OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Melhem Karam

Melhem Karam (1932–2010) was a Lebanese writer and journalist who owned many publications, including Al Bayrak daily newspaper and Al Hawadeth weekly magazine. He was also the president of the Lebanese Journalists Union for nearly 50 years between 1961 and 2010.

## Early life and education

Karam was born in Chouf, Deir al Qamar, in 1932. His parents were Karam Melhem Karam, an author, and Emilie Asmar. They were Maronites. He had two sisters and a brother, Issam Karam (died March 2020), who was the head of Beirut Bar Association.
Karam graduated from the Sagesse high school and then, studied law at the Saint Joseph University and at the Lebanese University.

## Career

During his studies at the university Karam worked for different Lebanese newspapers and magazines. In 1961 Karam was elected as the head of the Lebanese Journalists Union which he held until his death in 2010. He was also the vice president of the Arab Journalists' Federation and of the International Journalists' League.
Karam was the owner of the publishing house, Dar Alf Leila Wa Leila, which produced several publications, including Arabic weekly magazine Al Hawadeth, Al Bayrak daily newspaper, La Revue du Liban magazine and Monday Morning magazine. He also served as the editor-in-chief of these publications. He made many interviews with leading politicians, including Hosni Mubarak, King Fahd and King Hussein.

### Books

Karam was the author of the following books: The Storm, A Thousand and One Nights and The Secrets.

## Personal life and death

Karam married Leila Mubarak with whom he had three children. He died from a heart attack on 23 May 2010.

### Awards

Karam was the recipient of the following: Legion of Honor (France; 1985), National Order of the Cedar (Officer, 1987) and National Order of Merit (France; Officer, 1988).
# The Key (1987 film)

The Key (Persian: کلید, romanized: Kelīd) is a 1987 Iranian drama film directed by Ebrahim Forouzesh and written by Abbas Kiarostami.
# Grand Prince Uiseongbuwon

Grand Prince Uiseong (Korean: 의성부원대군; Hanja: 義城府院大君; lit. Grand Prince of the Uiseong Courtyard) was a Korean royal prince as the only son of Taejo of Goryeo and Lady Uiseong who married his half-sister and had no any issue.
# Élise Bruyère

Élise Bruyère (1776–1847) was a French painter who specialized in portraits and floral still lifes.
Bruyère was the daughter of Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier (1738–1836), a noted French writer, illustrator, and painter of French historical scenes. Her sister Henriette was also a painter. Bruyère was of the Realist school of French painting, she had studied with Jean-Baptiste Jacques Augustin and Jan Frans van Dael and her still lifes, particularly her paintings of flowers, are remarkably detailed. A typical work, Vase de fleurs, is in the Musée du Louvre in Paris.
* Portrait of Charles Juste Beauvau by Élise Bruyère
* Portrait of Joseph Leopold Saget, circa 1806
* Flowers, Louvre
# John M. Smith (politician, born 1872)

John Melgar Smith (1872 – August 17, 1947) was an American businessman and politician.
Born on a farm near Carthage, Illinois, Smith lived in Minnesota 1891–1895 working as a railroad telegraph operator and station agent. In 1895, he moved to Shell Lake, Wisconsin, where he worked in the cooperative, banking, and lumber industries. In 1938, he was elected State Treasurer, as a Republican, serving until his death on August 17, 1947.
# Joaquim de Sousa Andrade

Joaquim de Sousa Andrade, better known by his pseudonym Sousândrade (July 9, 1833 – April 20, 1902), was a Brazilian poet, adept of the "Condorist" movement. His poetry, exceedingly innovative for the time it was published, is now considered an early example of Symbolism and Modernism in Brazil.
He also designed the flag of the Brazilian State of Maranhão.

## Biography

Sousândrade was born in the city of Guimarães, in the Brazilian State of Maranhão, in 1833. He published his first poetry book, Harpas Selvagens (Wild Harps), in 1857. He travelled to many countries, such as France (where he graduated in Linguistics and mining engineering at Sorbonne) and the United States, where he settled in 1871. It was while in the U.S.A. that he wrote Guesa, an epic poem based on a [Muisca] legend about a teenager Indian who is going to be sacrificed to the Sun God. Guesa is characterized by the employment of neologisms and vertiginous metaphors; thus, it is considered by some critics a precursor work of Modernism, however this was only acknowledged decades after his death. From 1871 to 1879 he was secretary and collaborator for the periodical O Novo Mundo, directed by José Carlos Rodrigues in New York City.
Returning to Maranhão, in order to commemorate the proclamation of the republic in Brazil, he became president of the mayor's office of São Luís in 1890. He founded many schools, realized reforms in the education and idealized the flag of Maranhão. He also planned to be a senator in 1890, but quit before the elections were held.
Sousândrade died poor, forgotten and allegedly mentally ill in São Luís, in 1902. His works, forgotten for decades, were only rediscovered in the 1960s and the 1970s, thanks to the efforts of Augusto and Haroldo de Campos. Ironically, he has said once of his poem Guesa, in 1877:
   People said to me more than once that my Guesa Errante will be read only 50 years later [after its publication]. I got sad — a deception of who wrote it 50 years before.

## Works

* Harpas Selvagens (1857)
* Guesa (1871)
* Harpa de Ouro (1888/1889)
* Novo Éden (1893)
# Ulytau

Ulytau (Kazakh: Ұлытау) may refer to:
* Ulytau Region, a region in Kazakhstan
* Ulytau District, Ulytau Region, Kazakhstan
* Ulytau (village), administrative center of Ulytau District, Kazakhstan
* Ulytau (range), a mountain range, Kazakh Uplands
* Ulytau (music group), a folk metal trio from Kazakhstan
* FC Ulytau, a football team based in Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan
# Saray Deh

Saray Deh (Persian: سراي ده) is a village in, and the capital of, Jazireh Rural District of Ilkhchi District, Osku County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,153 in 318 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,079 people in 350 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 927 people in 332 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Estonian Air Navigation Services

Estonian Air Navigation Services (Estonian: Lennuliiklusteeninduse AS), abbreviated as EANS, is a modern, rapidly developing company operating under the auspices of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications of the Republic of Estonia. It is a business entity, the major function of which is to provide services to air traffic in accordance with international standards as well as to ensure flight safety in Tallinn Flight Information Region. The sole owner of the company shares is the Republic of Estonia.
Company's main activity is provision of air navigation services in Tallinn Flight Information Region, covering the airspace over Estonian territory and some segments over the international waters that are delegated to Estonia by ICAO Convention. In plain language, air traffic control means organising air traffic into a safe, expeditious and smooth flow. The overwhelming part of the traffic handled by EANS is the overflights connecting West and East. Company cooperates with almost 1000 different customers.
All activities are governed by Estonian legislation, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) regulations; they are certified by Estonian Civil Aviation Administration in accordance with the common requirements stated in the regulation nr 550/2004 of the European Parliament and Council and regulation nr 2096/2005 of European Commission; the certificate is a state warranty that the company is functioning in accordance with the established quality requirements.
EANS consists of seven structural units: Air Traffic Management, Aerodromes, CNS/ATM, Aeronautical Information Management, Development, Quality and Finance Departments. The number of employees exceeds 170 – one third of them are air traffic controllers. Their professional training is provided by Estonian Aviation Academy.
The activities of different departments (AIS – since 2002, CNS/ATM – since 2004, ATM – since 2005, Development Department – since 2008) have been recognised compliant with ISO 9001:2000 and later ISO 9001:2008 quality management standards and established requirements.

## Membership in international organisations

* 1992 – ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization – becoming its 166th member state; it urged us to provide the air traffic over our territory with the services meeting internationally recognized standards and recommended practices.
* 1995 – European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC).
* 2000 – CANSO – and organisation of commercialised ANS providers.
* 2002 – Nordic cooperation, which in 2007 got the name of North European ANS Providers – NEAP. In 2012 the cooperation was reorganised and received a new name – Borealis alliance.
* End of 2012 – establishment of NEFAB – North European Functional Airspace Block, covering Norway, Finland, Estonia and Latvia.
* 2015 – Estonia joins EUROCONTROL
# Aplysia kurodai

Aplysia kurodai is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Aplysiidae.
The species is found in Japan and Southeastern Asia.
The gastropod has a deep purple-blue secretion that is viscous and water soluble. The secretion discolors after prolonged exposure to light to a dark brown color.
# See the Sea (album)

See the Sea (Korean: 바다를 바라보다) is the fourth studio album by the South Korean singer Bada. It was released on August 6, 2009 and peaked on the MNet album chart at no. 9.
# Falard

Falard (Persian: فلارد) may refer to:
* Falard District
* Falard Rural District
# Eshaqabad District

Eshaqabad District (Persian: بخش اسحاق‌آباد) is in Zeberkhan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Eshaqabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 4,288 in 1,312 households.

## History

After the 2016 census, Zeberkhan District was separated from Nishapur County in the establishment of Zeberkhan County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Qadamgah as its capital. The village of Eshaqabad was elevated to the status of a city.

## Demographics
### Administrative divisions

Eshaqabad District :
* Administrative Divisions
* Eshaqabad RD
* Heshmatiyeh RD
* Eshaqabad (city)
* RD = Rural District
# Kamari, Iran

Kamari or Kamri (Persian: كمري) may refer to:
* Kamari, Hamadan
* Kamari, Lorestan
# Batmönkh

Batmönkh (Mongolian: Батмөнх) is a Mongolian personal name. Notable people bearing this name include:

## As patronymic

* Batmönkhiin Erkhembayar (born 1991), Mongolian international footballer
* Kyokutenzan Takeshi (born 1973 as Batmönkhiin Enkhbat), former professional sumo wrestler from Mongolia
# Ruud Swinkels

Ruud Swinkels (born 23 February 1987) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Esperanza Pelt in the Belgian fifth-tier Belgian Division 3. He formerly played for FC Eindhoven, PSV, SC Cambuur, Willem II and Witgoor Sport Dessel.

## Career

Swinkels started his professional career with FC Eindhoven in the Dutch Eerste Divisie, where he was the first goalkeeper for three years. In the summer of 2012, Swinkels moved to PSV, where he was the third goalkeeper. He was released on 31 December 2012. In June 2013, Swinkels signed for two seasons with SC Cambuur, which promoted to the Eredivisie. However, Cambuur and Swinkels agreed to dissolve his contract with the club on 12 August 2013. Swinkels lost the competition of fellow goalkeeper Leonard Nienhuis and refused to spend the season as the second goalkeeper.
On 30 July 2021, he joined Belgian club Esperanza Pelt.

## Honours
### Club

Willem II
* Eerste Divisie (1): 2013–14
# Paistunturi Wilderness Area

Paistunturi Wilderness Area (Finnish: Paistunturin erämaa) is a wilderness reserve in Lapland, Finland. It is governed by Metsähallitus and covers 1,570 square kilometres (610 sq mi). It was established in 1991 like all the other wilderness areas in Lapland.
# U Minh Hạ National Park

U Minh Hạ National Park (Vietnamese: Vườn quốc gia U Minh Hạ) or National Park of Lower U Minh is a national park of Vietnam. The park is located in Cà Mau province (communes Khánh Lâm, Khanh An of U Minh district and communes of Trần Hợi, Khánh Bình Tây Bắc of Trần Văn Thời district). The park has an area of 82.86 square kilometers and was established on 20 January 2006 to protect low wetland ecosystem in the region. Fauna and flora found here include mangrove, snake, turtle, bird, amphibian.
The people living in U Minh Hạ Forest have occupations related to the forest such as raising bees, fishing, catching eels, and planting fruit trees. They are very protective of their home. The people of the forest rely on the start of the rainy season for the forest to turn into a large breeding ground for fish, so that they can catch the fish.
# Herring Networks

Herring Networks Inc. is a media company based in San Diego, California. It was founded in 2003 by Robert Herring. Through its Herring Broadcasting division, the company owns and operates two cable networks: AWE Network (originally known as Wealth TV), an American lifestyle and entertainment cable network founded in 2004, and the news service One America News Network (OAN or OANN), founded through a strategic partnership with The Washington Times in 2013.
# Paul Chabanaud

Paul Chabanaud (30 November 1876, in Versailles – 27 February 1959) was a French ichthyologist and herpetologist.
Beginning in 1915, he worked as a volunteer under zoologist Louis Roule at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. In 1919–1920, he undertook a scientific expedition to French West Africa (Senegal, Guinea) on behalf of the museum, during which he collected thousands of zoological specimens. Following his return to Paris, he served as a preparator in the laboratory of biologist Jean Abel Gruvel at the museum. He specialized in the anatomy and systematics of the flatfish (order Pleuronectiformes) and was the taxonomic authority of many herpetological and ichthyological species.

## Eponymy

The skink genus Chabanaudia is named after him, being circumscribed by Gaston-François de Witte and Raymond Ferdinand Laurent in 1943. His name is also associated with numerous zoological species, including:
* The catfish species, Atopochilus chabanaudi, circumscribed by Jacques Pellegrin in 1938.
* Chabanaud's fringe-fingered lizard, Acanthodactylus boueti, described by Chabanaud in 1917.
* Chabanaud's mabuya, Trachylepis breviparietalis, described by Chabanaud in 1917.
* The reed frog species, Hyperolius chabanaudi (synonym Hyperolius phantasticus), circumscribed by Ernst Ahl in 1931.

## Selected works

* Reptiles et batraciens, 1922.
* Les soles de l'Atlantique Oriental Nord et des mers adjacentes, 1927.
* Observations morphologiques et remarques sur la systématique des poissons hétérosomes soléiformes, 1927.
* Les genres de poissons Hétérosomates, 1930.
* Poissons hétérosomes, 1933.
* Le neurocrâne osseux des téléostéens dyssymétriques après la métamorphose, 1936.
* Les téléostéens dyssymétriques du Mokattam inférieur de Tourah, 1937.
* Contribution à la morphologie et à la systématique des Téléostéens dyssymétriques, 1938.
* Contribution à la morphologie du tube digestif des téléostéens dyssymétriques, 1947.

## Taxa described by him

* See Category:Taxa named by Paul Chabanaud
# Namaz-e Pas

Namaz-e Pas Persian: نماز پس is a Village in north-eastern Afghanistan . It is located in Khwahan District to Badakhshan province.
# Incheh

Incheh (Persian: اينچه) may refer to various places in Iran:
* Incheh, Meshgin Shahr, Ardabil Province
* Incheh, Nir, Ardabil Province
* Incheh-ye Olya (disambiguation)
* Incheh-ye Sofla (disambiguation)
* Incheh Rahbari
* Incheh-ye Khoda Bandehlu
* Incheh, Shahin Dezh, West Azerbaijan Province
* Incheh, Keshavarz, Shahin Dezh County, West Azerbaijan Province
* Incheh-ye Hajj Mohammad, West Azerbaijan province
* Incheh-ye Nurollah, West Azerbaijan Province
* Incheh-ye Said Nezam
# Vladimir Nazhimov

Vladimir Pavlovich Nazhimov (Russian: Владимир Павлович Нажимов; 26 July 1923, Kunevichi, Tikhvinsky District, Leningrad Oblast — 17 August 2000, Kaliningrad) was a Russian lawyer and a specialist in the field of criminal procedure. Professor, Doctor of Law Sciences.

## Biography

Vladimir Pavlovich Nazhimov was born on 23 July 1923 in the village of Kunevichi (Tikhvinsky District, Leningrad Oblast) into a peasant family.
In June 1941 he graduated from the First Leningrad Paramedic School. After the beginning of Great Patriotic War, he volunteered for the People's Militia (12th Leningrad Volunteer Division). In July 1941, he was moved to the 227th Infantry Regiment of the 183rd Infantry Division and later was injured. After recovering from wounds in 1943, he was sent to the 500th separate machine-gun and artillery battalion, where he continued to fight until the end of the war. During the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket, he distinguished himself in the fightings near the village of Shenderovka on 1—12 February 1944. For timely assistance to the wounded and establishment of a stronghold of defense which helped to stop the advance of Germa troops he was awarded the Order of the Red Star. For his combat service Nazhimov was also awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of I degree, and Orders of the Patriotic War of II degree (two times) and other medals.
After end of his service he started to work at the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology as a paramedic in the squad for the elimination of epidemics in Kirov and Velikie Luki regions.
From 1947 to 1949 he studied at Leningrad Law School. At the same time, from 1948 to 1951, he was a People's judge of Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast. Since 1951 he served as a People's judge of Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast. In 1951 he graduated externally from Leningrad Law Institute, then entered postgraduate school, and in 1958 he defended his thesis on the topic "The legal and procedural status of judges who examine criminal cases in the People's trial". From 1957 to 1961 he was a member of Leningrad Oblast Court.
From 1962 to 1969 he taught at the Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics of the Faculty of Law of Rostov State University.
In 1969, he began working at the Department of Law of the Economics and Law Faculty of Kaliningrad State University. Under his leadership, the Department of Criminal Law, Process and Criminalistics of the Kaliningrad State University was established at the Faculty.
From 1969 to 1989, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Law of Kaliningrad State University.
In 1971 he defended his doctoral dissertation in Leningrad State University on the topic: "The Court as an organ of justice in criminal cases in the USSR".
He died in 2000 in Kaliningrad.
Today at the Law Institute of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University annually holds the competition of student scientific works named after Vladimir Nazhimov. At the building of the Law Institute of the University there is installed a memorial plaque in his memory.
# Scouts Battalion

The Scouts Battalion (Estonian: Scoutspataljon) is a battalion of the Estonian Land Forces. It is a part of the 1st Infantry Brigade and acts as its rapid response unit. The battalion is currently based at Tapa.

## History
### Estonian War of Independence

In November 1918, Estonian American entrepreneur and scouting enthusiast Henry Reissar returned to Estonia and turned to the Ministry of Defence (then Ministry of War) with a proposition of forming a voluntary military unit, financed by himself, in order to help defend Estonia. Having received such permission, the unit was formed on 21 December 1918, in Viljandi, where the first volunteers took their oaths in the ruins of Viljandi Castle, and Friedrich-Karl Pinka was appointed commander of the newly formed unit. On 3 January 1919, the company-sized unit was sent to the front against the Red Army. On 23 January 1919, a 43-man unit of Scouts captured the Pikksaare Train Station, defended by 524 Red Army troops. The Scouts fought mostly alongside armoured train units and acquitted themselves well in combat, manifesting greater morale than the regular conscript units. The Scouts took part in several major battles including the attack against the Krasnaya Gorka fort in October 1919 and the Battle of Krivasoo in November – December 1919. On 1 December 1919, the Scouts Regiment (Estonian: Scoutspolk) was formed as a part of the Armoured Train Division.

### 1920–1940

After the signing of the Peace Treaty of Tartu, many servicemen were demobilized and returned to civilian life. From 1921-28, the Scouts unit was reduced in size and continued to serve as a part of the 2nd, 5th, 6th and 10th Infantry Regiment. On 1 October 1928, the unit was renamed Scouts Single Infantry Battalion. The battalion was based at Tallinn, from where it was moved to Uuemõisa in 1932. After the Soviet occupation in 1940, the battalion was disbanded.

### 2001–present

The Scouts Battalion was restored on 29 March 2001, as a fully professional unit. The Scouts Battalion has actively participated in international operations together with other NATO, European Union and United Nations member states, including the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan. The battalion is currently equipped with Combat Vehicle 90 infantry fighting vehicles and Patria Pasi armoured personnel carriers.

## Current structure

Scouts Battalion:
* Battalion Headquarters
** A Infantry Company
** B Infantry Company
** C Infantry Company
** Combat Support Company
** Staff and Support Company

## List of commanders

* Artur Tiganik 2001–2004
* Indrek Sirel 2005–2006
* Aivar Kokka 2006–2009
* Vahur Karus 2009–2013
* Andrus Merilo 2013–2016
* Tarmo Kundla 2016–2019
* Eero Aija 2019-2022
* Ranno Raudsik 2022-
# Participatory modeling

Participatory modeling is a purposeful learning process for action that engages the implicit and explicit knowledge of stakeholders to create formalized and shared representation(s) of reality. In this process, the participants co-formulate the problem and use modeling practices to aid in the description, solution, and decision-making actions of the group. Participatory modeling is often used in environmental and resource management contexts. It can be described as engaging non-scientists in the scientific process. The participants structure the problem, describe the system, and create a shared understanding of how the system works. This can further lead to more quantitative analyses, and may sometimes result in a computer model of the system, which is then jointly used to test policy interventions, and propose one or more solutions. Participatory modeling is often used in natural resources management, such as forests or water.
There are numerous benefits from this type of modeling, including a high degree of ownership and motivation towards change for the people involved in the modeling process. It also helps to develop more acceptable solutions and often creates more consensus among the stakeholders involved.