OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marco da Gagliano

Marco da Gagliano (1 May 1582 – 25 February 1643) was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era. He was important in the early history of opera and the development of the solo and concerted madrigal.

## Life

He was born in Florence and lived most of his life there. After study with a religious confraternity and Luca Bati, he was employed for six years from 1602 by the church of San Lorenzo as a singing instructor. In 1607, he went to Mantua, where he wrote music for the Gonzaga family, including his impressive operatic setting of La Dafne. In 1609, he returned to Florence to become maestro di cappella at the Compagnia dell'Arcangelo Raffaello, the organisation from which he had received his boyhood musical training. Later that same year, the Medici made him maestro di cappella of their court, a position he held for 35 years.

## Music and influence

Gagliano wrote an enormous quantity of music, both sacred and secular, for the Medici; in addition, he was a singer and instrumentalist who entertained them privately. His works include fourteen published operas, of which two survive, La Flora (1628) set to a libretto by Andrea Salvadori and La Dafne (1608). La Dafne was praised as the best setting of the libretto by Rinuccini—even by Jacopo Peri, the first to write an opera on the text. Meanwhile, Gagliano or somebody else revised Rinuccini's poetry for the libretto so extensively that in some places it is impossible to find traces of the original. Peri indicated that Gagliano's way of setting text to music came closer to actual speech than any other, therefore accomplishing the aim of the Florentine Camerata of decades before, who sought to recapture that (supposed) aspect of ancient Greek music.
Other music by Gagliano includes secular monodies and numerous madrigals. While the monody was a Baroque stylistic innovation, most of the madrigals are a cappella, and written in a style reminiscent of the late Renaissance (in the first decades of the 17th century, the continuo madrigal was becoming predominant; for example, in the works of Monteverdi). This mix of progressive and conservative trends can be seen throughout his music: some of his sacred music is a cappella, again in the prima prattica style of the previous century, while other pieces show influence of the Venetian School.
Gagliano was extremely influential in his time, as could be expected of the Medicis' head of all musical activities at their court; however, his popularity waned after his death, and his music has since been overshadowed by contemporaries such as Monteverdi.
# Pietro Antonio Giramo

Pietro Antonio Giramo (fl.1619 in Naples – c. 1630) was an Italian baroque composer. His surviving works consist of two works in collections 1619, 1620, the Arie for several voices (Naples, 1630) and a reprint of two cantatas; Il pazzo con la pazza ristampata and Uno ospedale per gl’infermi d’amore (A Hospital for the Love-Sick) (after 1630).

## Recordings

* Thomas Hengelbrock
# Giovanni Battista Granata

Giovanni Battista Granata (1620/1621 – 1687) was an Italian Baroque guitar player and composer. He is generally known as the most prolific guitarist of the 17th century, publishing seven books during his lifetime. Along with many pieces in the standard dance genre of that time, Granata also composed many instrumental toccatas, preludes, and chaconnes. Granata was a barber-surgeon by profession.

## Biography

Granata was born in Turin, but moved to Bologna sometime around 1646 where remained for the majority of his life. From 1651 to 1653, he was employed as liutista sopranumerario in the Concerto Palatino. Although he maintained his teaching and composing career throughout his life, his main employment was as a barber-surgeon for which he became licensed in 1659.

## Music/Style

The early baroque guitar works of Granata are characterized by their French organization of dance suites (allemande, courante, and sarabande). His style in the period around 1646 is very similar to that of his contemporary, Giovanni Paolo Foscarini. The works from Granata's middle period demonstrate his musical evolution and change in style. Many of the pieces are complex and regarded as some of the most virtuosic guitar music of that time. Granata's later period pushes the instrument even further with extensive use of campanelas, notes in the upper register, and complex rhythms.
Granata's fourth book - Soavi concenti (1659) - is one of the few sources to include pieces for the chitarra atiorbata, a five course instrument with seven open basses. Three of Granata's books also have works for ensemble. The pieces contained in Book IV call for a chamber ensemble of violin, guitar, and basso continuo, Book V for violin, viola, and guitar, and Book VII for guitar and basso continuo.

## Works

Granata's seven books, all published in Bologna, Italy:
* I- Capricci armonici sopra la chitarriglia spagnuola (1646)
* II- Nuove suonate di chitarriglia spagnuola piccicate, e battute (ca. 1650)
* III- Nuova scelta di caprici armonici, Op. 3 (1651)
* IV- Soavi concenti di sonate musicali per la chitarra spagnuola, Op. 4 (1659)
* V- Novi capricci armonici musicali in vari toni per la chitarra spagnola, violino, e viola concertati, et altre sonate per la chitarra sola, Op. 5 (1674)
* VI- Nuovi sovavi concenti di sonate musicali in varii toni per la chitarra spagnola, et altre sonate concertate a due violini, e basso, Op. 6 (1680)
* VII- Armonici toni di vari suonate musicali concertante, a due violini, e basso, con la chitarra spagnola, Op. 7 (1684)

## Similarity with 20th century work "Stairway to Heaven"

Granata's Sonata di Chitarra, e Violino, con il suo Basso Continuo appeared in a surprising connection with a 1970 rock music work, Stairway to Heaven, by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant of the rock group Led Zeppelin. After Stairway to Heaven achieved tremendous success, a dispute arose about whether part of the work was plagiarised. Commentators cited numerous earlier works with some degree of similarity, including Granata's Sonata. However, the similarity was not evidence that Page and Plant plagiarised Granata.
# Grigori Abrikosov

Grigori Andreyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Григорий Андреевич Абрикосов; 30 August 1932 – 13 April 1993) was a Soviet stage and film actor. He was the son of Andrei Abrikosov.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1956 | Behind the Footlights | Kozachinsky |
| 1957 | The Wrestler and the Clown | Mr. Fish |
| 1967 | Wedding in Malinovka | Gritsian Tavrichesky, leader of the bandits, Balyasny's son |
| 1973 | Talents and Admirers | Yerast Gromilov |

## Awards

* Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1968)
* People's Artist of the RSFSR (1984)
# Pitar Moș Church

The Pitar Moș(u) Church (Romanian: Biserica Pitar Moș) is a Romanian Orthodox church located at 16 Pitar Moș Street and at 45 Dionisie Lupu Street in Bucharest, Romania. It is dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos.
The church is located on the site of an earlier wooden church, called Popa Ivașcu’s. The present structure was built of masonry in 1795 by Prince Alexander Mourouzis; it was decorated with frescoes on bare mortar. It was mentioned by ban Mihai Cantacuzino on an 1828 plan, and in registers of 1810 and 1831. Its current name, first appearing in 1818, is believed to have initially referred to the surrounding district, where an old man (moș), a Bulgarian gardener named Pedar, cultivated vegetables; he lived over a century and died before 1805. According to the old pisanie, repairs took place in 1898. Consolidation, financed by parishioners, was undertaken after the 1940 earthquake. More repairs happened in 1964, and it was re-sanctified by Patriarch Justinian Marina in 1966, when the painting was redone. In 2003, the facade was repaired and painted in white, and a new, carved entrance door was installed.
The cross-shaped church measures 24 meters long by 9.5-10.7 meters wide, with slightly deep side apses, polygonal on the exterior. The two square-based domes are nearly equal in size and have bulb-shaped roofs. The slightly projected cornice runs along the arches of the side facades of both the octagonal bell tower and the twelve-sided Pantocrator dome. The enclosed portico with ornamental stained-glass windows, has a wide middle arch. The narthex is covered by a rounded ceiling between two wide arches. The first part of the nave is covered in a barrel vault, while the Pantocrator dome rises above the center. The stained glass is decorated with crosses. A slender belt course decorated with vines divides the facade into two sections. The upper part has painted panels on recessed rectangles of varying sizes. The cornice and the narrow frieze, formerly painted with floral motifs, run beneath the wide eaves of the tin roof. The well-planted churchyard connects the entrance on Pitar Moș Street with Dionisie Lupu Street, near the altar.
The church was listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs in 2023. Also listed were the parish house, stone cross and grounds.
# Municipality of Mežica

The Municipality of Mežica (pronounced ; Slovene: Občina Mežica) is a municipality in the traditional region of Carinthia in northern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Mežica. Mežica became a municipality in 1994. It borders Austria.

## Settlements

In addition to the municipal seat of Mežica, the municipality also includes the following settlements:
* Breg
* Lom
* Onkraj Meže
* Plat
* Podkraj pri Mežici
# Alessandro Orologio

Alessandro Orologio (also Alexander Horologius) (1551–1633) was an Italian composer and instrumentalist, who lived in German lands.
Orologio's first appearance on record is as a trumpeter in the court of Rudolf II at Prague around 1580. He remained there until 1613, and was named vice-kapellmeister in 1603, though he also traveled widely. In a 1594 visit to Kassel, he met famed lutenist John Dowland. His propensity for travel resulted in the mistaken impression (first proposed by Robert Eitner) that there were two Alessandro Orologios. After 1613 Orologio received a pension in Prague, and continued to work at Steyr and Garsten.
Orologio won fame in his day as an instrumental musician able to perform and compose in a variety of genres. He was an adept composer for voices, and his works are marked by closely spaced imitation. He made little use of chromaticism, which was in fashion in his day.
His works were collected and edited by F. Colussi in 1992.

## Works

* Il primo libro de madrigali (Venice, 1586, 5 voices)
* Il secondo libro de madrigali (Dresden, 1589, 4–6 voices)
* Canzonette, libro I (Venice, 1593)
* Canzonette, libro II (Venice, 1594)
* Il secondo libro de madrigali (Venice, 1595, 4–6 voices)
* Canzonette (Venice, 1596, 3 voices)
* Intradae (Helmstaedt, 1597, 5–6 instruments)
* Miserere mei Deus (1611, 5 voices)
* Several madrigals published in anthologies
* Further sacred and secular works in manuscripts
# 2021 in Moldova

Events from the year 2021 in Moldova.

## Incumbents

| Post | Name |
| President of Moldova | Maia Sandu |
| Prime Minister of Moldova (until 6 August 2021) | Aureliu Ciocoi (acting) |
| Prime Minister of Moldova (since 6 August 2021) | Natalia Gavrilița |
| President of the Parliament (until 26 July 2021) | Zinaida Greceanîi |
| President of the Parliament (since 29 July 2021) | Igor Grosu |

## Events

* 13 January – The National Extraordinary Public Health Commission (Romanian: Comisia Națională Extraordinară de Sănătate Publică, CNESP) approves the national immunisation plan against COVID-19. The plan lays out three vaccination stages: the first one – aimed at public health workers, the second one – aimed at those aged above 60, vulnerable people with comobirdities and public servants, while the third and final stage is aimed at the general population. The Moldovan authorities are expecting the first batch of vaccines to arrive at the end of January, with an administration possibility starting from the beginning of February.
* 25 January – A PACE resolution congratulates the smooth organisation of the 2020 presidential election, and urges the Republic of Moldova to upgrade its legislation, in accordance with the Venice Commission opinions, to improve its judiciary and to tackle corruption. The same report is concerned about the slow progress in tackling corruption and the slow pace in reforming the Moldovan judiciary.
* 19 April – The Council of Europe Action Plan for the Republic of Moldova 2021–2024 is officially signed. The Council of Europe announces its first two projects for Moldova three days later.
* 23 April – Moldovan Parliament voted to sack the head of the Moldovan constitutional court after a political standoff between the pro-EU President Maia Sandu and pro-Russian parliament members.
* 27 April – The United States issued a condemnation on Moldova Parliament's vote on the sacking of the head of the country's constitutional court, calling it as "a blatant attack on democracy".
* 28 April – Constitutional Court of Moldova cancelled calls for implementing state of emergency, enabling President Maia Sandu to dissolve the parliament and to call a snap election on 11 July.
* 11 July – 2021 Moldovan parliamentary election: The PAS wins the snap election with 52.80% (63 seats), followed by the BECS with 27.17% (32 seats) and the Șor Party with 5.74% (6 seats).
* 6 August – The Natalia Gavrilița-led cabinet was sworn in with 61 votes, all from the Party of Action and Solidarity.

## Deaths

* 6 January – Mihai Cotorobai, politician (b. 1951)
* 7 January – Leonid Bujor, politician (b. 1955)
# Francesco Rognoni Taeggio

Francesco Rognoni [of] Taeggio (born in Milan second half of the 16th century – died after 1626) was an Italian composer. He was the son of Riccardo Rognoni and brother of Giovanni Domenico Rognoni Taeggio, both prominent Italian composers and musicians. He was active in Milan, but had connections with royalty from as far abroad as Archduke Charles of Austria, and King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland. Rognoni was a Papal Knight and hereditary Palatine Count. He published both collections of his works and treatises. His most famous work was Selva de varii passaggi, on both vocal and violin technique, and on how to ornament.
# Michelangelo Rossi

Michelangelo Rossi (Michel Angelo del Violino) (ca. 1601/1602 – 1656) was an important Italian composer, violinist and organist of the Baroque era.
Rossi was born in Genoa, where he studied with his uncle, Lelio Rossi organist (from 1601 to 1638), at the Cathedral of San Lorenzo. Around the year 1624 he moved to Rome to enter the service of Cardinal Maurizio of Savoy. It was there that he met the madrigal composer Sigismondo d'India as well as the keyboard composer Girolamo Frescobaldi.
Rossi's two books of madrigals, which have only comparatively recently come to scholarly attention, were likely written during this period. Rossi's madrigal output from this period is remarkably chromatic, to a level matched only by the music of such experimental composers as Carlo Gesualdo. The circumstances of Rossi's dismissal from the Cardinal's service in 1629, after a short stay in Turin, are unclear.
From 1629 to 1632 Rossi was organist in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi. Rossi's first known opera dates from his second period of Roman service, while in the retinue of the wealthy Taddeo Barberini. His opera Erminia sul Giordano was premiered during the Carnival of 1633 at the theatre of the Palazzo Barberini (Rossi himself played the violin on stage as the sun-god Apollo), and appeared in print four years later.
In 1634 Rossi left Rome to enter the service of the Duke of Modena Francesco I d'Este. A second opera by him, Andromeda (libretto by Ascanio Pio di Savoia), was first performed in Ferrara in 1638.
By 1648 Rossi had returned to Rome and from 1649 to 1655, as a chamber servant ("cameriere extra muros") of Pope Innocent X, he was residing in the palace of pope's courtesans nearby the Quirinale Palace.
He died in Rome on 7 July 1656 and was buried in the church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte.
Although Rossi was famed as an outstanding violinist in his lifetime, no violin compositions survive and today his reputation rests chiefly on one surviving volume of keyboard music. Those 10 Toccatas are highly regarded (amongst these, Toccata VII with its wildly chromatic ending is best known). They are stylistically close to the music of Carlo Gesualdo and Johann Jakob Froberger, while being individual, and they enjoy a reputation as a significant milestone in the keyboard literature.
While the publication date of these toccatas is usually cited as 1657 [the year after Rossi's death], which is printed on one of the four surviving copies, it seems clear from research and deduction by Alexander Silbiger that they more likely were first published in the early 1630s, which not only fits with the characteristics of their style but also implies that the other keyboard composers such as Frescobaldi could easily have been influenced by Rossi as well as vice versa.
# Raerd

Raerd (Dutch: Rauwerd) is a village in Súdwest-Fryslân municipality in the province Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 630 in January 2017.

## History

The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Rawertham, and means "terp covered in reed". In the 11th or 12th century, a dike was built along the Moezel [nl] river. Raerd is a terp (artificial living hill) village with a radial structure dating from the early middle ages. The village was located near the former Middelzee.
The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1814 as a replacement of its medieval predecessor. When the stins Jongema State was built is unknown, but it was destroyed in 1515 by Saxon mercenaries, however the gate house remains. A 19th century villa is located at the former stins, but it is still surrounded by a double moat. The forest around the estate are currently owned by It Fryske Gea [nl] and is a park with a large colony of rooks and herons. The park has limited access during breeding season.
Raerd was home to 549 people in 1840. Before 2011, the village was part of the Boarnsterhim municipality and before 1984 it was the seat of Rauwerdhem municipality.

## Gallery

* Church of Raerd
* Former town hall of Rauwerdhem
* Gate of Jonhema State
* Houses in Raerd (1968)
# Marco Scacchi

Marco Scacchi (ca. 1600 – 7 September 1662) was an Italian composer and writer on music.
Scacchi was born in Gallese, Lazio. He studied under Giovanni Francesco Anerio in Rome. He was associated with the court at Warsaw from 1626, and was kapellmeister there from 1628 to 1649. His 1643 treatise Cribrum musicum accused Paul Siefert of having poor technique, leading to a war of words which lasted years. He then returned to Italy after falling ill, where he concentrated on writing about music theory. Scacchi believed that each genre of music should have its own unique style, and he devised his own system of classifying works which proved influential on later generations; Angelo Berardi quoted him at length in his 1687 treatise Documenti armonici.
Scacchi was a prolific composer, who wrote masses, madrigals, and sacred concertos. Nearly all of his stage works have been lost. He died in Gallese.

## Theoretical works

* Cribrum musicum ad triticum Siferticum, seu Examinatio succinta psalmorum ... Venetiis: Alessandro Vincenti, 1643
* Lettera per maggiore informatione a chi leggerà il mio 'Cribrum' Venice, 1644; lost, survives in two manuscript transcriptions
* Judicium cribri musici Warsaw c1649; lost, manuscript transcription in the Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale Giovanni Battista Martini, Bologna
* Breve discorso sopra la musica moderna, di Marco Scacchi romano, maestro di cappella del serenissimo & potentissimo Giovanni Casimiro rè di Polonia & Svetia, ... Warszawa: Peter Elert 1649
# Zeynab Society

The "Zeynab Society (S.A.A)" (Persian: جامعه زینب (س)) is an Iranian traditional principlist all-female political, cultural and advocacy group affiliated with the Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader. It is known for leading a parliamentary group of women in 1980s–1990s, as well as lobbying for gender issues within an Islamic prism.
The society was founded in 1986 by the parliament member Maryam Behrouzi, using state budgets acquired with the personal approval of Ayatollah Khomeini.

## Platform

The society advocates promotion of cultural, political, social and ideological activities for women, favors obligatory hijab and opposes male–female fraternization. Moreover, it is against the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and supports polygyny and sex segregation.
The group's name refers to Zaynab bint Ali, an emblematic woman in Shiite Islamist ideology, renowned for her oratory during and in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala and seen as a “symbol of resistance.” The group has branches nationwide, oversees eight women–only seminaries in Qom and some Qur'anic institutions.

## Members

Many of the members are wives of politicians and businessmen, female talibat and charity workers. Notable members include former MPs Monireh Nobakht, Parvin Salihi, Fatemeh Alia, Effat Shariati, Eshrat Shayegh, Nafiseh Fayyazbakhsh and Marzieh Vahid-Dastjerdi.

### MPs

| Years | Seats | +/– |
| 1986–88 | 1 / 270 (0.4%) | — |
| 1988–92 | 1 / 270 (0.4%) | |
| 1992–96 | 8 / 270 (3%) | 7 |
| 1996–00 | 5 / 270 (2%) | 3 |
| 2000–04 | 0 / 290 (0%) | 5 |
| 2004–08 | 7 / 290 (2%) | 7 |
| 2008–12 | 4 / 290 (1%) | 3 |
| 2012–16 | 3 / 290 (1%) | 1 |
| 2016– | 0 / 290 (0%) | 3 |
# Caucaea

Caucaea is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains 9 currently recognized species, all native to northwestern South America.

## List of species

As of November 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
| Scientific name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| Caucaea alticola (Stacy) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador | 2,700–3,000 metres (8,900–9,800 ft) |
| Caucaea andigena (Linden & Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador | 2,200–2,600 metres (7,200–8,500 ft) |
| Caucaea caucana Szlach. & Kolan. | Colombia | 2,500–4,000 metres (8,200–13,100 ft) |
| Caucaea colombiana Uribe Vélez, Sauleda & Szlach. | Colombia | |
| Caucaea dodsoniana Szlach. & Kolan. | Ecuador | |
| Caucaea duquei Szlach. & Kolan. | Colombia | |
| Caucaea hernandezii (Königer) Kolan., Hirtz & Tobar | Ecuador | 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) |
| Caucaea kunthiana H.Medina, J.Portilla & Hirtz | Ecuador | 3,000–3,500 metres (9,800–11,500 ft) |
| Caucaea macrotyle (Königer & J.Portilla) Königer | Ecuador | |
| Caucaea nubigena (Lindl.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru | 2,500–3,500 metres (8,200–11,500 ft) |
| Caucaea olivacea (Kunth) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador, Colombia | 2,300–3,960 metres (7,550–12,990 ft) |
| Caucaea phalaenopsis (Linden & Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador, Colombia | 2,700–2,800 metres (8,900–9,200 ft) |
| Caucaea pichinchae Szlach. & Kolan. | Ecuador | |
| Caucaea pseudoandigena Szlach. & Kolan. | Ecuador | |
| Caucaea radiata (Lindl.) Mansf. | Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela | 2,400–2,850 metres (7,870–9,350 ft) |
| Caucaea sanguinolenta (Lindl.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela | 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) |
| Caucaea tripterygia (Rchb.f.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase | Ecuador, Peru | 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) |