OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Libros del saber de astronomía

The Libros del saber de astronomía (Old Spanish: Libro del saber de astrología), literally "book[s] of the wisdom of astronomy [astrology]", is a series of books of the medieval period, composed during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile. They describe the celestial bodies and the astronomical instruments existing at the time. The collection is a group of treatises on astronomical instruments, like the celestial sphere, the spherical and plane astrolabe, saphea, and universal plate for all latitudes, for uranography or star cartography that can be used for casting horoscopes. The purpose of the rest of the instruments, the quadrant of the type called vetus, sundial, clepsydras, is to determine the time, which was also needed to cast the horoscope. The king looked for separate works for the construction and use of each device.
Of the three scientific collections that Alfonso X commissioned between 1276 and 1279, this is the only one that survived with the full original text intact. It is a group of technical books, except for the first one, which is a description of the contents of the other treatises. The books are:
* Libro de la ochava espera, "Book of the eighth sphere"
* Libro del alcora
* Libro del astrolabio redondo, "Book of the round astrolabe"
* Libro del astrolabio llano, "Book of the flat astrolabe"
* Libro de la lámina universal, "Book of the universal plate", an instrument improving on the astrolabe
* Libro de la açafeha
* Libro de las armellas, "Book of the rings"
* Libro de las láminas de los siete planetas, "Book of the plates of the seven planets"
* Libro del quadrante, "Book of the quadrant"
* Libros de los relogios, "Books of the watches"
The books are written in medieval Spanish, with materials taken from Arabic sources from Andalucia. Use of the vernacular Castillian language was an innovation at the time, when most scientific texts were written in Latin. With this move, Alfonso X consolidated the Castillian language as the primary language of the unified kingdoms of Castille, Leon, and Galicia, and eventually of modern Spain. Later Alfonso also decided to translate the works into Latin, as he expected to extend his influence and had aspirations to the imperial throne in Germany.
The books are found in different versions. An original manuscript is kept in the Complutense University of Madrid.
# Adolf Gasser

Adolf Gasser (1903–1985) was a Swiss historian.

## Education

Gasser completed his studies in Heidelberg and Zurich with doctorates in history and classical philology.

## Career

From 1928 to 1969 Gasser taught as a grammar school teacher in Basel. In the course of Gasser's lectureships he became private lecturer in 1936 and an adjunct professor in 1942; from 1950 to 1985 he taught as an extraordinary professor for constitutional history at the University of Basel. After World War II Gasser started an active lecturing activity in the Federal Republic of Germany. Gasser was joint founder of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions, from 1953 to 1968 Gasser was a Liberal member of the Grand Council of Basel, and he was a president of the FDP of the canton Basel.

## Works

His works include (published in German language, all titles are translated here for better understanding):
* The territorial development of Switzerland. Confederation 1291–1797, 1932
* History of the People’s Freedom and Democracy, 1939
* Communal freedom as salvation of Europe, 1943
* On the foundations of the state, 1950
* Preussischer Militärgeist und Kriegsentfesselung 1914, 1985

### Refutation of Robert Michels' Iron Law of Oligarchy

In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy. This is known as the iron law of oligarchy. In his book "Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas" which was published in 1943 (first edition in German) and a second edition in 1947 (in German), Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy:
* Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.
* These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes financial independence, and they are free to determine their own rules.
* Local communities join together into a higher unit e.g. a canton.
* There is no hierarchical bureaucracy.
* There is competition between these local communities e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.
# Keto and Kote (film)

Keto and Kote (Georgian: ქეთო და კოტე) is a 1948 Georgian comedy film directed by Vakhtang Tabliashvili and Shalva Gedevanishvili is based on play Hanuma by Avksenty Tsagareli.

## Plot

The rich merchant of Tbilisi dreams of intermarrying with the aristocracy (in order to be known as an aristocrat himself) and is going to give his beautiful daughter Keto (Medea Japaridze) for the old, vicious and ruined prince Levan Palavandishvili (Petre Amiranashvili). The girl is desperate, because she loves the young poet Kote (Batu Kraveishvili), the nephew of the prince, who, in the guise of a teacher, goes to see her.
With the help of friends and matchmaker Khanuma (Tamari Chavchavadze), young lovers manage to outwit old people and achieve their own happiness.

## Cast

* Medea Japaridze as Keto
* Batu Kraveishvili as Kote
* Tamari Chavchavadze as Khanuma
* Meri Davitashvili as Qabato
* Shalva Gambashidze as Makari
* Veriko Anjaparidze as princess
* Petre Amiranashvili as Levan
* Tamari Tsitsishvili as Nino
* Vaso Godziashvili as Siko
* Giorgi Shavgulidze as Niko
* Sergo Zakariadze

## Release

Vakhtang Tabliashvili's film watched 22.7 million viewers, which is 764 results in the history of Soviet film distribution.
# Jason Arnberger

Jason Lee Arnberger (born 18 November 1972 in Penrith, New South Wales) is an Australian first-class cricketer who played for the Victorian Bushrangers and New South Wales Blues in Australian domestic cricket. He was a right-handed opening batsman. Arnberger's nickname is "Cheese".
Arnberger started his career with NSW but in 1997-98 he moved to Victoria as the presence of Mark Taylor and Michael Slater at the top of the order had made it difficult for him to get a game. Aged 31, he suffered a back injury which nearly ended his career but he came back strongly, scoring 639 runs with three hundreds and repeated his good performance with 721 at 45.06 the following season as he went on to win the Player of the Year award. His highest First Class score came against New South Wales in Lismore, making 239 not out. He finished his career in seventh place on Victoria's leading run getters with 5505 at 42.01. He is also in the record books with a partnership of 353 with Matthew Elliott against Tasmania. He is only one of 3 Victorian batsman to have twice scored a hundred in each innings of a match.
# Ludwig Hartmann (composer)

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Hartmann (3 August 1836 – 14 February 1910) was a German composer and music critic.

## Life

Born in Neuss, Hartmann was the son of music director in Neuss, Friedrich Hartmann. He was educated at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig under Moscheles and Hauptmann and then went to Weimar as a pupil of Franz Liszt. He appeared at a concert given by Schröder-Devrient at Dresden in 1859. From 1859 until his death, he lived in Dresden. Latterly he was almost exclusively employed in musical journalism.
Hartmann died in Dresden at the age of 73.
His grave is in the Hartmann family grave in the Johannis cemetery in Dresden. His wife Louise, daughter of the lawyer Julius von Kirchmann, also found her final resting place there.

## Work

Of Hartmann's compositions, his lieds and ballades in particular have been widely circulated, but he was also successful as a composer of piano music and pianist. As a music writer and critic, he became respected in Dresden. In his more than 50 years of activity, he championed Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss and supported young singers at the Semperoper. He published various writings about Wagner and contributed numerous articles to periodical literature.
* König Helga, opera
# Mojeek

Mojeek (/ˈmoʊdʒiːk/ MOH-jeek) is a UK-based search engine known for its focus on privacy and independence from other major search indexes. Established with a commitment to user privacy, Mojeek operates its own crawler-based index, setting it apart from search engines that rely on third-party search results, such as those from Google or Bing. Unlike many mainstream search engines, Mojeek does not track, profile, or personalize search results, ensuring an unbiased and transparent search experience for its users. Founded by Marc Smith, Mojeek has grown steadily as an alternative for those seeking privacy-respecting search options. With its technology focused on privacy and transparency, Mojeek appeals to users who value data security and freedom from targeted advertising.

## History

In 2004, the Mojeek search engine started out as a personal project by Marc Smith at the Sussex Innovation Centre. The search technology was created from the ground up using mostly the C programming language and for much of its early life, the servers were run from Smith's bedroom.
In 2006, Mojeek became the first search engine to have a no tracking privacy policy. This policy remains in place to this day.
After receiving investment, Mojeek was officially incorporated as a limited company in 2009.
On 26 January 2011, it was highlighted as an alternative British-based search engine during a Parliamentary debate on UK internet search engines over "allegations of manipulation of Google's search results, particularly the unfavourable treatment of its unpaid and sponsored results, and the preferential placement of [their] own services."
As of 2013, Mojeek's servers are run from the Custodian data centres in Maidstone, which bills itself as "one of the greenest data centres in the UK."
On 15 April 2015, the BBC's World Global Show and Radio 5 Live talked to Smith about the Mojeek search engine and the EU's decision to file a complaint against Google over alleged anti-competitive behaviour.
In 2017, in partnership with EMRAYS Technologies, Mojeek launched a demo of their emotional search engine which allows users to search for pages with certain emotional content.
As of May 2019, Mojeek's index contained over 2.3 billion pages, and by April 2020, that number had increased to over 3 billion. As of June 2021 Mojeek has 4 billion pages and in March 2022, 5 billion pages. It hit the 6 billion mark in October 2022.
In 2022, Mojeek became the default search engine of Privacy Browser. It was subsequently added to Pale Moon and the SerenityOS web browser.
Starting mid-2023, Kagi Search lists Mojeek as one of the sources for its results.

## Key features

Mojeek is a crawler-based search engine that provides independent search results using its own index of web pages, rather than using results from other search engines. Mojeek also displays significantly more individual entries in its search results than Google or Bing.

## Etymology

On October 23, 2022. Mojeek confirmed on Twitter that there is no real meaning or genuine etymology behind the word "mojeek" and that the word was simply made up.
# The Philistines (Pisemsky novel)

The Philistines (Russian: Мещане, romanized: Meshchane) is a three-part novel by Alexey Pisemsky started in 1873 and finished, according to the author's autograph, on 24 October 1877. Originally serialized by Mikhail Mikeshin-edited Pchela [ru] (Bee) magazine, in Nos. 18–49, 1877, it came out as a separate edition in 1878, published again by Mikeshin. The novel is considered to be thematically akin to the plays by Pisemsky (Baal, 1873, Enlighted Times, 1875 and The Financial Genius, 1876) which satirized the emerging Russian capitalism. Describing the novel's hero Begushev, a 'fearless knight' facing on his own the world of greed and crime, Pisemsky (in a 23 February letter to Mikeshin, the magazine's publisher and a renowned artist of the time) wrote: "...In his portrait please try to conjoin the features of [Mikhail] Bestuzhev and Hertzen, for it's their faces that I'd had in my imagination".
# Manselton

Manselton (Welsh: Trefansel) is a suburban area of Swansea, Wales falling within the Cwmbwrla ward. Manselton approximates to the area to the west of Llangyfelach Road just north of the railway line from Landore depot to west Wales.
Manselton consists mainly of suburban housing, although there is a large, open park area and a number of convenience stores, hairdressers, and beauty salons.
Despite a number of public houses being in close proximity to Manselton, none are actually within its boundary.

## History

The Manselton Hotel was built in 1886 by Sir Richard Mansel as a private hotel. Sir Richard Mansel was head of the local Temperance Society and therefore no sale of alcohol was allowed on the Manselton Estate.
The nearby Racecourse was attracting crowds of up to 60,000 and some horse owners (mostly Irish) stayed at the Hotel. For this reason, Sir Richard Mansel moved Manselton Hotel outside of the Manselton Boundary into the neighbouring Brynhyfred to allow the sale of alcohol to the Irish guests.
The local temperance was outraged by this and rolled the barrels of ale down Manor Road directly opposite. Currently do date, there are no public houses within Manselton. However, there is a private members club on Major Street.

## Local Education

In August 2012, the local primary School, Manselton Primary School closed due to building safety regulations. A new school was built within the nearby Cwmbwrla Park merging with Cwmbwrla Primary School to form a new Burlais Primary School. Manselton is the local catchment area for Pentrehafod Comprehensive School.

## Listed Buildings

Grade II listed buildings in the area include:
* Mount Calvary Baptist Chapel & Hall on Cecil Street
* Manselton School & attached Block on Manor Road
* St. Michael & All Angel's Church on Manor Road

## Community Facilities

Manselton is home to numerous community facilities such as
* Manselton Surgery (Elgin Street)
* Local Pharmacy (Manselton Road)
* Manselton Community Centre (Accessible via the lane behind pharmacy)
# Hoseynabad, Bahar

Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād and Hosein Abad; also known as Ḩoseynābād-e Khodābandehlū and Husainābād) is a village in Deymkaran Rural District, Salehabad District, Bahar County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 601, in 134 families.
# Lesnoye Ukolovo

Lesnoye Ukolovo (Russian: Лесное Уколово) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lesnoukolovskoye Rural Settlement, Krasnensky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 864 as of 2010. There are 22 streets.

## Geography

Lesnoye Ukolovo is located 13 km east of Krasnoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Goncharovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Polyvinyl toluene

Polyvinyltoluene (PVT, polyvinyl toluene) is a synthetic polymer of alkylbenzenes with a linear formula [CH2CH(C6H4CH3)]n. Commercial vinyl toluene is a mixture of methyl styrene isomers.

## Uses

PVT can be doped with anthracene or other wavelength-shifting dopants to produce a plastic scintillator. When subjected to ionizing radiation (both particle radiation and gamma radiation), the amount of visible radiation emitted is proportional to the absorbed dose as long as the energy loss per length is not too large. A relation applicable to a wide range of values for energy loss per unit length is given by Birks' Law.
PVT can be damaged by radiation with high stopping power, e.g. ion beams or by any kind of ionizing radiation. A review of radiation damage for PVT and other similar plastic scintillators can be found in Instrumentation in High Energy Physics. Such radiation breaks the C-H bonds and creates color centers which absorb the produced light, significantly reducing the light output.
Following the increase in interest in Vinyl Records (as of 2022), PVT is being looked at as a replacement for PVC, the usual and historic material used to make Vinyl Records. PVT is considered more environmentally friendly than its older cousin PVC.
# Ust-Tarka

Ust-Tarka (Russian: Усть-Тарка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ust-Tarksky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.
Population: 3,819 (2010 Census); 4,381 (2002 Census); 4,395 (1989 Soviet census).

## Geography

Ust-Tarka lies on the bank of the Om River by the confluence of the Tarka River, 509 kilometers (316 mi) west of Novosibirsk and 52 kilometers (32 mi) north of Tatarsk, where the Trans-Siberian Railway station is located.
# State Like Sleep

State Like Sleep is a 2018 American drama film written and directed by Meredith Danluck in her feature directorial debut. It stars Katherine Waterston, Michael Shannon, Luke Evans, and Michiel Huisman. It premiered at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival, and was released on January 4, 2019, by The Orchard.

## Premise

The film is centered on an owner and operator behind the club "Lebellfleur" - a secret high class gentleman's club that a woman thinks keeps the answers to her husband's death.

## Cast

* Katherine Waterston as Katherine Grand
* Michael Shannon as Edward
* Luke Evans as Emile
* Michiel Huisman as Stefan Delvoe
* Mary Kay Place as Elaine Grand
* Julie Khaner as Anneke Delvoe
* Mark O'Brien as Darren
* Bo Martyn as Frieda
* Carlo Rota as Dr. Iyengar

## Filming

Filming took place in Toronto and Cambridge, Ontario in mid-2016.

## Release

The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2018. Shortly after, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on January 4, 2019.

### Critical reception

On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, State Like Sleep has an approval rating of 37% based on 30 reviews. The site’s critics consensus reads, "State Like Sleep fails to engage despite the efforts of a talented cast, leaving viewers with a would-be thriller that has an unfortunately descriptive title."
# Harardhere District

Harardhere District (Somali: Degmada Xarardheere) is a district in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia. Its capital is Harardhere.
The district has been controlled by the Al Qa'ida-linked terrorist group al-Shabaab since at least 2012. In 2018, as US airstrike killed 80 al-Shabaab fighters at a training camp in a rural area outside the town. update in 2023 Somali National Army captured the Town from Al Shabaab in August 2023
# Idrisid dirham

The Idrisid dirham (Arabic: الدرهم الإدريسي) was a silver coin minted under the Idrisid dynasty in Morocco and the western Maghreb.

## Name

The word "dirham" (درهم) comes from drachma (δραχμή), the Greek coin. "Dirham" is also the name of the currency in use in Morocco today. Idris I was the founder of the Idrisid dynasty.

## History

They were first struck under Idris I (788–791) in Tudgha and Volubilis. Ultimately, they were minted at approximately 20 different workshops.

## Description

Inscriptions on the coins indicate the dynasty's Zaidiyyah Shia alignment. They promoted the dynasty's lineage tracing back to Ali, which gave the dynasty legitimacy. The Iraqi Kufic script on these coins influenced the early development of Maghrebi script. The Kufic script on these coins is basic and unembellished, reflecting the economic status of the Idrisid state.

## Use

Idrisid dirhams circulated widely in the Middle East, and have been found as far as Russia and the Balkans.
# Harry Allen (bowls)

Harry J Allen was a Canadian international lawn bowls player who competed in the 1930 British Empire Games.

## Bowls career

At the 1930 British Empire Games he won the silver medal in the rinks (fours) event with Jimmy Campbell, Mitch Thomas and Billy Rae.
# Alan Dzutsev (footballer, born 1991)

Alan Zaurbekovich Dzutsev (Russian: Алан Заурбекович Дзуцев; born 24 November 1991) is a former Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Alania Vladikavkaz on 19 September 2009 in a game against FC Metallurg Lipetsk. He also appeared in the FNL for FC Nizhny Novgorod.
He played one game for the main squad of FC Shinnik Yaroslavl in the Russian Cup.

## Namesake

Sometimes, different sites mixed him with other footballer, Alan Dzutsev from Ukraine, merging information about both.
# Polyanski

Polyanski (Russian: Полянский), also transliterated as Polyanskiy or Polyansky, is a Russian surname (the female form being Polyanskaya, Russian: Полянская). People with this surname include:
* Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii (1888–1948), Russian Bolshevik writer
* Dmitry Polyansky (1917–2001), former Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
* Anatoly Polyansky (1928–1993), Russian architect
* Valery Polyansky (born 1949), a Russian choral and orchestral conductor
* Igor Nikolaevich Polyansky (born 1967), Russian swimmer, living in New Zealand
* Dmitry Polyanski (born 1986), Russian triathlete, husband of Anastasiya Polyanskaya
* Anastasiya Polyanskaya (born 1989), Ukrainian triathlete, wife of Dmitry Polyanski
* Lyubov Polyanskaya (born 1989), Russian triathlete
* Igor Andreyevich Polyanski (born 1990), Russian triathlete, the younger brother of Dmitry Polyanski
* Stepan Polyansky (1913–1943), Soviet officer
# Leo Lanzetta

Leo Lanzetta was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1895. Leo had five other brothers, with whom he formed the bootlegging and drug trafficking Lanzetta Brothers gang. He and his brothers were also called "the Lanzetti brothers" (due to incorrect documentation and newspaper retrieving incorrect information).

## Early life

Leo Lanzetta was born to Italian American parents Michele and Ignatius Lanzetta. Leo had five other brothers: Ignatius, Pius, Willie, Teo, and Lucien; Leo being the oldest and Pius being the second oldest.

## Prohibition

Leo formed the Lanzetta Gang with Ignatius, Pius, and their other brothers in the early 1920s. Leo, Ignatius, Pius, and their other brothers ran the gang. The brothers controlled bootlegging in Little Italy.
They were allied with Italian gangsters Michael Falcone and Louis "Fats" Delrossi and their rivals included: Polish mob boss William Michael Cusick, Sicilian Mafia and Bruno crime family boss Salvatore Sabella, Jewish mob boss Max "Boo Boo" Hoff, and Italian Mafia made man and rival dope peddler and bootlegger Joseph Bruno.
The Lanzetta brothers ran their gang with extreme violence and expanded into drug trafficking and numbers writing.

## Death

Leo and Ignatius murdered Joe Bruno on August 18, 1925, at 8th and Catherine Streets. Four days later, as Leo left a barbershop at 7th and Bainbridge Streets, an unknown assailant killed him in retaliation for the murder of Bruno. Sabella is Leo's suspected killer.

## Television adaption

In the first season of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, Leo Lanzetta and his brothers are the inspiration for Nucky Thompson's main rivals the D'Alessio brothers. In the series, Leo is the inspiration for Leo D'Alessio, the co-leader of the D'Alessio gang. In the series, his brothers are: Ignacius, Matteo, Lucien, Sixtus, Pius, and another brother in Philadelphia who is a dentist; the brothers also have several more sisters. In the last episode of season one, Leo's throat is cut by Nucky's bodyguard James "Jimmy Irish" Darmody in November 1920.