OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Triple Bridge

The Triple Bridge (Slovene: Tromostovje, in older sources also Tromostje) comprises three bridges spanning the Ljubljanica River in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It connects the historical medieval town on the southeastern bank with the central Prešeren Square on the northwestern bank. Dating back to the 13th century, it stands as the oldest bridge in Ljubljana. In the early 1930s, the architect Jože Plečnik redesigned and expanded it. In August 2021, the Triple Bridge was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of Plečnik's enduring legacy.

## Design

The central bridge is partly built from Glinica limestone. Other parts are built from concrete. The balustrades with 642 balusters are made of concrete. The platform is paved with granite blocks laid in 2010. Previously, it was paved with asphalt.

## History

There is mention of a wooden bridge in this location from 1280. It was at first called the Old Bridge (Stari most) and later the Lower Bridge (Spodnji most), in contrast to the Upper Bridge that was built in the location of the nowadays Cobblers' Bridge in the same century. It was also named the Špital Bridge (Špitalski most) after the nearby poorhouse, which was established in the early 14th century. It was built anew in 1657 after a fire.
In 1842, the Lower Bridge was replaced by a new bridge designed by Giovanni Picco, an Italian architect from Villach, and named Franz's Bridge, (Frančev most) in honor of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. It also became known as the Franciscan Bridge (Frančiškanski most). This bridge, opened on 25 September 1842, had two arches and a metal fence. The essentials of the bridge have been preserved until today, which is evidenced by the inscribed dedication to the archduke above its central pier, reading in Latin "ARCHIDVCI. FRANCISCO. CAROLO. MDCCCXLII. CIVITAS.", which means "To Archduke Franz Karl in 1842 by the Town."
In order to prevent the 1842 stone arch bridge from being a bottleneck, the architect Jože Plečnik designed in 1929 the extension of the bridge with two footbridges at a slight angle on each side of it. In collaboration with his student Ciril Tavčar, who drew the plans, he published the proposal in the same year in the journal Ljubljanski zvon. Construction started in 1931 and continued until spring 1932. The bridge was opened for traffic in April 1932.
The bridge was renovated in 1992. Since 2007, all the three bridges have been part of the Ljubljana pedestrian-only zone.

## Depictions

* A model of the bridge is displayed at Mini-Europe in Brussels.
* On 23 January 2012, celebrating the 140th anniversary of Jože Plečnik's birth, a picture of the Triple Bridge was featured as an official Google logo (Doodle) adaptation in Slovenia.
# Autodrom Saint Petersburg

Autodrom Saint Petersburg (Russian: Автодром Санкт-Петербург) is a permanent motorsport facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

## History

The motorsport complex was opened in the autumn of 2010 in the south of Saint Petersburg, in the Shushary settlement. The route has a total length of 3.073 km (1.909 mi) with a width of 12 to 16 m (13 to 17 yd) and can be used in three variants:
* Configuration A 3.073 km (1.909 mi) with 7 right and 4 left turns
* Configuration B 1.820 km (1.131 mi) with 5 right and 2 left turns
* Configuration C 1.260 km (0.783 mi) with 4 right and 3 left turns
In configuration B and C, competitions can be held at the same time. The track complies with the safety standards of FIA Category 2 and is driven counter-clockwise. The tracks are used for national automobile and motorcycle races, including drag race events. In 2011 a run for the Russian Touring Car Championship (RTCC) took place on the track.
There is also a sports driving school on the site that trains racing drivers and offers driver safety training.
No races were held in 2022.
# Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra

Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra named after Gara Garayev (Azerbaijani: Qara Qarayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Kamera Orkestri) is a chamber orchestra based in Baku, Azerbaijan. It was founded by Fikrat Amirov and Gara Garayev in 1964. The orchestra generally performs works of Azerbaijani composers and premiered works by Western European and Russian composers.

## History

The Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra (ASCO) was established on the initiative of Azerbaijani composers Fikrat Amirov and Gara Garayev in 1964. Nazim Rzayev directed the Orchestra until 1992 since its foundation. The orchestra toured different cities of Russia, as well as former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Tunis, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Turkey during this period.
The Orchestra was headed by Ramiz Malikaslanov between 1992 and 1995. The Orchestra performed in Germany under his leadership. Ramiz Malikaslanov was succeeded by Yashar Imanov until 1997. The incumbent artistic director of the Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra is the People's Artist of the Republic of Azerbaijan Teymur Goychayev who was appointed to this post in 1998.
The ASCO was awarded with Humay National Award for promoting classical music in Azerbaijan in 2007.

## Concerts

The Orchestra performed at concerts during the Azerbaijani Culture Days conducted in Turkey (Ankara, İzmir), France (Strasbourg, Cannes, Paris), Germany (Munich, Dresden), Greece (Athens), Italy (Milan), Austria, Georgia, Japan, Egypt, South Korea and Switzerland.
The Orchestra performed in London in July and presented a jubilee concert dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the birth of Gara Garayev in September 1998 in Paris. The ASCO performed at the concerts dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Independence of Azerbaijan organized in Berlin, Paris and Rome in 2011. The ASCO participated at the Azerbaijani Culture Days conducted in Beijing in May 2011, as well as at the 2nd Ramatuelle International Classical Music Festival organized in France in July 2011.

## List of Artistic Directors

| Name | Period |
| Nazim Rzayev | 1964–1992 |
| Ramiz Malikaslanov | 1992–1995 |
| Yashar Imanov | 1995–1997 |
| Teymur Goychayev | 1998–present |
# Walter Christaller

Walter Christaller (21 April 1893 – 9 March 1969) was a German geographer whose principal contribution to the discipline is central place theory, first published in 1933. This groundbreaking theory was the foundation of the study of cities as systems of cities, rather than simple hierarchies or single entities. He was primarily concerned with the urban space and worked on the role of towns as geographic-economic units, besides analyzing the relationships between towns of the same region.

## Life

Walter Christaller was born to Erdmann Gottreich and Helene Christaller, an author of Christian-themed children's novels at Berneck (today part of Altensteig in Germany. His paternal grandfather Johann Gottlieb Christaller was a linguist and a Christian missionary in West Africa.
Before 1914, Christaller began studies in philosophy and political economics and subsequently served in the German Army during World War I. He was homeschooled and educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich. In the 1920s, he pursued a variety of occupations. In 1929, he resumed graduate studies, which led to his famous dissertation on Central Place Theory, which he published as the Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland (The Central Places in Southern Germany), in 1933.
In the late 1930s, he held a short-lived academic appointment at the University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau. Whether Christaller was a member of the Nazi Party is disputed. He moved into government service, for Himmler's SS-Planning and Soil Office, during the Second World War. Christaller's task was to draw up plans for reconfiguring the economic geography of Germany's eastern conquests (Generalplan Ost), primarily in Czechoslovakia and Poland but also, if successful, Russia itself. Christaller was given special charge of planning occupied Poland, and he did so by using his central place theory as an explicit guide. His work was extended by fellow German August Lösch.
After the war, he joined the Communist Party of Germany and became politically active. In addition, he devoted himself to tourism geography. Since 1950, his Central Place Theory has been used to restructure municipal relationships and boundaries in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the system is still in place today.
In 1950, Christaller, together with Paul Gauss and Emil Meynen, founded the German Association of Applied Geography (DVAG). The Walter Christaller Award for Applied Geography is named after him.
He died in Königstein im Taunus, West Germany, on 9 March 1969.
# Elmer Ewert

Elmer Ewert (born 19 September 1934) is a Canadian archer. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Shakhandan

Shakhandan (Azerbaijani: Şaxəndan) is the oldest of the three surviving ancient cemeteries of the city of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan. It is located in the southwestern part of the city. The brother of the famous 15th century poet Nasimi, the poet Shakhandan (Shakhandan, Shah-i khandan), is supposedly buried here, and the cemetery bears his name.

## Description and study

According to the local residents, Shahide-khandan (handsome merry man) was the nickname of Nasimi's brother, and the cemetery is named after him, since he was buried here. In Shakhandan, the ruins of an octagonal mausoleum were discovered. Inside the mausoleum there are two graves, the headstone of one is slightly deepened into the ground. As a result of the atmospheric influences, the inscriptions were completely erased. On the reverse side of the deepened tombstone there is an image characteristic of the gravestones of Azerbaijan of the 14-15th centuries. The Azerbaijani archaeologist Huseyn Jiddi notes that this is probably the grave of "Shahide-Khandan" - Nasimi's brother. If this is true, then according to Jiddi, in the 14-15th centuries, the city's cemetery was located in this area. This is partly confirmed by other tombs of the 15th-16th centuries that are placed there. Many ancient gravestones of the cemetery have been lost, while some are underground.
During the construction work in the city in 1970–1971, in the western part of Shamakhy, where the old bazaar was once located, many graves were found around it. According to the Kufic inscriptions on the gravestones, researchers come to the conclusion that these graves date back to the 11-12th centuries. Once this cemetery extended to Shakhandan. According to Jiddi, Shakhandan was probably the main cemetery in Shamakhy in the Middle Ages. Soon, due to the expansion of the city, the main cemetery was moved to the hill, where the cemeteries "Yeddi gunbaz" and "Lalezar" are located.
The famous Azerbaijani poet Seyid Azim Shirvani bequeathed to be buried in the Shakhandan cemetery, and his grave is also located there.
# Vladimir Zavyalov (footballer)

Vladimir Andreyevich Zavyalov (Russian: Владимир Андреевич Завьялов; born 7 April 1989) is a Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Dynamo Barnaul on 30 March 2008 in a game against FC Sibir Novosibirsk.
# Siberia, Siberia

Siberia, Siberia (Russian: Сибирь, Сибирь...) is a non-fiction book by the Russian writer Valentin Rasputin. It was originally published in Russian in 1991 by Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard). The second and third editions appeared in 2000 and 2006; an English translation is available as well.
Rasputin is a Russian novelist based in Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia, and a master of the genre known as village prose. His fiction centers around the conflict of the traditional Siberian village lifestyle, characterized by its family values, unambiguous morality, and strong connection with one's ancestral culture and natural environment, with the modernizing developments of the post-World War II period. Since the mid-1970s, he has been increasingly involved in writing non-fiction essays and article, protesting against projects he views as environmentally destructive and advocating for the restoration of "Russian national consciousness".
His Siberia, Siberia is both an excursion into the human history of the region, and a diatribe against the industrial developments and infrastructure projects "of the last three decades" (i.e. roughly 1960–1990) that he views as wrecking not only the region's natural environments and the rural way of life, but also the very moral fibre of the nation.

## Book summary

Besides an introductory overview chapters and the conclusion, the book consists of several chapters which are dedicated to particular regions: Tobolsk, the old capital of Russian Siberia; Lake Baikal; Irkutsk, the city on the Angara which the author has long made his made home; Altai; Kyakhta, the 18–19th century entrepôt for China tea trade; and the isolated Arctic community of Russkoye Ustye with its archaic customs and dialect. Later Russian editions had additional chapters added.
As usual in Rasputin's writing, his greatest ire is reserved for the masterminds of the river damming and water export schemes, such as the Siberian river reversal project, which was shelved (not without Rasputin's contribution to its criticism) in 1986.
   [W]herever dams are put up and reservoirs swell, a river ceases to be a river and becomes a disfigured beast of burden with the life squeezed out of it. After that, the river contain no fish, no life, no beauty.

## Translations into foreign languages

An English translation by Margaret Winchell and Gerald Mikkelson was published by Northwestern University Press in 1996.

## Awards

The third Russian edition of the book, which appeared in 2006, earned the 2007 Book of the Year Award of the Moscow Book Fair in the "Literary Russian Language" ("Русский литературный") category.

## Criticism

Some Western critics claim that while Rasputin is vocal in defending the Siberia's long-established Russian community against Moscow's central planners and the carpetbaggers brought to the region by the development projects, he disregards the plight of the region's aboriginal people and their intrinsic property rights in the region's natural resources.
# Golbahar, Khuzestan

Golbahar (Persian: گلبهار, also Romanized as Golbahār) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Dasht-e Azadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 536, in 117 families.
# Herbert Crook

Herbert Crook (born July 26, 1965) is an American former basketball player. He was a standout at the University of Louisville. He was a starter on the Cardinals' 1986 national championship team and was Metro Conference player of the year as a junior.

## College career

Crook, a 6'7" forward from Louisville, Kentucky and attended Westport High School during his freshman year and then to Eastern High School. He played at Louisville for Hall of Fame coach Denny Crum. Crook was a three-year starter, and played for Louisville's national championship team in 1986, averaging 11.8 points and 6.5 assists that year. As a junior, Crook was named Metro Conference player of the year after 16.1 points, 6.5 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game. Crook finished his career in the University of Louisville top ten in a number of career statistical categories, including points, rebounds, minutes played, games played, field goals, free throws and free throw attempts.

## Professional career

Following the completion of his college career, Crook was drafted by the Indiana Pacers in the third round (61st pick) of the 1988 NBA draft. However, Crook never played in the NBA. Crook did play two seasons in the Continental Basketball Association. He averaged 11.7 points and 6.4 rebounds over 56 games with four different teams. He played four seasons in the Finnish Korisliiga, averaging 27.0 points and 10.6 rebounds in 112 games. He won the Korisliiga championship in 1992 and led the league in scoring and rebounds the same year.
# Hadschi Halef Omar

Hadschi Halef Omar Ben Hadschi Abul Abbas Ibn Hadschi Dawud al Gossarah, literally hajji Halef Omar, son of hajji father-of-Abbas, son of hajji David al Gossarah, is one of Karl May's literary characters. Hajji means "one who has performed the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca".
Halef is the exceedingly loyal servant, companion and friend of German adventurer Kara Ben Nemsi. Halef accompanies Kara Ben Nemsi through all his adventures in the Middle East from Durch die Wüste to Der Schut. He is a very devout Muslim, and throughout the adventures with Kara Ben Nemsi he tries to convince him of the superiority of Islam.
After many adventures he became Scheik of the Haddedihn of the great tribe of the Schammar. He is married to Hanneh, the "most beautiful wife on earth", and with her has a son called Kara Ben Halef, who in later novels also has some adventures.
The German disco group Dschinghis Khan also released a song entitled "Hadschi Halef Omar" on their 1980 album "Rom." The entire chorus is basically reciting Halef's name.

## Original German stories

* Durch Wüste und Harem (1892), since 1895 with the title Durch die Wüste
* Durchs wilde Kurdistan (1892)
* Von Bagdad nach Stambul (1892)
* In den Schluchten des Balkan (1892)
* Durch das Land der Skipetaren (1892)
* Der Schut (1892)
* Eine Ghasuah (in Orangen und Datteln, 1893)
* Nûr es Semâ. – Himmelslicht (in Orangen und Datteln, 1893)
* Christi Blut und Gerechtigkeit (in Orangen und Datteln, 1893)
* Mater dolorosa (in Orangen und Datteln, 1893)
* Im Lande des Mahdi III (1896)
* Blutrache (in Auf fremden Pfaden, 1897)
* Der Kys-Kaptschiji (in Auf fremden Pfaden, 1897)
* Maria oder Fatima (in Auf fremden Pfaden, 1897)
* Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen I (1898)
* Die »Umm ed Dschamahl« (1898)
* Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen II (1898)
* Am Jenseits (1899)
* Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III (1902)
* Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen IV (1903)
* Bei den Aussätzigen (1907)
* Abdahn Effendi (1908)
* Merhameh (1909)
* Ardistan und Dschinnistan I (1909)
* Ardistan und Dschinnistan II (1909)
Within the book series Karl May’s Gesammelte Werke there is a sequel of Am Jenseits: „In Mekka“ (1923) by Franz Kandolf.

## Film actors

* Halef was played in silent movies (1920/21) by Meinhart Maur.
* In the first Karl May sound-movie Durch die Wüste (1936) he was played by Heinz Evelt.
* In the Karl May movies of the 1950s actor Georg Thomalla played Halef.
* In the TV-series Mit Karl May im Orient (1963) Osman Ragheb played Halef.
* In the Karl May movies of the 1960s Halef was played by Ralf Wolter.
* In the TV-series Kara Ben Nemsi Effendi (1973/75) he was played by Heinz Schubert.
# Telyashevo

Telyashevo (Russian: Теляшево; Bashkir: Теләш, Teläş) is a rural locality (village) in Tashbulatovsky Selsoviet, Abzelilovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 105 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Telyashevo is located 57 km north of Askarovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bikkulovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Nadrealizam danas i ovde

Nadrealizam danas i ovde ('Surrealism Here and Now') was the official magazine of the Serbian surrealists from the 1930s. It was known as NDIO for short.
In 1929 the Serbian surrealists had published the almanac Nemoguće–L'Impossible and largely the same people were involved in the collaborative publication of NDIO. NDIO was a bilingual publication containing written and visual contributions from the Paris surrealist group. There were illustrations by international surrealists including Max Ernst, Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí and Radojica Živanović Noe.
Three issues of the journal appeared, the first in June 1931, followed by the second in January 1932, and the third in June 1932. All three were republished in 2002 by the Museum of Applied Arts, Belgrade to accompany an exhibition entitled The Impossible, 1926–1936 Surrealist Art. The journal followed the trajectory outlined in André Breton's Second manifeste du surréalisme. The prominence of Dalí's work in the second and third issues bear witness to the high esteem in which he was held amongst surrealists in both Belgrade and Paris at this time.

## Contributors

* Vane Bor
* Koča Popović
* Dušan Matić
* Radojica Živanović Noe
* Oskar Davičo
# Aleksei Nikolayev (footballer, born 1985)

Aleksei Lvovich Nikolayev (Russian: Алексей Львович Николаев; born 12 January 1985) is a Russian former professional football player.

## Club career

Nikolayev made his debut for the senior squad of PFC CSKA Moscow on 29 March 2003 in a Russian Premier League Cup game against FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.
# HMS Cottesmore (M32)

HMS Cottesmore was a Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel of the British Royal Navy, launched in 1982 and converted in 1997 into a patrol vessel. The ship was declared surplus to requirement and put on the MoD list for disposal in 2004. In 2008 she was bought by Lithuania, along with Dulverton.
When introduced, the Hunt-class vessels were the largest warships ever built out of glass-reinforced plastic. All were built by Vosper Thornycroft in Woolston, Hampshire except Cottesmore and Middleton, which were built by Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited on the River Clyde.
Lieutenant Commander Prince Andrew, Duke of York commanded Cottesmore from April 1993 until November 1994. She was decommissioned by the Royal Navy in September 2005. The ship's bell and other memorabilia were presented to the village of Cottesmore in Rutland.
The ship entered service with the Lithuanian Navy as M53 Skalvis. Thales was the prime contractor to upgrade the vessels with a technologically advanced minehunting system including the hull-mounted Sonar 2193 system, propulsion, command and control systems, and mine disposal systems.
# Peščeni Vrh

Peščeni Vrh (pronounced) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Cerkvenjak in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the Slovene Hills (Slovene: Slovenske gorice) east of Cerkvenjak. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
# Chahar Rah, Razavi Khorasan

Chahar Rah (Persian: چهارراه, also Romanized as Chahār Rāh) is a village in Hezarmasjed Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 15 families.
# Mashadi Zeynal

Mashadi Zeynal Hagverdiyev (Azerbaijani: Məşədi Zeynal Haqverdiyev; 1850s – 1918) was an Azerbaijani musician and one of the first tar players in Azerbaijani music.

## Biography

Mashadi Zeynal Hagverdiyev was born in the 1850s (according to some sources in 1861) in the village of Karkijahan of Shusha uezd. During his education years at Shusha Realni School, he grew up in the environment of Azerbaijani cultural figures such as Firidun bey Kocharli, Yusif bey Malikhagnazarov, Azad bey Amirov, Karim bey Mehmandarov, Najaf bey Vazirov, Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev and Jabbar Garyaghdioglu.
Mashadi took lessons from Ali Asgar and Sadigjan, well-known artists of his era, and participated in Shusha musical gatherings from a young age. For many years, he accompanied Shahnaz Abbas, Abdulbagi Zulalov, Chekmachi Mohammad, Mashadi Mammad Farzaliyev, Segah Islam, Majid Behbudov, and later Seyid Shushinski and others at public musical gatherings and "Oriental concerts" with his tar. He performed at the first "Oriental concerts" in Shusha.
In 1911–1918, Mashadi Zeynal performed as a tar player in opera and drama performances and charity nights in Baku, Tbilisi and Shusha, and accompanied singers Segah Islam, Seyid Shushinski, and Majid Behbudov. On 20 January 1907 he participated with other artists in a night by the Muslim Charitable Society dedicated to benefit the Muslims in-need. He was invited by Uzeyir Hajibeyov to opera performances, and in 1911 he played tar in the opera "Leyli and Majnun". On 13 March 1915 Mashadi played the "Rahab" mugam at the "Eastern Night" organized by the Nijat Society in Baku.
Mashadi Zeynal was one of the first solo tar players after Sadigjan in Azerbaijani music. In 1897, he played "Chahargah" at the charity night organized in Khandamirov's theatre in Shusha. This mugham is particularly distinguished in his performance. In addition, he is known as a soloist of "Zabul" mugham.
Tarzan Mashadi Zeynal died in Baku in 1918.