OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg

Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg (Persian: قلعه جيق بزرگ) is a village in, and the capital of, Neftelijeh Rural District of the Central District of Gomishan County, Golestan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,111 in 233 households, when it was in Jafarbay-ye Sharqi Rural District of the former Gomishan District of Torkaman County. The following census in 2011 counted 1,274 people in 297 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Gomishan County. The rural district was transferred to the new Goldasht District. Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg was transferred to Neftelijeh Rural District created in the new Central District. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,374 people in 370 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Ice pond

An ice pond is a large volume of ice or snow produced by natural winter freezing. The ice is then used for cooling or air conditioning.
Before refrigeration was common, ice ponds were mined by ice companies, with product transported to consumers and food businesses through much of the year. Refrigeration technology replaced this technology.
In more recent times, ice ponds have been revived as an environmentally friendly way to air condition buildings in the summer. The best known experiment is the 'Princeton ice pond' by Ted Taylor in 1981. He then persuaded the Prudential Insurance Company to use a bigger pond to provide air conditioning for a larger building. Taylor also investigated the possibility of using the technology for water purification, which he demonstrated during a non-fiction segment on the 1984 educational series The Voyage of the Mimi.
# Fraser Gore

Fraser Gore (10 July 1857 – 23 September 1914) was a Scotland international rugby union player. His regular playing position was Forward.

## Rugby Union career
### Amateur career

Gore played for the Wasps in 1877.
Gore then played rugby union for London Scottish. He was part of the 1883-84 side that was unbeaten by any London club.

### Provincial career

Gore played for Surrey on Monday 6 December 1880, in a match against Kent. He played again for Surrey in 1882 against Middlesex.

### International career

Gore was capped just the once by Scotland, against Ireland in 1882.

## Military career

Gore began a private in the 15th battalion of Middlesex Regiment in 1878.
Gore was a volunteer in the Auxiliary Forces, becoming a Lieutenant in the 7th battalion of Middlesex Regiment.
In 1889, Gore was in the London Scottish Rifles.

## Other sports
### Rowing

Gore was named in the North London Rowing Club in 1878 and in the Thames Rowing Club in 1879. He rowed in the Thames Challenge Cup.

### Wrestling

Gore won a wrestling event at the Scottish Athletic Gathering - a Highland Games event in London - at Stamford Bridge in 1888.

## Family

Gore's parents were James Arthur Gore (1827-1901) and Catherine Louise Bazalgette (1832-1921). They married in 1854, and Fraser was the eldest of their 10 children.
Fraser married Mary Ohlsson (1875-1961) in Rondesbosch, South Africa in 1897.
Gore died on 23 September 1914 and was buried in Maitland Cemetery.
# Zarqi

Zarqi (Persian: زرقي, also Romanized as Zarqī) is a village in Soltanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Khoshab County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 214, in 43 families.
# Vasile Alecsandri National College (Galați)

Vasile Alecsandri National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național "Vasile Alecsandri") is a public day high school in Galați, Romania, located at 41 Nicolae Bălcescu Street.
In the mid-1860s, amidst increased economic development, the lack of a gymnasium in Galați became apparent. Thus, after repeated petitions, in August 1867 the Education Ministry authorized the establishment of a school with a single class. Three months later, the school opened its doors in a public ceremony; the principal, from Transylvania, had two teachers working under him. During its first twenty years, twenty-eight teachers worked at the gymnasium, and over 1500 pupils studied there, most prominently Eremia Grigorescu (1874–1878). In 1887, the institution was declared a high school, with seven grades. The school building was completed in 1890; two years later, it was named after the poet Vasile Alecsandri. Also in 1890, academic V. A. Urechia (who represented the Galați area in the Senate) donated his personal library to the school. Beginning in 1913 and upon the initiative of principal Ion Tohăneanu, the school hosted a "people's university" that involved political, cultural, scientific and literary figures delivering lectures open to the public.
During World War I, the school building was evacuated for use as a hospital, faculty were sent to the front and the number of students diminished. In the early 1920s, the school hosted literary circles and the editing staff of modernist cultural, artistic and literary magazines. Faculty members were involved in organizing these activities, while the publications were largely written by students, including future art critic Nicolae Argintescu-Amza [ro]. In 1926, a dormitory for rural pupils was completed under the initiative of Tohăneanu, whose other projects included a new classroom wing, an amphitheater and sport facilities for gymnastics, swimming and shooting. Starting in 1923, he organized a monthlong summer camp near Cheia Monastery, an initiative that continued throughout the interwar period.
In World War II, the school headquarters again functioned as a hospital and teachers were sent to fight; many pupils took refuge in surrounding villages, while relatively few continued their studies. The institution was downgraded to a theoretical high school in 1944, after King Michael's Coup. In 1948, following the establishment of a communist regime, it was renamed the Co-educational Theoretical Middle School. In 1965, the Vasile Alecsandri name was restored. Around this time, the school became renowned for its mathematics program, and its students became passionate participants in national olympiads, with some of them going on to Balkan and Europe-wide competitions.
The school building is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.

## Alumni

* Eugen Aburel
* Nineta Barbulescu
* Cristian Calude
* Nicolae Caranfil
* Nicolae Dabija
* Ion Dongorozi
* Virgil Madgearu
* Gheorghe Ursu
* I. Valerian
* Gheorghe Zane
# Karashamb

40°24′18″N 44°34′35″E﻿ / ﻿40.40500°N 44.57639°E﻿ / 40.40500; 44.57639
Karashamb (Armenian: Քարաշամբ, also Romanized as K’arashamb and Qarashamb) is a village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia.
Karashamb is the site of a major archaeological excavation of a Bronze Age cemetery with a number of barrows. The richest was a "royal" sepulchre where a silver cup, now one of the treasures of the National Museum, was discovered.
# Majid Shahriari

Majid Shahriari (Persian: مجید شهریاری, c. 1966 – 29 November 2010) was a top Iranian nuclear scientist and physicist who worked with the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. He was assassinated in Tehran in November 2010, allegedly by Israel's Mossad.

## Career

He specialized in neutron transport, a phenomenon that lies at the heart of nuclear chain reactions in reactors and bombs. According to The Guardian, he "had no known links to banned nuclear work". According to Al Jazeera he "was a quantum physicist and was not a political figure at all" and he "was not involved in Iran's nuclear programme".
He was also one of the two Iranian scientists of the International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East, beside Masoud Alimohammadi, another assassinated scientist. Iran asserts that its nuclear program is solely for civilian purposes, but a large number of Western and Israeli observers argue that Tehran's objective is to develop a nuclear bomb.
According to Time magazine, Majid Shahriari and Aria Tahami were "Chief Nuclear Scientists of Iran's nuclear program".
Some Iranian media reports said he taught at the Supreme National Defense University, which is run by the Iranian Army, according to The New York Times.

## Assassination

On 29 November 2010, assassins riding motorcycles planted and detonated C-4 (explosive) on his car door whilst he was driving. He was instantly killed. His fellow nuclear scientist Fereydoon Abbasi, a professor at Shahid Beheshti University was severely wounded. Dr. Abbasi's wife was also hurt. The killers had attached bombs to the professors' cars and detonated them from a distance. According to Time, this assassination had the signature of Israel's Mossad, which has carried out similar operations on foreign soil for decades. This killing has led to accusations that the US and Israel are trying to interfere in Iran's nuclear program again.
Iranian officials have variously blamed Israel and the United States for assassinating Shahriari. Saeed Jalili, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator, was quoted as saying Western nations "exercise terrorism to liquidate Iran's nuclear scientists".
Time magazine ran an article questioning whether this action was perpetrated by Mossad (Israel's external intelligence service). According to The Daily Telegraph (UK), Israel allegedly planned to conduct covert operations against Iran, including assassinations.
A Tehran nuclear site was officially renamed after him after his assassination.
# Siah Kalleh

Siah Kalleh or Siah Koleh (Persian: سياه كله) may refer to:
* Siah Koleh, Gilan
* Siah Kalleh, Lorestan
# Ucheran

Ucheran (Persian: اوچران, also Romanized as ‘Ūcherān) is a village in Maraveh Tappeh Rural District, in the Central District of Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 234, in 47 families.
# Smogorzewo Pańskie

Smogorzewo Pańskie (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Winnica, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Pułtusk and 42 km (26 mi) north of Warsaw.
# Daniil Mordovtsev

Daniil Lukich Mordovtsev (Russian: Даниил Лукич Мордовцев; December 19, 1830 in Danilovka, Don Host Oblast, Russian Empire – June 23, 1905 in Kislovodsk, Russian Empire) was a Russian writer and historian.

## Biography

Mordovtsev was born in Danilovka, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Mordovtsev's father was a Don Cossack and an estate manager. Mordovtsev spent his childhood in Don Host Oblast, where he learned in school. He graduated from the faculty of history and philology at St. Petersburg University in 1854.
Mordovtsev's literary debut came in the mid-1850s. His first work was the poem The Cossacks and the Sea (1854, published 1859). He began writing in Russian in the 1860s his first novels. His novella New Russian People (1868) dealt with the Narodniks and their cause, and with the position of raznochintsy intellectuals, as did the novel Signs of the Times (1869), although Mordovets did not share the views of the Narodniks. His historical novels were widely read; (The False Dmitry, 1879; Tsar Peter and the Regent Sophia, 1885; The Tsar and the Hetman, 1880; Lord Novgorod the Great, 1882; For Whose Sins?, 1890); these novels demonstrated Mordovets's democratic leanings. He served for more than thirty years as an official in Saratov and was the editor of the Saratov Provincial News. He contributed to several popular journals, including Russian Word, Notes of the Fatherland, and Affairs.
Mordovets also published many historical works, such as Impostors and the Freemen of the Lower Reaches (1867), The Haidamak Uprising (1870), Political Movements of the Russian People (2 vols, 1871), and On the Eve of Freedom (1872, published 1889), and his memoirs, From My Past and Experiences (1902, written in Ukrainian), in which he tells of his meetings with Taras Shevchenko and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. His historical works were received favorably in St. Petersburg academic circles, and he was even considered for a position on the faculty of St. Petersburg University.
# Family Farm Preservation

Family Farm Preservation was a right-wing agrarian populist organisation in the United States which promoted a grass-roots movement in order to prevent family farms from being foreclosed upon. The group has been linked to the earlier right-wing organization Posse Comitatus, and in some reports is alleged to be a direct outgrowth.
In a 1995 interview, an FFP worker stated that the FFP, though not religious, was a Christian and spiritual organization which sought to educate the public on their legal rights. Among their beliefs was the illegitimacy of lawyers, as the Bar association was chartered by the British monarchy, the illegitimacy of property taxes, and that most authority held by government officials is in violation of 1872 law. The member, Ramsden, stated that the goal of the FFP is that "society should be just as it was after the Revolutionary War."

## Notable affiliates

Though not concretely linked to FFP, Terry Nichols, compatriot of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, used the FFP's concept in employing a pseudo-check labeled "Fractional Reserve Notes" to pay off credit card debts.
# Yuri Avrutskiy

Yuri Panteleyevich Avrutskiy (Russian: Юрий Пантелеевич Авруцкий; 9 May 1944 – 30 January 2009) was a Soviet professional football player.

## Honours

* Soviet Top League champion: 1963.
* Soviet Top League runner-up: 1967, 1970.
* Soviet Cup winner: 1967, 1970.
# Stadionul Gheorghe Rășcanu

Gheorghe Rășcanu Stadium (Romanian: Stadionul Gheorghe Rășcanu) is a multi-purpose stadium in Timișoara, Romania. It is currently used mostly for rugby matches by the local team, SCM Rugby Timișoara. The stadium is named after Timișoara Saracens' legend Gheorghe Rășcanu who played for Timișoara during its golden era.

## History

The stadium was built in 2011 after the board members of the then-called Timișoara Saracens decided to set an objective of winning the title of the Romanian First Division after 40 years, which they did in the 2012–2013 season. The 300,000-euro stadium also includes minifootball pitches along with tennis and basketball pitches for the Timișoara Sports Club which owns SCM Rugby Timișoara. The stadium underwent some repair work in 2018 and 2021, and in the following years it will be completely rebuilt.
# Kuşçukuru, Beşiri

Kuşçukuru (Kurdish: Kelhok) is a village in the Beşiri District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reşkotan tribe and had a population of 147 in 2021. The village is populated by Yazidis.
The hamlets of Ekinciler and Mezelkan are attached to the village. Ekinciler is also populated by Yazidis.
# Sharafabad, Yazd

Sharafabad (Persian: شرف اباد, also Romanized as Sharafābād; also known as Sharīfābād) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, in the Central District of Saduq County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 736, in 218 families.
# Justice Cushing (disambiguation)

Justice Cushing may refer to:
* William Cushing (1732–1810), associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
* Caleb Cushing (1800–1879), associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
* Edmund L. Cushing (1807–1883), associate justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court
* John Cushing (judge) (1662–1738), associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
* John Cushing Jr. (1695–1778), associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
* Nathan Cushing (1742–1812), associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
* Stephen S. Cushing (1884–1957), associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
# Princes Park, Retie

The Princes Park in Retie (Dutch: Prinsenpark) is located in the Campine region of the Antwerp province in Flanders, Belgium. It is a beautiful park that consists of ponds, trails, woodlands, meadows, playgrounds, picnic spots, canals and moorland which attract nature lovers and is also popular for walking, jogging, cycling and sightseeing.

## History

The poor soil of the Campine region was called an Aart and was used by local farmers. In 1854, King Leopold I of Belgium acquired about 398 hectares of the Aart of Retie (Dutch: Retiese Aart) with the intention of creating a park and building a castle. However, the castle was never built.
In 1950 the coal mines of Beringen acquired the park and used it to grow pines for the mines to support the tunnels. In 1972, the Province of Antwerp acquired the domain and turned it into a public park. The park became well known for scenes of the TV series Flesh and Bones which were shot in the park.
# Bandargah

Bandargah (Persian: بندرگاه) may refer to:
* Bandargah, Bushehr
* Bandargah, Zanjan
# Estonian Red Cross

Estonian Red Cross (Estonian: Eesti Punane Rist, EPR) is the Estonian national Red Cross Society.
The organization is established on 24 February 1919 in the initiative of Hans Leesment.
Since 1992 the organization is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
# Smorzewo

Smorzewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gozdowo, within Sierpc County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Karimpur Pannadevi College

Karimpur Pannadevi College, established in 1968, is a general degree college at Karimpur town in Nadia district, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to University of Kalyani.

## History

The college established with the aim to cater higher education to the people of the locality, particularly the poor and middle class ones, who cannot afford to go far of places for learning. Dr. Nalinaksha Sanyal, a Bengali scholar and nationalist politician was the key person for the establishment of that college. One businessman Durga Prasad Agarwala, made donation and the college was named after his wife Pannadevi Agarwala.

## Departments
### Science

* Chemistry
* Physics
* Mathematics
* Botany
* Zoology
* Physiology
* Micro Biology

### Arts and Commerce

* Bengali
* English
* Sanskrit
* History
* Geography
* Political Science
* Philosophy
* Economics
* Commerce

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# Umar al-Bitar

Umar al-Bitar (Arabic: عمر البيطار) (1886–1946) was a Syrian rebel leader who led a revolt against French military forces in his native Latakia region in 1920. After the suppression of his revolt, he evaded arrest by the French authorities by escaping to Turkey. He was pardoned and returned to Syria in 1936 and entered politics as part of the anti-French opposition. The French authorities again tried to arrest Bitar in 1945, but he managed to escape to Turkey, where he died the next year.

## Biography

Bitar was born in 1886 to a Sunni Muslim, Arab family of landowners in the Latakia region and was raised in the port city of Latakia. In 1919, French troops landed on the Syrian coast to assume control of the country as part of their Mandate.

### Commander in the Hananu Revolt

Al-Bitar formed a band of armed volunteers in 1919 to resist French military forces who were landing on the Syrian coast. Al-Bitar eventually joined the Hananu Revolt and was assigned responsibility over Jabal Sahyun, a mountainous region whose center was al-Haffah. He also coordinated military action with Saleh al-Ali who was leading the Alawite Revolt against the French in the mountains south of Jabal Sahyun. With material support from the Turkish armed movement fighting the French in southern Anatolia, Bitar acquired arms and military equipment. Within six months, his band grew from 100 members to 2,000, according to Syrian historian Sami Moubayed.
The French declared their mandate over Syria in 1920 and issued an arrest warrant for al-Bitar on charges that he killed French officers and engaged in rebellion against French authority. Al-Bitar consequently fled to Turkey, while the French military authorities sentenced him to death in absentia. Al-Bitar's rebels mostly joined the rebel band of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, also based in Jabal Sahyun. Al-Bitar remained in Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's protection for 16 years.

### Political career

Al-Bitar returned to Syria in 1936 following nationalist Hashim al-Atassi's election to the presidency. Al-Atassi welcomed al-Bitar at the presidential palace in Damascus and praised him as a national hero. Upon his return, al-Bitar joined the National Bloc, the largest political party in Syria opposed to French rule. He based himself in Latakia. A year later, in 1937, al-Bitar was accused by the authorities of instigating violence against the French, who arrested him. He was imprisoned in the Citadel of Damascus. He was released in 1939, largely as a result of pressure Syrian nationalist politicians, but kept out of politics after his release. In 1943, he reentered politics as a candidate in the parliamentary elections. He evaded arrest by the French authorities in late May 1945 during a campaign against nationalist figures in Damascus. Al-Bitar left Damascus for Turkey, where he stayed until his death in 1946, the same year Syria became independent of France.
# Mouddo

Mouddo (Arabic: مودو) is a town in the northern Tadjoura region of Djibouti. Mouddo is on the edge of depression Andabba of a flooded plain case (very rare) of rain. It is situated about 90 kilometres (56 miles) north of Tadjoura and 14 km (8 mi) east of the border with Ethiopia.

## Overview

There was a single class school until late 1980. A second class and a dormitory were then built. The civil war of the 1990s led to the closure and the deterioration of the school, which was reopened ten years later. The school Mouddo hosts hundreds of students from the Andabba or Madgoul areas.

## Climate

Mouddo has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Mouddo is noted for its very high summer humidity despite being a desert town. This combination of the desert heat and high humidity makes the apparent temperatures seem even more extreme. The sky is usually clear and bright throughout the year.
Climate data for Madgoul :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 30.6 (87.1) | 32.7 (90.9) | 35.8 (96.4) | 38.7 (101.7) | 39.0 (102.2) | 38.3 (100.9) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 28.6 (83.5) | 33.4 (92.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.2 (75.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 24.3 (75.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 8 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 12 (0.5) | 15 (0.6) | 8 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 22 (0.9) | 28 (1.1) | 19 (0.7) | 7 (0.3) | 13 (0.5) | 9 (0.4) | 154 (6.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 310m ||||||||||||||
# National Book Council

The National Book Council (Maltese: Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb), is a Maltese public entity dedicated to the promotion of the book industry in Malta.
It organises the Malta Book Festival (Maltese: Il-Festival Nazzjonali Tal-Ktieb), The Literary Contest of Novels for Youth (Maltese: Konkors ta' Kitba Letteratura għaż-Żgħażagħ) and other national and regional events, workshops, seminars and contests. It also confers the National Book Prize (Maltese: Premju Nazzjonali Tal-Ktieb), administers Public Lending Rights, and is Malta's registration agent for ISBN and ISMN.

## National Book Prize

In 1971, the Literary Prize for books in Maltese was set up with the aim to encourage Maltese literature. Notable authors who were awarded this Prize include Anton Buttigieg, Francis Ebejer, Oliver Friggieri, Joe Friggieri, and Trevor Zahra. The organization of the Prize was passed to the National Book Council upon its formation in 2001. There are nowadays several categories within the Prize, including novels, short stories, poetry, translation, nonfiction, and research. Notable winners since 2001 include Trevor Zahra, Guido Lanfranco, Giovanni Bonello, Joe Friggieri, and Albert Ganado.