OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Marshall Islands Journal

The Marshall Islands Journal is a bilingual weekly newspaper published in the Marshall Islands. Founded in 1970, it is the sole newspaper in the country and has a circulation of approximately 2,000 copies each week as of 2018. It is published in English and Marshallese.

## History

The Marshall Islands Journal was co-founded in 1970 as the Micronitor by Joe Murphy and Mike Malone, two American Peace Corps volunteers without any previous experience in journalism. Publication began in Malone's home, with the first copy released on February 13, 1970. The name changed to the Micronesian Independent and then The Marshall Islands Journal shortly afterward, and they moved into a new building, where construction had begun in 1969. Murphy became the head of the newspaper.
The newspaper benefited from the lack of competition, and its early criticism of Micronesian politicians and the American Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands gave it credibility among the Marshallese public. It has been especially critical of earlier American nuclear weapons tests in the Marshall Islands such as Castle Bravo. Murphy hired Giff Johnson as a reporter for the paper shortly after Johnson's immigration to the country in 1984. Johnson became editor-in-chief four months later.
Murphy coined the slogan "world's worst newspaper" in the 1990s as a response to what he felt were insufficient slogans of other newspapers, bringing it international attention. The Boston Globe commented on The Marshall Islands Journal in its 1994 list of worst newspapers, describing it as "first-class". Murphy rejected this praise, saying that he "must have sent [The Boston Globe] the wrong issues". The paper has covered climate change in the Marshall Islands with increasing frequency since 1992, eventually leading to weekly content on the issue. Murphy retired from the paper in 2019 as his health declined.

## Publication and circulation

The Marshall Islands Journal is privately owned. As of 2018, it is staffed by approximately 20 people with a 60-year-old printing press. As the Marshall Islands is isolated from much of the world, The Marshall Islands Journal must order supplies such as paper several months in advance. The paper is bilingual, with publications in both English and Marshallese.
It had a circulation of approximately 3,000 copies weekly in 2004, and 2,000 in 2018. Most copies are circulated in the capital, Majuro, while many are flown to Kwajalein each week. It has an additional online subscriber readership of a few hundred readers, including several members of the United States Department of State, which uses the paper as a major source of information on the Marshall Islands.
# THE BB02

Jesse Adesotu Woghiren (born June 7), known professionally as THE BB02, is an American-Nigerian artist, songwriter, record label executive. He is the founder, CEO and head of Bigmanity music group and has produced songs like TNKOTB, Winter Vibes, Oyoyo, Feeling What I Feel and Zinga Zinga Ling.

## Early life and education

The BB02 was born into the royal family of Chief Egbe (Omedo) Woghiren of King Obanosa in Benin City and attributes his passion for music to the influence of his parent as his mother used to perform in the U.S. for family events and other gatherings while his grandfather, the First Obamedo of the Benin Kingdom, a descendant of King Obanosa was a renowned musician in his time.
BB02 attended Bunker Hill Community College and Northeastern University in Boston, USA where he studied Music & Business Management/Intellectual Properties Laws.

## Music career

The BB02 began classically singing at a young age due to the influence of his parent and grew up in the U.S.
He founded first an American based record label “BeyondTheSpheres Music” in 2011 and later coming back to Nigeria, he founded Bigmanity music in 2018, and his “Collectives” Imprint “The Lemlines” for scouting new talent.
In August 2022, he dropped a new song “Eye Dey Red” under Bigmanity Records, which addresses the troubled political trend around the globe.

## Discography

* "To the Top"
* "Rich African love"
* "Agolo"
* "TNKOTB"
* "Zinga Zinga Ling"
* "Vibes" (2019)
* "Halleluyah " (2020)
* "Dance like Say" (2021)
* "Kpor Kpor Kpor" (2021)
* "Eye dey Red" (2022)
# Gümüşkaşık, Gerger

Gümüşkaşık (Kurdish: Keferdiş) is a village in the Gerger District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of Canbegan tribe and had a population of 401 in 2021.
The hamlet of Taşkapı is attached to the village.
# Yağmurkuyusu, Güçlükonak

Yağmurkuyusu (Kurdish: Cêleka) is a village in the Güçlükonak District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Harunan tribe and had a population of 258 in 2021.
# Agios Dimitrios F.C.

Agios Dimitrios Football Club (Greek: Π.Α.Ε. Άγιος Δημήτριος), also known as Brahami, is a Greek association football club based in Agios Dimitrios, Athens, Greece.
The association was founded in 1959, based on the idea of team of friends and residents of Agios Dimitrios. Club's colours are blue and red. In 2002, Agios Dimitrios was changed from amateur association to professional, aiming at the promotion to Super League Greece, but they came last at the Beta Ethniki league that year. Notable for winning the Athens Cup in 1975 and 1977.
* This article about a Greek football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Order of the Passion of Christ

The Order of the Passion of Christ was a French knighthood order which was founded around 1395 by King Richard II of England along with his father-in-law king Charles VI of France. It was a crusader knighthood.
The two kings prepared a Crusade to the Holy Land and for this knighthood there would be not less than one hundred thousand knights to be counted and in the literature the biggest order of all time. Only at this time, would orders come with a similar number of knights. It seems that the intention of the founders to have been to take all European knights on crusade .
But nothing came from the plans. Richard was killed in 1400, and Charles, who was insane since 1392, had less often a period of recovery as that one in which he was able to set this order.
Ackermann mentions this knighthood order as an historical order of France.

## Sources

* Gustav Adolph Ackermann, " Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen ". Annaberg, 1855, p 208 ; 80. "Orden der Leiden Christi" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)
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* This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Grafovka

Grafovka (Russian: Графовка) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Grafovskoye Rural Settlement, Krasnoyaruzhsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 624 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.

## Geography

Grafovka is located 26 km northwest of Krasnaya Yaruga (the district's administrative centre) by road. Repyakhovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Ahmet Taşyürek

Ahmet Taşyürek (born 6 July 1972) is a Turkish football manager. He is the manager of 52 Orduspor.
# Dunchal

Dunchal (Persian: دونچال, also Romanized as Dūnchāl) is a village in Chapakrud Rural District, Gil Khuran District, Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,304, in 348 families.
# Tōshirō Ishida

Tōshirō Ishida (石田 東四郎, Ishida Tōshirō, August 1912 – June 25, 2009) was a former Japanese military employee. Drafted in 1937, he was sent to China in order to gain information for the Imperial Japanese Army, but went missing, eventually being declared dead in 1963. He was found living in the Chinese province of Henan in 1993, suffering from amnesia, and returned to Japan that year.
In 1993, a Hyogo-based civilian group got information about a Japanese man living in Henan Province. DNA testing identified the man as Ishida. He returned to Japan the same year.
His family said Ishida had been suffering from amnesia after receiving a bullet wound to the head during the war.
He died of pneumonia in 2009.
# Gryazev-Shipunov

Gryazev-Shipunov (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов; Russian: ГШ, romanized: GSh) may refer to:
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-6-23), a Soviet 23 mm 6-barreled rotary cannon
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-6-30), a Soviet 30 mm 6-barreled rotary cannon
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-23), a Soviet twin-barreled 23 mm autocannon
** Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-23Л), variant with muzzle brake
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-30-1), a Soviet single-barreled 30 mm autocannon
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-30-2), a Soviet twin-barreled 30 mm autocannon
* Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-18 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-18), a Soviet 9 mm semi-automatic pistol
# Sardzhalar

Sardzhalar, also Saracalar (Azerbaijani: Sarıcalar), is an abandoned village in the Ararat Province of Armenia.
# Observational equivalence

Observational equivalence is the property of two or more underlying entities being indistinguishable on the basis of their observable implications. Thus, for example, two scientific theories are observationally equivalent if all of their empirically testable predictions are identical, in which case empirical evidence cannot be used to distinguish which is closer to being correct; indeed, it may be that they are actually two different perspectives on one underlying theory.
In econometrics, two parameter values (or two structures, from among a class of statistical models) are considered observationally equivalent if they both result in the same probability distribution of observable data. This term often arises in relation to the identification problem.
In macroeconomics, it happens when you have multiple structural models, with different interpretation, but indistinguishable empirically. "the mapping between structural parameters and the objective function may not display a unique minimum."
In the formal semantics of programming languages, two terms M and N are observationally equivalent if and only if, in all contexts C[...] where C[M] is a valid term, it is the case that C[N] is also a valid term with the same value. Thus it is not possible, within the system, to distinguish between the two terms. This definition can be made precise only with respect to a particular calculus, one that comes with its own specific definitions of term, context, and the value of a term. The notion is due to James H. Morris, who called it "extensional equivalence."
# Bekipay

Bekipay is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Mitsinjo, which is a part of Boeny Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 14,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 48% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and cassava. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
16°15′S 46°8′E﻿ / ﻿16.250°S 46.133°E﻿ / -16.250; 46.133
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# Deymeskan

Deymeskan (Persian: ديمسكان, also Romanized as Deymeskān and Dīmeskān) is a village in Ravar Rural District, in the Central District of Ravar County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 180, in 56 families.
# Mohammadabad Pol-e Abrisham

Mohammadabad Pol-e Abrisham (Persian: محمد آباد پل ابريشم, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād Pol-e Abrīsham; also known as Moḩammadābād) is a village in Kalat-e Hay-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Meyami County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 181, in 43 families.
# Ayyub Khanbudagov

Ayyub Shirin oglu Khanbudagov (Azerbaijani: Əyyub Şirin oğlu Xanbudaqov, 1893-1937) was Chairman of the Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) of Azerbaijan and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Community Party (ACP).
Khanbudagov was born in Ganja, Azerbaijan and graduated from the Baku Maritime School. From 19 October 1920 to 19 February 1921 he was the chairman of the Azeribaijani Cheka and then was elected as the second secretary of the Central Committee of the ACP, having been recommended by Nariman Narimanov. He later worked in the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic until its dissolution in 1936.
On 19 December 1936, he was arrested on charges of nationalism. On 23 July 1937, he was sentenced to five years in prison by a special session of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union. On 12 October of the same year, the verdict was changed to a death sentence. Khanbudagov's charge was later acquitted by the Supreme Court in December 1957.
In April 1924, Khanbudagov had published an article titled "On the National Question" in the newspaper Communist noting the continued discrimination of hiring practices against Azerbaijani workers. The accusations of nationalism by Khanbudagov, the editor of Communist Aliheydar Garayev, and Narimanov, were investigated by the 8th Baku Party Conference.
# Gilda H. Loew

Gilda H. Loew (1930–January 5, 2001) was an American chemist known for applying computational chemistry to biology. She was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1975.

## Career

A native of Brooklyn, New York, Loew attended Erasmus Hall High School and then went on to earn a bachelor's degree from New York University and a master's from Columbia, both in chemistry, before going on to doctoral work at UC Berkeley, where she earned a PhD in chemical physics. In the 1950s and 1960s, she held a number of research positions, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and the Hansen Laboratories, Stanford University. According to Harel Weinstein and Hugo O. Villar, she became "a pioneer in the application of computational chemistry to problems in the biological sciences". After several years as an associate professor of physics at Pomona College, Loew was appointed as an adjunct professor in the department of genetics at Stanford in 1969, holding this position until 1979, when she established the Molecular Research Institute in Palo Alto, which she led for two decades. She was also an adjunct professor at Rockefeller University between 1978 and 1990.
The research of Loew's that remained critical to those that followed her was the cytochrome P450 protein family and her thirty years of investigation into their characteristics and properties, along with their three dimensional structure and how they interfaced with enzymatic substrates. In doing this research, Loew pioneered using new forms of technology that became available over the years, including numerous advances in computer modeling of proteins. Loew, related to said research, wrote a chapter on the properties of iron porphyrins for the first volume of the textbook series Physical Bioinorganic Chemistry in 1983.

## Legacy

The International Society of Quantum Biology and Pharmacology (ISQBP) established the ISQBP Loew Lectureship in her memory in 2004, along with the Gilda Loew Memorial Award after donations were set up by her husband. The following year, the Gilda Loew Memorial Meeting was organized where over 20 speakers presented on topics that were of interest to Loew and her past research.

## Personal life

Loew was married to Gregory Loew and had five children and three grandchildren at the time of her death from breast cancer at 70 years old on January 5, 2001.
# Howatt

Howatt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charlie Howatt, Canadian political candidate
* Cornelius Howatt (1810–1895), farmer and political figure in Prince Edward Island
* Garry Howatt (born 1952), Canadian ice hockey player
* Hubert Howatt (1867–1919), farmer and political figure on Prince Edward Island
* John Howatt Bell (1846–1929), lawyer and politician, 14th Premier of Prince Edward Island
* Lester Alexander Howatt (1909–1994), American businessman and politician
# Kojo Musah

Kojo Musah (born 15 April 1996) is a Danish sprinter. He represented his country at the 2021 European Indoor Championships finishing eighth in the final.
He has a Ghanaian father and a Danish mother.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Denmark ||||||
| 2017 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 20th (sf) | 100 m | 10.59 |
| 2017 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 10th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 40.12 |
| 2019 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 29th (h) | 60 m | 6.81 |
| 2021 | European Indoor Championships | Toruń, Poland | 8th | 60 m | 6.68 |
| 2021 | World Relays | Chorzów, Poland | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.56 |
| 2021 | World Relays | Chorzów, Poland | – | 4 × 200 m relay | DNF |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | 29th (h) | 100 m | 10.20 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | 10th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 38.16 |
| 2022 | World Championships | Eugene, United States | – | 4 × 100 m relay | DNF |
| 2022 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | – | 100 m | DNF |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 100 metres – 10.14 (+0.9 m/s, Odense 2021) NR
* 200 metres – 20.62 (+0.3 m/s, Kladno 2021)
Indoor
* 60 metres – 6.56 (Randers 2022) NR
# Faisal Al-Mousawi

Faisal bin Radhi Al-Mousawi (Arabic: فيصل رضي الموسوي, born (1944-05-06) May 6, 1944 (age 80)) is a Bahraini physician and politician.

## Biography

Al-Mousawi was born on April 6, 1944. He earned a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery from Cairo University in 1967. He worked as an Associate Professor at Arabian Gulf University for a time in his native country. Al-Mousawi then joined Salmaniya Medical Complex in 1976, where he became a consultant orthopedic surgeon and rose to director of surgery and chief physician in 1982. In 1984, he was promoted to Assistant Undersecretary for Training and Planning at the Ministry of Health in 1984. After serving as Minister of Health from 1995 to 2002, he was given a royal appointment to the Consultative Council, the upper house of Parliament, serving there from 2002 to 2006. He chaired the Council for a time.
In 2009, Al-Mousawi was appointed president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain. He had previously served as chairman of the RCSI Bahrain board of governors.
# Fathabad, Bardaskan

Fathabad (Persian: فتح اباد, also Romanized as Fatḩābād and FatḨābād; also known as Khanjarī-ye Bālā) is a village in Sahra Rural District, Anabad District, Bardaskan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 11 families.
# Lai Shi, China's Last Eunuch

Lai Shi, China's Last Eunuch, also known as Last Eunuch in China (Chinese: 中國最後一個太監) is a 1988 Hong Kong historical drama film directed by Jacob Cheung in his directorial debut and starring Max Mok in the title role of Liu Lai-shi. The film is based on Ni Kuang's novel about eunuch Sun Yaoting.

## Plot

During the chaos of the late Qing Dynasty, Liu Lai-shi (Max Mok) envies the glory of his fellow townsman and eunuch Siu-tak-cheung and asks his parents for purification. Soon, the Qing dynasty collapses, Liu failed to become an imperial eunuch and was sent to Beijing to study opera. Subsequently, he meets his childhood friend Chiu Tai (Irene Wan). Liu intends to lead a normal family life, but unable to do so after his identity of a eunuch was exposed. The opera troupe leader (Sammo Hung) sympathizes Liu's life experiences and tried to arrange him to the palace to be China's last eunuch. In 1924, Xuantong Emperor was expelled from the Forbidden City and Liu also began his wandering career.

## Cast

* Max Mok as Liu Lai-shi, the main protagonist, China's last eunuch
* Irene Wan as Chiu Tai, Liu Lai-shi's childhood friend
* Sammo Hung as Liu Lai-shi's teacher, the opera troupe leader
* Andy Lau as Han Ming, Chiu Tai's husband and a revolutionary
* Wu Ma as Lord Ting, the head eunuch
* Lam Ching-ying as Liu Chang-fu, Liu Lai-shi's father
* Gua Ah-leh as Liu Lai-shi's mother
* Pauline Wong as Sister Hung, a prostitute
* Manfred Wong as Eunuch Lee
* Peter Mak
* Alfred Cheung as the district chief
* Anthony Chan as a Japanese interpreter
* James Tien as General Lei
* Sit Hon as Lord Chao
* Sihung Lung as Fu's landlord
* Ng Min-kan, Yuen Miu, Chow Kam-kong and Pang Yun-cheung as opera troupe members
* Lee Chi-kit as a Japanese soldier
* Vincent Chiao as Adjutant

## Theme song

* Misconception (錯覺)
** Composer: Joseph Koo
** Lyricist: Cheng Kwok-kong
** Singer: Andy Lau

## Box office

The film grossed HK$15,624,171 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 4 March to 31 March 1988 in Hong Kong.

## Accolades

Accolades :
| Ceremony | Category | Recipient | Outcome |
| 8th Hong Kong Film Awards | Best Director | Jacob Cheung | Nominated |
| 8th Hong Kong Film Awards | Best Actor | Max Mok | Nominated |
| 8th Hong Kong Film Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Wu Ma | Nominated |
| 24th Golden Horse Awards | Best Actor | Max Mok | Nominated |
# Jeffrey Kerr-Ritchie

Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie (born 1960) is a British historian and professor at Howard University in Washington, D.C.

## Education

Born in London, Kerr-Ritchie was educated at Kingston University in England, and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, United States.

## Career

He has taught at Wesleyan University, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, Binghamton University, and the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He has been at Howard University since 2006.

## Awards

Kerr-Ritchie has been a Fellow at Fulbright-Hays UK, the Schomburg Center in New York, and the National Humanities Center in North Carolina.

## Publications

His first book, Freedpeople in the Tobacco South, Virginia 1860-1900, expands the traditional periodization of US Reconstruction to argue for the making of a black peasantry as a consequence of transformations in the global tobacco economy. His second, Rites of August First: Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World, examines commemorations of British colonial abolition and how these served as sites of anti-US slavery mobilization in the English-speaking Atlantic between the 1830s and 1860s. The third, Freedom’s Seekers: Essays on Comparative Emancipation, offers a broad transnational focus of experiences and lives challenging nation-centered histories that usually end up reifying exceptional narratives of emancipation. The fourth book, Rebellious Passage: The Creole Revolt and America’s Coastal Slave Trade, provides the first scholarly examination of the US maritime slave trade and a successful slave ship revolt in 1841 with international ramifications.

## Books

* Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffery R., Freedpeople in the Tobacco South, Virginia 1860-1900. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8078-4763-1
* Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffery R., Rites of August First: Emancipation Day in the Black Atlantic World. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8071-3232-6
* Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffery R., Freedom’s Seekers: Essays on Comparative Emancipation. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8071-5471-7
* Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffery R., Rebellious Passage: The Creole Revolt and America’s Coastal Slave Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-108-70000-9