitė. She translated classic poems by Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Balys Sruoga, Salomėja Nėris, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, and Jonas Aistis. Additionally she translated poems by modern authors: Marcelijus Martinaitis (Passerelle de nuages Lithuanian: Debesų lieptais), Eduardas Mieželaitis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Sigitas Geda, Antanas A. Jonynas, Gintaras Patackas, and Almis Grybauskas among others.

## Works of note

* Demain, il n'y aura plus de trains, 1991, novel (Lithuanian: Traukinių daugiau nebus, 1997).