OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Asim Hafidh

Asim Hafidh (Arabic: عاصم حافظ, (1886-1978) (alternatively Asem Hafedh or Assim Hafiz) was an Iraqi artist, educator and writer. He was amongst the first Iraqi artists to study painting in the European style and was part of a group known as the Ottoman artists who were credited with bringing easel painting to Iraq. He is noted for publishing the first Iraqi book on fine art, entitled Rules for Drawing from Nature.

## Life and career

Asim Hafidh was born in Mosul in 1886. He received his earliest education in Mosul and later enrolled in the Rashidiya Military Academy in Baghdad and later joined the Military Academy in Istanbul.
He left the military and travelled to Paris, where he studied painting under Professor Antoine Reynold, remaining there for four years and completing his studies in 1931. He subsequently returned to Mosul where he took up a position as an art teacher.
Along with painters, Mohammed Hajji Selim (1883-1941), Mohammed Saleh Zaki (1888-1974) and Abdul Qadir Al Rassam (1882-1952), Hafidh was part of a small group of Iraqis to study in Europe, and subsequently the first to take up easel painting and work in the European style of painting. This group became known as the Ottoman artists and were largely responsible for stimulating an interest in Western art amongst the Iraqi population, which in turn, inspired the next generation of modern Iraqi artists. Many of Iraqi’s modern artists began their careers by taking lessons with one of the Ottoman group of artists.

## Work

He painted mainly in the Classical style. In 1935 he published the first Iraqi book on fine art, entitled Rules for Drawing from Nature.
# El hijo del pueblo

El hijo del pueblo ("The Son of the Village") is a 1974 Mexican film. It stars Sara García.
# Provincial road N224 (Netherlands)

Provincial road N224 is a Dutch provincial road in Utrecht and Gelderland. It runs from Zeist to Ede and Arnhem.
# George H. Emert

George H. Emert (December 15, 1938 – March 21, 2018) was an American academic administrator who served as president of Utah State University from 1992 to 2000.
He was born in Sevier County, Tennessee, on December 15, 1938, to Victor and Hazel Emert Ridley. Emert graduated from Morristown High School, then attended Lincoln Memorial University. Emert completed his undergraduate degree in 1962 at the University of Colorado, then served in the Vietnam War from 1963 to 1966 with the U.S. Army Special Forces. He received the Air Medal and Bronze Star. Emert later earned his master's and doctoral degrees from Colorado State University and Virginia Tech, respectively. He worked for the Gulf Oil Corporation and taught microbiology at the University of Kansas as an adjunct assistant professor until 1979, when he joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas. There, Emert met James E. Martin, who became president of Auburn University in 1984, and named Emert the executive vice president. Emert left Auburn to assume the presidency at Utah State, stepping down in 2000. In retirement, Emert lived in Bellingham, Washington, and Skagit County, where he died on March 21, 2018.
# Qarjiligan

Qarjiligan (Persian: قرجيليگان, also Romanized as Qarjīlīgān; also known as Qarjalgān) is a village in Chamzey Rural District, in the Central District of Malekshahi County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 6 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Bến Tre River

The Bến Tre River (Vietnamese: Sông Bến Tre) is a river of Vietnam. It flows for 30 kilometres through Bến Tre Province.
# Clinton, Utah

Clinton is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 23,386 at the 2020 United States census, up from 20,426 in 2010 census. Clinton started off as a sleepy farm town and grew rapidly during the 1990s and continues to experience rapid growth, with an estimated population of 23,597 in 2021.

## Geography

Clinton is located in northern Davis County, bordered by Sunset to the east, Clearfield to the southeast, and West Point to the southwest. The northern border of Clinton is the Weber County line, with the city of Hooper to the northwest and Roy to the north and northeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, Clinton has a total area of 5.8 square miles (15.1 km$^2$), all land.

## History

The area, then part of Layton, was settled in the 1870’s by James Hill and his family. Early settlers used it to graze their animals but, even though the land was fertile, culinary water had to be hauled in from the Weber River.
The area was commonly called The Range, Sand Ridge, The Basin and The Summit. The first school was built in 1885 just south of the cemetery.
Dry farming began in the area of Clinton in 1879. By 1881 there was a railroad station. In 1884 the Summit Basin Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized in Clinton.
The first ward in Clinton was organized on May 29, 1897. It was called 'The Clinton Ward'.
Clinton would not become an official town until 1936, and its growth was relatively small until the 1960’s.
In 1950, the total population of Clinton City was only 670 and it would be 19 years before the city even established its own police department.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2020, there were 23,360 people, 6,689 households with an average household size of 3.47 residing in the city. The population density was 3,942.3 people per square mile (883.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 89.9% White, .9% African American, 0..1% Native American, 2.7% Asian and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.7% of the population.
The median income for a household in the city was $90,397 and a per capita income of $29,934. About 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line.
Based on 2010 census date, the population was spread out, with 33.6% under 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 14.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.9 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 99.3 males.
# Johnnie Vivens

Johnnie Lee Vivens (May 22, 1896 – February 2, 1958) was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s.
A native of Fayette, Missouri, Vivens played for the St. Louis Stars in 1929. He died in Columbia, Missouri in 1958 at age 61.
# Ary-Mas

Ary-Mas (Russian: Ары-Мас) is a forest in Russia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, southern part of Taymyr Peninsula, southern bank of Novaya River. Ary-Mas comes from the Dolgan language and means "forest island".
Considered to be the northernmost forest of the world although Lukunsky grove to the east from it extends 6 kilometres further north. Though, while Lukunsky grove is northernmost rim of larger forest massif, Ary-Mas is a forest island separated from the nearest forest by approximately 200 kilometres wide zone of tundra.

## Climate

Vegetation period is approximately 100 days long. Winter here lasts from late September - early October to June; minimum temperatures often fall below -35 – -45 °C, and wind speed in winter often exceeds 50 m/s.
Polar day lasts from the early May to early August, median temperature in July is 12 °C, often up to 30 °C.
Permafrost in summer thaws 0.3 – 2 metres deep. Thickness of permafrost here is approximately 200 metres.

## Biodiversity

The only tree-form species of Ary-Mas is Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.)), but in total in Ary-Mas there have been found 306 species of plants, 90 species of birds, 20 species of mammals.
Dahurian larch grows sparsely, separate trees grow up to 5 – 7 metres tall.

## Conservation and scientific investigations

Ary-Mas is a protected territory with area 15,611 square kilometres (6,027 sq mi). It forms a part of Taymyr State Nature Biosphere Reserve and is protected since 1979.
Constant investigations of Dahurian larch started in 1969 and have continued since then. Current scientific studies are led by the Taymyr State Nature Biosphere Reserve and major part of results are compiled in yearly nature reports.
# Sora (river)

The Sora (German: Zayer or Zeier) is a right affluent of the Sava River in western Slovenia. The Sora gathers its waters mainly from the Škofja Loka Hills. Its source branches are the Poljane Sora (Slovene: Poljanska Sora, also Poljanščica), named after the Poljane Valley (Poljanska dolina), and the Selca Sora (Slovene: Selška Sora, also Selščica), named after the Selca Valley (Selška dolina). The Poljane Sora is larger and is 43 kilometres (27 mi) in length, while the Selca Sora is 32 km (20 mi) in length. They flow together in Škofja Loka and continue the flow as the Sora for the next 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) until Medvode, where the Sora joins the Sava. Including the Poljane Sora, the Sora is 52 km (32 mi) in length. This makes it the 15th longest river of Slovenia.
The Sora is of torrential character and often floods. Its average discharge at the outflow is 25 cubic metres per second (880 cu ft/s). Its largest discharge, measured in 1990, was 690 m$^3$/s (24,000 cu ft/s).
# Al-Tilmiz

Al-Tilmiz (Arabic: التلميذ, 'The Pupil') was an Arabic language weekly newspaper published from Saint Petersburg, Russia between 1906 and 1907. The first issue was published on July 21, 1906. The publication was directed towards the Caucasian community in the capital of the Russian empire.
Al-Tilmiz was published by Abdurreshid Ibrahim, a Siberian Tatar Jadidi pan-Islamist and co-founder of Ittifaq al-Muslimin ('Union of Muslims'). Ibrahimov had been educated in Medina. Having returned to Russia in 1904, Ibrahimov was admirer of Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani and an ardent opponent of the Czarist regime, the Muslim conservative establishment and the socialist movement. He managed a printing house of his own in the city. Ibrahimov also launched various other publications around the same period, such as the Tatar newspapers Ülfet and Nejat and the Kazakh publication Sirke, taking advantage of the liberalization of press laws in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1905. The publication dealt with issues related to religion, politics, literature, identity and science. The publication called on the Muslims of Russia to maintain their religion, culture and spiritual values.
At the time Al-Tilmiz was the most important journal for intellectuals from North Caucasus. It was read by people from the Dagesthani, Circassian and other North Caucasian communities. The publication was met with stern reaction from the Russian authorities. Al-Tilmiz was closed down in 1907, after its thirtieth issue had been published.
# Kocahüyük, Savur

Kocahüyük (Kurdish: Sêgira, Qoşê) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Savur, Mardin Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Barava tribe and had a population of 138 in 2021.
# Ahmed Touili

Ahmed Touili (Arabic: أحمد الطويلي; 10 May 1942 – 12 January 2022) was a Tunisian academic.

## Biography

A doctor in Arabic literature, Touili taught at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Qatar University, and Norfolk State University. He became a professor at Tunis University and was the author of approximately one hundred books on Arabic and Islamic literature and civilization.
Touili died in Tunis on 12 January 2022, at the age of 79.

## Publications

* La littérature tunisienne à l'époque hafside (2004)
* Voyage d'Orient et d'Occident (2004)
* Personnalités tunisiennes (2004)
* Mâlik ibn Anas et les imams de la sunna (2007)
* L'histoire de la culture et de la civilisation kairouanaise (2009)
* Faits notables à Kairouan (2009)
* Histoire de Kairouan (2009)
* Contrat de mariage kairouanais (2010)
* L'éclat culturel de Tunis durant les périodes médiévale et moderne
* Les lieux de culture à Tunis à l'époque hafside
* La Tunisie, source d'inspiration des poètes
* De la tolérance et de la réforme chez des intellectuels tunisiens (XIXe et XXe siècles)
* Le mouvement réformiste en Tunisie
* Le collège Sadiki : histoire d'une genèse
* Lectures dans le patrimoine arabe et islamique
* De Séoul à Singapour
# George Melinkovich

George Joseph Melinkovich (July 5, 1911 – May 27, 1994) was an American football player and coach. He was an All-American fullback at the University of Notre Dame in 1932 and the head football coach at Utah State University from 1949 to 1950.
Melinkovich played high school football in Tooele, Utah, and then played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish in 1931, 1932, and 1934. He was selected by Liberty magazine and Parke H. Davis as a first-team fullback on the 1932 College Football All-America Team.
Melinkovich served as a high school football coach in New Jersey for several years, and he then served as the head coach for the Utah State Aggies football team in 1949 and 1950, compiling a record of 5–16 at Utah State. He also coached football at Judge Memorial Catholic High School in Salt Lake City and later moved to California and worked as a teacher in Los Angeles for 20 years. He was inducted into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame in 1990. He died in 1994 at age 82 in Los Angeles.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Utah State Aggies (Skyline Six / Skyline Conference) (1949–1950) ||||||
| 1949 | Utah State | 3–7 | 1–3 | 5th |
| 1950 | Utah State | 2–9 | 0–5 | 6th |
| Utah State: | Utah State: | 5–16 | 1–8 | |
| Total: | Total: | 5–16 | | |
# Electron-withdrawing group

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects. Electron-withdrawing groups have significant impacts on fundamental chemical processes such as acid-base reactions, redox potentials, and substitution reactions.

## Consequences of EWGs
### Effects on Bronsted acidity

Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid.
The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.
    The impact of the EWG on pKa decreases with distances from the carboxylic group.
For benzoic acids, the effect is quantified by the Hammett equation:
    $\log {\frac {K}{K_{0}}}=\sigma \rho$
where
    ${K}_{0}$ = Reference constant
    $\sigma$ = Substituent constant
    $\rho$ = Reaction rate constant

### Effect on Lewis acidity

EWGs enhance the Lewis acidity, making compounds more reactive as Lewis acids. For example, fluorine is a stronger electron-withdrawing substituent than methyl, resulting in an increased Lewis acidity of boron trifluoride relative to trimethylborane. Electron-withdrawing groups also tend to reduce Lewis basicity.

### Effect on a aromatic substitution reactions

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is famously affected by EWGs. The effect is transmitted by inductive and resonance effects. Benzene with an EWG typically undergoes electrophilic substitution at meta positions. Overall the rates are diminished. thus EWGs are called deactivating.
When it comes to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-withdrawing groups are more prone to nucleophilic substitution. For example, chlorodinitrobenzene is far more susceptible to reactions displacing chloride compared to chlorobenzene.

### Effects on redox potential

In the context of electron transfer, these groups enhance the oxidizing power tendency of the attached species. For example, Tetracyanoethylene serves as an oxidant due to its attachment to four cyano substituents, which are electron-withdrawing groups.
Oxidants with EWGs are stronger than the parent compound. Acetylferrocenium is 300 mV more oxidizing than ferrocene.

## Comparison with electron-donating groups

Electron-withdrawing groups are the opposite effect of electron-donating groups (EDGs). Both describe functional groups, however, electron-withdrawing groups pull electron density away from a molecule, whereas EDGs push electron density onto a substituent.
# Kuldu

Kuldu (Kyrgyz: Кулду) is a village in Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 5,299 in 2021.
# Heisook Lee

Heisook Lee (Korean: 이혜숙, born 1948) is a South Korean mathematician and activist for gender equality in mathematics. She is retired as a professor of mathematics and dean at Ewha Womans University. Her mathematical research has concerned abstract algebra and algebraic coding theory, including work on self-dual codes and bent functions.
Lee graduated from Ewha Womans University in 1971. After a master's degree in 1974 from the University of British Columbia in Canada, she completed a Ph.D. in 1978 from Queen's University at Kingston, also in Canada. Her dissertation, The Brauer Group of an Integral Scheme, was supervised by Morris Orzech.
After postdoctoral research in Germany at the University of Regensburg, she returned to Ewha Womans University in 1980, as a professor of mathematics. She became dean of natural sciences and dean of research affairs from 1997 to 2001, and dean of graduate studies from 2006 to 2008.
Lee became founding editor of Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society in 1986. From 1994 to 1996 she was editor in chief of the Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society. She was the second president of the Korea Federation of Women's Science & Technology Associations (KOFWST), serving from 2006 to 2007. She founded the Center for Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology (WISET), now the Korean Foundation for Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology, and became its first president, serving from 2013 to 2016.
She is a professor emeritus at Ewha Womans University, and president of the Korea Center for Gendered Innovations (GISTeR).
# Valis, Iran

Valis (Persian: وليس, also Romanized as Valīs) is a village in Chavarzaq Rural District, Chavarzaq District, Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 497, in 102 families.
# Muneera Swar

Muneera Swar (Arabic: منيرة سوار; born 1975) is a Bahraini novelist and translator. Her book Jariya was a winner of the Katara Prize for Arabic Novel in 2015.

## Biography

Muneera Swar was born in Bahrain in 1975. Her father is the Bahraini writer Aqil Sawar. She attended the University of Bahrain, where she studied English literature.
In 2006, Swar published a popular translation into Arabic of Jo Frost's book Supernanny. The following year she began writing fiction, and she published her first novel, Nisa’a al Mutaa, in 2008.
Her second novel, Hussein Al-Messenger, was released in 2012. Then, in 2014 she published her third novel, Jariya, which deals with race and identity in the Arab world. The following year, it was chosen as one of the winners of the inaugural Katara Prize for Arabic Novel, the only Bahraini work honored that year. Jariya was published in French translation as Courtisane in 2016.
In addition to her writing, Swar has worked as a graphic designer and in the Public Relations and Media Department of the Bahraini Ministry of Education.

## Awards

* 2015, Katara Prize for Arabic Novel
# Gümüştarla, Erzincan

Gümüştarla (Kurdish: Mitini) is a village in the Erzincan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe and by Turks. It had a population of 1,996 in 2022.
# Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Empire

Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russian: Арха́нгельская о́бласть, Arkhangelskaya oblast) was an administrative division (an oblast) of Vologda Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1784. Its seat was located in the city of Arkhangelsk.
Arkhangelsk Oblast was one of the three original oblasts of Vologda Viceroyalty, when the latter was established by the Catherine II's decree (ukase) on February 5 [O.S. January 25], 1780.
It was divided into six uezds,
* Kholmogorsky Uyezd with the center in Kholmogory;
* Kolsky Uyezd with the center in Kola;
* Mezensky Uyezd with the center in Mezen;
* Onezhsky Uyezd with the center in Onega;
* Pinezhsky Uyezd with the center in Pinega;
* Shenkursky Uyezd with the center in Shenkursk.
Arkhangelsk was the center of the oblast but did not belong to any uezd.
In 1780, Arkhangelsk, Velsk, Kola, Krasnoborsk, Mezen, Onega, Pinega, Solvychegodsk, Shenkursk, and Yarensk were given the town status, and coat of arms were designed for these towns.
The oblast was abolished by Catherine II's decree on April 6 [O.S. March 26], 1784, when it was re-organized into Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty with the administrative center in Archangel.
# Shekar Bolaghi-ye Olya

Shekar Bolaghi-ye Olya (Persian: شكربلاغي عليا, also Romanized as Shekar Bolāghī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Shekar Bolāghī) is a village in Bastam Rural District, in the Central District of Chaypareh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 10 families.
# Gigg.com

Gigg.com is a software company founded in Utah which offers businesses tools and services to build their brand using internal and external data.

## History

In the beginning, Gigg was known as a platform offering opportunities for local bands to play in big venues with high-profile bands. Musicians would upload videos to the company's website, and compete to score the most Gigg Votes, Facebook Likes, and Twitter Tweets. Winners of the competitions received organized promotion and concert bookings alongside established artists.
In January 2013, the company released a mobile app (Gigg) for Android and iOS devices. The app was a search engine for music and a platform to share lyrics with friends, both within the Gigg app social interface and on Facebook. The app accesses a database 2.5 million songs, with song lyrics linked to the downloadable music on ITunes.
In 2013, the Gigg competition platform became known as "Gigg STAGE" which continues to provide opportunities for local musicians to compete in events hosted by venues, labels, and industry professionals.

## Events

From 2011 to 2013, Gigg hosted the "Opening Act" competition for the Stadium of Fire event in Provo, Utah, a 4th of July concert and firework show with an attendance of about 55,000. Headlining artists have included Kelly Clarkson, Carly Rae Jepsen, and The Beach Boys.
In 2013, Gigg hosted a contest for a chance to open for P Diddy, Skylar Grey, and Warren G in the Rags 2 Riches Live event at the 2013 SXSW (South by Southwest) music festival in Austin.
* In 2012, Gigg hosted a contest to open for Andy Grammer at The Venue in Salt Lake City, Utah. The winners were the Mosaic Whispers.
# Juhan Smuul literary award

Juhan Smuul literary award (Estonian: Juhan Smuuli kirjanduse aastapreemia) is an Estonian literary award. The award, from 1972 named after the Estonian writer Juhan Smuul, was given out from 1970 to the beginning of 1990s and again from 1995 using the new name Eesti Kultuurkapital kirjanduse sihtkapitali aastapreemia (Estonian Cultural Endowment Annual Literary Endowment Award).
The award has many categories: e.g. best piece of prose, best piece of poetry, best piece of children's literature.
# Sagowr-e Hanzaleh

Sagowr-e Hanzaleh (Persian: صگورحنظله, also Romanized as Sagowr-e Ḩanz̧aleh and Şagowr-e Ḩanz̧aleh; also known as Sagowr-e Khanz̧aleh) is a village in Allah-o Akbar Rural District, in the Central District of Dasht-e Azadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 32 families.
# Bir-e Sofla

Bir-e Sofla (Persian: بير سفلي, also Romanized as Bīr-e Soflá; also known as Karag) is a village in Kahir Rural District, in the Central District of Konarak County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 430, in 98 families.
# Uzunargıt, Hazro

Uzunargıt (Kurdish: Zixur) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Hazro, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 138 in 2022.