OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lie group decomposition

In mathematics, Lie group decompositions are used to analyse the structure of Lie groups and associated objects, by showing how they are built up out of subgroups. They are essential technical tools in the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras; they can also be used to study the algebraic topology of such groups and associated homogeneous spaces. Since the use of Lie group methods became one of the standard techniques in twentieth century mathematics, many phenomena can now be referred back to decompositions.
The same ideas are often applied to Lie groups, Lie algebras, algebraic groups and p-adic number analogues, making it harder to summarise the facts into a unified theory.

## List of decompositions

* The Jordan–Chevalley decomposition of an element in algebraic group as a product of semisimple and unipotent elements
* The Bruhat decomposition $G=BWB$ of a semisimple algebraic group into double cosets of a Borel subgroup can be regarded as a generalization of the principle of Gauss–Jordan elimination, which generically writes a matrix as the product of an upper triangular matrix with a lower triangular matrix—but with exceptional cases. It is related to the Schubert cell decomposition of Grassmannians: see Weyl group for more details.
* The Cartan decomposition writes a semisimple real Lie algebra as the sum of eigenspaces of a Cartan involution.
* The Iwasawa decomposition $G=KAN$ of a semisimple group $G$ as the product of compact, abelian, and nilpotent subgroups generalises the way a square real matrix can be written as a product of an orthogonal matrix and an upper triangular matrix (a consequence of Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization).
* The Langlands decomposition $P=MAN$ writes a parabolic subgroup $P$ of a Lie group as the product of semisimple, abelian, and nilpotent subgroups.
* The Levi decomposition writes a finite dimensional Lie algebra as a semidirect product of a solvable ideal and a semisimple subalgebra.
* The LU decomposition of a dense subset in the general linear group. It can be considered as a special case of the Bruhat decomposition.
* The Birkhoff decomposition, a special case of the Bruhat decomposition for affine groups.
# Slovak, Arkansas

Slovak (originally known as Slovactown or Slovaktown) is an unincorporated community in Prairie County, Arkansas, United States. Slovak is located on Arkansas Highway 86 9.1 miles (14.6 km) south of Hazen. It is the only municipality in the United States named after the European country of Slovakia. The area was originally settled by Slovak immigrants and continues to celebrate its Slovak-American heritage.

## History

The community was founded in 1894 and settled by Slovak immigrants who were drawn to the area when the Slovak Colonization Company in Pennsylvania bought 3,000 acres of land in Arkansas to colonize the area with Slovaks. There are still many Slovak cultural, fraternal and religious organizations in the community, and there is an annual Slovak Oyster Supper and other Slovak cultural events. The Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius (who are also known as the Apostles of the Slavs) was built in 1914 by the early Slovak immigrants.
# Roberts Chapel United Methodist Church

Roberts Chapel is a historic chapel in Nicholasville, Kentucky.
It was built in 1845 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. During the Civil War, the hospital's proximity to Camp Nelson prompted its use as a military hospital.
# Okama

Okama may refer to:

## Common uses

* A Japanese honorific term for a pot, kettle, or cauldron, such as a chagama
* A Japanese slang term for a homosexual man, especially one who is effeminate or cross-dresses

## Places

* Okama, Plateaux Region, Togo
* Okama, a volcanic crater lake on Mount Zaō, Japan

## Other uses

* Okama (artist) (born 1974), Japanese manga artist and illustrator
# Aleksandr Maksimov (ethnographer)

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Maksimov (Russian: Александр Николаевич Максимов; 13 August 1872 – 24 April 1941) was a Soviet ethnographer who focused on the history of the family, the clan and the economy.

## Career

Aleksandr Maksimov was born in Oryol on 13 August 1872. He became a member of the circle formed by A.I. Ryazanov, although he did not immediately adopt the Marxist creeds of its leader. In 1894 he was arrested and deported to Arkhangelsk Governorate. There he became interested on ethnology. After returning to Moscow, Maksimov was made head of the ethnographic department of the Society of the Aficionados of the Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnography (OLEAE), and for many years contributed book reviews to the Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie, gaining recognition and respect among Russian ethnographers. Between 1900 and 1917 he published a number of papers that attacked the evolutionist view of the way in which kinship and social organizations had developed. He was a professor at Moscow State University from 1919 to 1930, and a bibliographer at the V. I. Lenin State Library from 1919 to 1935.
Maksimov died on 24 April 1941 in Moscow.

## Views

Maksimov belonged to the school of ethnologists in Russia that depended on foreign literature for information on hunter-gatherers in other parts of the world, as opposed to those who concentrated on a careful study of ethnic groups within the country. He rejected some aspects of evolutionism as applied to sociology. In this, he was out of step with Soviet ethnography, which followed the research line of evolutionism. Maksimov attended a major gathering of ethnologists in Moscow between 28 December 1909 and 6 January 1910, the largest such meeting in the Russian Empire, where he was a keynote speaker. Maksimov argued against evolutionism, going against the views of most of the leading ethnologists present. Although not a field researcher himself, he was suspicious of theoretical generalizations and praised careful, focused studies of specific institutions and peoples in the field.
In 1926 Maksimov was a consultant to the Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, involved in a debate over how to determine which narodnost, or ethnic group, people belonged to in a forthcoming census. A census taker would interview the respondent, but what if the census taker did not believe the respondent's answer? Maksimov favored accepting the respondent's answer, and changing the question to say "what narodnost do you consider that you belong to?" He felt that this would allow for cases where people had changed their ethnic identification, rather than forcing an identification based on past history. Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev was a follower of Maksimov, who believed that an ethnologist should not restrict himself to "primitive" people, but should study people at all stages of development.
# The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire

The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire (Estonian: Vene impeeriumi rahvaste punane raamat) is a book about the small nations of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Russia and some other post-Soviet states of today. It was written by Margus Kolga, Igor Tõnurist, Lembit Vaba, and Jüri Viikberg. It was published in Estonian in 1991 and in English in 2001.
The foreword of the book explains the book's approach by saying, "the authors of the present book, who come from a country (Estonia) which has shared the fate of nations in the Russian and Soviet empires, endeavour to publicize the plight of the small nations whose very existence is threatened as a result of recent history."

## Described peoples

The authors' intention for the book was to include the peoples according to the following criteria:
* are not yet extinct,
* whose main area of settlement is on ex-Soviet territory,
* whose numbers are below 30,000,
* of whom less than 70% speak their native language,
* who form a minority on their ancient territory,
* whose settlement is scattered rather than compact,
* who have no vernacular school, literature or media.
(The names are given in the spelling of the original translation of the book.)
* Abazians (Abaza) – Abkhaz – Aguls – Akhvakhs – Aleuts – Altaics – Aliutors – Andis – Archis – Asiatic Eskimos
* Bagulals – Baraba Tatars – Bartangs – Bats – Bezhtas – Botlikhs – Budukhs
* Central Asian Jews – Chamalals – Chukchis – Chulym Tatars – Crimean Jews – Crimean Tatars
* Didos (Tsez) – Dolgans
* Enets – Evens – Evenks
* Georgian Jews – Godoberis
* Hinukhs – Hunzibs
* Ingrians – Ishkashmis – Itelmens – Izhorians
* Kamas – Karaims – Karatas – Karelians – Kereks – Kets – Khakass – Khants – Khinalugs – Khufis – Khwarshis – Kola Lapps – Koryaks – Kryts – Kurds
* Lithuanian Tatars – Livonians
* Mansis – Mountain Jews
* Nanais – Negidals – Nenets – Nganasans – Nivkhs – Nogays
* Orochis – Oroks – Oroshoris
* Peoples of the Pamirs
* Roshanis – Rutuls
* Selkups – Shors – Shughnis
* Tabasarans – Talysh – Tats (Tatians) – Tindis – Tofalars – Trukhmens (Turkhmens) – Tsakhurs
* Udeghes – Udis – Ulchis
* Veps – Votes
* Wakhs
* Yaghnabis – Yazgulamis – Yukaghirs

## Publications and reception

It was published in Estonian in 1991 and in English in 2001. Its publication was followed in 1993 by another book, Cultural Survival.
The Estonian newspaper Postimees, reviewing the English version, said the book did not "offer any tangible solutions for the peoples who are suffering". The reviewer criticized the book for being published in haste, noting typographic mistakes and strange footnotes, though said the book was published with good intentions. Akadeemia said that though the book contained great work, the title of the Estonian work may be insulting to the peoples discussed in the volume, and carried a propagandist quality.
Writing in Library+Information Update, Peter Hoare called it a "fascinating book, with much well-documented information about languages, ethnic origins, current cultural and political situations etc, presented in a standard and comprehensible format complete with maps."
# Lake Mstino

Mstino (Russian: Мстино́) is a lake in Tver Oblast, Russia, in the Valdai Hills area. Its main outflow is Msta River. The lake occupies an area of 13.7 square kilometres (5.3 sq mi), its length is 13.8 kilometres (8.6 mi), and its maximum width 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi). It lies at an altitude of 154 meters, with maximum depth of 10 meters.
# James Liddell (1880s footballer)

James Liddell was a Scottish footballer who played in the 1880s.

## Career

Liddell played club football in Scotland, joining Dumbarton where he was to spend the best part of six seasons.

## Honours
### Dumbarton

* Dumbartonshire Cup: Winners 1884-85
* Glasgow Charity Cup: Runners Up 1884-85
* 4 representative caps for Dumbartonshire between 1884 and 1886, scoring one goal.
# N.E.P.

N.E.P. (Russian: Н.Э.П.) is a Russian rock band formed in 1988 in Saint Petersburg, then Leningrad, and widely credited as a legend of Russian rock music and classics of Russian rock, according to the biggest national mainstream rock radio.

## History

The band was formed in January 1988 by Sergey Parashchuk, who has been leading it to the present. Emerging from the 1980s Soviet rock movement, which was among the most influential drivers of social change in the USSR but was soon to end, the band still managed to make it to the elite of Leningrad rock, the key echelon of the rock movement, before the Leningrad Rock Club vanished together with the socialist system, succeeded by a lot of new Saint Petersburg musical clubs at times when rock music was none of the influence it used to enjoy.
The name of the band is an initialism commonly referring to the New Economic Policy adopted by Lenin's government in the 1920s. However, there are alternative interpretations of the band's name: for example, Let this Perestroyka go to hell (Russian Нафиг Эту Перестройку).
In 1988 the new band qualified and successfully performed at the Rock Club's yearly festival. In the same year it recorded its first album entitled 70 Moments of Spring. Initially the band in its sound and image followed the leaders of Leningrad and Soviet rock music – Alisa and Televizor.
In 1990 N.E.P. released a new album, Dissonance. From 1993 the band's leader Sergey Parashchuk, along with musicians of DDT and Alisa, made up a supergroup named Duby Kolduny performing Soviet-era pop hits, which existed till 1996. The main act performed in Russia not much, but had several European tours, visiting such countries as France, Germany etc. During the 1990s the band output two more original albums, Pro... (1991) and Veter Vagonov / Railcar Wind (1994).
By 2003 the band faced a serious challenge, left by a few of its past members, who had gone to other bands such as Alisa.
The end of the decade was marked by a revival of the band featuring a refreshed and consolidated lineup. In 2012 and 2013 it took part in the biggest Russian open-air rock festival Nashestvie run by the nationwide pop rock Nashe Radio. N.E.P. resumed an intense activity performing at Saint Petersburg and national clubs.
In a 2013 interview for the rock magazine Rocketsmusic, Sergey Parashchuk unveiled the band's current plan to record a long-awaited new album.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* 70 Moments of Spring (1988)
* Dissonance (1990)
* Pro... (1991)
* Veter Vagonov / Railcar Wind (1994)
* Encyclopedia of Russian rock. NEP (compilation, 2001)
# May District, Kazakhstan

May (Kazakh: Май ауданы, Mai audany) is a district of Pavlodar Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Koktobe. Population: 11,787 (2013 estimate); 12,601 (2009 Census results); 16,859 (1999 Census results).

## Geography

May District lies in the Kazakh Uplands. The Irtysh River flows in the northern limit and Alkamergen, Karasor and Zhamantuz are the largest lakes.
# Phoebe Wahl

Phoebe Wahl is an illustrator, sculptor and children's book author from the United States. She is the author of Sonya's Chickens, for which she earned the Ezra Jack Keats Book Award for New Illustrator and a Kirkus Star. Her primary media are watercolor, collage and fabric sculpture. Wahl's work deals with "themes of comfort, nostalgia and intimacy with nature and one another".
Wahl grew up an unschooled child in Washington state and pursued her interest in drawing. While a student at the Rhode Island School of Design she began to focus on children's books and created early drafts of Sonya's Chickens. She graduated from RISD in 2013 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Illustration.
In addition to children's content, Wahl is an adjunct professor at Western Washington University, teaching illustration and design. She is a contributor to Taproot Magazine and also creates personal work including a zine about her complex experience with miscarriage, illustrations inspired by her passion for women's issues, and reactions to world events such as the 2016 United States presidential election. Wahl currently resides in Bellingham, Washington.
# Ferdinand Heckscher

Ferdinand Heckscher (1806 – 28 February 1891) was a German-Jewish actor.

## Biography

Heckscher, who had a fine bass voice, began his theatrical career as a singer, but, finding his opportunities in this field too limited, he abandoned music entirely in 1833 and devoted his energies to the drama.
He studied under Benelli and at the private theater Urania, Berlin, and made his début at the Königstädtische Theatre in that city in 1825. From 1826 to 1830 he was at Sondershausen; from 1830 to 1832 at Bremen; 1832–34 at Königsberg; 1834–41 at the Hoftheater, Dresden, where he played in company with Emil Devrient, Carl Weymar, and F. W. Porth; from 1841 to 1845 at Breslau; and until 1846 as director of the theatre at Sondershausen. He retired shortly after. He appeared as a star at the Hoftheater, Berlin, and in Cassel, Coburg, Brunswick, Lübeck, Königsberg, and Danzig.
Heckscher's principal roles were Ingomar, Stephan Foster, Wetter von Strahl, Wallenstein, Otto III, Don Ramiro, Fiesco, and Molière in Gutzkow's Das Urbild des Tartuffes.
# Mrzenci

Mrzenci (Macedonian: Мрзенци) is a village in Municipality of Gevgelija, North Macedonia.

## Demographics

As of the 2021 census, Mrzenci had 525 residents with the following ethnic composition:
* Macedonians 502
* Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 16
* Serbs 5
* Albanians 1
* Others 1
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 461 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 458
* Serbs 1
* Aromanians 1
* Others 1
# Aleksandr Tikhonov (footballer)

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Tikhonov (Russian: Александр Николаевич Тихонов; born 21 November 1963) is a former Russian football player and coach.
# Leynes

Leynes (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Lèn) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Jushan, Isfahan

Jushan (Persian: جوشان, also Romanized as Jūshān) is a village in Garkan Rural District, Garkan-e Jonubi District, Mobarakeh County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 537, in 149 families.
# Fidkuiyeh

Fidkuiyeh (Persian: فيدكوئيه, also Romanized as Fīdkū’īyeh and Fīd Kū’īyeh; also known as Bīd Kū”īyeh and Fītkū’īyeh) is a village in Khorramdasht Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhbanan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 12 families.
# Khorramabad, Yazd

Khorramabad (Persian: خرم اباد, also Romanized as Khorramābād; also known as Khurramābād) is a village in Esfandar Rural District, Bahman District, Abarkuh County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 756, in 223 families.
# Darchaq

Darchaq (Persian: درچاق, also Romanized as Darchāq) is a village in Bajestan Rural District, in the Central District of Bajestan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 6 families.
# Khoshuiyeh

Khoshuiyeh (Persian: خشوئيه, also Romanized as Khoshū’īyeh and Khoshū’īeh; also known as Khowshū’īyeh and Zard Khoshū’īyeh) is a village in Cham Rud Rural District, Bagh-e Bahadoran District, Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 193, in 56 families.
# Dmitri Stolyarov

Dmitri Sergeyevich Stolyarov (Russian: Дмитрий Серге́евич Столяров; born 6 September 1992) is a Russian former professional football player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Nizhny Novgorod on 3 November 2010 in a game against FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod.
# Murakeresztúr

Murakeresztúr (Croatian: Kerestur, Krstur or Murski Krstur) is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
# Plouzévédé

Plouzévédé (French pronunciation:; Breton: Gwitevede) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Plouzévédé are called in French Plouzévédéens.
# Lélex

Lélex (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Le Lèc) is a commune in the department of Ain, eastern France.

## Mountain sports

Lélex is known as the highest ski resort of the Jura Mountains (1680 m).
# Leo Wright

Leo Wright (December 14, 1933 in Wichita Falls, Texas – January 4, 1991 in Vienna) was an American jazz musician who played alto saxophone, flute and clarinet. He played with Booker Ervin, Charles Mingus, John Hardee, Kenny Burrell, Johnny Coles, Blue Mitchell and Dizzy Gillespie in the late 1950s, early 1960s and in the late 1970s. Relocating to Europe in 1963, Wright settled in Berlin and later Vienna. During this time he performed and recorded primarily in Europe, using European musicians or fellow American expatriates, such as Kenny Clarke and Art Farmer. He died of a heart attack in 1991 at the age of 57.

## Discography
### As leader/co-leader

* Blues Shout (Atlantic, 1960)
* Suddenly the Blues (Atlantic, 1961)
* Soul Talk (Vortex, 1963)
* Modern Jazz Studio Number 4 (Amiga, 1965 [1970])
* Flute + Alto – Sax (Amiga, 1965 [1967])
* Alto Summit (MPS, 1968) with Lee Konitz, Pony Poindexter and Phil Woods
* It's All Wright (MPS, 1972)
* Evening Breeze (Roulette, 1977)
* New Horn in Town/Blues Shote (Fresh Sound, 2012)

### As sideman

With Booker Ervin
* Doug's Night Club, Berlin, Germany" (Bootleg), 1965)
With Kenny Burrell
* Bluesin' Around (Columbia, 1962 [1983])
With Gloria Coleman
* Soul Sisters (Impulse!, 1963)
With Johnny Coles
* Little Johnny C (Blue Note, 1963)
With Tadd Dameron
* The Magic Touch (Riverside, 1962)
With Red Garland
* I Left My Heart... (Muse, 1978 [1985])
With Dizzy Gillespie
* Copenhagen Concert (SteepleChase)
* Gillespiana (Verve, 1960)
* An Electrifying Evening with the Dizzy Gillespie Quintet (Verve, 1961)
* Carnegie Hall Concert (Verve, 1961)
* Dizzy on the French Riviera (Philips, 1962)
* A Musical Safari – Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival 1961 (Booman, 1974)
* New Wave (Philips, 1963)
With Gildo Mahones
* I'm Shooting High (Prestige, 1963)
* The Great Gildo (Prestige, 1964)
With Jack McDuff
* Screamin' (Prestige, 1962)
With Blue Mitchell
* Step Lightly (Blue Note, 1964)
With Oliver Nelson
* Berlin Dialogue for Orchestra (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
With Dave Pike
* Limbo Carnival (New Jazz, 1962)
With Lalo Schifrin
* Lalo = Brilliance (Roulette, 1962)
* Bossa Nova: New Brazilian Jazz (Audio Fidelity, 1962)
* Samba Para Dos with Bob Brookmeyer (Verve, 1963)
With Richard Williams
* New Horn in Town (Candid, 1960)
With Jimmy Witherspoon
* Baby, Baby, Baby (Prestige, 1963)
With Antônio Carlos Jobim
* The Composer of Desafinado Plays (Verve, 1963)
# Kamangaran

Kamangaran (Persian: کمان گران, also Romanized as Kamāngarān) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 10 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Vahid Ghelich

Vahid Ghelich (Persian: وحید قلیچ) and also Qlich born on December 16, 1957, in Tehran is a retired Iranian footballer. He was Persepolis Goalkeeper for more than a decade. During his career he played for Persepolis and Poora. He is the most capped Goalkeeper in the Persepolis history for 12 years. He has also been in the Iran national football team. Vahid Ghelich has played about 180 games for Persepolis. He has saved 4 important penalties in the matches of perspolis vs. Esteghlal. In 2 matches against the blue team his jaw was broken and in another match, his fingers were broken as a biased goal keeper.
He started his senior career at Persepolis and is considered to be a member of a Golden Generation of players at the club. He remained there for 12 years before moving to Poora.
After retirement, he became perspolis goal keepers' coach in 2000. He has also found the good talent and introduced Alireza Haghighi, the recent Iran national football team goal keeper to Iran's football in the new generation.
He also calls himself the eagle of asia. However only himself believes in this.