OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Independence Day (North Macedonia)

Independence Day (Macedonian: Ден на независноста, romanized: Den na nezavisnosta) in North Macedonia is celebrated on 8 September. It has been a national holiday since 1991, when, following a referendum for Independence, SR Macedonia gained its independence from Yugoslavia, where it was a federal state, and became a sovereign parliamentary democracy.

## History

On 8 September 1991, 95.3% of the 75.7% turnout voters in the referendum voted for the independence of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), answering the ambiguous question: Are you for a sovereign and independent state of Macedonia, with a right to enter into any future alliance with the sovereign states of Yugoslavia?
"Dear citizens of Macedonia, allow me tonight to you and to all citizens of Macedonia to congratulate the free, sovereign and independent Macedonia!" - said the President Kiro Gligorov on the evening of 8 September, addressing the citizens who spontaneously gathered at Macedonia Square in the capital Skopje, to celebrate the successful referendum.
The people's will for an independent state was confirmed with the Declaration of the referendum results on 18 September 1991, by the first multi-party Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia. Finally, on 25 September 1991, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Assembly. Next, the new Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia was adopted on 17 November 1991.
Due to Greek opposition to a new state containing the term 'Macedonia', the sovereign status of the state was not recognized until 8 April 1993, with an acclamation of the UN General Assembly, when the Republic of Macedonia was admitted as 181st full-fledged member in the world organisation under the provisional reference the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
According to some data, September 8 was chosen as a day for the referendum of Independent Macedonia in 1991, which fact was based on the historically significant day - September 8, 1944, when the Independent State of Macedonia was proclaimed.

## Celebration

Independence Day as a national holiday is a non-working day in North Macedonia. The President and the Government of North Macedonia are organizing various festivities. The President traditionally awards the Order 8-September. People traditionally go to picnics in famous picnic places. The Olympic Committee of North Macedonia organizes sports picnics, while the Motorcycle Federation of North Macedonia organizes the International Motorcycle Rally "Macedonia 2008" in Skopje.
All embassies, consulates and representative offices of North Macedonia organize cocktails and festivities in the countries where they are located.
# Lal Lal Wind Farm

Lal Lal Wind Farm is an operating wind farm under southeast of Ballarat in Victoria, Australia. The wind farm has two sections about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) apart. There are 38 turbines two kilometres east of Yendon and a further 22 turbines two kilometres north of Elaine.
The project was developed by WestWind Energy. The proposal was bought by Macquarie Capital in 2017, and financing was completed by onselling 40% to each of Northleaf Capital Partners and InfraRed Capital with Macquarie retaining the other 20%. Renewable Energy Systems is contracted to manage the build and first five years of operation. Construction is done by Zenviron and Vestas.
During the construction phase, one of the operating wind turbines was damaged on 15 September 2019 by a lightning strike during a storm. A direct hit resulted in one blade of a turbine being destroyed and falling to the ground. no other damage was reported.
During 2023 the project ownership changed to Igneo Infrastructure Partners (60%) and Northleaf Capital Partners (40%).
# Madan Kuh

Madan Kuh (Persian: معدن كوه, also Romanized as Maʿdan Kūh) is a village in Pish Khowr Rural District, Pish Khowr District, Famenin County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 23 families.
# Andrey Shevelyov

Andrey Vladimirovich Shevelyov (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Шевелёв; born 24 May 1970) is a Russian politician and former military officer. He served as governor of Tver Oblast from 2011 to 2016.

## Biography

Andrey Shevelyov was born in 1970 in Leningrad. Then he moved with his parents to the town of Bely, Kalinin Oblast. He educated at the Kalinin Suvorov Military School and Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School. After graduating from Ryazan School in 1991, he began his military service in the 76th Airborne Division. Shevelyov participated in the Georgian–Ossetian conflict and Ossetian-Ingush conflict.
In December 1994, Shevelyov was wounded while combating Chechen separatists in Oktyabrskoye near Grozny. In January 1995 senior lieutenant Andrey Shevelyov was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, becoming one of the first recipients of that title for service in the Chechen campaign. From 1997 he taught at Saint Petersburg Suvorov Military School.
From 2003 to 2007, Shevelyov represented the North West constituency of Saint Petersburg in the 4th State Duma. Member of the Credit Organizations and Markets Committee and United Russia faction. In May 2008 Ryazan Oblast governor Oleg Kovalyov appointed Shevelyov his first deputy.
In July 2011 Shevelyov was appointed Governor of Tver Oblast by president Dmitry Medvedev. As well as his predecessor Dmitry Zelenin, Shevelyov enjoyed low public approval. He resigned in March 2016, succeeded by Igor Rudenya.
Shevelyov is married and has three children.
# Whiteside, Tennessee

Whiteside (formerly Aetna, Etna and Running Water) is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Tennessee. It was originally settled as a Cherokee town in the late eighteenth century.
After Indian Removal, European-American settlers moved in and later named it after James Anderson Whiteside (1803–1861), attorney, Chattanooga railroad promoter and land investor. It lies at an elevation of 807 feet (246 m). Tennessee State Route 134 passes by Whiteside, which is located between Chattanooga and Haletown, just north of the Tennessee-Georgia state line. Interstate 24 also passes through the community.

## History

For the decade preceding his death in 1792, Cherokee war chief Dragging Canoe lived at Running Water (Cherokee: ᎠᎼᎦᏳᎾᏱ, romanized: Amogayunayi), a Chickamauga town. He and his Cherokee followers were opposed to European-American settlement in their lands; they moved to more distant areas of the frontier to avoid the Americans.
The community of Whiteside developed later at this site, named for a major railway investor. Shortly before the Civil War, a railway was constructed in this area. The terrain required also the construction of a tunnel and bridge. Colonel James Whiteside was a major stockholder in the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad. It took over construction of what is known as Whiteside Tunnel in 1858 through Missionary Ridge near Chattanooga when the Chattanooga, Harrison, Georgetown & Charleston Railroad went bankrupt. The tunnel is 986 feet (301 m) long. This railroad was later acquired by the Southern Railway (now the Norfolk-Southern) for its Knoxville-to-Birmingham main route.
The Whiteside bridge was constructed on another part of the route. Confederate troops destroyed it during the Civil War, but Union forces rebuilt the Whiteside trestle in 1863, for what was then known as the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. This structure washed away in a flood in 1867. The next bridge, also a single span, lasted to 1924. A double-span bridge was added to this area.
These were considered important strategic structures. After the tunnel was abandoned, because of changes in rail standards and patterns of use, it was donated in 1968 to the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. The Whiteside Tunnel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, as NRHP 78002595. The Whiteside structures were integral to the passage of freight and passengers through the Tennessee River valley from Chattanooga to points west.
The Tennessee River did not become navigable west of Chattanooga, as an alternate route, until after construction of the Hales Bar Dam and associated locks, which opened in 1913.
# Meena Khadikar

Meena Khadikar (née Mangeshkar; born 7 September 1931) is an Indian Marathi and Hindi playback singer and composer. She is the second eldest daughter of Pt. Deenanath Mangeshkar and sister of veteran singers Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar and Hridaynath Mangeshkar.

## Career

Meenatai's work in Hindi cinema includes the songs Duniya Mein Hum Aaye Jain To from Mother India (sung with Lata Mangeshkar and Usha Mangeshkar), Phagun aaya from Pilpili Saheb, the duet Aapne chheen liya dil with Mohammed Rafi in the film Farmaish, Hai mausam yeh mastaana, muskuraana, dil churaana from Aabroo and Are koi jaao ri piya ko bulao from Patrani.
But she's best known for composing music for the Marathi industry, including a popular kids' song and album Asawa Sunder Chocolatecha Bungla, which was later recorded in Bengali and Gujarati too. Meena's children Yogesh and Rachna sang the original song. Her song Saang Saang Bholanaath is also well known.

## Discography

Marathi Songs
* "Ye Javali Ghe Priyasakhaya Bhagavanta" – Mansala Pankh Astat Composer Meena Mangeshkar Singer Lata Mangeshkar
* "Bavarle Mi Bavarle"- Ek Hota Raja Best of the Song
Hindi Songs
* "Phagun Aaya" – Pilpili Saheb
* "Hai Mausam Yeh Mastaana Muskuraana Dil Churaana" – Aabroo
# Byakov

Byakov or Biakov (Russian: Бяков) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Byakova or Biakova. It may refer to
* Dmitry Byakov (born 1978), Kazakhstani football midfielder
* Ivan Biakov (1944–2009), Soviet biathlete
* Lyudmila Byakova (born 1946), Russian seamstress
# Anomalous Transport Rocket Experiment

The Anomalous Transport Rocket Experiment (ATREX) is a heliophysics experiment that was conducted by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center out of the Wallops Flight Facility located on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The mission entailed the use of 5 sounding rockets launched closely in time together, each of which released a chemical tracer into the high-altitude jet stream.
The rocket launches were widely visible to residents of the Eastern seaboard from as far north as New York to as far south as North Carolina, while the tracers were visible throughout the Eastern seaboard. ATREX principal investigator Miguel Larsen said of the chemical tracer release: "They occur in the middle of the night, and they glow, It's not extremely bright, but it's definitely visible."
The mission operating window was set from March 14 to April 3, 2012, with launch windows expected to occur between 11:00 pm and 6:30 am the following morning, local time. The first launch attempt was cancelled due to internal radio frequency interference on one of the instrumented payloads. The malfunction was detected during preparations for the launches during the evening of March 14. Five other launch attempts were subsequently cancelled, primarily due to weather. The launch attempt that took place on the evening of March 20–21 reached T-15 minutes before being put on hold and subsequently canceled due to an equipment problem and weather conditions.
The launch took place just before the launch window closed for the mission at 5 a.m. EDT, Tuesday, March 27, 2012.

## Mission details

The mission used two Terrier Improved Malemute, two Terrier Improved Orion, and one Terrier Oriole sounding rockets. The rockets were launched within a span of 5 minutes and 20 seconds, with one rocket launched every 80 seconds. All five released their chemical tracer payload, which is made up of trimethyl aluminum, at roughly the same time while at slightly different altitudes. Two of the rockets also carried instruments in order to measure atmospheric pressure and temperature, while three different cameras located in North Carolina, New Jersey, and Wallops Flight Facility, tracked the tracers in order to measure how quickly they move away from each other.
# Joseph Marshall (traveller)

Joseph Marshall (years of birth and death are unknown) — British traveler of 2nd half of the 18th century. He is the author of Travels in Holland, Flanders, Germany, of Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, Ukraine and Poland (v. 1-3, 1772).
Scholars of Ukrainian history remember him as one of the first British travelers, alongside John Bell and Edward Daniel Clarke, to leave a written account of that land.
In 1770 he traveled the route Staradoff (Starodub) — Chernihiv — Kiovia (Kyiv) — Ochakiv. In his work he described the natural wealth of Ukraine, stressed the high level of farming by Ukrainian peasants and paid much attention to the possibility of increasing imports to England from the Ukraine hemp and flax.
Between 1773 and 1775, a German translation of his volumes was published in Danzig; the first volume was reprinted in 1776. 1776 also saw the publication of a French translation based on the second edition, attributed to Pingeron, "Captain of Artillery & Engineer in the service of Poland"; he has been identified as Jean-Claude Pingeron.
Also in 1776 came Travels through France and Spain, in the years 1770 and 1771, presented as the fourth volume of his Travels. This was also translated and issued in Danzig in 1778.

## Works

* Joseph Marshall (1773), Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, the Ukraine & Poland in the years 1768, 1769, & 1770 (2nd ed.), London: Printed for J. Almon.
* Travels through France and Spain, in the years 1770 and 1771 : In which is particularly minuted, the present state of those countries, respecting the agriculture, population. By Marshall, Joseph, fl. 1770 Corrall, George, Published 1776.
# Robert Mignan

Robert Mignan (1803 – 3 June 1852) was a British military officer, explorer, and author. He was fellow of the Linnean Society of London and member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Mignan entered the Bombay Army in 1819 and became a lieutenant of the 1st European Regiment on 3 May 1820. In January 1821, he was part of an expeditionary force of 2,695 men under the command of General Lionel Smith sent on a punitive campaign against the Bani Bu Ali tribe in Oman.
In the 1820s, Mignan commanded the escort attached to the resident of the British East India Company. Between 1826 and 1828, Mignan made several archaeological excursions into the little known regions of Iraq, visiting such sites as Ctesiphon and Babylon. He published Travels in Chaldæa: Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah, and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827 in 1829.
In 1829 Mignan departed, with his family, from London to return to his military duties in India. Travelling through St. Petersburg, the Russian capital, he joined Prince Khosrow Mirza, Persian envoy extraordinary, returning to Persia after conveying regrets at the murder of the Russian diplomat Alexander Griboedov in Teheran. While in St. Petersburg, Mignan met the Prussian scholar Alexander von Humboldt who convinced him to explore the western coastline of the Caspian Sea. His winter journey on a difficult route via Novocherkassk and through the Caucasus to Tiflis, the capital of Russian Georgia, and further south into northwestern Persia in 1829 and 1830 is described in Mignan's travelogue A Winter Journey through Russia, the Caucasian Alps, and Georgia, published in London in 1839.
Mignan was promoted to captain on 11 September 1830 and major of the right wing on 15 August 1847. His last commission was brevet lieutenant colonel on 7 June 1849. He died in Poonah in 1852.
# Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh Nature Park

The Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh Nature Park (Albanian: Parku Natyror Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh) is a habitat or species management area (IUCN Category IV) in central Albania adjacent with the border with Dajti National Park. It covers a surface area of 25,266.42 hectares (252.6642 km$^2$). It is situated in Dibër and Tirana County with three municipalities, Xibër, Martanesh and Shëngjergj, and several villages within its territory. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the landscape as Category V. The region has been as well recognised as an Important Plant Area of international importance by Plantlife.
The landscape preserves a great variety of flora and fauna. Biogeographically, the landscape falls within the Dinaric alpine mixed forests terrestrial ecoregion of the Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. Forests occupy 68% of the landscape's total area, with dense coniferous and deciduous forest.
The vertebrate fauna of the landscape consists of 209 species and is represented by 44 species of mammals, 130 species of birds, 23 species of reptile and as well as 12 species of amphibia. The brown bear, grey wolf and lynx inhabit the forested regions. The red fox, roe deer, wild boar, red squirrel, european otter, hazel dormouse, and mediterranean horseshoe bat are the primary predatory mammals. A total of 130 bird species have been observed in the landscape, including the golden eagle, sparrowhawk, goshawk, northern goshawk, egyptian vulture, common buzzard, honey buzzard, alpine swift, alpine chough and so on. There are also numerous species of reptiles and amphibians. Among the most common are the alpine newt, european ratsnake, european pond turtle, and hermann's tortoise.
Due to the combination of climate, specific topography with many mountain massifs, rock formations, soil types and hydrological conditions, as well as the lack of a strong anthropogenic influence, have contributed to the formation of different habitat. There are 450 species of vascular plants, which constitute 12% of the total number of species in Albania. The vegetation of Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh is vertically divided into several distinct zones. Inside the Mediterranean zone, the coniferous zone is dominated by black pine, european beech, silver fir, austrian oak, hungarian oak, european smoketree. The deciduous zone is covered with european box, cade and jerusalem thorn. The Alpine zone is mainly composed with grass, moss, lichen and is as well abundant in bilberries and rare flowers. The most common species include spring gentian, rock rose, alpine aster, catsfoot, european blueberry and primrose.
The landscape includes five nature monuments such as the Caves of Xixelles, Valit, and Shutrese, Malit me Gropa, and a glacial valley and lake.
| Mali me Gropa | Liqeni i Zi | View from the Priska Pass |
# Maksim Kirsanov

Maksim Konstantinovich Kirsanov (Russian: Максим Константинович Кирсанов; born 8 May 1987) is a Russian former professional football player.

## Club career

He played 3 seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Petrotrest Saint Petersburg and FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg.
# X-factor (astrophysics)

The X-factor in astrophysics, often labeled X$_{CO}$, is an empirically determined proportionality constant which converts carbon monoxide (CO) emission line brightness to molecular hydrogen (H$_2$) mass. The term X-factor was coined in a 1983 paper titled "Gamma-rays from atomic and molecular gas in the first galactic quadrant" and published in The Astrophysical Journal.

## Calibration

Calibrating X$_{CO}$ requires an independent method of determining the amount of molecular hydrogen in a given astrophysical region. While direct emission from molecular hydrogen is difficult to observe, there are other ways of inferring molecular hydrogen mass, outlined below.
* The mass of an individual molecular cloud can be inferred from its velocity dispersion. Assuming that the cloud is self gravitating and virialized, and that nearly all of the gas mass is molecular hydrogen, one obtains an estimate of the cloud's H$_2$ mass.
* H$_2$ mass can be estimated through gamma ray observations, where gamma ray emission arises from the interaction of cosmic rays with H$_2$ molecules.
* Using optical and infrared observations, one can estimate the amount of dust in a region and convert to H$_2$ mass through an (empirically determined) dust-to-gas ratio.
# Martin Melck House

The Martin Melck House (Afrikaans: Martin Melck-huis) on 96 Strand Street and the Kostershuis on 100 Strand Street, on either side of the Lutheran Church in Cape Town, are both national heritage sites of South Africa.
With the building of the Lutheran church, Martin Melck, a German immigrant whose business success and advantageous marriage rendered him the wealthiest man in Cape Colony in the 18th century, lent part of his property on the east side of the church for a parsonage. He donated the property to the congregation in the end, and in 1781, after Melck's death, construction began on the house. Louis Michel Thibault was probably the original architect. Anton Anreith is generally considered to have been responsible for the stained-glass windows, the swan in the gable, and the engravings on the front door. The building is influenced by French Renaissance architecture. It is also unique in that the attic (a "belvedere") had four windows, at the time giving a wide view of the city and Table Bay. Spacious rooms, paved entryways, African teak floors on the ground floor and Real yellowwood floors on the top floor, African teak beams over the living room, and a courtyard make it a distinctive structure.
Until 1891, it served as the parsonage for the church. In 1929, there was talk of demolition, but conservationists and the wider community saved it through intensive renovation. From 1932 on, it was named the Martin Melck House, earning the distinction of a national monument in 1936, and it was used by cultural groups in the city. Around 1975, and antique shop operated there. Shortly after 2000, it was home to a museum of gold art, a souvenir shop, a restaurant, and a goldsmith's studio. The museum focuses on 19th- and 20th-century gold works from Mali, Senegal, Ghana, and the Ivory Coast. The Golden Lion is the highlight of the collection and also serves as an emblem of the museum. It is exhibited in the attic.
On the corner of Buitengracht and Strand Streets is the Kostershuis, declared a national monument in 1949. This house was originally built from 1779 to 1783. 100 Strand Street in Cape Town was the traditional address of the Dutch Consulate General in the city.

## Sources

* Oberholster, J.J. Die Historiese Monumente van Suid-Afrika. Cape Town: Kultuurstigting Rembrandt van Rijn vir Die Raad vir Nasionale Gedenkwaardighede, 1972. ISBN 0-620-00191-7.
33°55′09″S 18°25′11″E﻿ / ﻿33.91917°S 18.41972°E﻿ / -33.91917; 18.41972
# Apokalypso – Bombenstimmung in Berlin

Apokalypso – Bombenstimmung in Berlin is a 1999 German thriller made-for-TV film, starring Armin Rohde and Andrea Sawatzki. It was directed by Martin Walz. The film was first shown at Oldenburg International Film Festival.

## Plot

A bomb specialist runs against time to save Berlin from an atomic catastrophe, planned by a fanatic sect.

## Cast

* Armin Rohde as Karl Mroszek
* Andrea Sawatzki as Helen
* Karl Kranzkowski as Paul Arndt
* Adriana Altaras as Mira Meissner
* Johannes Herrschmann as Peter
* Amalie Bizer as Eva Asimov
* Frank-Leo Schröder as Daniel Hertz

## Reception

Apokalypso was nominated for two Adolf Grimme Awards, one of the most prestigious awards for German television. The film was nominated for "Fiction/Entertainment" and "Outstanding Individual Achievement" (for Rohde and Sawatzki performances), but lost both.
# Victory Park (Tolyatti)

Victory Park (Russian: Парк Победы) is a memorial park in the Auto Factory District (Russian: Автозаводский район, Avtozavodsky rajon) of Tolyatti, Russia. The park is dedicated to the Soviet victory in World War II.
Among the monuments and sculptures in the park are:
* The Victory Monument (1985) by Simon Winograd
* Monument to the Soldiers of the Afghan War (1994) by N. I. Kolesnikov
* On The Beach (1987) by V. V. Kravchenk
* 76mm cannon
* Victory Memorial
* JS-3 heavy tank
* ISU-152 heavy assault gun.
* BTR-60 postwar armored personnel carrier