# West Highland Line

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The West Highland Line (Scottish Gaelic: Rathad Iarainn nan Eilean – "Iron Road to the Isles") is a railway line linking the ports of Mallaig and Oban in the Scottish Highlands to Glasgow in Central Scotland. The line was voted the top rail journey in the world by readers of independent travel magazine Wanderlust in 2009, ahead of the notable Trans-Siberian line in Russia and the Cuzco to Machu Picchu line in Peru. The ScotRail website has since reported that the line has been voted the most scenic railway line in the world for the second year running.
The West Highland Line is one of two railway lines that access the remote and mountainous west coast of Scotland, the other being the Kyle of Lochalsh Line which connects Inverness with Kyle of Lochalsh. The line is the westernmost railway line in Great Britain.
At least in part, the West Highland Line is the same railway line as that referred to as the West Highland Railway.

## History

The route was built in several sections:
* Glasgow Queen Street to Cowlairs Junction - Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
* Cowlairs Junction to Bowling - Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (later absorbed into the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway)
* Bowling to Dumbarton Central - Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway, operated by the Caledonian Railway
* Dumbarton Central to Dalreoch - Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction Railway
* Dalreoch to Craigendoran - Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway
* Craigendoran to Fort William (opened 11 August 1894) - West Highland Railway sponsored by the North British Railway
* Crianlarich to Oban - Callander and Oban Railway, operated by the Caledonian Railway.
There is an additional section from Fort William (or a junction near Fort William) to Mallaig, built as the Mallaig Extension Railway. The West Highland Railway approved the construction of the line at their annual meeting in January 1895.
The line faced potential closure as part of the Beeching cuts in 1963 and again in 1995 due to reduced revenues.

## Route description

Shortly after leaving Glasgow Queen Street station, and beyond Queen Street Tunnel, the line diverges from the main trunk route to Edinburgh Waverley and Perth at Cowlairs and follows a northwesterly course through the suburbs of Maryhill and Kelvindale. Between Westerton and Dumbarton, the route is shared with the North Clyde Line to Helensburgh Central before branching northward at Craigendoran Junction towards Garelochhead, the section where the West Highland Line itself is generally accepted to begin. It gives high-level views of the Gare Loch and Loch Long before emerging alongside the northwesterly shores of Loch Lomond, then climbs Glen Falloch to Crianlarich.
The branch to Oban diverges at Crianlarich, an important Highland junction of both road and rail, and runs through Glen Lochy to Dalmally and through the Pass of Brander to reach salt water at Taynuilt and Connel Ferry before a final climb over a hill to Oban. About three miles (five kilometres) from Crianlarich, the Mallaig and Oban routes both pass through the village of Tyndrum, but they are served by separate stations, making it the smallest settlement in the UK to be served by more than one railway station.
After Bridge of Orchy, the line to Mallaig climbs onto Rannoch Moor, past the former crossing point at Gorton Crossing to Rannoch station. In winter, the moor is often covered with snow, and deer may be seen running from the approaching train. The station at Corrour on the moor is one of the most remote stations in Britain and is not accessible by any public road. This is the summit of the line at 1347 ft (410 m) above sea level. Carrying on northwards, the line descends above the shores of Loch Treig and through the narrow Monessie Gorge. The final stop before Fort William is Spean Bridge. The section between Fort William and Mallaig passes over the Glenfinnan Viaduct, through Arisaig with its views of the Small Isles of Rùm, Eigg, Muck and Canna, and the white sands of Morar before coming to Mallaig itself.
With the exception of the route between Glasgow Queen Street and Helensburgh Upper, and the short section between Fort William Junction and Fort William station, the railway is signalled using the Radio Electronic Token Block, controlled from the signal box at Banavie station.

## Services

Passenger services on the line are operated by ScotRail and Caledonian Sleeper. As of May 2021, the service pattern is as follows:
* 3tpd each way Mallaig - Glasgow Queen Street
* 1tpd each way Mallaig - Fort William
* 1tpd Oban - Dalmally
* 6tpd each way Oban - Glasgow Queen Street. Additionally, 1tpd Glasgow Queen Street - Oban (one way only)
All of the services from Glasgow Queen Street - Mallaig are combined with services to Oban, splitting at Crianlarich. Similarly, two of the return services combine at Crianlarich.
During the summer season from May until October a steam locomotive-hauled daily return service between Fort William and Mallaig known as The Jacobite is operated by West Coast Railways. There is one train a day in May, September and October, and two trains per day from June until the end of August.
Caledonian Sleeper operates a nightly service from Fort William to London Euston.
Onward ferry connections operated by Caledonian MacBrayne are available from Mallaig to the Isle of Skye, to the small isles of Rùm, Eigg, Muck, and Canna, to South Uist, and to Inverie on the Knoydart peninsula. From Oban ferries sail to the islands of Lismore, Colonsay, Coll, Tiree, Mull and Barra.
As of 2021, there is a single regular freight operation on the line, consisting of alumina services from North Blyth to a smelter near Fort William.

## Route timings

Since improvements to Scottish trunk roads in the 1980s, a train journey can take significantly longer than the equivalent road journey. There are several reasons for this. The line is entirely single track once it leaves the North Clyde suburban network at Craigendoran and trains must wait at stations with crossing loops for opposite direction trains to pass. Even when no crossing is timetabled, each train must pause at the various token exchange points whilst the driver contacts the main signalling centre at Banavie to swap tokens electronically and obtain permission to proceed. Up to 15 minutes have to be allocated for trains to divide or combine at the junction station at Crianlarich, whilst trains heading to/from Mallaig also have to reverse at Fort William & traverse the Banavie swing bridge at low speed. A further issue is finding suitable timetable paths for Oban & Mallaig trains on the busy North Clyde line, which carries an intensive local stopping service. As West Highland trains only stop at Dumbarton Central and Dalmuir on this stretch, it is not uncommon for them be delayed by a preceding local train and so recovery time has to be included in their schedules to reduce the possibility of a late arrival in Glasgow.
Over much of the Rannoch Moor section the speed limit is 60 mph (95 km/h) for the Sprinter and 70 mph (110 km/h) on the approach to Rannoch station. The Caledonian Sleeper travels at 40 mph (65 km/h) maximum, slowing down for a number of bridges on the route due to the heavy weight of the Class 67 locomotive which hauled the train until the end of the old franchise in April 2015. The operator of the sleeper Serco has replaced these with refurbished Class 73 electro-diesels since it took over, which have a lighter axle load; it is not yet clear whether the new locomotives will be cleared to run at higher speeds now they are in service.

## Rolling stock

Past, present and future rolling stock on the line :
| Class | Image | Operator | Route | Maximum speed | Maximum speed | Builder/Built | In service on the line | Leased from | Notes |
| Class | Image | Operator | Route | mph | km/h | Builder/Built | In service on the line | Leased from | Notes |
| Past rolling stock (from 1980) ||||||||||
| Class 37 | | British Rail (Until 1983) BR ScotRail (From 1983) | Glasgow Queen Street to Oban/Mallaig (Until 1989) London Euston to Fort William (Takes over from electric loco at Edinburgh) Freight | 80 | 130 | English Electric 1960-1965 | 1981-1985 | N/A | Class 37/0 |
| Class 37 | | BR ScotRail | Glasgow Queen Street to Oban/Mallaig (Until 1989) London Euston to Fort William (Takes over from electric loco at Edinburgh) Freight | 90 | 145 | English Electric 1960-1965 | 1985-2006 | N/A | Class 37/4 |
| BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0 | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 60 | 96 | Horwich Works 1957 | | | The Jacobite |
| LNER Class K4 2-6-0 | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 60 | 96 | Darlington Works 1938 | | | The Jacobite |
| Mark 1 Passenger Coach | | British Rail (Until 1983) BR ScotRail (From 1983) Royal Scotsman (1985 - 1989) | Glasgow Queen Street to Oban or Mallaig | 100 | 160 | 1951-1963 | 1961-1989 | N/A | |
| Mark 2 Passenger Coach | | Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William | 100 | 160 | BREL 1963-1975 | 1964-2019 | | It was replaced by the Mark 5 passenger coach. |
| Mark 3 Sleeper Coach | | Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William | 125 | 200 | BREL 1979-1980 | 1980-2019 | | It was replaced by the Mark 5 sleeping coach. |
| Current fleet ||||||||||
| Class 66 | | GB Railfreight | Freight | 75 | 120 | Electro-Motive Diesel 1998-2015 | 2000- | N/A | Class 66/7 |
| Class 66 | | Belmond Limited | Special Passenger Workings (Royal Scotsman) | 75 | 120 | Electro-Motive Diesel 1998-2015 | 2000- | GB Railfreight | Class 66/7 |
| Class 67 | | First ScotRail (Until 2015) Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William (Took over from electric loco at Edinburgh) | 125 | 200 | Alstom 1999-2000 | 2006-2016, 2023- | DB Cargo UK | |
| Class 73 | | First ScotRail (Until 2015) Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William (Took over from electric loco at Edinburgh) | 90 | 145 | British Railways Eastleigh Works 1962 English Electric 1965-1967 Rebuilt 2014-2016 | 2016- | GB Railfreight | Replaced Class 67 when their lease from DB Cargo UK Expired Class 73/9. |
| Class 153 | | ScotRail (2021-present) | Glasgow Queen Street to Oban/Mallaig | 75 | 120 | Leyland Bus 1987-1988 as Class 155s Converted to Class 153 by Hunslet-Barclay 1991-1992 | 2021– | N/A | In service from 19 July |
| Class 156 | | BR ScotRail (until 1997) National Express (1997-2004) First ScotRail (2005-2015) ScotRail (2015-present) | Glasgow Queen Street to Oban/Mallaig | 75 | 120 | Metro-Cammell 1987-1989 | 1989– | N/A | |
| LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 60 | 96 | Armstrong Whitworth (45212 & 45407) 1935 & 1937 Crewe Works (44871) 1945 | - | | The Jacobite |
| Peppercorn Class K1 | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 60 | 96 | North British Locomotive Company 1949-1950 | - | | The Jacobite |
| Mark 1 Passenger coach | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 100 | 160 | Cravens 19511963 | | | The Jacobite |
| Mark 2 Passenger Coach | | West Coast Railways | Fort William to Mallaig | 100 | 160 | BREL 1963–1975 | | | The Jacobite |
| Pullman Mark 3 coach | | Belmond Limited | Special Passenger Workings (Royal Scotsman) | 125 | 200 | BREL 1979–1980 | | | |
| Mark 3 Sleeper Coach | | Belmond Limited | Special Passenger Workings (Royal Scotsman) | 125 | 200 | BREL 1979–1980 | | | |
| Mark 5 Passenger Coach | | Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William | 100 | 160 | CAF 2016–2018 | Oct 2019– | Caledonian Sleeper Rail Leasing | It replaced the Mark 2 passenger coach. |
| Mark 5 Sleeper Coach | | Caledonian Sleeper | London Euston to Fort William | 100 | 160 | CAF 2016–2018 | Oct 2019– | Caledonian Sleeper Rail Leasing | It replaced the Mark 3 sleeping coach. |
In early 2018 it was widely reported that Class 158s would be used from Q3-Q4 2018 to replace the Class 156s. However, following investigation it was discovered that the line does not have sufficient gauge clearance for the class. As of August 2018 studies were still ongoing.

## Some notable railway-related features

* The Horse Shoe Curve, between Upper Tyndrum and Bridge of Orchy
* The Cruach Rock snowshed, between Rannoch and Corrour
* Glenfinnan Viaduct, between Locheilside and Glenfinnan
* The Pass of Brander stone signals, between Dalmally and Taynuilt
* Arisaig is the most westerly railway station in Great Britain
The two branches of the line are described in detail by John Thomas in his two books (see Sources).

## The route in detail

vteWest Highland Line :
Legend :
Detailed View :
Places served along the route from Glasgow Queen Street are listed below. Sleeper services to Fort William start, however, at London Euston, calling at Edinburgh Waverley and Queen Street Low Level (to pick up or set down depending on direction).
| Place | Station | OS reference | Notes |
| Glasgow to Crianlarich ||||
| Glasgow | Glasgow Queen Street | NS592655 | |
| Dalmuir | Dalmuir | NS484714 | |
| Dumbarton | Dumbarton Central | NS397755 | |
| Helensburgh | Helensburgh Upper | NS298833 | |
| Garelochhead | Garelochhead | NS242910 | |
| Arrochar and Tarbet | Arrochar and Tarbet | NN311045 | |
| Ardlui | Ardlui | NN317155 | Request stop for the Caledonian Sleeper. |
| Crianlarich | Crianlarich | NN384250 | At Crianlarich the former West Highland Railway route to Fort William and Mallaig links to the remaining section of the former Callander and Oban Railway to Oban |
| Crianlarich to Oban ||||
| Tyndrum | Tyndrum Lower | NN327301 | |
| Dalmally | Dalmally | NN159271 | |
| Loch Awe | Loch Awe | NN124274 | |
| Loch Awe | Falls of Cruachan | NN079267 | Used mainly by hikers |
| Taynuilt | Taynuilt | NN003312 | |
| Connel | Connel Ferry | NM916340 | |
| Oban | Oban | NM857298 | |
| Crianlarich to Fort William ||||
| Tyndrum | Upper Tyndrum | NN333302 | |
| Bridge of Orchy | Bridge of Orchy | NN300394 | |
| Rannoch | Rannoch | NN422578 | |
| Corrour | Corrour | NN356663 | Request stop for the Caledonian Sleeper |
| Tulloch | Tulloch | NN354802 | |
| Roy Bridge | Roy Bridge | NN272810 | Request stop for the Caledonian Sleeper |
| Spean Bridge | Spean Bridge | NN221814 | |
| Fort William | Fort William | NN105741 | Services from Glasgow reverse out of Fort William to continue to Mallaig. The Jacobite runs from Fort William to Mallaig. |
| Fort William and Mallaig route ||||
| Banavie | Banavie | NN112767 | |
| Corpach | Corpach | NN096767 | |
| Loch Eil | Loch Eil Outward Bound | NN054783 | |
| Loch Eil | Locheilside | NM994786 | Request stop |
| Glenfinnan | Glenfinnan | NM898810 | |
| Lochailort | Lochailort | NM768826 | Request stop |
| Beasdale | Beasdale | NM709850 | Request stop |
| Arisaig | Arisaig | NM663867 | |
| Morar | Morar | NM677929 | |
| Mallaig | Mallaig | NM675970 | Ferries link Mallaig to Armadale, the Isle of Skye, South Uist and the Small Isles |

## West Highland Line in film

* Glenfinnan Viaduct, on the line between Fort William and Mallaig, is a filming location for the Hogwarts Express in the Harry Potter series of films.
* Eddie McConnell's poetic documentary A Line for All Seasons (1970) showcases the line and its history set against the scenery of the western highlands as it changes through the seasons.
* Corrour features in Trainspotting (1996), directed by Danny Boyle.

## Museum

There is a museum dedicated to the history of the West Highland Line situated at Glenfinnan station.

## Future

In the Scottish Government's National Transport Strategy, published in February 2020, it was stated that the line will not be electrified with overhead lines. Instead, an alternative to diesel traction will be found.

## Gallery

* A freight train heading south on the West Highland Line
* A Scotrail service crosses Loch Awe in 2017
* Bridge of Orchy station in 1961
* Railway Bridge near Inverlochy Castle
* Approaching the Glenfinnan Viaduct