OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guise

Guise (/ɡwiːz/ GWEEZ, French:; Dutch: Wieze) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. The city was the birthplace of the noble family of Guise, Dukes of Guise, who later became Princes of Joinville.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 3,085 | — |
| 1800 | 3,039 | −0.21% |
| 1806 | 3,097 | +0.32% |
| 1821 | 2,729 | −0.84% |
| 1831 | 3,072 | +1.19% |
| 1836 | 3,241 | +1.08% |
| 1841 | 3,543 | +1.80% |
| 1846 | 3,528 | −0.08% |
| 1851 | 4,060 | +2.85% |
| 1856 | 3,684 | −1.92% |
| 1861 | 4,529 | +4.22% |
| 1866 | 5,289 | +3.15% |
| 1872 | 5,659 | +1.13% |
| 1876 | 6,250 | +2.51% |
| 1881 | 7,131 | +2.67% |
| 1886 | 7,677 | +1.49% |
| 1891 | 8,153 | +1.21% |
| 1896 | 8,082 | −0.17% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 7,310 | −1.99% |
| 1906 | 7,776 | +1.24% |
| 1911 | 8,099 | +0.82% |
| 1921 | 6,185 | −2.66% |
| 1926 | 7,097 | +2.79% |
| 1931 | 7,110 | +0.04% |
| 1936 | 6,981 | −0.37% |
| 1946 | 6,031 | −1.45% |
| 1954 | 6,091 | +0.12% |
| 1962 | 6,284 | +0.39% |
| 1968 | 6,805 | +1.34% |
| 1975 | 6,642 | −0.35% |
| 1982 | 6,195 | −0.99% |
| 1990 | 5,976 | −0.45% |
| 1999 | 5,901 | −0.14% |
| 2007 | 5,489 | −0.90% |
| 2012 | 5,182 | −1.14% |
| 2017 | 4,824 | −1.42% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) :

## Sights

The remains of the medieval castle of Guise, the seat of the Dukes of Guise, is within the commune.

## Economy

Guise is the agricultural centre of the northern area of Aisne.

## Miscellaneous

Guise was the birthplace of Camille Desmoulins (1760–1794), a journalist and politician who played an important part in the French Revolution, and that of Jeanne Macherez who was a heroine during the World War I.
Over a period of 20 years, beginning about 1856, Jean-Baptiste Godin built the Familistery of Guise [fr; de; pt] (the Social Palace), an industrial and communal residential complex that was a separate community within Guise. It expressed many of his ideas about developing social sympathy through improved housing and services for workers and their families, influenced by the ideas of the philosopher Charles Fourier. In 1880 Godin created a cooperative association by which the workers owned and managed the complex. This continued until 1968.
On the 29th of August 1914 the Battle of St. Quentin (1914) was fought in and around the town. A memorial in Guise celebrates this event.
# Shalghami-ye Olya

Shalghami-ye Olya (Persian: شلغمي عليا, also Romanized as Shalghamī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Shalghamī-ye Bālā and Shalghamī-ye Ḩājj Melāqādar) is a village in Pol Khatun Rural District, Marzdaran District, Sarakhs County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 279, in 52 families.
# Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi

Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (born 20 July 1962) is an Indian judge. He is a former Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and a former Judge of Orissa High Court.
# Yuliya Samoylova (countess)

Countess Yuliya Pavlovna Samoylova (Russian: Графиня Юлия Павловна Самойлова, Grafinya Yuliya Pavlovna Samoylova, née Yuliya von der Pahlen; 1803 — 14 March 1875) was a granddaughter of Count Martyn Skavronskiy and the last scion of Skavronskiy family. She was born to Pavel von der Pahlen and Mariya Skavronskaya, but grew up in the house of Count Yuliy Litta, her step-grandfather, as a ward of composer Dmitry Bortniansky due to early death of her mother. Samoylova became an owner of Grafskaya Slavyanka manor (now Antropshino), near Tsarskoye Selo and a holder of several masterpieces. On 25 January 1825 she married Count Nikolai Samoylov, but later divorced him as well as several other persons. Samoylova had strong affiliations with Karl Briullov, whose The Last Day of Pompeii among others shows the idealized figures of himself and Samoylova. In 1840 Samoylova sold Grafskaya Slavyanka and left Russia for Italy. She was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
# Galgaguta

Galgaguta (Slovak: Guta) is a village in Nógrád county, Hungary.
Population by year :
| Year | Population |
| 1870 | 679 |
| 1880 | 568 |
| 1890 | 625 |
| 1900 | 659 |
| 1910 | 705 |
| 1920 | 860 |
| 1930 | 981 |
| 1941 | 1020 |
| 1949 | 997 |
| 1960 | 952 |
| 1970 | 937 |
| 1980 | 928 |
| 1990 | 808 |
| 2001 | 768 |
| 2011 | 657 |
# Chaumard

Chaumard (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Located within the Morvan Regional Natural Park, near the artificail lake of Lac de Pannecière.

## Demographics

As of 2021, the estimated population was 200. The village has a few amenities catering to the daily needs of the Chaumardois (the residents of Chaumard).
# Extracurricular (film)

Extracurricular (Croatian: Dopunska nastava) is a 2019 Croatian crime comedy thriller film written and directed by Ivan-Goran Vitez. It was selected as the Croatian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

## Plot

A recently divorced father is told he can't see his nine-year-old daughter on her birthday, so he holds her classroom hostage with a gun and a birthday cake.

## Cast

* Milivoj Beader as Vlado Mladinić
* Zlatko Burić as Drago
* Marko Cindrić as Ozren
* Filip Eldan as Goran Varga
* Frida Jakšić as Ana Mladinić
* Darko Janeš as Načelnik Gudelj
# Rud Posht, Bandar-e Anzali

Rud Posht (Persian: رودپشت, also Romanized as Rūd Posht; also known as Rūd Posht-e Bālā, Rūd Posht-e Pā’īn, and Rud-Pusht) is a village in Chahar Farizeh Rural District, in the Central District of Bandar-e Anzali County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 396, in 115 families.
# Istiqlol, Spitamen

Istiqlol (Tajik: Истиқлол, formerly: Oqteppa) is a village and jamoat in north-western Tajikistan. It is located in Spitamen District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 18,015 (2015).
# Liyuanliao railway station

Liyuanliao (traditional Chinese: 梨園寮車站; simplified Chinese: 梨园寮车站; pinyin: Líyuánliáo Chēzhàn) is an unmanned railway station on the Forestry Bureau Alishan Forest Railway line located in Meishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

## History

The station was opened on 1 October 1912. After 1985, the station became unattended.

## Architecture

The station is located 905 meters above sea level.
# Lézardrieux

Lézardrieux (French pronunciation:; Breton: Lezardrev) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.
The village is situated near the mouth of the estuary of the Trieux river - the suspension bridge (Pont de Lézardrieux) across the river at this point is a French national monument. There is a marina with moorings for several hundred pleasure boats and the tidal range experienced is remarkable.
There are a variety of shops and other commercial enterprises - including two bakeries, a butcher and, several restaurants and bars.

## Population

Inhabitants of Lézardrieux are called lézardriviens in French.

## Events

The village hosts a music festival in late May and several regattas depart from the port.

## Personalities

Notable figures associated with the village are Paul Le Flem (composer) and Georges Brassens (musician and poet).
# Bakhta, Turukhansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Bakhta (Russian: Бахта) is a rural locality (a village) in Turukhansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is part of Turukhansky Municipal District.
The village is located in the right bank of the Yenisei, by its confluence with the Bakhta River. There is a pier for boats reaching the village. Bakhta houses the Museum of Taiga Traditions. Mirnoye hamlet is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the south of Bakhta, also on the same bank of the Yenisei.
The 2010 movie Happy People: A Year in the Taiga by Werner Herzog focuses on the life of the people in the village of Bakhta.

## Protected area

The Central Siberia Nature Reserve, a protected area of the East Siberian taiga ecoregion, is located in the limits of Bakhta.
* Map of the Central Siberia Nature Reserve
# Chahar Taq, East Azerbaijan

Chahar Taq (Persian: چهارطاق, also Romanized as Chāhār Ţāq; also known as Chāţāq) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, Qaleh Chay District, Ajab Shir County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 235, in 49 families.
# Mangrove golden whistler

The mangrove golden whistler (Pachycephala melanura) or black-tailed whistler, is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae. It is found in mangrove forests and adjacent wet forests of Papua New Guinea and Australia.

## Subspecies

Five subspecies are recognized:
* Pachycephala melanura dahli - Reichenow, 1897: Found in the Bismarck Archipelago and south-eastern New Guinea
* Robust whistler (P. m. spinicaudus) - Mathews, 1912: Originally described as a separate species in the genus Pteruthius. Found in southern New Guinea and islands in the Torres Strait
* P. m. violetae - (Pucheran, 1853): Found in northern Australia
* P. m. melanura - Gould, 1843: Found in north-western Australia
* P. m. robusta - Masters, 1876: This subspecies is also called "robust whistler". Found in northern Australia
# Unavailability

Unavailability, in mathematical terms, is the probability that an item will not operate correctly at a given time and under specified conditions. It opposes availability.
Numerical values associated with the calculation of availability are often awkward, consisting of a series of 9s before reaching any significant numerical information (e.g. 0.9999999654). For this reason, it is more convenient to use the complement measure of availability, namely, unavailability. Expressed mathematically, unavailability is 1 minus the availability. Therefore, a system with availability 0.9999999654 is more concisely described as having an unavailability of 3.46 × 10$^{−8}$.

## Calculations using unavailability

Often fault trees and reliability block diagrams will use unavailability of the various components in the calculation of the top level failure rates through AND gates or parallel redundant components.

## Repairable model

Unavailability (Q), using the repairable model, may be expressed mathematically by the equation:
    $Q={\frac {MTTR}{MTTR+MTBF}}$
where MTTR is the mean time to repair, and MTBF is the mean time between failures of a repairable system. Alternatively, this can be written as:
    $Q={\frac {\lambda }{\lambda +\mu }}$
where λ is the failure rate and μ is the repair rate. When μ >> λ, the preceding formula is often approximated to:
    $Q\approx {\frac {\lambda }{\mu }}$

## Non-repairable model

For the non-repairable model of unavailability (Q), the unreliability function (often F(t) the CDF of the exponential distribution) is used to approximate the worst-case-unavailability. If the rate of failure is constant the Poisson distribution and exponential distribution describe this rate. The unreliability function approximating the worst case unavailability is as follows:
    Q = 1 - e$^{-λt}$
Where t is the time at risk.

## Telecommunications

In telecommunications, an unavailability is an expression of the degree to which a system, subsystem, or equipment is not operable and not in a committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e. random, time. The conditions determining operability and committability must be specified.

## Railway

In the railway industry, the railway normally keeps operating for 24 hours a day 7 days per week all year round making the idea of mission time meaningless. Both the repairable model and non-repairable model are known to be used in railway. The repairable model is used for total system availability or unavailability and the non-repairable model is used for system safety. Safe down time is the time between when a wrong side failure happens and when it is detected and mitigated.

## Aerospace

The aerospace industry often uses a mission time equal to the expected flight time given that certain pre-flight tests are performed.

## Space

The mission time for space systems may be as long as a satellite or system in orbit. Space systems are exceedingly difficult to repair making mission time a consideration when evaluating unavailability.
# Dulishan railway station

Dulishan (Chinese: 獨立山車站; pinyin: Dúlìshān Chēzhàn) is a railway station on the Forestry Bureau Alishan Forest Railway line located in Zhuqi Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan. It is situated on the "Dulishan Spiral" portion of the line.

## History

The station was opened on 1 October 1912.

## Architecture

The station is located at 743 meters above sea level. The station houses the water crane used to fill water at the steam locomotives of the trains passing through.
# Ikhwan (Kashmir)

Ikhwan force, popularly referred to as the Ikhwan and locally known as naabedh, was a pro-government militia in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, composed of surrendered Kashmiri militants active in the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.

## Incorporation

By 1994, a section of militants who felt marginalized by the Inter-Services Intelligence's favoring of the Hizbul Mujahideen over other groups sought alternate avenues. The Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen was formed by Mohammad Yusuf Parray, better known as Kuka Parray and by early 1994, the group sided with the Indian forces to fight the militants backed by the Pakistani government. Besides Ikhwan, other groups operated by Javed Ahmad Shah (who had the backing of the state police's Special Operations Group) and Liaqat Khan (who operated in Kashmir's Anantnag district). By the end of 1994, all three groups had merged into one entity known as Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen.

## Activities

Many prominent fighters for the Ikhwan contested the 1996 elections. Kuka Parray founded the Jammu and Kashmir Awami League and won. Javed Ahmad Shah joined the National Conference.

## Disbandment

After the 1996 assembly elections, due to the public's detestation of their ruthless tactics and several publicity campaigns by pro-secession organisations, the Ikhwan quickly found themselves ostracised by the political establishment. The official cover for the armed group was stripped soon after by the Indian government which led to a huge spike in casualties. Ikhwan is expected to have lost over 150 members. According to a 2003 report by The Hindu, nearly 350 to 500 members of Ikhwan remained on active duty with the Jammu and Kashmir Police and the Indian Army and were paid a regular stipend.
Kuka Parray was killed by Kashmiri militants in 2003 while he was on his way to inaugurate a cricket match in Sonawari, Bandipore district. Javed Ahmad Shah was also killed a month earlier by Kashmiri militants at the Greenway Hotel in Srinagar. Liaqat Khan continues to live in Kashmir.

## Notable members

* Nazir Ahmad Wani
# Aleksandar Antić

Aleksandar Antić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Антић; born 7 May 1969) is a Serbian politician. He served as the Minister of Energy and Mining between 2014 and 2020. Antić previously served as the Minister of Transportation from 2013 to 2014. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia.

## Career

Antić was born on 7 May 1969 in Belgrade. He was a councilor in the Municipal Assembly of Zvezdara for two terms (1992–1996) and was elected Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) member of the Assembly of the City of Belgrade three times. From 2004 to 2008, he was the President of the SPS parliamentary group in the Assembly of the City of Belgrade.
He served as the president of the Assembly of the City of Belgrade from 2008 to 2012. In 2013, he became a Minister of Transportation in the Government of Ivica Dačić, and served until the 2014 Serbian parliamentary election, after which he became a Minister of Mining and Energy per 27 April 2014 in the Government of Aleksandar Vučić. While talking to the press on 4 December 2014 he was hit by an approximately three-kilogram chunk of ice that fell from a powerline. He was unhurt as he wore a hard hat. He lost his position with the formation of the second cabinet of Ana Brnabić and was succeeded as Minister by Zorana Mihajlović on 28 October 2020.
# Doung Khpos Commune

Doung Khpos Commune (Khmer: ឃុំដូងខ្ពស់) is a khum (commune) in Bourei Cholsar District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.

## Administration

As of 2019, Doung Khpos Commune has 12 phums (villages) as follows.
| No. | Code | Village | Khmer |
| 1 | 21030301 | Ta Sai | តាសៃ |
| 2 | 21030302 | Souphi | សូភី |
| 3 | 21030303 | Roteh Phluk | រទេះភ្លូក |
| 4 | 21030304 | Trapeang Tonle | ត្រពាំងទន្លេ |
| 5 | 21030305 | Ach Tonsay | អាចម៍ទន្សាយ |
| 6 | 21030306 | Doung Khpos | ដូងខ្ពស់ |
| 7 | 21030307 | Ta Ros | តារស់ |
| 8 | 21030308 | Ta Yueng | តាយឹង |
| 9 | 21030309 | Traeuy Khlouk | ត្រើយឃ្លោក |
| 10 | 21030310 | Angkanh | អង្កាញ់ |
| 11 | 21030311 | Chrey Ngouk | ជ្រៃងោក |
| 12 | 21030312 | Prey Mlob | ព្រៃម្លប់ |
# Green Party of Kosovo

The Green Party of Kosovo (Albanian: Partia e të Gjelbërve të Kosovës, PGJK) was a green party in Kosovo. The party supported an environmentally clean Kosovo and its continual existence as an independent state.

## History

The party was established in September 1991, when Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia. Its leader was Daut Maloku.
# Cham Shalan

Cham Shalan (Persian: چم شالان, also Romanized as Cham Shālān and Cham-e Shalān) is a village in Murmuri Rural District, Kalat District, Abdanan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 9 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Bojan Pajtić

Bojan Pajtić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бојан Пајтић; born 2 May 1970) is a Serbian lawyer and former politician who is a professor at the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Law. A member of the Democratic Party (DS), he served as the president of the government of Vojvodina from 2004 to 2016 and as the president of DS from 2014 to 2016.

## Early life

Bojan Pajtić was born on 2 May 1970 in Senta, SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He finished primary and secondary education in Senta, after which he studied and graduated from the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Law in 1995. He earned the title Doctor of Law in 2008 and perfected his title at the Heidelberg University.

## Legal career

Pajtić became an assistant at the Faculty of Law in 1996. He was promoted to the position of docent in 2009, associated professor in 2014, and professor in 2019.

## Political career

Pajtić has denied being a member of the People's Party, led by Milan Paroški, saying that his father was only briefly a member of its presidency during its foundation. He joined the Democratic Party (DS) in 1996.
He was the president of the government of Vojvodina from 2004 to 2016. He was the president of DS from 2014 to 2016.

## Personal life

Besides his native Serbian, he also speaks Hungarian, and English. He is an author of a number of law-related scientific works, which he published in magazines.
# Dyfi Biosphere

The Dyfi Biosphere (Welsh: Biosffer Dyfi) is situated at the coast of south-central Wales in the estuary of the River Dyfi, and is a biosphere reserve representative of salt marshes and estuarine systems in the west of the United Kingdom. The estuary forms one of the most important wildfowl and shorebird centres in Wales and also comprises a Ramsar site.
Cors Fochno has a large expanse of primary raised mire and contains a high number of invertebrate species, including some of national and international importance. Upstream along the Dyfi Valley are remnants of native oak woodland. The site was declared in 1977, and covers an area of 1,589 hectares.

## Human activities

Human activities in the area include pastoral farming and forestry, tourism and outdoor recreation, sustainable living and technology development; natural resource rehabilitation, management and monitoring; environmental education and interpretation and cultural development.

## Ecological characteristics

The Dyfi is a post-glacial catchment of predominantly hill land with thin, acidic soils developed on lower Palaeozoic sedimentary strata. Broadleaf woodlands, typically sessile oak or ash dominated, are a feature of the valley slopes and its many tributaries, although conifer plantations now dominate large areas. The bryophyte, lichen and fern communities of the shady, damp valley woods are particularly notable, with large numbers of Atlantic species. Several areas of upland moorland occur, comprising mixtures of acid grassland, blanket bog and dwarf shrub heath, often contiguous with larger upland areas and supporting important bird populations.
The Dyfi is a classic bar-built estuary, and one of the foremost examples of a drying, sandy, nutrient-poor estuary. Important populations of migratory fish, birds and otter occur along with extensive areas of saltmarsh (Atlantic salt meadow). The spit dune system of Ynyslas is an actively accreting system with good representation of dune community succession including marram fore-dunes and humid dune slacks. The estuarine raised mire of Cors fochno is one of the largest and best preserved active raised bogs in the UK. It is a key site for climate-related research and supports important assemblages of lower plants, invertebrates and birds.

## Protection classifications

National:
* National Nature Reserve
* Site of Special Scientific Interest

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work (license statement/permission). Text taken from UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory​, UNESCO, UNESCO.
# Amos Rapoport

Amos Rapoport (28 March 1929, Warsaw) is a Polish psychologist, professor, architect and one of the founders of Environment-Behavior Studies (EBS). He is the author of over 200 academic publications in this field, including books that have been translated into foreign languages, including French, Spanish, German, Persian, Japanese, Korean and Chinese. He has held honorable and visiting positions in many universities around the globe, is professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
His work has focused mainly on the role of cultural variables, cross-cultural studies, and theory development and synthesis. His influential book House Form and Culture explores how culture, human behavior, and the environment affect house form.

## Early life

Rapoport was born on 28 March 1929 in Warsaw, Poland. In 1939, he and his parents fled Warsaw and after crossing the USSR, they found refuge in Shanghai, where they spent the war in the Japanese-controlled ghetto. Amos attended the Shanghai Jewish School. Following the Japanese surrender, he emigrated to Australia, where the family settled in Melbourne. In 1955 he graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Melbourne. In 1957 he graduated with an MA from Rice University.

## Academic career

Rapoport has taught at the University of Melbourne, University of California, Berkeley, University College London and University of Sydney. From 1972 until his retirement in 2001 he taught at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee where he was a Distinguished Professor in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning. His main aim was to define the importance of culture in the built environment and architecture, this is especially highlighted in his 1969 book House Form and Culture. He has also held visiting appointments in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Puerto Rico, India, Switzerland, Turkey and the U.K., among other places.

## Books

* 1969 - House Form and Culture
* 1976 - The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment. A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
* 1977 - Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design
* 1982 - The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach
* 1990 - History and Precedent in Environmental Design
* 2003 - Culture, Architecture, and Design
# El Tahrir SC

El Tahrir Aswan Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي التحرير الرياضي بأسوان), is an Egyptian football club based in Aswan, Egypt. The club plays in the Egyptian Second Division, the second-highest league in the Egyptian football league system.