OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Torsion-free module

In algebra, a torsion-free module is a module over a ring such that zero is the only element annihilated by a regular element (non zero-divisor) of the ring. In other words, a module is torsion free if its torsion submodule contains only the zero element.
In integral domains the regular elements of the ring are its nonzero elements, so in this case a torsion-free module is one such that zero is the only element annihilated by some non-zero element of the ring. Some authors work only over integral domains and use this condition as the definition of a torsion-free module, but this does not work well over more general rings, for if the ring contains zero-divisors then the only module satisfying this condition is the zero module.

## Examples of torsion-free modules

Over a commutative ring R with total quotient ring K, a module M is torsion-free if and only if Tor$_1$(K/R,M) vanishes. Therefore flat modules, and in particular free and projective modules, are torsion-free, but the converse need not be true. An example of a torsion-free module that is not flat is the ideal (x, y) of the polynomial ring k[x, y] over a field k, interpreted as a module over k[x, y].
Any torsionless module over a domain is a torsion-free module, but the converse is not true, as Q is a torsion-free Z-module that is not torsionless.

## Structure of torsion-free modules

Over a Noetherian integral domain, torsion-free modules are the modules whose only associated prime is zero. More generally, over a Noetherian commutative ring the torsion-free modules are those modules all of whose associated primes are contained in the associated primes of the ring.
Over a Noetherian integrally closed domain, any finitely-generated torsion-free module has a free submodule such that the quotient by it is isomorphic to an ideal of the ring.
Over a Dedekind domain, a finitely-generated module is torsion-free if and only if it is projective, but is in general not free. Any such module is isomorphic to the sum of a finitely-generated free module and an ideal, and the class of the ideal is uniquely determined by the module.
Over a principal ideal domain, finitely-generated modules are torsion-free if and only if they are free.

## Torsion-free covers

Over an integral domain, every module M has a torsion-free cover F → M from a torsion-free module F onto M, with the properties that any other torsion-free module mapping onto M factors through F, and any endomorphism of F over M is an automorphism of F. Such a torsion-free cover of M is unique up to isomorphism. Torsion-free covers are closely related to flat covers.

## Torsion-free quasicoherent sheaves

A quasicoherent sheaf F over a scheme X is a sheaf of ${\mathcal {O}}_{X}$-modules such that for any open affine subscheme U = Spec(R) the restriction F|$_U$ is associated to some module M over R. The sheaf F is said to be torsion-free if all those modules M are torsion-free over their respective rings. Alternatively, F is torsion-free if and only if it has no local torsion sections.
# Heinrich Hössli

Heinrich Hössli (6 August 1784 – 24 December 1864), sometimes written as Hößli, was a Swiss hatter and author. His book Eros. Die Männerliebe der Griechen ('Eros. The Greeks' love of men'; 2 vols., 1836, 1838) surveyed references to same-sex love in ancient Greek literature and more recent research, and was one of the first works in the 19th century that defended love between men.

## Biography

Hössli was born on 6 August 1784 in Glarus in Switzerland, the oldest of 14 children, to hatter Hans Jakob Hössli (1758–1846) and Margreth Vogel (1757–1831). He learned his father's occupation in Bern.
Back in Glarus he worked as hatter and also started a business in trading women's clothing. His hats for women were famous in the region.
In 1811 he married Elisabeth Grebel, and had two sons, who emigrated to the United States. For most of his marriage his wife and sons lived in Zurich while he himself lived in Glarus.
He died on 24 December 1864.

## Works by Hössli

* Eros, Die Männerliebe der Griechen, ihre Beziehungen zur Geschichte, Erziehung, Literatur und Gesetzgebung aller Zeiten (vol. 1: Glarus 1836; vol. 2: Sankt Gallen 1838), reprint Berlin, Verlag rosa Winkel, 1998, vol. 1: ISBN 3-86149-056-0, vol. 2: ISBN 3-86149-057-9
* New vol. 3: Documents by Heinrich Hössli with an introduction by Manfred Herzer, a short biography by Ferdinand Karsch-Haack, and a reprint of the novella Der Eros (1821) by Heinrich Zschokke, ISBN 3-86149-058-7
* Hexenprozeß- und Glauben, Pfaffen und Teufel. Leipzig, 1892, 80 pages
# Kyndryl

Kyndryl Holdings, Inc. is an American multinational information technology infrastructure services provider, headquartered in New York City and created from the spin-off of IBM's infrastructure services business in 2021. The company designs, builds, manages and develops large-scale information systems. The company also has business advisory services. It is currently the world's largest IT infrastructure services provider, and the fifth-largest consulting provider.

## History

Officially formed in late 2021, Kyndryl was created from the spin-off of IBM's infrastructure services, and comprises the bulk of the former IBM Global Technology Services. At year-end 2020, the spin-off had a portfolio of around 4,400 customers, including 75% of the Fortune 100. The company was given the name Kyndryl in April 2021, with "Kyn" referencing "kinship" and "Dryl" referencing "tendril". On November 4, 2021, Kyndryl completed its separation from IBM and began trading as an independent company on the New York Stock Exchange, with Martin Schroeter as chairman and CEO. Kyndryl operated in 63 countries in November 2021, and managed around 400 data centers. By November 2021, Kyndryl had also partnered with Microsoft to provide digital transformation services using Microsoft Cloud products. In December 2021, Kyndryl partnered with Google Cloud on digital transformation projects as well. Kyndryl announced new reporting segments for its finances in January 2022. Kyndryl partnered with Amazon Web Services in February 2022, and in October 2022, Kyndryl and Microsoft created a data pipeline between Microsoft Azure and Kyndryl's zCloud platform. In 2022, as ranked by revenue, CRN placed Kyndryl No. 6 on its list of largest IT solution providers in North America. On September 28, 2023, the Financial Times quoted sources saying that Kyndryl was separating its Chinese arm, saying the decision was influenced by increased tensions between the United States and China. On 13 May 2024, Kyndryl announced the acquisition of Skytap and the divesture of Securities Industry Services to Broadridge Financial Solutions, as part of a portfolio optimization action.

## Services

Focused on IT services for businesses, Kyndryl designs, builds, manages, and modernizes enterprise IT infrastructure systems, with capabilities in artificial intelligence as well as data and analytics. In late 2021, Kyndryl listed its six service areas as: cloud; security and resiliency; network and edge computing; digital workplace; core enterprise and zCloud; and applications, data, and AI. Kyndryl launched Kyndryl Bridge and a business consulting segment in 2022.
# Howmore

Howmore (Scottish Gaelic: Togh Mòr / Tobha Mor) lies on the island of South Uist to the southwest of Loch Druidibeg. The mountain of Haarsal rises to 139 m (456 ft) to the east and immediately south is the smaller settlement of Howbeg. Howmore is also within the parish of South Uist.

## Geography

The area is largely flat but dominated by the mountain Beinn Mhòr. A rewarding day's hillwalking can be had on Beinn Mhor and Hecla [606 m (1,988 ft)] - South Uist's highest hills. Loch Druidibeg Nature Reserve, 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north, is an important site for breeding greylag geese and a sanctuary for the corncrake, now, within Britain, almost unique to the Western Isles. Howmore is situated alongside the A865. The ruins of Flora MacDonald's birthplace can be found near Milton, 11 km (6.8 mi) south of Howmore, marked with a commemorative cairn.
On the southern slopes of Beinn Mhor is the wooded area of Allt Volagir, one of the few areas of natural woodland left in the Hebrides.

## History

According the oral tradition, South Uist was heavily wooded once until the arrival of the Vikings who are traditionally blamed for clear clearing the forests (though this fact is disputed).
The village is perhaps best known for its remarkable collection of ruined churches and chapels. The most striking remains are of the Teampull Mòr, the "Large Church" or St Mary's, of which only part of the east gable remains. This church probably dates back to the 13th century and it was used as the parish church. The ruins, which are supposed to have also housed a "College of Learning", are also important to the history of Scottish Gaelic literature. At least one of the ancestors of Scottish Gaelic national poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair and his first cousin, the famous Flora MacDonald, lies buried there.
In his later life, local poet Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh drew upon his imagination and local history, and composed the poems Smaointean - Aig Làrach Seann Eaglais Hogh Mòir ("Thoughts - at Howmore Temple Ruins") and Teampall Hogh Mòir ("Howmore Temple"); in which he called for a return to the simpler Medieval religious life once centered around by the ruined monastery Church.

## Community
### Church

At the time of the Reformation, Howmore turned to Protestantism, though 95% of the population of South Uist remained Roman Catholic. Howmore Church, built in 1858, is therefore rather unusual; doubly so as it is one of the few churches in Scotland with a central Communion table. The church is white-harled and used as a landmark by fishermen off the west coast.

### Leisure

Howmore is home to one of Scotland's largest collections of thatched buildings. The youth hostel is operated by Gatliff Hebridean Hostels Trust. It is located in a white-painted thatched building which has views to the east across ruined churches towards the peak of Hecla.

## Images

* Howmore - Landscape
* Howmore - Beach 1
* Howmore - Beach 2
# Prey Phdau Commune

Prey Phdau Commune (Khmer: ឃុំព្រៃផ្ដៅ) is a khum (commune) in Prey Kabbas District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.

## Administration

As of 2019, Prey Phdau Commune has 11 phums (villages) as follows.
| No. | Code | Village | Khmer |
| 1 | 21061101 | Prey Robang | ព្រៃរបង |
| 2 | 21061102 | Kouk Trea | គោកទ្រា |
| 3 | 21061103 | Prey Phdau Tboung | ព្រៃផ្ដៅត្បូង |
| 4 | 21061104 | Prey Phdau Cheung | ព្រៃផ្ដៅជើង |
| 5 | 21061105 | Trapeang Thum | ត្រពាំងធំ |
| 6 | 21061106 | Chumrum | ជំរុំ |
| 7 | 21061107 | Saiva | សៃវ៉ា |
| 8 | 21061108 | Prey Phnhi | ព្រៃភ្ញី |
| 9 | 21061109 | Prey Chheu Teal | ព្រៃឈើទាល |
| 10 | 21061110 | Dong | ដុង |
| 11 | 21061111 | Sman Muni | ស្មន់មុនី |
# Sergey Perets

Sergey Vladimirovich Perets (Russian: Серге́й Влади́мирович Пе́рец; 28 September 1969 — 16 August 2002) was a Russian police officer who was killed during the Second Chechen War in 2002 and was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

## Early life

Perets was born in Kostroma in 1969. In December 1991, Perets joined the Russian Ground Forces, followed by working in the transport arm of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) before being transferred to Cherepovets.

## As a police officer

He was assigned to the militsiya in Cherepovets, the MVD's police arm due to his military experience. He worked as a traffic policeman (the GAI agency) for four years, until 1998 when he was assigned as the commander of a motorised platoon of militia near Vologda.

## Chechnya

From 1998 until 2002, he conducted seven tours of duty in Chechnya as a militiaman in the first and second wars there. His final tour of duty commenced on July 25, 2002 in the early stages of the Second Chechen War. He was noted as the most experienced captain in the motorised police units.

## Fatal incident

On August 16, 2002, Perets' unit received intelligence that a unit of riot police from Omsk were under attack in the village of Shalazhi. Perets's unit, composing of three armoured personnel carriers headed there, and upon arriving in the village they opened fire upon militants in the village.
However, the degree of returning fire forced the convoy to stop and fight. During the battle, Perets' APC was cut off from the others and he and his men fought for three hours during which Perets received a wound from shrapnel from a hand grenade but carried on regardless. He dragged one of his men who was injured into cover.
Thanks to Perets' command, the rebels failed to inflict serious damage on the convoy. While running from cover to the APC, he was shot in the head by a sniper and killed instantly. Several minutes after Perets' death, the other APCs rejoined them and the militants scattered, with five killed and seven captured. Two MVD troops were injured in the battle, amongst them the soldier whom Perets dragged to safety.
He was buried in Cherepovets.

## Awards

* Hero of the Russian Federation (8 November 2003, posthumously) - for "courage and heroism in the line of duty in the North Caucasus region."
* Order of Courage
* Medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class with swords
* Medal For Courage
* Medal for Distinguished Service in Defending Public Order
* Medal "For courage in service" (MIA)
# Szymańczyki

Szymańczyki (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzegowo, within Mława County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Srinagarindra Road

The Srinagarindra Road (Thai: ถนนศรีนครินทร์, RTGS: Thanon Si Nakharin, pronounced) is a road named to honour the Princess Mother, Srinagarindra (the mother of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the Great) during The Princess Mother's 7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary, 21 October 1984. It connects Bang Kapi District to Mueang Samut Prakan District. It has the route number 3344 as Thailand Highway Route 3344. The entire length from Bang Kapi to Mueang Samut Prakan is 20.181 kilometres (12.540 mi).
# Lonemore, Sutherland

Lonemore (Scottish Gaelic: An Lòn Mhòr) is a village on the north shore of the Dornoch Firth in Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.
Lonemore lies on the road leading to Dornoch from the Meikle Ferry. To its immediate north lies Cyderhall or Sidera, whose name may be a corruption of "Sigurd's Howe", as the reputed burial place of the Viking leader Sigurd Eysteinsson whose death about 875 CE is recounted in the Orkneyinga saga.
Skibo Castle is located 0.5 miles to the northwest. In a 1783 map of Lonemore drawn up by David Aiken, the lands were divided west to east between the Skibo estate, Sir George Munro of Poyntzfield, and the Countess of Sutherland.
# Shaul Bakhash

Shaul Bakhash (in Persian: شائول بخاش), is an Iranian-American historian and emeritus from George Mason University.
He received his DPhil from the University of Oxford. Before beginning his academic career, Bakhash was a journalist in Iran, where he wrote for the newspaper Kayhan.
In 2003, Bakhash was a visiting fellow at the think tank Brookings Institution with a focus on "the prospects for internal reform in Iran".
# Mehregan, Qazvin

Mehregan (Persian: مهرگان) is a city in Mohammadiyeh District of Alborz County, Qazvin province, Iran.
In March 2022, the governor of Qazvin province announced that the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran had decided in favor of converting Mehregan into a city for reasons of economic development. The shrimp-breeding site in Mehregan would be transferred to the Shahid Foundation and there would be a halt in steel industry establishments. The population of the city is expected to grow from 60,000 to 100,000 by 2027.
In August 2022, the director general of the province's Transport and Urban Development Department indicated that 65 hectares (160 acres) are allotted for over 45,000 residential units, and 350 hectares (860 acres) for government institutions and qualified companies.
# Easco Hand Tools

Easco Hand Tools was an American manufacturer of hand tools. It is best known for being the main supplier of mechanic's tools for the Craftsman brand. Its tools were also sold under the Allen and KD Tools brands after its acquisition by Danaher Corporation. The brand name was gradually phased out by Danaher.

## History

The company began as Moore Drop Forging Company in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1900 or 1901. In 1938 Moore became a vendor for Sears Roebuck. In 1967, Moore Drop Forging was acquired by Eastern Stainless Steel Corporation, a manufacturer of stainless and specialty steel. Easco continued the Craftsman contract with Sears. By 1969, the parent company was known as Easco Corporation. Tools made by MDF for Sears have a "V" maker's mark on them, those by Danaher had a "V^" (V and upside down V, sometimes a right-side up V). Variations of the "VV" exist including three digit codes on tools such as ratchets. It is believed that these denote the time frame of manufacture, as well as the plant that made them. "V" typically meant the tool was made in the Springfield, MA plant, "VV" typically meant it was made in the Springdale, AR plant and "G" meant it was made in the Gastonia, NC plant. This has been confirmed with various plant employees who worked at these facilities.
In 1985, Easco Corporation was acquired via a hostile takeover by Equity Group Holdings, controlled by the investment brothers Steven Rales and Mitchell Rales and taken private. The hand tools division of the company was taken public, and the other divisions were sold to an investment group including Citicorp Venture Capital. In 1990, the hand tool company was acquired by the brothers' Danaher Corporation. This acquisition made the tools division the largest part of Danaher. In 1991, Sears selected Danaher to be the exclusive supplier of Craftsman mechanic's tools.
In 2010, Danaher merged its tools division with Cooper Tools to form Apex Tool Group. In 2013, Apex closed the Gastonia, North Carolina plant where Easco manufactured sockets since 1978.

## Gallery

* An Easco ratchet.
* An Easco spinner handle.
# Szyszki-Folwark

Szyszki-Folwark (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gzy, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Gil Young-tae

Gil Young-Tae (Korean: 길영태) is a Gangwon FC footballer from South Korea
Listed on the K-League winter transfers list, it said that he went out from Pohang Steelers FC to Gangwon FC.
# Basay language

Basay was a Formosan language spoken around modern-day Taipei in northern Taiwan by the Basay, Qauqaut, and Trobiawan peoples. Trobiawan, Linaw, and Qauqaut were other dialects (see East Formosan languages).
Basay data is mostly available from Erin Asai's 1936 field notes, which were collected from an elderly Basay speaker in Shinshe, Taipei, as well as another one in Yilan who spoken the Trobiawan dialect (Li 1999). However, the Shinshe informant's speech was heavily influenced by Taiwanese, and the Trobiawan informant, named Ipai, had heavy Kavalan influence in her speech.
Li (1992) mentions four Basaic languages: Basay, Luilang, Nankan, Puting. Nankan and Puting are close to Kavalan, whereas Luilang is divergent.

## Syntax

There are four optional case markers in Basay (Li 1999:646).
* a – nominative, ligature (Shinshe dialect)
* ta – nominative (Trobiawan dialect)
* li – locative (Shinshe dialect)
* u – oblique (Trobiawan dialect)
Some function words include (Li 1999):
* pai 'future'
Trobiawan negators include (Li 1999):
* mia 'not' (Shinshe dialect: mayu 'not (yet)')
* asi 'don't' (Shinshe dialect: manai 'don't')
* (m)upa 'not to want'
* (Shinshe dialect: kualau 'not exist')
Yes–no questions are marked by u ~ nu (Li 1999:657).

## Morphology

Basay verbs, like Kavalan verbs, distinguish between agent-focus (AF) and patient-focus (PF) verbs (Li 1999:650). The perfective prefixes na- and ni- are allomorphs.
Basay Focus System :
| Type of prefix | Neutral | Perfective | Future |
| Agentive focus (AF) | -um-, m- | na-mi- | -um- ... -a, m- ... -a |
| Patient focus (PF) | – | ni- | -au |
| Locative focus (LF) | -an | ni- ... -an | -ai |

## Pronouns

The Basay pronouns below are from Li (1999:639).
Basay Personal Pronouns :
| | | | Neutral | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
| 1st person | singular | singular | yaku | kaku, -ku | maku-, -aku; naku, -ak | yakuan, kuan, kuanan |
| 1st person | plural | excl. | yami | -mi | yami, -ami; nami, -am | yamian, mian, mianan |
| 1st person | plural | incl. | mita | kita, -ita | mita, -ita; nita, -ta | ... , ... , tianan |
| 2nd person | singular | singular | isu | kisu, -su | misu, -isu; nisu, -su ~ -is | isuan, suan, isuanan, suanan |
| 2nd person | plural | plural | imu | kimu, -mu | -imu; nimu, -im | imuan, ... , imuanan |
| 3rd person | singular | singular | – | -ia | – | – |
| 3rd person | plural | plural | – | -ia | – | – |
# Amélie Florimond de Norville

Amélie Florimond de Norville or Amélie Florimond, after her marriage Amélie de Faure (11 January 1753 — 27 September 1790) was likely an illegitimate daughter of Louis XV, King of France.

## Life

Amélie Florimond de Norville was born in Paris on 11 January 1753 to Jeanne Perray. The next day, her birth was registered in the church of Saint-Eustache, Paris, when her father was stated to be a certain bourgeois from Paris called Louis Florimond de Norville. However, no other trace of a man of this name has been found, and the paternity of the king is suggested by later evidence and believed to be proved by students of the life of Louis XV.
Under the reign of the Louis XV, on 12 January 1772, before a notary called Mr. Arnoult, a pension was granted to Amélie Florimond de Norville of 2,000 livres. Under the reign of the next monarch (Louis XVI) on her marriage contract dated 30 June 1780 a pension of 3,000 livres was again granted to Amélie and her future children from the Royal treasury. Under the reign of the same king, a further pension of 30,000 livres was again granted to her and her children after her death. On 4 December 1815, after the Bourbon Restoration in the reign of Louis XVIII, this decision was confirmed.
On 1 June 1780, Amélie Florimond married Jacques Pancrace Ange de Faure (1739—1824), with whom she had two children. She died on 27 September 1790. However it is speculated she actually moved with her lover to England during the revolution. In 1805 her daughter Amélie de Faure (1788—1855) married Anne Joachim François de Melun, Vicomte de Melun, Seigneur of Brumetz (1785—1849), and had two sons and four daughters.

## Notes and citations

* ↑ L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, p. 273, 1981
* ↑ L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, Numéros 541 à 551, p. 271
* ↑ Aux Archives nationales, études XIV, 408, et XXXV, 728
* ↑ État Nominatif des Pensions sur le Trésor Royal, volume 4, page 412, 1791
* ↑ Courcelles, Histoires généalogiques des Pairs de France, vol. 5, p. 52
* ↑ Père Anselme, Histoire de la Maison royale de France, volume 9, part 2, p. 289
* ↑ La Famille de Salverte et ses alliances, 1887, page 58
* ↑ Amélie Florimond de Norville at geneanet.org, accessed 11 April 2018
* ↑ Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien de Courcelles, Histoire généalogique et héraldique des pairs de France, Volume 5 (1825), pp. 52—53
# Tejumade

Tẹjúmádé (Tejumade) is a unisex given name peculiar to the Yoruba people predominant in the southwestern region of Nigeria. It means "to keep a watchful eye on the crown" or "to stare at royalty" (as inspiration or guiding light). The diminutive form for Tẹjúmádé is Tẹjú (Keep a watchful eye) or Mádé, the combination of mọ́ and ádé which means "at the crown/royalty", while variant forms include Tẹjúmọ́lá (fix your eyes/gaze on wealth), Ọlátẹ́jú (wealth is abundant), and so on.

## Notable people bearing the name

* Tejumade Alakija, Nigerian civil servant
* Teju Babyface, Nigerian comedian