OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Merkulov

Merkulov, or Merkoulov (masculine, Russian: Меркулов) or Merkulova (feminine, Russian: Меркулова) is a Russian surname.

## People with the surname Merkulov
### People in aviation

* Vladimir Merkulov (pilot) (1922-2003), Soviet flying ace

### People in culture

* Lana Merkulova, Ukrainian singer, formerly of female pop-music band SMS
* Yuri Merkulov (1901—1979), Soviet artist, one of the founders of the Soviet school of animation

### People in sports

* Robert Merkulov (1931–2022), former Soviet speed skater
* Nina Merkulova (born 1945), former Soviet alpine skier
* Yulia Merkulova (born 1984), Russian volleyball-player
* Vladimir Merkulov (athlete) (born 1989), Russian professional football-player
* Mikhail Merkulov (born 1994), Russian professional football-player
* Alexandra Merkulova (born 1995), Russian rhythmic gymnast
* Georgii Merkulov (born 2000), Russian professional ice hockey-player

### People in politics

* Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov (1869-1945), Foreign Minister of the Provisional Priamurye Government in 1921-1922
* Spiridon Dionisovich Merkulov (1870-1957), head of the Provisional Priamurye Government in 1921-1922, brother of Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov
* Vsevolod Merkulov (1895–1953), Soviet politician and head of the NKGB
# Finishing oil

A finishing oil is a vegetable oil used for wood finishing.
These finishes are a historical finish for wood, primarily as means of making it weather or moisture resistant. Finishing oils are easily applied, by wiping with a cloth. They are also simply made, by extraction from plant sources with relatively simple processing. Historically, both of these were considerable advantages over varnishes, that depended upon exotic imported plant resins, complex preparation and careful application with expensive brushes.
The two most important finishing oils, to this day, are linseed oil and tung oil.
Linseed oil is extracted from the seeds of the flax plant, already extensively grown for the production of linen. The raw oil may be used, but it cures poorly and leaves a sticky surface. Normally boiled linseed oil is used. This has been prepared beforehand by boiling with lead, in the form of lead oxide, or with manganese salts. Modern boiled oils use a lead-free metallic drier added cold, such as cobalt resinate. Old linseed oil finishes yellow with age, owing to oxidation with the air. Linseed oil was also widely used for the production of oilcloth, a waterproof covering and rainwear material, formed by coating linen or cotton fabrics with the boiled oil.
Tung oil is pressed from the nuts of the tung tree. Raw tung cures better than raw linseed and so it is often used in this form. As tung oil yellows with age less than linseed, it is favoured for high quality and furniture work.
Most modern finishing oils use a blend of oil and a thinning agent such as white spirit. Raw oils tend to be applied too thickly, leading to a thick layer that cannot cure effectively and so remains sticky. A thinned oil is easier and more reliable to apply. Such commercial mixtures also contain metallic driers to improve their performance.
There are also mixtures sold as finishing oils. These are classed as 'long oils', predominantly oil with some varnish added or as 'short oils' which are predominantly varnish, with some oil. Danish oil is a popular long oil finishing oil. Spar varnish is a short oil varnish, used for added flexibility and elasticity.
# Ammerån

Ammerån is a river in Jämtland, Sweden. It is a tributary of Indalsälven.
# Urka

The Urka is a river of Kaunas County, central Lithuania. It flows for 22 kilometres (14 mi) and has a basin area of 77 square kilometres (30 sq mi). It is a left tributary of the Barupė.
The Urka river starts in the Bitvanas Forest, in Kaunas District Municipality. It flows towards north western direction through Kaunas District Municipality and Kėdainiai District Municipality, then empties into the Barupė river next to Labūnava village.
Karaliūnai, Butkūnai, Užumiškiai, Kačergiai, Pakapiai, Labūnava villages and Vandžiogala town are located on the shores of the Urka. A small pond is dammed on the Urka nearby its mouth.
The hydronym is of uncertain origin. One version is that it derives from Lithuanian verb urkioti ('to scold, to wig'), another version that it could be of Finno-Ugric background (as Estonian: urg 'rivulet').
# Domingo Andrés

Domingo Andrés (1525, Alcañiz – 1599) was a Spanish humanist, writer and poet.

## Publications

* Poema extenso en siete libros acerca de la redención de la humanidad.
* De Jacobo et Joanne Zebedeis fratribus.
* De novissimo juditio.
* De Petro Archi-Apostolo.
* Dos elegías sobre el nacimiento y muerte de Cristo.
* Poecilistichon, sive variorum libri V, 1594.
* This Spanish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Audru Polder's Nature Reserve

Audru Polder's Nature Reserve is a nature reserve which is located in Pärnu County, Estonia.
The area of the nature reserve is 1,001 hectares (2,470 acres).
The protected area was founded in 2007 on the basis of Audru Polder's Protected Area (Estonian: Audru poldri hoiuala) and partly Pärnu Bay Protected Area (Estonian: Pärnu lahe hoiuala).
# Robert Gauthiot

Robert Edmond Gauthiot (13 June 1876, Paris – 11 September 1916, Paris) was a French Orientalist, linguist and explorer. Born in Paris, he became, in 1909, a member of the Société Asiatique and met Paul Pelliot. Together, they translated the Sogdian manuscript Vessantara Jataka, found by Pelliot among the Dunhuang manuscripts in Mogao Cave 17.
Gauthiot interrupted his exploration of the Pamir Mountains in July 1914 to return home to serve as a captain in the infantry during World War I. Gauthiot received the Croix de Guerre before he was wounded at the Second Battle of Artois in spring 1915. He died from injuries at Val de Grâce Hospital.
# Shulishader

Shulishader (Scottish Gaelic: Siadar an Rubha) is a small village with a population of around 120 people in Point, Outer Hebrides on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. Located on the north-western side of the Eye Peninsula, it overlooks Broad Bay. Most of the village is over 60m above sea level, affording excellent views across the bay and northern Lewis, though the land falls gently towards the sea before ending in small cliffs. There are several small, difficult to access, sandy beaches, and a small cove on the coastline. The cove is accessible via 88 dilapidated steps, and contains a pebble peach, some natural caves and a concrete structure once used for boat moorings above the high tide line.
The village is essentially a dormitory village, and there are no amenities within the village, not even a church, which is unusual for a Lewis village. An hourly bus service passes through from Portnaguran to Stornoway and in the opposite direction, though services are less frequent in the evening.
The village is surrounded by common grazing land and moorland which is worked to provide peat as fuel, but this is a declining activity. Vodafone erected a mobile phone mast on the moor, a short distance east of the centre of the village.
A Stone Age axe was discovered in Shulishader in 1982, which was radiocarbon dated to 3495–2910BC and is virtually complete with the axehead and original wooden haft.
# Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures

In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures (abbreviated EN 1995 or, informally, EC 5) describes how to design buildings and civil engineering works in timber, using the limit state design philosophy. It was approved by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on 16 April 2004. It applies for civil engineering works from solid timber, sawn, planed or in pole form, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural products, (e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed together with adhesives or mechanical fasteners and is divided into the following parts.
EN Eurocode 5 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
* EN 1990: Eurocode - Basis of structural design;
* EN 1991: Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures;
* hENs, ETAGs and ETAs: for construction products relevant to timber structures;
* EN 1998: Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance, when timber structures are built in seismic regions.

## Part 1-1: General — Common rules and rules for buildings

EN 1995-1-1 gives general design rules for timber structures together with specific design rules for buildings.

## Contents

* General
* Basis of design
* Materials
* Durability
* Basis of Structural analysis
* Ultimate limit states
* Serviceability limit states
* Connections with metal fasteners
* Components and assemblies
* Structural detailing and control.

### Part 1-2: General - Structural fire design

EN 1995-1-2 deals with the design of timber structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2:2002. EN 1995-1-2 only identifies differences from, or supplements normal temperature design and deals only with passive methods of fire protection. Active methods are not covered.

### Part 2: Bridges

EN 1995-2 gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.
# Abu Shu'ayb ad-Dukkali

Abū Shu'ayb ad-Dukkālī as-Sadīqī (Arabic: أبو شعيب الدكالي الصديقي; 1878–1937) was a Moroccan scholar, minister, educator, and pioneer of Salafism in Morocco.$^{:46}$ He was referred to by the title Shaykh al-Islām.

## Biography

He was born in 1878 to a modest family from a rural area called as-Sadiqat (دوار الصديقات) near al-Gharbiya in Dukkala. His family was affiliated with the Darqawi Sufi order and studied Ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari's Al-Ḥikam al-Aṭāʾiya  [ar].
He studied at Al-Azhar University in Cairo$^{:46}$ and lectured at Al-Azhar and at az-Zaytuna in Tunis.
Among his students were Muhammad al-Mukhtar as-Susi and Mohammed Belarbi Alaoui [fr]. He headed the program of study in the royal palace under Sultans Abd al-Hafid, Yusuf, and Muhammad V.
He was among a number of Moroccan scholars—including Allal al-Fassi, Muhammad al-Mukhtar as-Susi, and Muhammad Bin al-Arabi al-Alaoui [es]—that led a nationalist, reformist Salafi movement that was intellectually affiliated with the Moroccan Nationalist Movement opposed to French colonialism.

## Legacy

Chouaib Doukkali University in al-Jadida bears his name.
# Sikhism in Panama

Sikhism in Panama took its roots when the Panama Canal was started in 1890. Construction of the rail-road link between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans began in 1850. With the boom of labour opportunities, immigrants saw Panama as a place of fortune. Sikhs came first as construction workers for the transcontinental rail road link. During 1864, among the population of New Grenada, which contained Panama City, out of 2.7 million people, 160,000 were Sikh. A large number of Sikhs settled there after the project.

## Spread

Sikhs worked on digging the canal as manual labourers, as little machinery was available. Punjabi and specially Sikh labourers worked in difficult conditions, meeting challenges of yellow fever. British and American officials preferred Sikh labourers over others because of their perceived work ethic and characteristics that could withstand harsh conditions.
The canal was completed in 1913–14. Sikhs maintained a weekly congregation, reciting Gurbani path, in houses by rotation. Early Punjabi settlers started working in jobs like watchmen or sold daily use articles as petty businessmen, until they were absorbed in Panama Canal construction work. With the completion of the canal, many of them had earned enough money to set up businesses or became landowners and farmers. One of them was Rattan Singh, who built his financial company, and became a founding father of Gurdwara Guru Nanak Sahib, Panama along with Parkaish Singh and many others from their voluntary contributions. Gurdwara is well established and was inaugurated in 1986. Gurdwara is managed by Guru Nanak Sahib Civic Society, Panama.

## Higher education

One weekly congregation resulted in the formation of Panamanian Medical and Management Corporation of Higher Education (PMMC) which set forth a Medical degree programme in Panama.

## Present generation

After the construction and the establishment of American military bases in Panama, many new immigrants, including Sikhs, settled there as permanent residents. Interviews of some fourth generation Panamanian Sikhs revealed settlers engaged in financial businesses, owning financial companies, owning agricultural lands, cultivating bananas and other crops, owning department stores, restaurants, etc. Some of them joined civil and military services. Many, such as Sindhi Sikhs believe, in the ten gurus and attend the Gurdwara regularly. Only one Gurdwara operates in Panama. Interviews by Sikh Channel discuss the presence of 4th generation Sikhs in Panama.
# Aqa Gol

Aqa Gol (Persian: اقاگل, also Romanized as Āqā Gol) is a village in Yeylaq Rural District, in the Central District of Buin va Miandasht County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 389, in 71 families.
# 2018 Supreme Court of India crisis

* Top left: Jasti Chelameswar
* Top right: Ranjan Gogoi
* Bottom left: Kurian Joseph
* Bottom right: Madan Lokur
The Supreme Court of India was in crisis after a press conference was given by Supreme Court judges Jasti Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan Lokur, and Kurian Joseph, in which they spoke against the Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra that he allocated certain politically controversial cases to such benches which give favourable judgements towards a political party.
The judges mentioned the allocation of the case of investigation of death of Special CBI Judge — BH Loya, who was presiding over Sohrabuddin encounter case, in which the BJP President Amit Shah and Rohith Shah were the prime accused.

## Background

On 12 January 2018, four Supreme Court judges Jasti Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph gave a press meeting in an unprecedented manner. Chelameswar said, “We tried to collectively persuade the chief justice that certain things are not in order and therefore you should take remedial measures....Unfortunately, our efforts failed.” He also said, “that unless this institution is preserved and it maintains its equanimity, democracy will not survive in this country.” This occurred after Misra headed the bench which dismissed the CJAR petition against him, and after the Justice Loya case had attracted scrutiny. The allegations against Misra were related to the allotment of matters to benches and constituting Constitution Benches in a way that arbitrarily ignored Senior Judges of the Court. These important cases were heard by benches headed by Dipak Misra. The judges claimed to have a written a letter to Dipak Misra for which they had not received a reply. After the press conference, Misra created a new judicial roster which excluded those who spoke against him from all constitution benches.

## Proposed impeachment of the Chief Justice of India

On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition to the Vice President Venkaiah Naidu seeking impeachment of Dipak Misra with signatures from 71 parliamentarians. On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Venkaiah Naidu.
# Jerónimo de Arbolanche

Jerónimo de Arbolanche (1546–72) was a Spanish writer.
* This article about a Spanish writer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Harshavarman I

Harshavarman I (Khmer: ហស៌វរ្ម័នទី១; or Rudraloka, died in 923) was an Angkorian king who reigned in 910–923 CE. He is mentioned by David P. Chandler, who is one of the foremost western scholars of Cambodia's modern history.

## Family

Harshavarman was a son of King Yasovarman I and his Queen, who was a sister of Jayavarman IV.
Grandparents of Harshavarman were King Indravarman I and his wife Indradevi.
Harshavarman had a younger brother, Ishanavarman II.
His queen was Kambujarajalakshmi. They were the maternal grandparents of Jayavarman VII.
His grandson was Yajnavaraha. He was a knowledgeable teacher.

## Biography

Following his death, Yasovarman was succeeded by Harshavarman.
The reigns of Harshavarman and his younger brother marked a period of instability for the Khmer Empire. Both brothers were involved in a power struggle with their maternal uncle, Jayavarman IV, a conflict that lasted for Harshavarman’s entire reign. Jayavarman was eventually driven out of Angkor to set up his own capital about 100 km away during the reign of Ishanavarman.
Nothing else is known about Harshavarman other than that he constructed the small temple-mountain of Baksei Chamkrong at the foot of Phnom Bakheng which he dedicated to his parents,$^{:359,362}$$^{:114}$
He died in 923 and was succeeded by Ishanavarman.
# Boris Katalymov

Boris Katalymov (Russian: Борис Николаевич Каталымов, romanized: Boris Nikolaevich Katalymov or Katalimov; 13 June 1932 – 1 February 2013) was a Soviet (Ukrainian) and later Kazakhstani chess player. He spent in youth in Lviv playing in the same junior tournaments and for the same junior team as legendary Leonid Stein. He was awarded the title of International Master by FIDE in 1996. Katalymov was multiple times champion of Kazakhstan. He took the silver medal in the 1995 World Senior Chess Championship, held in Bad Liebenzell, Germany. The Katalymov Variation of the Sicilian Defence is named after him.. Boris Nikolaevich spent his later years teaching chess to young children and teenagers at the 'School Palace' in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
# Zandi

Zandi (Persian: زندی) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ferydoon Zandi (born 1979), Iranian-German soccer player
* Jalil Zandi, ace fighter pilot in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
* Maryam Zandi (born 1947), Iranian photographer
* Mona Zandi-Haqiqi, Iranian film director
* Roya Zandi, American biophysicist
* Zandi family (United States):
** Iraj Zandi, Iranian-American professor
** Mark Zandi, Iranian-American economist
** Zach Zandi, American soccer player
# Ay Dughmish

Ay Dughmish (Persian: ايدوغميش, also Romanized as Āy Dūghmīsh; also known as Āydoghmīsh) is a village in Cham Rud Rural District, Bagh-e Bahadoran District, Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 8 families.
# Anatoly Akentyev

Anatoly Vasilyevich Akentyev (Russian: Анатолий Васильевич Акентьев; 14 February 1942 – 23 April 2023) was a Soviet cross-country skier who won the 15 km race at the 1967 Holmenkollen Ski Festival. He competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in the 15, 30, 50 and 4 × 10 km events and finished 10th–20th individually and fourth in the relay. After retiring from competitions Akentyev became a prominent skiing administrator. He was vice president of the International Ski Federation (FIS) since 1979 and its honorary vice president since 2006. Nationally he headed the Soviet and Russian cross-country skiing teams for 15 years and served as president of the Russian Ski Union from 1996 to 2004.
Akentyev died on 23 April 2023, at the age of 81.
# Andrzej Kowalski

Andrzej Kowalski (1930 in Sosnowiec – 2004) was a Polish painter and graphics artist. From 1949 to 1955, he attended the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. He became director of the studio of painting and drawing at the Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice.
# Guy De Saint Cyr

Guy De Saint Cyr (born 15 April 1958, in Berlin, Germany) is a German actor.
He starred in the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill as a henchman named Braun of the drug baron Franz Sanchez, played by Robert Davi.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1989 | Licence to Kill | Braun |
| 1989 | Romero | Master Sergeant |
| 1999 | One Man's Hero | Lasher |
| 2001 | Original Sin | Chief Jailer |
| 2001 | The Pearl | Mariano |
# Glyptotrox spinulosus

Glyptotrox spinulosus is a species of beetle in the family Trogidae.
* Trox spinulosus variation
* Trox spinulosus dentibius
* Trox spinulosus dentibius variation
* Trox spinulosus spinulosus
* Trox spinulosus spinulosus variation
# Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses

Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses (c. 1585 – January 27, 1638) was a Spanish novelist.

## Biography

He was born at Madrid about 1585. Nothing positive is known of him before the publication of his celebrated romance, the Poema trágico del español Gerardo, y desengaño del amor lascivo (1615-1617). There is evidence that he had been sentenced to eight years at the galleys previous to January 1, 1620, and that the penalty had been remitted; but the nature of his offense is not stated. His treatment of political questions in the Historia apologética en los sucesos del reyno de Aragon, y su ciudad de Zaragoza, años de 91 y 92 (1622), has led to the confiscation of the book, Céspedes took up his residence at Zaragoza and Lisbon.
While in exile he issued a collection of six short stories entitled Historias peregrinas y exemplares (1623), the unfinished romance Varia fortuna del soldado Píndaro (1626), and the first part of his Historia de Felipe IV. (1631), a fulsome eulogy which was rewarded by the author's appointment as official historiographer to the Spanish king.
His novels, though written in a ponderous, affected style, display considerable imagination and insight into character. The Poema trágico has been utilized by John Fletcher in The Spanish Curate and in The Maid of the Mill.
The Historias peregrinas has been reprinted (1906) with a valuable introduction by Emilio Cotarelo y Mori.
# Hudur District

Hudur District (Somali: magaalada xudur) is a district in the southwestern Bakool region of Somalia. Its capital is the town of Hudur.
As of 2000, Hudur town had a population of around 12,500 inhabitants. The broader Hudur District had a total population of 93,049 residents.
# Westcustogo Inn

Westcustogo Inn was an inn and restaurant in Yarmouth, Maine, United States. Located at 10 Princes Point Road, it was in business, albeit not continuously, for 83 years.

## History

The inn was established by Ernest Percy Johnson in 1923, although the Grand Lodge of Iowa's bulletin of 1918 mentions a meeting was held at the Westcustogo Inn, albeit listed as being in Portland, on September 9 that year. Its last owners were Ralph and Betsey Clemons in 2006. The property consisted of a fine-dining restaurant and a bar and lounge. It had several uses between the mid-1960s and the early 1970s, before reopening for public dining in 1973. It was damaged by a fire in 1961.
Trolley cars of the Portland and Yarmouth Electric Railway Company used to run, every fifteen minutes, from Portland to Yarmouth between 1898 and 1933. There was a stop immediately opposite the inn, at the southern end of Pleasant Street.

## Notable guests

Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her entourage once stayed at the Royal River Cabins, further north along Route 88, because the Eastland Park Hotel in Portland banished her dog, Fala. She chose to dine at the Westcustogo, while the owner's daughter entertained Fala on the porch.
Other notable guests at the inn include Fred Allen, Portland Hoffa, Joe Louis, Gene Tunney, Clark Gable, Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, Margaret Chase Smith (on November 4, 1965), Jean Harlow, Mary Pickford, Myrna Loy, Douglas Fairbanks, Bette Davis and Gary Merrill. However, the authenticity of the signatures in Ernest Johnson's 1923–1941 guestbook have been found difficult to verify.

## Closure

After the inn closed, it was vacant for a while, before being renovated by Cunningham Security, who are still the occupants.