OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bat (disambiguation)

A bat is a flying mammal of the order Chiroptera.
Bat or The Bat may also refer to:

## Computing

* Bat (metasyntactic variable), a placeholder name
* The Bat!, an email client by RitLabs for Microsoft Windows
* .bat, file extension for a batch file

## Film

* The Bat (1926 film), a silent film
* The Bat (1959 film)

## Literature

* The Bat (play), a 1920 play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
* The Bat (novel), a 1997 detective novel by Jo Nesbø
* The Bat (pulp fiction character), a character in short stories by Johnston McCulley

## Military

* McDonnell XP-67 Bat, a U.S. Army Air Forces experimental fighter
* Bat (guided bomb), developed by the U.S. during World War II
* HMS Bat, a Royal Navy destroyer
* USS Bat (1864), a steamer captured by the U.S. during the American Civil War
* Northrop Grumman Bat, an unmanned aerial vehicle developed by Northrop Grumman
* Bat bomb, an experimental World War II weapon developed by the United States
* ASM-N-2 Bat, the first guided munition deployed in WWII by the United States

## Roller coasters

* Bat (Lagoon), a roller coaster at Lagoon Amusement Park, Utah, United States
* The Bat (Canada's Wonderland), a roller coaster, Ontario, Canada
* The Bat (Kings Island; opened 1981), a defunct roller coaster at Kings Island, Ohio, United States
* The Bat (Kings Island; opened 1993), previously known as Top Gun and Flight Deck, a roller coaster at Kings Island, Ohio, United States

## Sports

* Bat, the club-like implement used to hit the ball in bat-and-ball games
** Baseball bat
** Cricket bat
** Pesäpallo § Bat
** Softball § Bat
* Bat, an alternative name for a racket
** Table tennis racket or bat
* Bolo bat

## Other uses

* Bat (goddess), in Egyptian mythology
* Bat (heraldry)
* Bat Motor Manufacturing Co., former manufacturer
* One-hitter (smoking) or bat
* Baltic languages's ISO 639-2 code
* Bar and Bat Mitzvah, a coming of age ceremony in Judaism, with "bat" meaning daughter in Hebrew
* Turkish cold bulgur soup, a soup also known as Bat in the Turkish language
* Bat Masterson (1853–1921), gunfighter, lawman, sports reporter
# 1636 imperial election

The imperial election of 1636 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on December 22.

## Background

This was the sixth imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On 31 October 1517 Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire.
The accession of the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as king of Bohemia led to unrest among the Protestant estates of the kingdom. On 23 May 1618 a group of members of the Protestant estates threw two of Ferdinand II's representatives from the third story of Prague Castle in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague. On 28 August 1619 the full Bohemian estates declared Ferdinand II deposed. They offered the throne to Frederick V, elector Palatine, who accepted.
Ferdinand II called on Maximilian I, duke of Bavaria and leader of the Catholic League, a political confederation-cum-military alliance, for help suppressing the Bohemian Revolt and removing Frederick. In a treaty of 21 October, he promised the Upper Palatinate and its electoral rights in exchange for this help. At the Diet of Regensburg on 25 February 1623 the Duchy of Bavaria received the Palatine electoral dignity, to be returned on Maximilian's death.
On 30 May 1635 the Peace of Prague was signed, ending the conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and its Protestant states. However, the larger war in Germany, the Thirty Years' War, which involved other great powers in Europe, continued.
Ferdinand II called for the election of his successor. In addition to Maximilian, the electors called to Regensburg were:
* Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, elector of Mainz
* Philipp Christoph von Sötern, elector of Trier
* Ferdinand of Bavaria, elector of Cologne
* Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia
* John George I, elector of Saxony
* George William, elector of Brandenburg
Of these, only the elector of Saxony was Lutheran and only the elector of Brandenburg was Calvinist.

## Elected

Ferdinand III, Ferdinand II's eldest son, was elected king of the Romans.

## Aftermath

Ferdinand III acceded to the throne on his father's death on 15 February 1637 and was crowned on 18 November.
# John Daly (cocktail)

A John Daly is an alcoholic mixed drink consisting of lemonade, iced tea, and vodka, named after American golfer John Daly. It can also be made with lemonade and sweet tea vodka (a vodka infusion). The drink is an alcoholic version of the Arnold Palmer (also named after an American golfer).
The drink was initially made popular at the Whiskey Creek Golf Course in Fort Myers, Florida, by bartender Daton Lewis during Daly's 2005 run at the Dirty Gator Open. Daly considered the use of his name without authorization to be trademark infringement. In response, Daly formed the GIASI Beverage Company in 2010 with two of his close friends. Daly is the majority share holder. GIASI stands for "Grip It And Sip It", a play on words of his "Grip it and Rip it" catch phrase. Bottled by Frank-Lin Distiller's in Fairfield, California, the official Original John Daly Cocktail came to market in 2013. Initial reach in California and Nevada has swept to 13 states including his home state of Arkansas, Texas and Illinois. GIASI offers three different flavors of the 30 proof ABV vodka-based 'READY TO DRINK' cocktail: sweet tea/lemonade, peach tea/lemonade, and raspberry tea/lemonade.

## Variations

One variation is the Southern-Style John Daly, which includes bourbon and mint in place of the vodka.
P.F. Chang's serves a version using mango rum called a Spiked Lemon Tea.
A John Daly with Tequila instead of Vodka is sometimes known colloquially as a Juan Daly.
# Joo Sung-hwan

Joo Sung-Hwan (Korean: 주성환; born 24 August 1990) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a striker for Ayutthaya in the Thai League 3.
# Dobrejci

Dobrejci (Macedonian: Добрејци) is a village in the municipality of Strumica, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1,764 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 1,764
As of 2021, the village of Dobrejci has 1.507 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:
* Macedonians – 1.373
* Turks – 1
* others – 4
* Person without Data - 129
# Voronikha (Altai Krai)

Voronikha (Russian: Ворониха) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of the Voronikhinsky Village Council, Rebrikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 932 as of 2013.

## Geography

Voronikha is located on the Ob Plateau near lake Bakhmatovskoye. Belovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Viničani

Viničani (Macedonian: Виничани) is a village in the municipality of Gradsko, North Macedonia.

## History

Viničani has a history over 550 years. The settlement is recorded with 2 names. As "Viniçani" as well as "Raçince" in the Ottoman Tahrir Defter number 370 dating to 1530 and as a village of the Köprülü kaza.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 569 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 487
* Turks 22
* Serbs 1
* Bosniaks 58
* Others 1
# Nichols station

vtePNR Metro Commuter :
Legend :
Nichols station (formerly Bonifacio–Villamor station, and from 2028 to be referred as Senate station) is a railway station located on the South Main Line in Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines, near the city's boundary with Pasay. It derives its name from one of the area's popular nicknames, Nichols, which is also the former name of Villamor Air Base. It was opened for revenue service on March 25, 2010.
The station is the twelfth station from Tutuban and is one of two stations serving Taguig, the other station being FTI.

## Nearby landmarks

Aside being near both Villamor Airbase and Fort Bonifacio, it is also near Terminal 3 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Newport City, the headquarters of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Libingan ng mga Bayani. Further away from the station are the Philippine State College of Aeronautics, the Pasay City South High School, Magallanes Village in Makati, the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, The Heritage Memorial Park, the Bonifacio Global City, McKinley Hill, and McKinley West.

## Transportation links

Nichols station is accessible by jeepneys plying routes on the East Service Road, Lawton Avenue (the road which leads to Fort Bonifacio) and Sales Road (the road which leads to Villamor Airbase), as well as buses plying these routes.

## Future

This station shall be rebuilt as part of the North–South Commuter Railway project. A new station shall be built to the north of the Sales Interchange where the present one is. To be named Senate station, it will be constructed behind the Department of Social Welfare and Development's SWADCAP site. The station building will be built at-grade and will have two tracks and side platforms. It shall serve the New Senate Building, along with the Metro Manila Subway station of the same name. However, these two stations are not expected to be part of a single interchange. The entire NSCR system which includes the new Senate station, is expected to open by 2028.

## Station layout

| L1 Platforms | Side platform, doors will open on the right | Side platform, doors will open on the right |
| L1 Platforms | Platform A | PNR Metro Commuter towards Tutuban (←) |
| L1 Platforms | Platform B | PNR Metro Commuter towards Alabang (→) |
| Side platform, doors will open on the right ||
| L1 | Concourse/ Street Level | Ticket Booths, Station Control, Shops, Sales Interchange |
vteRail transportation in the Greater Manila Area :
Italicized stations are either under construction, not yet operational, or have been closed. :
Manila Light Rail Transit System :
Manila Metro Rail Transit System :
Philippine National Railways :
See also: List of rail transit stationsLight Rail Transit AuthorityMetro Rail Transit CorporationLight Rail Manila CorporationMakati Intra-city Subway :
# Church of St. Nicholas, Kumanovo

The church of St. Nikolas in Kumanovo (Macedonian: Црква Свети Никола, Куманово), North Macedonia, is a Macedonian Eastern Orthodox church designed by Andrey Damyanov. It is surrounded by arcades and has a rich interior with galleries, frescoes and furniture. The construction of the church was finished in 1860 on the same site as a prior church (with the same patron) in the "Varosh maalo".
The church is a tree-aisle monumental basilica-type building, characteristic of the sacred buildings in the Balkans in the 19th century. It is built from stone and bricks. On the northern side there is a porch with colonnades. The central aisle is over-topped with four blind domes. Above the northern, western and southern part of the church extends a gallery where a collection of icons is placed. Above the western part of the gallery extends another one but with smaller dimensions.
There are icons in the church, painted by the Bulgarian painter Kosta Krastev in 1856.

## Gallery

* St. Nicholas' altar
* The church in 1905
* In the church
* Icon from the church 19th century
* Icon from the church 19th century
* The Eye of Providence on the antechamber's ceiling
* Exterior of the church
* Church library
* The seat of the Metropolitan of Diocese of Kumanovo and Osogovo in the church yard
# Teysin

Teysin, Teisin (Russian: Тейсин) is a village (Russian: посёлок) and a railway station on Komsomolsk–Dezhnyovka railway line in Elban urban-type settlement, Amursky District, Khabarovsk Krai, situated close to Lake Bolon. Army unit 55487 (GRAU), where an explosion killed one person and injured seven.
# Owzun Qui

Owzun Qui or Uzun Qui (Persian: اوزون قوئي) may refer to:
* Owzun Qui 1
* Owzun Qui 2
# Branislav Belić

Branislav Belić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бранислав Белић, pronounced or; 10 March 1932 – 17 July 2016) was a Serbian politician.
He was an Acting Mayor of Belgrade following the 2008 election. He served as an interim Chairman of the Assembly as the oldest member. Previously this seat, which is also a seat of the acting mayor, was held by Zoran Alimpić. Acting mayors were necessary in the period until the election of the new one, due to the death of the elected mayor Nenad Bogdanović. His term ended with election of Dragan Đilas.
He graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School and has worked in the legal profession as well as foreign trade. He was an elected councilor and president of the Municipal Assembly of Savski Venac and councilor of the City of Belgrade in several terms, and he was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia and member of the Assembly of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
He died on 17 July 2016 in Belgrade.
# Farkhod Oripov

Farkhod Oripov (Russian: Фарход Орипов; born April 9, 1984) is a Tajik former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Oripov qualified for the men's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, by receiving a Universality place from FINA without meeting a standard entry time. He participated in an unprecedented first heat against two other swimmers Karim Bare of Niger and Eric Moussambani of Equatorial Guinea, later dubbed himself as Eric the Eel. Before the race began, Oripov plunged into the pool, along with Bare, beating the gun, and were eventually disqualified for a false start, leaving Moussambani as the last man standing.
# Vorogovo

Vorogovo (Russian: Ворогово) is a rural locality (selo) in Turukhansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai. It had a population of 856 in 2010, a decrease from its 2002 population of 1104. It was one of the last strongholds of the now-extinct Yugh language.

## Climate

Vorogovo has a subarctic climate (Dfc).
# Rampart Field

The Rampart Field (Finnish: Vallikenttä) is a pesäpallo stadium located in Hamina, Finland. Since its opening in 1956, it has been the home field of the Haminan Palloilijat, a Superpesis team.
The Rampart Field is located in the heart of Hamina Fortress, right next to the ramparts of the central bastion. Despite this, the pitch is set up in such a way that there is plenty of room for through balls.
City of Hamina has a named street to the Rampart Field after the club's greatest legend, Kari Lindberg.
# Tony Burreket

Anthony Burreket (6 July 1934 – 7 October 2016) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 1986 to 1989, representing the seat of Townsville for the National Party.

## Early life

Burreket was born on 6 July 1934 in Paddington, New South Wales. His parents Rose (née Karum) and Abraham Burreket were Maronite Catholics who immigrated to Australia from Lebanon in the late 1920s. His mother was originally from Hasroun.
Burreket was orphaned at the age of three and spent eleven years in a Christian orphanage. Self-educated, he matriculated with honours from Victoria Correspondence School and gained a primary teachers' certificate from Frankston Teachers College. He joined the Australian Army in 1951 and served in Borneo and Malaysia in 1964 and 1965. He retired as an education officer in the Army in 1972 and became a real estate agent and developer.

## Politics

Burreket served on the Townsville City Council from 1985 to 1988. He was active in a number of community organisations including as coordinator of the Australian Red Cross's doorknock appeal.
Burreket was a member of the National Party and at the 1986 state election was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly, defeating the incumbent Australian Labor Party (ALP) member Ken McElligott in the seat of Townsville. He was a supporter of party leader Mike Ahern in the leadership conflict against Russell Cooper. He served on a number of committees in parliament, but was defeated after a single term at the 1989 state election.

## Death

Burreket died on 7 October 2016, at the age of 82.
# Krutikha

Krutikha (Russian: Крутиха) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
* Krutikha, Krutikhinsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Krutikhinsky Selsoviet of Krutikhinsky District of Altai Krai
* Krutikha, Topchikhinsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Funtikovsky Selsoviet of Topchikhinsky District of Altai Krai
* Krutikha, Dalmatovsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Krutikhinsky Selsoviet of Dalmatovsky District of Kurgan Oblast
* Krutikha, Shadrinsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Shadrinsky District of Kurgan Oblast
* Krutikha, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Khvoshchevsky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Krutikha, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Gruzinskoye Settlement of Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast
* Krutikha, Novosibirsk Oblast, a selo in Kyshtovsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast
* Krutikha, Omsk Oblast, a village in Oktyabrsky Rural Okrug of Gorkovsky District of Omsk Oblast
* Krutikha, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Rezhevsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast
# Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian

In physics, the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian describes the non-linear dynamics of electromagnetic fields in vacuum. It was first obtained by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of quantum electrodynamics (QED) light interaction processes.

## Physics

It takes into account vacuum polarization to one loop, and is valid for electromagnetic fields that change slowly compared to the inverse electron mass,
    ${\mathcal {L}}=-{\mathcal {F}}-{\frac {1}{8\pi ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }\exp \left(-m^{2}s\right)\left[(es)^{2}{\frac {\operatorname {Re} \cosh \left(es{\sqrt {2\left({\mathcal {F}}+i{\mathcal {G}}\right)}}\right)}{\operatorname {Im} \cosh \left(es{\sqrt {2\left({\mathcal {F}}+i{\mathcal {G}}\right)}}\right)}}{\mathcal {G}}-{\frac {2}{3}}(es)^{2}{\mathcal {F}}-1\right]{\frac {ds}{s^{3}}}.$
Here m is the electron mass, e the electron charge, ${\mathcal {F}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{2}-\mathbf {E} ^{2}\right)$, and ${\mathcal {G}}=\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B}$.
In the weak field limit, this becomes
    ${\mathcal {L}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{2}-\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)+{\frac {2\alpha ^{2}}{45m^{4}}}\left[\left(\mathbf {E} ^{2}-\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)^{2}+7\left(\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} \right)^{2}\right].$
It describes photon–photon scattering in QED; Robert Karplus and Maurice Neuman calculated the full amplitude, which is very small.

## Experiments

Delbrück scattering of gamma rays was observed in 1953 by Robert Wilson. Photon splitting in strong magnetic fields was measured in 2002. Light-by-light scattering can be studied using the strong electromagnetic fields of the hadrons collided at the LHC, and its observation was reported by the ATLAS Collaboration in 2019.
PVLAS is searching for vacuum polarization of laser beams crossing magnetic fields to detect effects from axion dark matter. No signal has been found and searches continue. OSQAR at CERN is also studying vacuum birefringence.
In 2016 a team of astronomers from Italy, Poland, and the U.K. reported observations of the light emitted by a neutron star (pulsar RX J1856.5−3754). The star is surrounded by a very strong magnetic field (10$^{13}$ G), and birefringence is expected from the vacuum polarization described by the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian. A degree of polarization of about 16% was measured and was claimed to be "large enough to support the presence of vacuum birefringence, as predicted by QED". Fan et al. pointed that their results are uncertain due to low accuracy of star model and the direction of the neutron magnetization axis.
In July 2021, the first known observation of vacuum birefringence was reported by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, the Breit–Wheeler process was also studied although only evidence was reported.
In May 2022, the first study of IXPE has hinted the possibility of vacuum birefringence on 4U 0142+61.
# Auguste Schepp

Auguste Schepp (1846–1905) was a German painter.

## Biography

Schepp was born on 3 April 1846 in Wiesbaden. She studied with Eugen Napoleon Neureuther in Munich and Karl Ferdinand Sohn in Düsseldorf. In 1892, Schepp settled in Munich and became a member of the Munich Secession. She exhibited her work during the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.
Schepp died on 12 April 1905, in Freiburg im Breisgau.
# Licorice pipe

A licorice pipe is a candy made of licorice shaped like a tobacco pipe, often with red sugar balls on the head of the pipe. A pipe may weigh around 16 grams, and the licorice is usually soft and sweet. There are also other varieties, for example with blue or yellow sugar balls, the latter with a taste of sea salt.

## History

The first known licorice pipe (Finnish: lakupiippu) was manufactured as early as the 1920s at the Heikki Huhtamäki factory in Kokkola, Finland.
In January 2010, displaying licorice pipes for sale in stores was banned in Norway. In August 2013, licorice pipes again made headlines because of a forthcoming EU directive on tobacco prevention, with the potential of a ban which could affect the sale of sweets and toys imitating tobacco products. The licorice pipe then went clear of the ban.
The Norwegian Progress Party has worked towards removing the ban on displaying licorice pipes in stores.
# Footballism

Footballism (Persian: فوتبالیسم) is an Iranian, Persian language, popular weekly television program broadcast by Channel 3 in Iran. The host of the program is Amirali Nabavian. The main subject of the program is the criticism of the sociopolitical aspects of football.

## Reception

Farheekhtegan published a paper on the strengths and weaknesses of the program.
# Turkish Men's Volleyball Super Cup

The Turkish Men's Volleyball Super Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Voleybol Erkekler Şampiyonlar Kupası) is the super cup competition for men's volleyball clubs in Turkey, organized by the Turkish Volleyball Federation since 2009. It is contested between the winners of the Turkish Volleyball League and the Turkish Cup.
Most successful team of the competition are Fenerbahçe and Halkbank and Ziraat Bank volleyball) with four titles.

## Finals

| Year | Winners | Result | Runners-up | Reference |
| 2009 | İstanbul BBSK | 3–1 | Arkas | |
| 2010 | Ziraat Bankası | 3–1 | Fenerbahçe | |
| 2011 | Fenerbahçe Grundig | 3–0 | Arkas | |
| 2012 | Fenerbahçe Grundig | 3–0 | Galatasaray | |
| 2013 | Halkbank | 3–0 | Arkas | |
| 2014 | Halkbank | 3–1 | Fenerbahçe | |
| 2015 | Halkbank | 3–0 | Arkas | |
| 2016 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2017 | Fenerbahçe | 3–1 | Halkbank | |
| 2018 | Halkbank | 3–2 | Maliye Piyango | |
| 2019 | Galatasaray | 3–2 | Fenerbahçe | |
| 2020 | Fenerbahçe | 3–1 | Arkas | |
| 2021 | Ziraat Bankası | 3–2 | Spor Toto | |
| 2022 | Ziraat Bankası | 3–0 | Arkas | |
| 2023 | Ziraat Bankası | 3–1 | Halkbank | |
2024 Arkas Spor 3-0 Halkbank

## Performance by club

| Club | Winners | Runners-up | Years won |
| Fenerbahçe | 4 | 3 | 2011, 2012, 2017, 2020 |
| Halkbank | 4 | 2 | 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018 |
| Ziraat Bankası | 4 | – | 2010, 2021, 2022, 2023 |
| Galatasaray | 1 | 1 | 2019 |
| İstanbul BBSK | 1 | – | 2009 |
| Arkas | 1 | 5 | 2024 |
| Maliye Piyango | – | 1 | |
| Spor Toto | – | 1 | |