OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Privatization of public land (United States)

In the United States, land owned and managed by governmental organizations is referred to as public land. As of 2020, the federal government owns roughly 640 million acres of land, the majority of which is concentrated in the Western US and Alaska. Privatization of public land involves the selling or auctioning of public lands to the private sector. The private sector can refer to private individuals, industry, or corporations.

## History
### The Homestead Act

On May 20, 1862 President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act into law. This legislation allowed settlers to acquire 160 acres of federal land in the west, provided that they pay a filing fee and maintain residence on the parcel for five continuous years. This was intended to encourage western expansion and settlement into the interior. Between its passage in 1862 and 1900, 80 million acres of federal land had been claimed through the Homestead Act.

### The Sagebrush Rebellion

In much of the west, public land is leased to ranchers as rangeland. Throughout the mid-1900s, federal land managers reduced the number of livestock allowed to graze these lands in order to prevent ecological degradation through overgrazing. These reductions led to building tension between federal land managers and ranchers, who were economically impacted by these grazing reductions. These tensions gave way to a period known as the Sagebrush Rebellion in the 1970s, where ranchers argued for state control over the federal grazing lands. During his presidential campaign in 1980, Ronald Reagan during a speech in Utah declared himself part of the rebellion stating, "I happen to be one who cheers on and supports the 'Sagebrush Rebellion' ". After winning the election, Regan's secretary of the interior James Watts advocated for privatization of these grazing lands in order to appease ranchers and reduce the national deficit through their sale. This advocacy failed after lawsuits from environmental advocates blocked the sale of the land.

## Recent Privatization Initiatives and Proposals

* In 2006, President Bush's proposed budget included the auctioning of 300 thousand acres of national forests, 500 million acres of land managed by the Department of the Interior, and 125 thousand acres managed by the Bureau of Land Management in order to reduce the national deficit
* In 2017, President Trump decreased the size of the Bear Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monuments by over 2 million acres. This allowed the land to be leased by oil, gas and mining companies
# Ganj-e Qarun

Ganj-e Qarun (Persian: گنج قارون) is a 1965 Iranian film directed by Siamak Yasemi and starring Mohammad Ali Fardin, Forouzan, Arman, and Taghi Zohouri.

## Background

In Persian folklore, Ganj-e Qarun (Qarun's Treasure) is a symbol of major wealth. Qarun is Persian for Korah, the biblical figure who lived contemporary to Moses.

## Plot

Ali Bigham is a happy-go-lucky young man who accidentally saves a rich old man's life named Qarun who is attempting suicide. Qarun is very wealthy but also sad and alone. He is ill and has no one to live with. Ali takes Qarun to his home and realizes that he is his own father who left him and his mother years ago. At first Ali rejects his father, but then Qarun gains his son's attention. Throughout the film Hasan accompanies Ali as a comedian.

## Cast

* Mohammad Ali Fardin as Ali Bigham
* Arman as Qarun
* Taghi Zohouri as Hassan Jeqjeqeh
* Forouzan as Shirin

## Place in Iranian film history

The film may be considered a good example of pre-revolution Persian-language films, "a form of popular cinema that embodied the aspirations and illusions" of a changing society. More specifically, it has been described as "a key progenitor of the stewpot or meat-and-potato movie genre".
# Mikhail Borodulin

Mikhail Ilyich Borodulin (Russian: Михаил Ильич Бородулин; 8 July 1967 — 22 December 2003) was a Kazakhstani professional ice hockey player. He played for Metallurg Magnitogorsk and Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk during his playing career. Borodulin also played for the Kazakhstan national team at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 1998 World Championship. He died of cancer in 2003.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1983–84 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS.2 | 14 | 0 | | | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1984–85 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS.2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1985–86 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS.2 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1986–87 | SKA Sverdlovsk | URS.2 | 59 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 42 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1988–89 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | URS.3 | 29 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1988–89 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS.2 | 30 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1989–90 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS | 30 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1990–91 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | URS | 44 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 75 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1991–92 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | CIS | 31 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 36 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1993–94 | Torpedo Ust–Kamenogorsk | IHL | 39 | 19 | 13 | 32 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1994–95 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | IHL | 43 | 16 | 17 | 33 | 60 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 1995–96 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | IHL | 50 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 34 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 10 |
| 1995–96 | Metallurg–2 Magnitogorsk | RUS.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1996–97 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | RSL | 33 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 36 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 37 |
| 1996–97 | Metallurg–2 Magnitogorsk | RUS.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1997–98 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | RSL | 45 | 8 | 11 | 19 | 46 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| 1998–99 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | RSL | 41 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 69 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 12 |
| 1999–2000 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | RSL | 9 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| URS/CIS totals | URS/CIS totals | URS/CIS totals | 105 | 21 | 13 | 34 | 133 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| IHL totals | IHL totals | IHL totals | 122 | 47 | 42 | 89 | 124 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 16 |
| RSL totals | RSL totals | RSL totals | 138 | 25 | 29 | 54 | 159 | 37 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 49 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1994 | Kazakhstan | WC C | 6 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 0 |
| 1997 | Kazakhstan | WC B | 7 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 27 |
| 1998 | Kazakhstan | OG | 7 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 8 |
| 1998 | Kazakhstan | WC | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | 23 | 11 | 7 | 18 | 41 |
# Nurzai

Noorzai also spelled as Noorzai (Pashto: نورزی) is the name of a Pashtun tribe, part of the Panjpai section of Durrani Tareen Pashtuns. Their name means "son of light" whereas Nur is an Arabic word that means "light", and "zai" means "son of" in the Pashto language. Tribally speaking, they are disputed by many Zirak Pashtuns to neither be Durrani nor Ghilji. Historically the Noorzai tribe can be found in Kandahar province, as well as Helmand province, Herat and Farah. Furthermore, the tribe is even spread out as far as Pakistan. They are specifically centered in Panjwai district, Maywand district, Nawzad, Garmsir and Washir district. These places were infamous for being one of the main battlegrounds during the war in Afghanistan.

## Notable individuals

* Hibatullah Akhundzada, Supreme Commander of the Taliban and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
* Bashir Noorzai, Former Afghan drug lord known for being the "Pablo Escobar of the Middle East". He was one of the earliest members of the Afghan militant group Taliban.
* Maulavi Ubaidurrahman Nurzai, Was a Taliban commander who fought against a NATO-led coalition in Helmand province. He took part in the battle of Garmsir.
* Mohammad Arif Noorzai, Former minister of border and tribe affairs for Afghanistan.
* Wali Muhammad Noorzai, prominent MPA and Noorzai tribal leader in Balochistan. He represents Quetta District and advocates for his constituents' rights and development. As a respected tribal leader, he resolves disputes and promotes peace, bridging the gap between government and tribal communities.
* Abdul Jabar Qahraman, Afghan army general who was an influential leader and politician.
* Zalmay Khalilzad, American diplomat and foreign policy expert. He was the highest muslim-american in government during his time in office. Furthermore, he was the former ambassador to Afghanistan during the bush administration. He took part in the Doha-agreement which caused the American armed forces to withdraw from Afghanistan.
# Mahmudi, Yazd

Mahmudi (Persian: محمودي, also Romanized as Maḩmūdī; also known as Ahranābād, Mahmood Abad Hoomeh, and Maḩmūdābād) is a village in Fahraj Rural District, in the Central District of Yazd County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 7 families.
# Sieg im Westen

Sieg im Westen (Victory in the West) is a 1941 Nazi propaganda film.
It was produced by the Oberkommando des Heeres, the German Army High Command, rather than the Propaganda Ministry of Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels indeed sabotaged its release in minor ways, delaying its premiere and telling propagandists not to promote it. Erwin Rommel has been described as enthusiastically helping to direct it. French prisoners of war were used during its making.
The prologue consists of the Nazi version of European history and the origins of World War II, and the rest deals with the Battle of France, a Blitzkrieg in the Low Countries and France (10 May – 22 June 1940). The movie was made largely from newsreel footage recut into a documentary. The programme provided states that it is to show the audacity of the German offensive and the superiority of German arms, required because they will not be permitted to live in peace. It did not give Hitler or the Nazi party a central role, thus ensuring its disfavor with Goebbels.
The Nazi journal "Der deutsche Film" called Sieg im Westen "the greatest of all German newsreels." Unlike many other German propaganda films, Sieg im Westen does not belittle the enemy, instead admitting that the French soldiers fought gallantly.
The war is presented "from above"; the battles are depicted as smooth forward advances on the map, with results from reports at the front. The "encirclement" of Germany is depicted by showing prisoners of war from far-off countries.
During the shooting of the movie Black French soldiers who were prisoners of war were forced to take part in its making, at the end of the movie Germans forced them to carry out "exotic dance", most likely to underline their exotic "otherness" and as an act of humiliation.
On 14 August 1940, more than a dozen German Generals who had (three weeks prior) been appointed Field Marshal after the successful Westfeldzug were in Berlin to be presented with their ceremonial batons. While in Berlin, they were shown 'Sieg im Westen'.
# Fontaine-l'Étalon

Fontaine-l’Étalon (French pronunciation:; Picard: Fontainne-l'Étalon) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Geography

A small farming village situated 31 miles (50 km) west of Arras, at the junction of the D101 and the D124 roads.

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Fermin, dating from the sixteenth century.
* The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery.
* Traces of an old chateau.
* An old mill.
# Foveran

Foveran is the name of both a parish and village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The village is located 11 miles (18 km) north of Aberdeen and 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of Ellon; the main group of houses and the village school are located adjacent to the main A90 trunk road.
The origin of the place-name is from the Scottish Gaelic word fuaran indicating a place with a little spring and appears as Furene in c. 1150.
The hereditary baronetcy of Foveran is held by the Turing family (see Turing Baronets). The cryptographer and computing pioneer Alan Turing (1912–1954) was uncle to the present Baronet.

## Notable people

* William Duff, minister and psychologist, born in Foveran.
* Rev John Paterson, minister of Foveran, later Bishop of Ross
* Robert Paterson (d.1717) principal of Marischal College, son of above
# Arsen Ayrapetyan

Arsen Mgerovich Ayrapetyan (Russian: Арсен Мгерович Айрапетян; born 16 February 1997) is a Russian football player of Armenian descent.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for Shinnik Yaroslavl on 17 August 2015 in a game against Arsenal Tula.
# Raptor house

Raptor house (also known as Changa tuki) is a lifestyle, dance and music genre derived from electronic music that originated in Caracas, Venezuela in early-1990s. It was a strong trend and present in parties until the late-2000s. The Changa culture was mainstream in Venezuela along with other genres such as reggaeton, salsa, and emo. Its dancers and supporters are known as tuki(s). The dance that accompanies it is a style of ghetto dance.
They had a particular style of clothing that mostly consisted of tight red pants, sleeveless shirts, caps that almost covered their eyes, Nike shoes in the style of the Air Jordan, and the use of hydrogen peroxide to dye their beards and tips of their hair. An urban culture that in its great majority was related to the poor classes and especially to the trickery and a kind of thug.
The creators of this style and the greatest DJs were DJ Baba and DJ Irvin, other DJs that could be mentioned were Pacheko, Pocz. Of the most remembered dancers we can mention Elber El Maestro among others.
Portuguese DJs Buraka Som Sistema liked the raptor house and played many songs of this style and also compose. American DJ Scoop DeVille also expressed how he liked this movement saying that "he has developed a true passion for this".
The most famous meeting place in Caracas where the tuki music was danced and there were good DJs of the genre was Adrena.
Also, many people at that time linked the tuki word offensively and that most of the Tukis were really Venezuelan-style thugs.
# National Martyrs' Cemetery of Albania

The National Martyrs' Cemetery of Albania (Albanian: Varrezat e Dëshmorëve të Kombit) is the largest cemetery in Albania, located on a hill overlooking Tirana.
The Mother Albania statue is located at the Cemetery. It figuratively represents the country as a mother guarding over the eternal slumber of those who gave their lives for her. The statue is made of concrete and it is a work of the sculptors Kristaq Rama, Muntaz Dhrami and Shaban Hadëri. It stands atop a 3 m pedestal; is 12 m tall and engraved on the pedestal are the words "Lavdi e perjetshme deshmoreve te Atdheut" ("Eternal Glory to the Martyrs of the Fatherland").
The cemetery was also the resting place of former leader Enver Hoxha, who was subsequently disinterred and given a more humble grave in another public cemetery. The dictator's former resting place has been occupied with the remains of Azem Hajdari, the student leader behind the fight against the regime in the late 1980s who was assassinated in Tirana in 1998.
Some 900 partisans who died during World War II are buried in the cemetery.
# Lanildut

Lanildut (French pronunciation:; Breton: Lannildud) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Lanildut are called in French Lanildutiens.
# Balgreen

Balgreen (/bɔːlˈɡriːn/ or /bɔːˈɡriːn/) is a suburb of Edinburgh, located approximately two miles west of the city centre, most commonly known for its primary school, Balgreen Primary. It is located to the west of Murrayfield and Saughtonhall, to the east of Corstorphine, and to the north of Gorgie. It is bound to the north by Corstorphine Hill, to the west by Carrick Knowe Golf Course, and roughly to the east by Water of Leith.

## Etymology

The name comes from Balgreen House once situated where Balgreen School now stands and is probably derived from Scottish Gaelic, perhaps being Baile na Grèine (sunny farm ) or Baile Griain (gravel farm) from the gravel on the riverbank, or perhaps from Baile Grianain (farm of the sunny enclosure). It does not, as some etymologies have suggested, come from "Ball Green". The Gaelic "Bal-" (farm) prefix can also be found in Balerno and is not unusual in the area. The placename Balgreen is also found near Murieston and Ecclesmachanin West Lothian.

## Amenities

The Water of Leith flows through here with the Water of Leith Walkway connecting the area to Stockbridge to the north east and Colinton and Balerno to the south west. There is also a library, primary school, and a large park here, with facilities for football (soccer) etc., and a children's playpark.

## Transport

Balgreen was served by Balgreen Halt railway station which was closed in 1968

### Tram

Balgreen tram stop is located off Balgreen Road, adjacently north of the main Glasgow to Edinburgh railway line.
| Preceding station | Edinburgh Trams | Following station |
| Murrayfield towards Newhaven | Newhaven - Edinburgh Airport | Saughton towards Airport |

### Buses
#### Lothian Buses

* 12,26,31 (Corstorphine Road)
* 1,2,22,30 (Western Approach Road)
* 38 (Balgreen Road/ Saughtonhall Drive)

#### McGill's Scotland East

* 21 and 22 (Corstorphine Road)

## Notable residents

* William Stevenson (1772–1829), Scottish nonconformist preacher and writer, farmed in this area.
# Bushuyev cattle

Bushuyev cattle (Russian: Бушуевская, romanized: Bushuyevskaya) is a cattle breed from Uzbekistan. They originated from cross breeding indigenous zebu cattles with western European dairy breeds. They are white coated with black spots, black ears and rims around eyes, and a black band around the muzzle.
# Vera Shcherbina

Vera Georgievna Shcherbina (Russian: Вера Георгиевна Щербина; born on 20 November 1958) is a Russian politician. She served as the acting governor of Sakhalin Oblast from 27 September to 7 December 2018. She also served as the head of the Government of Sakhalin Oblast from 2016 to 2018.
She has PhD in Economics, and is an honored economist of Russia.

## Biography

Vera Shcherbina was born in Chernyshevsk on 11 November 2018.
In 1976 she graduated from secondary school number 1 in the city of Zavitinsk in Amur Oblast.
Since 1978, she worked in the Luchegorsk village council of the Primorsky Krai as a construction technician.
In 1984, she received a diploma from the Faculty of Engineering and Economics of the Khabarovsk Polytechnic Institute.
Since 1992, after receiving a proper education, she began to work in the state authorities of Primorye.
In 1997, she took the position of deputy head of the administration of the Pozharsky district of the Primorsky Krai for financial issues.
In 1999, she became a candidate of economic sciences, having completed her postgraduate studies at the Khabarovsk Academy of Economics and Law with a degree in Finance and Money Circulation.
In 2001, she became the head of the department of inter-budgetary relations, then the deputy director of the finance department of the Primorsky Krai Administration.
In 2005, she was appointed Vice Governor, and the head of the Finance Department of the Administration of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug in the Kamchatka Krai.
In 2008 Shcherbina was accepted as a federal inspector in the office of the presidential envoy in the Far Eastern Federal District in Moscow.
In December 2008, she became Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Amur Oblast as the Minister of Finance. In October 2012, she was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Amur Oblast.
In September 2015, she took the position of First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Sakhalin Oblast.
In January 2016, she was appointed Chairman of the Government of the Sakhalin Oblast.
After Oleg Kozhemyako was appointed as the acting Governor of the Primorsky Krai, Shcherbina was the acting governor of Sakahlin Oblast from 27 September 2018 until 7 December 2018].
On 17 December 2018, she left the post of Chairman of the Government of the Sakhalin Region of her own free will.
# Inner Mongolia Radio Broadcasting Network

The Inner Mongolia Radio Broadcasting Network (Chinese: 内蒙古广播网; pinyin: Nèiménggǔ Guǎngbò Wǎng; Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠣ᠋ ᠰᠦᠯᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ) was a radio broadcasting network headquartered in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It was founded in 1950 as Inner Mongolia People's Broadcasting Station (Chinese: 内蒙古人民广播电台). In June 2016 it merged with NMTV.

## List of programmes

Inner Mongolia Radio Stations :
| Programme | Description |
| 蒙古语广播FM95.9/AM1458 | Mongolian programme |
| 草原之声FM105 | Sound of the Grassland |
| 新闻广播FM95 | News |
| 新闻综合FM89/AM675 | General News |
| 交通之声FM105.6 | Traffic |
| 经济生活FM101.4 | Economy |
| 音乐之声FM93.6 | Music |
| 评书曲艺FM102.8 | Story Radio |
| FM91.9农村牧区 | Agriculture |
# Udny Station

Udny Station (/ˈwɪdnɪ/) is a small village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is 8 miles east of Oldmeldrum and 5 miles south west of Ellon. It is part of the parish of Foveran.
Udny Station was a station on the Formartine and Buchan line to Fraserburgh. The tracks were removed in the early 1980s, just as the oil boom was getting into full swing.
There was a goods yard with railway sidings at the station. The sidings were in the area where a number of newer houses have been built. Walking along the track of the old platform, one of the original lighting units (minus the glass) is still visible mounted on a concrete post. About a mile south of the station, on the old track, walkers pass old level crossing gates which are still fitted showing the orange round plate.
On the eastern edge of the village, whilst heading for Cultercullen, just as you leave the village is a field with a fenced-off area showing air vents. This was a Royal Observer Corps station. Through an access hatch, there are rooms under here used during the Cold War by the ROC. There are a number of these stations spread across the country, most were taken out of service in 2001. The rooms house some communications equipment, however the Udny Station one has been almost stripped of everything inside. Prior to this, during WWII, a wooden hut existed there for the ROC. The bunker was removed and filled in by the current landowner, and no longer visible
Near Tillycorthie house, just beside the railway line, about 200 yards south from the Railway bridge are a clump of trees. Between those trees and Corthiemuir Farm, 15 HE bombs were dropped straddling the railway line. One of the 15 failed to explode. In addition to this, 20 incendiary bombs were dropped setting fire to the grain store at the farm.
A number of the farms in the area used prisoners of war as labour, these were supplied from the POW camp in Pitmedden. The camp entrance is a bridge now leading to a housing estate on the south side of Pitmedden, about 100 yards from the Aberdeen/Tarves road junction beside the church.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Udny Station". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
* ↑ "Royal Observer Corps Udny Station". Subterranea Britannica. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
* This Aberdeenshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Believe It or Not (film)

Believe It or Not (Russian: Небывальщина, romanized: Nebyvalshchina) is a 1983 Soviet comedy film directed by Sergei Ovcharov.

## Plot

The film is based on the story Divers by Vyacheslav Shishkov, Russian legends, songs, tales and ditties, and tells about the slack Neznam, the village inventor Bobyl and the brave Soldier.

## Cast

* Aleksandr Kuznetsov as Neznam
* Aleksey Buldakov as soldier
* Sergey Bekhterev as Bobyl
* Igor Ivanov as seducer
* Nina Usatova as Neznam's wife
* Nikolai Pastukhov as narrator
* Slava Polunin as Tsar
* Nikolai Terentyev as courtier
* Tatyana Zakharova as peasant's wife
* Anatoly Slivnikov as sergeant