OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ayse

Ayse (sometimes written Ayze, French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Aïze) is a commune of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

## Climate

Climate data for Ayse (1991-2020, extremes 1951-present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 25.7 (78.3) | 28.9 (84.0) | 33.1 (91.6) | 35.8 (96.4) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40 (104) | 33.2 (91.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24 (75) | 20.4 (68.7) | 40.4 (104.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.9 (46.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 22.1 (71.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | 5.2 (41.4) | 16.5 (61.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) | 2.8 (37.0) | 6.9 (44.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.9 (60.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 5.4 (41.7) | 1.8 (35.2) | 10.8 (51.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) | −2.2 (28.0) | 0.5 (32.9) | 3.7 (38.7) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 13.3 (55.9) | 13.4 (56.1) | 9.6 (49.3) | 6.1 (43.0) | 1.4 (34.5) | −1.6 (29.1) | 5.1 (41.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −15 (5) | −7 (19) | −3.9 (25.0) | −0.8 (30.6) | 2.8 (37.0) | 3 (37) | −0.5 (31.1) | −5.5 (22.1) | −11.1 (12.0) | −16.5 (2.3) | −23.9 (−11.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 80.8 (3.18) | 69.8 (2.75) | 79.0 (3.11) | 91.3 (3.59) | 116.8 (4.60) | 111.0 (4.37) | 109.1 (4.30) | 118.9 (4.68) | 110.0 (4.33) | 104.6 (4.12) | 101.4 (3.99) | 99.9 (3.93) | 1,192.6 (46.95) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 10.9 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 10 | 12.2 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 124.8 |
| Source: Meteociel ||||||||||||||
# Jankulovski

Jankulovski (Macedonian:Јанкуловски) is a Macedonian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dime Jankulovski (born 1977), Swedish footballer of Macedonian descent
* Marek Jankulovski (born 1977), Czech footballer of Macedonian descent
* Mice Jankulovski (born 1954), Macedonian painter, cartoonist, animator and public figure
# Bashman

Bashman (Persian: بشمن) is a village in Chahar Farizeh Rural District of the Central District of Bandar-e Anzali County, Gilan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,405 in 416 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,780 people in 567 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,320 people in 756 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Artem Bessalov

Artem Leonidovich Bessalov (Russian: Артем Бессалов; born 1 April 1983) is a Ukrainian footballer who last played as a midfielder for Pobeda (Donetsk).

## Early life

As a youth player, Bessalov graduated the youth academy of Ukrainian side Mariupol.

## Club career

Bessalov has been regarded as one of the most prominent players in the Ukrainian First League in his time. In 2013, he signed for Ukrainian side Mykolaiv, where he was regarded to have been unable to establish himself as an important played for the club after the arrival of manager Oleh Fedorchuk. In 2014, he signed for Ukrainian side Cherkashchyna, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players. In 2015, he returned to Ukrainian side Mykolaiv, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.

## International career

Bessalov played for the Donetsk People's Republic national football team, where he was regarded to have been one of the most prominent players on the team.

## Style of play

Bessalov mainly operates as a central midfielder and is known for his ability to support the attack.

## Personal life

Bessalov is the older brother of Ukrainian footballer Maxim Bessalov.
# Christian Michael

Christian Michael (c. 1593 - 29 August 1637) was a German organist and composer active in Saxony.
Born in Dresden, he matriculated at Leipzig in 1609 and succeeded his brother Samuel as organist at the Nicholaikirche in 1633.
His principal work is Tabulatura, darinnen etzliche Praeludia, Toccaten und Couranten uff das Clavier instrument gesetzt (Braunschweig, 1639). With his father Rogier and brothers Tobias and Samuel, he is represented by a single motet in the anthology Angst der Hellen und Friede der Seelen (1623); two other vocal works survive in manuscript.
# Vasily Savinkov

Vasiliy Yegorovich Savinkov (Russian: Васи́лий Его́рович Са́винков; born 1 February 1937) is a Soviet middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Hassan Mortazavi Shahroudi

Seyed Hassan Mortazavi Shahroudi Persian: سید حسن مرتضوی شاهرودی, is an Iranian Ayatollah. He currently teaches Fiqh in Darse Khariji levels in Mashhad Islamic Seminary, and was one of the students of Ruhollah Khomeini in Najaf.

## Early life and education

Shahroudi was born in Shahrud, a city in Semnan province. When he was young, he began the basics of his Islamic studies in Shahrud, until he migrated to Mashhad at the age of 15. In Mashhad, he truly began the principles of Islamic studies. There, he was taught by the likes of Hashem Qazvini, Mohammad Hadi al-Milani, Mirza Ahmad Modares Yazdi, Mohammad Kazem Damghani, and Hossein Shahroudi.
At the age of 25, Shahroudi left to Najaf to study in the Najaf Seminary. While in Najaf, Shahroudi was able to complete his advanced Islamic Studies, and attained Ijtihad. He was taught by several prominent scholars, such as, Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Muhsin al-Hakim, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Shahroudi, Hossein Heli, and Ruhollah Khomeini.
Shahroudi did travel to Qom for family matters while he was attending Najaf seminary, however had issues going back to Najaf. As a result of this, he stayed in Qom to attend classes in Qom Seminary by Hossein Borujerdi and Seyed Mohammad Mohaqeq Damad.

## Teaching career

Shahroudi's teaching career started when he was in Najaf. He taught high-level advanced Islamic courses in Najaf's Dar al-Hikma School, such as works on Usul Al-Fiqh by Murtadha al-Ansari, Fariad al-Usul (Rasa'l), and Makasib. In addition to this, he also taught works by Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Kifayat al-Usul. He also taught other advanced courses related to Darse Kharij. As a result of these advanced classes, he was able to teach many students in Najaf, such as Mohammed Ridha al-Sistani, Arif Hussain Hussaini, Seyed Ahmad Madadi, Seyed Javad Shahrestani, Mohsen Araki, Muhammad Baqir Movahed Najafi, Seyed Ali Ridha Haydari Najafi, Seyed Reza Borqei Modares, and others.
After receiving pressure from Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, Shahroudi fled to Iran. He left to Mashhad, and continued both his studies, and his teaching career there. Since 1980, he has grown the Mashhad Seminary with his presence and his courses, teaching hundreds of students every year. He went on to teach a number of vast topics derived from Fiqh such as Hajj, Qisas, Ijitihad & Taqlid, Khums, Riba, Fasting, Iʿtikāf, Diya, Qada, and Hudud. As a result of his success in Mashhad, the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei chose Shahroudi as his representative in the Supreme Council in the Khorasan Seminary.

## Works

Some of his works:
* Kitab al-Bai: Lessons of Earnings (5 Volumes)
# Pogragja Fortress

Pogragja Fortress is a fortress located near village of Pogragjë, 10 kilometers south-east of Gjilan, Kosovo. It was built on a hill overlooking the confluence of a stream in Morava e Binçës and dates back to 6th century.

## Layout

The fortress is situated on a hill that rises about 50 meters above the river valley. It consists of the Lower Town, surrounded by walls and a more preserved citadel (Upper Town) at the top of the hill.
The layout of Upper Town is based on irregular pentagon that follows the shape of the hilltop, with three vertices (southwest, northwest and northeast) reinforced with towers. At the highest point of fortress is a donjon tower, roughly square in plan (about 8x8m) of which are preserved west wall up to a height of about 10 meters with an entrance and part of the south wall with arrowslits, while the remains of the east wall are visible the remains of another arrowslit. The entrance to the Upper Town was located probably northwest of the tower, on the side from which the fort was the easiest to approach, since it shows the remains of the access ramp. Remnants of other buildings were found in the area. Fortress walls are in some places, preserved up to 4 meters in height.

## History

The Pogragja Fortress is located 10 km southeast of Gjilan, respectively 1 km from village Pogragjë. It is positioned in the Karadak Mountains, at 567 meters above sea level, on the foothills of which Morava e Binçes river flows. The castle has an interior area of 1.2 hectares and is typical for the Justinian era (6th century), respectively part of the network of fortresses raised in Dardania by the end of late antiquity. This is also proven by written documents and coins found during the castle conservation and exploration activities. The oldest coin found in the castle dates back to 246–249 and holds the portrait of Otacila Severa, the first wife of Philip.
The layout of Pogragja castle's citadel has the shape of an irregular pentagon, whereas the southern wall of the central tower plays the role of citadel's protective wall, which is one of the characteristics of this castle. Pogragja castle possesses three protective walls, qualified as the first, second and third protective wall. One part of these walls is located above ground, whereas the rest is located underground. The first surrounding wall is 17 meters long and 4 meters high; the second wall is 27 meters long, and on the upper part holds vantage towards, the walls of which are up to ten meters high and which have symmetrical square dimensions of 8 by 8 meters. Also, part of the fortress are also smaller dimension towers, placed on its western, northern and southeastern parts, and occasionally continue to maintain 4 meters in height. Walls are constructed with cut and uncut stones, connected with mortar lime adhesive. During the works performed in 2007, an underground channel connecting the interior of the castle with river Morava was found. The castle is also home to the so-called "Milk Stone", which is popularly known as a healing stone. The Pogragja castle represents a monument of great historic, scientific and cultural significance.
# Sarra Ravich

Sarra Naumovna Ravich (Russian: Са́рра Нау́мовна Ра́вич; pseudonym, Olga; 1879–1957) was a figure in the Russian revolutionary movement. She was the first wife of Grigory Zinoviev.

## Biography

She was born on August 1, 1879, in Vitebsk into a Jewish family. Her father was a merchant, Nohim Leib Ravich, and her mother was Golda, née Yakhnim. She became a member of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) in 1903. In June 1906, she moved to Paris, where she spent 6 months before relocating to Geneva. There, she met Grigory Zinoviev and became his wife (though their marriage was brief). She studied at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Geneva.
In 1908, she was arrested in Munich in connection with a case involving a robbery in Tiflis, during which she tried to exchange banknotes stolen during the heist. By no later than 1911, she married economist Vyacheslav Alekseevich Karpinsky. Together with her husband, she managed the library named after G. A. Kuklin in Geneva.
She returned to Russia in 1917 in a sealed train along with Lenin, Zinoviev, and his second wife, Zlata Ionovna Lilina, and their son Stefan. She actively participated in party work, carrying out assignments from Lenin and the Central Committee of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union). In 1917, she was a member of the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP(b) (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)). After the assassination of Moisei Uritsky, she performed the duties of the Commissioner for Internal Affairs of the Northern Region. She was a delegate to many party congresses and was a member of the Congress of the CPSU from 1924 to 1925. In 1918, she aligned with the "left communists" and, in 1920, became the first authorized representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs in Petrograd.
She wrote memoirs titled Beyond the Threshold of Life as well as articles on the philosophical and political views of Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Vsevolod Garshin, and others.

## Arrests, imprisonments, and exile

From 1922, she was a member of the Moscow branch of the All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks. She was an active participant in the opposition from 1926 to 1927. In 1927, she was expelled from the party but reinstated in 1928. In 1935, she was expelled again for "counter-revolutionary activities." Prior to her arrest, she was the manager of the Voronezh Confectionery Trust. On December 12, 1934, she was arrested and exiled to Yakutia for 5 years.
She was subsequently arrested again in 1937, 1946, and 1951, and was only released in 1954 following a decision by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR, which lifted her criminal record but did not fully rehabilitate her in court. She died in a retirement home.
# Turritella radula

Turritella radula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turritellidae. The Mollusk is found in the south-eastern Bioregion, it is found mainly in Santa Cruz. Mexico, Acapulco, Ecuador and the Galapagos islands.

## Description

Shell size 45-50 mm.

## Distribution

Bioregions: South-eastern. Galapagos island groups: Santa Cruz. Mexico, Acapulco, West coast of Panama, Ecuador including Galapagos islands.
# Garuk

Garuk or Goruk (Persian: گروك) may refer to:
* Garuk, Hormozgan
* Garuk-e Bala, Hormozgan Province
* Garuk-e Pain, Hormozgan Province
* Garuk, Narmashir, Kerman Province
* Garuk, Ravar, Kerman Province
* Garuk, Eskelabad, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
* Garuk, South Khorasan
# Tim Hauff

Timothy Andrew Hauff (born 1952) is an American jazz double bassist, electric bassist and educator.

## Early years

Hauff was born into a musical family in Sioux City and raised in the small nearby community of Merrill. Hauff's brother and a sister played drums and another sister played saxophone. Hauff began the clarinet at age 11 and by age 15 was playing electric guitar. When he was offered a place in a regional rhythm & blues band, Spectacle, on the condition he switch to bass guitar, he removed the top 2 strings from his guitar and began to practice. Hauff was soon proficient on the bass guitar and the band became a regional favorite, touring a 5-state region of Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota and Wisconsin. The 8-piece group was a popular regional show band and all of its former members have since been inducted into the Iowa Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.1

## Professional development and career

In 1973 Hauff enlisted in the U.S. Navy and continued to perform. The military brought him to the San Francisco area by 1974 and it was while in the service that he acquired his first double bass, and began serious study of the instrument. Following discharge, he studied classical double bass from 1981-1983 with Robert Manning and Murray Grodner, and concurrently studied Jazz bass with Ron McLure, Don Haas and Chuck Israels. Additionally, Hauff studied theory and composition with Joe Henderson. In 1983, a combo he formed won high acclaim at the Pacific Coast Jazz Festival.
Hauff received both his B.A. (1984) and his M.A. (1990) from San Jose State University.1
Settling in San Francisco after discharge from the Navy, Hauff performed there through 1994 with a long list of major jazz artists, among them Joe Henderson, Eddie Moore, Steve Turre, Norbert Stachel, Snooky Young, Sam Most, Jeff Clayton, Victor Lewis, Lew Soloff, David Matthews, Wayne Shorter, Vince Lataeno and Herbie Hancock. Additionally, Hauff recorded with John Handy, Eddie Henderson, Calvin Keys, Jeff Chimente, Brian Melvin, Danny Walsh, Gary Fisher, Peter Horvath, Richie Goldberg, Mark Little, Lewis Nash, Gaylord Birch, Mel Martin, Graham Bruce, Paul Mousavi, Steve Cardenas, Bob Bauer, Frank Samuels, Faye Carol, Donald 'Duck' Bailey and Bruce Forman as well as E.W. Wainwright and the African Roots of Jazz.1

## Working abroad

In 1994, following performances in Stockholm, Hauff went to Thailand where he remained for six years, teaching music and English and performing with Jazz groups in major Bangkok hotels and at regional jazz festivals. He also performed with the Bangkok Symphony Orchestra during this period. From 1996-1998, Hauff wrote a monthly jazz column in the publication, Guide To Bangkok.1
Hauff currently makes his home in Las Vegas, where he is actively performing and teaching bass.
# Levokumskoye

Levokumskoye (Russian: Левокумское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Levokumsky District, Stavropol Krai, Russia. Population: 10,302 (2010 Census); 11,176 (2002 Census); 10,962 (1989 Soviet census).
# Hafizullah

Hafizullah (Pashto/Dari: حفيظ الله) is an Afghan male given name, meaning “remembrance of God“ - a transliteration of the elements Hafiz and Allah. The name may refers to:
* Hafizullah Amin (1929–1979), General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
* Hafizullah Shabaz Khail (born 1946), Afghan held in Guantanamo
* Hafizullah Emadi (born 1952), Afghan-American writer
* Hafizullah (detainee) (born 1974), Afghan held in Guantanamo
* Hafizullah Qadami (born 1985), Afghan footballer
* Hafizullah Khaled, Afghan-Austrian peace activist and writer
# Meto Jovanovski (writer)

Meto Jovanovski (Macedonian: Мето Јовановски; 18 October 1928 – 23 December 2016) was a Macedonian writer from the village of Brajčino in the Republic of Macedonia, now known as North Macedonia.

## Biography

He attended the teacher's college in Skopje and taught school for a few years before moving into the publishing industry. His first short stories were published in 1951, and his first short story collection appeared in 1956.
He worked as an editor of the literary magazines "Sovremenost" and "Horizon".
He is a former head of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights of the Republic of North Macedonia.
# My Town, My Guy & Me

My Town, My Guy & Me is the fifth studio album by American singer Lesley Gore, released in 1965.
The album was originally titled Lesley Gore Sings for Girls in Love.

## Commercial performance

My Town, My Guy & Me was much less successful than its predecessors. Only the album's title track found chart success; the single peaked at 32 on the Billboard Hot 100, after five weeks on the chart, and dropped out of the top forty after eight weeks.

## Critical reception

Billboard Magazine rated the album a "package of strong pop material", with Gore's vocals on "No Matter What You Do" highlighted as "a standout" performance. Retrospectively, AllMusic awarded the album three stars, calling it Gore's "last fairly-strong non-greatest-hits LP, and the last to feature a reasonable standard of material." However, like her previous albums, it features "a number of goodies for fans inclined to dig beyond the 45s of this very singles-oriented artist."
Billboard described the title track as an "exciting rhythm number with clever lyric" and praised the "intriguing backing and powerful vocal." Cash Box described it as a "rhythmic romantic rocker about a gal who just wants to be in the same town as the guy of her dreams."
# Murdan

Murdan or Muredan or Moordan (Persian: موردن or موردان) may refer to:
* Murdan, Hormozgan (موردن - Mūrdan)
* Murdan, Anbarabad, Kerman Province (موردان - Mūrdān)
* Murdan, Faryab, Kerman Province (موردان - Mūrdān)
* Murdan, Narmashir, Kerman Province (موردان - Mūrdān)
* Murdan, Sistan and Baluchestan (موردان - Mūrdān)
# Ahmad Bourghani

Ahmad Bourghani Farahani (Persian: احمد بورقانی فراهانی; January 2, 1960 – February 2, 2008) was an Iranian reformist politician, journalist, writer and political analyst.
Bourghani was deputy minister of culture of Iran in President Mohammad Khatami's cabinet. He was also head of IRNA in United Nations as well as member of Iranian parliament.
Bourghani received his bachelor's degree in geography from Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran. He entered journalism after the victory of the 1979 Islamic Revolution. During the Iran–Iraq War, he oversaw the War Information Press, and was chief news manager of the IRNA. From 1990 to 1993, he was posted in New York City as the UN correspondent for IRNA. Upon returning, he helped establish the short-lived weeklies Bahar, Barharan and Envoy.
During his brief tenure as vice-minister of Culture, Ahmad Bourghani oversaw the issuance of hundreds of press permits and the flowering of an independent Iranian press for the first time since 1979. He had a significant role in the development of journalism in post-revolution Iran. Following the initial attacks on the reformist press, Iran's conservatives tried to undercut the reformist press by reactivating the Press Court. Bourghani stood up in the Court in front of the young presiding judge, Saeed Mortazavi, and defended the freedom of the press. Mortazavi, the nephew of Ayatollah Yazdi, was trying to force Bourghani and Khatami's government to shut down the Jame'eh newspaper but when Bourghani refused to do so, he himself ordered to shut down the newspaper.
After the closure of Jame'eh and Tous in the summer of 1998, a second crop of independent dailies appeared in late 1998. These papers exposed Intelligence Ministry agents' involvement in the political assassinations of reformist intellectuals and activists in late 1998.
Bourghani, chosen by Khatami, to spearhead the liberalization of the public sphere, resigned in February 1999, frustrated with the intransigence of the Commission for the Supervision of the Press (a joint committee of representatives of the three branches of government and the press that reviews press application and thus determines who can and cannot publish), and dismayed by lukewarm support from his own minister, Ata'ollah Mohajerani, who narrowly survived a parliamentary impeachment motion in May for "cultural laxity".
Two years later, he was elected as representative of Tehran to Majlis of Iran, The Iranian Parliament. As a Member of Iranian Parliament, he persuaded his goal for the freedom of the press in Iran and was one of the key people in debating the Reform of the Press laws. Shortly after, Ayatollah Khamenei sent a letter to the parliament demanding that the debate stop.
Ahmad Bourghani was also the president of the Parliamentary Friendship Group between Italy and Iran. He was also the organizer of "Iran, hundred years after Iranian constitutional revolution", an international conference organized in Tehran (2007).
Bourghani died in a Tehran hospital of a heart attack at the age of 48.