OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domleschg (Kreis)

The Kreis Domleschg forms, together with the sub-districts of Avers, Rheinwald, Schams and Thusis, the Hinterrhein District of the Canton Graubünden in Switzerland. The district office is located in Fürstenau.

## Geography

Geographically, the Kreis is located in the lower part of the Hinterrhein, below the Viamala gorge, on the left bank of the river. This part of the valley is known as the Domleschg/Heinzenberg valley. The right bank forms the Kreis Thusis.

## Municipalities

| Name | Residents (Dec. 2009) | Area in km$^2$ | BFS No. |
| Domleschg | 2,160 | 45.94 | 3673 |
| Fürstenau | 350 | 1.32 | 3633 |
| Rothenbrunnen | 304 | 3.11 | 3637 |
| Scharans | 796 | 14.29 | 3638 |
| Sils im Domleschg | 971 | 9.28 | 3640 |

## Mergers

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Almens, Paspels, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils merged to form the new municipality of Domleschg.
# Bolshoye Selo, Yaroslavl Oblast

Bolshoye Selo (Russian: Большо́е Село́) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Bolsheselsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,522 (2010 Census); 3,721 (2002 Census); 3,996 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

Bolshoye Selo was first mentioned in 1567 as belonging to the princely House of Mstislavl. In 1706, Peter the Great gave the property to Count Boris Sheremetev. The Shheremetev family owned the Yukhot volost until 1917. The church of St. Paraskevi was built in 1747 on the Yuhkot River.
# Kang Sang-hee

Kang Sang-hee (Korean: 강상희; born 7 March 1998) is a South Korean footballer currently playing as a defender.

## Club career

Kang Sang-heen joined FC Seoul in 2020.
On 14 June 2020, Kang debuted in K League 1.
He left the club at the end of 2023 season.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 10 September 2022
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| FC Seoul | 2020 | K League 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 3 | 0 |
| FC Seoul | 2021 | K League 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 9 | 1 |
| FC Seoul | 2022 | K League 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
# Inner tube

An inner tube is an inflatable torus that forms the interior of some pneumatic tires. The tube is inflated through a valve stem and fits inside the tire casing. The inflated inner tube provides structural support and suspension, while the outer tire offers grip and protects the more fragile tube.

## Use

Nowadays, most bicycle tires use inner tubes. They are also used in items such as dolly carts, wheelbarrows, and many motorcycles. In the past, car tires used inner tubes, but most cars now use tubeless tires that hold air without an inner tube. Tubeless tires offer advantages, as they can operate at both low and high pressures without the risk of pinching or bursting, unlike tube tires. Large inner tubes are used for various recreational activities, such as flotation devices in tubing.

## History

Inner tubes were invented in the 1800s for use with pneumatic tires, as standard wheels at the time were not air-filled, making them uncomfortable to ride on. Over the years, inner tubes were manufactured in various colors beyond the typical black, including red, white, and gray. These colored inner tubes were often made from more natural rubber compared to the standard vulcanized black tubes, making them more flexible. Inner tubes were used in tires for cars, trucks, and bicycles, but from the 1950s to the 1970s, tubeless tires began to dominate for cars and trucks.

## Material

Inner tubes are typically made from a mix of natural and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber is less prone to punctures and is often more pliable, while synthetic rubber is cheaper. Racing bikes often use inner tubes with a higher percentage of natural rubber compared to regular bikes. Some manufacturers have also developed other types of bike inner tubes, such as those made from latex and TPU.

## Performance

Inner tubes generally make tires slower than tubeless versions due to the friction between the casing and the inner tube. Tubes are often lighter on average, as they can be made relatively thin. However, latex and TPU inner tubes are designed to be lighter and more comfortable to ride on. Bead tires, whether with an inner tube or tubeless, cannot be ridden flat, as the tire may separate from the rim. In contrast, tubular tires have the tubing sewn to the tire, allowing them to be ridden flat if punctured. Tubeless tires are reported to be more comfortable if properly installed.
# Federico Grisogono

Federico Grisogono, Federico Crisogono, Latinized as Federicus De Chrysogonis (1472 – 2 February 1538) was a renaissance Dalmatian astrologer, physician, geometer, and humanistic philosopher.
Grisogono was born into aristocracy, the son of Antonio and Catarina Giorgi of Zadar (Zara). Orphaned at the age of five but with a large inheritance, he was raised by an uncle Franjo. He studied in Italy and France, attended classes in philosophy and medicine at the University of Padua where a maternal cousin, Jeronim Civalleli, was rector. In 1499, he served as a condottiero and fought in Lombardy. He returned to his studies and received a medical doctorate around 1506–7. He then taught astrology and mathematics at Padua before returning to Zadar. He examined the patterns of tides and noting that it was due to the sun and the moon came up with an approach to predicting the tides. He published the Speculum astronomicum (1507) as well as a book on humanistic philosophy De modo collegiandi...de humana felicitate (1528).
# Mohsen Alimardani

Mohsen Alimardani (Persian: ‌‌محسن علیمردانی; born 1968) is an Iranian conservative politician.
Alimardani was born in Zanjan. He is a member of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Zanjan and Tarom with Mohammad Esmaeili. Alimardani won with 62,478 (30.76%) votes.
# Langford pairing

In combinatorial mathematics, a Langford pairing, also called a Langford sequence, is a permutation of the sequence of 2n numbers 1, 1, 2, 2, ..., n, n in which the two 1s are one unit apart, the two 2s are two units apart, and more generally the two copies of each number k are k units apart. Langford pairings are named after C. Dudley Langford, who posed the problem of constructing them in 1958.
Langford's problem is the task of finding Langford pairings for a given value of n.
The closely related concept of a Skolem sequence is defined in the same way, but instead permutes the sequence 0, 0, 1, 1, ..., n − 1, n − 1.

## Example

A Langford pairing for n = 3 is given by the sequence 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3.

## Properties

Langford pairings exist only when n is congruent to 0 or 3 modulo 4; for instance, there is no Langford pairing when n = 1, 2, or 5.
The numbers of different Langford pairings for n = 1, 2, …, counting any sequence as being the same as its reversal, are
    0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 26, 150, 0, 0, 17792, 108144, 0, 0, 39809640, 326721800, 0, 0, 256814891280, 2636337861200, 0, 0, … (sequence A014552 in the OEIS).
As Knuth (2008) describes, the problem of listing all Langford pairings for a given n can be solved as an instance of the exact cover problem, but for large n the number of solutions can be calculated more efficiently by algebraic methods.

## Applications

Skolem (1957) used Skolem sequences to construct Steiner triple systems.
In the 1960s, E. J. Groth used Langford pairings to construct circuits for integer multiplication.
# Hélène Tréheux-Duchêne

Hélène Tréheux-Duchêne (born 7 January 1963), is a French career diplomat who, since 2022, serves as the Ambassador of France to the United Kingdom.

## Biography

The daughter of Professor Jacques Tréheux and Augusta née Beauchot, she read modern literature at ENS Paris and after graduating she pursued further studies at Sciences Po then at ENA where she met her future husband, Rémi Duchêne.
After joining the French diplomatic service at the Quai d'Orsay in 1989, she rose quickly through the ranks via various EU postings to become France's Permanent Representative to NATO (2016–19).

## Honours

* Chevalier, Légion d'honneur
* Chevalier, Ordre national du Mérite.
# Japalak

Japalak (Kyrgyz: Жапалак) is a village in the city of Osh, Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 4,181 in 2021.
# Kris Koenig

Kris Koenig is an American film producer, screenwriter, director and cinematographer known for his roles in the documentaries; 400 Years of the Telescope and Astronomy: Observations and Theories.

## Early life and education

Kris Koenig was born in 1962 to Ramon Lee and Inez Koenig. The Father was an Air Force fighter pilot and the family moved around a lot until Kris was in Middle School. Kris graduated from Gilroy High School in 1980. He attended Gavilan College.

## Career

Kris Koenig joined the US Coast Guard where he was trained in navigation and visual signaling to serve as a Quartermaster. He attended the US Navy Dive school in Pearl Harbor and earned the rating of SCUBA diver. He later left the US Coast Guard 1985.
Koenig was licensed as a Master of Near Coastal Water (100 ton limit) and PADI Master SCUBA Instructor. He worked as a dive instructor and boat captain at Peter Hughes Dive Bonaire from 1987 -1989. He also worked for Skin Diver Magazine, Petersen Publishing, from 1989 – 1994.
In 2003, Koenig was hired by his future partner Anita Ingrao to work as a consultant on the PBS telecourse Astronomy: Observations and Theories (20 x :30). His role grew to become one of the project producers and writer.
Kris currently produces films under his company Koenig Films, Inc.

## Awards and honors

Kris Koenig was awarded two Los Angeles Area Emmys in 2006, one for "Non-news Writing" and one for "Instructional Programming".
In 2017, Kris was awarded a Doctorate of Humane Letters from the New England College of Optometry and was the keynote speaker for the 2017 Commencement.
Kris has received numerous Telly Awards for his works.

## Filmography

Kris Koenig has a catalogue of films and documentaries he produced, wrote and directed. The table below chronicles some of the films and documentaries in his filmography.
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2006 | Astronomy: Observations and Theories | Producer, Writer, co-cinematographer | TV Mini-Series documentary (19 Episodes) |
| 2009 | 400 Years of the Telescope | Producer, Writer, Director | Documentary |
| 2009 | Two Small Pieces of Glass | Producer, Writer, Director | Short |
| 2013 | Assaulted: Civil Rights Under Fire | Producer, Writer, Director | Documentary |
| 2016 | Sight: The Story of Vision | Producer, Writer, Director | Documentary |

## Personal life

Despite the tragic loss of his partner, Anita Ingrao in 2014 due to stage four breast cancer, Kris pushed through the loss to finish Anita’s last film "SIGHT: The Story of Vision". Kris has four adult children and recently married his wife Marianne.
# Negeri Lencho

Negeri Lencho is an Ethiopian academic and politician who has served as the Minister of Communication Affairs in the cabinet of Hailemariam Dessalegn from 2016 to 2018, succeeding Getachew Reda.

## Education

Lencho completed a master's degree from the English and Foreign Languages University in 2004. He later received his PhD from Andhra University in India in 2011, and went on to teach at Addis Ababa University, serving as Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Language Studies. He previously wrote articles critical of the government's dominance of the domestic media.
# Phalgunanda

Mahaguru Phalgunanda (Nepali: महागुरु फाल्गुनन्द) also known as "Mahaguru Phalgunanda" or Phalgunanda Lingden (1885–1949) was a leader of the Kirat religion for the Kirat people of Nepal.

## Early life

Falgunanda Lingden was born on 10 November 1885 in Ilam district of eastern Nepal.

## Career

He is known as Mahaguru (the great teacher), especially among the Limbu, Rai, Sunuwar, Yakhkha, Lohorung, Dhimal, and Jurel Kirat people. He is credited with the continuation of the ancient Kirat religion on puritan principles, which include vegetarianism, a ban on alcohol, and following Limbu traditions and scripts. He is remembered for his socio-cultural and religious messages. His main messages included calling for a ban on animal sacrifice, since it raised social expenditures on celebrations such as births, weddings, and funerals. He also called for the elimination of social orthodoxies and supported running a school for children, especially through their mother tongue.

## Beliefs

He believed that education brought knowledge to wash one's heart clean, which he considered was the only key to emancipation. For Falgunanda, emancipation is the Ultimate Truth to realize God. His philosophy emphasizes love and non-violence. He built many shrines. He died in 1949.
The Nepal Postal Services Department issued a postal stamp in his honor as part of its Distinguished Personalities Series in 1993. He is the 16th luminary of Nepal.
# Couridjah railway station

Couridjah railway station is a heritage-listed disused railway station located on the Picton–Mittagong loop railway line in the south-western Sydney settlement of Couridjah in the Wollondilly Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

The station opened on 2 December 1867 as Picton Lagoons Tank, was renamed Lagoons in 1878, Picton Lakes on 21 April 1879 and finally Couridjah on 1 January 1929. The station along with the rest of the line was closed to passenger services in 1978.
The station has been restored by volunteers from the NSW Rail Museum in Thirlmere. Occasionally, the museum operates steam heritage trains on the line through the station, between Thirlmere, Picton and Buxton.

## Description

The complex comprises a type 9 timber waiting shed non-standard bracketed building that is used the railway station building, erected in 1867; a platform face and platform surface.

## Heritage listing

Couridjah station building is a rare non-standard timber building from early in the development of the railway (1867), there being one other similar building at Raglan, and is of high significance, even though a modest building.
Couridjah railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically and socially rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare.
# Shahrak-e Askan Ashayir

Shahrak-e Askan Ashayir or Shahrak-e Askan Ashayr (Persian: شهرك اسكان عشاير) may refer to:
* Shahrak-e Askan Ashayir, Behbahan
* Shahrak-e Askan Ashayr, Shushtar
# Abraham Krotoshinsky

Abraham Krotoshinsky (December 28, 1892 – November 24, 1953) was a United States Army soldier who received the Distinguished Service Cross in recognition of his actions as part of The Lost Battalion during the final weeks of World War I.

## Early life

A son of Wolf Krotoshinsky, he was born in Plotsk, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, and came to New York City in 1912 in order to escape service in the Russian Army. He initially worked as a barber "I ran away from Russia and came to America to escape military service. I hated Russia, its people, its government, in particular its cruel and inhuman treatment of Jews. Such a Government I refused to serve. "

## Military service

Krotoshinsky undertook initial training at Camp Upton, where he enjoyed his time in the Army. Shortly after his arrival in France, the 77th Division was sent to relieve the 42nd Division in the Lorraine, where the German Army sent up a welcome balloon which said "Goodbye, Forty-Second! Hello, Seventy-Seventh!. Shortly thereafter, the 77th was moved to near Château-Thierry, where it would form part of the drive against Germany. Krotoshinsky passed a message, which led him to help rescue the trapped company. During this trip, he played dead and his hand was stepped on by a German officer. After the action he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by General John J. Pershing, the Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The citation for his DSC reads:
   The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Private Abraham Krotoshinsky (ASN: 1706855), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with Company K, 307th Infantry Regiment, 77th Division, A.E.F., in Argonne Forest, France, 6 October 1918. Private Krotoshinsky was on liaison duty with a battalion of the 308th Infantry which was surrounded by the enemy north of the Forest De la Buinonne in the Argonne Forest. After patrols and runners had been repeatedly shot down while attempting to carry back word of the battalion's position and condition, Private Krotoshinsky volunteered for the mission and successfully accomplished it.

## After the war

Krotoshinsky portrayed himself in the 1919 film, The Lost Battalion (1919).
Krotoshinsky, with the help of Nathan Strauss, emigrated to Palestine, but found that he did not have the capital to farm successfully. He described himself as a Zionist. After his return to the United States, he was in some difficulty, but eventually, in 1927, was given by an executive order from President Calvin Coolidge a job with the United States Postal Service, where he served at the 221 East Thirty-Fourth Street Post-office until his death on 4 November 1953, at the age of 60. He was survived by three daughters, Mrs. Abigail Krotoshinsky (née Arkin) - a foster daughter, a brother Joseph, and, currently, has many descendants.

## Popular culture

He was portrayed by Arthur Kremer in the 2001 production of The Lost Battalion.
# AviaAM

AviaAM Leasing is a global aviation holding company engaged in commercial aircraft acquisition, leasing and sales. In June 2013, the company’s shares were admitted for trading on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). It was the biggest public offering of a foreign company in Poland year to date (PLN 112 m).

## Timeline

* Avia Asset Management AB was founded in February 2007, by Avia Solutions Group, an international, previously publicly traded aviation holding company with almost 100 offices and production facilities worldwide.
* In the autumn of 2011, Avia Asset Management AB together with related companies formed an aviation holding company AviaAM Leasing.
* In June 2013, AviaAM Leasing launched an Initial public offering on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE).
* In 2018, the company shares were delisted from Warsaw Stock Exchange.
* In May 2016, AviaAM Leasing formed a joint venture aircraft leasing company with Henan Civil Aviation Investment Company (HNCA) called AviaAM Financial Leasing China.
* In August 2020, AviaAM Leasing entered cargo business by acquiring Boeing 747-400F nose-loader.
* In October 2022, AviaAM Leasing was announced as the launch customer of Mammoth Freighters, a Boeing Licensee for the Boeing 777, for brand new 777-300ERMF freighter conversion.
* In 2013, AviaAM B04, part of the AviaAM Leasing Service Centre was merged into another group company AviaAM B05.
* In 2023, in a legal dispute concerning the failed purchase of a CRJ-200LR aircraft, AviaAM Leasing, was ordered by the Lithuanian Court to return an advance payment of approximately US$5.2 million to the Nigerian airline Hak Air.

## Aircraft fleet

AviaAM Leasing has a fleet of regional, narrow-body and wide-body aircraft. As of May 2024, asset includes: Airbus A320, Airbus A321, Boeing 737-300, Boeing 737-800, Boeing 747-400F, Boeing 777-300ER and Bombardier CRJ200 aircraft.
As of May 2024, AviaAM Leasing's assets include:
| Aircraft type | Number of aircraft on lease | Country of aircraft registration |
| CRJ 200LR | 3 | Lithuania (3) |
| CRJ 200LR Business Jets | 1 | Lithuania (1) |
| Boeing 737-300 | 1 | Lithuania (1) |
| Boeing 747-400F | 1 | Iceland (1) |
| Boeing 737-800 | 1 | Lithuania (1) |
| Boeing 737-800BCF | 4 | Lithuania (3), Indonesia (1) |
| Boeing 737-400 | 1 | Iceland (1) |
| Airbus A320-200 | 10 | Bermuda (10) |
| Airbus A321-200 | 3 | Bermuda (3) |
| Boeing 777-200ER | 1 | Singapore (1) |
| Boeing 777-300ER | 2 | USA (2) |
# Nian, Razavi Khorasan

Nian (Persian: نيان, also Romanized as Nīān, Neyān, and Nīyān) is a village in Bajestan Rural District, in the Central District of Bajestan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 279, in 66 families.
# Khomyakov

Khomyakov (Russian: Хомяков) may refer to:
* Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov, a Russian religious philosopher
* Alexander Petrovich Khomyakov, a Russian mineralogist
* Nikolay Khomyakov (1850-1925), Russian politician
# Tanuter

Tanuter (Old Armenian: տանուտէր, literally house + lord) was the head of an Armenian nakharar house in ancient and medieval Armenia; the term is equivalent to the Persian arbab. Prior to the Russian annexation of Eastern Armenia in 1828, the village headmen of a melikdom carried the title.
# 2023–24 Adran Trophy

The 2023–24 Adran Trophy (also known as Genero Adran Trophy for sponsorship reasons) is the 10th edition of the Adran Trophy (formerly known as the Premier League Cup), a knock-out cup competition for women's association football teams in Wales.

## Round of 16

| Home team | Result | Away team |
| 3 December 2023 |||
| Pontypridd United | 1–1 (5–6 p) | Swansea University |
| Connah's Quay Nomads | 0–5 | Aberystwyth Town |
| Llandudno | 0–13 | Swansea City |
| Cardiff City | 21–0 | Pontardawe Town |
| Cardiff Met | 10–0 | Coed Duon |
| December 12 |||
| The New Saints | 9–0 | Rhyl 1879 |
| December 17 |||
| Wrexham | 4–0 | Briton Ferry Llansawel |
| Postponed |||
| Felinheli | walkover | Barry Town United |

## Quarterfinals

| Home team | Result | Away team |
| 7 January 2024 |||
| Swansea University | 0–5 | The New Saints |
| Swansea City | 5–0 | Cardiff Met |
| Wrexham | 1–3 | Cardiff City |
| 18 February 2024 |||
| Felinheli | 0–4 | Aberystwyth Town |

## Semi-finals

| Home team | Result | Away team |
| 25 February 2024 |||
| Cardiff City | 4–0 | Aberystwyth Town |
| The New Saints | 1–5 | Swansea City |
# Kang Sun-kyu

Kang Sun-Kyu (Korean: 강선규; born 20 April 1986) is a South Korean footballer who plays for Younghee FC.

## Career

Kang previously played for Rubin Kazan in the Russian Premier League and Daejeon Citizen and Gangwon FC in the K-League. In his two years with Rubin, he never played in a league game, appearing only for the reserves, but he did participate in two Russian Cup games.
# Słomkowo, Masovian Voivodeship

Słomkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Staroźreby, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Staroźreby, 20 km (12 mi) east of Płock, and 82 km (51 mi) north-west of Warsaw.