OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Claudio Spies

Carlos Claudio Spies (March 26, 1925 – April 2, 2020) was a Chilean American composer.

## Biography
### Early life

Born in Santiago, Chile, of German Jewish parents, Spies completed primary and secondary education in Santiago in 1941, when he passed the Bachillerato. Erich Kleiber and Fritz Busch were mentors to Spies at an early age.
Spies came to the United States in August 1942 to study music at New England Conservatory and Longy School of Music, where he studied with Nadia Boulanger and, after her departure for California, with Harold Shapero. He entered Harvard College in February 1947. One of his most influential teachers at Harvard was Irving Fine, and another was Otto Gombosi. He wrote his dissertation on "The concept of form in the symphonies and concertos of Strawinsky."
He graduated in June 1950, and received the John K. Paine Traveling Fellowship, which took him to Paris, where he spent a year composing. He returned to Harvard as a graduate student and received his MA degree in composition in 1954.

### Career

Spies has taught music at many institutions:
* Harvard University (1953–1957)
* Vassar College (1957–1958)
* Swarthmore College (1958–1970)
* Princeton University (Professor of Music, 1970–1998; Professor Emeritus, 1998–)
* The Juilliard School (1998–2010)
In addition to teaching music composition and analysis, he has also taught such subjects as: study of composers' manuscripts, Brahms' chamber music, courses on the music of Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg, conducting. He may be the first person to teach a course on composers' manuscripts, which he did through facsimile editions as well as regular visits to manuscripts collection at the Morgan Library in New York City.
With Stravinsky, he attended countless rehearsals, performances, and recording sessions of new Stravinsky works in such places as Boston, New York, and Venice (the first performance of The Rake's Progress in 1951). Another Stravinsky work whose premiere Spies helped bring to fruition was Requiem Canticles, at Princeton's McCarter Theatre in 1966.
While teaching at Harvard Summer School in 1968, Spies conducted the first performances of four preliminary versions of Stravinsky's Les Noces along with a performance of the final version. At that session, he also conducted various works of Schoenberg and Anton Webern. Some of the musical comments shared between Spies and Stravinsky were reflected in articles written by Spies in several issues of Perspectives of New Music dealing with new works by Stravinsky.

## Personal life

Spies married Emmi-Vera Tobias in 1953 and had five children: Caterina, Michael, Tatiana, Leah, Susanna. He has five grandchildren. Spies and his wife were divorced in 1985. Spies moved to California from his Princeton home to live with his daughter.
He died April 2, 2020, in Sonoma.

## Sources

* Sadie, Stanley, The Norton/Grove Concise Dictionary of Music, W. W. Norton, 1988
# Caul (disambiguation)

Caul may refer to:
* Caul, a thin, filmy membrane that covers or partly covers a newborn mammal immediately after birth
* Caul (headgear), a historical headdress worn by women that covers tied-up hair
* Caul fat, the membrane around food animals' internal organs
* A curved batten, usually used in pairs for applying even pressure across wide workpieces
* In woodworking, a strip or block of wood used to distribute or direct clamping force
* Term for greater omentum in animals
# Sarathi (name of Krishna)

Sarathi (Sanskrit: सारथि, romanized: Sārathi, lit. 'charioteer', also anglicised as Sarathy) is an epithet of the Hindu deity Krishna used in the epic Mahabharata. It is also a common personal name in South India.
In the Mahabharata, Krishna initially counselled peace to the Pandavas and Kauravas, two closely related families that chose to fight over the Kuru kingdom in northern India. Eventually siding with the Pandavas, he offered his services as a charioteer to Arjuna, the Pandavas' greatest archer. Krishna is thus accorded the title Pārthasārathī, which translates to "charioteer of Partha" (another name for Arjuna), or Sanātana Sārathi "eternal charioteer". The Bhagavad Gita, considered by many traditions to be Hinduism's most important religious text, consists of a dialogue between Krishna, the charioteer, and Arjuna just before the actual battle begins, where Krishna instructs Arjuna in the principle of dharma in response to his hesitation to fighting against his own relatives.

## Symbolism

In Hinduism, as aligned with Plato's philosophy, the dynamic interaction of persons, horses, and parts are "yoked," "reined," and "bound" together, serving as an allegory for the atman or "self", and its relationship to the senses and the body.
   "Know the Self as the lord of the chariot (atmanam rathinam viddhi) and the body as, verily, the chariot, know the intellect as the charioteer (buddhim tu saradhim viddhi) and the mind (manas) as, verily, the reins. The senses, they say, are the horses.... He who has understanding for the driver of the chariot (vinyanasarathir) and controls the rein of his mind, he reaches the end of the journey, the supreme abode of the all-pervading."
In the Stri Parva of the Mahabharata, Vidura explains the concept of samsara to his grieving brother Dhritarashtra by offering the metaphor of a chariot and a charioteer.
   The body of creatures is a chariot; sattva they call the charioteer; the senses, they call horses; the mental organ of action (karmabuddhi) is the reins. Whoever follows after the rush of those running steeds, he turns about like a wheel in the cycle of samsara. Whoever restrains them with understanding (buddhi), that restrainer/charioteer (yantr) does not return. This chariot, by which the unwise are bewildered, must be controlled ....Restraint, renunciation, and vigilance (damastyago pramadasca), these three are the horses of Brahman. Whoever is firm in this spiritual chariot (manase rathi), and yoked (to those steeds) with the reins of morality, having renounced the fear of death, O king, he attains to the world of Brahman.
# Karan, Iran

Karan or Karran or Korran or Keran (Persian: كران), also rendered as Kiran, may refer to:
* Karan-e Bozorg, Khalkhal, Ardabil Province
* Karan-e Bozorg, Nir, Ardabil Province
* Korran, Kerman
* Karan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
* Karan, Razavi Khorasan
* Karan, West Azerbaijan
* Karan-e Olya, West Azerbaijan Province
* Karan-e Sofla, West Azerbaijan Province
* Karan-e Vasat, West Azerbaijan Province
# Sergey Lomonosov

Sergey Grigoryevich Lomonosov (Russian: Серге́й Григорьевич Ломоносов) (1799 – October 13, 1857, near Florence) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at the Dutch Royal Court.
Sergey Lomonosov graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum with a silver medal in 1817 and then began his career at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later Lomonosov was sent to the Russian embassy in Washington. Upon his return to St Petersburg in 1821, Sergey Lomonosov was sent to Spain to assist Count Mark Bulgari (a Russian charge d'affairs). After some time he was transferred to Paris as a secretary at the Russian embassy, where he remained until 1829. In 1831, Sergey Lomonosov was appointed chargé d'affaires to Copenhagen and then as first secretary to London. In 1841, he was appointed charge d'affairs to Brazil. During his stay in South America, he travelled along the Brazilian coast from Rio de Janeiro to the estuary of the Amazon River and probably became the first Russian ever to introduce this country to Russia. In 1848, Sergey Lomonosov was transferred to Portugal. In 1853, he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipontetiary at the Dutch Royal Court, keeping this post until his death in 1857.
# Pieter van den Broecke

Pieter van den Broecke (25 February 1585, Antwerp – 1 December 1640, Strait of Malacca) was a Dutch cloth merchant in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and one of the first Dutchmen to taste coffee. He also went to Angola three times. He was one of the first Europeans to describe societies in West and Central Africa and to comment in detail trade strategies along the African coast.

## Life

His parents, Pieter van den Broecke Sr and Maiken de Morimont, lived in Antwerp. However, after the Fall of Antwerp to the Spanish, which happened at the year of his birth, Antwerp's Protestant population was given the choice of converting to the Roman Catholic Church or departing the city, though Protestants were given four years to settle their affairs before leaving. Van den Broecke's Calvinist parents were among the many who chose to depart, arriving first at Alkmaar in the new Dutch Republic. The family lived in Hamburg for a while and left around 1597 for Amsterdam. At the time the VOC began to develop, the younger Pieter joined it as a tradesman and climbed the career ladder. He became chief-tradesman and admiral.
In 1611 he brought in a cargo of 29 tonnes (65,000 pounds) of ivory to Amsterdam from a captured Portuguese ship. In 1614 he visited the port of Aden in Yemen. He was the first Dutch merchant to make a journey to the Arabian Peninsula. He went on to the port of al-Shihr in Hadramawt and left several Dutch merchants there to engage in trade and learn the Arabic language.
He returned to the Arabian Peninsula in 1616 and visited the port of Mocha, where he attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish a permanent Dutch trading establishment. It was there that he drank "something hot and black, a coffee".
He was made the VOC's manager in Dutch Suratte in 1620. He described the Ethiopian slave soldier Malik Ambar. From 1616 the establishment there blossomed, with new minor establishments being set up in the hinterland, though in 1617 the Duyfken, under his command, was wrecked on the Surat coast.
He operated in Maritime Southeast Asia beside Jan Pieterszoon Coen and was present at the battle of Jakarta in 1619. Pieter van den Broecke took over from Coen as head of the Banda Islands. The islands were held to be important to trade due to their superior cloves and nutmeg, and so the Dutch were at that time enforcing a trade monopoly on the unwilling local population through drastic measures. So many inhabitants were killed on Banda that the island had to be deliberately repopulated.
On his retirement he was honoured with a gold chain, which he wears in the portrait by his friend Frans Hals (now hanging in Kenwood House). His son was a perkenier (plantation owner) on the Banda Islands. Descendants of the Van den Broecke family continue to live on Banda.
# Inveruglas

Inveruglas (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Dhubhghlais) is a hamlet on the west shore of Loch Lomond, fairly near the north end of the loch and is within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. It is situated on the A82 trunk road, connecting Glasgow to Inverness. It is within the historic county of Dunbartonshire, and since 1996 it has been part of the Argyll and Bute council area.
Nearby isles include Inveruglas Isle and Wallace's Isle. Inversnaid is roughly opposite on the east shore, there is a pedestrian ferry.
The Inveruglas Water flows into the loch at the hamlet, flowing down from Loch Sloy. The name of this watercourse is a curious back-formation, since Inveruglas means "the mouth of the Douglas". It may have acquired this name to differentiate it from the Douglas Water a few miles further south.
Inveruglas Isle lies in Inveruglas Bay, an inlet of Loch Lomond.

## Loch Lomond and Cowal Way

The Loch Lomond and Cowal Way starts and finishes at Inveruglas. This 92-kilometre (57-mile) waymarked footpath terminates at Portavadie in the Cowal Peninsula, on the east shore of Loch Fyne.

## Loch Sloy Hydro-Electric Scheme

The renewable hydroelectric schemes generation hall is located on the shore of Loch Lomond at Inveruglas, part of the Sloy/Awe Hydro-Electric Scheme. Opened by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (1900-2002) in 1950.
# As Saqrah

As Saqrah (Arabic: الصقرة) is a suburb in the Amman Governorate of north-western Jordan.
# Vasily Panov

Vasily Nikolayevich Panov (Russian: Васи́лий Никола́евич Пано́в, November 1, 1906 – January 13, 1973) was a Soviet chess player, author, and journalist. Winner of the Moscow City Championship in 1929, he also played in five USSR Chess Championships from 1935 to 1948. His greatest tournament victory was Kiev, 1938. He was awarded the International Master title by FIDE in 1950. The website Chessmetrics.com, which assigns retroactive ratings to older players, ranks Panov as 21st in the world in 1948. This ranking was higher than that of many Grandmasters. In 1950s his chess results started to decline but his popularity as a chess writer kept on increasing. Panov is best known for his chess writings and theoretical work on the openings. He was chess correspondent for Izvestia from 1942 to 1965. His many books include a beginners' guide, biographies of Alekhine and Capablanca, and Kurs debyutov (1957), Russia's best-selling book on the chess openings. He has also written some non-chess poems, articles and plays.

## Contribution to openings

Panov contributed greatly to the theory of the Caro–Kann Defence and the Ruy Lopez. A variation of the Caro-Kann starting with the moves 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 is known as the Panov Attack (sometimes Panov–Botvinnik Attack). He is also credited with a sound variation of Alekhine's Defence for White, 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.Nf3 Bg4 5.h3, known as the Panov Variation.

## Books

* Comprehensive Chess Openings, by Yakov Estrin and Vasily Panov, in three volumes, Pergamon, 1980. ISBN 0-08-024113-1 (for set of three volumes in flexicover)
# Lauro Puñales

Lauro Puñales (English: Lauro Daggers) is a 1969 historical drama film directed by René Cardona, and starring Antonio Aguilar, Flor Silvestre, and Jaime Fernández.

## Plot

In Emiliano Zapata's hometown of Anenecuilco lives Lauro Puñales, a famous revolutionary leader and agrarian. The town's political boss and municipal president are confidants to the federals. The political boss urges the peasants to give him back the lands that they took from them, albeit Lauro defends the peasants and also promotes the revolutionary cause. He is in love with Rosenda, a widow and daughter of notable citizen Damián Rodríguez.

## Cast

* Antonio Aguilar – Lauro González
* Flor Silvestre – Rosenda Rodríguez
* Alma Delia Fuentes – Teresa Rodríguez
* Elsa Cárdenas – María Elena Rodríguez
* Carlos López Moctezuma – don Damián Rodríguez
* Eleazar García – Juvencio (as Eleazar García 'Chelelo')
* Alejandro Reyna – Albino (as Alejandro Reyna 'Tio Placido')
* Jaime Fernández – Emiliano Zapata
* Carlos Cortés – Capitan Luis Bermúdez
* Julián Pastor – Carlos Reyes
* Miguel Ángel Ferriz – General Bermúdez
* Guillermo Rivas – Saturnino López
* Jorge Russek – Coronel Villegas
* Arturo Martínez – don Leobardo Nochebuena
* Agustín Isunza – doctor
* Joaquín Martínez – Matías
* Manuel Garay
* René Barrera
# Pühamets Nature Reserve

Pühamets Nature Reserve (Estonian: Pühametsa looduskaitseala) is a nature reserve in located in Saare County, Estonia.
The area of the nature reserve is 57 ha.
The protected area was founded in 2007 to protect valuable habitat types and threatened species in Kõljala and Masa village (both in former Pihtla Parish).
# Alim Baisultanov

Alim Yusufovich Baisultanov (Russian: Алим Юсуфович Байсултанов; 15 May 1919 – 28 September 1943) was a Balkar flying ace in the Soviet Air Forces and Hero of the Soviet Union. Less than a year after he was killed in action, his entire family was deported to Central Asia because of their Balkar ethnicity.

## Early life

Baisultanov was born on 15 May 1919 to a large Balkar peasant family in Yanikoy village. After completing pedagogical school in 1937 and training at an aeroclub, he entered the Navy, graduating from the Yeisk Naval Aviation School in 1939 before seeing combat for the first time in the Winter War.

## World War II

During the early phase of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Baisultanov was deployed as part of the 13th Fighter Aviation Regiment, in which he fought in the battles for Tallinn, Hanko, and defended the Road of Life. Before the end of June 1941 he gained his first aerial victory – the shared kill of a Fokker D.XXI. His first solo victory took place over Tallinn nearly two months later when he took out a Ju 88. He racked up two more solo kills and one shared kill by mid September 1941, after which he went several months without any aerial victories; then in March and April 1942 he began to rapidly increase his tally, though most of his claims involved shared kills. Nevertheless, he became an ace on 4 April 1942 after shooting down a Ju 87 dive bomber – his fifth solo kill. In June 1942 he was nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union for having flown 277 sorties, gaining 5 solo and 13 shared shootdowns. The title was awarded on 23 October 1942. However, his tally remained at that number since he was sent for squadron commander training in summer 1943. By the time he returned to his regiment it had been honored with the guards designation and renamed as the 4th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. Shortly after the unit received the new La-5, he was shot down over the Gulf of Finland while on a mission escorting a group of attack aircraft to Seskar Island. Not long after his death, his family was deported to the Osh oblast in Central Asia because of their Balkar ethnicity. His parents and two of his brothers soon perished in the harsh conditions of exile soon after the deportation.

## Awards

* Hero of the Soviet Union
* Order of Lenin
* Two Order of the Red Banner
# Barikan

Barikan (Persian: باريكان) may refer to various places in Iran:
* Barikan, Alborz
* Barikan, Bushehr
* Berikan, Bushehr Province
# Pyon Yong-rip

Pyon Yong-rip (Korean: 변영립; September 20, 1929 – November 15, 2016) was a politician of North Korea. He served as secretary of the standing committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and was a member of the 6th Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea .

## Biography

Pyon was born in 1929, in Chaeryong County, Kōkai-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan. He spent his early childhood in Haeju and Daedong, South Pyongan Province. He joined the Korean People's Army on September 2, 1950. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics at Kim Il Sung University. On February 29, 1968, he was promoted as the Lieutenant of the Ground Forces of the Korean People's Army, and served as Deputy Director of the Department of Education, Kim Il Sung University, Deputy Minister of Higher Education, Deputy Director of the Ministry of Education, Vice President of the National Academy of Sciences, North Korea's Ministry of Education and Director of the National Academy of Sciences. Since July 2009, he has served as secretary of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly until 2012 when he was replaced by Thae Hyong-chol. At the representative meeting of the Workers' Party of Korea in September 2010, he was elected a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea.
# Greg Brown (American football coach)

Greg Brown (born October 10, 1957) is an American football coach, who is currently an analyst at USC. He was previously the Defensive Coordinator at Charlotte. He was previously the secondary coach for Auburn University and the Missouri Tigers. Brown, for one season, was the secondary coach for Alabama. He was hired by the Crimson Tide in January 2013 after he served as defensive coordinator for Colorado. In 2010, he was co-defensive coordinator for the Arizona Wildcats. Before becoming co-defensive coordinator with Tim Kish, he previously served as secondary coach for the Colorado Buffaloes. He is the son of former baseball and football coach, NCAA basketball referee and television personality Irv Brown.
# Mah Farrokhan

Mah Farrokhan (Persian: ماه فرخان) is a village in, and the capital of, Khir Rural District of Runiz District, Estahban County, Fars province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,718 in 400 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,756 people in 503 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,880 people in 588 households.
# Yelkhi Surlan

Yelkhi Surlan (Persian: يلقي سورلن, also Romanized as Yelkhī Sūrlan; also known as Īlkhī Sūrkan) is a village in Golidagh Rural District, Golidagh District, Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 207, in 34 families.
# Olesya (film)

Olesya (Russian: Олеся) is a 1971 drama film directed by Boris Ivchenko based on a screenplay by Vasily Dulgerov. Adapted from the Aleksandr Kuprin's 1898 homonymous novel.

## Plot

Wandering through the forest, Ivan Timofeyevich finds a dilapidated hut on the edge of the swamp. There lives an old woman with her beautiful granddaughter Olesya. Many years prior, the local peasants, considering the woman a witch, burned down her house, killing her daughter. Olesya is fascinated by Ivan, who is in turn conquered by the power of the girl's feelings, by her openness and the purity of her soul. Eventually, he falls in love with Olesya. However, she foresees a quick separation.

## Cast

* Lyudmila Chursina as Olesya
* Gennady Voropayev as Ivan Timofeyevich
* Boryslav Brondukov as Yarmola
* Anatoly Barchuk as Dmitro
* Maria Kapnist as Manuylikha, Olesya's grandmother
* Vladimir Volkov as Yevtikhiy Petrovich
* Boris Aleksandrov as Selyanin (as B. Aleksandrov)
* Yuri Gavrilyuk
* Fyodor Gladkov
* Anatoliy Ivanov

## Release

Boris Ivchenko's film takes the 616th place in the list of the highest-grossing films of the Soviet film distribution. It was watched by 25,1 million viewers.
# Drowning detection system

Drowning detection systems are systems designed to improve safety by reducing drowning deaths and injuries in public and private pools, waterparks, thermal baths, spa facilities, beaches, or other natural bodies of water smart beach.

## Classification

Pool monitoring systems fall into two broad categories: Active or Passive.

### Active systems

Active systems are often using a wearable on the swimmer, such as a wristband, that monitors the behaviour and position of the swimmer. If the swimmer is detected to be under water för a certain period, an alarm is triggered and through acoustic underwater communication from the wristband to receivers installed in the pool the alarm is transferred to on-site lifeguards that immediately can identify which pool and to start rescue. The advantage of such systems is that each person is guarded and that the same wristband can be used for access to facilities and lockers. The system is mainly used in public swimming pools where lifeguards are present.

### Passive systems

Passive systems provide lifeguards with views of swimmer activity and behaviour below the water surface, which aids the 10:20 scan for identifying potential incidents. They offer a way of compensating for surface glare and blind spots in the swimming pool, thereby making the lifeguard's job easier. Active systems are designed to automatically monitor the pool and alert lifeguards to potential incidents.
Passive system underwater cameras let lifeguards inspect multiple underwater views simultaneously from a single location. Cameras can cover areas which may otherwise be obstructed. Below water cameras can be paired with above water cameras to provide face-to-body matching if there is an incident where a swimmer needs to be identified, in cases of sexual assault for example.