OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustav Hölzel

Gustav Hölzel (2 September 1813 – 3 December 1883) was an Austro-Hungarian bass-baritone and composer who sang in the opera-houses of Austria, Germany and elsewhere for nearly fifty years. He is principally remembered as the first Beckmesser in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

## Early life

He was born in Pest, Hungary, the son of the actor, singer and theatre director Nikolaus Alois Hölzel (1785–1848) who managed the Landestheater in Linz from 1819 until 1924. His mother Elisabeth Hölzel (née Umlauf) was an operatic contralto, daughter of composer Ignaz Umlauf, and sister of composer Michael Umlauf. At the age of sixteen, Gustav made his operatic debut in Sopron, and his career continued in Graz (1830–1832), the Theater in der Josefstadt in Vienna (1833–1837), and the Königsstädtisches Theater in Berlin (1837–1838). He pursued further training in Paris in 1838 before joining the Stadttheater Zürich where he was engaged from 1838 until 1840. In 1840, he joined the Court Opera at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna.

## Later career in Austria and Germany

Hölzel sang at the Hofoper for twenty-three years, during which he created the small role of De Fiesque in Gaetano Donizetti's penultimate opera Maria di Rohan in 1843. But in 1863, while playing the role of Friar Tuck in Heinrich Marschner's Der Templer und die Jüdin, Hölzel altered the words of the Friar's song and was dismissed from the company.
He nevertheless found operatic work at the Theater an der Wien, and also appeared in Darmstadt, Nuremberg and Munich. At the Nationaltheater in the latter city, in 1868, he created the role of Beckmesser in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg His final engagements were at the Komische Oper Berlin, and his last stage appearance was in 1877 in the role of Baculus in Albert Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.
Gustav Hölzel died in Vienna.

## International career and roles

He made guest appearances in opera houses in London (1840 and 1843), Saint Petersburg and Stockholm in 1860, and in the American premiere of Mozart's Der Schauspieldirektor at the Stadt Theatre in New York in 1870. At the Opéra Comique in Paris in 1859, he appeared in the premiere of Yvonne by the Belgian composer Armand Limnander.
Hölzel was noted for his comic roles, which included, as well as those mentioned above, Leporello in Don Giovanni, Don Basilio in The Barber of Seville and Van Bett in Lortzing's Zar und Zimmermann.

## Compositions

Gustav Hölzel was also a prolific composer of piano music and songs. Among the latter are a setting of Ludwig Uhland's "Sonntag", Op. 226, and three settings of poems by Heinrich Heine, "Die schönsten Augen", Op. 68, "Wasserfahrt", Op. 73, and "Meine Sehnsucht von H. Heine" ("Mädchen mit dem roten Mündchen"), Op. 32.
# Masaru Hirayama

Masaru Hirayama (平山 大, Hirayama Masaru, born June 3, 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

## Playing career

Hirayama was born in Fukui Prefecture on June 3, 1972. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Nagoya Grampus Eight in 1995. He played many matches as center back in his first season. However he did not play in any matches in 1996. In 1997, he moved to the Japan Football League club Kawasaki Frontale. He retired at the end of the 1998 season.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | Total | Total |
| 1995 | Nagoya Grampus Eight | J1 League | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 17 | 1 |
| 1996 | Nagoya Grampus Eight | J1 League | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1997 | Nagoya Grampus Eight | J1 League | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
# Alexa Scott

Alexa Scott (born 3 April 2001) is a Canadian long track speed skater.

## Career

At the 2020 World Junior Speed Skating Championships, Scott won the bronze medal in the overall event, despite suffering from food poisoning.
Scott's first senior competition came in 2020, when she won a silver in the women's team pursuit at the 2020 Four Continents Speed Skating Championships in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
In January 2022, Scott was named to her first Olympic team, where she will contest the 1000 m and team pursuit events.

## Personal records

Personal records :
| Speed skating |||||
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 39.31 | 13 October 2021 | Olympic Oval, Calgary | |
| 1000 m | 1:15.29 | 4 December 2021 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1500 m | 1:55.34 | 5 December 2021 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 3000 m | 4:08.47 | 3 December 2021 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
# Kurkse tragedy

The Kurkse tragedy (Estonian: Kurkse tragöödia) occurred on 11 September 1997, when 14 Estonian soldiers of the Baltic Battalion drowned in the Kurkse Strait during a dangerous training maneuver. The Kurkse tragedy is the deadliest accident in the Estonian Defence Forces since the country regained independence in 1991.

## Accident

As the last part of an exercise which had lasted several days, a team of 22 soldiers from the reconnaissance unit of the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion attempted to wade about 3 km (2 mi) from the Pakri Islands through the shallow Kurkse Strait to the Estonian mainland. Although in the beginning of the exercise the conditions seemed satisfactory, later during the crossing, when the unit came out of the lee of the island, high winds and waves appeared and several men started to suffer from hypothermia in the cool (14°C) water. Also, it was expected that most of the strait could be waded through and it would be needed to swim for only several hundred meters, but instead the men had to start swimming relatively early and couldn't ever touch seabed before they were rescued. The eight surviving soldiers were rescued by the master of the nearby Kurkse harbour.
The commander of the unit, Jaanus Karm, was later found guilty of negligence for leading his troops into such dangerous circumstances. He was sentenced to four and a half years in prison, but was pardoned by the president Lennart Meri.
In September 1998, a memorial stone was erected in the port of Kurkse in memory of those who died in the accident. In 2008, the Kurkse tragedy was the subject of the Estonian documentary film Surmaretk.
# Palm Pistol

The Palm Pistol is a pocket pistol invented by Matthew Carmel and manufactured by his company Constitution Arms in Maplewood, New Jersey. The firearm is specifically intended for use by seniors, disabled and others with limited hand strength or manual dexterity.

## Overview

The gun is intended to be a single-shot weapon held in the palm of the hand with the barrel extending between the fingers. The trigger would be at the top, squeezed by the user's thumb. Carmel stated, "I was sitting in my workshop one day, playing around with a T-handled screwdriver. And I was thinking about the recurring problem I have with the seniors I teach, loading cartridges, locking slides, and hand weakness… I was thinking minimalist. If I start with just a cartridge, what is the minimal thing I have to put around it in order to ignite the primer and send this projectile downrange?" The T-handled screwdriver made Carmel realize that all he needed was a barrel, a breech, and a short butt or handle.

## Classification

In 2008, while the gun was still in development, it was classified as a medical device by the FDA, which would have allowed reimbursements from Medicare if doctors had prescribed the pistol to eligible patients. The classification was overturned on December 8, 2008.
# Specialist in Psychology

The Specialist in Psychology (PsyS or Psy.S.) is a post-masters specialist degree in psychology, and is usually specialized in school psychology. The degree is a three-year program, the first two years earning a Master's (usually in general psychology, developmental psychology, or school psychology) and the last year earning the specialist degree. As a whole, the degree includes two years of course work (including practice) and a one-year internship.
This degree is primarily designed for practicing in the school setting, although after three years of post-grad field work one can operate in private practice in some states. This degree is not designed for those who would like to attain a PhD, however, it is possible to switch over some credits in search of an EdD after the PsyS is completed.
This degree entails two years of course work including a clinical practicum and is often the first part of a four-year PsyD degree. The PsyD is a degree specializing in clinical psychology training, in lieu of the more research based PhD.
This degree should not be confused with the Specialist Psychologist degree conferred in Denmark, which corresponds to a full PsyD or DClinPsy degree in the U.S./UK.
Also, this degree should not be confused with the Specialist Degree in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Diploma of Specialist (Russian: диплом специалиста • diplóm specialísta) is a five-year higher-education diploma that was the only first higher-education diploma in the former Soviet Union (the Candidate of Sciences was the first academic level degree while the Doctor of Sciences was the highest academic credential) and continues to be offered throughout the USSR successor states in parallel with the new bachelor's degree. In terms of the number of instructional hours it is typically, 35 to 42 classroom hours per week, 34 weeks of instruction plus 6 weeks of exams per academic year. Commonly referred to simply as "Diploma" (Russian: диплом • diplóm), the Soviet/Russian-style Diploma of Specialist is believed to have originated in the engineering education in the Russian Empire. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the specialist degree called qualification (degree) of "specialist" (Russian: квалификация (степень) "специалист" • kvalifikacija (stepenʹ) "specialist").
# Euphemia of Kuyavia

Euphemia of Kuyavia (c. 1265 – 18 March 1308) was a Kuyavian princess and Queen consort of Galicia-Volhynia.
She was the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia by his third wife Euphrosyne, daughter of Casimir I of Opole. Euphemia was sister of Władysław I the Elbow-high, the wife of Yuri I of Galicia, and the mother of Andrew of Galicia and Lev II of Galicia.
The only preserved evidence of Euphemia's existence is from Jan Długosz's Yearbooks, which reported that Euphemia died on 18 March 1308. She was the daughter of Prince Casimir and the wife of Yuri I, who died in the same year on 21 April, which was also his birthday.

## Biography
### Birth

Her parents' marriage was concluded in mid 1257, and her father died on 14 December 1267. Thus, Euphemia soon after the wedding. Literature puts her birth at around 1265. In the absence of sources of an accurate date of birth, it is not possible to determine when Euphemia was born.
It is most likely that Euphemia was named after her aunt, Euphemia of Greater Poland. There is also a possibility, though less likely, that she received her name from a daughter of Swantopolk II, Duke of Pomerania because her father tried to make peace with him.

### Marriage

As reported by Jan Długosz, Euphemia was married to Yuri I of Galicia. The date of the wedding is however unknown. Certainly, the marriage took place before the second half 1290, the year in which Euphemia's niece, Fenenna of Kuyavia married Andrew III of Hungary. There are however some predictions of when the marriage took place.
One of these declares that the marriage took place in the summer of 1289. When Yuri was in competition for the throne of Cracow between Euphemia's cousin, Bolesław II of Masovia and Henry IV Probus Euphemia's brother helped Yuri. According to this hypothesis in the summer of 1289 the situation changed when Conrad II of Masovia's brother the Prince of Płock brother decided to separate Sandomierz from his brother. Lesser knights opposing the plan began to promote the plans of Euphemia's half-brother, Ziemomysł of Kuyavia. This strengthened Lev I of Galicia's claim over the other candidates for the throne of Kraków. In return for the military aid against the Duke of Mazovia, Lev I received Lublin. An alliance with Euphemia's brother meant Euphemia could marry his son, Yuri.

## Children

Euphemia and Yuri I were parents to four children:
* Andrew of Galicia (d. 1323), King of Galicia-Volhynia
* Lev II of Galicia (d. 1323), King of Galicia-Volhynia
* Maria (d. 11 January 1341), married Trojden I of Masovia
* Anastasia (d. 1364-65), married Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver, they were parents of Uliana of Tver, who was the mother of Jogaila
# Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon

Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon (Mongolian: Бүдрагчаагийн Даш-Ёндон; born 1946) is a Mongolian politician and teacher of history and philosophy. He was the leader of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1991 to 1996, as its Chairman from 1991 to 1992 then as Secretary General from 1992 to 1996.

## Biography

Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon was born in 1946 in Tsetserleg District, Khövsgöl Province. He graduated from the Mongolian State University (MSU) in 1968, earning his higher degree as a candidate of philosophy. He first began working as a history teacher at the university from 1968 to 1974, before he was appointed as an instructor at the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee (1978–1979), and then deputy director of the MPRP Higher Party School (1979–1985). Dash-Yondon then served as deputy head (1985–March 1990) and then head of the Party Organization Department of the Central Committee (March–April 1990), a member of the MPRP Central Auditing Commission (1986–1990), and a full member of the Central Committee (November 1990–October 1992). He served as an MPRP deputy to the People's Great Khural for the Ulaanbaatar 42 constituency (1990–1992). He was the chairman of the Ulaanbaatar MPRP committee (April 1990–February 1991) and a full member of the MPRP Presidium (November 1990–February 1991).
In February 1991, Dash-Yondon became chairman of the MPRP. The position was renamed secretary-general in October 1992, and he held the post until July 1996. He was an unsuccessful MPRP candidate for the Khövsgöl 47 constituency in the 1996 Great Khural election, and served as a political policy aide in the presidential secretariat (March–June 1997) before becoming the political policy aide to President Natsagiin Bagabandi from June 1997. He was appointed Mongolia's ambassador to Bulgaria in 2001 and served there until June 2005. As of March 2009, Dash-Yondon was teaching at the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology, and Law of the Academy of Sciences. He developed an interest in the Buddhist patriarch Nagarjuna, and has written about him.
# Zan-e Rooz

Zan-e Rooz or Zan-e Ruz (Persian: زن روز, romanized: Woman of Today) is a women's weekly Persian-language magazine published in Tehran, Iran. The magazine was first published in 1964. The first issue hit the newsstands in Tehran on 27 February 1965, and the magazine gained an immediate success. The inaugural issue of Zan-e Rooz was published in 15,000 copies, and in 1968 the magazine boasted a print run of 140,000 copies. Its founding editor-in-chief and co-founder was Majid Davami. Before Islamic revolution Kayhan publishing company was the editorial and publisher. After the Iranian Revolution, as women's political activity alongside men increased, publications focusing on women's issues sprang up to answer the increased demand. Due to this, Zan-e Rooz shifted from being a Western-style gossip sheet to a publication dedicated to exploring the rights of women within the Islamic framework.

## Contributors

Writers with this publication include Poopak Niktalab, Nooshafarin Ansari and Aminollah Rezaei.
# Castello Lanzun

Castello Lanzun, also known as Lanzun Tower (Maltese: Torri ta' Lanzun), is a 15th-century fortified farmhouse in the Mensija area of the town of San Ġwann in Malta. It serves as the headquarters of the Malta-Paris obedience of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

## History

Castello Lanzun was originally built in the 15th century as a farmhouse. It gets its name from Wenzu Lanzun (Lorenzo Lanzon), a man from Birgu who lived there during the 1676 plague epidemic.
The farmhouse was modified and enlarged in 1713, and it was fortified so as to be able to provide refuge for the local population in case of a corsair raid. It was also used as a hunting lodge by the Grand Master of the Order of St. John.
In World War II, the building served as an observation post to identify approaching enemy aircraft, and it was severely damaged by aerial bombardment.
In 1972, the farmhouse was purchased by Robert Gayre, who restored the building and handed it to the Malta obedience of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. It was formally inaugurated as the Order's official headquarters on 12 May 1973 by Grand Master Francisco de Borbón y Borbón. The property is in the custody of the Grand Commandery of the Castello (formerly the Commandery of Lochore).
The tower was visited by Patriarch Gregory III Laham on 17 April 2010. The 40th anniversary of the inauguration of the tower was celebrated in May 2013 with a visit by Grand Master Carlos Gereda y de Borbón and other members of the Order.

## Architecture

Castello Lanzun is an example of traditional Maltese architecture, consisting of a number of rooms around a central courtyard. The building contains a chapel and a large meeting hall known as the Knights' Hall, which was originally the stables.
# Ayribobo

Ayribobo (Uzbek: Ayribobo choʻqqisi) or Ayribaba (Turkmen: Aýrybaba), officially named the Great Saparmyrat Turkmenbashi Peak (Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy belentligi) in Turkmenistan since 2004, is a mountain in Central Asia. At 3,138 metres (10,295 ft) Ayribobo is the highest mountain in Turkmenistan. It is located in the Köýtendag Range of the Pamir-Alay chain in the southeast of Turkmenistan on the Uzbekistani border.
# Mohamed Sheikh Osman
## Overview

Mohamed Sheikh Osman (Somali: Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan) was a prominent Somali politician and Member of Parliament in the civilian government. He was initially a Colonel heading the CID division in 1960, he later held numerous ministerial positions in the non-civilian regime, including the position of Minister of Finance, which he held from 1984 to 1987, and from April 1989 to February 1990. He was also an active member of Siad Barre's military regime. He served as Chairman of the Military Safety Court. He later served as Somalia's Minister of Finance. He also general and one of the Supreme Revolutionary Council's twenty-five members
His son, Jibril Sheikh Osman, now holds political positions in the Somali government. One such position he has held is a Counselor for the Somali Ambassador for Ethiopia.
He died in December 2005.
# Schweich, Luxembourg

Schweich (Luxembourgish: Schweech) is a village in the commune of Beckerich, in western Luxembourg. As of 2024, the village has a population of 293.
# Fariba Ahmadi Kakar

Fariba Ahmadi Kakar (Persian: فریبا احمدی کاکر) was elected to represent Kandahar Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005. Born in 1965 in Kandahar, a report on Kandahar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School stated she was a "self-educated teacher" and a member of the Pashtun ethnic group. She sits on the Communications Committee. In August 2013, while travelling with her children in Gazni, Afghanistan, she was kidnapped by the Taliban who demanded the release of four Taliban prisoners in exchange for the release of Mrs Kakar. On 8 September 2013, she was freed in return for the release of several family members of Taliban fighters held in captivity.
# Liberton Hospital

Liberton Hospital is a facility for geriatric medicine on Lasswade Road in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is managed by NHS Lothian. It is scheduled to close in 2025.

## History

The hospital, which was designed by John Dick Peddie and George Washington Browne, opened in 1906. It operated in partnership with the Longmore Hospital and the two hospitals together became known as the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Incurables. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948 and a new four‑storey geriatric facility was built on the site in 1963.
In 2014, the health board considered proposals to demolish the hospital and three others, with a view to replacing these facilities with care villages which would consist of buildings more suited to social care.
In April 2023 it was announced that Edinburgh Council had bought the hospital site and grounds from NHS Lothian for £14.8m. The deal includes the former Blood Transfusion Centre, The council plans to build around 400 homes, a number of which will be accessible and for social or mid-market rent. The 1960s buildings are to be demolished and original Edwardian-era buildings redeveloped. The aim is to create an accessible neighbourhood of low-carbon housing.
The NHS is to occupy the premises until March 2025 to allow the hospital’s remaining services to be relocated.
# Zyazikov (surname)

Zyazikov (Russian: Зязиков) is an Ingush surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Murat Zyazikov (born 1957), Russian politician
* Ruslan Zyazikov (born 1984), Russian footballer