OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subtonic

In music, the subtonic is the degree of a musical scale which is a whole step below the tonic note. In a major key, it is a lowered, or flattened, seventh scale degree (♭). It appears as the seventh scale degree in the natural minor and descending melodic minor scales but not in the major scale. In major keys, the subtonic sometimes appears in borrowed chords. In the movable do solfège system, the subtonic note is sung as te (or ta).
The subtonic can be contrasted with the leading note, which is a half step below the tonic. The distinction between leading note and subtonic has been made by theorists since at least the second quarter of the 20th century. Before that, the term subtonic often referred to the leading tone triad, for example.
The word subtonic is also used as an English translation of subtonium, the Latin term used in Gregorian chant theory for the similar usage of a tone one whole step below the mode final in the Dorian, Phrygian, and Mixolydian modes.

## Chord

The triad built on the subtonic note is called the subtonic chord. In Roman numeral analysis, the subtonic chord is symbolized by the Roman numeral "♭VII" in a major key. In a minor key, it is often written as "VII", the flat symbol being often omitted by some theorists because the subtonic note appears in the natural minor scale. The flat symbol is used for the major scale because the subtonic is a non-diatonic note.
Theorists Stefan Kostka and Dorothy Payne describe the subtonic chord (VII) as "sounding like the V in the key of the relative major—that is, a V of ♭III." Allen Forte writes that "[w]hile VII in relation to C minor (I) becomes V in relation to III (E♭ major).... As a major triad on an unaltered or natural scale degree 7 in minor the VII functions as a secondary dominant triad in relation to the mediant." In the minor mode, the subtonic chord may also appear as a major minor seventh chord (i.e. dominant seventh chord), ♭VII$^7$.
In jazz, the flattened seventh is also used as a substitute for the dominant, V, especially in the backdoor cadence, ii–♭VII$^7$–I, where the subtonic is substituted for the dominant seventh. In this case, ♭VII functions as a pivot chord borrowed from the parallel minor (its dominant seventh). The chords V$^7$ and ♭VII$^7$ have two common tones: in C major, these chords are G–B–D–F and B♭–D–F–A♭.
However, while "the leading-tone/tonic relationship is axiomatic to the definition of common practice tonality", especially cadences and modulations, in popular music and rock a diatonic scalic leading tone (i.e., ♮–) is often absent. In popular music, rather than "departures" or "aberrant", the "use of the 'flattened' diatonic seventh scale degree… should not even be viewed as departures". In reference to chords built on the flattened seventh, Richard Franko Goldman argues that "the concept of borrowing is in actuality unnecessary. The mixture of major and minor is a simple fact in the Classical and Romantic periods."
# Igor Pestretsov

Igor Dmitriyevich Pestretsov (Russian: Игорь Дмитриевич Пестрецов; born 9 January 1963) is a former Russian professional footballer.
# Tatar language (disambiguation)

Tatar language a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly in modern Tatarstan, Siberia and Crimea.
Tatar language may also refer to:
* Crimean Tatar language
* Dobrujan Tatar, a language of Romania
* Siberian Tatar language
* Cuman language, self referred to as Tatar til, a West Kipchak Turkic language
# Obourg

Obourg (French pronunciation:; Walloon: Obour) is a sub-municipality of the city of Mons located in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1972. In 1964, Saint-Denis was merged into Obourg. On 1 January 1972, Obourg was merged into Mons.

## History

It is the site of the first British soldier to be killed in the First World War, Private John Parr on 21 August 1914.

## Agriculture

Obourg was known for its tobacco in the past.
# Abuzar Brigade

Abuzar Brigade, (Arabic: لواء أبوزر Liwa' 'Abuzr,), (Persian: لشکر ابوذر ), also known as Abuzar Division, was an Afghan Shia militia that fought in the Iran–Iraq War on the side of Iran. During the war, the group was mainly stationed in the mountainous areas of northwestern Iran, and its fighters had experience in both mountain and irregular warfare from the Soviet-Afghan War.

## History

In the early years of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Afghan militias fought against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and its Soviet supporters. During the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s, they aligned with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as the Abuzar Brigade to battle the Iraqis, suffering significant casualties throughout the conflict.
In 2014 the IRGC created the Liwa Fatemiyoun, an Afghan Shia militia formed to fight in Syria on the side of the government. It is funded, trained, and equipped by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, and fights under the command of Iranian officers. However, the group has denied direct Iranian government involvement in its activities. According to late deputy commander Sayed Hakim, the group numbers between 12,000–14,000 fighters.
# Chehel Amiran

Chehel Amiran (Persian: چهل اميران) may refer to:
* Chehel Amiran, Bijar
* Chehel Amiran, Chang Almas, Bijar County
# Doğanköy, Kemah

Doğanköy (Kurdish: Tortan) is a village in the Kemah District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Aslanan tribe and had a population of 51 in 2022.
# Icelandic Meteorological Office

Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO; Icelandic: Veðurstofa Íslands) is Iceland's national weather service and as such a government agency under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. It is also active in volcano monitoring, esp. volcano seismology, and, together with other institutions, responsible for civil protection in Iceland

## Aims and functions

"The research focus of IMO is on weather and climate, atmospheric processes, glacier and avalanche studies, hydrological systems, earthquake and volcanic processes and geohazards. IMO also focuses on research in multi-parameter geophysical monitoring to develop more accurate forecasts of hazardous events. IMO has participated in several European and Nordic funded research projects, having the role of lead partner in many of them."An example is the FUTUREVOLC-Project.

## History of the institution

IMO was founded on 1 January 1920 as a solely meteorological institute. Til in 1925, it was part of another institution (Löggildingarstofa). Since then, it is an independent institution under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
From 2009 on, the Institution for Hydrology (Vatnamælingar) was integrated into IMO.
80 years after foundation, in the year 2000, a book was published about the history of the Icelandic Met Office (Hilmar Garðarsson: Saga Veðurstofu Íslands), 100 years after foundation, in 2020, a statue was erected for IMO.

## General directors

General directors of the institution are: Þorkell Þorkelsson (from 1920 to 1946), Teresía Guðmundsson (from 1946 to 1963), Hlynur Sigtryggsson (from 1963 to 1989), Páll Bergþórsson (from 1989 to 1993), Magnús Jónsson (from 1994 to 2008) and Árni Snorrason (since 2009).

## Equipment

From 2016, the Icelandic Veðurstofa manages a dual Cray XC30 system for the Danish Meteorological Institute as weather prediction, due to cheaper electricity and cooling. One is used for development, the other for daily operations.
# Abu al-Futuh al-Razi

Abu al-Futuh al-Razi (Arabic: أبو الفتوح الرازي), full name Abū al-Futūḥ al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Khuzāʿī al-Rāzī al-Nīsābūrī (أبو الفتوح الحسين بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد الخزاعي الرازي النيسابوري) or Abu al-Futuh Jamal al-Din al-Razi al-Nisaburi (أبو الفتوح جمال ادين الرازي النيسابوري), also known as Khaza'i Nishaburi (fl. 6th A.H./12th century), was a Shiʿite theologian and author. He came from an Arab family originally from Nishapur and supposedly from the Khuza'a tribe, which settled in Nishapur. His grandfather had moved to Rayy, where he taught and later died in or after 1131 CE.
His most famous work, Rawz al-jinan wa Ruh al-Janan, is considered the first Persian-language exegesis on the Quran. The book, consisting of twenty volumes, is the earliest surviving Persian tafsīr with an Imāmī Shīʿī emphasis. It delves into mystical themes regularly.
# Organisation Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The Organisation Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Lao: ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ ຄະນະຈັດຕັ້ງສູນກາງພັກ) Central Committee was established on 25 March 1955. It is responsible for organising and leading the party's organisation and personnel work.
The Head of the Central Committee Organisation Commission is by right of office member of the LPRP Central Committee. The current head, Sisay Leudetmounsone, is a member of the 11th Central Committee, 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat.

## Heads

| No. | Name | Akson Lao | Took office | Left office | Gender |
| 1 | Khamseng Sivilai | Akson Lao | ສະນັ່ນ ສຸດທິ​ຈັກ | 25 March 1955 | February 1957 | Male |
| 2 | Sisomphone Lovansay | ສີສົມພອນ ລໍວັນໄຊ | February 1957 | March 1964 | Male |
| 3 | Nouhak Phoumsavanh | ໜູຮັກ ພູມສະຫວັນ | March 1964 | March 1972 | Male |
| 4 | Sisomphone Lovansay | ສີສົມພອນ ລໍວັນໄຊ | March 1972 | March 1982 | Male |
| 5 | Samane Vignaket | ສະໝານ ວິຍະເກດ | March 1982 | June 1989 | Male |
| 6 | Maichantan Sengmani | ໄມຈັນຕານ ແສງມະນີ | June 1989 | February 1990 | Male |
| 7 | Oudom Khattigna | ອຸດົມ ຂັດຕິຍະ | February 1990 | March 1991 | Male |
| 8 | Thongsing Thammavong | ທອງສິງ ທຳມະວົງ | March 1991 | May 2002 | Male |
| 9 | Bounthong Chitmany | ບຸນທອງ ຈິດມະນີ | May 2002 | 2010 | Male |
| 10 | Chansy Phosikham | ຈັນສີ ໂພສີຄຳ | 2010 | 2 February 2021 | Male |
| 11 | Sisay Leudetmounsone | ສີໃສ ລື​ເດດ​ມູນ​ສອນ | 2 February 2021 | Incumbent | Female |
| References: ||||||
# Transfiguration Church, Hunedoara

The Transfiguration Church (Romanian: Biserica Schimbarea la Față) is a Romanian Orthodox church located at 35 Popa Șapcă Street, Hunedoara, Romania. It is dedicated to the Feast of the Transfiguration.
The town’s old Orthodox church was taken over by the newly established Romanian Greek-Catholic Church after 1701. The remaining Orthodox community built a small wooden church, which it used for nearly a century. The present church was built between 1797 and 1801, out of donations from local Orthodox believers. The style is Transylvanian, in the shape of a ship, made of brick and stone. The original wood shingle roof was replaced by zinc sheeting in 1958-1959.
Various repairs have been carried out over time, the tower and nave requiring iron support due to large cracks appearing. The church acquired new woodwork and icons in 1925; the interior was painted three years later. The church ran a school until 1918. The large bell was donated in 1926; it cracked and was re-cast in 1952. The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.
# Seyed Khorasani

Seyed Khorasani (Arabic: ٱلسَّيِّد ٱلْخُرَاسَانِي, romanized: As-Sayyid Al-Khurāsānī), is an Islamic leader whose rising is an essential part of Islamic eschatology. According to Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan of Neyshabur, in an authentic document from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, al-Khorasani is one of the townspeople of Samarkand, and he is considered to be amongst the assistants of the Mahdi.

## Rising

According to the hadith(s), Al-Khorasani has a spot on his right hand. It is predicted that he will to move to Kufah with Sufyani at one common day, and then defeat the Sufyani's army with his own army.
His rising is predicted to be commenced from the east of the Earth. With regards to al-Khorasani, ahadith was narrated from the Islamic prophet Muhammad saying:
   A group from Mashriq is going to rise, and will provide the way for the rule of the Mahdi.
It is predicted that after defeating the Sufyani's army in Iraq, al-Khorasani will swear allegiance to al-Mahdi.

### The Black Standard

The rising of al-Khorasani, or the movement of the Black Standard from the side of Khorasan, is considered to be among the signs of the appearance of the Mahdi.
Imam as-Sadiq was reported saying:
   Coming out of three groups "Sufyani, Khorasani and Yamani" will be in: a year, a month, and a day.
It has been mentioned in the traditions (hadiths) that "you ought to have the expectation of Faraj from three things":
* Establishment of differences between the ones who are from Shaam, for the things which is between them;
* Fear/bewilderment in the month of Ramadan.
* Movement of black flags from Khorasan.
Khorasan can relate to two places:
* A part of the current country of Iran which starts from the Zagros Mountains, towards Herat in present-day Afghanistan
* The areas around Khorasan, which its rulers had ruled.
# Makapania

Makapania is an extinct genus of large caprine or ovibovine from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern and East Africa. It is remarkable in that its horns were positioned laterally. Its body weight is estimated to have been about 263 kg.
Makapania is thought to have been both a browser and a grazer. It probably preferred grasses, and would have required a nearby source of permanent water.
Makapania broomi has been found at Sterkfontein Members 4 and 5, Swartkrans Members 1-3, Gladysvale, Motsetse and possibly Coopers. It has been recovered from 3-million-year-old sediments in East Africa. The type specimen was found at Makapansgat. This species existed from about 3 mya until 1 mya, or perhaps more recently.
Remains of an undescribed species of either Makapania or an unnamed related genus were found in mountain areas of South Africa and dated to just the 6th millennium BCE. The final extinction of this animal could be related to the retreat of dry grasslands in southern and eastern Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, which also affected other megafauna from this environment like the giant hartebeest Megalotragus, giant zebra Equus capensis, springbok Antidorcas bondi, and bluebuck Hippotragus leucophaeus.
# Ampisikina

Ampisikina or Ampisikinana is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vohemar, which is a part of Sava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 4,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 81.5% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 3% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Industry and services provide employment for 12% and 0.5% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 3% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
12°56′S 49°48′E﻿ / ﻿12.933°S 49.800°E﻿ / -12.933; 49.800
* This Sava region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* e
# Anoviara

Anoviara is a commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Andapa, which is a part of Sava Region. According to 2001 census the population of Anoviara was 10,667.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 98% of the population are farmers. The most important crop is vanilla, while other important products are coffee and rice. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
14°44′S 49°50′E﻿ / ﻿14.733°S 49.833°E﻿ / -14.733; 49.833
* This Sava region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# James Martin (American football)

James A. Martin Sr. (August 22, 1944 – January 14, 2009) was an American football and baseball coach and college athletics administrator. He was served as the head football coach at Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama for nine seasons, from 1984 to 1993, compiling a record of 43–43–2. Martin also had two stints as Tuskegee's head baseball coach, from 1971 to 1982 and 1984 to 1988, and was the school's athletic director from 1987 to 1993. He was the athletic director at South Carolina State University from 1993 to 1995, Long Island University (LIU) from 1995 to 1996, and Alabama A&M University from 1996 to 2006.
Martin was the head football coach at Davidson High School in Centreville, Alabama from 1966 to 1969. He was an assistant football coach at Tuskegee for 13 years before being promoted to head football coach.
Martin died on January 14, 2009, at Crest-wood Medical Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

## Head coaching record
### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | NCAA$^#$ |
| Tuskegee Golden Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference) (1984–1993) |||||||
| 1984 | Tuskegee | 1–8 | | | |
| 1985 | Tuskegee | 3–6–1 | 2–3–1 | | |
| 1986 | Tuskegee | 6–3 | 5–2 | | |
| 1987 | Tuskegee | 8–2 | 6–1 | T–1st | |
| 1988 | Tuskegee | 3–6 | 3–4 | 5th | |
| 1989 | Tuskegee | 5–5 | 4–2 | 3rd | |
| 1990 | Tuskegee | 8–3 | 6–1 | 2nd | 14 |
| 1991 | Tuskegee | 6–4 | 5–2 | T–1st | |
| 1992 | Tuskegee | 3–6–1 | 2–4–1 | 7th | |
| Tuskegee: | Tuskegee: | 43–43–2 | | | |
| Total: | Total: | 43–43–2 | | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth |||||||
| $^#$Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll. |||||||
# Whitney K. Newey

Whitney Kent Newey (born July 17, 1954) is the Jane Berkowitz Carlton and Dennis William Carlton Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a well-known econometrician. He is best known for developing, with Kenneth D. West, the Newey–West estimator, which robustly estimates the covariance matrix of a regression model when errors are heteroskedastic and autocorrelated.

## Education and academic career

Newey received his B.A. from Brigham Young University in 1978, and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983, under supervision of Jerry A. Hausman. From 1983 to 1988, Newey taught at Princeton University as an assistant professor. He was then promoted to Associate Professor and taught there for another two year from 1988 to 1990. It is also during these two years, he became a Member of Technical Staff, Bell Communications Research. During his time in Princeton University, he published many papers on econometrics. After 7 years in Princeton, he returned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Professor in the department of Economics in 1990 and has been in the department of Economics since then. From 2011 to 2016, he was also the chair of Economics.
# Keddric Mays

Keddric Mays (born September 17, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for Baltur Cento of the Italian Serie A2 Basket.

## College career

Mays played junior college basketball at Cloud County Community College before moving to University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, where he graduated in 2007.

## Pro career

He arrived in Europe in February 2008, signing with Espoon Honka from Finland. He played only one game before he was released. In September 2008 he moved to Universidad Católica in División Mayor del Básquetbol de Chile.
Season 2009-10 he spend with Znicz Jarosław of the Polish Basketball League. Next two years he spend in Ukraine playing with Ferro-ZNTU and Politekhnika-Halychyna.
In August 2012, Mays signed with Givova Scafati of the Italian Second League, where he played 32 games, averaging 18.2 points, 3.7 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game.
On July 8, 2013, Mays signed with KK Igokea. He was released in October, after playing only two games with them. Later that month he signed with Orlandina Basket for the rest of the season.
In July 2014, he signed a one-year deal with the French team SOMB Boulogne-sur-Mer. He left Boulogne after only 7 games. In January 2015, he signed with Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi of the Turkish Second League for the rest of the season.
On August 1, 2015, he signed a one-year deal with the Italian team Pallacanestro Trapani. On July 27, 2016, he re-signed with Trapani for one more season.
On August 26, 2017, Mays signed with the Israeli team Maccabi Kiryat Gat for the 2017–18 season. Mays helped Kiryat Gat to reach the 2018 Liga Leumit Finals where they eventually lost Hapoel Be'er Sheva.
On July 6, 2018, Mays returned to Italy for a fourth stint, signing a one-year deal with Baltur Cento of the Italian Serie A2 Basket.
# Nada al-Nashif

Nada al-Nashif (Arabic: ندى الناشف, romanized: Nadā an-Nāšif) is a Jordanian public servant who has been appointed as Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights from January 2020. From 2015 until 2019, she served as Assistant Director-General for Social and Human Sciences at UNESCO.

## Early life and education

Al-Nashif received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in philosophy, politics and economics from the University of Oxford Balliol College in 1987 and a Master in Public Policy from Harvard University in 1991.

## Career

Al-Nashif began her UN career at United Nations Development Programme, where she worked from 1991 to 2006. She was Assistant Director-General/Regional Director of the International Labour Organization's Regional Office for Arab States from 2007 to 2014.
She was seriously injured in the 2003 Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, which killed at least 22 people, including the United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello, and wounded over 100, including human rights lawyer and political activist, Amin Mekki Medani. On 7 July 2021, Al-Nashif spoke on the 47th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council about promoting human rights through sport, the Olympic ideal and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sport.

## Other activities

Al-Nashif serves on the Board of Trustees of Birzeit University and Taawon, a human development NGO. She is the author of several articles with a focus on human rights topics.
# Arıköy, Mazıdağı

Arıköy (Kurdish: Xana Zembûr) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mazıdağı, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 263 in 2021.
# Branchiostegus semifasciatus

Branchiostegus semifasciatus is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a tilefish belonging to the family Malacanthidae. It is from the Eastern Atlantic, from Casablanca, Morocco to Baia dos Tigres, Angola. They are spotted rarely north of Dakar, Senegal. This species reaches a length of 60 cm (24 in).
# Father Goriot (film)

Father Goriot (French: Le père Goriot) is a 1945 French historical drama film directed by Robert Vernay and starring Pierre Renoir, Claude Génia and Lise Delamare. It is an adaptation of the 1835 novel of the same title by Honoré de Balzac. It was shot in 1944 but not released until the following year. The film was shot at the Cité Elgé in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director René Renoux.

## Cast

* Pierre Renoir as Vautrin
* Claude Génia as Delphine de Nucingen
* Lise Delamare as Madame de Beauséant
* Pierre Larquey as Le père Goriot
* Georges Rollin as Eugène de Rastignac
* Sylvie as Mademoiselle Michonneau
* Léonce Corne as Le baron de Nucingen
* Maurice Escande as Monsieur de Restaud
* Jean Desailly as Bianchon
* Raymond Rognoni as Poiret
* Cécilia Paroldi as Victorine
* Made Siamé as Mademoiselle Couture
* Denise Nast as Sylvie
* Marcel Delaître as Le policier
* Henri Coutet as Christophe
* Pierre Vernet as Maxime de Trailles
* François Viguier as Gobseck
* Marcelle Praince as Madame Vauquer
* Suzet Maïs as Anastasie de Restaud
# Podgorica, Dobrepolje

Podgorica (pronounced) is a village south of Videm in the Municipality of Dobrepolje in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Church

The local church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary (Slovene: Rožnovenska Mati božja) and belongs to the Parish of Dobrepolje–Videm. It dates to the mid-17th century with major 19th-century alterations.