OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cham, Germany

Cham (German pronunciation: ; Czech: Kouba) is the capital of the district of Cham in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria in Germany.

## Location

Cham lies within the Cham-Furth lowland, which is bordered on the south by the Bavarian Forest and on the north by the Oberpfälzer Wald. The city lies on the Regen River, which joins the Danube at Regensburg.

## Etymology

The name Cham is of Celtic origin and probably means "bend" or "curvature". In fact, a few kilometers from the city, a winding stream called the Chamb flows into the Regen; it probably gave its name to Cham, the first settlement at the bend of the larger river. Alternatively, the name may have derived from Kamm (comb). The city's coat of arms contains a comb. A partner city, also named "Cham" in Switzerland, is actually pronounced with an initial "ch" sound (Ach-Laut), whereas Bavarian Cham is pronounced with a /k/.

## History

Monks from Regensburg founded the Marienmünster, the first and oldest church in the Bavarian forest, at Chammünster in the 8th century. The first reference to Cham as a city appears in 976. An imperial castle of the Holy Roman Empire stood on the Galgenberg (German: "gallows hill"), providing protection for the trade route into Bohemia. Cham was granted its own currency in around 1000, the so-called Cham Denar. The 12th century saw the town's location shifted to its current place. The Hussite Wars of the 15th century inflicted great hardships on the townspeople. In 1742, the Pandur troops of Franz Freiherr von der Trenck overran and destroyed the city.
Cham's first railway connection came in 1861. On April 18, 1945, a British air raid on the western part of Cham caused 63 deaths. The arrival of numerous German war refugees from Silesia and the Sudetenland swelled Cham's population from 5,860 to over 10,000.
The father of the French resistance fighter Jeannette Guyot, Jean-Marie Guyot, who likewise was a member of the resistance, was arrested in early 1944 and transported to Cham, where he died.

## International relations

Cham, Germany, is twinned with:
* Cham, Switzerland
* Klatovy, Czech Republic
* Gainsborough, Great Britain
* Zele, Belgium

## Notable people

* Anne of Bohemia (1323–1338), a sister of Emperor Charles IV, later Duchess consort of Austria, Styria and Carinthia
* Nicolas Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France, to whom the Marseillaise was dedicated
* Karl Stern (1906–1975), professor of neurology and psychiatry, author; a street in Cham is named after him.
* Fritz Zängl (1914–1942), German skier, born in Katzbach, now Cham
* Ernie Stautner (1925–2006), German-born American football coach and poker player
* Wolfgang Gedeon (born 1947), physician, author and politician (AfD)
* Max Deml (born 1957), publisher, writer, entrepreneur
* Christoph Janker (born 1985), football defender
* Jo Lindner (1991–2023), social media influencer
# Prince Hyoeun

Prince Hyoeun (Korean: 효은태자; Hanja: 孝隱太子), personal name Wang Wŏn (왕원; 王垣) or Wang Suk (왕숙; 王肅), also known by his title Prince Dongyang (동양군; 東陽君) and Grand Prince Dongyang (동양대군; 東陽大君) was a prince of Goryeo. He was the youngest son of Taejo of Goryeo and Lady Dongyangwon, and the 15th son of Taejo overall. Through his descendant, Wang Mi (왕미; 王亹, 1365 – ?), ninety percent of the modern day Kaesong Wang clan trace their lineage to Prince Hyoeun. He was the first grandson of Yu Tal (유달) who served as the Minister of Works (공부상서).

## Later life

He later was executed by his older half-brother, Wang So due to his ferocious personality and he also secretly had different thoughts with people of insignificance. Wang So also said that Hyoeun had a violent temperament and the intention of plotting a rebellion. Both of his sons, Wang Rim (왕림) and Wang Chŏng (왕정) whom at this time were too young, escaped from death and fled, hiding in a private house to survive.

### Issue

* Wang Rim, Prince Dongyang (왕림 동양군; 王琳 東陽君)
* Wang Chŏng, Duke Ongyeol (왕정 온결공; 王禎 溫潔公; ? – March 1013) – other name was Wang Yu (왕유; 王裕); had 1 daughter, Lady Wang (왕씨) whom later married with Yang Yeo-yang (양여양) and 1 son, Wang Kyŏng-su (왕경수).

## In popular culture

* Portrayed by Go Dong-hyun and Park Jin-hyung in the 2002–2003 KBS TV series The Dawn of the Empire.
* Portrayed by Ji Eun-sung in the 2015 MBC TV Series Shine or Go Crazy.
* Portrayed by Yoon Sun-woo in the 2016 SBS TV Series Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo.
# Alexino, Staroselskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Alexeyevo (Russian: Алексино) is a rural locality (a village) in Staroselskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

The distance to Vologda is 61 km, to Striznevo is 9 km. Talitsy, Rezvino, Gorka are the nearest rural localities.
# Vyacheslav Golubtsov

Vyacheslav Alekseyevich Golubtsov (Russian: Вячеслав Алексеевич Голубцо́в; 10 April 1894, Nizhny Novgorod – 18 October 1972, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian scientist and a specialist in the field of thermal engineering.

## Biography

He was born on 29 March (10 April New Style) in 1894 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a teacher. He was a brother of Valeria Golubtsova, the wife of the Soviet statesman Georgy Malenkov.
In 1913–1915 he worked in Pavlovsky Posad as a mechanic and as a technician at Elektrogorsk Power Plant, which was one of the first power plants in Russia. In 1915-1918 he served in Russian Imperial Army. In 1918—1922 he again worked at the Power Plant: first as an Assistant to the Head of the Electric department, then as an Assistant to the Director of the Power plant.
In 1925 Golubtsov graduated from Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute with a degree in the field of electrical power stations engineering. He was a member of the CPSU(b) since 1931. Until 1937 he worked in leading positions in the construction and operation of power plants in Leningrad, Volkhovstroy, Kashira, Chelyabinsk, Dneprodzerzhinsk and other cities. In 1931-1933 he was Chief engineer and Deputy manager of Mosenergo. Since 1937 he was Deputy Chief Engineer of Glavenergo; in 1939–1945, deputy head of the technical department of the People's Commissariat of Power Plants of the USSR.
From 1944 he worked at Moscow Power Engineering Institute, appointed a professor in 1945. He taught in the Department of Boiler Plants. In 1947, he organized, and until 1964 headed, the Department of Water and Fuel Technology. From 1964 he was professor-consultant of MPEI.
He was a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1953, and was awarded the Stalin Prize, III degree, in 1950.
He died on 18 October 1972 in Moscow.
# Bahgat

Bahgat may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Gawdat Bahgat (born 1960s), Egyptian-born American political scientist
* Helmy Bahgat Badawi (1904-1957), Egyptian politician
* Hossam Bahgat (born c. 1978), Egyptian human rights activist and investigative journalist
* Soraya Bahgat, Finnish-Egyptian women's rights advocate

## People with the forename

* Bahgat Osman (1931-2001), Egyptian cartoonist
* Bahgat G. Sammakia, Egyptian-born American mechanical engineer

## Other

* Bahgat Group, Egyptian company
# Cary-Anne McTaggart

Cary-Anne McTaggart (born June 4, 1986 in Grande Prairie, Alberta as Cary-Anne Sallows) is a Canadian curler from Milk River, Alberta. She currently plays third for Team Ashley Howard.

## Career
### Juniors

McTaggart won three provincial junior titles playing third for the Desirée Robertson rink in 2003 and 2005 and for Kalynn Park in 2007. Their provincial titles qualified the rink to represent Alberta in each of those years' Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the 2003 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, the team finished the round robin with a 9-3 record and would lose in the semifinal, placing third overall. At the 2005 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, the team went undefeated in the round robin, but would end up losing in the final to New Brunswick's Andrea Kelly rink. On her new team at the 2007 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, the rink would finish with a 7-5 record, missing the playoffs.

### Women's

After juniors, McTaggart played for Team Renée Sonnenberg until 2010, when she joined forced with Desirée Robertson (now Owen) again for two seasons. She returned to the Sonnenberg rink in 2012, playing second for the team. The team won the A qualifier at the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials, qualifying the rink for the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. There, the team placed last with a 2-5 record. After the season, McTaggart left the team to join the Scheidegger rink at third. They won their first Grand Slam event at the 2017 Meridian Canadian Open.

## Personal life

Her brother is fellow curler Tom Sallows. She works as a registered nurse with Alberta Health Services. She is married and has one child.
# Alviela River

Alviela River (Portuguese: Rio Alviela, Portuguese pronunciation:) is a river in Portugal. It is 51.16 kilometres (31.79 mi) long. The Alviela spring is one of the deepest in the world and is locally connected to a cave complex that represents the most significant fluvio-karstic phenomena in Portugal, one which supports several bat colonies with more than 5,000 bats in total. In 2007, a population of troglomorphic Procambarus clarkii, an invasive crayfish species, was recorded in the Alviela spring, raising concerns about their potential effect on native stygobitic fauna. These crayfish lack all body pigment, although pigmented specimens were recorded in nearby surface waters.
The river has its origin in a karst spring. Ribeira dos Amiais, a losing stream, infiltrates through the Sumidouro da Ribeira dos Amiais, a ponor, only to return to the surface 250 m further on through a canyon.
* Ribeira dos Amiais, tributary of Alviela
* Sumidouro da ribeira dos Amiais, were the water from the stream infiltrates
# Manta trawl

A manta trawl is a net system for sampling the surface of the ocean. It resembles a manta ray, with metal wings and a broad mouth. The net it pulls is made of thin mesh, and the whole trawl is towed behind a scientific research vessel. The manta trawl is useful for collecting samples from the surface of the ocean, such as sampling the plastic pieces making up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch as well as the associated plankton.
# Cornus hongkongensis

Cornus hongkongensis (sometimes called Benthamidia hongkongensis, Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis, or Hong Kong dogwood) is a species of evergreen dogwood in the family Cornaceae. It is native to China, Laos, and Vietnam. It grows to 15 meters in height and blooms in late spring to early summer, exhibiting an abundance of fragrant flowers. Because this species of dogwood also exhibits a range of minor differences in morphology due largely to geographic distribution, it has been divided into a number of subspecies. It has been described as an excellent ornamental tree species.

## Etymology

Cornus means 'horn', and is a derivative of the ancient Latin name for the Cornelian cherry.
Hongkongensis means 'from Hongkong'.
# Mohammad-Hossein Mirza

Mohammad-Hossein Mirza (Persian: محمد حسین میرزا) was a Qajar prince, who governed Kermanshah twice, between 1821–1826 and 1829–1835. He was the eldest son of Mohammad-Ali Mirza Dowlatshah and grandson of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834).
After the death of his father in 1821, Mohammad-Hossein Mirza succeeded him as the governor of Kermanshah. In 1826, he was replaced by his brother Tahmasp Mirza due to his debauchery and lack of competence, although he later got back the position in 1829. The death of Fath-Ali Shah in October 1834 caught Mohammad-Hossein Mirza off guard. The military establishment that had been his father's pride was no longer with him, and it does not appear that he had the ability or the desire to try become the new shah. Additionally, he had long since lost the friendships of the tribes that his father had enjoyed exceptionally warm ties with. Due to the remotness of Kermanshah, he was unable to assess the proportional forces of the three parties fighting for the throne. As a result, he wrote pledges of allegiance to them; Hossein Ali Mirza in Shiraz, Ali Mirza Zel as-Soltan in the capital Tehran, and Mohammad Shah Qajar, who was reportedly still in Tabriz.
Mohammad-Hossein Mirza's attempts to preserve good relations with all three parties was unsuccessful, and when Mohammad Shah had consolidated his authority in January 1835, he summoned Mohammad-Hossein Mirza to Tehran and sent his brother Bahram Mirza to Kermanshah as its new governor. Mohammad-Hossein Mirza attempted to flee, but was soon captured. Together with other royal family members who were seen as possible challenges to the new government, he spent his final days imprisoned in the fortress of Ardabil. Later, he was relocated to Tabriz, where died in 1845 or 1846.
# Alexandrovo, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Alexandrovo (Russian: Александрово) is a rural locality (a village) in Mayskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002.

## Geography

Alexandrovo is located 35 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Koryakino is the nearest rural locality.
# Alqurat Rural District

Alqurat Rural District (Persian: دهستان القورات) is in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Hajjiabad.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 8,236 in 2,546 households. There were 12,026 inhabitants in 3,876 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 9,479 in 3,159 households. The most populous of its 71 villages was Dastgerd, with 3,365 people.
# Shiderti

The Shiderti (Kazakh: Шідерті, Şıdertı; in its lower course: Karasu) is a river of Kazakhstan. It is 506 kilometres (314 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 15,900 square kilometres (6,100 sq mi).

## Course

The river has its source under the name Sarapan in the central part of the Kazakh Uplands, northern part of Karaganda Region. It flows roughly northwestwards and discharges into lake Shaganak (Aktogay District). The Irtysh–Karaganda Canal runs along the Shiderti river in its upper and middle course flowing in the opposite direction.
# Mohanna

Mohanna (Persian: مهنا) may refer to:
* Mohanna, Andika
* Mohanna, Khorramshahr
* Mohanna, Ramhormoz
# Rinat Fatakhetdinov

Rinat Fatakhetdinov (Russian: Ринат Фатахетдинов; born 23 January 1971 in Moscow) is a former Russian football player.
Fatakhetdinov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen.
# Tutura

The Tutura (Russian: Тутура) is a river in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. It is a tributary of the Lena with a length of 222 kilometres (138 mi) and a drainage basin area of 7,300 square kilometres (2,800 sq mi).
The settlement of Chikan is located by the Tutura, near the confluence with the Chikan river, its main tributary. Other inhabited places near the river are Tutura and Kelora. The Tutura basin is one of the areas of Russia traditionally inhabited by Evenks.

## Course

The Tutura is a right tributary of the Lena which flows across the Lena-Angara Plateau. It has its sources in the Bolshoy Tutura Lake, Kachugsky District, to the NNE of Irkutsk. It flows first westwards, then in its middle course it heads in a roughly northern direction across the highland area. In its lower reaches its channel widens and near Chikan village it turns WSW, meandering across a floodplain. Finally the Tutura meets the right bank of the Lena by Zhigalovo, the administrative center of Zhigalovsky District, 3,812 kilometres (2,369 mi) from its mouth.
The largest tributaries of the Tutura are the 142 kilometres (88 mi) long Chikan and the 77 kilometres (48 mi) long Kelora from the right. The river freezes between October and May. Summer floods are a common occurrence.

## Flora and fauna

The vegetation of the Tutura river basin is characterized by mountain taiga. Permafrost is prevalent in the river basin. The main fish species in the river are carp, crucian carp, asp, pike, chub, lenok, whitefish, bream and Amur catfish.
# Thomas King (astronomer)

Thomas King (1858 – 16 March 1916) was a New Zealand astronomer.

## Early life

King was born in Glasgow, Scotland and came to Auckland with his parents as an infant. He was educated at Auckland Grammar School. He later received private tuition in Wellington.

## Carter Observatory

Thomas King took over the charge of the Carter Observatory in 1887 from the Reverend Arthur Stock, vicar of St Peters (former astronomer in charge of the Wellington time-ball station on Lambton House Quay).
King has an astronomical observatory facility named after him at Carter Observatory in Wellington, New Zealand.

## Thomas King Observatory

The Thomas King Observatory (Māori: Ataira Te Ao Nui) in Wellington, near the Carter Observatory, is now in constant use following the restoration of it and its telescope.
In May 2001 Gordon Hudson began the refurbishment of the 5 inch Grubb Telescope housed in the Thomas King Observatory. This telescope was made in 1882 by Grubb in Dublin and over its 120 years it is in remarkably good condition.

## Death

King died on 16 March 1916 in Wellington.
# Keith Whitson

Sir Keith Roderick Whitson (born 25 March 1943) is a British banker, CEO of HSBC Group until 2003.
He was succeeded by Stephen Green, Baron Green of Hurstpierpoint.
# United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party

The United Democratic Sabah Peoples Power Party (Malay: Parti Kuasa Rakyat Sabah Demokratik Bersatu, abbreviated SETIA) was a political party in Malaysia. It changed its name to Malaysian United People's Party (MUPP) or Parti Bersatu Sasa Malaysia (BERSAMA) after it extends to Peninsular Malaysia on 23 March 2011.

## General election result

| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Voting Percentage | Outcome of election | Election leader |
| 2004 | 0 / 222 | 2 | 2,143 | 0.03% | ; No representation in Parliament | Shuhaidin Langkap |
# Seyyed Ahmadi

Seyyed Ahmadi (Persian: سيداحمدي) may refer to:
* Seyyed Ahmadi, Fars
* Seyyed Ahmadi, Hormozgan
# Minjavan

Minjavan (Persian: منجوان) may refer to:
* Minjavan District
* Minjavan-e Gharbi Rural District
* Minjavan-e Sharqi Rural District
# Narva Town Hall

Narva Town Hall (Estonian: Narva raekoda) is a historic municipal building in the city of Narva, Estonia. The building is located on Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats) next to the Narva College of the University of Tartu.

## History

The town hall was one of the few elements of the city's baroque-era architecture to be rebuilt following the Second World War. It is now surrounded largely by Soviet-era Stalinist designs and Khrushchyovka. A €7 million renovation project at the Narva Town Hall was completed in 2023. The building has returned to its original function as the seat of Narva's city government and also accommodates a tourist information centre and restaurant.
# Ch'oe Sŭng-no

Ch'oe Sŭng-no (Korean: 최승로; Hanja: 崔承老; 927 – 17 June 989 was a politician, Confucian scholar, poet, and literary writer in the early Goryeo dynasty. He came from the Gyeongju Choe clan, one of the third class noble families of Silla. He was famous for proposing 28 policies to King Seongjong, most of which were accepted and a became an important basis for state affairs such as Goryeo's political system and local government.

## Life

Ch'oe Sŭng-no was born in Gyeongju. He was the son of Silla noble Ch'oe Ŭn-ham, a member of the head rank six class. At age of 12, he had been highly praised by Taejo of Goryeo after reading the Analects in front of the royal court. Due to impressing the king, he was made a student of the Wŏnbongsŏng (원봉성학생; 元鳳省學生). In 982, Ch'oe submitted a memorial to King Seongjong, where he discussed the state policies of previous five kings of Goryeo and proposed 28 policies to reform the government. Later that year, Ch'oe was promoted to the office of Vice-Director of the Chancellery (문하시랑평장사; 門下侍郎平章事; munhasirang p'yŏngjangsa). He spread Confucianism widely in Korea and set up the basic political structure of Goryeo at the era of Seongjong. Seongjong installed 12 provincial capitals and 3 small capitals which were Seoul, Gyeongju and Pyongyang.
In 988, he was promoted to Chancellor (문하시중; 門下侍中; munha sijung), and enfeoffed as marquis of Chungha. He died in 989, and was posthumously named as Munch'ŏng. In 998, he would also be posthumously promoted to Grand Preceptor.

## Poetry

He composed "a significant corpus of poems".

## In popular culture

* Portrayed by Lee Ji-hyung in the 2002–2003 KBS1 TV series The Dawn of the Empire.
* Portrayed by Lee Ki-yul in the 2009 KBS2 TV series Empress Cheonchu
# Hasan Anvari

Hasan Anvari (Persian: حسن انوری; born March 1, 1934, in Takab) is a retired professor of Persian language and literature at Kharazmi University . He served as the supervisor for the compilation of the comprehensive Sokhan Dictionary, the corrector of Saadi's Golestan, and a continuous member of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. He is recognized as a prominent figure in the field of literature. Additionally, a portion of his research is dedicated to the study of Hafez's poetry. Anvari has also contributed to the compilation of some volumes of Dehkhoda Dictionary. He is of Azerbaijani descent. In 2016, the Elite Foundation of Tehran Province held a ceremony to honor him, attended by a gathering of prominent academic and cultural figures of the country, his students, and outstanding talents. Anvari is also a member of the book selection committee and the Mahmoud Afshar Foundation Prize.

## Education

* BA in Persian literature from the University of Tabriz, 1961
* MA in Persian literature from the University of Tehran, 1967
* PhD in Persian literature from the University of Tehran, 1971
# Aleksandr Muzyka

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Muzyka (Russian: Александр Николаевич Музыка; born 26 February 1969) is a former Russian football player.
# Vysotinskaya

Vysotinskaya (Russian: Высотинская) is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhnekuloyskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2002.

## Geography

Vysotinskaya is located 40 km southeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Brevnovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Bačka Palanka

Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Serbo-Croatian: Crkva Bezgrešnog začeća blažene device Marije) is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Bačka Palanka in Vojvodina, Serbia. The church was constructed in period between 1782 and 1787. The local parish was firstly mentioned in 1237 under the name of Pest and was re-established in 1755 from a section of the Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist of Mladenovo parish area. At that time it was administered from catholic church in Ilok just across the Danube river in what is now easternmost town of Croatia.
# Marie-Odile Raymond

Marie-Odile Raymond (born 13 December 1973) is a Canadian former cross-country skier who competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 5 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 4 × 5 km  relay |
| 1998 | 24 | — | 62 | — | 56 | — |
# Mohammad Taghi Pourmohammadi

Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Pourmohammadi (Persian: محمدتقی پورمحمدی, was born 1956 in Marand, East Azerbaijan) is an Iranian Shiite Muslim cleric and politician. He is a member of the 4th, 5th and 6th Assembly of Experts from electorate East Azerbaijan. Pourmohammadi won with 359,839 votes.