OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute

Mingechevir Polytechnic Institute (MPI) (Azerbaijani: Mingəçevir Politexnik İnstitutu), sometimes written Mingecevir Polytechnic Institute, is a public institute of technology located in Mingechevir, Azerbaijan. It is a coeducational higher education institution, officially accredited and/or recognized by the Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan. Mingechevir Politexnik Institutu (MPI) offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor's degrees in several areas of study.
The university has two departments, approximately 1200 students, including a dozen graduate students, and a faculty and staff of approximately 150.
Founded in 1990 as a satellite branch of the Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, it was called the Azerbaijan Industrial University until 1992 when it became independent as the Mingechevir Energy Institute. In 1993, it was renamed Mingechevir Polytechnic University.

## History

Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute was the branch of the University of Industry named after M. Azizbayov was established and started to operate (now Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University) according to decision N274 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated April 23, 1991. Later, on July 1, 1992, by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers N371, the branch became Mingachevir Institute of Energy and renamed to Mingachevir Polytechnical Institute on August 4, 1993, according to the resolution N 427 of the cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Mingachevir State University was established according to resolution N1335 dated July 24, 2015, signed by the President of Azerbaijan, on the basis of Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute functioning within the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on purpose of carrying out personnel training at all levels of higher education.

## Faculty Departments

* Engineering and mechanics
* Economics and Management

### Majors

* Land transportation engineering
* Organization and management of the industry
* Mechanical engineering
* Computer science
* Heat and power engineering
* Economy
* Systems engineering and information technology
* Electroenergetics engineering
* Ecology engineering

## Campus

The campus of Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute is located in Mingechevir, Azerbaijan along with most of the faculties, and the central library the university laboratories, computer center. The computer center was reconstructed from 1997 to 1998. The Center consists of 3 computing techniques laboratory and lecture room. The institute's library and reading room provide students with books in all majors. The institute has a sport and health complex and a medical center with an area of over 1200 square meters.
# Tsimazava

Tsimazava is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Mahabo, which is a part of Menabe Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 3,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas, sugarcane and cassava.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
20°41′S 45°42′E﻿ / ﻿20.683°S 45.700°E﻿ / -20.683; 45.700
* This Menabe location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Maroambiny

Maroambiny or Maroambihy is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Sambava, which is a part of Sava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 11,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 93% of the population in the commune are farmers, while an additional 1% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is vanilla, while other important products are coffee, cloves and rice. Industry and services provide employment for 1% and 5% of the population, respectively.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
14°28′S 49°46′E﻿ / ﻿14.467°S 49.767°E﻿ / -14.467; 49.767
* This Sava region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Chukanlu, Faruj

Chukanlu (Persian: چوكانلو, also Romanized as Chūkānlū) is a village in Shah Jahan Rural District, in the Central District of Faruj County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,683, in 405 families.
# Megachile pruina

Megachile pruina, also known as the Hoary Leafcutter Bee, is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Smith in 1853.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

Megachile pruina is a species of bee in the subfamily Megachilinae, belonging to the subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell, 1934. Specimens of Megachile pruina from Bermuda were initially classified as the subspecies M. pruina bermudensis Mitchell, 1929, but were later reclassified as M. pruina pruina due to their color resemblance to a specimen from North Carolina. In 1937, a second subspecies, M. pruina nigropinguis Mitchell, was described to account for a dark female variant collected in Texas.
In 2024, a genetic study suggested that populations from Bermuda are genetically distinct from those in the United States. However, U.S. populations showed no significant genetic differences among themselves, suggesting that the formal subspecies classifications may be invalid.
Megachile pruina shares a monophyletic lineage with other Pseudocentron species and exhibits closer relationships with species collected from the Caribbean and Mexico compared to South American species.

## Description and identification

Megachile pruina is a medium-sized (11-13mm). These bees present a sexual dichromatism, in which the females can be very dark.

## Distribution

Megachile pruina is found in the United States, ranging from Virginia to Florida, and extending westward to Texas mostly along coastal habitats. The species is also considered native to the islands of Bermuda. In Bermuda, since 1989, its distribution has been confined to the Castle Harbour Islands Nature Reserve. Nonsuch Island serves as its primary habitat, with additional observations recorded on Cooper's Island, Southampton Island, Horn Rock, and Castle Island.

## Conservation status

Bermuda's population of Megachile pruina is currently classified as "Vulnerable" under the Protected Species Amendment Order (2016) and is the only arthropod protected under the Bermuda Protected Species Act.
# Yeniaydın, Pervari

Yeniaydın (Kurdish: Rûbar) is a village in the Pervari District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Adiyan tribe and had a population of 670 in 2021.
The hamlet of İğneli is attached to the village.
# Nijewier

Nijewier (Dutch: Niawier) is a village in Noardeast-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 366 in January 2017. Before 2019, the village was part of the Dongeradeel municipality.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1467 as Nyaweer, and means new terp. Nijewier is a terp (artificial living mound) village with a square structure. The Cistercian monastery Sion was founded around 1100 and used to be located in the village. It was an outpost of Claercamp in Rinsumageast and one of the richest monasteries of the region. It was demolished in 1580.
The Dutch Reformed Church was built in 1668 as a replacement of its medieval predecessor and was restored in 1811. In 1840, Nijewier was home to 381 people.
The village's official name was changed from Niawier to Nijewier in 2023.

## Gallery

* Houses on the terp
* Former Reformed church
* Drawing of the former monastery Sion (1847)
* Sculpture of Anders Minnes Wijbenga [fy]
# Maitansine

Maitansine (INN), or maytansine (USAN), is a cytotoxic agent. It inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site. The maytansine binding site and binding mode has been characterized.
It is a macrolide of the ansamycin type and can be isolated from plants of the genus Maytenus.

## Maytansinoids

Derivatives of maitansine are known as maytansinoids. Some are being investigated as the cytotoxic component of antibody-drug conjugates for cancer treatment, and the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine is an approved drug for the treatment of certain kinds of breast cancer in the EU and in the US.
Examples of maytansinoids are:
* Ansamitocin
* Mertansine / emtansine (DM1)
* Ravtansine / soravtansine (DM4)
# Peter Herresthal

Peter Herresthal (born 3 November 1970 in Oslo) is a Norwegian violinist and Professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo and Visiting Professor at Royal College of Music in London. He won the Spellemannprisen in 2002.
# Demirkuyu, Silvan

Demirkuyu (Kurdish: Dêrikamiqûrê) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Silvan, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 658 in 2022.

## Notable people

* Mahmut Kepolu (Parliamentarian from 1973 to 1980 for Motherland Party)
# Najafgulu Ismayilov

Najafgulu Abdulrahim oghlu Ismayilov (Azerbaijani: Nəcəfqulu Əbdülrəhim oğlu İsmayılov, March 15, 1923 — March 25, 1990) was an Azerbaijani painter, graphic artist, Honored Art Worker of the Azerbaijan.

## Biography

Najafgulu Ismayilov was born on March 15, 1923, in Baku. He studied at the Azerbaijan State Art School in 1936–1940, but was unable to continue his higher education due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. From 1952 to 1979, he worked as a chief artist in the satirical magazine "Kirpi".
Najafgulu Ismayilov married the artist Gullu Mustafayeva in 1949. He is the father of organist Rana Ismayilova and violinist Sevinj Ismayilova. He died on March 25, 1990, in Baku.

## Career

Throughout his career, the artist worked as a graphic artist and painter. He created cartoons, caricatures and other graphic works for the satirical magazine "Kirpi", worked on paintings and posters, drew illustrations to the stories of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, "Hophopname" by Mirza Alakbar Sabir.
The portrait genre has an important place in his work. His works of this kind include "Gubali Fatali khan" (1947), "General Hazi Aslanov" (1949), "Sara Ashurbeyli" (1951), "Poet Mirza Ali Mojuz" (1954), "Writer Abdulla Shaig" (1955)., "Mother" (1967), "Writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh" (1967), "Poet Samad Vurgun" (1967), "Academician Mikayil Useynov" (1972), "Sattar Bahlulzade" (1973), "Uzeyir Hajibeyov" (1975), "Nasreddin Tusi" and other portraits.
His works in the genre of plot paintings and landscapes include "Grand Opera" (1960), "Street in the Old City" (1960), "Happiness" (1970), "Realist Artist" and others. He expressed his attitude to the negative situations he encountered in such cartoons as "Caring Farm Manager", "This is how a real board of honor is like", "We finally found a language", "Wordless" and others. In 1958, the artist created the historical work "Execution of Nasimi".
Najafgulu Ismayilov also wrote the words of his caricatures in the "Kirpi" magazine. He created portraits of a number of cultural figures, worked on friendly caricatures of Tahir Salahov, Mikayil Abdullayev, Fikret Amirov, Jalal Garyaghdi, Bashir Safaroglu and others.
Najafgulu Ismayilov has participated in art exhibitions organized in the republic and Moscow since the 1940s with historical plaques, copies, as well as images of cultural figures. He had opened solo exhibitions in Baku, Moscow and Leningrad, where several albums of his paintings and illustrations for books have been displayed. In 1970–1982, the artist also made copper bas-reliefs of Fuzuli, Mirza Alakbar Sabir, Uzeyir Hajibeyov. His works have been exhibited in exhibition halls in Germany, Canada, Lebanon, Russia and other countries. Many of the artist's paintings for "Kirpi" magazine were exhibited at an international laughter competition in the 1970s in Gabrovo, Bulgaria.

## Awards

* Honored Art Worker of the Azerbaijan SSR — April 12, 1963
* Medal "For Distinguished Labour" — June 9, 1959
# Kelarud

Kelarud (Persian: كلارود, also Romanized as Kelārūd) is a village in Pain Taleqan Rural District, in the Central District of Taleqan County, Alborz Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 94, in 24 families.
# Ejnar Tønsager

Ejnar Tønsager (12 April 1888 – 15 October 1967) was a Norwegian rowing coxswain who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
In 1908, he was the coxswain of the Norwegian boat, which was eliminated in the first round of the men's eight competition. Four years later, he was again the coxswain of the Norwegian boat, which was eliminated in the semi-finals of the coxed four event. In some sources the crew members of this boat are also listed as bronze medalists.
# Rajadharma

Rajadharma (Sanskrit: राजधर्म, romanized: rājadharma) is the Sanskrit term for the duty of the king or emperor. The concept of the rajadharma is extensively discussed in the genre of Hindu literature called the Dharmashastras.

## Description

Rajadharma referred to the obligations of a king or emperor towards his subjects, to ensure their prosperity and peace during his reign. The Arthashastra and the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata are regarded to be prominent sources of literature regarding this concept.
The primary duty of a monarch was regarded to be the protection of his subjects, a role that included providing a sense of security for them by punishing criminals such as thieves and other wrongdoers, as well as defending the kingdom or empire from invaders.
It also included the maintenance of the social order, regarded to be necessary for the moral order.
According to the Ramayana, the right to rule of kings and their divine status went hand-in-hand with the performance of their rajadharma.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Reden, Sitta (2019-12-02). Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 1: Contexts. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 567. ISBN 978-3-11-060494-8.
* ↑ Olivelle, Patrick; Davis, Donald R. (2017-12-08). The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-19-100708-8.
* ↑ Chatterji, Madhumita; Zsolnai, László (2016-09-13). Ethical Leadership: Indian and European Spiritual Approaches. Springer. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-137-60194-0.
* ↑ Sivaraman, Krishna (1989). Hindu Spirituality: Vedas Through Vedanta. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-208-1254-3.
* ↑ Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (2009). A Social History of Early India. Pearson Education India. p. 100. ISBN 978-81-317-1958-9.
* ↑ Rao, Nalini (2020-09-29). The Hindu Monastery in South India: Social, Religious, and Artistic Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-7936-2238-9.
* ↑ Rocher, Ludo (2014-10-01). Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra. Anthem Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-78308-315-2.
# Hell Gorge

Hell Gorge (Slovene: soteska Pekel) is a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) gorge in central Slovenia, located near the settlement of Ohonica, 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of the village of Borovnica and 23 km (14 mi) from Ljubljana. Borovniščica Creek has created many erosion features such as pools, rapids, and waterfalls, of which five are extremely beautiful and well known because they plunge from 20 to 5 m (66 to 16 ft). It has been proclaimed a natural value of national significance.

## History

The word pekel 'hell' has been generalized in Slovene to refer to secretive, frightening, isolated, hard-to-reach places, such as gorges and caves, where the Devil and other imaginary creatures are believed to live; compare also Hell Cave.
The first footpaths through Hell Gorge were made over one hundred years ago by charcoal burners collecting wood for charcoal. There were several mills and sawmills above and below the inaccessible gorge; some remains of these can still be seen today.
The first records about Hell Gorge as a tourist attraction were published in 1897 by Josip Ciril Oblak, who named it "a tourist heaven." At that time organized groups of hikers also started coming to Hell Gorge. It was officially opened to the public on June 29, 1904, after the original footpath that leads to the second waterfall and a wooden ladder to the third one were created. The complete footpath, including bridges and ladders, leading through the gorge was finished in 1925 and later renovated on a regular basis.

## Geology

The deeply cut bed of Otavščica Creek flows down into the Ljubljana Marsh (335 m) from the Bloke–Rakitna Plateau (650 m) and changes its name to the Borovniščica. The gorge is carved into layers of dolomite. The steeply cascading tectonic fault in this area indicated the way for the water to flow. Intensive tectonics caused the formation of several geomorphological curiosities: a solitary mountain named the Devil's Tooth (Hudičev zob), a natural window (the jag in the Devil's Tooth), and precipitous rock walls. Fossils of some seashells and snails can be found in the gorge.
* Waterfall 1
* Waterfall 2
* Waterfall 3
* Waterfall 4
* Waterfall 5
Trail infrastructure:

## Biology

Both Alpine and Dinaric vegetation can be seen in Hell Gorge, including the endemic Carniolan primrose (Primula carniolica). There is also a large variety of tree species. One can encounter chamois and the white-throated dipper, which also nests in the gorge.
# Rajive Kumar

Rajive Kumar (born 28 June 1958) is a retired 1981 batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer belonging to the Uttar Pradesh cadre. Kumar served as the chairperson of the Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority from 2018 to 2023 and previously served as the Chief Secretary of the Government of Uttar Pradesh, in addition to serving as Shipping Secretary of India.

## Education

Kumar holds a Master of Public Administration degree in public administration from Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, and a Master of Science degree in physics.

## Career
### Indian Administrative Service

Kumar has served in various key positions for both the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the Government of India, including as the Chief Secretary and Principal Resident Commissioner of Uttar Pradesh, divisional commissioner of Meerut, Saharanpur and Faizabad divisions, the managing director of Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation, managing director of Uttar Pradesh State Mineral Corporation, executive director of Udyog Bandhu, Director (Revenue Intelligence) in the Department of Revenue, the district magistrate and collector of Mathura and Firozabad districts, and as the vice chairperson of the Mathura Development Authority in the Uttar Pradesh government, and as Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary, Union Shipping Secretary and as special secretary in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, additional secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat, and as a joint secretary in the Department of Economic Affairs of the Ministry of Finance in the Indian government.

#### Shipping Secretary

Kumar was appointed as the Shipping Secretary of India by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) on 1 December 2014. He was given the additional charge of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways by the ACC on 10 May 2017. He demitted the offices on 27 June 2017, when his was repatriated to his state cadre by the Government of India, on the request of Uttar Pradesh government.

#### Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh

After being repatriated to his state cadre by the Government of India on the request of the Government Uttar Pradesh on 20 June 2017, Kumar was appointed the Chief Secretary and Principal Resident Commissioner of Uttar Pradesh government by the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh on 29 June 2017.
Kumar demitted the office of chief secretary—and simultaneously superannuated from service—on 30 June 2018, serving as Uttar Pradesh's top bureaucrat for more than a year, and was succeeded by Anup Chandra Pandey. Kumar's tenure as chief secretary was generally considered successful.

### Post-IAS

After his retirement from the Indian Administrative Service, Kumar was nominated to become the Government of Uttar Pradesh as the first chairperson of the Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority (UP RERA) in August 2018; Kumar was sworn-in as the chairperson of UP RERA by Uttar Pradesh governor, Ram Naik, on 9 August 2018 and served the office till 30 June 2023.
# Mopan people

The Mopan people are an Indigenous, sub-ethnic group of the Maya peoples. They are native to regions of Belize and Guatemala.

## History

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the British forced the Mopan out of Belize and into Guatemala. There, they endured forced labour and high taxation. They migrated from Petén, Guatemala to avoid this forced labor and taxation. The Mopan originally settled near modern Pueblo Viaja, but Guatemalan officials claimed that they were still within bounds of Guatemala, so they moved further east around 1889 and founded San Antonio in Belize.
In the 2010 Census, 10,557 Belizeans reported their ethnicity as Mopan Maya. This constituted approximately 3% of the population.

## Culture

The Mopan Maya people practice a spirituality that relates to the Maya Catholic Faith. The prominent factor that has caused the decline of these traditional practices is the influence of Protestant evangelical missionaries.
There is an absence of written traditions of the Mopan Maya people, so the preservation of their culture relies on oral transmission.

### Language

The language of the Mopan people is Mopan language. It is a member of the Yucatec Maya language branch of the Mayan languages. Several thousand Mopan people, located in Belize and Guatemala, speak the Mopan language.

### Religion

The Cacao tree has played a significant role in the religious life of the Mopan Maya people. The Cacao tree is known as ceremonial tree in the Mopan Community. The tree is locally known as cucu. Both the tree itself and its beans that it produces are said to contain spirits.
The traditional religion of the Mopan people is Maya-Catholic. In this religion, the Mopan Maya people consume Cacao beverages at religious celebrations. However, since the 1970s, numerous Mopan villagers have left the Maya Catholic faith and joined Protestant groups. As a result, they reject beliefs related to spiritual aspects of the natural world.

### Agriculture

The economy of the Mopan Community is based on agriculture. The Mopan people have a long history of being small holder, independent farmers. The members of the Mopan community have extensive knowledge in the local flora and fauna.
The Mopan people cultivate maize, beans, and plant rice. These crops serve as cash crops. The cacao tree, and the cultivation of Cacao, has been financially beneficial for the Mopan people. They have been able to establish relationships with companies interested in the purchasing of Cacao, including the Hummingbird Highway Hershey Company and Green and Blacks.
# Lutilabria volgensis

Lutilabria volgensis is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anikin and Piskunov in 1996. It is found in Russia (the southern Ural).
The wingspan is about 15 mm (0.59 in). The forewings are rust-brown, without markings. The hindwings are brownish-grey.

## Etymology

The species is named for the region where it was first collected.