OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anti-Kickback Statute

The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) is an American federal law prohibiting financial payments or incentives for referring patients or generating federal healthcare business. The law, codified at 42 U.S. Code § 1320a–7b(b), imposes criminal and, particularly in association with the federal False Claims Act, civil liability on those who knowingly and willfully offer, solicit, receive, or pay any form of remuneration in exchange for the referral of services or products covered by any federal healthcare program (e.g., the referral of a Medicare patient for an MRI), subject to certain narrow exceptions. In other words, the statute covers both those who provide (or offer) kickbacks and those who receive (or solicit) kickbacks. The statute is among the most important healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States. Violation of the AKS is a felony.
The AKS was "enacted to ensure that clinical decisions and medical services are provided to patients based on their medical needs and not on the improper financial considerations of providers". The illegal remuneration covered by the AKS includes "anything of value" and is therefore not limited to cash. Thus, the sorts remuneration barred by the AKS may be, for example, in the form of consulting fees, gifts (e.g., sports tickets), discounted rent, research grants, and bonuses. The AKS is a separate law from the Stark Law; however, the AKS may, in many instances, cover conduct within the scope of the Stark Law (and vice versa).
A claim made to the federal government (e.g., a claim to Medicare for a patient visit) that results from a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute is, by its by nature, a "false claim" under the False Claims Act and thus may result in liability under the False Claims Act (including the False Claims Act's treble damages and civil monetary penalty provisions). Given this interplay between the AKS and the False Claims Act, violations of the AKS have formed the basis of a great number of high value civil recoveries in favor of the federal government (and whistleblowers) under the False Claims Act.
# Edward L. Hart

Edward LeRoy Hart (December 28, 1916 – March 9, 2008) was a Latter-day Saint poet. He wrote the words to "Our Savior's Love" which is #113 in the current LDS hymnbook. He was also an English professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and wrote many poems.

## Early life

Hart was born in Bloomington, Idaho. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah, where he initially studied economics, but decided to change his major even though his close advisor Lowell L. Bennion urged him to let writing be just a free time activity. Hart was also on the track team at the University of Utah.

## Education

Hart then went on to receive a master's degree from the University of Michigan, receiving that degree in 1941. He was then a Rhodes scholar at the University of Oxford, starting in 1945. Originally Hart would have gone to Oxford in 1939 but the outbreak of World War II postponed those plans.
Hart was a United States Naval intelligence officer during World War II.

## Career

Hart began his career as a professor at the University of Washington and then joined the BYU faculty in 1952. Besides his long career at BYU, Hart also taught for a time at the University of California, Berkeley. Although he retired in 1982, Hart continued to teach one honors class a year at BYU until 1995.
Hart's earliest poem "A Lesson In Praise" dates to 1954. He published a collection of poems on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the founding of the LDS Church. Hart edited Minor Lives: A Collection of Biographies that was published in 1971 by Harvard University Press. He also wrote a hymn entitled "The Fullness of Times" on that occasion. He also edited the journals and published them along with a biography of James H. Hart and published works in BYU Studies and the Mormon Letters Annual of the Association for Mormon Letters.
Among Hart's callings in the LDS Church he served from 1980-1988 as a bishop of a student ward at BYU.

## Personal life

In December 1944 Hart married Eleanor May Coleman in Washington, D.C., they were sealed in the Salt Lake Temple the following August. Eleanor and their young son Richard went with Hart to Oxford, and his next son, Paul, was born while he was studying there. Edward and Eleanor also had two daughters, Barbara and Patricia. Eleanor died in 1990. In 1993 he married Leah Bryson née Yates. She died in 2001. In 2002 Hart married Frances Cannon Lee.
Hart died on March 9, 2008, in Provo, Utah.
# Bagerdan

Bagerdan (Persian: باگردان) may refer to:
* Bagerdan-e Olya
* Bagerdan-e Sofla
# Barç

Barç is a village in the municipal unit of Qendër Bulgarec of the municipality Korçë in Korçë County, Albania. It lies in the South-eastern part of Albania at the Western edge of Morava Mountains North-East from Korçë. This village is famous as an archaeological site regarding Prehistoric Albania. There is a source of subjects from neolithics, Bronze and Iron Ages.

## Archaeological sites

There is a settlement from the Neolithic at the border of the village (Albanian: Vendbanimi prehistorik i Barçit) where two layers of settlements were founded. First is from Early Neolithic, which was used as a place for living between BC 7000–6000 (Barç I). Territory was a place for living for the humans at the end of the Neolithic as well, between BC 3500–2600.$^{:350–353}$ Based on the topological characteristics of tools made from stone, chert or bones as well as potteries found in the early Neolithics layer the literacy of the settlement was categorised to the Podgorje Culture. From the shape point of view its monochrome potteries (which were red, deep red, grey or black) had no big variance. Edge of the vessels with spherical- hemispherical- flat or ring-shaped shoes were straight rarely oval to inside. Not so many of these had handle. Most common ornamentical characteristics were the usage of impresso or barbotine technique.$^{:404}$
# Pascual Fresquet Llopis

Pascual Fresquet Llopis (Alcalà de Xivert, 6 January 1907 – 14 August 1957) was a Valencian libertarian communist and the leader of the Death Brigade.

## Biography

Pascual Fresquet Llopis was born in 1907 in Alcalà de Xivert. As a child his family emigrated to La Torrassa, in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat district, which was made up of a working population that was mostly affiliated with the CNT. His parents worked on the Barcelona Metro and his mother, Purificación Llopis, ran an inn on Carrer Sugranyes. Fresquet was the president of the CNT construction union in the Sants neighborhood in 1936.
With the outbreak of the war, he came to command the Brigade of Death, a unit linked to the FAI that was responsible for more than 200 murders between July and September 1936.
# Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal

The Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal (KMST, Korean: 해양안전심판원) is an agency of the government of South Korea that investigates maritime accidents. Its head office is in the Sejong Government Office in Sejong City. It is subordinate to the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF). It is also known as the Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal.
At one time its head office was located in the Seodaemun District of Seoul.
At a later period head office was previously located in the S1 Building in Sunhwa-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul.
# Sally-Jane Spencer

Sally-Jane Spencer (born 10 July 1948, Buckinghamshire) is an English actress best known for playing Linda Patterson in the BBC television sitcom The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79) and its sequel The Legacy of Reginald Perrin (1996). She appeared in the 1966 film The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery and the Bette Davis film The Anniversary (1968). She made her debut performance on the West End stage in The Prime Of Miss Jean Brodie. She is the daughter of British producer Norman Spencer.
# Genesis of a Music

Genesis of a Music is a book first published in 1949 by microtonal composer Harry Partch (1901–1974).
Partch first presents a polemic against both equal temperament and the long history of stagnation in the teaching of music; according to Alex Ross, this is "the most startling forty-five-page history of music ever written". In particular, Partch holds Johann Sebastian Bach responsible for "the movement toward equal-tempered tuning, which meant that composers could not absorb the scales of other world traditions; and the urge to make music ever more instrumental and abstract."
He then goes on to explain his tuning theory based on just intonation, the ensemble of musical instruments of his own invention (such as the "Surrogate Kithara, a struck-string, harplike instrument", and the guitar with movable frets he used to compose Barstow), and several of his largest musical compositions.
The book has been highly influential to succeeding generations of microtonal composers, including Lou Harrison, Ben Johnston, and James Tenney. A revised and enlarged second edition was published just before Partch's death in 1974.

## Concepts

Partch presents 4 "basic monophonic concepts":
* Consonance and dissonance: "The ear informs us that tones which are in small-number proportion, say in the relation of 2 to 1, are strong, clear, powerful, consonant."
** "The smaller the number involved in the [interval] ratios, the more consonant the ratio; the larger the numbers, the more dissonant".
* "Dual Identity": "Every ratio of a Monophonic system is at least a dual identity."
** "Odentity [is] determined by the odd-number ratio component of the numerator, and another one, the Udentity [is] determined by the odd-number component of the denominator. A ratio thus always belongs to two tonalities, an Otonality in accordance with its Odentity, and an Utonality in accordance with its Udentity."
* Minor: "Under-number Tonality, or Utonality ("minor"), is the immutable faculty of ratios, which in turn represent an immutable faculty of the human ear."
** See: Arithmetic progression and Undertone series
* History: Music has appeared to have advanced up the harmonic series throughout history.
** Pythagorean tuning is 3-limit, "just intonation" often refers to 5-limit tuning, while Partch uses an 11-limit tuning. Partch admirer Ben Johnston uses 31-limit or higher "extended just intonation". See: Emancipation of the dissonance

## Editions

* Genesis of a Music: Monophony: the relation of its music to historic and contemporary trends; its philosophy, concepts, and principles; its relation to ... and its application to musical instruments, University of Wisconsin Press, 362 pp., 1949. ASIN B0007DM7I8
* Genesis Of A Music: An Account Of A Creative Work, Its Roots, And Its Fulfillments, Second Edition, Da Capo Press, Paperback, 544 pp., 1979. ISBN 0-306-80106-X. 2009: ISBN 9780786751006.
# Shurestan-e Sofla

Shurestan-e Sofla (Persian: شورستان سفلي) may refer to:
* Shurestan-e Sofla, Qazvin
* Shurestan-e Sofla, Razavi Khorasan
# Hossein Jafarian

Hossein Jafarian (Persian: حسین جعفریان, born 25 March 1944 in Tehran) is an Iranian cinematographer.

## Career

Hossein Jafarian is a graduate of the Iran Broadcasting University. He began his career working for Iranian state-run television where he shot over 40 documentaries and TV shows before retiring early soon after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. His feature film debut was with 1984's Tatooreh. But it wasn't until 1992's Nargess that he established himself as a leading cinematographer in Iran. It was with Nargess that he for the first time captured "real nights" on the Iranian film screen. Jafarian has a distinctive style of his own. His work draws comparisons with the American cinematographer Gordon Willis for his use of darkness and low-key lighting. Many of his films have gone on to win awards at international film festival, including; Abbas Kiarostami's Through the Olive Trees, Jafar Panahi's Crimson Gold and Asghar Farhadi's Fireworks Wednesday and About Elly. He was a guest at 2004's Camerimage with Crimson Gold and was nominated for the 'Golden Frog' in 2009 for About Elly.
Hossein Jafarian was voted the best cinematographer of the Iranian decade of the 1380s (2001-2011) by over 130 film critics in the 100th issue of the Iranian magazine Sanaat Cinama (Cinema Industry).
In 2018 Mr. Jafarian was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the United States - the first Iranian cinematographer to have been invited.

## Selected filmography (as a director of photography)

* Nargess (1992)
* Through the Olive Trees (1994)
* The May Lady (1998)
* Two Women (1999)
* Under the Skin of the City (2001)
* Afflicted Generation (2001)
* Yalda's Night (2002)
* Crimson Gold (2003)
* One Night (2005)
* Fireworks Wednesday (2007)
* About Elly (2009)
* Gold and Copper (2010)
* Che (2014)
* Salesman (2016)

## Books and publications

* Lens: In Photography and Cinematography by Hossein Jafarian.
# Louisiana road (Croatia)

The Louisiana road (Croatian: Lujzijana, Lujzinska cesta) is a roadway in Croatia, built between 1803 and 1812 by an association of noble families (Lichtenstein, Dietrichstein, Esterházy, Harrach, Batthyány, Anna Maria Erdődy) and designed by Josef Philipp Vukassovich. The road was finished by the French Empire. It is named after Napoleon's second wife Marie Louise.
It linked Rijeka with Karlovac through Grobničko polje, Kamenjak, Gornje Jelenje, Lokve, Delnice, Skrad, Stubica, Severin na Kupi, and Netretić. The length of the Louisiana road was 18 Austrian miles (1 mile = 7.585 km). It was about 8 m wide (26 Wiener Fuß). It was the shortest route between Rijeka and Karlovac, and was one of the most modern roads in the empire. With the building of the Lujzijana, the Karolina road became less important.
# Roman Melyoshin

Roman Sergeyevich Melyoshin (Kazakh: Роман Сергеевич Мелёшин; born June 23, 1983, in Petropavl) is an amateur Kazakhstani Greco-Roman wrestler, who played for the men's middleweight category. He won a gold medal for his division at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, and bronze at the 2009 Asian Wrestling Championships in Pattaya, Thailand.
Melyoshin represented Kazakhstan at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he competed for the men's 74 kg class. He defeated Australia's Hassan Shahsavan in the preliminary round of sixteen, before losing out the quarterfinal match to Belarus' Aleh Mikhalovich, with a three-set technical score (1–1, 1–1, 1–2), and a classification point score of 1–3.
# Kosh-Agachsky Solar Power Plant

The Kosh-Agachsky Solar Power Plant (Russian: Кош-Агачская солнечная электростанция) is a photovoltaic power plant in Altai Republic, Russia.

## History

The power plant was launch on 4 September 2014 in a ceremony attended by President Vladimir Putin.

## Finance

The power plant was constructed with a cost of RUB570 million.
# Bon Dar

Bon Dar or Bondar (Persian: بندر), in Iran, may refer to:

## Hormozgan Province

* Bondar, Iran, Hormozgan Province
* Bondar, Minab, Hormozgan Province
* Bondar Rural District, in Hormozgan Province

## Isfahan Province

* Bondar, Isfahan, a village in Fereydunshahr County

## Kerman Province

* Bondar-e Gavsin, Kerman Province
* Bondar-e Geshkin, Kerman Province
* Bondar, Kerman, Kerman Province
* Bondar Ziaratgah, Kerman Province

## Mazandaran Province

* Bondar-e Olya
* Bondar-e Sofla

## Yazd Province

* Bon Dar, Yazd
# Heather M. Hodges

Heather Mary Hodges (born 1946) is a career United States foreign service officer. She has been the United States Ambassador to Moldova and the United States Ambassador to Ecuador.

## Biography

Hodges is a native of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. She has a B.A. in Spanish from the College of St. Catherine, St. Paul, Minnesota, and an M.A. from New York University. She lived and worked in Madrid, Spain, throughout the 1970s.
Hodges joined the Foreign Service in 1980 and was assigned to Caracas, Venezuela. Following Caracas, she served in Guatemala and later in Washington as Peru Desk Officer. In 1987, Ms. Hodges received a Pearson Fellowship to work in the U.S. Congress, where she was counsel to the Senate Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs. In January 1989, she became Consul General at the U.S. Consulate in Bilbao, Spain. In 1991, she returned to the U.S. to serve as Deputy Director of the Office of Cuban Affairs.
In 1993, Hodges was assigned to Managua, Nicaragua, as Deputy Chief of Mission. From August 1996 to June 1997, Hodges participated in the Department of State's Senior Seminar, a leadership program for select members of the Foreign Service. She served as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Lima, Peru, from July 1997 to May 2000 and was also Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Madrid, Spain, from June 2000 to July 2003.
She served as U.S. Ambassador to Moldova from September 2003 to May 2006. She was then appointed Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Office of the Director General.
She was sworn in as the U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador on July 15, 2008, arrived in Ecuador in early August, and presented her credentials to President Rafael Correa on October 2, 2008.
On April 4, 2011, the Spanish newspaper El País reported that Ms. Hodges had expressed concern over Ecuador's National Police being corrupt via a cable dated July 10, 2009. She warned that their National Police Commander, Jaime Aquilino Hurtado, might be involved in illegal activity. According to The New York Times, this involved "his possible involvement in schemes to extort bribes from a taxi union, steal public funds and ease trafficking of undocumented Chinese immigrants." She also recommended the United States revoke Hurtado's visa. It was also noted that President Correa may have known about Hurtado. On April 5, 2011, Ecuador expelled Hodges from the country after she failed to give the Ecuadorian government a satisfactory explanation of accusations made public in the WikiLeaks diplomatic cables.

## Awards

* The Government of Spain awarded Hodges the Spanish decoration of "Isabel la Catolica – Encomienda de Numero" for her contributions to Spain – United States relations.
* The Government of Moldova presented her with the Award of Honor in 2006.
* She was awarded a Presidential Meritorious Service Award in the U.S. in 2006.
# Vladimir Klontsak (footballer, born 1994)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Klontsak (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Клонцак; born 17 May 1994) is a Russian former football defender.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Second Division for KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny on 5 June 2013 in a game against Nosta Novotroitsk. He made his Russian Football National League debut for KAMAZ on 11 July 2015 in a game against Gazovik Orenburg.

## Personal

His father, also named Vladimir Klontsak, is a football manager and a former player.
# Namchongang Trading Corporation

Namchongang Trading Corporation(Korean: 남천강무역) (also known as Namhung Trading Corporation or Namhung) is a North Korean "trading company subordinate to the General Bureau of Atomic Energy (GBAE)".
According to US officials, it is part of North Korea's "attempts to export its nuclear and long-range missile technologies. These include "a direct role in helping Syria start construction of a nuclear reactor near the Euphrates River that Israeli jets destroyed in 2007" and "Myanmar’s arms industry", and "importing centrifuge equipment that North Korea is using to develop a uranium-enrichment capability".
According to UN officials, it was "involved in the procurement of Japanese origin vacuum pumps that were identified at a DPRK nuclear facility, as well as nuclear-related procurement".
At one time, Yun Ho Jin, who was a former senior North Korea diplomat who served at Pyongyang's mission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, was its leader.
Its headquarters are at Chilgol, Mangyongdae District, Pyongyang, DPRK.
# Badaman

Badaman (Persian: بادامان) may refer to:
* Badaman, Kerman
* Badaman, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
# Georgy Darakhvelidze

Georgy Yurievich Darakhvelidze (Russian: Гео́ргий Ю́рьевич Дарахвели́дзе; born 7 February 1985) is a Russian film critic and film historian. Author of fifteen monographs on film art, including the 7-volume work Landscapes of Dreams. Cinematography by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger.
Former columnist for cinema publications in Kinovedcheskiye Zapiski, Iskusstvo Kino, from 2002 to 2004 — Film.ru.
# Jane Aagaard

Jane Lesley Aagaard AM (born 1956) is an Australian former politician. She was a Labor Party member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2012, representing the Darwin-based electorate of Nightcliff. She was the Speaker of the Assembly from June 2005 until October 2012—the first Labor member ever to hold the post. Prior to holding the speakership, she had served as Health Minister from 2001 to 2003.

## Early life

Jane Aagaard was born in Melbourne, Victoria in 1956, to John Stuart McIntosh and Jean Brown. She moved to Brisbane, Queensland at the age of seven, where she was educated at Somerville House, a school for girls in South Brisbane.
In 1986, she accepted a position with the Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy, and settled with her husband in Darwin.
Aagaard also became heavily involved in many aspects of the Darwin community. She helped found the Brolga Awards and Northern Territory Sports Awards, and continued organising both presentations for several years. Not long before entering parliament, she had also organised the city's commemoration of its bombing by Japanese forces during World War II.
When former Chief Minister Stephen Hatton, the longtime CLP member for Nightcliff, retired at the 2001 election, Aagaard ran as the Labor candidate against Hatton's son, Jason. In a shock result, Aagaard won the seat on an unexpectedly large swing of 11.7 percent that saw the previously marginal Nightcliff technically become a safe Labor seat. Aagaard's victory was part of a six-seat swing to Labor that saw the party win government for the first time ever, mainly on the strength of a strong performance in the Darwin area. She was reelected in 2005, picking up a healthy swing of 8.5 percent.
In March 2012, Aagaard announced that she would not contest the next election due to "ongoing medical issues that would require treatment and surgery". In November 2012, Aagaard was granted the title The Honourable for life.
# Doug King

Douglas M. King, nicknamed "Ardun Doug", (May 6, 1937 – September 16, 2011) was an American drag racer and engine builder.
King drove dragsters powered by Ardun hemi-headed flathead V8s. He continued to race as late as 2004.
He also built the Ardun engine for the record-setting Frank Schonig-built 1927 Ford Model T Lakes roadster driven by Luke Balogh.
# MozartNu (1986–2008)

MozartNu (1986–2008) is a contemporary dance performance conceived by the Spanish director, Iago Pericot [ca; es]. It is derived from Pericot's MozartNu, which premiered in 1986. The original 1986 version of MozartNu, inspired by the Coronation Mass of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, showed the beauty of human relationships through the naked bodies of two dancers.
In MozartNu (1986–2008), the original version is performed by one couple on one platform, while another couple dances simultaneously on a separate platform on the same stage. These parallel performances reflect the changes that have been the result of these human relationships over time.
The premiere production of MozartNu (1986–2008) was April 15–20, 2008 at Mercat de les Flors [ca; es], a theatre in Barcelona, Spain. The older dancers were the dancers who performed in the original MozartNu of 1986.