OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bletherston

Bletherston (Welsh: Trefelen) is a small settlement and parish in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is in the middle of eastern Pembrokeshire, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Narberth and 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Haverfordwest. The parish includes the village of Penffordd. Together with the parishes of Llys y Fran and New Moat, it constitutes the community of New Moat.

## Name

The English placename appears to mean Bleddri's farm: Bleddri is a Welsh name. The Welsh placename Trefelen means "yellow farm".

## Parish history

The church of St Mary, in the centre of the village, is a grade II* listed building, parts of which may be 12th century, but have been added to or altered since.
The parish, which was noted on a map of 1583, is in the north-west portion of the hundred of Dungleddy which George Owen in 1602 placed south of the Pembrokeshire language frontier. However, as part of the church lands to the north of the Afon Syfynwy, Owen said it was bilingual, and in modern times it has been predominantly Welsh-speaking. The percentage of Welsh language speakers was 97 (1891): 85 (1931): 50 (1971).
The parish had an area of 970 Ha.
According to Lewis's Topographical dictionary of 1844, the population was 371. Its census populations were: 235 (1801): 320 (1851): 235 (1901): 132 (1951): 84 (1981).
# Drissensky Uyezd

Drissensky Uyezd (Дриссенский уезд) was one of the eleven subdivisions of the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Drysa (Drissa).

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Drissensky Uyezd had a population of 97,083. Of these, 86.2% spoke Belarusian, 9.1% Yiddish, 2.4% Polish, 1.6% Russian, 0.4% Latvian and 0.3% German as their native language.
# Naval Medical Forces Atlantic

The Naval Medical Forces Atlantic was established August 2005 as Navy Medicine East and is a flag level command reporting directly to the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Naval Medical Forces Atlantic is responsible for administrative command over its subordinate commands, and for the provision of health and dental care within its area of responsibility. As of 2017, Navy Medicine East oversees over 100 medical facilities and a staff in excess of 26,000 in the eastern United States as well as overseas.
Despite being located in Maryland, the Naval Medical Research Center has been under the command of Navy Medicine West, not Navy Medicine East, since August 2015.
In February 2019, the Surgeon General of the United States Navy announced plans to rename the command to "Medical Forces Atlantic."

## Subordinate Commands

| Name | Location |
| Naval Medical Center Portsmouth | Portsmouth, Virginia |
| Naval Hospital Beaufort | Beaufort, South Carolina |
| Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune, | Camp Lejeune, North Carolina |
| Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay | Guantanamo, Cuba |
| Naval Hospital Jacksonville | Jacksonville, Florida |
| Naval Hospital Naples | Naples, Italy |
| Naval Hospital Pensacola | Pensacola, Florida |
| Naval Hospital Rota | Rota, Cádiz, Spain |
| Naval Hospital Sigonella | Sigonella, Italy |
| Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center | Great Lakes, Illinois |
| Naval Hospital Rota | Rota, Cádiz, Spain |
| Naval Health Clinic Charleston | North Charleston, South Carolina |
| Naval Health Clinic Cherry Point | Cherry Point, North Carolina |
| Naval Health Clinic Corpus Christi | Corpus Christi, Texas |
| Naval Health Clinic New England | Newport, Rhode Island |
| Naval Health Clinic Patuxent River | Patuxent River, Maryland |
| Naval Health Clinic Quantico | Quantico, Virginia |
| 2nd Dental Battalion | Camp Lejeune, North Carolina |
| Naval Health Clinic Annapolis | Annapolis, Maryland |
| Naval Health Clinic Charleston | North Charleston, South Carolina |

## Commanding Officers

Commanding Officers :
| Name | Term |
| Naval Medical Forces Atlantic |||
| RADM Anne M. Swap | 2020-Incumbent First Commanding Officer |
| Navy Medicine East |||
| RADM Anne M. Swap | 2016-2020 Last Commanding Officer |
| RADM Kenneth J. Iverson | 2015-2016 |
| RADM Terry J. Moulton | 2014-2015 |
| RADM Elaine C. Wagner | 2011-2014 |
| RADM Alton L. Stocks | 2010-2011 |
| RADM William R. Kiser | 2008-2010 |
| RADM Matthew L. Nathan | 2007- |
| RADM Thomas R. Cullison | 2005-2007 |
# Ales Bachyla

Ales Bachyla (Belarusian: Алесь Бачыла) (1918–1983) was a Belarusian poet and playwright. His verses were generally "memories of the front, daily work of common people, love towards his country and the duty of a citizen, patriotism and portraying nature."
# Armianskiy Vestnik

Armianskiy Vestnik (Russian:Армянский Вестник) was an Armenian-Russian weekly published in Moscow, from 1916 to 1918, by A. Jivelegov and I. Amirov. It was re-published in the late 1990s.
It published information about the massacres and deportations of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey, news from the Caucasian front of World War I, articles about the Armenian Cause, Armenian-Russian relations, and literature. Valery Bryusov, Sergey Gorodetski, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Yuri Veselovsky, Leo, Vahan Totomiants, and others contributed to the periodical.

## Sources

* Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdyan, Yerevan, 1990, Vol. 1, p. 397-398.
# Delaram, Iran

Delaram (Persian: دلارام) may refer to:
* Delaram, Markazi
* Delaram, Sistan and Baluchestan
# Enzo Oviedo

Enzo Rubén Oviedo (born 6 April 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Club Luján.

## Career

Oviedo, after passing through Lanús' academy, began his senior career with Primera D Metropolitana's Victoriano Arenas. One goal in thirty-six matches arrived across the 2015 and 2016 seasons. In June 2016, Oviedo agreed to join fellow fifth tier team Leandro N. Alem. He appeared twenty-nine times in his first season with the club, as they secured promotion to Primera C Metropolitana for 2017–18. After three goals in tier four, Oviedo moved up to Primera B Metropolitana with Comunicaciones. He made his bow in August 2018 versus Acassuso, while his first goal came months later against Deportivo Español in a win.
Gimnasia y Esgrima became Oviedo's fourth senior club in January 2020. He was sent off in his second appearance against Sportivo Las Parejas on 2 February.

## Career statistics

    As of July 2020.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Leandro N. Alem | 2016–17 | Primera D Metropolitana | 28 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 |
| Leandro N. Alem | 2017–18 | Primera C Metropolitana | 36 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 36 | 3 |
| Leandro N. Alem | Total | Total | 64 | 3 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 65 | 3 |
| Comunicaciones | 2018–19 | Primera B Metropolitana | 28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 28 | 1 |
| Comunicaciones | 2019–20 | Primera B Metropolitana | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Comunicaciones | Total | Total | 34 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2019–20 | Torneo Federal A | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 104 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 105 | 4 |
# Hitomi Aizawa

Hitomi Aizawa (相澤 仁美, Aizawa Hitomi, born 22 August 1982 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress, gravure idol and race queen.
In a 2006 article on an "Air Guitar roadshow" in which Aizawa participated, the website cinematopics.com noted that she was the top idol of the gravure world. Among the films in which Aizawa has appeared are Drift (ドリフト, 2006), Hitorimake (ヒトリマケ, 2008), and Cool Girls (クールガールズ, 2009) In 2006, she appeared in an episode of the Tokyo MX drama Tantei Boogie (探偵ブギ). The website cinematopics.com interviewed Aizawa about her role in the film Open Water 2 (オープン・ウォーター２, 2007), which was based on a true disaster-survival story. In September 2009, Aizawa starred as the title character in a DVD version of the 1980s manga series, Miss Machiko. Advertising for the release made much of Aizawa's prominent bustline.

## Works
### DVDs

* [2005.05.20] Hitomi no Naka
* [2005.08.26] H (ecchi)
* [2005.11.25] Best of You
* [200x.xx.xx] Hitomi wo Mitsumete
* [2006.02.20] I Zawa Hoshimi: Futari
* [2006.02.20] I Zawa Hoshimi: Kirei
* [2006.05.26] Hitomi Crisis!
* [200x.xx.xx] 青春ダイナミック 1,2,3

### Photobooks

* [2005.04.xx] I am I
* [2006.02.25] Hitomi Crisis!

### Singles

* [2006.07.26] Himitsu no Bonbaa (as OOPARTS)
* [2008.01.16] Hayaku Shiteyo
# The Strike (1947 film)

The Strike (Czech: Siréna, "Siren") is a 1947 Czechoslovak film about striking miners directed by Karel Steklý. It is based on the novel of the same title by Marie Majerová.
It was awarded Grand International Prize (later known as Golden Lion) in Venice Film Festival in 1947.

## Cast

* Ladislav Boháč as Hudec
* Marie Vášová as Hudcová
* Oleg Reif as Rudolf
* Nadězda Mauerová as Růžena
* Pavla Suchá as Emča
* Josef Bek as Karel Hampl
* Bedřich Karen as Bacher
* Josef Dekoj as Černý
* Věra Kalendová as Černá
* Lída Matoušková as Kazdová
# Dwan Smith

Dwan Smith (born January 22, 1944) is an American television and film actress, singer and model. Smith is perhaps best known for her role as Delores Williams in the 1976 musical drama film Sparkle.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Born one of four children to Virgil (b. 1917; d. 1990) and Adaliah Smith in Jackson, Tennessee, Smith attended University of Wisconsin. After graduating from college in 1966, Smith relocated to Los Angeles, California. Prior to her career, Smith taught speech therapy to kindergartens. In 1969, Smith won the title of "Ms Zodiac of 1969", an astrological beauty contest held in Hollywood, California. Smith later won the title of "Mrs. California" in 1985.

### Career

In 1972, she made her television debut on the series Adam-12. This was followed by roles in television movies such as the unsold television film A Very Missing Person, and The Couple Takes a Wife. She began making regular appearances on television shows such as Emergency!, Room 222, Sanford & Son, Ellery Queen, Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law, Barnaby Jones, The Jeffersons, Joe Forrester and Police Story.
In 1975, Smith was cast in the role of Delores Williams in the American musical drama Sparkle, her best-known role which was released in April 1976. Smith starred opposite singer-actresses Irene Cara and Lonette McKee, who portrayed her sisters Sparkle and Sister, respectively. Although the character "Sister" was the eldest of the three sisters, Smith (aged 31 at the time) was ten years older than McKee and fourteen years older than Cara. Smith was also eight years younger than Mary Alice who portrayed their mother, Effie. In the film, Smith performed backing vocals to the Curtis Mayfield-penned songs, "Something He Can Feel," "Hooked On Your Love," and "Jump" (which were all re-recorded by Aretha Franklin for the entire soundtrack).
Smith continued to make appearances in films such as Cop on the Beat, Brothers (opposite Bernie Casey), the ill-fated and critically panned The Concorde... Airport '79 and Hell Squad followed by her role of Dr. Irma Foster on the soap opera General Hospital, a role she played from 1987 to 1989.
Since her role in Sparkle, Smith largely faded from television and film altogether, appearing in the direct-to-video MP Da Last Don (1998) as Master P's mother, In The Wake (2000) and House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute (2001) as Mrs. Dixon. The film is marked as Smith's last role to date.

## Personal

Smith has been married twice and has three children. In August 1978, she married Nathaniel Fortier. On August 3, 2011, Smith recently appeared in a YouTube video via her channel 'mizdwan4' to which she was to reveal her sexuality for the first time. However, the secret comes out as her love and addiction for all types of wigs.
# Vytautas Žalakevičius

Vytautas Žalakevičius (14 April 1930 – 12 November 1996) was a Soviet and Lithuanian film director and screenwriter. His 1973 film That Sweet Word: Liberty! won the Golden Prize at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Biography

Vytautas Žalakevičius studied mathematics and engineering at Kaunas University for two years. From 1951 to 1956 he studied film directing under Mikheil Chiaureli and Grigori Aleksandrov at VGIK in Moscow. He shot to fame with his 1956 film Adam wants to be a man starring Donatas Banionis and his teacher, Juozas Miltinis. His best known film, Nobody Wanted to Die, starring Lithuanian and Latvian actors, brought him international recognition. From 1974 to 1980, Žalakevičius was a staff director at Mosfilm. However, his Moscow period was less productive, so he returned to Lithuania. Žalakevičius devoted himself to establishing an independent Lithuanian film industry, and still worked with an international cast of Lithuanian, Russian, and Latvian actors. He also taught directing and writing and worked for television.

## Recognition

Vytautas Žalakevičius was Artistic Director of the Lithuanian Film Studio. He was designated People's Artist of the Lithuanian SSR (1981) and People's Artist of the RSFSR (1980). He was co-chairman of the Lithuanian State Committee for Cinematography and member of the Lithuanian Writers' Union and the Union of Soviet Writers.

## Filmography

* 1956: Skenduolis (graduation work, short)
* 1959: Adam wants to be a man (Adomas nori būti žmogumi)
* 1963: Chronicles of one day (Vienos dienos kronika)
* 1965: Nobody Wanted to Die (Niekas nenorėjo mirti)
* 1968: Feelings, Lithuanian Film Studios
* 1970: Everything about Columbus (Visa teisybė apie Kolumbą)
* 1973: That Sweet Word: Liberty! (Это сладкое слово — свобода!)
* 1974: Breakdown (Авария) TV film
* 1978: Centaurs (Kentaurai)
* 1980: Story of an unknown man (Рассказ неизвестного человека)
* 1981: Faktas
* 1982: Apology (Atsiprašau)
* 1987: Sunday in hell (Savaitgalį pragare)
* 1991: Tale of a non-turned-off Moon (Žvėris, išeinantis iš jūros)
# Tekeli, Şemdinli

Tekeli (Kurdish: Gare) is a village in the Şemdinli District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Zerzan tribe and had a population of 2,268 in 2023.
Tekeli has the four hamlets of Balıklı (Masîro), Oğlaklı (Meleyan), Tanyolu (Gelêşim) and Üstünağaç (Şawûtê) attached to it.

## Population

Population history of the village from 2013 to 2023:
# Jiali Plaza

Jiali Plaza (simplified Chinese: 佳丽广场; traditional Chinese: 佳麗廣場; pinyin: Jiālì Guǎngchǎng), also known as Ping An Building, is a 251-metre (823 ft) tall skyscraper located in Wuhan, China. The 61 storey building was completed in 1997 under the design by WMKY Lim. The building has two underground floors which are used as a car park.
# Aika Ando

Aika Ando (安藤 あいか, Andō Aika, born July 9, 1984, in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese gravure idol and professional wrestler who is represented by the talent agencies, Newgate Production and Ice Ribbon. She was a member of the Ebisu Muscats.

## Biography

In 2007, Ando won the Sabra Quasi Grand Prix Award in the "1st Burgaru Championship". She later started gravure activities in the opportunity.
In the same year, during the planning for Dainichi Taisen on Television Saitama, Ando was introduced to professional wrestling organization Ice Ribbon, and on October 20, she debuted with Aoi Kizuki in Ichigaya Ice Box.
On August 23, 2008, she was announced in the Shin-Kiba 1st Ring but later withdrew after the game. At the time Ando was auditioning for Hustle.
In May 2009, she continued idol activities in Fukkatsu! Miniskirt Police.
In mid-2011, Ando left the professional wrestling for entertainment activities. In 2014, she is still in Ice Ribbon as a diva.
During a broadcast of Ōkubo jā Night, Ando confessed that her actual age is 29, and revealed that she had lied about being 2 years younger than she was.

## Filmography
### TV series

| Year | Title | Network |
| | Dainichi Taisen | TV Saitama |
| | Gravure Talk Audition | Fuji TV |
| 2008 | Onegai! Muscat | TV Tokyo |
| | Kunoichi.TV | TVH |
| 2008 | Itsuzai | TV Tokyo |
| 2008 | Summers Shiki | TBS |
| 2008 | Obiraji R | TBS |
| 2009 | Onedari!! Muscat | TV Tokyo |
| 2009 | Coi to Muscat! | TV Tokyo |
| 2009 | Utsukushiki Aoki do Nau | TV Asahi |
| 2009 | Hori sa Maazu | TBS |
| 2010 | Campus Night Fuji | Fuji TV |
| 2010 | Push Sma | TV Asahi |
| 2010 | Marusummers | TBS |
| 2010 | Onedar Muscat DX! | TV Tokyo |
| 2010 | Mecha-Mecha Iketeru! | Fuji TV |
| 2010 | Sakigake! Ongaku Banzuke | Fuji TV |
| 2011 | Oh! Doyakao Summit | TV Asahi |
| 2011 | Onedari Muscat SP! | TV Tokyo |
| 2012 | Goddotan | TV Tokyo |
| 2012 | Kanningu Takeyama no Zeni Nāru Jogakuin | MBS |
| 2012 | 24-jikan Kasumi Radio | Enter!371 |

### Internet series

| Year | Title | Network |
| 2009 | Fukkatsu! Miniskirt Police | Niconico, Aipai Channel |
| | Fukkatsu! Miniskirt Police Atsu! To Odoroku Kinkyū Shutsudō! | Atsu! To Odoroku Hōsōkyoku |
| 2011 | Fukkatsu! Miniskirt Police no Niconico Patrol | Nico Jockey |
| 2012 | 24-jikan Kasumi Radio | Niconico Live |
| | Fukkatsu! Miniskirt Police no Niko Jockey | |
| 2013 | Okumanchōja e no Michi | Nico Jockey |

### Mobile series

| Title | Network | Notes |
| Idol ga Ippai | Aipai | |

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | Hard Life Murasaki no Seishun Koi to Kenka to Tokkō-fuku | Sizuka | |
| 2014 | Jane Ueshima Beyond | | |
# Gorodoksky Uyezd

Gorodoksky Uyezd (Городокский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Haradok (Gorodok).

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Gorodoksky Uyezd had a population of 112,033. Of these, 83.6% spoke Belarusian, 10.7% Russian, 4.7% Yiddish, 0.5% Latvian, 0.4% Polish, 0.1% German and 0.1% Romani as their native language.
# Lilienfeld Prize

The Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society, to remember Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, has been awarded annually, since 1989. (It was not awarded in 2002). The purpose of the Prize is to recognize outstanding contributions to physics.

## Recipients

Source: American Physical Society
* 1989: N. David Mermin
* 1990: Michael V. Berry
* 1991: Daniel Kleppner
* 1992: Alan H. Guth and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
* 1993: David N. Schramm
* 1994: Marvin L. Cohen
* 1995: Valentine A. Telegdi
* 1996: Kip Stephen Thorne
* 1997: Michael S. Turner
* 1998: Douglas James Scalapino
* 1999: Stephen William Hawking
* 2000: Robert J. Birgeneau
* 2001: Lawrence M. Krauss
* 2002: Not awarded
* 2003: Frank A. Wilczek
* 2004: H. Jeff Kimble
* 2005: Robert Hamilton Austin
* 2006: Mikhail Shifman
* 2007: Lisa Randall
* 2008: H. Eugene Stanley
* 2009: Ramamurti Shankar
* 2010: David K. Campbell & Shlomo Havlin
* 2011: Gerald Gabrielse
* 2012: Gordon Kane
* 2013: Margaret Geller
* 2014: Edward Ott
* 2015: David Awschalom
* 2016: David Pines
* 2017: Martin Rees
* 2018: Naomi Halas
* 2019: Katherine Freese
* 2020: Joel Primack
* 2021: William M. Jackson
* 2022: Chang Kee Jung
* 2023: Albert-László Barabási
* 2024: Edward Kolb
* 2025: Bharat Ratra
# Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan

Abu Muḥammad al-Faḍl ibn Shadhan ibn Khalil al-Azdi al-Naysaburi (Arabic: أبومحمد الفضل بن شاذان بن خليل الأزدي النيسابوري), better known as al-Faḍl ibn Shadhan (d. 260 AH/873 AD) was an Arab Muslim traditionist, jurist, and theologian. He was highly regarded by the Imami Shi'a as one of the leading Imāmī scholars of his time.

## Life

Little is known about his life. He was probably born at the end of the 2nd century AH (791-816 AD). He lived and grew up in Nishapur, as his nisbah al-Azdi indicates; he belonged to the Arab tribe of Azd. He was the son of Shadhan ibn Khalil, a well known Imami traditionalist. Al-Fadl and his family migrated to Baghdad when he was young, where he began his education, and later relocated to the neighboring city of Kufa, and then finally to Wasit. Al-Fadl studied under prominent scholars such as Al-Ḥasan ibn Al-Faddal, Nasr ibn Muzahim, Safwan ibn Yahya and Hammad ibn Isa, and was also recorded to have been a disciple of the Twelver Imam Ali al-Ridha. After spending years in Iraq, al-Fadl returned to Nishapur and continued his educational activities, until he was exiled by the Tahirid governor for reportedly practicing Shi'ism. However, the sentence did not last for long. During his exile, he stayed in hiding in Bayhaq, a town near Nishapur. While in hiding, he became ill, and eventually died in 873 or 874 AD. A mausoleum dedicated to him is located in Nishapur.

## Work

ibn Shadhan was also known as a jurist, and Mohagheq Hali has counted him among the first rank Imamiyyah jurisprudents. As a narrator, Ibn Shazan is included in the series of records of many Imamiyyah hadiths, and Najashi has confirmed his endorsement. The most prominent scientific aspect of Ibn Shazan's personality is his speech, as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi mentioned him as a great orator. Based on the little information that is available, the basis of Ibn Shazan's theological teachings, after the two martyrdoms, is the acknowledgment of God's authority and the acknowledgment of "I am with God". The generalities of his belief about Imamate are in complete agreement with the Twelve Imams beliefs.

## Books

His works are considered to be more than 180 titles, some of which are in theology and jurisprudence, were listed by Najashi in the book of Regal and Tusi in the book, including:
1. The proof of reversion, a selection of which has been published by Bassem Mousavi in Trathana magazine;
2. Al-Talaq, which was mentioned by Najashi and Tusi, and Kilini quoted parts of it that are apparently taken from his book;
3. The causes are in the causes related to worship that Najashi and Tusi mentioned.
4, 5 and 6. Al-Kabeer Al-Kabir, Al-Awsat Al-Fareez and Al-Sagher Al-Fareez;
7. Al-Badlan issues, which Najashi has mentioned and Tusi has quoted parts of it in some of his works.
8. Day and night, which is said to have reached the opinion of Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) and was approved by him.
# Kramers' opacity law

Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free absorption (the absorption of light when scattering a free ion, also called bremsstrahlung). It is often used to model radiative transfer, particularly in stellar atmospheres. The relation is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Kramers, who first derived the form in 1923.
The general functional form of the opacity law is ${\bar {\kappa }}\propto \rho T^{-7/2},$
where ${\bar {\kappa }}$ is the resulting average opacity, $\rho$ is the density and $T$ the temperature of the medium. Often the overall opacity is inferred from observations, and this form of the relation describes how changes in the density or temperature will affect the opacity.

## Calculation

The specific forms for bound-free and free-free are
* Bound-free: ${\bar {\kappa }}_{\text{bf}}=4.34\times 10^{25}{\frac {g_{\text{bf}}}{t}}Z(1+X){\frac {\rho }{\rm {g/cm^{3}}}}\left({\frac {T}{\rm {K}}}\right)^{-7/2}{\rm {\,cm^{2}\,g^{-1}}},$
* Free-free: ${\bar {\kappa }}_{\text{ff}}=3.68\times 10^{22}g_{\text{ff}}(1-Z)(1+X){\frac {\rho }{\mathrm {g/cm^{3}} }}\left({\frac {T}{\rm {K}}}\right)^{-7/2}\mathrm {cm^{2}\,g^{-1}} .$
* Electron-scattering: ${\bar {\kappa }}_{\mathrm {es} }=0.2(1+X)\mathrm {\,cm^{2}\,g^{-1}}$
Here, $g_{\text{bf}}$ and $g_{\text{ff}}$ are the Gaunt factors (quantum mechanical correction terms) associated with bound-free and free-free transitions respectively. The $t$ is an additional correction factor, typically having a value between 1 and 100. The opacity depends on the number density of electrons and ions in the medium, described by the fractional abundance (by mass) of elements heavier than helium $Z$, and the fractional abundance (by mass) of hydrogen $X$.