OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Danish Foreign Policy Society

The Danish Foreign Policy Society (in Danish: Det Udenrigspolitiske Selskab) is a private, non-profit organisation founded in 1946 with the aim of promoting interest and raising awareness on foreign policy and international affairs in Denmark.
His Royal Highness Crown Prince Frederik is the Patron of the Society. A former ambassador Ulrik Federspiel chairs the Board, and the Executive Director Charlotte Flindt Pedersen carries out the daily management of the Society.
The Foreign Policy Society is independent from political as well as commercial interests. The Society does not take a stand on political issues, but merely engages in debates by conveying and sharing information and contacts. The Society has around 1000 personal members and 200 members representing around 50 companies and institutions. The Society has a Youth Branch, DUS-U35, with around 350 members.

## Activities

The Danish Foreign Policy Society carries out conferences and debates, organizes study visits, issues publications and produces TV-broadcasts.
The Society invites prominent Danish and foreign speakers, politicians, academics to the debates and conferences. In the course of 70 years, many prominent speakers, including George H. W. Bush, Martti Ahtisaari, Lech Wałęsa, Dalai Lama, Kofi Annan, Carl Bildt and Navi Pillay held speeches at the Foreign Policy Society.
The Society produces the periodical "Foreign'' (in Danish: Udenrigs), which is the only one of its kind in Denmark, focusing entirely on international affairs and foreign policy. In addition, the Society produces thematic or country specific Foreign policy essays (in Danish: Udenrigspolitiske Skrifter). Until 2020 it also produced booklets with country facts Countries in your pocket (in Danish: Lande i Lommeformat). In collaboration with the Danish TV-channel dk4 it used to produce the TV-magazine In the Foreign Policy Society as well as the programme Uffe and Mogens discuss the World, starring the two former ministers for foreign affairs, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen and Mogens Lykketoft. The Society also arranges study visits to interesting countries and regions around the world. For instance, in 2016 the study visits were made to the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, the Arctic region and Cuba.

## History

The man behind the Foreign Policy Society was Ole Lippmann, a member of the Danish resistance movement. In his mind, foreign policy was a matter far too important to be entrusted only to politicians and government officials. Civil society should participate in the debate on international affairs, whose involvement should take place on an informed and qualified basis.
The Society was established in Copenhagen on 31 October 1946. The founders were well-known men from the resistance movement, including Ole Lippmann, Svend Truelsen, Erik Husfeldt, Ebbe Munck; politicians such as Per Federspiel and Thorkil Kristensen from the Liberal Party, Ole Bjørn Kraft from the Conservative Party, and the communists Ib Nørlund and Peter P. Rohde. Academia was represented by, among others, professors Alf Ross and Hartvig Frisch.
# BL 15-inch howitzer

The Ordnance BL 15-inch howitzer was developed by the Coventry Ordnance Works late in 1914 in response to the success of its design of the 9.2-inch siege howitzer.
The howitzer was cumbersome to deploy, since it was transported in several sections by giant Foster-Daimler tractors.

## Service history

The weapon was operated by Royal Marine Artillery detachments of the Naval Brigade, with one gun per battery. One gun was sent to Gallipoli but not used there. They were later transferred to the British Army. It was used at the Battle of the Somme in September 1916 and at the Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, in October 1917.
It operated successfully where it was needed to destroy deep fortifications on the Western Front, but was limited by its relatively short range compared to other modern siege howitzers. The size and weight made it difficult to move and emplace. No further development occurred after the first batch of twelve, and instead Britain continued to develop and produce the 12-inch howitzer and 12-inch railway howitzer.

## Image gallery

* Rolling shell along rails, Englebelmer Wood, Battle of the Somme, September 1916
* German soldier posing with unexploded shell
* Shell at Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, London
* "Granny" in action during the Third Battle of Ypres, 4 October 1917
* Howitzer inspected by a British delegation in 1916
* A 15-inch Howitzer being set up
# Posht Darb

Posht Darb (Persian: پشتدرب) may refer to:
* Posht Darb-e Olya
* Posht Darb-e Sofla
* Posht Darb-e Vosta
# John Church (footballer)

John Church (17 September 1919 in Lowestoft, Norfolk, England – 10 September 2004), is an English retired footballer who played as a left winger in the Football League.
# Golian

Golian or Goliyan or Golyan or Gelian or Geliyan or Gelyan (Persian: گليان) may refer to:

## India==Nepal

* Golian, India
* Golyan Group

## Iran

* Goliyan, Hamadan
* Geliyan, Kurdistan
* Gelian, Mazandaran
* Golian, North Khorasan
* Golian, South Khorasan
* Golian Rural District, in North Khorasan Province

## Nepal

* Golyan Group, Kathmandu
* Akshay Golyan, Kathmandu
* Pawan Golyan, Kathmandu
* Shakti Golyan, Kathmandu
* Ananta Golyan, Kathmandu
* Hyatt Place Kathmandu, in Province 2, Kathmandu, Nepal

## Persons

* Ján Golian (1906–1945), Slovak Brigadier General
# Isaak Kikoin

Isaak Konstantinovich (Kushelevich) Kikoin (Russian: Исаак Константинович (Кушелевич) Кикоин; 28 March 1908 – 28 December 1984), D.N., was a Soviet physicist and an author of physics textbooks in Russian language who played an important role in the Soviet nuclear weapons program.$^{:27}$

## Biography

Kikoin was born in the town of Novye Zhagory (now Žagarė in Lithuania), Russian Empire, in a Lithuanian Jewish family; his parents, Kushel Isaakovich and Bunya Israilevna, were school teachers. During the World War I, his family was relocated from Latvia to Russia where he entered in gymnazium in Pskov, and upon graduation, he went to study physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1925.
In 1930-31, he earned his specialist degree in physics and successfully defended his thesis on Photomagnetism for his Doktor Nauk in 1936. He taught physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, and his early work investigated the electrical conductivity and magnetic attractions in metals until 1938. From 1938 till 1944, he taught physics at the Ural Polytechnic Institute and found a landmine project with the Red Army that would demagnetize, and detonate the German army's tanks.$^{:412}$ It was Kurchatov who brought Kikoin in Soviet program of nuclear weapons and assigned him the Uranium enrichment project at this Laboratory No. 2 using the gaseous diffusion method took place under Kikoin while Lev Artsimovich worked on electromagnetic isotope separation.$^{:78}$ During the Russian Alsos, he went to Germany to locate German knowledge that would prove useful in Soviet programs.$^{:24}$
He remained associate with Soviet program of nuclear weapons, and was an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and was awarded the Stalin Prize a total of four times (1942, 1949, 1951, 1953), the Lenin Prize in 1959, and the USSR State Prize in 1967 and 1980. Kikoin was named a Hero of Socialist Labour (1951); he also won the Kurchatov Medal (1971). Kikoin was with Igor Kurchatov as one of the founders of the Kurchatov Atomic Energy Institute, which developed the first Soviet nuclear reactor in 1946. This was the lead-in to the Soviet atomic bomb project with the first atomic bomb test taking place in 1949.
In 1970, Kikoin (jointly with Andrey Kolmogorov) started issuing Kvant magazine, a popular science magazine in physics and mathematics for school students and teachers. He authored texts on molecular physics in 1978, and it has been translated in Persian language.
# Vishtasp Jalali

Vishtasp Jalali (Persian: ویشتاسب جلالی) was a local Iranian ruler of Sari during the struggle that ensured after the death of the Bavandid ruler Hasan II between the local rulers of Mazandaran. He was from the Jalali family, a family native to Mazandaran which ruled Sari as governors of the Bavandids.

## Biography

In 1349, Hasan II ordered the execution of one of his most powerful officials, Jalal ibn Ahmad Jal, who was from the Jalali family, and thus a relative of Vishtasp. The execution resulted in a revolt by the nobles of Mazandaran. Hasan then tried to get support from another Iranian family known as the Chulabids. However, the two sons of the Chulabid Kiya Afrasiyab, murdered Hasan while the latter was in a bath. Afrasiyab then gained control of the Bavandid territories, thus marking the end of the Bavand dynasty and the start of the Afrasiyab dynasty. He then made peace with the Jalali family, who had become the independent rulers of Sari. However, he was considered an usurper by his subjects, and was in 1359 overthrown by the Marashi Mir-i Buzurg.
Mir-i Buzurg then turned against Jalali family; a battle shortly ensured between Mir-i Buzurg and Vishtasp Jalali and another Jalali noble Fakhr al-Din Jalali, where Mir-i Buzurg was victorious. With the help of former loyalists of Kiya Afrasiyab, Vishtasp then killed a son of Mir-i Buzurg. During the same period, Fakhr al-Din Jalali and his four sons were shortly killed in a battle by Mir-i Buzurg, who shortly entered Sari. Vishtasp then fled from Sari and took refuge with his family in a fortress. However, Mir-i Buzurg shortly besieged the fortress, and managed to capture it. He then had Vishtasp and his seven sons executed. A son of Mir-i Buzurg, Kamal al-Din I, then married the daughter of Vishtasp.

## Sources

* Bosworth, C. E. (1984). "ĀL-E AFRĀSĪĀB". ĀL-E AFRĀSĪĀB (1) – Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 742–743. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
* Bosworth, C. E. (1989). "The Encyclopedia of Islam". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 6, Fasc. 107-108. pp. 513–640. ISBN 9789004090828.
# Portrait of Pietro Aretino

The Portrait of Pietro Aretino is an oil on canvas portrait of the Renaissance poet Pietro Aretino by Titian, painted around 1545, possibly for Cosimo I de' Medici. It is now in the Sala di Venere of Palazzo Pitti in Florence. Titian painted two other portraits of Aretino: a 1527 portrait in the Kunstmuseum Basel, and a 1537 portrait in the Frick Collection.
# Rail (magazine)

Rail is a British magazine on the subject of current rail transport in Great Britain. It is published every two weeks by Bauer Consumer Media and can be bought from the travel sections of UK newsstands. It is targeted primarily at the enthusiast market, but also covers issues relating to rail transport.
Rail is more than four decades old, and was called Rail Enthusiast from its launch in 1981 until 1988. It is one of only two railway magazines that increased its circulation. It has roughly the same cover design for several years, with a capitalised italic red RAIL along the top of the front cover.

## Editorial policy

Rail is customarily critical of railway institutions, including the Rail Delivery Group, the Office of Rail and Road, as well as, since it assumed greater railway powers, the Department for Transport. Rail's continuing campaigns include one against advertising and media images showing celebrities and others walking between the rails (an unsafe practice), with another against weeds on railway lines.
The market for rail magazines has remained static but bounced back since then. To meet the change in the market, the magazine has repositioned itself from being purely enthusiast-based to being more business-oriented. This has met with some success.
Rail also organises conferences, including the annual National Rail Conference, the National Rail Awards and the Rail 100 Breakfast Club.

## Regular features and contributors

Rail publishes a mix of news, analysis and features written by its own editorial staff and freelance contributors.
The magazine takes a broadly supportive stance on High Speed 2 and began running a regular column dedicated to it in 2013.
The magazine's managing editor was Nigel Harris, who was editor for 28 years between 1995 and September 2023. Dickon Ross took over as editor in 2024. Other staff include Industry Editor Richard Wilcock and News Editor Dave Stubbings.
Other regular contributors include transport commentator Christian Wolmar, one of the most vociferous critics of the privatisation of railways in Britain; fares and ticketing expert Barry Doe (The Fare Dealer); an anonymous railway employee, the Industry Insider, as well as Steve Broadbent, Andy Coward and Chris Leigh.
Many of Rail's editorial staff frequently appear on television and radio when a rail expert is needed to comment on a story.
# Sainte-Marie, Martinique

Sainte-Marie (French pronunciation: ; Martinican Creole: Sentmawi) is a town and the fifth-largest commune in the French overseas department of Martinique. It is located on the northeast (Atlantic Ocean) side of the island of Martinique.

## Geography
### Climate

Sainte-Marie has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). The average annual temperature in Sainte-Marie is 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,781.3 mm (109.50 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 25.1 °C (77.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Sainte-Marie was 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) on 23 September 2005; the coldest temperature ever recorded was 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) on 8 March 1987.
Climate data for Sainte-Marie (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1979−2009) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.5 (94.1) | 34.5 (94.1) | 34.0 (93.2) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.0 (95.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | 34.5 (94.1) | 34.0 (93.2) | 32.0 (89.6) | 35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.9 (84.0) | 29.0 (84.2) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.4 (86.7) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.4 (86.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.5 (79.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) | 21.2 (70.2) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 25.5 (77.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.5 (61.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 19.5 (67.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.5 (61.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 167.4 (6.59) | 103.2 (4.06) | 125.9 (4.96) | 213.6 (8.41) | 215.1 (8.47) | 196.2 (7.72) | 248.4 (9.78) | 275.0 (10.83) | 283.5 (11.16) | 346.9 (13.66) | 374.9 (14.76) | 231.2 (9.10) | 2,781.3 (109.50) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 21.6 | 16.6 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 17.4 | 19.4 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 20.7 | 22.7 | 23.6 | 21.2 | 242.7 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||
# Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg

Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Gustav Frederik Philip Richard; born 12 January 1969), is the eldest child and only son of Princess Benedikte of Denmark and Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.

## Biography

Prince Gustav is the head of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, the senior branch of the formerly princely house of Sayn-Wittgenstein. He resides at Schloss Berleburg-Wittgenstein in the town of Bad Berleburg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He is the son of Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Princess Benedikte of Denmark and has two sisters, Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.
The principality and princely title of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg descended, historically, according to semi-Salic primogeniture. If Gustav were to die without legitimate issue, the family heritage would devolve upon his father's younger brother, Prince Robin zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.
Gustav was formerly engaged to be married to Elvire Pasté de Rochefort (granddaughter of French Ambassador André Rodocanachi and wife Nada Diplarakou, herself sister of Aliki Diplarakou and grand-aunt of Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg); the engagement was announced on 16 August 2000 and the wedding planned for 12 May 2001 in Paris. However the wedding did not take place, reportedly due to financial issues with the bride's family, and it was announced on 16 July 2001 that they had separated. For many years, he resided with his partner, Carina Axelsson, although they were unable to marry due to a clause in Gustav's grandfather's will preventing him from inheriting family property if he marries someone not of Protestant, noble and Aryan descent. However, on 27 April 2022, the Danish court confirmed that Gustav could marry Axelsson on 3 June 2022, civilly and on 4 June 2022, religiously in Bad Berleburg.
The couple's son, Prince Gustav Albrecht, was born on 26 May 2023 in the United States via surrogacy. On 26 April 2024, the couple welcomed their second child, a girl, Princess Mafalda, also via surrogacy.
He is the godfather of Count Richard von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth, son of his sister Alexandra; Konstantin Johannsmann, son of his second sister Nathalie; and Prince Vincent of Denmark, son of his first cousin, Frederik X.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg :
# AM-7438

AM-7438 is a drug which is a cannabinoid receptor agonist, developed by the research team led by Dr Alexandros Makriyannis. It is a derivative of Δ8-THC which has been substituted with a side chain containing a metabolically labile ester group, allowing the molecule to be rapidly metabolised to an inactive form, in a similar manner to drugs such as remifentanil, remimazolam and SN 35210. This means that while AM-7438 retains potent cannabinoid effects, it has a much shorter duration of action than most related compounds.
# Vladimir Volkov (athlete)

Vladimir Vasilyevich Volkov (Russian: Влади́мир Васи́льевич Во́лков; 7 March 1921 – 1986) was a Russian athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1952 Summer Olympics, representing the Soviet Union. He was also the Soviet champion in the same event.
# Zagotovka

Zagotovka (Russian: Заготовка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Gremyachinsky Urban okrug, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2010.

## Geography

Zagotovka is located 16 km southwest of Gremyachinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yugo-Zapadny is the nearest rural locality.
# Shahidabad, Behshahr

Shahidabad (Persian: شهيداباد, also Romanized as Shahīdābād) also known as Toroujen (Persian: تروجن) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, in the Central District of Behshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 4,113, in 1,336 families.
Shahidabad is located at the western limit of the city Behshahr, with Road 22 passing through the northern part of the village Hotu and Kamarband Caves are located in this village.
# Hameh Kasi, Bahar

Hameh Kasi (Persian: همه كسي, also Romanized as Hameh Kasī; also known as Gardaneh-ye Hameh Kasī and Hamakasī) is a village in Salehabad Rural District, Salehabad District, Bahar County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,436, in 574 families.
# Dareshgeft

Dareshgeft or Dareshgaft or Dar Eshgaft or Darashgoft (Persian: دراشگفت) may refer to:
* Dar Eshgaft, Ilam
* Dareshgaft, Khuzestan
* Dareshgeft, Aligudarz, Lorestan Province
* Dareshgaft, Khorramabad, Lorestan Province
* Dareshgeft, Papi, Lorestan Province
* Dar Eshgaft-e Baba Bahram, Lorestan Province
# Kuwait Trade Union Federation

The Kuwait Trade Union Federation (Arabic: الاتحاد العام لعمال الكويت) is the sole national trade union center in Kuwait. It was founded in 1968 and is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
As of 2020, there were 38 trade unions in Kuwait, of which 15 are formally members of the Kuwait Trade Union Federation. Outside the oil sector, the federation does not have any trade union affiliates that cover workers in the private sector.

## Legal context

The freedoms of association and collective bargaining in Kuwait are recognized by law; however, they are strictly regulated. For instance, Article 104 of the Labor Act "prohibits unions from interfering in political, religious, and sectarian issues". In 2021, the International Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, noted that the Kuwaiti government has failed "to eliminate the total ban on political activities of trade unions that is enshrined in section 104(1)." The committee further said "It notes with regret that the Government has not taken any measures in this regard" and urged the government to revise the Law "to allow for legitimate political activities of trade unions" in the country.
Under Kuwaiti law, the Kuwait Trade Union Federation is the only federation of trade unions permitted to exist on a national level, although the government permits limited trade union pluralism at the local level. However, despite these restrictions, some unions exist outside of the Kuwait Trade Union Federation, including the Kuwait Bank Workers’ Union and the Kuwait Airways Workers’ Union.
# Christian Erbach

Christian Erbach (ca. 1568 – 14 June 1635) was a German organist and composer.
Erbach was born in Gau-Algesheim, Mainz-Bingen, now in the Rhineland-Palatinate Bundesland, and began to study musical composition at a considerably young age. Aside from the location of his birth and the mere fact that he studied the art of musical composition, the history of Erbach's youth is unknown.
Throughout most of his life, Erbach held the position of assistant or chief organist for the city of Augsburg. One may consider him a composer of reverence during his lifetime because many of his students, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, were attracted to his talent. The influence upon the music of Erbach was primarily Venetian notwithstanding the indubitable characteristics of Hans Leo Haßler within his keyboard works. The most popular pieces by Erbach include In ihren grossen Nöthen (1609) and Madrigal Tirsi morir. Erbach died in Augsburg.
Outside the context of instrumental music, Erbach also wrote pieces for church services and the liturgical festivals. He was considered to have a fine ear for the organ and was thus consulted during the development of several 17th-century instruments.
# Khooshab, Bardaskan

Khvoshab (Persian: خوشاب, also Romanized as Khvoshāb, Khoshāb, and Khowshāb) is a village in Kuhpayeh Rural District Rural District, in the Central District of Bardaskan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 204, in 65 families. by sadegh jalili
# Nicholas Strogers

Nicholas Strogers (also Strowger) was an English composer, active between the years 1560 and 1575. Nothing is known about Strogers' early life and music education. Between Christmas 1564 and 1575, he was a parish clerk at St Dunstan-in-the-West, London, where he was in charge of the music and possibly also played the church organ.
Strogers's works that have survived are: seven pieces of sacred vocal music, six pages of secular vocal music, nine instrumental works for consort of instruments, and five keyboard pieces, including a fantasia also found in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Five of his compositions were included in the manuscript known as the Dow Partbooks. Of all his works, the Short Service was the one most widely copied, having been included in Benjamin Cosyn's collection as well as in the Chirk Castle Partbooks, to cite a few.