OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Machiavelli Center for Political and Strategic Studies

Centro Studi Politici e Strategici Machiavelli (meaning "Machiavelli Centre for Political and Strategic Studies") is a right-wing think tank based in Italy, whose mission is to promote traditional values and conservative policies.
The Machiavelli Centre publishes several articles and reports on its website, and organizes events and debates about political issues. It has been founded by League MP Guglielmo Picchi; Daniele Scalea, lecturer at Niccolo Cusano University and former advisor to Picchi when he was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (2018 - 2019); and Dario Citati, at the time researcher in Political Geography at Sapienza University of Rome.
According to several media outlets, in 2018 the think tank deeply influenced the Italian government's immigration policies. In the same year, the Machiavelli Centre has been ranked among the most important right-wing think tanks in Italy, and among the four leading think tanks related to the League party.
The minister of education Giuseppe Valditara is a member of Machiavelli’s scientific committee.
The Centre has relationships also with think tanks and foundations abroad, including the International Republican Institute and The Heritage Foundation.

## Reception

The Center has received both praise and criticism for his activities. During Scalea's participation to the 2023 CPAC in Hungary, it has been called "The number one think tank for conservatives in Italy". While daily newspaper Il Foglio said it is "a reference point for the conservative world".
According to The Huffington Post, "The Identitarian galaxy with its idea-makers [the Machiavelli Center] outside democratic decision-making venues has influenced the decisions of our government ... An unprecedented symbolic victory ... a masterpiece of metapolitics." Communist newspaper Il Manifesto wrote that "The Machiavelli Center since the beginning of 2017 has been a real driving force behind the Lega identitarian theses ... It is the story of an influence. A soft power within the majority ... It is the new form of the deep state in the age of sovereignism."
# Georg Sanders

Georg Sanders (Russian: Георгий Сандерс) was a Russian figure skater. He won the bronze medal in men's single skating at the first World Figure Skating Championships, held in 1896 in Saint Petersburg.

## Competitive highlights

| Event | 1896 |
| World Figure Skating Championships | 3rd |
# Pieraz

Pieraz (b. 1983) was a gray-coated Arabian gelding, son of Pierscien and Aziella, and two-time world endurance champion with American rider Valery Kanavy. He is also the world's second cloned horse.

## History

Pieraz was castrated at the age of 3. He was bought in France in 1989 at the age of six, for just 2,500 francs, the equivalent of 375 euros. With his American rider Valery Kanavy, he became World Equestrian Endurance Champion in The Hague in 1994 and in Kansas City in 1996. He completed a 160 km course, including 85 km of deep sand, almost 7 minutes ahead of his nearest rival.

## Cloning

As Pieraz was neutered, he had no offspring. This gelding is best known as the world's second cloned horse, after Prometea. In 2002, Pieraz's rider Valery Kanavy heard about cloning for the first time, and was extremely interested in the idea of her horse passing on his genetic heritage. This made Pieraz the first horse to be cloned with the aim of preserving genetic capital. To this end, Eric Palmer, former INRA researcher and now CEO of Cryozootech, carried out a biopsy on the gelding, then aged 24. On February 25, 2005, Pieraz-Cryozootech-Stallion (or Pieraz Z CL), a perfectly healthy 42 kg colt, was born. Around 40 shareholders have financed this cloning, and in exchange share one dose of semen per year. The Haras Nationaux in France, initially in favor of collecting and marketing Pieraz clone semen in partnership with the Cryozootech laboratory, finally refused at the insistence of a decision-maker.
The cloned foal was presented to the public at the Rambouillet racecourse in 2006. Now a stallion, he was approved and declared fertile in 2007. He sired endurance champion mare Varoussa. In April 2008, the world's first cloned foal was born.
# Arclin

Arclin (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Vojnik in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the main road south of Vojnik towards Celje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## Cultural heritage

A small roadside chapel-shrine in the village dates to the late 19th century.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Arclin include:
* Johann Siegmund Popowitsch (Slovene: Janez Žiga Popovič, 1705–1774), natural scientist
* Maks Samec, Sr. (1844–1889), physician
* Lovro Stepišnik (1834–1912), national revivalist
# Timavo

The Timavo River, known in Slovene as the Timava or Timav, is a two-kilometre stream in the Province of Trieste. It has four sources near San Giovanni (Slovene: Štivan) near Duino (Slovene: Devin) and outflows in the Gulf of Panzano (part of the Gulf of Trieste) 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Monfalcone (Slovene: Tržič), Italy.

## Geography

The river has a karst character. It receives much of its water through subterranean flow from the Reka River (Slovenia), but tracer studies have shown that other sinking rivers, Vipava, Soča, and Raša also contribute. From modelling results, the Timavo is believed to receive one third of its flow from the Reka and two-thirds of its flow from infiltration of precipitation into the Karst Plateau, and to a lesser extent from the other sinking river sources.

## History

The Roman authors Livy, Strabo, and Virgil mention the river. Virgil wrote that nine streams emerge from a mountain to form the river. A Roman settlement near the sources was called Fons Timavi. An Italian passenger liner called the Timavo ran aground during the Second World War on the east coast of South Africa near Cape Vidal. The engine of the wreck is still visible from the beach, now situated within the Isimangaliso Wetland Park.

## Literature

In his 2019 work Underland, British author Robert Macfarlane tracks the source of the Timavo and discusses the history of its exploration.
# Sunday Paul Bako

Sunday Paul Bako (born 10 March 1962) is a Nigerian academic, researcher, and the third Vice Chancellor of Taraba State University, Jalingo.

## Early life and education

Sunday was born in Takum, Taraba State, on March 10, 1962. He obtained his first degree, B.Sc. (Botany) in 1986, his second degree, M.Sc. in 1990, and his third degree, Ph.D. (Plant Eco Physiology) in 2000 at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

## Career

Sunday Paul Bako began his career as a graduate assistant in 1987 at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. In 2006, he was promoted to the rank of Professor. Before his appointment as the Vice Chancellor of Taraba State University, Jalingo, he was the Vice Chancellor of Kwararafa University, Wukari.

## Administrative career

Sunday's administrative journey began when he was the Vice Chancellor of Kwararafa University, Wukari before he was appointed on March 1, 2022, as the Vice Chancellor of Taraba State University, Jalingo.

## Membership

He is a member of Botanical Society of Nigeria (BOSON) and the Ecological Society of Nigeria (EcoSON).

## Award

In 2018, he was awarded by Rotaract Club District 9125 as the Best Performing Vice Chancellor of the Year.

## Publications

Sunday has, as a researcher, contributed to the world of knowledge with over 120 publications; some of these are:
* Effects of Plant Age, Ascorbate and Kinetin Applications on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Leaf Protein Content of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants Grown under Heat Stress
* Occurrence and Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes in Relation to the Nutrient Content in Sediments of Two Freshwater Lake Ecosystems in the Nigerian Savanna
* Trace Metal Contents of the Emergent Macrophytes Polygonum sp.and Ludwigia sp. In Relation to the Sediments of Two Freshwater Lake Ecosystems in the Nigerian Savanna
# Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area

The Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area (Dutch: Stadsregio Arnhem Nijmegen, pronounced; originally called Knooppunt Arnhem-Nijmegen) is a former Dutch plusregio, public body and intermunicipal institution. It was founded in 1988 for co-operation in the areas of housing, transport and economics for the Dutch cities of Nijmegen and Arnhem and the surrounding municipalities of Berg en Dal, Beuningen, Doesburg, Duiven, Heumen, Lingewaard, Montferland, Mook en Middelaar, Overbetuwe, Renkum, Rheden, Rijnwaarden, Rozendaal, Westervoort, Wijchen, and Zevenaar. All except Mook en Middelaar (Limburg) are in the province of Gelderland. In 2022, a total of 774,506 people lived in the municipalities (1,000 km$^2$).
The Dutch Plusregio was abolished by law in 2014, and the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area closed 1 July 2015, and replaced by new arrangements for cooperation between the same eighteen municipalities. Since 2021 this has been the Arnhem-Nijmegen Green Metropolitan Region (Dutch: Groene Metropoolregio Arnhem-Nijmegen.
# Philip Manuel

Philip Manuel (1893 – October 6, 1959) was an American pianist, organist, harpsichordist and music educator. With pianist, organist and harpsichordist Gavin Williamson, he formed a duo in 1922, known as Manuel and Williamson, that helped promote the use of harpsichords as concert instruments. In the spring of 1935, the duo were the first professionals to play Bach's Concerto for Four Harpsichords, BWV 1065, in the United States on this instrument.

## Life and career

Philip Manuel was of Portuguese and British descent. He began the study of music at a military school with piano teachers who traveled from town to town. He attended Grinnell College in Iowa, where he studied in both the academic and music departments. Following his graduation, he traveled to Vienna to study organ, piano and singing, and then to London. After a time teaching at the University of North Dakota, he moved to Chicago. He served overseas during the War.
His was slim, quiet, and scholarly. He wore pince-nez instead of spectacles, and tended to stick out his tongue during crucial moments of a musical programme.
Manuel's first professional association was as a tenor singer to pianist Gavin Williamson (1897–1989). In 1916 at the University of Chicago, the two men discovered a common interest in harpsichord as a concert instrument. In the 1920s, there were fewer than 50 harpsichords in the United States, most located in museums. Manuel and Williamson went to Paris, where they studied for many years with Wanda Landowska and contracted with Pleyel et Cie to produce two instruments for their use. With these instruments, they initiated concert tours of the United States, and also worked as teachers of harpsichord, piano and voice. The two frequently played with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and were broadcast on the National Broadcasting Company radio network.
Manuel died in Chicago at age 66. Notable students include Lili Chookasian.

## Discography

* Bach: Concerto in C major for 3 Harpsichords and Strings / Rameau: Les cyclopes – Manuel and Williamson Harpsichord Ensemble, members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1948)
* Bach Concerto in C major for 2 Harpsichords and Strings/ Couperin: Musette de Taverny – Manuel and Williamson, members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1948)
# Küçükkardeş, Nusaybin

Küçükkardeş (Kurdish: Cinata Hiso) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nusaybin, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Omerkan tribe and had a population of 175 in 2021.
# Agafonovskaya, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast

Agafonovskaya (Russian: Агафоновская) is a rural locality (a village) in Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Agafonovskaya is located 63 km east of Vozhega (the district's administrative centre) by road. Popovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Peleduy (river)

The Peleduy (Russian: Пеледуй) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic), Russia. It is the 22nd longest tributary of the Lena with a length of 398 kilometres (247 mi) and a drainage basin area of 14,300 square kilometres (5,500 sq mi).
The river flows across a largely desolate area. Tolon village is located by the river in its middle course and the settlement of Peleduy is located by the Peleduy at the confluence with the Lena. There is rock salt mining and wood processing in the basin of the river. At Peleduy there is a shipping yard for shipbuilding, maintenance and overhaul.

## History

In 2006 the Talakan - Vitim oil pipeline burst in two places. About 244 metric tons (240 long tons; 269 short tons) of oil spilled into the river, soiling a 103 kilometres (64 mi) long stretch of the Peleduy with an oil film from the mouth of the stream running into Taloye lake, by the mouth in the Lena. The oil contamination penetrated to a depth of 60 centimetres (24 in) in the affected riverbank areas.

## Course

The Peleduy is a left tributary of the Lena. It has its sources in the southwestern area of the Lena Plateau. The river flows in a roughly southeastern direction among large boulders within a fairly straight channel. In its middle reaches it bends northeastwards within a floodplain and not far south of the course of the Nyuya it bends southeastwards again. Finally it meets the left bank of the Lena by Peleduy village 2,690 kilometres (1,670 mi) from its mouth.

### Tributaries

The largest tributaries of the Peleduy are the Mulisma and Kodardakh from the right and the Delinda, Gadala, Kurchakh, Karam and Khoron from the left. The river freezes between October and May. Permafrost is prevalent in the river basin.
* Basin of the Lena

## Flora and fauna

The vegetation of the Peleduy basin is mainly pine and larch taiga, with yearly snow cover between October and April in the area.
The main fish species in the river are dace, pike, roach, perch, ide, valyok, tugun, bream and grayling.
# Stein Versto

Stein Versto (born 30 December 1957) is a Norwegian poet, novelist, translator and folk musician.
He was born in Vinje, and is the brother of newspaper editor Olav Versto. He made his literary debut in 1990 with the short story collection Ho blei borte i trappene, for which he was awarded the Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris. Among his poetry collections are Innfalda tid, minne from 1995 and Snø i partituret from 2000. He wrote the novel Nidaros in 2013. His music album Urjen from 2011 contains tunes played on Hardanger fiddle. He also resided in Asker.
# Liberal Appeal

The Liberal Appeal (Dutch: Liberaal Appèl, LA) was a Flemish conservative-liberal political party.
Founded on 22 March 2002 by the liberal MEP Ward Beysen (1941-2005) as a secession of the VLD, mostly in Antwerp. The Liberaal Appèl was first a movement, then became a full-fledged political party on 20 January 2003. It took part, with a limited number of votes (less than 0.5%) under the 5% electoral threshold, at the May 2003 federal elections.
On 14 January 2005 Ward Beysen committed suicide, an event that created doubts over the party's future. There were meetings in the following months between the leadership of Liberaal Appèl and another VLD-dissenter, Hugo Coveliers, but to no effect, as Coveliers finally announced his own party VLOTT to break the cordon sanitaire around the Vlaams Belang.
On 7 November 2005 the party's leader, Jacques Kerremans, met his VLD counterpart Bart Somers in view of an electoral cartel for the municipal elections of 8 October 2006, and the reintegration of Liberaal Appèl into the VLD began at the local level.
On 2 February 2007 the party's leader announced that his party will participate at the open alliance of VLD / VIVANT for the general election of June 2007. This is a further step to reintegration into the VLD.
# Orifarm

Orifarm (founded 1994) is a Danish pharmaceutical company based in Odense.

## History

Orifarm is a family-owned company established in 1994 by Hans Bøgh-Sørensen and his wife Birgitte Bøgh-Sørensen.
Orifarm entered the market in 1995 with a portfolio of 25 products and 9 employees. Since then, the company has experienced significant growth and currently employs approximately 2,200 colleagues across multiple locations in Europe and the United States.
In 1997, Orifarm expanded into Sweden, marking its first presence in a European market beyond Denmark. By 2014, Orifarm entered the Dutch market, establishing its sixth sales office in Europe.
In 2019, Orifarm extended its operations beyond Europe by acquiring Pilatus Comparator Solutions, a company active in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.
In 2020, the company bought a part of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (Japan) and the rights to a number of over-the-counter and prescription medicines for DKK 4.6 billion (670 USD). Through this acquisition, Orifarm also gained control of two production facilities in Łyszkowice, Poland, and Hobro, Denmark.
In 2021, the company’s revenue increased by 27%, equivalent to EUR 10,54 billion Danish kroner (EUR 1,417 billion). Operating profit also rose by 39%, reaching 413 million Danish kroner (EUR 55,3 million).
# Taşkuyu, Samsat

Taşkuyu (Kurdish: Birik) is a village in the Samsat District of Adıyaman Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 592 in 2021.
# Golsara

Golsara (Persian: گلسرا, also Romanized as Golsarā; also known as Gīlzārā’ī, Gol Sarā’ī, and Gul Sarāi) is a village in Zaveh Rural District, in the Central District of Zaveh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At per the 2006 census, its population was 1,153, with 270 families.
# Karaköy, Hasankeyf

Karaköy (Kurdish: Reşiye) is a village in the Hasankeyf District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reman tribe and had a population of 238 in 2021.
# Mors (drink)

Mors (Russian: морс) is a Russian non-carbonated fruit drink prepared from berries, generally lingonberries and cranberries (alternatively bilberries, strawberries, raspberries or sea-buckthorn may be used), popular in Russia, Ukraine and other Slavic countries.

## History

A recipe for Mors can be found in the Domostroy, a 16th-century Russian set of household rules, but it is likely that the drink existed prior to this.

## Preparation

It is made by boiling berries with sugar or honey and lemon juice, or by mixing pure juice with sweetened water. Some modern commercial brands use fermented and clarified juices blended with sugar syrup and drinking water. Instead of juice, fruit extracts may be used with the addition of aromatic essences, organic food acids, sugars, dyes, and drinking water.
Mors is sometimes mixed with vodka to make an alcoholic cocktail.
# Dalal Al-Bizri

Dalal Al-Bizri (Arabic: دلال البزري) is a Lebanese researcher, writer, and lecturer. She was born in Lebanon, lived for more than ten years in Cairo in Egypt where she conducted researches on sociology before going back to settle in Beirut again after the Arab Uprising.
Al-Bizri was the director of the review "Bāḥit̲āt" published by the Union of Lebanese Women Researchers in 1994. She is a regular columnist in several media such as Courrier International, Al-Mustaqbal, and Nawafidh.

## Publications and Arab Uprising thoughts

Al-Bizri work focuses on studying the political and social aspects of Egypt. She published in 2008, Egypt against Egypt then in 2011, Egypt is on my mind.
She is known as a liberal and critical thinker as she wrote many times about Islam and fundamentalism. She co-authored several studies and books about Women in Egypt and Lebanon and the Islamic movements.
In 2017, Al-Bizri published Journals of the Lebanese Civil War, a book that recalls the different phases of the Lebanese Civil War, the division of east and west Beirut, the political assassinations of Kamal Jumblatt in 1977, and Bachir Gemayel in 1982, the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 16–18 September 1982. The book reflects the civil war as lived in Lebanon and the current Syrian crisis.
# Toufflers

Toufflers (French pronunciation:; Dutch: Toflaar) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Its inhabitants are called Toufflersois.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Toufflers | The arms of Toufflers are blazoned : Argent, 3 lions vert armed and langued gules, crowned Or, and each charged with an inescutcheon argent, a cross azure. |
# Tepeönü, Samsat

Tepeönü (Kurdish: Gevrik) is a village in the Samsat District of Adıyaman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Bezikan tribe and had a population of 30 in 2021.
The hamlets of Bekçiler and Sefaköy are attached to Tepeönü.
# Qarah Kahriz, Chaypareh

Qarah Kahriz (Persian: قره كهريز, also Romanized as Qarah Kahrīz and Qareh Kahrīz) is a village in Churs Rural District, in the Central District of Chaypareh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 175, in 43 families.
# Esmailiyeh-ye Do

Esmailiyeh-ye Do (Persian: اسماعيليه دو, also Romanized as Esmā‘īlīyeh-ye Do; also known as Esmā ‘Eynī, Esmā‘īlīyeh, and Ismaun) is a village in Muran Rural District, in the Soveyseh District of Karun County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 615, in 130 families.
# Pérenchies

Pérenchies (French pronunciation:; Dutch: Perensijs) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is part of the Métropole Européenne de Lille.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Pérenchies | The arms of Pérenchies are blazoned : Vert, an inescutcheon argent, overall a bend compony gules and argent. |

## People from Pérenchies

* Yvonne Abbas (1922-2014), French Resistance worker
# Maksim Obozny

Maksim Vasilyevich Obozny (Russian: Максим Васильевич Обозный; born 7 July 1986) is a Russian former professional football player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Sodovik Sterlitamak on 28 March 2007 in a game against FC Anzhi Makhachkala.
# Eskikavak, Kiğı

Eskikavak (Kurdish: Arik) is a village in the Kiğı District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe and had a population of 102 in 2021.
The hamlets of Eski Kavak and Seyitdüzü are attached to the village.
# Çalıyurt, İmranlı

Çalıyurt (Kurdish: Çalurd) is a village in the İmranlı District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 124 in 2023.

## History

The village has had the same name since 1916.

## Geography

The village is 133 km away from the Sivas city center and 33 km away from the İmranlı district center.
# Varımlı, İdil

Varımlı (Kurdish: Qere Xirab) is a village in the İdil District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Hemikan tribe and had a population of 680 in 2021.