OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joyce Lee Malcolm

Joyce Lee Malcolm (born October 17, 1941) is the Patrick Henry Professor of Constitutional Law and the Second Amendment at George Mason University School of Law. She has been called "the leading historian on the history of English gun control and gun rights" by David Kopel.

## Education

Malcolm received her B.A. from Barnard College and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Brandeis University.

## Career

Malcolm taught at Bentley University from 1988 to 2006, serving as an associate professor of history for the first four of these years and a full professor for the remaining fourteen. In 2006, she joined George Mason University and became the Patrick Henry Professor of Constitutional Law and the Second Amendment there, a position she has held ever since. The position is wholly funded by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA). Her other positions prior to joining George Mason University included professorships at Princeton University, Boston University, Northeastern University and Cambridge University.

## Work on the Second Amendment and gun control

Malcolm is the author of the book To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right, published in 1994 by Harvard University Press. The book details the origin of the Second Amendment in the American Constitution, which, according to the book, lies in a British tradition of maintaining a civilian army to counteract tyranny. In the book, Malcolm also claims that beginning in the 14th century, even as firearm ownership became more common over the following five centuries, violent crime rates declined. She has been called one of the five "inner circle" proponents of the "Standard Model" interpretation of the Second Amendment, along with Robert J. Cottrol, Stephen P. Halbrook, Don B. Kates, and Robert E. Shalhope.

### Views on gun control

In 2012, Malcolm wrote an opinion piece for the Wall Street Journal stating that strict gun control laws enacted after mass shootings in Britain and Australia "haven't made their people noticeably safer, nor have they prevented massacres." The following year, she told PBS NewsHour that she thought the Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 was unconstitutional because recent Supreme Court decisions had found that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to own guns that are commonly used for protection.

## Other work

Malcolm is also the author of Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution, a 2009 book that tells the story of the American Revolution from the perspective of an enslaved boy named Peter Sharon, who fought in the colonies' army during the war and a biography of Benedict Arnold entitled The Tragedy of Benedict Arnold: An American Life.

## Awards and honors

Malcolm is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2010.
# Marko Osmakcic

Marko Osmakcic (Serbo-Croatian: Osmakčić; born 10 August 1998) is a retired Swiss tennis player. Marko has a career high junior ranking of 41. He made the third round of the 2015 Australian Open boys singles. In 2015 Osmakcic was invited to the Switzerland Davis Cup team. In 2020, he participated in the Swiss version of The Bachelorette, where he finished in third place. Later, he also participated in Serbian reality show Zadruga 5, which he left self willingly after 9 months, before it finished.
# Gilabad

Gilabad (Persian: گيل اباد) may refer to:
* Gilabad, Hamadan
* Gilabad, Mazandaran
# Naayudamma

Naayudamma is a 2006 Indian Telugu action-drama film directed by Madhava Sai. It stars Vijayashanti, Rekha and Prabhu Deva in the lead roles. Naayudamma had been in the making for several years, before opening to mixed reviews in August 2006.

## Cast

* Vijayashanti as Naayudamma and Jhansi
* Prabhu Deva
* Rekha
* Sayaji Shinde
* Mansoor Ali Khan
* Narasimharaju
* Shivadwaj
* Delhi Ganesh
* Riyaz Khan
* M. S. Narayana
* Kondavalasa

## Production

The production of Nayudamma was initially planned in three languages; Kannada, Tamil and Telugu, but the delayed nature of the production meant that the idea was shelved. The delay of the film meant that Vijayashanti had already opted to quit films and pursue a political career, by the end of shoot in 2004. The film was stuck in production for several years, before having a delayed release in August 2006.

## Release

Soon after the release of the film, the team held a success meet in Hyderabad to acknowledge the public's support and promote the film. Vijayashanti's political affiliations meant that posters of the film were burnt after she campaigned solely for the development of Telangana.
# Argentine Great Western Railway

The Argentine Great Western Railway (AGWR) (in Spanish: Ferrocarril Gran Oeste Argentino) was a British-owned railway company, founded in 1887, that operated a broad gauge, 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in), railway network in the Argentine provinces of San Luis, San Juan and Mendoza. In 1907 it was taken over on a lease by the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway (BA&P).
The AGWR was founded in 1887, and in the same year bought the 518 km line connecting Villa Mercedes in San Luis Province with Mendoza and San Juan in the rich wine-producing districts at the foot of the Andes. This line had been built by the State-owned company Ferrocarril Andino between 1878 and 1885 as the middle section of a planned transcontinental route from Buenos Aires to the border with Chile.
Next the AGW embarked upon the building of branch lines and feeders in northern San Luis Province and southwards through Mendoza Province, transforming the network into a regional system geared to the needs of this wine-producing region. As a result, the company saw its traffic returns increase dramatically between 1895 and 1905, although there was always fierce competition from the BA&P.
In 1903 the AGW took over a lease on the working and management of the Transandine Railway which was under construction and in financial difficulties. In 1905 the AGW, together with the BA&P, agreed to guarantee the stock of the Transandine, thereby enabling them to raise additional funds. Two years later the AGW was taken over on a lease by the BA&P who at the same time took over the working of the Transandine.
# Mehedine Ben Mohamed Azouz

Mehedine Ben Mohamed Azouz (in Arabic: محي الدين بن محمد عزوز),also known as Mehedine Mohedine Azouz (1914-19 August 1944), born around 1914 in La Messéha, French Algeria, and executed on 19 August 1944, in Rioupéroux, was an Algerian resistance fighter of the Maquis de l'Oisans executed by the Gestapo. His body was found in a mass grave in Livet-et-Gavet.

## Youth

Mehedine Ben Mohamed Azouz was born in La Messéha in 1914; his parents names were Mohamed and Sabira Bent Kaddour. He settled in Livet-et-Gavet, in Isère, where he worked as a laborer.

## Resistance

During World War II, Azouz joined the Armée secrète; he joined the Maquis de l'Oisans and the Lamy company alongside one of his Algerian comrades, Yahi Saïd. In 1944, both resistance fighters were arrested by the Gestapo and subjected to torture. Finally, in August 1944, as Operation Dragoon allowed the Allied forces to seize the South of France and quickly advance towards Isère, they were summarily executed by a gunshot to the back of the neck.
Their bodies were found in mass graves in the vicinity of Livet-et-Gavet.

## Legacy

He was officially recognized by the Ministry of Defense, and his name appears on the memorials of the Maquis de l'Oisans.
# Mitrofan Grodzitsky

Mitrofan Iosifovich Grodzitsky (Russian: Митрофан Иосифович Гродзицкий; 1 October 1861, Minsk Governorate — after 1917) was a lawyer, a judge, a deputy of the Third and Forth Imperial Duma from Orenburg Governorate between 1907 and 1917. He was Commissioner for State Control, as well as Commissioner for the Chief Administration of Posts and Telegraphs of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma in 1917. He was participating in the preparation of the draft of Regulations on elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly. He was also a Central Committee member of the Russian Radical-Democratic Party (Russian: Российской радикально-демократической партии, РРДП).

## Literature

* Николаев А. Б. Гродзицкий Митрофан Иосифович (in Russian) // Государственная дума Российской империи: 1906—1917 / Б. Ю. Иванов, А. А. Комзолова, И. С. Ряховская. — Москва: РОССПЭН, 2008. — P. 150. — 735 p. — ISBN 978-5-8243-1031-3.
* Гродзинскій (in Russian) // Члены Государственной Думы (портреты и биографии). Третий созыв. 1907—1912 гг. / Сост. М. М. Боиович. — Москва, 1913. — P. 209. — 526 p.
* Сафонов Д. А. Гродзицкий, Митрофан Иосифович (in Russian) // Башкирская энциклопедия. — Уфа: ГАУН «Башкирская энциклопедия», 2013. — ISBN 978-5-88185-306-8
# Wierde

Wierde (French pronunciation:; Walloon: Wiyete) is a sub-municipality of the city of Namur located in the province of Namur, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Namur.
# Avazabad

Avazabad (Persian: عوض آباد) may refer to:
* Avazabad, Kerman
* Avazabad, Andika, Khuzestan Province
* Avazabad, Tolbozan, Masjed Soleyman County, Khuzestan Province
* Avazabad, Semnan
# SVZ

SVZ can refer to:
* Subventricular zone, a structure in the mammalian brain
* South Volcanic Zone, a volcanic arc in southwestern South America
* Slovak Air Force of WWII (Slovak: Slovenské vzdušné zbrane)
* Schweriner Volkszeitung, a German newspaper
* Steve van Zandt, an American musician
# The Town of N

The Town of N (Russian: Город Эн) is a 1935 novel by Leonid Dobychin. Publication of the novel caused criticism (the novel was attacked for "formalism"), leading to the author's disappearance and the presumable death by suicide. Although the town N takes its name from a town in Gogol's Dead Souls it is probably based on Dvinsk. Publication of the novel in 1935 caused criticism leading to the author's disappearance and the presumable death by suicide. It is being compared to the novels by James Joyce and Marcel Proust. It was first published in English in 1998.
The novel follows the stream of consciousness of a boy from age seven in 1901 until he is 15. The boy relates events of his family, school years, father's death, readings, first romance and the eruption of the Russo-Japanese War. The author's irony and the main character's description of the provincial society in which he lives also make the novel close to Dead Souls.
   Dobychin was just beginning to explore the spectrum of his gifts when the publication of The Town of N in 1935 triggered his demise. The Town of N is both a lyrical exploration of childhood myth- ...
# Istrian Encyclopedia

The Istrian Encyclopedia (Croatian: Istarska enciklopedija) is a Croatian encyclopedia giving a complete overview of the Istrian peninsula and its history. Istria was the first region in Croatia to get its own encyclopedia. Published by the Lexicographic Institute, it was released in 2005. The editors-in-chief are Miroslav Bertoša and Robert Matijašić.
Over 1500 entries from the Istrian Encyclopedia were transferred to the online encyclopedia Istrapedia.

## Contents

The Istrian encyclopedia contains 3094 articles and 1410 photographs, maps, charts and tables.
The Istrian Encyclopedia contains articles on general and geographical characteristics and concepts relating to Istria; on institutions and people who have left their mark on Istrian culture.
# Golevka, Voronezh Oblast

Golevka (Russian: Голевка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Yacheyskoye Rural Settlement, Ertilsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2010.

## Geography

Golevka is located 14 km northwest of Ertil (the district's administrative centre) by road. Studyonovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Viktor Polyanichko

Viktor Petrovich Polyanichko (Russian: Виктор Петрович Поляничко; 9 March 1937 – 1 August 1993) was a Soviet and Russian diplomat and politician. He was an official who held the rank of Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, a people's deputy of the USSR, a people's deputy of the Azerbaijan SSR, a deputy of the Chelyabinsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies, and a delegate of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

## Career

Polyanichko began his political activity as a member of the Komsomol, and professionally worked physically in a machinery factory. From 1959 to 1964, he headed the Komsomol branch in Orsk as the first secretary. In 1965, he worked briefly in the Central Committee of the organization in Moscow, then for six years he headed its structures in Chelyabinsk. In 1972, he joined the city committee of the Communist Party and became its first secretary. From 1972 to 1978, he worked in a similar position in the Orenburg Oblast. From 1978 to 1985, he headed the propaganda section in the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party.
In 1985, Polyanichko was delegated to Afghanistan and worked for three years as one of the Soviet advisers to the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. In 1988, he was sent to work in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic as deputy first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. He held this position for three years. From 1990, he also headed the party committee dealing with the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. He belonged to a group of Azerbaijani communists advocating a more decisive policy regarding Armenian claims to Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1990, Polyanichko was involved in organizing and later executing a campaign to deport ethnic Armenians from their homeland of Nagorno-Karabakh.
On 26 June 1993, Polyanichko was appointed head of the interim administration of designated areas of the republics of North Ossetia and Ingushetia, with the rank of deputy prime minister of Russia.

## Death

On 1 August 1993, Polyanichko was shot to death in a terrorrist attack in Tarskoye. The medical examination determined that he died on the spot from 15 gunshot wounds. Along with him, the head of the Vladikavkaz garrison, Major General Anatoly Koretsky, and senior lieutenant of the Alfa special forces unit, Viktor Kravchuk, were also killed. In addition, 4 Russian soldiers were injured during the attack. His death is still unsolved. Polyanichko was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
# Takey Esetov

Takey Esetovich Esetov (Kazakh: Такей Есетович Есетов; 15 January 1923 – 30 October 2003) was a Soviet Kazakh political figure. He was awarded the Orders of the October Revolution, the Order of Honor, three Orders of the Red Banner of Labour, and many medals.

## Biography

Takey Esetov was born on 15 January 1923, in Kazaly, Kazakh ASSR.
He began his career as a teacher in literacy elimination courses. Before the war, he worked as a secretary of the people's court. He attended a six-month aviation course at the Alma-Ata School (1941) and graduated from the Leningrad Financial-Economic Institute in 1955.
In 1941–1942, he served on the front. Due to severe injuries, he was demobilized and returned to his homeland. He was a secretary in the district court and served in the State Security Committee. From 1950, he worked in the district financial department and became the head of the financial department of the Aralsk district in 1955. From 1957 to 1985, he held various positions: the second secretary of the Aralsk District Committee of the Party, head of the department in the Kyzylorda Regional Committee of the Party, the first secretary of the Aralsk District Committee of the Party, and ultimately served as the first secretary of the Kzyl-Orda Regional Party Committee. He was repeatedly elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Esetov retired at the age of 62. Esetov died on the morning of 30 October 2003.

## Legacy

In 2023, the government of Kazakhstan announced plans to celebrate the 100th anniversary of his birthday. Before the start of the conference, a ceremony was held to plant flowers at the monument of the entrepreneur in front of the school-lyceum No. 264 named after Takey Esetov.
# Galym Akhmetov

Galym Akhmetov (Kazakh: Ғалым Ахметов; born 20 March 1995) is a Kazakh cyclist riding for Astana City.

## Major results
### 2016

    10th Overall Tour de Gironde

### 2017

    3rd Overall Tour of Mersin
    3rd GP Capodarco

### 2018

    1st Overall Tour of Fatih Sultan Mehmet
       1st Stage 1
# ʽAlman

ʽAlman (Arabic: علمان ʽAlmān), also ʽUlman, is a village in Bani al-Harith District of Amanat al-Asimah Governorate, Yemen. It is located on the northern side of the lower end of the Wadi Dahr.

## History

According to the 10th-century writer al-Hamdani, ʽAlman was negatively affected by the collapse of the Rayʽan dam in 859; it had previously been under extensive cultivation, but after the dam collapsed the water supply dwindled. References by historical writers also indicate that ʽAlman may have been the site of a pre-Islamic palace.
# Sailly-le-Sec

Sailly-le-Sec (French pronunciation:; Picard: Sailly-Sé) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated some 13 miles (21 km) east of Amiens, by the banks of the river Somme, on the D233 road.

## History

21 April 1918 - Manfred Von Richthofen, The Red Baron, was finally shot down here.
On the night of August 8–9, 1918, as three Battalions of Doughboys from the 33rd U.S. Infantry Division were joining the Allied offensive during the Battle of Amiens, American war poet Lieut. John Allan Wyeth and Lieut. Thomas J. Cochrane were assigned to deliver sealed orders from Division HQ at Molliens-au-Bois to the Field Headquarters of all three Battalions engaged in the attack. The location of each Battalion was unknown, but they were believed to be along the northern bank of the Somme River, near the village of Sailly-le-Sec. Wyeth would later describe the mission in detail in his six interlinked Chipilly Ridge sonnets.
# Kowarzan

Kowarzān (Persian: کورزان) or Qabarzān (Persian: كورزان) is a village in Herat Province, in northwestern Afghanistan.
# Landrake with St Erney

Landrake with St Erney (Cornish: Lannergh a'byth Sen Erney) is a civil parish in Cornwall, England. The parish population at the 2011 census was 1,115.
St Erney parish church is dedicated to St Terninus. St Terninus, Terney, or Erney, is also the patron saint of the parish church of North Hill, but nothing is known of him. It has been suggested that he is the same person as St Ternan, who evangelised the Picts in the 5th century. The west tower is built of slate and of two stages. The north aisle was added to the existing church building in the 15th century. The font, which has a square bowl, has been variously dated to the 11th and 13th century.
# Magomed Ibragimov (wrestler, born 1983)

Magomed Ibragimov (Uzbek: Магамед Ибрагимов, born August 18, 1983) is a Russian-Uzbek wrestler who competed in the freestyle 96 kg event at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal. Ibragimov was born in Makhachkala, Dagestan.
# Glendale, Skye

Glendale (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Dail) is a community-owned estate on the north-western coastline of the Duirinish peninsula on the island of Skye and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. The estate encompasses the small crofting townships of Skinidin, Colbost, Fasach, Glasphein, Holmisdale, Lephin, Hamaraverin, Borrodale, Milovaig, Waterstein, Feriniquarrie, Totaig, Hamara, and others.

## Etymology

The Gaelic name, Gleann Daill, is derived from gleann, meaning "valley", which usually refers to a harsher environment that can be steep and/or rocky, and dail meaning "field, dale, meadow, plain or river-meadow", which usually refers to fertile, arable land beside water. The Ordnance Survey (2005) suggest that dail may also mean "level field by a river". This makes the English translation read: "valley of river-meadows" or "valley of level fields by a river".
Mac an Tàilleir (2003) suggests that dail is derived from the Norse dalr, giving a tautological name, where both parts simply mean "valley".

## Geography

The crofts are strung out along a small strath of oolitic loam, which is the basis for the good quality of the farming land. The hills above are underlain by basalt, which also provides good grazing for cattle and sheep.

## History

During the unsettled times of the late nineteenth century, when the local crofters sought land reform, this area played an important part in the struggle. After the Battle of the Braes in 1882, the unrest spread to Glendale.
The landlords refused to allow the local population to collect wood from the shore for heating, and they had to use straw to thatch the houses as they were forbidden to cut rushes. Land was in short supply as the holdings had been sub-divided 40 years earlier to provide for those cleared from better land.
Led by John MacPherson, the crofters demanded the return of the common grazing land that had been taken from them. Taking direct action, they began grazing their cattle on this land, court orders for their removal notwithstanding. Police action in January 1883 proved ineffective and eventually a government official was sent to Skye on board the navy gunboat HMS Jackal to conduct negotiations. Five crofters including MacPherson agreed to stand in a token trial. They were sentenced to two months in jail and became known as the "Glendale martyrs", and are commemorated by a memorial in the village. It was also agreed that a Royal Commission, which became the Napier Commission, would be set up to investigate the crofters' grievances, which eventually resulted in the far-reaching Crofters Act of 1886.
Historian Neil Oliver stated that "what happened in Glendale was a hugely significant part of what was going on in the Highlands. The events that unfolded there were extraordinary. For communities to remember and teach the wider community about their own history is terrific".
In July 2010 there was a homecoming of the Glendale diaspora during which local man Iain MacPherson blew the horn once used by his great-grandfather John.
# Raiymbek District

Raiymbek District (Kazakh: Райымбек ауданы, Raiymbek audany) is a district of Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Kegen. Population: 79,624 (2013 estimate); 80,377 (2009 Census results); 83,093 (1999 Census results).
# Gnilusha, Ertilsky District, Voronezh Oblast

Gnilusha (Russian: Гнилуша) is a rural locality (a selo) in Bityug-Matryonovskoye Rural Settlement, Ertilsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 236 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Gnilusha is located on the left bank of the Bityug River, 26 km northwest of Ertil (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bolshoy Samovets is the nearest rural locality.