OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Medvezhye (Kurgan Oblast)

Medvezhye (Russian: Медвежье озеро), meaning "bear lake", is a body of water in Petukhovsky District, Kurgan Oblast, Russian Federation.
There are two settlements by the lake Kurort Ozero Medvezhye and Novoye Ilinskoye. The mud of the lake is deemed to have medicinal properties. According to legend a bear with a sore paw dipped it in the lake and was healed. Lake Medvezhye is a protected area.

## Geography

Medvezhye is a salt lake located in the Ishim Plain, the southern part of the West Siberian Plain. The middle of the lake has a section stretching from north to south of irregular-shaped islands and peninsulas with marshy stretches in between. This section is roughly 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) wide and divides the lake into two parts: Big Medvezhye (Bolshoye Medvezhye) on the western and Small Medvezhye (Maloye Medvezhye) on the eastern side. A narrow sound in the middle connects both sides. The bottom of the lake is flat and muddy.
The area where Medvezhye lies is dotted with small lakes. Lake Sazykul lies 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the northwest, Siverga 43 kilometers (27 mi) to the northeast and Akush 55 kilometers (34 mi) to the ENE. Lake Filatovo lies 67 kilometers (42 mi) to the southwest by the Kazakhstan-Russia border, and Stanovoye lies in Kazakhstan 45 kilometers (28 mi) to the SSE.

## Fauna

During the summer Artemia salina crustaceans breed in large numbers in the lake. There are no fish in its waters.
# Seven Lancers of Belina

The Seven Lancers of Belina, also called Belina’s Seven and The Seven Uhlans (Polish: Ulanska siodemka) was a name given to a mounted reconnaissance group of the Riflemen's Association. On August 2, 1914, upon order of Józef Piłsudski, the seven uhlans crossed the border between Austrian Galicia and Congress Poland, on a mission to gather information about Russian forces in the area of Miechów and Jędrzejów. Members of the group would later become elite of the cavalry forces of the Second Polish Republic (see also Polish cavalry).
Belina’s Seven were named after Władysław Belina-Prażmowski (nom de guerre Belina), who was in charge of the group. Other members included:
* Janusz Gluchowski ("Janusz"),
* Antoni Jablonski ("Zdzislaw"),
* Zygmunt Karwacki ("Boncza"),
* Stefan Kulesza ("Hanka"),
* Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki ("Grzmot"),
* Ludwik Kmicic-Skrzyński ("Kmicic").
On August 3, 1914 after midnight, the group, armed with rifles and pistols, and equipped both with civilian clothing and uniforms, crossed the border in two horse-drawn britzkas (carriages). Their plan was to penetrate the area, destroy a Russian Army mobilization office in Jedrzejow, capture horses, and become a cavalry unit.
In the morning, the seven men arrived at a manor house in Goszyce, which belonged to Zofia Zawiszanka, a member of Polish patriotic organizations and personal friend of Zygmunt Karwacki. After receiving food, they continued their journey towards Jedrzejow. To their surprise, Russian forces had abandoned the town, fearful of rumours of numerous Polish forces heading towards them.
The leader of the group, Wladyslaw Prazmowski, came to the conclusion that the mission was accomplished and decided to return to Galicia, via Słomniki. Belina wanted to attack a Russian border guard outpost located in Słomniki, but after arriving there it turned out that Russian forces were too numerous. Polish rebels observed the enemy from a distance, and when the Russians had left Słomniki, they set out on their return journey.
In the morning of August 4, 1914, Belina and his men reached the village of Prandocin. Suddenly they spotted a Russian mounted patrol. Belina, who underestimated enemy forces, ordered his men to attack with bayonets. The Russians, who were more numerous, but had no idea of the rebel strength, retreated towards Skalbmierz.
In the village of Skrzeszowice, the rebels received horses, and on August 4 they returned to Galicia uninjured.

## Sources

* Marek Lis, Ksawery Zalewski, Józef Myjak, Podpułkownik Antoni Jabłoński. Wydawnictwo PAIR Myjakpress, Sandomierz-Lipnik 2008, ISBN 978-83-86436-89-7
# Mohammad-Reza Bateni

Mohammad Reza Bateni (Persian: محمدرضا باطنی; 4 January 1934 – 11 May 2021) was an Iranian linguist and scholar. He graduated as bachelor in English language and literature from Daneshsara-ye Aali (Institute of Higher Education) in Tehran. He obtained his Master and Doctoral degrees, in linguistics, from University of Leeds and University College London, respectively. Bateni also worked at MIT and University of California, Berkeley, as a researcher and professor. He retired from Tehran University in 1981.
Bateni published numerous books and journal papers. Some of his works include "A New Glance at Grammar", "A Description of Persian Language Structure" and "A Prologue to Philosophy". "A Description of Persian Language Structure" (republished 20 times) is an analytical study of the structure of 11,000 Persian sentences culled from magazines, newspapers and different writings.
Perhaps Bateni's most significant contribution is his English to Persian Dictionary published by Farhang Moaser. The first edition of the dictionary received the Book of the Year Award in 1994. It included about 40,000 entries of contemporary English words. The second edition of this dictionary included approximately 50,000 entries. The third edition, entitled Farhang Moaser POOYA English-Persian Dictionary embraces about 60,000 entries in addition to numerous subentries and examples. This edition, published in 2006, is the result of over 20 years of research by Dr. Bateni and his associates at the Research Unit of Farhang Moaser Institute.

## Selected publications

* "Assessing the State of Contemporary Persian", a Plenary Lecture at Seventh Biennial Conference on Iranian Studies, July 31- August 3, 2008, Toronto .
* "Collocations and Idioms and their Translatability" at Seventh Biennial Conference on Iranian Studies, July 31- August 3, 2008, Toronto .
* "Recent Advances in Persian Lexicography" at the First International Conference on Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 17–19 June 2005 Leipzig, Germany .
* "A Glance at Sociology of Language ( Sociolinguistics )", July 2007, University of Toronto.
* "Language Relativity", August 2008, University of Toronto.
* "On the Attempts to Teach Language to Chimpanzees: Success or Failure?", November 2009, University of Toronto.
# Gorazabad

Gorazabad (Persian: گرازاباد) may refer to:
* Gorazabad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
* Gorazabad, Hormozgan
* Gorazabad, Kerman
* Gorazabad, Kermanshah
# Cleveland Foundation

The Cleveland Foundation, based in Cleveland, Ohio, is the world's first community foundation and one of the largest today, with assets of $2.8 billion and annual grants of more than $100 million.
The Cleveland Foundation partners with donors to improve the lives of residents in Cuyahoga, Lake and Geauga counties, now and for generations to come. The Cleveland Foundation is made up of more than 800 funds representing individuals, families, organizations and corporations. The current president and chief executive officer is Lillian Kuri.
The foundation was established in 1914 by Frederick Harris Goff, a well-known lawyer and banker at the Cleveland Trust Company, who sought to eliminate the "dead hand" of organized philanthropy, where charitable dollars were trapped in outdated, irrevocable wills.
Frederick Harris Goff led from 1914 to 1919. Raymond C. Moley led the foundation from 1919 to 1923. Carlton K. Matson, 1924–1928. Leyton E. Carter led the Foundation for 25 years, from 1928 to 1953. From 1953 to 1967, J. Kimball Johnson. James A. Norton, 1968–1973, left the foundation upon State of Ohio Governor John J. Gilligan’s invitation to serve as chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents. Barbara Haas Rawson served as interim director, 1973–1974. Homer C. Wadsworth, 1974–1983. Steven A. Minter, who had served as the commissioner of public welfare for the State of Massachusetts and first under secretary of the US Department of Education, was CEO from 1984 to 2003. Ronald B. Richard, with experience in the U.S. Foreign Service, the CIA, and the private sector, led the foundation from 2003–2023.
# Tibicinoides

Tibicinoides is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae.
Species in the genus, all but three recently moved from Okanagana, include:
* Tibicinoides boweni
* Tibicinoides catalina
* Tibicinoides cupreosparsa
* Tibicinoides hesperia
* Tibicinoides mercedita
* Tibicinoides minuta
* Tibicinoides pallidula
* Tibicinoides pernix
* Tibicinoides rubrovenosa
* Tibicinoides simulata
* Tibicinoides striatipes
* Tibicinoides uncinata
* Tibicinoides utahensis
* Tibicinoides vanduzeei
# Richard Graham (historian)

Richard Graham (born 1934 in Goiás, Brazil) is a Brazilian/American historian specializing in nineteenth-century Brazil. He was formerly Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin, and is now professor emeritus there. He served as president of the Conference on Latin American History, the professional organization of Latin American historians.

## Works

* Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780-1860, University of Texas Press, 2010
* Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil, Stanford University Press, 1990
* Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil Cambridge University Press, 1968
* The Idea of Race in Latin America edited, University of Texas Press, 1990
* Juggling Race and Class in Brazil's Past PMLA 123:5 (Oct. 2008)
* Another Middle Passage? The Internal Slave Trade in Brazil, in Walter Johnson, Chattel Principle Yale University Press 2004
* Slavery and Economic Development: Brazil and the U.S. South Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23:4 (Oct 1981)
* Constructing a Nation in Nineteenth-Century Brazil: Old and New Views on Class, Culture, and the State, Journal of the Historical Society, Boston University, Volume 1, Number 2-3, spring 2001
* Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach Knopf, 1972, McGraw-Hill, 1994
# Genomförandegruppen

Genomförandegruppen ("The Implementation group") was the name of an internal work group that in 2008, within the Reinfeldt Cabinet Office, in Sweden was formed, which, according to a press release later issued by the Cabinet office, had been tasked to "produce decision basis for continued effectivisation of the [Swedish] defence force's materiel procurement".
The Group was also claimed to have been tasked to propose how a "purposive materiel supply adapted to needs of the new intervention defence" could be achieved. The proposal aimed to reduce costs, aligning with the cabinet's policy favoring market-based solutions, moving from domestic development to '"buy off the shelf' purchasing options, despite criticism that there was no 'Panzermarkt' readily available for such acquisitions. Genomförandegruppen was led by the secretary of state from the Defence Department Håkan Jevrell, the other participants were state secretary Hans Lindblad (Finance Department), state secretary Jöran Hägglund (Enterprise Department), the members of parliament Holger Gustafsson (KD), Anders Svärd (C) och Allan Widman (Fp). To their assistance, they had a secretariat of public servants from the Defence Department at their disposal.
The group which did not consult military experts within the armed forces, wrote a report made public in 2008 where they presented an extensive list of procurements, projects and studies that were to either be reduced or eliminated. Critics, including prominent military bloggers WisemanWisdoms and Skipper, strongly disapproved of the report, referring to it as the result of "amateur's night", not least because the abrupt terminations often resulted in higher costs than to complete the projects. The Riksrevision's inquiry concluded that the cuts affected defense capabilities significantly and that actual savings were lower than Genomförandegruppen had initially predicted due to unforeseen costs.
Among the cancelled:
* Air defence missiles for the Visby-class corvette.
* REMO (renovation/modification) for CV90 and strv 122.
* Purchase of the newly developed AMOS-turret to mount in the 40 CV90 chassis already built for the specific purpose.
* Materiel for CAS to Swedish forces in international service.
* Purchase of tactical UAV for forces on international missions.
* Halflife REMO for HSwMS Orion (A201). This later resulted in the vessel having to be replaced as no longer seaworthy.
# Hamarmeşə

Hamarmeşə (Talysh: Həmoəvişə) is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 673. The municipality consists of the villages of Hamarmeşə, Şifəkəran, and Haran.
# Sanford Soverhill Atwood

Sanford Soverhill Atwood (1912 – December 2, 2002) was an American scientist with a specialty in cell biology & plant breeding and academic administrator.
Born in Janesville, Wisconsin, Atwood earned his bachelors, masters and Phd from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He worked as a Professor of Plant Breeding at Cornell University, and then served as Cornell's Provost. He left Cornell to become president of Emory University, where he served from 1963 to 1977. Under his administration, Emory's faculty size doubled, the student body grew by over 60%, invited Emory's first African American commencement speaker (Benjamin Mays) and first woman commencement speaker (Rosemary Park) and famously stood by Professor Thomas J. J. Altizer after his controversial writings.
# Vali Kandi

Vali Kandi (Persian: ولي كندي) may refer to:
* Vali Kandi, East Azerbaijan
* Vali Kandi, West Azerbaijan
# Daniil Marukhin

Daniil Marukhin (Kazakh: Даниил Марухин; born 13 February 1999) is a Kazakh cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team.

## Major results
### 2017

    1st Road race, Asian Junior Road Championships
    2nd Overall Tour de DMZ
    3rd Road race, National Junior Road Championships

### 2019

    3rd Road race, Asian Under-23 Road Championships
    4th Road race, National Road Championships

### 2021

    National Under-23 Road Championships
       2nd Road race
       4th Time trial

### 2022

    2nd Grand Prix Kapuzbaşı
    2nd Grand Prix Mediterrennean
    4th Time trial, National Road Championships
    5th Grand Prix Gündoğmuş
    7th Grand Prix Tomarza
    9th Grand Prix Cappadocia

### 2023

    1st Overall Tour of Van
       1st Stage 1
    1st Tour of Bostonliq I
    National Road Championships
       3rd Road race
       5th Time trial
    3rd Overall Tour of The Republic
       1st Stage 5
    4th Overall Tour of Sakarya
    4th Grand Prix Aspendos
    4th The Tour Oqtosh - Chorvoq - Mountain I
    4th The Tour Oqtosh - Chorvoq - Mountain II
    6th Overall Tour of Azerbaijan (Iran)
    6th Overall Aziz Shusha
    6th Tour of Kandovan
    7th Grand Prix Kaisareia
    10th Tour of Bostonliq II
# Ronald Mason (cricket writer)

Ronald Charles Mason (1912 – 5 August 2001) was an English writer of novels, biographies, literary criticism and cricket books.

## Life and career

After attending King's College School, Wimbledon, Mason entered the civil service, working most of his life in the estate duty office, employed in the collection of death duties. He also had a career as a writer, beginning as a novelist of modest success before devoting his energies to cricket books. After the Second World War he completed a first-class honours degree in English from the University of London, studying externally.
He had trouble getting his first cricket book, Batsman's Paradise: An Anatomy of Cricketomania, published, until he sent it to Errol Holmes, the former Surrey captain, who recommended it to a publisher. His cricket books were "marked by a genuine affection for the subject as well as a flowing style".
Mason and his wife Peggie had two sons (one of whom, Nick, was a journalist for The Guardian) and a daughter.

## Prose style

Mason was a master of the long sentence. Here, in Batsman's Paradise, he describes in two sentences a rare appearance in higher company for the Surrey stalwart Tom Shepherd, in a Test trial at Lord's in 1927:
   That he proceeded to engage with Leyland in a stand of over 200, driving beautifully and seeming never for a moment at a loss with the wiliest bowlers in the kingdom, never surprised me for a moment; that his innings of 90 or so was very correctly singled out as one of the gems of the match was entirely right and proper and to be expected. That the selectors would never do anything about it, or that he would never get his chance to appear in any other representative matches of any kind, was almost as inevitable a corollary; and Tom Shepherd from that time forth obediently and I do not doubt quite contentedly continued to bat and bowl at the Oval, where he was known and honoured and knew his way about.

## Books
### Novels

* Timbermills (1939)
* The Gold Garland (1939)
* The House of the Living (1946)
* Cold Pastoral (1946)

### Non-fiction

* The Spirit above the Dust: A Study of Herman Melville (1951)
* Batsman's Paradise: An Anatomy of Cricketomania (1955)
* Jack Hobbs: A Portrait of an Artist as a Great Batsman (1960)
* Walter Hammond: A Biography (1962)
* Sing All a Green Willow (1967)
* "Plum" Warner's Last Season (1970)
* Warwick Armstrong's Australians (1971)
* Ashes in the Mouth: The Story of the Bodyline Tour of 1932-33 (1982)
# Gereh Cheqa

Gereh Cheqa or Gareh Choqa or Gareh Cheqa or Goreh Choqa (Persian: گره چقا) may refer to:
* Gareh Choqa, Hamadan
* Gereh Cheqa, Ilam
* Goreh Choqa, Kermanshah
* Gareh Choqa, alternate name of Gorgeh Choqa, Kermanshah Province
* Gereh Cheqa, Kurdistan
# Kajvan

Kajvan (Persian: كجوان) may refer to:
* Kajvan, East Azerbaijan
* Kajvan, Razavi Khorasan
# Afrikanych

Afrikanych (Russian: Африканыч) is a 1970 Soviet romantic comedy film directed by Mikhail Yershov.

## Plot

The film tells about a man who lived all his life in the village with his wife Katerina, who gave birth to six children and became ill. He sets off to look for work, but along the way he began to realize that he could not live without his family.

## Cast

* Oleg Belov
* Irina Bunina as Katerina
* Larisa Burkova
* German Orlov as Mitka
* Nikolay Trofimov as Ivan Afrikanych
# Amos Mariani

Amos Mariani (Italian pronunciation:; 30 March 1931 – 20 February 2007) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a forward. As a player, he represented the Italy national football team at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## Honours
### Club
#### Juventus

* Serie A: 1949–50

#### Milan

* Serie A: 1956–57
* Latin Cup: 1956

#### Napoli

* Coppa Italia: 1961–62
# Dujaila River

The Dujaila River (Arabic: نهر الدجيلة), also called the Dujailah, Dujaili, Dujaylah or Nahr Shaţţ ad Dujaylah, is a river and irrigation canal in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. The canal was created shortly after the Kut Barrage was created in 1943 as part of an agricultural project to convert the desert into fertile farmland. The canal starts at 32°29′56″N 45°48′45″E﻿ / ﻿32.49891°N 45.8124°E﻿ / 32.49891; 45.8124 and ends at 32°02′39″N 46°33′33″E﻿ / ﻿32.0441°N 46.5592°E﻿ / 32.0441; 46.5592. Due the canal being a tributary of the Tigris, droughts on the Tigris have caused problems on the river. In February 2018, a drought struck the river, causing people to drill wells as well as buy water and transport it in tanks to get water. It also caused farmers to block roads and protest the government's negligence in developing water solutions. The canal is designed to irrigate 92,000 hectares of land.
# General Maritime Directorate

The General Maritime Directorate (Albanian: Drejtoria e Pëgjithshme Detare) is an institution of the Albanian government under the supervision of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy. This institution exercises its functions in accordance with Law No.9251, dated 07.08.2004, titled "Maritime Code of the Republic of Albania" and later amended by Law No.10109, dated 02.04.2009, titled "For the Maritime Administration of the Republic of Albania".

## Overview

The directorate oversees and coordinates the activity of all constituent structures of the maritime administration in the Republic of Albania and exercises control over their performance. It provides technical assistance in the drafting and alignment of national maritime legislation to be in compliance with international standards and completes the national legal framework for the implementation of international agreements related to the law of the sea and maritime transport, to which Albania is a party.
This institution represents the state on maritime related issues at the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Labour Organization among others. It cooperates with the main institutions in the country related to maritime activities, such as the Coast Guard, Border Police structures, Customs agencies, environmental agencies, the Hydrographic Service and associations of private operators.
# Andrea Armellini

Andrea Armellini (born 2 July 1970) is a retired Italian football goalkeeper.
In the first leg of the 1994 Coppa Italia Final, Armellini kept a clean sheet for Ancona.
# Pyatnitskoye Cemetery (Kaluga)

The Pyatnitskoye Сemetery (Russian: Пятницкое кладбище) is one of the graveyards in the Russian town Kaluga. It is among the oldest and largest resting places in the city. On the territory of the cemetery is the Memorial to the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War.

## History and name

Park-necropolis Pyatnitskoye Сemetery in Kaluga was discovered relatively recently in 1780. Earlier in this place there was a large number of parish cemeteries, one can say at each of the 46 temples of Kaluga. The new cemetery was located on the earthen rampart, which ran through today's streets of Barricade and Labor, located in the northern part of the city. The cemetery is fenced with a brick fence, its total area is 23 hectares. In the distant 1785 on the territory of the cemetery towered the Peter and Paul Temple. The chapel of this church was consecrated in the name of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa [ru], hence the name of the cemetery. Years passed. The cemetery dates back several centuries, during this time a very large number of inhabitants of the city were buried on its territory. Nearby there is (and adjoins) one more cemetery Military cemetery. It buried more than four thousand people who died in the battles in the fields of the Great Patriotic War. The cemetery has preserved ancient monuments, made of marble, granite, sandstone. These monuments are of great architectural and historical value.

## Location and size

Located at: Kaluga, Truda Street 1a, rectangular, is limited to: Truda Street, Truda Lane, Kirpichnaya Street and Television Street.

## Notable people buried at the Pyatnitskoye Cemetery

* Viktor Amanshin [ru], Hero of Socialist Labour
* Lev Bogomolov [ru], murdered Russian journalist, editor-in-chief of the newspaper Kaluga Vechernyaya
* Polina Vaneeva [ru], Soviet theater and cinema actress, People's Artist of the RSFSR
* Anisim Golosko [ru], Soviet military commander, participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic War
* Prince Yevgeny Obolensky, Russian officer from Obolensky's clan, one of the most active participants in the Decembrist revolt
* Roman Sokolov [ru], Soviet theater director, teacher, writer, chief director of Kaluga Regional Drama Theatre
* Varvara Tsiolkovskaya [ru], Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's wife (grave is lost)
* Leonid Chizhevsky [ru], Russian and Soviet inventor-gunner, the creator of the commander's goniometer for firing from closed positions and the device for destroying wire barriers, Major General of Artillery of the Tsarist Army, father of Alexander Chizhevsky
* Lydia Shevchenko [ru], Nikita Khrushchev's first school teacher
* Vladimir Shurygin [ru], Soviet musician, guitarist of the band Sinyaya Ptitsa
* Yevgeny Dreizin [ru], composer, musician, military conductor (grave is lost)
* Valentina Nikitina [ru], Soviet theater actress, People's Artist of the RSFSR
* Aleksandra Troitskaya, Soviet microbiologist-leprologist
* Alexander Kvashnin [ru], Major General of the Soviet Army, participant of the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945)
* Mikhail Fischer [ru], Russian businessman of German origin, brewer