OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Round-trip delay

In telecommunications, round-trip delay (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT) is the amount of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the amount of time it takes for acknowledgement of that signal having been received. This time delay includes propagation times for the paths between the two communication endpoints. In the context of computer networks, the signal is typically a data packet. RTT is commonly used interchangeably with ping time, which can be determined with the ping command. However, ping time may differ from experienced RTT with other protocols since the payload and priority associated with ICMP messages used by ping may differ from that of other traffic.
End-to-end delay is the length of time it takes for a signal to travel in one direction and is often approximated as half the RTT.

## Protocol design

RTT is a measure of the amount of time taken for an entire message to be sent to a destination and for a reply to be sent back to the sender. The time to send the message to the destination in its entirety is known as the network latency, and thus RTT is twice the latency in the network plus a processing delay at the destination. The other sources of delay in a network that make up the network latency are processing delay in transmission, propagation time, transmission time and queueing time. Propagation time is dependent on distance. Transmission time for a message is proportional to the message size divided by the bandwidth. Thus higher bandwidth networks will have lower transmission time, but the propagation time will remain unchanged, and so RTT does fall with increased bandwidth, but the delay increasingly represents propagation time.$^{:90,91}$
Networks with both high bandwidth and a high RTT (and thus high bandwidth-delay product) can have large amounts of data in transit at any given time. Such long fat networks require a special protocol design. One example is the TCP window scale option.
The RTT was originally estimated in TCP by:
    $\mathrm {RTT} =\alpha \cdot \mathrm {old\_RTT} +(1-\alpha )\cdot \mathrm {new\_round\_trip\_sample}$
where $\alpha$ is constant weighting factor ($0\leq \alpha <1$). Choosing a value for $\alpha$ close to 1 makes the weighted average immune to changes that last a short time (e.g., a single segment that encounters long delay). Choosing a value for $\alpha$ close to 0 makes the weighted average respond to changes in delay very quickly. This was improved by the Jacobson/Karels algorithm, which takes standard deviation into account as well. Once a new RTT is calculated, it is entered into the equation above to obtain an average RTT for that connection, and the procedure continues for every new calculation.

## Wi-Fi

Accurate round-trip time measurements over Wi-Fi using IEEE 802.11mc are the basis for the Wi-Fi positioning system.
# Clementine (software)

Clementine is a free and open-source audio player. It is a port of Amarok 1.4 to the Qt 4 framework and the GStreamer multimedia framework. It is available for Unix-like, Windows, and macOS operating systems. Clementine is released under the terms of the GPL-3.0-or-later.
Clementine was created due to the transition from version 1.4 to version 2 of Amarok, and the shift of focus connected with it, which was criticized by many users. The first version of Clementine was released in February 2010.
The last stable release of Clementine was in 2016, but development has since resumed on GitHub, with a number of release candidate versions published. On 15 October 2024, the first non-RC release since 2016 was published.
In 2018, a fork of Clementine named Strawberry Music Player was released.

## Features

Clementine can stream audio from services such as Spotify, SoundCloud, Last.fm, and other platforms. The software also has the functionality to display information such as lyrics and statistics regarding the song currently being played, as well as mimicking iTunes functionality by interacting with users’ iPod players
Some additional features supported by Clementine are:
* Tag editor, album cover and queue manager.
* Fetch missing tags from MusicBrainz.
* Project audio visualization.
* Search and download podcasts.
* Creation of smart and dynamic playlists.
* Tabbed playlists, import and export as M3U, XSPF, PLS, ASX and Cue sheets.
* Transcoding music into MP3, Ogg (Vorbis, Speex, Opus), FLAC, AAC or WMA.
* Playback of Windows Media Files in macOS (which iTunes and many other players cannot do).
* Remote control using an Android device, a Wii Remote, MPRIS or the command-line interface.
* Moodbar visualizations.
* Save statistics to file.
# Mehar Hamid Rashid

Mehar Hamid Rashid is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from August 2018 till January 2023.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) from Constituency PP-117 (Faisalabad-XXI) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
# Howard Weaver

Howard Weaver (October 15, 1950 – December 14, 2023) was an American journalist and newspaper executive for McClatchy. He was the winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1976 and 1989. Weaver died due to complications of pancreatic cancer on December 14, 2023, at the age of 73.
# Left Front (Czechoslovakia)

The Left Front (Czech: Levá fronta) was an organization of left-wing intellectuals in Czechoslovakia, founded in 1929 on the initiative of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

## History

Formed in 1930, which saw itself as the successor to the Devětsil Union of Modern Culture. The founding date was on October 18, 1929. On this day a general meeting of mainly members of Devětsil took place, in which some basic documents such as the programmatic statement of the new association were approved. The founding members were Karel Teige, Stanislav Kostka Neumann, Vítězslav Nezval, Bedřich Václavek, E.F. Burian, Vilém Závada, František Halas, Julius Fučík and later joined by Vladislav Vančura, Ivan Sekanina, Ladislav Štoll and others. The chairman of the newly found organisation became Zdeněk Nejedlý in 1932. The chosen name Levá fronta was a reference to the LEF in the Soviet Union.
The group was founded relatively quickly in other cities, first in Brno initiated by Jindřich Honzl and E. F. Burian; other local clubs emerged in 1931 in Boskovice, Žilina, Užhorod, Hradec králové and Ostrava.
Working sections soon emerged, specializing in various fields: the literary section, which was probably the most important, included doctors, philosophers, sociologists and economists. In 1931, Filmová a fotografická skupina (Film-Foto Group, also known as "fi-fo") was formed, prompted by film historian Lubomír Linhart who became its spokesman. The architects who founded their own section were particularly active – Architonická sekce Levé fronty (AsLeF, the Architectural Section of the LeF), initiated by Karel Teige and involved prominent architects such as Jaromír Krejcar, Jiří Kroha, Jiří Novotný and others. While the orientation towards poetism, later increasingly accompanied by epic elements, predominated in poetry, the active forces of the architecture section were first influenced by purism (in particular influenced by Le Corbusier), to later become protagonists of functionalism and above all of constructivism.
In its programmatic statement, Levá fronta described its goals, which was to propagate socialist culture and promote cooperation between the progressive intelligentsia and the working class. The statement also stated that the grouping was non-political and not linked to any political party, although as time went on, some aspects of the Levá fronta became more open about its connections and cooperation with the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
The activities of the organization ceased to exist in 1938.

## Journals and publications

Its eponymous journal Levá fronta, were among the best-known and driving forces of the Marxist-influenced artistic avant-garde of the 1920s and 1930s in Czechoslovakia.
In Prague it appeared from 1930 to 1933, the editor-in-chief was Stanislav Kostka Neumann. It was also published in Brno (1931), and the local group in Ostrava published its own Kampaň magazine. The journal devoted a lot of space to the question of Marxism, particularly from the perspective of the increasingly important struggle against fascism.
# Party video game

A party video game is a genre of video game that stems from in-person party games, involving player-to-player interaction as the central gameplay element. These games are often defined by simple controls which can be easily picked up and understood by players of any skill level.
Party video games generally consist of short-term experiences which may be played in succession, and are sometimes characterized in the form of minigames. These experiences may be played singularly or in a group, and usually feature several players competing simultaneously.

## History

The first party video game is thought to be Olympic Decathlon, releasing in 1980.
In 1983, Party Mix was released for the Atari, and consisted of an anthology of five multiplayer games, which began the format of party video games releasing as a series of individually-selectable minigames.
In 1995, You Don't Know Jack was released, the first of the You Don't Know Jack franchise and the precursor to the Jackbox Party Pack collection in 2014.
In 1998, Mario Party was released on the Nintendo 64. Its launch eventually brought about the rest of the Mario Party franchise, in wake of the game's success across markets. Mario Party 2 was released in 1999, and Mario Party 3 was released in 2000.
The launch of the Wii in 2006 led to the creation of Wii Play, a minigame collection that was bundled with certain copies of the Wii console.
# Al Balad Development Company

Al Balad Development Company (BDC; Arabic: شركة تطوير البلد) is a hospitality and tourism company based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The company was founded in October 2023 by the Public Investment Fund as part of Saudi Vision 2030. BDC aims to transform Al Balad Historic District into a global tourist destination.

## History

BDC was officially launched by the Public Investment Fund on 3 October 2023 as part of Saudi Vision 2030 plan to diversify the Saudi Economy away from oil.
In May 2024, Jeddah Historic District Program announced the restoration of 3 historical houses, which are the Jokhdar House, Al-Rayyis House, and Kedwan House, and turning them into luxury hotels. The restoration was supervised by the ministry of culture, which assigned Al Balad Development Company to manage the hotels.
# Weloy

Weloy (Yapese: Weeloey) is a village and municipality in the state of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia.
# Yuriy Nazarov (actor)

Yuriy Vladimirovich Nazarov (Russian: Ю́рий Влади́мирович Наза́ров; born 5 May 1937) is a Soviet and Russian actor and People's Artist of Russia for the year 2005.

## Biography

He was born Yuriy Vladimirovich Nazarov in Novosibirsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His father, Nikolai Aldomirovich Nazarov (1906–1971), was an ethnic Chechen Lieutenant of the Red Army, who served on the Eastern Front and in the Crimean offensive in 1944.
In 1989, Nazarov was nominated for a Nika Award as Best Actor in the film Little Vera playing Vera's father. Nazarov has appeared in the cinema of Russia since 1954. His most recent appearance was in Sophia, a TV series.
In his book "Not Only About Cinema" he describes himself as a communist.
In March 2014 Nazarov signed a letter in support of the policies of Russian President Vladimir Putin regarding Ukraine and Crimea. Crimea is since March 2014 under dispute by Russia and Ukraine.

## Filmography

Yuriy Nazarov has starred in over 257 films and television productions.
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1962 | The Third Half | Misha Skachko | |
| 1964 | Attack and Retreat | episode | |
| 1966 | Andrei Rublev | Prince Yury of Zvenigorod / Grand Duke Vasily I of Moscow | |
| 1967 | The Ballad of the Commissioner | Commissioner Fadeitsev | |
| 1969 | The Adjutant of His Excellency | Yemelyanov | |
| 1969 | Liberation | Russian Liberation Movement soldier | TV series |
| 1969 | The Red Tent | Anatoly Alekseyev | |
| 1971 | Dauria | Taras | |
| 1972 | Hot Snow | Sergeant Ukhanov | |
| 1974 | The Land of Sannikov | Gubin | |
| 1975 | Mirror | Military Instructor | |
| 1978 | The Tavern on Pyatnitskaya | Vanya Shlyonov | |
| 1978 | Father Sergius | Man On The Ferry | |
| 1981 | Alexander Little | Vasily Akimych Hrischanovich | |
| 1982 | Let's Get Married | Nikolai Suvorin | |
| 1983 | Behind the Blue Nights | Oleg | |
| 1984 | Very Important Person | Rodion Shishkin | |
| 1984 | What was Senka | Grandfather Saveliev | |
| 1985 | Do Not Marry, Girls | Chairman of The Commission | |
| 1986 | Attempted GOELRO | Viktor Burtsev | |
| 1987 | Team 33 | Colonel Nikitin | |
| 1988 | Little Vera | Kolya, Vera's Father | |
| 1989 | How Dark the Nights Are on the Black Sea | Glazier | |
| 1989 | Entrance to the Labyrinth | District Pozdnyakov | |
| 1991 | Ghost | Aleksey Popov | |
| 1994 | Terminal Velocity | Mr. Moldova | uncredited |
| 1999 | Santa Lucia | Director | |
| 2000 | House for the Rich | Vladilen Serebriakov | |
| 2001 | Halfway to Paris | Prokhor Murashov | |
| 2003 | Bajazet | Hrenov | TV series |
| 2005 | Two fates | Fomich | TV series |
| 2005 | Trotter | Grishin | |
| 2005 | Satisfaction | Stepan | Mini-Series |
| 2008 | Apostol | Commissioner Vladimir Demin | TV series |
| 2009 | True Noon | Kirill | |
| 2009 | The Brothers Karamazov | Police Chief Mikhail Makarovich | TV series |
| 2011 | Notes forwarder Secret Chancellery | Yakov Petrovich | film series |
| 2012 | Snipers: Love under the Crosshairs | Georgy 'Uncle Gosha' Denisov | TV series |
| 2013 | Stalingrad | Gunner |
| 2016 | Sophia | Macarius | TV series |
# Muravey VTS

Muravey VTS (Russian: Муравей ВТС, abbreviated as Vnutrizavodskoe Transport Sredstvo) is an electric truck with a cabin produced by Tulamashzavod.

## History

For the first time, the development of a new model after the cessation of production in 1995 of cargo scooters Muravey was announced in 2016. In 2017, the first prototype was assembled at the plant.
In May 2020, sales of the truck started with a selling price of 1.25 million rubles.

## Design and characteristics

The Muravey VTS is designed for the transportation of goods up to 1 ton in production and storage areas with a hard and even surface on the territory of organizations and industrial bases without the right to leave on public roads.
Two models are presented, differing only in the type of electric drive:
* VTS-1 - drive from a diesel generator set
* VTS-2 - drive from a storage battery
The cabin is double, made of fiberglass. Lead-acid storage battery of 48 volts with a capacity of 350 A · h. The steering is a self-compensating single-stage rack. Spring suspension. Hydraulic brakes, disc / drum. Wheels with dimensions 175 / 70R13. Seats are adjustable, moisture resistant, gray. Instrument cluster with battery indicator, speedometer, odometer. Power reserve: empty up to 90 km; loaded - up to 70 km. 1 year factory warranty.
An army version of the platform with an installed small-caliber cannon has been developed.
# Fernando Souza

Fernando de Souza Nascimento or simply Fernando Souza (born April 19, 1987, in Piabetá-RJ), is a Brazilian central defender.
# Flags of the Egyptian Armed Forces

The several branches of the Egyptian Armed Forces are represented by flags, among other emblems and insignia. Within each branch, various flags fly on various occasions, and on various ships, bases, camps and military academies.
In general, the order of precedence when displaying military flags together is Air Defense, Air Force, Navy and the Army.

## Current

| Date | Use | Description |
| 1984–present | War flag of Egypt | The flag of Egypt with two crossed swords in white in the canton |
| | | Logo of the official military spokesman for the armed forces |
| 1984–present | Flag of the Egyptian Navy | The flag of Egypt in the canton on a blue field with the two crossed white anchor surrounded by a wreath at the fly |
| 1984–present | Naval ensign and jack of Egypt | The flag of Egypt with two crossed anchors in white in the canton |
| | Masthead pennant of the Egyptian Navy | |
| | Flag of an Egyptian Vice-admiral | |
| | Flag of an Egyptian Rear-admiral | |
| | Senior on the roads flag | |
| | | Emblem of the Egyptian Navy |
| 1984–present | Air force ensign of Egypt | The flag of Egypt in the canton on a sky blue field with the roundel at the fly |
| 1972–present | Roundel of the Egyptian Air Force | |
| 1984–present | Fin flash of the Egyptian Air Force | |
| | | Emblem of the Egyptian Air Force |
| | Flag of the Egyptian Air Defense Forces | |
# Zirjan

Zirjan or Zir Jan (Persian: زيرجان) may refer to:
* Zirjan, Gonabad
* Zirjan, Nishapur
# People's Protection Brigades

The People's Protection Brigades (Amharic: የህዝብ ጥበቃ ብርጌዶች) were a type of law enforcement organization in Marxist Ethiopia.

## History

Soon after the overthrow of the Imperial regime, the Derg moved to consolidate the revolution at the grass-roots level by promoting the creation of peasant associations and kebeles. These associations had tribunals that permitted them to exercise criminal and civil jurisdiction over legal matters. More important, the government also legitimized local defense squads, granting them police powers within designated areas. Defense squads also protected public property and enforced land reform measures, but their original function was the essentially political one of rounding up—and often disposing of—suspected government opponents. During the Red Terror campaign of 1977–78, the power of the kebeles was virtually unrestricted, and the defense squads emerged as the regime's chief instruments of coercion within the capital. However, in reaction to the defense squads' excessive use of violence, Mengistu curbed their powers in April 1978.
In 1978 the People's Protection Brigades were created from an estimated 10,000 defense squad vigilantes. Their function was to act as local law enforcement agencies within the jurisdiction of each peasant association and kebele. Although promoted as instruments of decentralization, the brigades answered to the security chief of the Central Committee of the Commission to Organize the Party of the Workers of Ethiopia. Although the People's Protection Brigades retained a political role, after 1980 these paramilitary units concentrated on local police duties. Brigade members received up to five months' training in police and military tactics from East German instructors. Some brigade personnel had served on active duty in Eritrea, Tigray, and the Ogaden.
# Sue Kwon

Sue Kwon is a journalist and public relations and communications executive in San Francisco, California. Formerly, she served as Director of Communications for at Comcast Ventures, Gap, Inc., Symantec, Honor, and Nokia Technologies. Earlier in her career, Kwon was a reporter and news anchor for KRON, ABC News, NBC News, and CBS News.

## Career

Kwon started her journalism career as an intern in the White House Press Office under President George H.W. Bush.

### Journalism

Between 1994 and 2010, Kwon served as a producer, reporter and news anchor for KRON and ABC News, NBC News, and CBS News stations in California, Texas, and Nevada. In 2000, Kwon reported on the Sydney 2000 Olympics from Australia. Kwon appeared as a newscaster in the 1995 film Bushwhacked.

### Public relations

After her tenure as a journalist, Kwon transitioned into consumer communication at Gap Inc. in 2010 where she served as “Chief Storyteller” for the corporation including Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, and Athleta brands.
Kwon transitioned into the technology sector in 2013 to lead marketing and communications at Symantec, Honor, then Nokia Technologies. Kwon then served as Head of Communications for Comcast Ventures in San Francisco, California.

## Education

In 1990, Sue Kwon received a B.A. in Communications and Political Science from Stanford University. As a student, she was a writer for the Stanford Daily Newspaper.

## Awards

* In 2009, Kwon received the Associated Press prize for Best Serious Feature “Tuna Test: 20 Cans in 20 Days” an investigative story on mercury levels in canned tuna.
* In 2005 and 2007, Kwon received Emmy Awards for Outstanding Achievement in News Programming.
* In 2004, Sue Kwon received Honorable Mention for her work on CBS News at the Peninsula Press Club's 27th annual Greater Bay Area Journalism Awards.

## Personal

Kwon grew up in Clayton, California and currently lives in San Francisco, California.
# Adnan Al Awamleh

Adnan Al Awamleh (Arabic: عدنان العوامله), started his career with Jordan TV in 1968. After pursuing higher education at Beirut Arab University and BBC Institute, he rejoined Jordan TV as a director, working on several documentaries.
He established Arab Telemedia Group in 1983.
In 2008, Awamleh was awarded the first ever International Emmy Award for best telenovela for the dramatic series Al-Igtiyah (The Invasion).
He stepped down from running the company in 2000 and handed the leadership to his son Talal Al Awamleh.
# Derek Oulton

Sir Antony Derek Maxwell Oulton GCB QC (14 October 1927 – 1 August 2016) was a British senior civil servant, who was Permanent Secretary of the Lord Chancellor's Department and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, United Kingdom from 1982–1989.
Oulton was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and then read law at King's College, Cambridge, where he took a double first.
He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn (where he was later a Bencher), and was in private practice as a barrister in Nairobi until 1960, when he joined the Lord Chancellor's Department. He was Private Secretary to three successive Lord Chancellors, the Earl Kilmuir, the Viscount Dilhorne, and Lord Gardiner, and also served as Secretary to the Beeching Royal Commission on Assizes and Quarter Sessions, 1966–69.
Oulton's final civil service position was as Permanent Secretary of the Lord Chancellor's Department and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery 1982–89. He was knighted in 1984, appointed Queen's Counsel in 1985 and in 1989 he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
He was awarded a University of Cambridge PhD on the basis of a jointly-authored practitioner text on legal aid and advice, and after retiring from the civil service entered academia, becoming a Research Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1990. He subsequently became a Life Fellow and, until his retirement in June 2007, supervised undergraduate students in constitutional law. Sir Derek received a standing ovation from the College Law Society following his retirement at the Annual Lawyers' Dinner in 2007. A bench sits beside the River Cam in the grounds of the college in his honour.
On 8 May 2008, Oulton addressed the Cambridge University Gray's Inn Association, giving a talk entitled "A Life in the Law".
In 1955 Oulton married Margaret Oxley, who predeceased him in 1989, had four children by her and died on 1 August 2016 at the age of 88.