OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kurdistan Conservative Party

The Kurdistan Conservative Party (Kurdish: پارتی پارێزگارانی کوردستان, romanized: Partî Parêzgaranî Kurdistan) is led by Najat Surchi. The List represents tribal leaders and is dominated by the Surchi family. On 16 June 1996 KDP forces clashed with fighters from the Surchi family's home villages, killing Hussein Surchi, Zaid's uncle. The PUK supported the Conservative Party during the short-lived conflict. The Surchi tribe is found in Erbil, Duhok and Mosul. For the 2009 Iraqi Kurdistan legislative election, the Kurdistan Conservative Party List was given the electoral lot number 61.
For the 2024 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election, the party joined an electoral alliance together with the Democratic National Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Laborers' Party. The alliance is called Serdem Coalition.
# Pietro Gaudenzi

Pietro Gaudenzi (January 18, 1880 in Genoa – December 23, 1955 in Anticoli Corrado, near Rome) was an Italian painter.

## Biography

His father, Enrico, was a musician from Bergamo. He had received early training from the painter Francesco Del Santo in La Spezia, but then moved on to Genoa. He there studied at the Accademia Ligustica of Genoa, under Cesare Viazzi. He served in 1899 as an artist for the Genovese newspaper of Il Lavoro. But in 1903, he received a five-year stipend to study in Rome, where he worked in the studio of Francesco Carena. Among his most frequent subjects were maternal genre scenes. In 1910, his final essay piece at the end of his scholarship, a painting titled I Priori was awarded a gold medal at an exhibition in Milan. The painting is now at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna in Rome.
In 1913, he was awarded another gold medal for the Torso of a Young Woman at an Exposition at Munich in Bavaria. In 1915, he won the Principe Umberto prize for a painting of The Deposition.
He painted portraits of Signora Albanese (Gold medal in 1924, Monza), Wally Toscanini, Padre Giovanni Semeria, cleric Saule Radaelli, and Maresciallo Enrico Caviglia. He had been named professor emeritus for the Academies of Genoa and Parma. He became a professor of painting at the Brera Academy.
His painting after 1920s drifted into patriotic celebrations of work and duty, favored by the Fascist authorities. He gained many prestigious appointments in the 1930s, including a professorship at the Academy of Fine Arts of Naples, the Mussolini prize for arts (1936), and was nominated member of the Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon, and to the Accademia di San Luca in Rome. He was president of the latter in 1937-38. In 1940, the Ministry of National Education awarded him a gold medal.
After the War, he lost most of his official positions. He took a job directing the Vatican School of Mosaics in 1951. He participated in the mosaic decoration or restoration for the cathedral of Messina, the crypt in Ascoli Piceno, the apse of the church of the Regina Apostolorum and the church of the Collegio Americano of Rome. He completed frescoes for the castello and church of San Francesco in Rodi; of the church of Santa Vittoria in Anticoli Corrado, and in Castel Porziano (left incomplete).
# House-Museum of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (Nakhchivan)

The House-Museum of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (Azerbaijani: Cəlil Məmmədquluzadənin ev-muzeyi) is a memorial museum of the famous Azerbaijani journalist, enlightener, writer-satirist, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh. The museum is located on Idris Mammadov Street in the city of Nakhchivan, the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

## History

The house-museum of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh was established on the order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, on December 31, 1998. The inauguration of the museum took place on October 13, 1999.

## Exhibition

The museum displays exhibits reflecting the life and work of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh. The museum exhibits personal belongings of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh's family, including historical documents relating to the Nakhchivan contemporaries, writer's classic works and his personal library.

## Architectural features

The museum building is a historical and architectural monument of the 19th century. The building was built of raw bricks and later, baked with covered with baked bricks. Total of the building area and thickness of the walls are 100 m$^2$ and 78 cm respectively. It consists of two floors. On the second floor there are 2 rooms, a vestibule and an open balcony. Entrance to the rooms and access to the balcony are from vestibule located in center. The first floor is located under the open balcony and consists of 2 rooms and a vestibule. It's possible to descend to the first floor and courtyard using brick stairs fixed to the balcony. On both floors, there are plenty of niches to put household items. The building was heated through the steam, which was placed on the wall of the room on the right side of the second floor.
# Al Ashmur

Al Ashmur (Arabic: الأشمور, romanized: al-Ashmūr) is an 'uzlah in Amran District of 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. It is located in the highlands west of 'Amran and south of Jabal Iyal Yazid. The route from 'Amran to Kuhlan Affar and Hajjah passes through this area, and there is also a route branching off to the south, towards al-Zafin and Mudaʽ. This southern route was historically used by armies on occasion, as mentioned in sources such as the Ghayat al-amani of Yahya ibn al-Husyan. The first mention of al-Ashmur in that source is in the year 918 (306 AH). According to Hermann von Wissmann, al-Ashmur may take its name from the ruin site of Shamr.
# Shamlu

The Shamlu tribe (Persian: ایل شاملو; Azerbaijani: Şamlı, Şamlu), also known as the Shamli tribe, was one of the seven original and the most powerful Qizilbash tribes of Turcoman origin in Iran.

## List of the Khans of Shamlu

* Ahmad Sultan Shamlu
* Abdu Beg Shamlu ( Father in law of Ismail I )
* Husein Khan Shamlu ( The most powerful qizilbash Khan, executed by Shah Tahmasp in 1534)
* Hossein Khan Shamlu ( Governor of Lors Pushtkuh- Province of Lorestan )
* Hasan Khan Shamlu
* Mirza Vali Khan Shamlu (Governor)
* Ali Gholi Khan Shamlu (aka Haji Ali Qizilbash Mazandarani Governor of Khorassan in 1576 and chief of the armies under Shah Abbas I en 1588 )
* JĀNI BEG KHAN BIGDELI SHĀMLU(d. 1645), ishik-āqāsi-bāshi (master of ceremony) and qurchi-bāshi (head of the tribal guards) under the Safavid Shah Ṣafi I (r. 1629–42) and Shah ʿAbbās II (r. 1642–66).
* Sinan Khan Shamlu (Ambassador of Shah AbbasI to Emperor Rudolph II of Habsburg)
* Muhamad Gholi Khan Bigdili-e Shamlu
* Dormish Khan Shamlu (Brother in law of Shah Ismail I and Governor of Isfahan )
* Murteza Gulu Khan Shamlu-Ardabili (invented a style of calligraphy called "Shikasta Nastaʿlīq")
* Abbas Gholi Khan Shamlu-Shahsevan (Governor of Herat, 1812)
* Mu'min Khan Shamlu (1699–1707, Grand Vizier )
* Mohammed Zaman Khan Shamlu (1711)
* Muhamad Ali Khan Bigdili-e Shamlu (c.1722, Grand Vizier )
* Zaynal Khan Shamlu
* Murshid Gholi Khan Ustajlu-e Shamlu
* Heydar Gholi Khan Ghiaï-e Chamlou I
* Mirza Ali Akbar Khan Ghiaï-e Chamlou
* Manouchehr Ghiaie-e Shamloo (Governor of Tehran)
* Heydar Gholi Khan Ghiaï-e Chamlou II (Architect and Aide de Camp of the Impériale Court of Iran under Emperor Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)
* Farhad Khan Ghiaï-e Chamlou( 1957 )
# Uzunsavat, Bingöl

Uzunsavat (Kurdish: Wiswat) is a village in the Bingöl District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 143 in 2021.
The hamlet of Yayımlı is attached to the village.
# Broeksterwâld

Broeksterwâld (Dutch: Broeksterwoude) is a village in the Dantumadiel municipality of Friesland, in the Netherlands. In 2017, it had a population of around 1,100.

## History

The area in which Broeksterwâld arose was mentioned in 1452/3 as Broe(c)k and in 1580 as Broeick. It was a swampy peatland near the edge of the Dokkumer Wouden, Dokkumer woods. It was then a mainly uninhabited and uncultivated area around the villages Akkerwoude, Murmerwoude and Dantumawoude. The first mention of the peatland refers to the making (and the maintenance) of a road through the peatland from Broek to the Swatte. Probably for the first reclamation of the peatland. The road later became the Schwartzenberglaan, Singel and de Goddeloze Singel.
In 1718 the peatland is mentioned as De Broek. In the area the already have some habitation and a small hamlet with the name Broeksterhuyzen. This hamlet was also mentioned in 1847, as Broeksterhuizen, next to the later hamlet that arose in the same area. The later village originated from the other hamlet. That hamlet was mentioned in 1847 as De Broek. In 1877 the other hamlet, which was located southeast of Dantumawoude, was once again mentioned as Broeksterhuizen, but has since disappeared as a place name. In 1857, the hamlet De Broek consisted mainly of loose habitation south of Murmerwoude.
However, the area in which the hamlet was located was counted under Akkerwoude. Falling under that place while it was developing more and more as a real place of its own. In the early twentieth century, the settlers' turf huts were replaced by small farms and houses built of stone. Further development of the habitation followed thereafter.
In 1964 it had grown so much that it was decided to give the place its independence as a real village. The name of the village became Broeksterwoude. Before that it was known as De Broek, Broek or sometimes also the Broekpollen. The old peatland is known as the Broekpolder. In 2008 the municipality Dantumadiel decided that it was going the replace all the official Dutch names within the municipality with the West Frisian names, meaning that Broeksterwâld was from 2009 the official name for the village.
# Franz Sartori

Franz Sartori (7 March 1782 – 31 March 1832) was an Austrian writer. Primarily writing on the subjects of topography and geography, he was one of the most prolific writers of Biedermeier Vienna.

## Biography

Sartori was born on 7 March 1782 in Unzmarkt in Styria, a region of Austria. His father was a servant of Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg. He studied philosophy at the University of Graz.
Sartori's earliest articles were written for a magazine published by Karl Andree in Brno. His first profession was as an accounting clerk in Graz in 1802. His preference for solitude and study led him to join the Minorite Order in Graz, and he was for a time a preacher in the parish church of Mariahilf, but his acquaintance, the naturalist and geographer Josef August Schultes, convinced him to leave the order in 1804 and take up writing as his profession. After leaving the order he edited the periodical Allgemeines Zeitungsblatt für Innerösterreich, to which he also contributed scientific and geographic articles on the topic of his native Styria.
In February 1806 he went to University of Vienna and in 1807 he obtained a doctorate in medicine. In 1808, he took a degree in botany at the University of Erlangen.
Schultes did much to support Sartori in Vienna. Sartori took over Schultes as the editor of the well-known journal, Annalen der Litteratur des österreichischen Kaiserstaates. Through this position, he was able to meet many of the outstanding intellectual and political figures in Vienna. In 1808, he took a post at the Vienna censor's office and by 1812, he was the head of it. He held the position of censor until his death.
The Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon [de] refers to Sartori as one of the most prolific writers of early Biedermeier Vienna. He wrote about two dozen books and many more articles. Sartori took many trips around the Austrian Alps and wrote often on them. He was held in high esteem by Archduke John of Austria, fellow promoter of those Alps, and his large travel journal Neueste Reisen durch Oesterreich was dedicated to the Archduke. His travel writings have not been very well received, mostly regarded as uncritical compilations from previous sources. His most acclaimed work, the Historisch-ethnographische Uebersicht, was intended as an overview of the intellectual culture of Austria, but it was left unfinished because of his premature death. The only volume published concerns the non-German literature of Austria.
Sartori died in Vienna on 31 March 1832, aged 50.

## Works

* Naturwunder des österreichischen Kaiserthumes. 1807/1809 (4 volumes)
* Länder- und Völker-Merkwürdigkeiten des österreichischen Kaiserthumes. 1809 (4 volumes)
* Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Helden. 1809
* Neueste Reise durch Österreich. 1807
* Taschenbuch für Marienbads Curgäste. 1819
* Oesterreichs Tibur, oder Natur- und Kunstgemählde aus dem oesterreichischen Kaiserthume. 1819
* Historisch-ethnographische Uebersicht der wissenschaftlichen Cultur, Geistesthätigkeit und Litteratur des österr. Kaiserthums nach seinen mannigfaltigen Sprachen und deren Bildungsstufen. 1830 (1 volume, unfinished)
# For the Liberation of Shusha Medal

The For the Liberation of Shusha Medal (Azerbaijani: «Şuşanın azad olunmasına görə» medalı) is a medal of Azerbaijan. The medal was created on the occasion of Azerbaijan being the victor in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## History

On 11 November 2020, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, at a meeting with wounded Azerbaijani servicemen who took part in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, said that new orders and medals would be established in Azerbaijan, and that he gave appropriate instructions on awarding civilians and servicemen who showed "heroism on the battlefield and in the rear and distinguished themselves in this war." He also proposed the names of these orders and medals. On 20 November 2020, at a plenary session of the Azerbaijani National Assembly, a draft bill on amendments to the bill "On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan" was submitted for discussion.
The For the Liberation of Shusha Medal was established on the same day in the first reading in accordance with the bill "On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan" on the occasion of Azerbaijan being the victor in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Status

According to the bill "On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan", the medal's senior award is the For the Liberation of Gubadly Medal, while its junior award is the For the Liberation of Kalbajar Medal.
# Vahan Kurkjian

Vahan M. Kurkjian (Armenian: Վահան Մ. Քիւրքճեան; 1863–1961) was an Armenian author, historian, teacher, and community leader.
In 1904, in Cairo, he published the Armenian newspaper Loussaper (The Morning Star), in the pages of which he and other intellectuals called for a national union for the Armenian people. The idea eventually materialized in the form of the Armenian General Benevolent Union. In 1907 he emigrated to the United States and studied law at Boston University. Two years later, also in Boston, he founded the first American chapter of the Armenian General Benevolent Union. From its inception he was inseparably identified with that organization, serving as its executive director until his retirement in 1939. Kurkjian was a frequent contributor of articles to Armenian newspapers, and published a number of books and pamphlets, among which the best-remembered is his History of Armenia.

## Editions

* A History of Armenia
** Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1964
** Indo-European Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-60444-012-6
# Akyıldız, Kahta

Akyıldız (Kurdish: Titan) is a village in the Kâhta District of Adıyaman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Canbegan tribe and had a population of 216 in 2021.
# Trlično

Trlično (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Rogatec in eastern Slovenia. It is a dispersed settlement that stretches along the border with Croatia east of Dobovec pri Rogatcu. The entire Rogatec area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## Mass grave

Trlično is the site of a mass grave from the end of the Second World War. The Trlično Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Trlično) is located along Sotla Creek, 300 meters (980 ft) east of the border crossing at Dobovec pri Rogatcu. It contains the remains of several dozen Croatians, and perhaps also Banat Swabians, that were killed in May 1945.
# Gashnadar

Gashnadar (Persian: گشنادر, also Romanized as Gashnādar) is a village in Nesa Rural District, Asara District, Karaj County, Alborz Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 94, in 33 families.
# Al Siyassa Al Dawliya

Al Siyassa Al Dawliya (Arabic: السياسة الدولية, romanized: al-Siyāsah al-dawlīyah, lit. 'The International Politics Journal') is a quarterly magazine published by Al Ahram publishing house in Cairo, Egypt. Founded in 1965, the magazine is one of the earliest publications on international politics. The publishing house also owns Al Ahram and Al Ahram Weekly, two of significant publications in the country.

## History and profile

Al Siyassa Al Dawliya was founded in 1965, and its first issue appeared in July 1965. The magazine is published by Dar Al Ahram publishing house and models Foreign Affairs. Osama Al Ghazali Harb served as editor-in-chief of the quarterly from 1977 to 2010. Awad Khalil was appointed editor-in-chief of the magazine in August 2012.
The magazine is based in Cairo. In the first part of the 1970s the magazine sold 10,000 copies.

## Content

Al Siyassa Al Dawliya focuses on political affairs and international politics. The magazine also covers scholarly articles on these topics.
Al Siyassa Al Dawliya published an exceptional article on the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin in November 1995 focusing on the degree of opposition in Israel to the peace between Israel and Palestinians. Because the other Arab publications mostly considered the murder as a reflection of the frequent violence in Israel. In February 2004 Osama Al Ghazali Harb supported the capture of Saddam Hussein in an editorial which also criticized those Arabs who opposed the way of his arrest by the US.
# Krodha (Mental factor)

Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोध; Tibetan Wylie: khro ba) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "fury", "rage", or "indignation". Within the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition, krodha is identified as one of the twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors. It is defined as an increase of anger (Sanskrit: pratigha) that causes one to prepare to harm others.
According to Herber Guenther, the difference between anger (pratigha) and fury (krodha) is that anger is a vindictive or hostile attitude in one's mind, but fury is an increase in anger when the chance for harming is at hand and is it very agitated state of mind leading to actual physical harm.
Alexander Berzin states:
    Hatred (khro-ba) is a part of hostility (dvesha) and is the harsh intention to cause harm.
Note that according to Berzin, dvesha is a sub-category of anger (pratigha).
# Moussa Mostafa Moussa

Moussa Mostafa Moussa (Arabic: موسى مصطفى موسى; born 13 July 1952) is an Egyptian architect and politician. He became the leader of El-Ghad Party in 2005 and was a candidate in the 2018 Egyptian presidential election.

## Early life

Moussa was born in Giza. He started his studies in Egypt but, on his father's advice, completed them in France, earning a master's degree in architecture from École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles. He was a member of the youth organisation of the New Wafd Party and then the party itself.

## Career

He joined El-Ghad Party in 2005, becoming vice-chairman. After its leader Ayman Nour was sentenced to five years in jail, El-Ghad split into two factions, led respectively by Moussa and Gameela Ismail. They fought to be recognized as successors and both used the party's name and symbols. The dispute was resolved in May 2011 in favour of Moussa's group. He unsuccessfully ran for the Egyptian House of Representatives where he would have represented the Southern Giza constituency in the 2010 elections. He also led the party during the 2011–12 election.
Moussa was originally a supporter of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, incumbent President of Egypt. He played a role in collecting pledges for Sisi until 20 January 2018, when he announced running for office. He claimed to have support from 26 members of parliament and 47,000 signatures. He submitted all the documents and signatures to the National Election Authority the next day at 1:45pm, just 15 minutes before the deadline. He claims not to be a phony candidate in spite of supporting Sisi's candidacy. Because other potential candidates either declined to start or were forced out, Moussa was the only candidate running apart from Sisi.

## Personal life

He is married and has one son and two daughters. His brother Ali Moussa was a chief of Egypt's Chamber of Commerce.
# William Armstrong (Tennessee politician)

William Armstrong (1795–1847) was an American Jeffersonian Republican politician. He served as the Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee, from 1829 to 1833.

## Early life

Armstrong was born in 1795. His father was Col. James Armstrong and his mother, Susan (Wells) Armstrong.

## Career

Armstrong fought in the Battle of New Orleans of January 8, 1815, in the War of 1812. He served as Mayor of Nashville from 1829 to 1833. In 1835, President Andrew Jackson appointed him Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Western Territory, where he implemented the Cherokee removal from Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory (now known as Oklahoma). His brother, Major Francis Wells Armstrong, served in a similar capacity.

## Personal life

Armstrong married Nancy Irwin on July 1, 1823. They had three sons, James Trooper, David Irwin and Francis Armstrong, and four daughters, Mary Elizabeth, Margaret, Susan Wells, and Nancy Irwin. He died on June 12, 1847, at his plantation in the Choctaw Nation and was buried in Fort Coffee, Oklahoma.
# Libertas Netherlands

Libertas Netherlands (Dutch: Libertas Nederland) is a political party in the Netherlands. It contended the 2009 European Parliament elections under a common banner with Libertas Party Limited, the organization founded by Declan Ganley.

## History

Ganleys registration with the Dutch Electoral Council (Kiesraad) to allow Libertas Nederland to run in the 2009 elections in the Netherlands was successful.
On 18 March 2009, Nederland Transparant proclaimed their support for Libertas. Nederland Transparent did not field their own candidates for the European Parliament election, 2009 because of a dispute with the Dutch government over whether they were the successor to, or the same party as Europa Transparent after their merger on 1 January 2008. However, during a press conference on 18 March 2009 Ganley announced Alexander Brom, one of Nederland Transparant's members and former candidates, as the president of Libertas Nederland.

### 2009 European Parliament elections

Libertas Nederlands presented an electoral list with 24 candidates (see List of Libertas list candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections) but could not gain any mandate.
# Russian Astronomical Society

The Russian Astronomical Society (Russian: Русское астрономическое общество was a society established in Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1891 for the promotion of astronomy related studies. In 1894 the society also started publishing the scientific "Journal of the Russian Astronomical Society" (Russian: Известия Русского астрономического общества)
In 1932 the Society was transformed into the Unional Astronomical and Geophysical Society.
# Sheli

Sheli (Persian: شلي, also Romanized as Shelī; also known as Sheleh) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, Shahmirzad District, Mehdishahr County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 92, in 42 families.
# Oymakılıç, Eruh

Oymakılıç (Kurdish: Baraşa) is a village in the Eruh District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Botikan tribe and had a population of 22 in 2021.