OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hieronymus Praetorius

Hieronymus Praetorius (10 August 1560 – 27 January 1629) was a Northern German composer and organist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque whose polychoral motets in 8 to 20 voices are intricate and vividly expressive. Some of his organ music survives in the Visby Orgel-Tabulatur, which dates from 1611. (He was not related to the prolific Michael Praetorius, known as a theorist and for Terpsichore, but the large Praetorius family tree produced many distinguished musicians during the 16th and 17th centuries.)

## Life

He was born in Hamburg and spent most of his life there. He studied organ with his father (Jacob Praetorius, the elder (1520-1586), also a composer), before moving to Cologne for further study. In 1580 he became organist in Erfurt but remained there only two years. After returning to Hamburg in 1582 he worked with his father as assistant organist at Sankt Jacobi, becoming principal organist in 1586 when his father died, a post he retained until his own death 43 years later. His son, Jacob, was born that same year, and was also destined to become a composer. His younger son Johann was also a composer and organist. In 1596 Hieronymus visited Gröningen where he met Michael Praetorius and Hans Leo Hassler; presumably he became acquainted with their music and, through them, the music of the contemporary Venetian School.

## Music and influence

Praetorius wrote Masses and ten settings of the Magnificat in addition to the mostly Latin polychoral motets. Much of his music uses voices divided into several groups, probably the first of its kind in Northern Germany in polychoral style; choir sizes range from 8 to 20, with the voices divided into two, three or four groups. Praetorius must have had sophisticated musicians at his disposal, considering both the amount and the difficulty of music he wrote for these ensembles. While progressive in writing in the Venetian style, he was conservative in using Latin and avoiding the basso continuo, which was eagerly adopted by many other contemporary German composers. Most of his vocal music is a cappella.
Praetorius was also the first composer to compile a collection of four-part German chorales with organ accompaniment, a sound which was to become a standard in Protestant churches for several centuries. The music in the collection was compiled from four churches in Hamburg; 21 of the 88 settings are of his own composition. Some of his organ compositions survive, including nine settings of the Magnificat, which are in a highly contrapuntal cantus firmus style. In addition to these settings, numerous anonymous pieces in north German collections of the time are now attributed with reasonable certainty to Hieronymus Praetorius.

## References and further reading

* Article "Hieronymus Praetorius," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
* Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0-393-09745-5
# Benjamin Cosyn

Benjamin Cosyn (also Cosens, Cousins or Cowsins; c.1580 - c. 14 September 1653) was an English composer, organist and virginalist. He was organist of St Laurence's Church, Ludlow (1621 to 1622), Dulwich College (1622 to 1624) and Charterhouse School (1626 to 1643).
He is best known compiling two valuable manuscripts of Tudor and Stuart-era music. The "Cosyn Virginal Book" (British Library R.M.23.L.4) dated 1620, collects keyboard music by Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, John Bull and Orlando Gibbons, as well as his own compositions. A 1652 manuscript "for the kings Royall chappell" (Bibliothèque nationale de France Rés.1185) collects 35 pieces by contemporary composers and 15 of his own.
# Guillaume Bouzignac

Guillaume Bouzignac (c. 1587 – c. 1643) was a French composer.
Bouzignac was probably born in 1587 in Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude. He studied at the Cathedral of Narbonne until 1604, and was choirmaster at the Cathedrals of Angoulême, Bourges, Tours, and Clermont-Ferrand.
His motets are preserved in two manuscripts. His motets are highly distinctive: "Simply stated, there is no other music of the time that looks the same on the page or sounds the same as the motets of Bouzignac." "One name in this period rises above those of his contemporaries for all sacred music, including Masses: that of Guillaume Bouzignac." His dialogue motets, such as Unus ex vobis and Dum silentium, are small scale oratorios which anticipate Giacomo Carissimi, and then Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643–1704) two generations later.

## Discography

* Motets, Te Deum Les Arts Florissants dir. William Christie Harmonia Mundi HMC 901 471
* Motets with Jean Gilles Leçons de Ténèbres Boston Camerata dir. Joel Cohen Erato 4509 98480-2
* Motets Sächsisches Vocalensemble dir. Matthias Jung TACET S 156 2007
# Andreas Berger (composer)

Andreas Berger (1584–1656) was a German composer whose works featured in the collection of J. S. Bach. He was the son-in-law of the English emigre musician William Brade.

## Works, editions, and recordings

* Eight Part Canon in the Eighth Mode for Two Double Reed Quartet Choirs.
* Berger, Andreas: »Da pacem Domine & c. ... Deo ter opt. maximo, regi regum, Domino exercituum, principi pacis ...«. Augsburg: Johann Ulrich Schönig, 1635. Konzert zu 10 Stimmen in 2 Chören (SSATB/SATBB). On Friedens-Seufftzer und Jubel-Geschrey - Music for the Peace of Westphalia. Weser-Renaissance Ensemble Bremen dir. Manfred Cordes. cpo
# 2015 Arimex Challenger Trophy – Doubles

Roman Jebavý and Jaroslav Pospíšil were the defending champions in the 2015 Arimex Challenger Trophy—Doubles but chose not to compete together. Pospíšil chose to partner with Jan Šátral but lost in the first round to Kamil Majchrzak and Stéphane Robert. Jebavý chose not to compete.

## Seeds

* Wesley Koolhof / Matwé Middelkoop (champions)
* Alessandro Motti / Costin Pavăl (quarterfinals)
* Ivan Sabanov / Matej Sabanov (first round)
* Jaroslav Pospíšil / Jan Šátral (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Bellotti Pascal Brunner | 2 | 4 | | 1 | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | U Ignatik D Lojda | 6 | 5 | [10] | | U Ignatik D Lojda | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Giustino Libor Salaba | 2 | 7 | [5] | | | | | | 1 | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | I Sabanov M Sabanov | 6 | 6$^4$ | [4] | | | | | | | L Miedler T-S Weissborn | 6$^2$ | 3 | | | | | |
| | F Gaio A Martin | 4 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | F Gaio A Martin | 6$^6$ | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Fucsovics L Gödry | 1 | 7$^7$ | [9] | | L Miedler T-S Weissborn | 7$^8$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Miedler T-S Weissborn | 6 | 6$^4$ | [11] | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 6 |
| WC | A Dubrivnyy E Kırkın | 3 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | K Majchrzak S Robert | 4 | 2 |
| | Romano Frantzen D Walsh | 6 | 6 | | | R Frantzen D Walsh | 4 | 6 | [3] | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Majchrzak S Robert | 6 | 6 | | | K Majchrzak S Robert | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | J Pospíšil J Šátral | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | K Majchrzak S Robert | 2 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | |
| | T Bednarek F Škugor | 7 | 6$^4$ | [3] | | | | | | | Í Cervantes M Vervoort | 6 | 6$^4$ | [6] | | | | |
| | Í Cervantes M Vervoort | 5 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | Í Cervantes M Vervoort | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Martin Blaško A Molčan | 4 | 2 | | 2 | A Motti C Pavăl | 6 | 4 | [2] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Motti C Pavăl | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# FC Khimik Koryazhma

FC Khimik (Russian: «Химик») is a Russian football club from Koryazhma.
It played professionally for one season in 1994, taking 8th place in Zone 4 of the Russian Third League.
# Francis Pilkington

Francis Pilkington (ca. 1565 – 1638) was an English classical composer, lutenist and singer, of the Renaissance and Baroque period. Pilkington received a B.Mus. degree from Oxford in 1595. In 1602 he became a singing man at Chester Cathedral and spent the rest of his life serving the cathedral. He became a minor canon in 1612, took holy orders in 1614 and was named precentor of the cathedral in 1623. Although he was a churchman, Pilkington composed largely secular music—ayres, madrigals, and lute songs. These include two sets of madrigals (1613/14 and 1624) and a collection of lute ayres (1605). He died in Chester.
# Johann Crüger

Johann Crüger (9 April 1598 – 23 February 1662) was a German composer of well-known hymns. He was also the editor of the most widely used Lutheran hymnal of the 17th century, Praxis pietatis melica.

## Early life and education

Crüger was born in Groß Breesen (now part of Guben) as the son of an innkeeper, Georg Crüger. He was an ethnic Sorb, baptized as Jan Krygar.
He studied at the nearby Lateinschule (then located in Guben) until 1613, and that school's teaching program included music and singing.
He then traveled to Sorau and Breslau for further education, and finally to Regensburg, where he received musical training from Paulus Homberger (1560–1634). In 1615 he traveled to Berlin, where he studied theology at the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster. In 1616 he was engaged as a house tutor to the von Blumenthal family; his pupils included Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal. From 1620 he studied theology at the University of Wittenberg and trained himself further in music through private study.

## Career

From 1622 to his death, a period of 40 years, he was simultaneously a teacher at the gymnasium Zum Grauen Kloster and cantor of the Nikolaikirche in Berlin.
Crüger composed numerous concert works and wrote extensively on music education. In 1643 he became acquainted with the famous hymn writer Paul Gerhardt, for whom he wrote the music for various hymns, including "Wie soll ich dich empfangen". In 1647 he edited the most important German Lutheran hymnal of the 17th century, Praxis pietatis melica, which appeared in many more editions.
Among the hymns for which he composed music is Johann Franck's "Du, o schönes Weltgebäude" (You, o beautiful building of the world). It is no longer in practical use, but one stanza, "Komm, o Tod, du Schlafes Bruder" (Come, O death, to sleep a brother), was prominently used in Bach's solo cantata Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen, BWV 56. He composed the tune for Rinkart's "Nun danket alle Gott", and for Franck's "Jesu, meine Freude", which Bach used for a motet of the same name.

## Personal life

In 1628, he married the widow of a city councilman. During the Thirty Years' War, Crüger and his family endured many hardships including hunger. He fell ill with plague, and almost died of that disease, losing five children and his wife in 1636. In 1637, having recovered from the disease, he got married a second time, to the 17-year-old daughter of an innkeeper, with whom he had fourteen children, most of whom died at a young age. One of his daughters married the court painter Michael Conrad Hirt, who made a portrait of Crüger in 1663. Crüger died in Berlin.
# Nicholas Staggins

Nicholas Staggins (died 13 June 1700) was an English composer.
Staggins first studied music under his father. He was made Master of the King's Music by Charles II in 1674. In 1682, he was granted a musical doctorate by Cambridge University, and from 1684 until his death was Professor of Music at Cambridge. Following his death on the night of 12–13 June 1700, he was succeeded by John Eccles.
From the few fragments of his compositions that survive, his musical ability is generally regarded to have been slender. His most significant work was his music for John Crowne's masque Calisto, or The Chaste Nymph. His other works include odes for the birthdays of William III (in at least 1693, 1694 and 1696). He also wrote incidental music for John Dryden's Conquest of Granada and Marriage à la Mode, George Etheridge's The Man of Mode, Nathaniel Lee's Gloriana, and Thomas Shadwell's Epsom Wells.
In Tom Brown's Letters from the Dead to the Living, Staggins is described as "bandy legged and contemptuously regarded". Following his death he was buried in Woollon on 16 June 1700 at St. George's Chapel, Windsor.
# Koun Mom District

Koun Mom (Khmer: ស្រុកកូនមុំ) is a district in Ratanakiri Province, north-east Cambodia. In 1998, it had a population of 8,814.

## Administration

The district is subdivided into six communes (khum), which are further subdivided into 23 villages (phum).
| Commune | Villages | Population (1998) |
| Serei Mongkol | Srae Pok, Srae Pok Touch, Neang Dei | 1,124 |
| Srae Angkrong | Phum Muoy, Phum Pir, Phum Bei | 1,207 |
| Ta Ang | Ta Ang Ka Tae, Ta Ang Pok, Tus, Sek, Ta Kab | 1,711 |
| Toen | Teun, La En, Ta Heuy, Kam Bak | 1,732 |
| Trapeang Chres | Phum Muoy, Phum Pir, Ou Plong, Ko Hokseb, Sangkum | 2,254 |
| Trapeang Kraham | Phum Muoy, Phum Pir, Phum Bei | 786 |
# Mieszko Talarczyk

Mieszko Talarczyk (December 23, 1974 – December 26, 2004) was the lead singer and guitarist of the Swedish grindcore band Nasum, Genocide Superstars, and Krigshot. Known for his engineering and production abilities, he co-founded Soundlab studios with Millencolin guitarist Mathias Färm.
In 2004, Mieszko went on holiday to Thailand with his girlfriend during a break in between albums, and died in the tsunami disaster on December 26, 2004. His body was identified on February 16, 2005, and his remains were transported back to his hometown of Örebro, Sweden where his funeral was held on 30 March. Though badly injured, his girlfriend Emma survived. After Mieszko's death, Nasum and Genocide Superstars disbanded permanently.

## Discography
### With Nasum

* Inhale/Exhale (1998)
* Human 2.0 (2000)
* Helvete (2003)
* Shift (2004)

### With Genocide Superstars

* Hail The New Storm (1997)
* We Are Born of Hate (1999)
* Iron Cross (2002)

### With Krigshot

* Maktmissbrukare (1999)
* Örebro-Mangel (2002)
# Yavar Aliyev

Yavar Yaqub oglu Aliyev (Azerbaijani: Yavər Əliyev) (27 June 1956, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR - 29 February 1992, Karabakh, Azerbaijan) was the National Hero of Azerbaijan and warrior during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Early life and education

Aliyev was born on 27 June 1956 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. He completed his secondary education at the Secondary School No. 235 in Pirallahi Island. After completing his education, he was admitted to the Kremenchuk flight college of National Aviation University. Aliyev played an important role in the formation of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.

## Nagorno Karabakh war

When the First Nagorno-Karabakh War started, Aliyev was assigned to participate in military flights. Yavar Aliyev made several flights to Karabakh at Mi-24 helicopter. He died on February 29, 1992, when Armenians shot down his helicopter in one of the battles in Karabakh.

## Honors

Yavar Yaqub oglu Aliyev was posthumously awarded the title of the "National Hero of Azerbaijan" by Presidential Decree No. 204 dated 14 September 1992.
He was buried at a Martyrs' Lane cemetery in Baku. A school where he studied in Pirallahi Island and National Aviation Academy were named after him.

### Personal life

Aliyev was married and had two children.
# Mme Sicard

Mlle Sicard (first name unknown, fl. 1678) was a French composer, credited as the first published woman composer of her country.
She was the daughter and pupil of Jean Sicard. Jean Sicard dedicated his 12th book to her, and she wrote airs for three of his publications, including one in the 12th book, three in the 13th, and one each in the 14th and 16th.
She is credited as the first published woman composer in France, followed closely by Mlle Michon and the renowned Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre.
# Binagadi asphalt lake

The Binagadi asphalt lake (or Binagadi tar pits; Azerbaijani: Binəqədi gölü) are a cluster of tar pits in urban Baku, Azerbaijan. Asphaltum or tar has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with dust, leaves, or water. Over many centuries, animals that were trapped in the tar were preserved as bones.
This ancient flora and fauna deposit is protected by the State as a monument of a nature of the special significance pursuant to the Decree of the Government of Azerbaijan Republic No. 167 of March 16, 1982.

## Geography of the area

The Binagady locality is on the crest of a hill 0.5 km southeast of the settlement of Binagady, and 7 km north of Baku. The coast at its closest is 10 km to the south and 25 km to the north.
The bone-bearing area comprises approximately 1.5 hectares and is located on a hilltop near the Kyrrar hill. The area is 54–57 m above present sea level, and 48 m above the level of Lake Boyukshor. An ancient mud volcano (Kichik-Dag) lies north of the fossiliferous area; further to the north is the meridionally elongated, saline Lake Masazyr (Mirdalyabi) and to the northeast Lake Binagady. To the east is the saline depression Kariatakh-Shor, beyond which rises the Balakhany Plateau. Extending from the Binagady hill are oil-bearing Salinas and the saline Lake Beyuk-Shor, which stretches far to the southeast.

## Natural-Historical Museum

The Binagadi fauna and flora deposit has been suggested to be richer by number of Quaternary animal fossil than the Californian La Brea Tar Pits. The Binagadi deposit is important in studying the paleobiology of entire Caucasus, Middle East, and the European part of NIS countries.

## Discovery and first excavations

The locality was discovered in 1938 by a student, Mastan-Zade, who was studying the Absheron bitumens. The first excavations were organized by Bogachev in 1938 (Azerbaijan branch of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.). The excavations continued until 1941 with the participation of Kasabova and Sultanov and were resumed in 1946 under the supervision of Burchak-Abramovich.
# Qaleh Qafeh Rural District

Qaleh Qafeh Rural District (Persian: دهستان قلعه قافه) is in the Central District of Minudasht County, Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qaleh Qafeh.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 5,172 in 1,338 households. There were 5,028 inhabitants in 1,405 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 4,717 in 1,426 households. The most populous of its 15 villages was Qaleh Qafeh, with 1,409 people.
# HNLMS Witte de With (1928)

HNLMS Witte de With (Dutch: Hr.Ms. Witte de With) was an Admiralen-class destroyer, named after the 17th-century Dutch admiral of the same name. She served during World War II.

## Service history

The ship was laid down on 28 May 1927, at the shipyard of Feijenoord, in Rotterdam, and launched on 11 September 1928. The ship was commissioned on 20 February 1930.
On 16 November 1935, Witte de With, her sister Van Galen, and the cruiser Sumatra, made a visit to Saigon.
On 23 August 1936, Sumatra, her sister Java, and the destroyers Van Galen, Witte de With, and Piet Hein, where present at the fleet days held at Soerabaja. Later that year on 13 November, both Java-class cruisers and the destroyers Evertsen, Witte de With, and Piet Hein, made a fleet visit to Singapore. Before the visit they had practiced in the South China Sea.

### World War II

The ship took part in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942. HMS Exeter was damaged in the battle and escorted back to Soerabaja by Witte de With. A few days later Witte de With was attacked and damaged by Japanese planes on 1 March 1942. The next day she was scuttled.
# Ahmadabad, Malekan

Ahmadabad (Persian: احمداباد, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Gavdul-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Malekan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, in 99 families.
# Ghandi Bread

Ghandi Bread or Nan Ghandi (Persian: نان قندی means sugar loaf bread) is a traditional Iranian bread. It is often eaten with tea.
# Kuşhane, Mazgirt

Kuşhane (Kurdish: Qûşxane) is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Hormek tribe and had a population of 7 in 2021.
The hamlet of Topaktaş is attached to the village.
# Samuel Earnshaw

Samuel Earnshaw (1 February 1805, Sheffield, Yorkshire – 6 December 1888, Sheffield, Yorkshire) was an English clergyman and mathematician and physicist, noted for his contributions to theoretical physics, especially for proving Earnshaw's theorem.
Earnshaw was born in Sheffield and entered St John's College, Cambridge, graduating Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman in 1831.
From 1831 to 1847 Earnshaw worked in Cambridge as tripos coach, and in 1846 was appointed to the parish church St. Michael, Cambridge. For a time he acted as curate to the Revd Charles Simeon. In 1847 his health broke down and he returned to Sheffield working as a chaplain and teacher.
Earnshaw published several mathematical and physical articles and books. His most famous contribution, Earnshaw's theorem, shows the impossibility of stability of matter under purely electrostatic forces: other topics included optics, waves, dynamics and acoustics in physics, calculus, trigonometry and partial differential equations in mathematics. As a clergyman, he published several sermons and treatises.
# Yeşilköy, Bingöl

Yeşilköy (Kurdish: Azun) is a village in the Bingöl District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 300 in 2021.