# Vicuña, Chile

Vicuña (Spanish pronunciation:) is a Chilean commune and city in Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, founded during the government of Bernardo O'Higgins to secure sovereignty over the Elqui Valley. Poet Gabriela Mistral was born there in 1889. It shares borders to the west with the communes of La Higuera, La Serena and Andacollo, to the east with Argentina and to the south with Paihuano and Rio Hurtado. The commune is administered by the municipality of Vicuña, which is the principal city of the Valle de Elqui.

## History

Vicuña was founded on February 22, 1821, by Colonel Joaquín Vicuña Larraín, who was the first intendant of Coquimbo Province, by order of Bernardo O'Higgins. He named it Villa de San Isidro de Vicuña. In 1872, its name was shortened to Vicuña, in honor of its founder.

## Topography

The Vicuña commune covers an area of 7,609.8 km$^2$ (2,938 sq mi), making it the largest commune in both the province and the Coquimbo Region, and the second-largest commune in the country. Vicuña occupies the major part of the mid and upper Elqui River basin, and the entire length of the Turbio river.
The area is dominated by a mountainous backdrop, and extensive plains on the valley floor, where high-quality grapes for pisco are grown, along with other fruits and vegetables. The La Punilla, Atimonate, Balalita, Los Tilos mountain ranges contain several peaks with altitudes over 4,000 m.

## Demographics

According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute, the commune covers an area of 7,609.8 km$^2$ (2,938 sq mi) and has a population of 27,771 inhabitants (13,792 male and 13,979 female). The population grew 15.75% (3,779 persons) between 2002 and 2017. There are 16,993 inhabitants in the urban area of the city of Vicuña and 10,778 in rural areas.

## Economy

Vicuña is a major center for pisco production. Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada (CAPEL) runs the main pisco distillery in the zone. Economic activity centers on the culture of grapes, fruits, cereals, and vegetables. Other industries include sheep ranching and iron and copper mining. Tourism has grown greatly in the last few years, primarily due to quality hotels and restaurants. The area around Vicuña experiences approximately 300 totally clear days and nights annually, and several large astronomical observatories are located nearby, including the touristic Mammalluca Observatory. The urban area is made up of buildings from around 1900. The city has a square of ancient trees, which displays sculptures that honor Gabriela Mistral, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Other points of interest include the Temple of the Immaculate Conception; the Bauer Tower, which houses the office of tourism; and the Gabriela Mistral museums.

### Tourism

A few kilometres outside town is the Route of the Grappa, visiting the factories known as pisqueras: Ruta Norte, Capel, Mistral, Tres Erres and Artesanos de Cochiguaz. The Mammalluca Observatory located 9 km north of Vicuña, has tourist and education programs. At the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, daily tourist visits are offered.

## Administration

The commune is administered by the alcalde Rafael Vera Castillo (DC), who is advised by a municipal council of six members:
* Cristián Pinto Torres (RN)
* Irene Ramos Romo (UDI)
* Kether Gómez Pastén (Ind./PS)
* Rodrigo Alcayaga Rojas (PR)
* Miriam Rojas Cabello (DC)
* Caroll Alcayaga Callejas (Ind./PS)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Vicuña is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by deputies Marcelo Díaz (PS) and Mario Bertolino (RN) as a part of the 7th electoral district (together with La Serena, La Higuera, Paiguano and Andacollo). The commune is represented in the Senate by senators Evelyn Matthei (UDI) and Jorge Pizarro (PDC) as part of the 4th senatorial constituency (Coquimbo).

## Climate

Climate data for Vicuña, elevation 620 m (2,030 ft) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.3 (82.9) | 28.6 (83.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 22.5 (72.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 25.1 (77.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 27.7 (81.9) | 24.7 (76.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 17.9 (64.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 11.4 (52.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 15.5 (59.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 6.8 (44.2) | 5.8 (42.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | 6.9 (44.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.3 (46.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) | 3.4 (0.13) | 0.3 (0.01) | 4.6 (0.18) | 20.2 (0.80) | 49.6 (1.95) | 27.9 (1.10) | 35.9 (1.41) | 4.2 (0.17) | 9.3 (0.37) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.06) | 157.1 (6.19) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61 | 62 | 65 | 66 | 63 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 57 | 58 | 61 |
| Source: Bioclimatografia de Chile ||||||||||||||