OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy

Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino-Lozinskiy (Russian: Глеб Евгеньевич Лозино-Лозинский; Kyiv, January 7, 1910 – Moscow, November 28, 2001) was a Ukrainian engineer, General Director and General Designer of the JSC NPO Molniya, lead developer of the Russian Spiral and Shuttle Buran programme, Doctor of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labour, laureate of Lenin Prize (1962) and Stalin Prizes (1950, 1952).

## Biography

Born in Kyiv, Gleb moved with his family to Kremenchuk where he received his early education in and graduated from Kremenchuk technical high school as a plumber. He later enrolled in 1926 and graduated from the Kharkiv Mechanical and Machine-building Institute in 1930 as an engineer specializing in steam turbines. Initially he worked at a power station but in 1932 transferred to work in the aviation industry where he was involved in the development of jet turbines.
In 1939 he moved to Leningrad and in 1941 return to Ukraine to work in Kyiv. During the war he was evacuated to Kuybishev and in 1942 settled in Moscow where he joined a design bureau led by Artem Mikoyan, the developer of the Soviet fighter aircraft known around the world as MIGs. Lozino-Lozinskiy led the work on the first Soviet jet engine with an adjustable nozzle and was responsible for the production of several generations of MIG fighter jets.
In 1965, Lozino-Lozinskiy led a top-secret project named Spiral (ru) which was an early Soviet attempt to develop a small crewed space plane similar to the American X-15 project. It was planned to be launched on the back of a hypersonic aircraft, itself capable of reaching Mach 6. After separation from the carrier aircraft, the Spiral would have been boosted into orbit by a detachable rocket stage.
Although several prototypes of the Spiral space plane were built and tested in atmospheric flights, the program was terminated.
In 1976, Lozino-Lozinskiy was put in charge of NPO Molniya, a newly created design centre on the outskirts of Moscow. The organization had the unprecedented task of developing a 100-ton reusable orbiter with capabilities similar to or exceeding those of the US Space Shuttle. Unlike the US Shuttle, the Soviet winged orbiter would ride into orbit on a super-heavy booster developed separately at NPO Energia. Known as Buran, the Soviet shuttle made a single uncrewed orbital flight and completed the world's first automated landing in 1988. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Buran program was cancelled due to lack of funds.
Lozino-Lozinskiy led NPO Molniya in the search for the development of lightweight airplanes, aimed at reducing the cost of launching commercial payloads into space.
A small reusable space plane, developed under Lozino-Lozinskiy's leadership during the 1990s, was designed for launch on top of the giant Antonov An-225 Mriya aircraft, known as MAKS, or Multi-purpose Reusable Aerospace System.
Lozino-Lozinskiy died on November 28, 2001, at the age of 91.
# Chaleh Kand

Chaleh Kand (Persian: چاله كند, also Romanized as Chāleh Kand; also known as Chālākand) is a village in Ali Sadr Rural District, Gol Tappeh District, Kabudarahang County, Hamadan Province, Iran. In the 2006 census, its population was 384, in 75 families.

## Economics

Chaleh Kand uses the Iranian rial (IRR), the national currency of Iran. The GDP of Chaleh Kand is 12,200 USD (515,450,000 IRR).

## Geography

Chaleh Kand has an elevation of about 6712 feet (2046 meters) above sea level. Chaleh Kand is about 2.1 miles (3.38 km) to the south of Ali Sadr.
# 556th Infantry Division

The 556th Infantry Division (German: 556. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the Heer, the ground forces of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht. It was active for several months in the year 1940.

## History

The 556th Infantry Division was formed in Posen (West Prussia) as a garrison for the Upper Rhine area in Wehrkreis XII (roughly equivalent to the modern-day Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate) on the Franco-German border.$^{:157}$
Its staff was assembled from the former Division Command z.b.V. 426 at Nakel. It contained three infantry regiments: Infantry Regiment 628 was formed in Wehrkreis XVII using personnel from several Landesschützen Regiments, Infantry Regiment 629 in Wehrkreis XXI from Machine Gun Regiment 138, and Infantry Regiment 630 from various Landesschützen and infantry units in Ulm and Rinteln across Wehrkreis IX and Wehrkreis XI, drawing personnel from parts of the 214th Infantry Division and 216th Infantry Division, among others.$^{:157}$ The infantry regiments contained three battalions each.$^{:350}$ Additionally, the division contained Artillery Regiment 556, which consisted of three artillery detachments (I./, II./, and III./ (from military districts XI, X and XII, respectively)), Observation Detachment 556 (from military district XX), and the supporting Division Units 556 (without Panzerjäger, reconnaissance and pioneer units).$^{:157}$ The division's personnel was mainly drawn from older conscripts that had been called up in September 1939, and the division's commander throughout its existence was Kurt von Berg.
The 556th Division was assigned to frontier protection duty on the Franco-German border under supervision of Higher Command XXXIII of 7th Army in May and June 1940,$^{:1123}$ along with the similar 554th Infantry Division.$^{:207}$ On the Franco-German border, it guarded the Westwall fortifications (Allied parlance: "Siegfried Line").$^{:290}$
It protected the German rear during the rapid advances by Wehrmacht troops during the Battle of France. The division was rendered superfluous by the German victory in the west, and the directive for the division's dissolution was issued on 26 July 1940. The division was officially dissolved on 13 August 1940 (through remnants remained until 1 October), and several of the infantry battalions (II./628, III./628, II./629, III./629, I./640, III./640) were reorganized into independent home guard battalions (German: Heimat-Wach-Bataillone), which were redesignated into the Landesschützen Battalions 784 through 789.$^{:157}$
# András Bíró

András Bíró (20 October 1925 – 18 June 2024) was a Hungarian journalist, journal editor, environment activist and human rights activist, noted for his support of the Romani people in Hungary.

## Life and career

Bíró was born to Hungarian and Serbian parents in Sofia on 20 October 1925. After returning to Hungary, he subsequently fled the country following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, settling in France. He was a founding editor of the UN family journals Ceres and Mazingira.
In 1986, Bíró returned to Hungary. He founded the organization Hungarian Foundation for Self-Reliance (Hungarian: Autonómia Alapítvány) in 1990, which supported Hungary's Romani community by supporting small projects, such as purchasing land for farmers to rear livestock. In 1995, he and the organisation were awarded the Right Livelihood Award "for their resolute defence of Hungary's Roma minority and effective efforts to aid their self-development."
Bíró died on 18 June 2024, at the age of 98.
# Fang Gan

Fang Gan (方干; 809–888), also known as Fang Xiongfei (雄飞) and Xuanying (玄英), was a Tang dynasty poet.

## Life and career

Fang's father, Fang Su (方肅), was a jinshi and Hangzhou-based magistrate who founded the Fang Clan of White Cloud (白雲方氏) in White Cloud Village, Tonglu, Zhejiang. According to the tenth-century Jianjie lu (鑑誡錄) or Records of Warnings, Fang Gan was the fourteenth son of his family. He was nicknamed "Fang Sanbai" (方三拜, literally "Fang Three Bows") because of his idiosyncrasy of bowing three times to whomever he met. Despite being academically gifted, he failed the imperial examination more than ten times, apparently because of his cleft lip which examiners felt would bring Chinese academia into disrepute.
Fang successfully underwent surgery for his cleft lip about a decade after retiring to Jinghu. According to a poem by Song dynasty poet Xu Tianyou (徐天佑), titled "Fan Gan Dao" (方幹島) or "Fan Gan's Island", this operation took place around 880. Now referred to as "Buchun Xiansheng" (補唇先生) or "Mr Lip Mended", Fang spent his final years in a local mountain retreat. Fang was a noted player of the guqin, and enjoyed fishing and drinking in his spare time.
Fang wrote countless poems in his lifetime, three hundred and seventy of which were preserved by one of his proteges and subsequently published in a ten-juan anthology by Wang Zan (王贊). Following a popular campaign against "Qu mingru" (屈名儒) or "injustice to noted scholars", Fang was posthumously recognised as a successful imperial candidate. A Chinese proverb about posthumous recognition thus goes, "Shenhou shi Fang Gan" (身後識方干) or "Not until after his death was Fan Gan recognised".
# Omutskoye

Omutskoye (Russian: Омутское) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kiprinsky Selsoviet, Shelabolikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 413 as of 2013. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Omutskoye is located 33 km west of Shelabolikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novosyolovka is the nearest rural locality.
# On Legal Theory of Muslim Jurisprudence

Al-mustasfa min 'ilm al-usul (Arabic: المستصفى من علم الأصول) or On Legal theory of Muslim Jurisprudence is a 12th-century treatise written by Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazali (Q.S) the leading legal theorist of his time. A highly celebrated work of al-Ghazali on Usul Al-Fiqh. It is ranked as one of the four great works in this subject. The other three including 1. Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar who authored al-Qadi's al-`Umad; 2. Abu al-Husayn al-Basri who authored al-Basri's al-Mu`tamad (commentary on al-`Umad); 3. Al-Juwayni who authored Al-Burhan.

## Content

While Ghazali was deeply involved in tasawwuf and kalam. Most of Ghazali's activity was in the field of Islamic law and jurisprudence. He completed this book towards the end of his life.
Ghazali's method to Usul al-fiqh, as proven in his final and greatest work on Law, al-Mustafa, is based on the assertion that, in essence, this science depends on the expertise of how to extract ahkam (rules) from the Sharia sources. ('As for the science of fiqh, it concerns itself particularly with the Shari'ah rules themselves which have been established in order to qualify the acts of the locus of obligation, man.') Accordingly, Ghazali views it as crucial that any discussion on Usul should focus on three essential elements: the ahkam; the Adilla (sources); and the means by which rules are extracted from these sources, which mainly includes the evaluation of the quality and merit of the extractor, specifically, the mujtahid.

## Structure
### The Sharia rules

The Sharia rules were further categorized into following:
* The Essence of the Rules
* The Categories of the Rules
* The Constituents of the Rules

### The Sources of the rules

The Sources of the rules included:
* The First Principal Sources (Quran and The Book of Abrogation)
* The Second Principal Sources (Sunnah)
* The Third Principal Sources (Ijma)
* The Fourth Principal Sources (Rational Proof and Istishab)

## Influence

Ibn Qudamah who authored the greatest Usul Al-Fiqh book in the Hanbali madhab entitled Rawdat al-Nazir was significantly influenced by Ghazali's work, Al-mustasfa.
# Evgeny Aydamirov

Evgeny Aydamirov (Russian: Евгений Айдамиров; born 11 May 1987 in Leningrad) is a male hammer thrower from Russia. His personal best throw is 74.92 metres, achieved in March 2010 in Adler. He held the junior world record with 82.62 metres with the 6 kg until Javier Cienfuegos beat it with an 82.96 toss in 2009.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Russia ||||||
| 2003 | World Youth Championships | Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada | 4th | Hammer (5 kg) | 72.76 m |
| 2005 | European Junior Championships | Kaunas, Lithuania | 2nd | Hammer (6 kg) | 76.73 m |
| 2006 | World Junior Championships | Beijing, PR China | 1st | Hammer (6 kg) | 78.42 m |
| 2007 | European U23 Championships | Debrecen, Hungary | 5th | Hammer | 71.20 m |
| 2009 | European U23 Championships | Kaunas, Lithuania | 10th | Hammer | 68.47 m |
# Greg Francis

Greg Francis (April 4, 1974 – April 2, 2023) was a Canadian Olympic basketball player and coach. He was the director of Sport Development with Ontario Basketball, and also served as the manager of Men's High-Performance at Canada Basketball, as well as holding head coach roles with the UOIT Ridgebacks, University of Waterloo Warriors men's basketball team, and the head coach of the University of Alberta Golden Bears, where he replaced coach Don Horwood, who had manned the Bears bench for 26 seasons. Francis was also the head coach of the Canadian junior men’s national team, assistant coach of the Canadian senior men's national team, and the Canadian men's basketball national coach.
Francis was a member of the Canada national team, that finished seventh in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia and fourth at the 2003 Tournament of the Americas.

## Collegiate career

Francis played for the Fairfield University basketball team from 1994 to 1997, finishing his career with 1,570 points, ranking fifth all-time at the school. He also holds the school record for most three-point field goal shots made in a career with 230. During his senior season, he helped lead the Stags to the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference title and the 1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.
Francis almost single-handedly upset the North Carolina Tar Heels in the first round of the tournament scoring 26 points including eight three-pointers. Following the game, North Carolina coach Dean Smith said "I had to find Francis after the game but I couldn't shake his hand because it was so hot."
Fairfield recognized his accomplishments in 2003 when the school inducted Francis into its Athletic Hall of Fame.

## Professional career

Francis played professionally in the British Basketball League for the Worthing Bears and was selected to the UK All-Star Team during the 1997–98 season and the Chester Jets during the 1999–00 season.

## Death

Greg died on April 2, 2023, two days before his 49th birthday.
# Chuzhya

Chuzhya (Russian: Чужья) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurlinskoye Rural Settlement, Yurlinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 183 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Chuzhya is located 14 km north of Yurla (the district's administrative centre) by road. Loinskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Goussancourt Aerodrome

Goussancourt Aerodrome, was a temporary World War I airfield in France. It was located near the commune of Goussancourt, in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.

## Overview

This temporary airfield was organized in early September, 1918, while to Allied armies were pushing back the German forces. It was mainly used by "escadrilles" of the French 5th Army Air Service from 11 September until 3 November 1918, but it first served as a forward operating airfield for the 88th Aero Squadron on 4–9 September, used for battlefield observation/aerial reconnaissance flights over the Vesle Sector for the benefit of the American III Corps, First Army. At Goussancourt, which was located about 10 km from the front line trenches, the enemy had superiority of the air. There were very few American pursuit planes operating and the airfield was attacked on several occasions by German aircraft during the day and bombers were heard at night attacking the trench lines. The squadron moved back to the Ferme des Greves Aerodrome.
The airfield likely consisted of a few tents to support squadron personnel and perhaps a few canvas aircraft hangars when the French units arrived. It had been organized on the southwest side of the Goussancourt village, soon turned back to agriculture after the Armistice. No evidence of its existence remains.

## Known units assigned

* 88th Aero Squadron (Observation) 4–9 September 1918
# Gdańsk Scientific Society

Gdańsk Scientific Society (Polish: Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, GTN) is a general scientific society in Gdańsk (German: Danzig), Poland.
It was established in 1922 as the Society of the Sciences and Arts Friends in Gdańsk (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauki i Sztuki w Gdańsku) and was active till 1939, abolished during World War II, reactivated in 1945, having had its present name since 1956.
Today it has five divisions.
Its main publications include:
* Gdańsk Yearbook (Rocznik Gdański)
* Acta Biologica
# Keyon Nash

DeRodick "Keyon" Nash (born March 11, 1979) is an American former professional football safety who was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the 2002 NFL draft. He played college football at Albany State.
He was also a member of the Rhein Fire and Toronto Argonauts.

## Early life

Nash attended Miller County High School in Colquitt, Georgia.

## Professional career
### Oakland Raiders

Nash was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the sixth round (189th overall) of the 2002 NFL draft.

### Toronto Argonauts

Nash signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League on April 26, 2007, but was released on June 19, 2007.
# Evat

Evat (Persian: اوات, also Romanized as Evāt; also known as Avbāt, Owbār, and Ūbāt) is a village in Valupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 36 families.
# Tatyana Blokhina

Tatyana Blokhina (née Sidorova, Russian: Татьяна Блохина, Сидорова); born 12 March 1970) is a Russian female former track and field athlete who competed for Russia and the Soviet Union in combined track and field events. She won a gold medal at heptathlon in 1989 European Athletics Junior Championships

## Career

She is a two-time Russian national champion, having won the heptathlon in 1993 and the indoor pentathlon in 1999. She was twice winner at the Décastar meeting (1993, 1995) and on her first victory she set a meeting record in the high jump of 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in). This was her speciality event and she holds a personal best of 1.95 m (6 ft 4+3⁄4 in) overall.
She represented her country at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics and the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but failed to complete all seven events on those occasions. She had more success at European level, winning a gold medal at the 1989 European Athletics Junior Championships and placing fifth in the pentathlon at the 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships.
Blokhina ranked third in the world for the 1993 indoor season, in which she set a career best total of 4669 points for pentathlon in Moscow. Her personal best in the heptathlon, 6703 points achieved at the 1993 Décastar, ranked her second among Europeans that season behind Germany's Sabine Braun, and fourth at global level – her highest career ranking. As of 2018, her career best ranked her 25th on the all-time heptathlon rankings.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 1988 | World Junior Championships | Sudbury, Canada | — | Heptathlon | DNF |
| 1989 | European Junior Championships | Varaždin, Yugoslavia | 1st | Heptathlon | 6032 pts |
| 1992 | European Indoor Championships | Genoa, Italy | 5th | Pentathlon | 4617 pts |
| 1993 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | — | Heptathlon | DNF |

## National titles

* Russian Athletics Championships
** Heptathlon: 1993
* Russian Indoor Athletics Championships
** Pentathlon: 1999
# List of storms named Elisa

The name Elisa has been used for one tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean and one in the South Pacific Ocean.
In the South-West Indian Ocean:
In the South Pacific:
# Bi Zanuiyeh

Bi Zanuiyeh (Persian: بيزنوئيه, also Romanized as Bī Zanū’īyeh; also known as Bīsū’īyeh) is a village in Siyah Banuiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Rabor County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 31 families.
# Shahr-e Posht

Shahr-e Posht (Persian: شهرپشت) is a village in Kheyrud Kenar Rural District, in the Central District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 525, in 142 families.
# Pain Afrakoti

Pain Afrakoti (Persian: پايين افراكتي, also Romanized as Pā’īn Afrākotī; also known as Afrā Kotī and Pā’īn Afrā Kotī) is a village in Bisheh Sar Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 592, in 168 families.
# Kōnu, Hiroshima

Kōnu (甲奴町, kōnu-chō) was a town located in Kōnu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,114 and a density of 47.78 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 65.17 km$^2$.
On April 1, 2004, Kōnu, along with the towns of Kisa, Mirasaka and Miwa, and the villages of Funo, Kimita and Sakugi (all from Futami District), was merged with the expanded city of Miyoshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
The main street of Kōnu also known as "Carter Street", named for US president Jimmy Carter after his visit in the 1990s.

## Places of interest

* Jimmy Carter Civic Center
* Susa Shrine
* Shoganji Temple
* Official seal/emblem
* Official flag
# St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Cairo

St. Peter and St. Paul's Church (Arabic: الكنيسة البطرسية, romanized: al-Kanīsa al-Buṭrusiyya), commonly known as El-Botroseya and also known as the Petrine Church, is a small Coptic church located in the vicinity of Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, the seat of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, in Cairo's Abbassia district. It was built in 1911 over Egyptian prime minister Boutros Ghali's tomb.

## History

The church was built in 1911 over the tomb of Boutros Ghali, Egypt's prime minister from 1908 until his assassination in 1910. Its building process was supervised by Ghali's family. His grandson, Boutros Boutros Ghali, sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Egyptian minister of foreign affairs, was also buried in the crypt beneath the altar in February 2016. Originally named Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Church, it became known over the years as the Botroseya Church, the first church to be named after a political family.
On 11 December 2016, a suicide bomber blew himself up at the church, killing up to 25 people, mostly women and children, and injuring many others.

## Design

The church is considered by local historians to be of high religious and artistic value. It was designed in the basilica style by Italo-Slovene architect Antonio Lasciac, Khedive Isma'il Pasha's designated chief architect, with 28 meters in length and 17 meters in width. The central nave is separated from the aisles by a row of marbled columns on each side, above which are a series of Italian paintings depicting the life of Jesus, his apostles and a number of saints. At the end of the central aisle is a two-step plate of black marble containing Boutros Ghali's supposed final words. Venetian mosaics can be found on the walls, including one depicting the baptism of Jesus on the Jordan River, and another one behind the sanctuary showing Jesus above a dome, with the Virgin Mary to his right and Mark the Evangelist to his left.

## Gallery

* Nave of the church
* entrance to the crypt where Boutros Ghali's tomb is located
# Kalistratikha

Kalistratikha (Russian: Калистратиха) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kalistratikhinsky Selsoviet of Kalmansky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 883 as of 2016. There are 16 streets.

## Geography

Kalistratikha is located on the right bank of the Eraska River, 13 km north of Kalmanka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Buranovo is the nearest rural locality.

## Ethnicity

The village is inhabited by Russians and others.