OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rembrandt Custodians Ltd v Pro-Drill (Auck) Ltd

Rembrandt Custodians Ltd v Pro-Drill (Auck) Ltd is an often referenced case in New Zealand credit circles of the hazards of issuing a Statutory Demand against a company to make them pay a disputed account.

## Background

Pro-Drill invoiced Rembrandt on 29 November 2002 for $5,185.97 of drilling work. This invoice remained unpaid as of 20 January, which Rembrandt later stated was simply overlooked over the Christmas period.
Unaware of this, Pro-Drill referred this account to Law Debt Collection for debt collection, and immediately sent out a demand letter.
However, before Rembrandt had received this letter, they had paid this account on 9 February 2003. This left Law Debt Collection's fee of $1,037.19, which Rembrandt disputed liability for as they claimed that $1,037.19 for issuing just one letter was not reasonable and it was "out of proportion with all commercial reality".
Law Debt Collection, rather than credit this fee as most professional debt collection agencies would have, served a statutory demand on Rembrandt in order to get paid. To further complicate matters, the demand was signed by a Law Debt Collection, and not by their client or by a solicitor.
Rembrandt applied to the High Court to have the statutory demand set aside.

## Decision

The High Court set aside the Statutory Demand on the grounds that due to the serious nature and consequences of a statutory demand (i.e. liquidation of the company) the issuer is required to be satisfied that the amount demanded is not in dispute, which in turn requires that the person issuing the demand be the creditor's solicitor and not the creditor himself or the debt collection agency.
The judge went further and stated that he was confident that if a solicitor had first checked the correspondence relating to the debt they would have advised against the issue of a statutory demand.
Given all this, the judge ordered Pro-Drill to pay Rembrandt's full legal costs of $4,250.38 on a solicitor/client basis.
# Tupchi, Iran

Tupchi (Persian: توپچي, also Romanized as Tūpchī and Toopchi; also known as Topchi) is a village in Chehregan Rural District, Tasuj District, Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 402, in 94 families.
# Livré-sur-Changeon

Livré-sur-Changeon (French pronunciation:; Gallo: Livraé, Breton: Liverieg-Kenton) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Livré-sur-Changeon are called in French livréens.
# Maslozavod, Novlenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Maslozavod (Russian: Маслозавод) is a rural locality (a village) in Novlenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002.

## Geography

The distance to Vologda is 76 km, to Novlenskoye is 13 km. Mitropolye is the nearest rural locality.
# Halifax Crescents

The Halifax Crescents were an early amateur and later, professional ice hockey team operating in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The team operated in several leagues, gone defunct and been resurrected. The original club challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1900. The last Crescents team in senior hockey operated in 1947–48.

## Chronology

The team played in the Halifax City Hockey League from 1899 until 1910. The club was one of founders of the Inter-provincial Professional League in 1910, which became the Maritime Professional Hockey League from 1911 until 1914. After the MPHL shut down, the club fielded a team again in the Halifax City League until 1925. In 1940, the Crescents name was resurrected in the HCHL league until 1946. From 1945 until 1948, a Crescents team was fielded in the Maritime Senior Hockey League.
# Manino

Manino (Russian: Манино) is a rural locality (a village) in Kubenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Manino is located 34 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kuleshevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Malgino

Malgino (Russian: Мальгино) is a rural locality (a village) in Novlenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 58 as of 2002.

## Geography

Malgino is located 24 km southeast of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chekmenevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Vasily Guslyannikov

Vasily Dmitriyevich Guslyannikov (Russian: Василий Дмитриевич Гуслянников; born 21 April 1949) is a Russian retired politician, who served as first and only President of Mordovia in 1991–1993.

## Biography

Vasily Guslyannikov was born in 1949 in Voronezh Oblast. Since 1961, he has lived in Mordovia. In 1971, he graduated from the Mordovian State University. Since 1973, he was an engineer at the semiconductor plant "Elektrovypryamitel", Saransk. In 1990, he was elected a People's Deputy of the Mordovian ASSR. He led the Democratic Russia electoral bloc, which had a majority in the Saransk City Council.
In October 1990, the first secretary of the CPSU regional committee Anatoly Berezin, resigned, who had led the republic for 19 years. His retirement ensured rapid disorganization of the one-party government in Mordovia. In October 1991. the Supreme Soviet of Mordovia established the presidency and called the election for 14 December 1991, but the former nomenklatura failed to gather together and nominate a single candidate. As a result of vote splitting in the first round, Supreme Soviet chairman Nikolay Biryukov came first with only 18.9% of the vote, and Guslyannikov received 16.6%. He won in runoff with 56% of the vote.
A former engineer with little to no political experience, Guslyannikov faced opposition both from nomenklatura and the democrats and was unable to form a sustainable administration. In April 1993, taking advantage of growing discontent in the public, the Supreme Soviet voted to abolish the presidential office and appointed Valery Shvetsov as prime minister. As a result, two parallel governments existed for some time, but gradually most of Guslyannikov's ministers went to work with Shvetsov. In June 1993, the Constitutional Court of Russia recognized abolition of Mordovian presidency as legal.
Since 1996, Vasily Guslyannikov chairs the Mordovian Human Rights Center. He is married and has two daughters.
# Leushkino

Leushkino (Russian: Леушкино) is a rural locality (a village) in Spasskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2002.

## Geography

Leushkino is located 31 km southwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pykhmarevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Jahanabad, Meyami

Jahanabad (Persian: جهان آباد, also Romanized as Jahānābād) is a village in Kalat-e Hay-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Meyami County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 131, in 26 families.
# Kuvshinovo, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Kuvshinovo (Russian: Кувшиново) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,140 as of 2002. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Kuvshinovo is located 7 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chashnikovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Exchange Square (Kuala Lumpur)

3°8′53.7″N 101°42′4.8″E﻿ / ﻿3.148250°N 101.701333°E﻿ / 3.148250; 101.701333
The Exchange Square (Malay: Bukit Kewangan) is a main headquarters of the Bursa Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange). The headquarters is located at Jalan Raja Chulan, Kuala Lumpur. This neoclassic building was officially opened on 13 July 1997 by Fourth Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad.

## Transportation

The building is accessible within walking distance east of Masjid Jamek LRT Station and accessible via the GoKL Purple Route bus from the Pasar Seni bus hub.
* This article about a Malaysian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Kudrino, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Kudrino (Russian: Кудрино) is a rural locality (a village) in Spasskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Kudrino is located 12 km southwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nepotyagovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Bala Velayat District

Bala Velayat District (Persian: بخش بالا ولایت) is in Bakharz County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qaleh Now-e Olya.

## History

After the 2006 National Census, Bakharz District was separated from Taybad County in the establishment of Bakharz County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with the city of Bakharz as its capital and only city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2011 census, the district's population was 19,140 people in 5,040 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 18,661 inhabitants in 5,328 households.

### Administrative divisions

Bala Velayat District Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2011 | 2016 |
| Ashtin RD | 7,388 | 7,677 |
| Bala Velayat RD | 11,752 | 10,984 |
| Total | 19,140 | 18,661 |
| RD = Rural District |||
# Kostromino

Kostromino (Russian: Костромино) is a rural locality (a village) in Novlenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 46 as of 2002.

## Geography

Kostromino is located 74 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ignachevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Kortsevo

Kortsevo (Russian: Корцево) is a rural locality (a village) in Staroselskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.

## Geography

Kortsevo is located 29 km southeast of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kalinkino is the nearest rural locality.
# Lanrigan

Lanrigan (French pronunciation:; Breton: Lanrigan) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Lanrigan are called Lanriganais in French.
# Komarovo, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Komarovo (Russian: Комарово) is a rural locality (a village) in Mayskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Komarovo is located 44 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dvirevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Koltseyevo

Koltseyevo (Russian: Кольцеево) is a rural locality (a village) in Kubenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 66 as of 2002. There are 14 streets.

## Geography

Koltseyevo is located 43 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye is the nearest rural locality.
# National Institute of Fundamental Studies

07°17′02″N 80°37′56″E﻿ / ﻿7.28389°N 80.63222°E﻿ / 7.28389; 80.63222
The National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS) (Sinhala: ජාතික මූලික අධ්‍යන ආයතනය) is a government multidisciplinary research institute in Sri Lanka, established in 1981. The NIFS is the only Institute in Sri Lanka which exists for the sole purpose of conducting research in natural and social sciences and philosophy for national development and scientific advancement.
The NIFS is engaged in basic, high caliber research focusing on 16 different thematic research areas under 6 research departments. The research carried out at the NIFS is also initiated as a response to burning national problems in Sri Lanka.
Besides engaging in basic research, the NIFS popularizes science, especially among school children, trains postgraduate researchers in the country to prevent brain drain and disseminates scientific knowledge to the wider public.

## History

NIFS was established in September 1981 by the Parliament Act No. 55 and shifted its location from Colombo to Kandy on 4 December 1985. Vidya Jyothi Professor Cyril Ponnamperuma was appointed as the director of the Institute of Fundamental Studies by President J. R. Jayewardena. He was instrumental in setting up the permanent home of the institute in the Hanthana Hills with a modern laboratory complex.
The name of the institute was changed to National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS) Sri Lanka by the Act No. 25 of 2014.
# Kolkino

Kolkino (Russian: Колкино) is a rural locality (a village) in Leskovskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia/Central Asia. The population was 2 as of 2002. The currency used is Russian Rubles (RUB).

## Geography

Kolkino is located 16 km west of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yesikovo is the nearest rural locality. The province's geographical coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84), Latitude : 58.550 and Longitude : 40.167.
# HMS Cicero (F170)

HMS Cicero was an infantry landing ship in service with the Royal Navy during the late stages of the Second World War.

## Career
### Wartime

She was built by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California as the Cape St Vincent, and transferred under the terms of lend lease shortly after being completed in January 1944 under the name Empire Arquebus. She was taken over by the Ministry of War Transport and operated by Donaldson Bros & Black Ltd. Empire Arquebus was a member of Convoy CU 15, which sailed from New York on 22 February 1944. She was carrying a cargo of fish and personnel. Empire Arquebus transferred to Convoy HX 280 at sea on 29 February. Convoy HX 280 arrived at Liverpool on 9 March.
She took part in the Normandy landings, carrying Mk3 Landing Craft Support (Medium) 78, 109 and 112 of the 542 Landing Craft Assault Flotilla and troops from the Hampshire Regiment to Gold Beach. After the Normandy Landings, Empire Arquebus was laid up in the Clyde. Empire Arquebus later served in the Pacific.
In January 1945 she was requisitioned by the Admiralty and commissioned as HMS Cicero, under which name she served out the remainder of the war, although it would appear that she remained named as Empire Arquebus. In 1945, Empire Arquebus was used to transport troops from Sydney and Brisbane via New Ireland, New Britain and Manus to Ponam. During this journey, the ship was infested by flying beetles which had got aboard in bales of tobacco. The ship arrived at Ponam on 25 March 1945. Surplus to requirements after the war's end, she was returned to the Ministry of War Transport in September 1945, which returned her to Donaldson Bros & Black under her original name of Empire Arquebus.

### Postwar

Empire Arquebus sailed with Donaldson Bros & Black until 1946, when she was returned to the US Navy. She was laid up until being sold to the Egyptian company Société Misr de Navigation Maritime in November 1946, taking the new name Al Sudan. She sailed with them for the next few years, making voyages carrying pilgrims to Jeddah, and at times operating under charter. She made a number of voyages to Australia.
She was taken over by the Egyptian Government in 1959, during the period of nationalisation, and by 1961 was part of the nationalised United Arab Maritime Company, who proceeded to operate her for the next 12 years. In 1973 she returned to being owned by an Egyptian company, this time the Egyptian Navigation Company. She was sold for scrapping in 1980, and laid up at Suez. She spent several years in this state, but work was finally started in July 1984 and she was completely broken up by 28 March 1987.

## Official Number and code letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers.
Empire Arquebus had the UK Official Number 169819 and used the Code Letters MYMS. Al Sudan had the Egyptian Official Number 104 and used the Code Letters SUDS.
# Khrebtovo

Khrebtovo (Russian: Хребтово) is a rural locality (a village) in Novlenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002.

## Geography

Khrebtovo is located 74 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Konstantinovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Irkhino

Irkhino (Russian: Ирхино) is a rural locality (a village) in Kubenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.

## Geography

Irkhino is located 33 km northwest of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podolino is the nearest rural locality.
# Gribkovo, Vologda Oblast

Gribkovo (Russian: Грибково) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Podlesnoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,101 as of 2002. There are 16 streets.

## Geography

Gribkovo is located 17 km southeast of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pervomayskoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Steven Kronauer

Steven Kronauer is an American conductor and tenor known for directing the Young Men's Ensemble at the Los Angeles Children's Chorus, founding and directing Artes Vocales of Los Angeles, and his ten years with the Los Angeles Opera. Kronauer holds a doctorate from University of California, Los Angeles in choral and opera conducting and is also fluent in German.

## Early life

Kronauer is of German descent. He attended Interlochen Arts Academy, graduating in 1983. He then went on to complete two master's degrees, Vocal Performance and Choral Conducting, at the University of Michigan by 1990, and in 2006, Kronauer received his doctorate in choral and opera conducting from the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Career

Kronauer traveled to Cuba in June 2015 to conduct the Los Angeles Children's Chorus's Young Men's Ensemble on tour. He told the International Business Times, "I think music is something that bonds everyone, and the glory of the opportunity to share with music with other choirs from Cuba, and to share through the hearts and soul of music, and learning about the Cuban music for us, and perhaps (for them) learning about the American music we've brought as well, it's a wonderful opportunity to be together."
# Couffé

Couffé (French pronunciation: ; Gallo: Cófaé, Breton: Koufeg) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 1,503 | — |
| 1821 | 1,681 | +0.40% |
| 1846 | 1,874 | +0.44% |
| 1872 | 2,008 | +0.27% |
| 1901 | 1,942 | −0.12% |
| 1926 | 1,549 | −0.90% |
| 1946 | 1,246 | −1.08% |
| 1962 | 1,267 | +0.10% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 1,318 | +0.66% |
| 1975 | 1,262 | −0.62% |
| 1982 | 1,469 | +2.19% |
| 1990 | 1,805 | +2.61% |
| 1999 | 1,790 | −0.09% |
| 2007 | 2,188 | +2.54% |
| 2012 | 2,330 | +1.27% |
| 2017 | 2,563 | +1.92% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Khomreh

Khomreh (Persian: خمره; literally "jar") is an Iranian film directed by Ebrahim Forouzesh. The story is set on a hot schoolyard where kids quench their thirst using water from a large jar. One day it starts to leak. Fixing it proves to be a bigger problem than expected.

## Reception

It won the Golden Leopard at the 1994 Locarno International Film Festival.
# Lansdowne Reef

Lansdowne Reef (Filipino: Bahura ng Pagkakaisa); Len Đao Reef (Vietnamese: Đá Len Đao); Mandarin Chinese: 琼礁; pinyin: Qióng jiāo, is a cay on the southern part of the Union Banks of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The island has been occupied by Vietnam since 1988. It is also claimed by China (PRC), the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan (ROC).
# Jutta Nardenbach

Jutta Nardenbach (13 August 1968 – 8 June 2018) was a German international footballer. She played the position of defender. Nardenbach was player in the first team and coach of the youth teams at third tier FFC Montabaur.

## Club career

Nardenbach played in the Bundesliga for TuS Ahrbach, TuS Niederkirchen, TSV Siegen, FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen, SC 07 Bad Neuenahr, 1. FFC Frankfurt, and SG Essen-Schönebeck. She retired from the Bundesliga in 2004, contracting for the 2006/07 season as coach for FFC Montabaur in the Regionalliga and also played in the first team. In addition, she worked for several years for a sports shop in Ruppach-Goldhausen in club customer services.
Nardenbach had appearances in 5 German Championship finals and won in 1991, 1992, 1994 each with TSV Siegen. In 1993 she also won the DFB-Pokal with TSV Siegen. In her time at FFC Frankfurt she won back to back Doubles in 2001 and 2002. Also in 2002 she won the UEFA Women's Cup with Frankfurt.

## National team

Nardenbach had 59 appearances for Germany, scoring 4 times. Her first cap was against the Netherlands on 19 November 1986. Her last game was against Brazil on 25 July 1996. Her greatest successes were the European Championships in 1989 and 1991. At the FIFA World Cup in 1991 she placed 4th with Germany.

## Honours

* German Championship: 1991, 1992, 1994, 2001, 2002
* DFB-Pokal: 1993, 2001, 2002
* UEFA Women's Cup: 2002
* European Championship: 1989, 1991
# Beyene Merid

Major-General Dejazmach Beyene Merid (sometimes rendered as Beine Merid) (1897 - 24 February 1937) was an Ethiopian army commander, a patriot, and the son-in-law of Emperor Haile Selassie I.

## Biography

Son of Dejazmatch Merid. Dejazmatch Beyenne Merid married Leult Romanework, the daughter of Haile Selassie. He spent most of his career as the Shum of Bale. By 1935, he had also established himself as the Shum of Gamu-Gofa.
During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Dejazmach Beyenne Merid commanded the Army of Bale and fought on the "southern front" against Italian forces based in Italian Somaliland. Before the Battle of Genale Doria, Beyenne Merid and the 4,000 strong Army of Bale advanced down the Shebelle River with the intention of invading central Italian Somaliland. Beyene Merid and his army was able to move forward quickly due to the good terrain along the Shebelle River. In November, advancing elements of Beyenne Merid's force clashed with about 1,000 dubats of the pro-Italian Olol Diinle. Both sides withdrew from the battlefield in the end, but Beyene Merid had been seriously wounded. Its commander stricken, the Army of Bale retired from battle. Olol Dinle managed to complete the main objective of his mission which was to immobilise Beine Merid.
During the Italian occupation, Beyenne Merid fought as an Arbegna. On 24 February 1937, he and his forces joined up with Ras Desta Damtew and his forces. On the same day, he and Desta Damtew were captured by the Italians. They were then immediately executed.

### Family

Beyene Merid and Romane Work had four sons. In 1930, Lij Getachew Beyene was born. In May 1932, Dejazmatch Merid Beyene was born. In 1934, Dejazmatch Samson Beyene was born. In 1936, Lij Gideon Beyene was born. Only Merid and Samson survived the Italian occupation.