OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Northern Military District (Soviet Union)

The Northern Military District (Russian: Северный военный округ) was a Military District in the Soviet Union that existed from June 29, 1951, to March 18, 1960.

## History

The Northern Military District was formed on June 29, 1951, by renaming the former Belomorsky Military District (at the same time that name was given to the Arkhangelsk Military District). It included the territories of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (since 1956 - the Karelian ASSR) and the Murmansk region. On April 4, 1956, the territory of the abolished Belomorsky Military District (Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi ASSR) was also transferred to the district. The HQ of the Military District was based in Petrozavodsk.
On March 18, 1960, the district was disbanded with the transfer of territory and troops to the Leningrad Military District (main part of the territory) and the Ural Military District (the territory of the Komi ASSR).

## Commanders of the Northern Military District

* Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Meretskov (June 1951 - May 1954),
* Colonel General Vladimir Kolpakchi (May 1954 - January 1956),
* Colonel General Andrei Stuchenko (January 1956 - March 1960).
# Anikanga

Anikanga (Sinhala: අනිකංග) was King of Polonnaruwa in the thirteenth century, who ruled from 1209 to 1209. He succeeded his son Dharmasoka, who was installed as king of Polonnaruwa, and was succeeded by Queen Lilavati. He reigned for 17 days. He allied with the Cholas and invaded Polonnaruwa to capture the throne.

## Background and invasion

The military of the kingdom of Polonnaruwa captured the throne and issued Dharmasoka, an infant to the throne. Meanwhile, Anikanga started organizing a force within the Chola country. This army then invaded Polonnaruwa and slaughtered Dharmasoka, the heir apparent and Ayasmanta, who led the army of Polonnaruwa.

### Aftermath

Anikanga ruled for a brief period of time, 17 days. The army of Polonnaruwa this time issued Lilawati to the throne. Lilawati only ruled for a very brief period until getting overthrown again.
# Laggan, Great Glen

Laggan (Scottish Gaelic: An Lagan) is a small village in the Great Glen, in the Highland region of Scotland. The older, longer Gaelic name is Lagan Achaidh Droma, "hollow at the field of the ridge".

## Geography

Laggan is often considered to be two separate settlements, North Laggan and South Laggan, about one mile apart, both situated between Loch Lochy and Loch Oich. The Caledonian Canal passes by Laggan, linking these two lochs. Laggan Locks, a flight of two locks, connects the canal to Loch Oich.
The main A82 road between Glasgow and Inverness passes through Laggan, crossing the canal at Laggan Swing Bridge.
The Great Glen Way long-distance footpath passes by Laggan, running alongside the canal and following the old railway line.

## History

The Battle of the Shirts was fought nearby in July 1544 between the Macdonalds of Rannald and Clan Fraser of Lovat in the Great Glen, overlooking Loch Lochy.
The Invergarry and Fort Augustus Railway once passed by Laggan. This line opened in 1896, with Invergarry railway station situated at North Laggan. The line closed to passengers in 1933, and to freight in 1947.

## Gallery

* Laggan swing bridge
* Footpath alongside the canal, near Laggan
* Fields and scattered houses in Laggan, view from the hostel
# Golarcheh-ye Sofla

Golarcheh-ye Sofla (Persian: گلرچه سفلي, also Romanized as Golārcheh-ye Soflá; also known as Golārcheh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Jannatabad Rural District, Salehabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 207, in 44 families.
# Yero Dia

Yero Dia (born 5 January 1982) is a French football player who currently plays in Greece for Levadiakos.
# Varshavka, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Varshavka (Russian: Варшавка) is a rural locality (a village) in Kartalinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, in the Asian part of Russia. It has a population of 1,059 (2010 Census); and is situated on the Karagayly-Ayat River.

## History

The settlement was founded in 1842, and named after the Polish city of Warsaw, to commemorate the successful storming by the Tsarist troops on 6 September 1831 during the Polish November Uprising.
It is one of several villages in the Chelyabinsk Oblast named after major European cities, other including Parizh (named after Paris), Berlin (named after Berlin), Leyptsig (named after Leipzig), Varna (named after Varna) and Bredy (named after Breda).
# Jack Elliott (rugby union)

John "Jack" Elliott (also spelled Jack Elliot) (13 August 1871 – 30 March 1938) was a Welsh rugby union scrum-half who played club rugby for Cardiff and international rugby for Wales, winning three caps.
Although born in the North-East of England, Elliott was living in Cardiff, the Welsh capital by the time he was a young man. He became the director of the Mountstuart Dry Dock at Cardiff Docks and was a property owner.

## Rugby career

Elliott began his rugby career playing for Llandaff, before switching to local rivals Cardiff. He was first selected to represent Wales when he was brought in at centre to replace team captain, Arthur 'Monkey' Gould, in the final game of the 1894 Home Nations Championship. Elliott was paired at centre with fellow Cardiff teammate Dai Fitzgerald and completed an all Cardiff threequarter along with Tom Pearson and Norman Biggs. Wales lost the game by a single penalty goal on a boggy Belfast pitch, and the next season Elliott was replaced by Gould.
Elliott was given the captaincy of Cardiff for the 1896-97 season and four years after his previous international cap was called back into the Welsh team for the 1898 Championship. Elliot played in both Welsh games of the tournament, this time brought in at his more familiar position of scrum-half alongside Selwyn Biggs. Wales won the first game against Ireland, and Elliott was reselected for the final game of the tournament, against England. The next year, Elliott and Biggs were replaced by the Swansea brothers David and Evan James.
After retiring from playing rugby, Elliott continued his connection with the sport by becoming a first class referee. He was also a keen golfer and in 1935 was the captain of Royal Porthcawl Golf Club.

### International matches played

Wales
* England 1898
* Ireland 1894, 1898
# Owela

Owela, also referred to by the Khoekhoe language loanword ǁHus, is the Oshiwambo name of a traditional mancala board game played by the Nama people, Herero people, Rukwangali speakers, and other ethnic groups from Namibia (and its Southern African neighbours). It is related to the Omweso family of mancala games played in Eastern and Southern Africa. Although this is an abstract strategy game, the consequences of individual moves are so hard to predict that it can be considered, to some extent, a game of chance.

## Gameplay
### Equipment

Owela is typically played on a board with 4 rows of 6 to 24 pits. In addition, a number of undifferentiated seeds are needed depending on the size of the board. Owela can also be played without a board by digging rows of pits in sand.

### Objective

The winner is the last player to be able to make a legal move, possible by capturing all an opponent's stones or reducing the opponent to no more than one seed in each pit.

### Setup

Two seeds are placed in each of the outer pits. Two seeds are also placed in each of the four rightmost inner pits for each player.
Starting position for Owela

### Sowing

A player moves by selecting a pit with at least two seeds, and sowing them one by one around their side of the board in a counter-clockwise direction from the starting pit. The player may only sow from one of the sixteen pits in their territory, and the sowing proceeds around this territory, not directly involving the opponent's side.
If the last sowed seed lands in a previously occupied pit, all seeds in that pit, including the one just placed, are immediately sown, before the opponent's turn. This is called Relay sowing and continues until the last sowing ends in an empty pit.

### Capturing

If the last seed sown lands in one of the player's eight inner pits, which is occupied, and furthermore both the opponent's pits in this same column are occupied, then all seeds from these two pits are captured and sown starting from the player's next pit in the sowing.
# Golets Kropotkin

Golets Kropotkin (Russian: Голец Кропоткина) is a peak in the Olyokma-Stanovik Mountains. Administratively it is part of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russian Federation. The peak was named after Peter Kropotkin, who had explored the area in 1864.
This emblematic summit was declared a natural monument by the Chita Regional Executive Committee order No. 353 on 14 July 1983.

## Geography

This 1,908 m (6,260 ft) high mountain is the highest point of the Olyokma-Stanovik, part of the South Siberian System of ranges. It is located in the western part of the highland area, on the border of Tungokochensky District to the west and Tungiro-Olyokminsky District to the east.
Golets Kropotkin is a ‘’golets’’-type of mountain with a bald peak belonging to the Muroy Range, one of the subranges of the Olyokma-Stanovik mountain system.

## Flora

The peak has well-defined altitudinal vegetation zones, with mountain taiga in the lower slopes, followed by pre-alpine woodland and an alpine belt further up. Some of the plants found on the southern sides include Erman's birch, golden rhododendron, Cassiope, alpine bearberry and golden dock, among others.
# Hinaldagh

Hinaldagh (Azerbaijani: Hinaldağ) is a mountain in the Dashkasan District of Azerbaijan. It's located in the western part of the Tanriyokhush, the source section of the Levchay, Shamkir and Ganja rivers. It used to be the de facto 'Line of Contact' between Azerbaijan and self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh following the First Nagorno-Karabakh war, however, Azerbaijan gained full control over it on 25 November 2021 per the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement. There are alpine and subalpine meadows. Its height is 3367 meters.
# Degelen

Degelen (Kazakh: Дегелең) is a mountain massif in the Zhanasemey District, Abai Region, Kazakhstan.
Semey city, former Semipalatinsk, lies about 200 kilometers (120 mi) to the ENE of the Degelen mountain area. The Balapan nuclear test site lies to the northeast.

## History

At the time of the Kazakh SSR Degelen was part of the Semipalatinsk Test Site complex. Around hundred horizontal tunnels were bored into the mountain to carry out nuclear tests operated by the USSR armed forces. The mountain massif was the location chosen for the majority of the subcritical and supercritical tests. 215 underground nuclear explosions were carried out.
In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the site was taken over by the government of Kazakhstan. The tunnels were closed in 1993. The abandoned electrical installations and the rails that had been used to transport the nuclear devices deep into the earth became a target of scavengers. Pillaging of copper and iron went on despite the safety measures at the site. Some of the tunnels were stocked with undetonated plutonium and they had to be sealed more thoroughly as part of a plan to eliminate nuclear weapons testing infrastructure in the mountain range.

## Geography

Degelen is part of the Kazakh Upland system (Saryarka). It is a compact-shaped range of moderate altitude located in the northeastern sector of the highlands. The abandoned village named Degelen after the massif lies off the northwestern slopes and the Myrzhyk massif lies 30 kilometers (19 mi) to the WNW.
Several peaks in the Degelen exceed 1,000 meters (3,300 ft); the highest point is a 1,084 meters (3,556 ft) high summit. There are many fresh water springs in the mountains and the slopes are cut by ravines. A deep valley that opens to the east runs across the middle of the range dividing it into two segments: Ulken Degelen, the northern one, stretches from northwest to the southeast for 15 kilometers (9.3 mi). Kishi Degelen, the southern one, is 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) wide and is almost as large. The Kalybai pass is at the western end of the valley. North flowing river Karabulak and east flowing Uzynbulak have their sources in the Degelen.

## Flora

The slopes of the massif are covered with steppe vegetation, including sedges, sagebrush and fescue. The narrow valleys have dense bush growth and birch, aspen-birch, and poplar-aspen forest. The soil and water of the area are still under radioactive contamination. In order to assess recovery, experimental zones have been planted with poplar, silver birch, Tatar maple and elm seedlings.
# Hari Baba Ashram, Bidsar

Hari Baba Ashram (Hindi: हरिबाबा आश्रम) or Hari Ram Baba Samadhi is a religious site for the devotees of Saint Shri Hari Baba. It is situated in Sikar district of Rajasthan.
Hari Baba Ashram (हरिबाबा आश्रम) attracts thousands of Rajasthani worshipers throughout the year. On Chaitra Purnima, large Jagaran are organized every year where more than 2 to 3 thousands of people assemble here to pay their homage to the deity. Hari Baba Ashram Samiti looks after the management of the Ashram and the fairs. The Ashram of Sri Hari Baba is situated right in the north of the Bidsar Village.

## Location

Bidsar is a part of the Sikar district Sikar in Rajasthan, and it is situated on the Nawalgarh to Laxmangarh Road in Bidsar (Chatrana Johra) approximately 35 kilometers from Sikar, 8 kilometers from Nawalgarh, and 22 kilometers from Laxmangarh. Bidsar lies under the jurisdiction of the Bidasar Panchayat Samiti and is well connected with Sikar by a regular bus service run by the Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation. Indian Airlines and Jet Air fly to Jaipur, from where Bidsar is 3.3 hours drive via a taxi or a bus.
# Paula Slater

Paula Slater is an American sculptor. She is most notable for her U.S. Military Working Dog Teams National Monument sculpture at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas (introduced to the United States Congress by Rep. Walter B. Jones and signed into law by George W. Bush), and for her public and privately commissioned busts and monuments, particularly around the Detroit area. She has been commissioned to sculpt several Congressmen and historical figures, such as Abraham Lincoln at the Abraham Lincoln Museum and Washington County Courthouse in Springfield, Kentucky, and Giulio Cesare Graziani in the Italian Air Force Museum in Rome. Other of her prominent works include the monument honoring Steven Stayner in Merced, California, and sculptures of Sohrab Aarabi and Neda Agha-Soltan in San Francisco.
Born in Fullerton, California, she obtained her Associate of Arts degree in Fine Art from the Orange Coast College in 1973. In 1976, she obtained her Bachelor of Arts, followed by her Master of Arts degree in 1988 from California State University and John F. Kennedy University, respectively.
She is a member of the National Sculpture Society, the National Museum of Women in the Arts and the Portrait Society of America.
# Riħama Battery

Riħama Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Riħama) is an artillery battery in Marsaskala, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John in 1714–1716 as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the coasts of the Maltese Islands. The battery still exists, although it is in a dilapidated state with part of it having collapsed.
Riħama Battery is also known as Ducluseaux Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Ducluseaux), Tal-Franċiż Battery (Maltese: Batterija tal-Franċiż, literally "Frenchman's Battery") or Tan-Naz Battery (Maltese: Batterija tan-Naz).

## History

Riħama Battery was built in 1714–1716 as part of the first building programme of coastal batteries in Malta. It defended St. Thomas Bay along with the now-demolished Maħsel Battery on the opposite side of the bay, and St. Thomas Tower and Battery commanding the headland to the north of the bay. The battery was also known as Ducluseaux Battery, possibly after the French knight Ducluseaux de Handessus. It cost 1179.11.19.2 scudi to build.
Riħama Battery consisted of a pentagonal gun platform. Its right face had a parapet with three embrasures, while its left face had a low parapet for mounting guns en barbette. The battery's gorge was sealed by a rectangular blockhouse, which was among the largest ever constructed in Malta, having three rooms and its roof being supported by 17 arches. The entrance to the battery was protected by a redan, and part of structure was surrounded by a ditch.
The battery was armed with seven guns. Three 8-pounder iron guns were mounted on the right face with the embrasures, while four 4-pounder guns were mounted en barbette on the left face. The ammunition was stored within the blockhouse.
Riħama Battery only saw use during the French invasion of Malta in 1798, but it was outflanked by the invading forces. It was decommissioned in the early 1830s, along with most of Malta's coastal fortifications. It was handed over to the civil government, and was used initially as a seaside residence, and later as a soap factory and slaughterhouse. Some alterations were made to the blockhouse in the 19th and early 20th centuries, including the construction of an annex. The battery was leased until about 1979, when it was abandoned.

## Present day

Today, most of the battery still exists although it is derelict and in a state of disrepair. Its redan no longer exists, while the left face of the gun platform has collapsed into the sea.
Since 2013, Riħama Battery has been managed by the local voluntary organization Għaqda Bajja San Tumas, which intends to restore the battery.

## Gallery

* The rear of the battery with the 19th-century extension
* Right face of the battery
* Parapet with embrasures
* Sign on the battery, using the name Tal-Franċiż Battery
* Illustration of the now-collapsed left face
* Collapsed left face
# New Guinea hairtail

The New Guinea hairtail (Demissolinea novaeguineensis) is a species of cutlassfish which is classified in the monotypic genus Demissolinea. It is known only from the type location Dolak Island off southwestern New Guinea.
# Aytmatov

Aitmatov (Kyrgyz: Aytmatov, Айтматов, Russian: Айтма́тов) is a Russianized Kyrgyz surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Askar Aitmatov (born 1959), Kyrgyzstani politician, son of Chinghiz Aitmatov
* Chinghiz Aitmatov (1928–2008), Kyrgyzstani writer
# Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Commerce and Business Environment (Romania)

The Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Commerce and Business Environment of Romania (Romanian: Ministerul Întreprinderilor Mici şi Mijlocii, Comerţ şi Mediu de Afaceri) was one of the ministries of the Government of Romania.
The Ministry was founded during the Tăriceanu II government, and was known as the "Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Commerce, Tourism and Liberal Occupations". During the Boc I government, the tourism portfolio was split off to form a separate Ministry of Tourism.
It was dissolved in December 2009.
# Kantueu Muoy

Kantueu 1 (Khmer: ឃុំកន្ទឺ ១) is a khum (commune) of Banan District in Battambang Province in north-western Cambodia.

## Villages

Kantueu Muoy contains seven villages.
| Name | Khmer | Village code |
| Thmei | ថ្មី | 02010101 |
| Tuol Thnong | ទួលធ្នង់ | 02010102 |
| Svay Prey | ស្វាយព្រៃ | 02010103 |
| Svay Bei Daeum | ស្វាយបីដើម | 02010104 |
| Kampong Ampil | កំពង់អំពិល | 02010105 |
| Sasar Pok | សសរពក | 02010106 |
| Voat Kantueu | វត្តកន្ទឺ | 02010107 |
# Babikov

Babikov (masculine, Russian: Бабиков) or Babikova (feminine, Russian: Бабиковa) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anton Babikov (born 1991), Russian biathlete
* Ivan Babikov (born 1980), Russian-born Canadian cross-country skier
* Sergey Babikov, Tajikistani sport shooter
# Vakhtang Mchedelov

Vakhtang Levanovich Mchedelov (Russian: Вахтанг Леванович Мчеделов, born Mchedlishvili, Мчедлишвили / Georgian: ვახტანგ მჭედლიშვილი; 6 August 1884 – 19 May 1924) was a Russian theatre director and pedagogue of Georgian origin.

## Biography

Born in Batumi, Georgia, Mchedelov joined the Moscow Art Theatre in 1904, first as Stanislavsky's assistant, later to co-direct and direct the MAT productions. In 1913 he started to read drama at the private School of Dramatic Art (run by Massalitinov, Alexandrov and Podgorny and known as the Schools of Three Nikolais) and was "by far the most popular tutor... He loved young people and they reciprocated, he gave us more time and effort than other teachers and we admired him for that," the actor Vsevolod Verbitsky wrote in his memoirs.
As in 1916 the school closed for financial reasons, it was Mchedelov who started to collect the money for the new project which finally materialized as the MAT Second Studio which opened with the premiere of Zinaida Gippius's The Green Ring to a resounding public acclaim. His another big success at the Second Studio was the renewed production of Maurice Maeterlinck's Blue Bird in 1921. A zealous follower of Stanislavski's ideas, Mchedelov in the early 1920s was engaged in most of the theatre's experimental work. He also produced and directed plays at the Theatre of Comedy and the then Moscow-based Jewish Habima Theatre. In 1923 he launched and for a short while was the head of the Georgian Theatre Studio.
Vakhtang Mchedelov died on 19 May 1924 in Moscow. His memoirs are kept at the Theatre Museum in Tbilisi.
# Apostolic Nunciature to the Czech Republic

The Apostolic Nunciature to the Czech Republic (Czech: Apoštolská nunciatura v České republice) the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the Czech Republic. It is located in Prague. The current Apostolic Nuncio is Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okolo, who was named to the position by Pope Francis on 1 May 2022.
The nunciature is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic, with the rank of an embassy. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Holy See to the President of the Czech Republic, and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in the Czech Republic and the pope.

## Nuncios

Archbishop Giovanni Coppa was named Apostolic Nuncio to Czechoslovakia on 30 June 1990. With the division on that country into Slovakia and the Czech Republic on 1 January 1993, Coppa became nuncio to each of them, based in Prague.
* Giovanni Coppa (1 January 1993 – 19 May 2001)
* Erwin Josef Ender (19 May 2001 – 25 November 2003)
* Diego Causero (10 January 2004 – 28 May 2011)
* Giuseppe Leanza (15 September 2011 – 21 September 2018)
* Charles Daniel Balvo (21 September 2018 – 17 January 2022)
* Jude Thaddeus Okolo (1 May 2022 – present)
# Jadval

Jadval (Persian: جدول) may refer to:
* Jadval-e Darta Mokhtar
* Jadval-e Ghureh (disambiguation)
* Jadval-e Now (disambiguation)
* Jadval-e Torki
# Estonian national road 12

Tugimaantee 12 (ofcl. abbr. T12), also called the Kose–Jägala highway (Estonian: Kose–Jägala maantee), is a 36.1-kilometre-long national basic road in northern Estonia. The highway begins at Kose on national road 2 and ends at Jägala on national road 13.

## Route

T12 is located entirely in Harju County and it passes through the following municipalities:
* Anija Parish
* Kose Parish
# Steenbecque

Steenbecque (French pronunciation:; Dutch: Steenbeke or Steenbeeke) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Etymology

Steenbecque has historically been attested as Steenbeka in 1183. The toponym Steenbecque is of Germanic origin, deriving from a Low German dialect, ultimately from Proto-West-Germanic *stain. Within the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments, the Germanic hydronym *-bak(i) entered the French language via Low German, and took on two forms: the Germanic form -beek and Romance -becque (also -bec, -becques).

## Heraldry

| Arms of Steenbecque | The arms of Steenbecque are blazoned : Azure, 3 escallops argent. |
# Pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a hyperplastic lesion of the epithelial lining of pulmonary alveoli.

## Tumorigenesis

A multi-step carcinogenesis hypothesis suggests a progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) through bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC) to invasive adenocarcinoma (AC), but to date this has not been formally demonstrated.