OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Safety valve theory

The safety valve theory was an American theory of economic development that held the availability of free land and continued expansion westwards into the American frontier contributed to American development, explained the lack of labor movements in the United States, and promoted democracy, economic equality and individualism. The premise was that individuals who were frustrated with poor labor conditions and lack of freedoms in urban areas in the East could escape to the frontier, which in turn created a restraint on political repression and labor abuse in the East.
As a theory on how to deal with unemployment, the safety-valve theory led to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States. Given the concentration of immigrants (and population) on the Eastern coast, it was hypothesized that making free land available in the West would relieve the pressure for employment in the East. By analogy with steam pressure (= the need for work), the enactment of a free land law, it was believed, would act as a safety valve. This theory meant that if the East started filling up with immigrants, they could always go West until they reached a point where they could not move any further.
A distinction has to be made between (1) the safety valve theory as an ideal and (2) the safety valve theory as embodied in the Homestead Act of 1862.
There is a dispute whether and to what extent the Homestead Act did or did not succeed as a safety valve in ameliorating the problem of unemployment in the East.
Opposition to giving away free land came from employers, who anticipated either a shortage of employees or conditions favorable to employees.
# Al-Mohandessin SC

Al-Mohandessin Sport Club (Arabic: نادي المهندسين الرياضي) is an Iraqi football team based in Baghdad, that plays in Iraqi First Division League.

## Managerial history

* Karim Nafea
* Karim Mahmoud
* Khalaf Habash
# Pothukatla

Pothukatla is a village in Parchur Mandal in Prakasam district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.

## Geography

Pothukatla is located at 15°57′12″N 80°21′20″E﻿ / ﻿15.953291°N 80.355432°E﻿ / 15.953291; 80.355432. It has an average elevation of 8 meters (32 feet) above sea-level. The annual rainfall due to the southwest monsoon. It has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification).
# The Tayson Gallantry

The Tayson Gallantry (Vietnamese: Tây-sơn hiệp-khách, lit. 'Gallantry in the Tayson Era') is a 1991 Vietnamese 35mm wuxia film directed by Lê Hoàng Hoa in his art name Khôi Nguyên, adapted from Lê Hoàng Khải's 1990 novel The Jade Lamp martial art (玉盞神功).

## Plot

* Episode 1 : The Tayson Gallantry
* Episode 2 : The Jade Lamp Martial-art

## Production

Location is Bình Định in 1991.

### Art

* Costume : Cố Đô Tailorshop

### Cast

Episode 1
* Lý Hùng
* Diễm Hương
* Mộng Vân
* Hương Giang
* Ngọc Hiệp
* Lê Cung Bắc
* Trần Minh Dậu
* Phạm Đức Long
* Trần Công Tuấn
* Trần Thanh Trúc
* Ngọc Đặng
* Hoàng Phúc
* Thanh Mai
* Trần Quang Hiếu
* Tư Lê
* Monk Giác Huệ Viên
* Hoàng Triều
* Nguyễn Lượng
* Trần Công Thiện
* Bình Minh
* Lâm Thế Thành
* Huyền Linh
* Nhật Minh
* Văn Thành
* Thu Hương
* Thanh Thủy
* Trần Lộc
* Hoàng Ngân
* Mã Trung
* Văn Ngà
* Văn Mến
* Thành Lũy
* Anh Triều
* Lê Công Thế
* Thu Vân
* Sĩ Hùng
* Thanh Hùng
* Văn Thành
* Khôn Hải
* Thanh Tài
* Bá Lộc
* Thanh Linh
* Công Thành
* Lê Tuấn
Episode 2
* Lê Tuấn Anh
* Việt Trinh
* Mỹ Duyên
* Lý Minh
* Lê Ngân
* Trọng Hải
* Thạch Ngà
* Thạch Hùng
* Hắc Hổ
* Quang Hiếu
* Trần Long
* Mạc Can
* Lê Hải
* Nguyễn Khôi
* Tiến Dũng
* Lê Đạt
* Trung Nam
* Bảo Hạnh
* Thụy Giao
* Hải Diễm
* Văn Bình
* Ngọc Ái
* Đình Lan
* Thành Tài
* Công Duẩn
* Thái Hoàng
* Thanh Long
* Hữu Thuận
* Minh Thiên
* Xuân Bình
* Quang Thái
* Lê Cương
* Lê Dũng
# DDishTV

DDISHTV (Mongolian: ДДэшТВ ХХК) is a Mongolian Direct-to-home television service provider company led by Bold Ganbat (CEO).
A member of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union, DDISHTV was established in 2008 to carry out Mongolian government's proposal to broadcast more television channels in the countryside in high quality. It has officially started broadcasting in June 2008.

## Background

Previously people outside of bigger cities in Mongolia were able to view only four national TV channels due to outdated C-Band system with analog technology which requires big antenna. DDISH began to work as first and unique operator with more TV channels to the consumers across the country through latest Ku-Band technology which allows small dishes.

## Coverage area

As of February 2017, DDISH broadcast across Mongolia for over 300,000 customers, though the reception is also available in foreign countries, such as Russia and China. The service operates on Koreasat 5A satellite, formerly was on Telstar 18 satellite.

## Broadcast TV and radio programmes

In June 2008, DDISH broadcast first 18 TV channels in whole Mongolia. As now, there are 130+ international and Mongolian channels.
Moreover, there are four FM channels, including Mongolian National Radio Program 1, Mongolian National Radio Program 2, "Lavain Egshig" and "Ulgii" Radio.

## Products

DDISH TV has 3 base packages based on customer demand.
1. Package S : Standard - 86+ channels.
2. Package M : Happy - 120+ channels.
3. Package L : Super - 124+ channels.
4. NVOD - Pay per view service from 4 channels MONGOLIAN, NEW, ADVENTURE, KIDS titles.
5. RVOD - Pay per view service. Subscribers now able to watch movies on demand using Arion and Intek STB and USB.
6. SVOD - Pay up to 12 months for Mongolian, Asian, Hollywood, Hits and Kids titles for subscription model.
7. Premium channels - Playboy, HBO movie package, SPS sport package and Series package.

## Sales channel

1. 5 main branches
2. 56 authorised dealers
3. Over 3800 Unitel main branches and contract dealers

## Satellite link

DDISH uses Apstar 5 a.k.a. Telstar 18 to broadcast its programmes. Telstar 18 was launched in June 2008 by Sea Launch, as a replacement satellite for APSTAR-I. It has an estimated operational lifetime of over 15 years. DDISH made a contract with KTSAT to use Koreasat-5A which was launched in October 2017 by SpaceX. The migration from Apstar-5 to Koreasat-5A is completed and the subscribers in Mongolia are enjoying high quality DTH service via Koreasat-5A.
# Mauro Albertengo

Mauro Albertengo (born 4 January 1990) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Atlético de Rafaela.

## Career

Mauro Albertengo, like brother Lucas, began in the youth teams of Atlético de Rafaela, he was with Rafaela for nine years before leaving to join San Isidro in 2011. Spells at Brown San Vicente, Argentino de Quilmes and San Jorge then followed between 2012 and 2016. In February 2016, Albertengo rejoined Argentine Primera División club Atlético de Rafaela and made his senior debut for Rafaela in a 2016 league defeat to San Martín on 3 March. In the following season, 2016–17, Albertengo scored his first goal for the club in a win over the aforementioned San Martín on 29 November. The season ended in relegation for Rafaela.
Albertengo completed a move to Agropecuario ahead of the 2019–20 campaign. He'd appear thirteen times, prior to the competition's curtailment due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2020, Albertengo headed across Primera B Nacional to Sarmiento.
In March 2021, Albertengo signed with Barracas Central on a deal for the rest of the year. At the end of December 2021, he signed a contract extension with the club, until the end of 2022. On 30 May 2022, Albertengo moved to Atlético de Rafaela.

## Personal life

He is the brother of fellow footballer Lucas Albertengo.

## Career statistics

    As of 25 October 2020.
Club statistics :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Atlético de Rafaela | 2016 | Primera División | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Atlético de Rafaela | 2016–17 | Primera División | 21 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
| Atlético de Rafaela | 2017–18 | Primera B Nacional | 24 | 6 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 26 | 6 |
| Atlético de Rafaela | 2018–19 | Primera B Nacional | 21 | 4 | 4 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 25 | 6 |
| Atlético de Rafaela | Total | Total | 71 | 11 | 8 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 80 | 13 |
| Agropecuario | 2019–20 | Primera B Nacional | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Sarmiento | 2020–21 | Primera B Nacional | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 84 | 11 | 8 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 93 | 13 |
* ↑ Appearance(s) in the Primera B Nacional play-offs
# Shock Linwood

Rashoderick "Shock" Linwood (born October 13, 1993) is an American former college football running back. He played for the Baylor Bears football team at Baylor University.

## High school career

Linwood attended Linden-Kildare High School in Linden, Texas, where he was an All-State running back, while also playing quarterback, linebacker, defensive back and kick returner. As a junior in 2010, he led Kildare to a 10-3 record and the regional semifinals, ran for 1,473 yards and 18 touchdowns (156 attempts) and made 14 receptions for 138 yards and two more scores. Linwood was named 2010 All-District 8-2A. He was named the 2011 first-team Class 2A All-State running back and was an honorable mention All-State quarterback as a senior after rushing for 2,105 yards and 25 touchdowns (241 attempts), ranking fifth in the state in rushing yardage, and also threw for 729 yards and five touchdowns. Linwood was also selected the 2011 District 8-2A Player of Year and was named to the 2011 East Texas All-Area first team as running back. Also a letterman in track & field, Linwood competed as a sprinter and had a personal-best of 10.98 seconds in the 100-meter dash.
Linwood was ranked by 247Sports.com as the 33rd best athlete recruit and No. 74 overall prospect in Texas. He was listed as the nation's No. 80 safety prospect by Scout.com. Linwood was also ranked No. 89 by Rivals.com's Lone Star Recruiting and No. 101 by SuperPrep's Texas 121.

## College career
### Redshirt Freshman

Linwood did not play in any games as a true freshman in 2012. As a redshirt freshman in 2013 he appeared in twelve of thirteen games as a backup to Lache Seastrunk. He started in two games in place of injured Seastrunk and Glasco Martin. Linwood rushed for a freshman school record 881 yards, breaking Robert Griffin III's mark of 843 in 2008. Linwood's 881 yards and 8 touchdowns earned him Freshman All-American honors.

### Sophomore

As a sophomore in 2014, Linwood rushed for 1,252 yards and 16 touchdowns as the first string running back. He also led Baylor to their second consecutive Big 12 title.

### Junior

Linwood was considered a possible contender for the Heisman Trophy during the 2015 season.

### Senior

In 2016, Linwood played during the regular season (with the exception of the November 12 game against Oklahoma) with the Bears recording a season record of 6:6. He sat out the post-season Cactus Bowl to focus on possible NFL career.

### College Statistics

Statistics for Linwood's college football appearances:
| | | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving |
| Year | Team | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Rec | Yds | TD |
| 2016 | Baylor | 138 | 751 | 5.4 | 59 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0 |
| 2015 | Baylor | 196 | 1,329 | 6.8 | 79 | 10 | 9 | 71 | 1 |
| 2014 | Baylor | 128 | 881 | 6.9 | 68 | 8 | 4 | 19 | 0 |
| 2013 | Baylor | 251 | 1,252 | 5.0 | 46 | 16 | 7 | 90 | 0 |
| Career | Career | 713 | 4,213 | 5.9 | 79 | 36 | 22 | 186 | 1 |
# Al-Masharah

Al-Masharah (Arabic: المشاعرة) is a sub-district located in At Taffah District, Al Bayda Governorate, Yemen. Al-Masharah had a population of 1821 according to the 2004 census.
# Mauro Buono

Mauro Buono (born 20 April 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Gimnasia y Esgrima.

## Career

Buono's career began with Gimnasia y Esgrima. His professional bow arrived during a 4–2 victory in Primera B Nacional versus Guillermo Brown on 15 May 2016. Four appearances later, in July 2017, Buono scored for the first time after netting in a win away to Crucero del Norte. His first double figures season came in 2016–17 as he appeared ten times whilst scoring once; against Deportivo Morón on 30 April 2018.

## Career statistics

    As of 14 January 2019.
Club statistics :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2016 | Primera B Nacional | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2016–17 | Primera B Nacional | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2017–18 | Primera B Nacional | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2018–19 | Primera B Nacional | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 20 | 2 |
# Yury Vlasov (politician)

Yury Vasilyevich Vlasov (Russian: Юрий Васильевич Власов; 22 June 1961 – 9 January 2019) was a Russian economist and statesman who served as the first Head of Administration (Governor) of Vladimir Oblast. He died on 9 January 2019.

## Biography

Yury Vlasov was born in Prikumsk (modern Budyonnovsk) in Stavropol Krai on 22 June 1961.
He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Management in 1983, and was a graduate school in 1988, as a candidate of economic sciences.
From 1983 to 1985, he was an economist at the Pyatigorsk House-Building Plant. From 1985 to 1986, he had become a researcher at the Economic Research Department of the Research Institute in Vladimir. In 1988, he had become a Junior Researcher as the All-Union FMD Institute in Vladimir.
In 1990, Vlasov was elected to the Vladimir Regional Council. In September 1991, he was appointed as Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Vladimir City Council, and then, on September 25, he was appointed as the Governor of the Vladimir Oblast. At the age of 30 years and three months Vlasov became the youngest of Yeltsin's appointees.
In December 1993, he was elected a deputy to the Federation Council of the first convocation, and was a member of the Committee on Budget, Financial, Currency and Credit Regulation, Money Issue, Tax Policy and Customs Regulation. In January 1996, he became a member of the Council of Federation of the second convocation ex officio, was a member of the Committee on Economic Policy, then a member of the Committee on Social Policy.
Vlasov lost the reelection in December 1996, to Nikolay Vinogradov, he gained 21% of the vote.
From 1997 to 2001, he worked as Deputy Head of the Central Bank of Russia for the Vladimir Oblast. In 2000, he again ran for the post of governor of the Vladimir Oblast, and took second place, gaining 15.96% of the vote.
From 2004 to 2006, he had become the Director of Regional Programs at the Institute of Urban Economics in Moscow.
From 2007 to 2010, he was a Deputy Director of the Institute "International Financial Center", and director of the Department of State and Municipal Management.
From 2010, Vlasov had finally become director of the Advanced Training Programs for state and municipal employees of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration until his death on 9 January 2019.
He was married, and had a daughter.
# Aleksei Ivanushkin

Aleksei Sergeyevich Ivanushkin (Russian: Алексей Сергеевич Иванушкин; born 20 November 1996) is a Russian former football player.
He made his debut for the main squad of FC Kuban Krasnodar on 23 September 2015 in a Russian Cup game against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl.
# Addis Hintsa

Addis Hintsa (Amharic: አዲስ ህንጻ, born 30 July 1987 in Bishoftu) Oromia state is an Ethiopian footballer. He currently plays for Sudan Premier League side Al-Ahly Shendi.

## Career

In 2012 has been a golden year for Dedebit midfielder. He has proved his quality by dominating the midfield in most of the matches in EPL. The former striker is a brilliant player, a physical beast with good technical quality, he is a tough tackler but at the same time he can stride forward and play the ball. Addis is relatively a complete central midfielder, can tackle, defend, and is good in the air. That's why he was awarded Player of the season award in 2011/12 by Passion Sport magazine award./ As of 2021, Addis plays for Hadiya Hossana FC.

## International career

He is part of the Ethiopia national football team since 2012. He was a key player in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. On the final match in 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Group C against Nigeria, his goalie Sisay Bancha was sent off and he is responsible to take the goalkeeper's role as all of their substitutions were already used. However, he missed by inches to save Victor Moses's penalty kick as they lost 0-2 to Nigeria both by Moses' penalty kicks.
# Daewonsa

Daewonsa (Korean: 대원사; Hanja: 大源寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Jogye Order in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.

## History

Daewonsa was established in 548 by Patriarch Ven. Yeongi. Originally named Pyeongwonsa Temple, it was reduced to ashes during the Japanese invasion (1592–1597) but reconstructed in 1685 and renamed Daewonam Hermitage. It was again rebuilt in 1890 and renamed Daewonsa. In 1948, during the Yeosun Rebellion, the temple was burned to the ground by government forces. In September 1955, Ven. Beobil, a Buddhist nun, took office as its head, and launched its reconstruction, eventually completing the temple we see today.

## Landscape

Nestled deep in an eastern fold of Mt. Jirisan, Daewonsa is occupied by Buddhist nuns. Sarijeon Hall has a stone pagoda standing in front of it and it is where many nuns practice intensive Seon meditation during the annual three-month summer and winter retreats.
The temple is surrounded by great scenic beauty. A mountain stream runs through the 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) valley that extends from the parking lot at the temple entrance to the temple compound. The water rushing between and over the uniquely shaped rocks give it an uncommon charm. The path to the entrance is lined with tall, straight pines called “diamond pines.”

## Cultural properties

The Multi-Story Stone Pagoda (Treasure No. 1112) enshrines the Buddha's relics which Vinaya Master Jajang Yulsa brought from China. During the Joseon era, the pagoda was repaired twice, in 1724 by Seon Master Taeheum, and in 1784 by Seon Master Ogin. It was then that 72 relics (sarira) were found. In the most recent renovation, the relics were divided and enshrined in the pagoda's 3rd, 5th and 7th stories.
Other cultural objects include: a Painting of Buddhist Guardian Deities (Tangible Cultural Heritage of South Gyeongsang Province No. 361) and Banja (suspended gong; Tangible Cultural Heritage of South Gyeongsang Province No. 362). In addition, the temple itself is designated Traditional Temple No. 81, and the valley is Regional Cultural Heritage No. 114.
# Flag of Pembrokeshire

The flag of Pembrokeshire (Welsh: Baner Sir Benfro) is the flag of the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.
The flag was designed by Councillors Peter Stock, Dewi Pritchard, Jim Brock and Marjorie Jacobs in the 1970s after the abolition of Pembrokeshire County Council. A statement by Peter Stock, 'The flag was dedicated as the official flag of Pembrokeshire, at Pembroke Castle at a ceremony on 28 July 1988 with a march past by the band of The Queen's Dragoons Guards.' The ceremony was recorded for posterity.
Joffre Swales, founder and conductor of the Haverfordwest Town Band, wrote a march entitled "The Pembrokeshire Flag" for the band to perform on marches around the county.

## Flag design

The Pembrokeshire Flag is based on the flag of Saint David. (The saint's cathedral, the city of St David's, is in Pembrokeshire.) The blue is also considered to be reminiscent of the sea, and the yellow of summer sunshine. The central rose represents the red Tudor Rose, a symbol used by King Henry VII, who founded the Tudor dynasty; a man of both Welsh and English descent who was born in Pembroke Castle. The green pentagon around the rose symbolises the green fields and cliff-tops of Pembrokeshire.
The colours for the flag are:
| Colour space | Blue | Yellow | Green | Red | White |
| Pantone | 300c | 109c | 354c | 485c | |
| CMYK | 99.50.0.0 | 0.9.100.0 | 81.0.92.0 | 0.95.100.0 | 0.0.0.0 |
| RGB | 0-94-184 | 255-209-0 | 0-177-64 | 218-41-28 | 255-255-255 |
| HTML | #005EB8 | #FFD100 | #00B140 | #DA291C | #FFFFFF |
# Bill Copeland Sports Centre

Bill Copeland Sports Centre is a 2,000-seat, multi-purpose arena in Burnaby, British Columbia. The arena is primarily used for ice hockey and lacrosse.
Bill Copeland Sports Centre was the host venue for the 2019 World Ringette Championships and the 2013 Esso Cup. It is also the home arena for the Burnaby Lakers of the Western Lacrosse Association and home arena of the Vancouver North West Hawks of the BC Hockey Major Midget League.
# Smith H. Hastings

Smith Hugh Hastings (December 27, 1843 - October 13, 1905) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.
Hastings was born in Quincy, Michigan, on December 27, 1843. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism on July 24, 1863, while serving as a captain with Company M, 5th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, at Newbys Crossroads, Virginia. His Medal of Honor was issued on August 2, 1897.
Colonel Hastings was a companion of the Colorado Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
He died at the age of 61, on October 13, 1905, and was buried at the Riverside Cemetery in Denver, Colorado.

## Medal of Honor citation

   The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Captain Smith H. Hastings, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 24 July 1863, while serving with Troop M, 5th Michigan Cavalry, in action at Newbys Crossroads, Virginia. While in command of a squadron in rear guard of a cavalry division, then retiring before the advance of a corps of infantry, Captain Hastings was attacked by the enemy and, orders having been given to abandon the guns of a section of field artillery with the rear guard that were in imminent danger of capture, he disregarded the orders received and aided in repelling the attack and saving the guns.
# HESA Kaman-12

The HESA Kaman-12 (Persian: پهپاد کمان-12) is an Iranian unmanned aerial vehicle operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force. Its first flight was on 11 September 2020. The unmanned aerial vehicle possesses a speed of 200 km/h, with a range of 1,000 kilometers, and its one-way range is approximately 2,000 km.

## Description

This UAV was first presented at the "Iqtedar-40" exhibition of defense achievements of the "Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran", and has a speed of about 200 kilometers per hour and a flight duration of 10 hours. Among this unmanned aerial vehicle specifications are as follows:
Capability to take-off from runways with at least a length of 400 meters, possessing an operating-radius of one thousand km, the capability to carry cargoes of 100 kg and its max-weight while taking off --from the ground-- is approximately 450 kg.
Another trait that has made this remote-controlled bird one of the most up-to-date UAVs is as follows: "Its 1000 kilometer flight range" and "2000 kilometer one-way range". As well as this, Kaman-12 has a lift coefficient of 1.8, acceleration tolerance limit: of 2-5 +, a maximum weight of remotely piloted aircraft of four hundred and fifty kg, minimum (UAV) weight of 230 kg, and other features.