OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Blossom tree (graph theory)

In the study of planar graphs, blossom trees are trees with additional directed half edges. Each blossom tree is associated with an embedding of a planar graph. Blossom trees can be used to sample random planar graphs.

## Description

A blossom tree is constructed from a rooted tree embedded in the plane by adding opening and closing stems to vertices. The number of opening and closing stems must match. Some authors require that blossom trees be rooted and put conditions on which kind of stems they can carry. The terms leaves and blossoms are also sometimes used for opening and closing stems.

## Relationship with planar graphs

An embedded planar graph can be built from a blossom tree by connecting each opening stem to a closing stem. One visits the half-edges by going around the graph clockwise starting at an opening stem. If the tree is rooted, one usually starts at the root. The algorithm is analogous to parenthesis matching and uses a stack. At each stage, if the type of the current half-edge $s$ is the same as the half edge at the top of the stack, $s$ is pushed onto the stack. If the colors differ, the stack is popped and the two half-edges are connected. If we orient the added edges from opening to closing stem, we have no counter-clockwised edges. This process takes linear time.
Similarly, an embedding of a rooted planar graph can be encoded as a blossom tree. If the root is in the corner, this can be done in linear time. The edges of a rooted planar graph can be oriented so that there is a path from the root to any vertex, but there are no counter-clockwise cycles. In this case, one can use a depth-first algorithm to turn it into a blossom tree. Starting with the root vertex, look at every edge incident to it. If it points away from our current vertex, cut it, labelling the outward half-edge as a closing stem and inward half-edge as an opening stem. If it points toward our current vertex, mark it as to be kept and set its other endpoint as our current vertex. Continue until all edges have been considered. If the map is not rooted in a corner, constructing the blossom tree takes quadratic time.

## Use in knot theory

Blossom trees are also used to randomly generate large knot diagrams. Knots can be represented by 4-regular planar graphs where each node is marked as an overcrossing or undercrossings. Blossom trees can be used to generate random 4-regular planar graphs. However, these do not always give knot diagrams as there may be more than one component. This can be checked in cubic time.
# Eleanor Bor

Eleanor Constance Bor née Rundall (1898 – 1957) was a British writer who is remembered for her book The Adventures of a Botanist's Wife, which describes her travels in remote parts of north-eastern India and elsewhere.

## Biography

She was born in Moffat, Scotland to Constance and John William Rundall, clergyman and headmaster of St Ninian's School. Her parents’ roots were in England, and she went to a small boarding school near London with one of her sisters. In her early thirties she lived in Assam for two years before marrying her husband, the botanist Norman Bor, in Calcutta in 1931.
Their life together started in Assam. As they moved around they undertook many adventurous expeditions, often in remote mountainous areas and including a visit to Tibet. They also had one or two longer stays in established settlements. For Eleanor Bor, four years in Dehradun were mainly spent writing and drawing as she and her husband did not enjoy the social life of a British hill station. During this time they twice went to Lahaul "journeying deep into the mountains over high passes to the snowline" on ponies, and Bor wrote three books, apparently never published. She sketched in many different locations and carried crayons on her travels.
When they went home on leave they travelled through other parts of India, Malaya, Hong Kong and the USA. They returned to live in the UK in 1946, and a few years later Bor's book was very well received. Reviews praised the energy and vividness of the writing as well as the quality of the author's drawings included in the book. Her originality was emphasised by critics, as was her sympathetic interest in the local people in the different places she went to.
Norman Bor named a grass he discovered after her: Poa eleanorae Bor She described it as an "emaciated, wizened looking affair, apparently of intense interest to a botanist".
At the end of her life she had a "distressing" illness and her husband nursed her until her death in 1957. Her ashes were scattered in the azalea garden at Kew Gardens, like her husband's after her.
# Arthonia radiata

Arthonia radiata, the asterisk lichen, is a common and widepspread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae.

## Taxonomy

Arthonia radiata is the type species of the genus Arthonia. It was first formally described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794, who called it Opegrapha radiata. Erik Acharius transferred it to the genus Arthonia in 1808. It has been known by many names in its lengthy taxonomic history.
The genome of Arthonia radiata has been sequenced and assembled. The draft genome is approximately 33.5 megabases in size, contains 6,931 annotated genes, and consists of 16.65% repeat sequences, predominantly LTR elements.

## Description

Arthonia radiata is a crustose lichen with an immersed thallus, often separated from its surroundings by a thin brown line. The thallus is typically pale, ranging from white to pale grey, sometimes with a brown or olive tinge, and often forms a mosaic-like pattern on its substrate. Its reproductive structures, called apothecia, are black and can appear in various shapes—rounded, star-like (stellate), or elongated. These apothecia can measure between 0.15 and 2.2 mm across, and are usually flat or slightly convex. They lack a frosted appearance, often referred to as being non-pruinose.
Under a microscope, the apothecia have a thin epithecium (the upper layer) that is brown or olive-brown, reacting to certain chemical tests by turning pale green. The internal structure includes a clear hymenium (spore-producing layer) and a hypothecium (the layer beneath) that is also colourless to pale olive-brown. The paraphysoids (sterile filaments within the hymenium) are narrow, 1–2 μm wide, but can expand to 3 μm, and they are often capped with darker brown tips.
Arthonia radiata produces spores that are cylindric-obovoid to cylindrical, with 3 internal walls (septa) dividing the spore into 4 cells. These ascospores measure between 15 and 20 μm long and 4.5 to 6 μm wide, and the uppermost cell is not enlarged. While its asexual reproductive structures, pycnidia, are rare, they are immersed in the thallus and black, with a pale green reaction in chemical tests. These structures release small, rod-like conidia (asexual spores), about 4–5 μm long.
No secondary metabolites, often used to identify lichen species, have been detected in Arthonia radiata using thin-layer chromatography.

## Habitat and distribution

Arthonia radiata is a widespread and common species. It grows on the smooth bark of many trees and shrubs.

## Species interactions

Lichenicolous fungi that have been recorded growing on Arthonia radiata include Muellerella polyspora, Stigmidium arthoniae, and an undescribed species of Opegrapha.
# Ali Kandi, Showt

Ali Kandi (Persian: علي كندي, also Romanized as ʿAlī Kandī) is a village in Yowla Galdi Rural District, in the Central District of Showt County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 8 families.
# Kardama

Kardama (Sanskrit: कर्दम, romanized: Kardama) is a character featured in Hindu literature. A son of the creator god Brahma, Kardama is described to be a prajapati, one of the progenitors of creation. After propitiating Vishnu and seeking his counsel for a suitable wife, he marries Devahuti, one of the daughters of the first man, Manu. He becomes the father of nine daughters by her, as well as one son, the sage Kapila.

## Legend

According to the Bhagavata Purana, Brahma is said to have instructed his son Kardama to procreate. Kardama went to the Bindusaras ashrama located at the banks of the river Sarasvati, whereupon he commenced a tapas that lasted ten thousand years to please Vishnu. Propitiated, Vishnu appeared before Kardama, who requested the deity to grant him a wife with whom he could sire children. Vishnu promised him that two days thence, Svayambhu Manu and his wife, Shatarupa, would offer their daughter Devahuti to him for his wife. He further stated that his wife would bear him nine daughters, all of whom would marry sages, and that a portion of himself would be born to him as his son. When the marriage was proposed by the couple, Kardama agreed on the condition that he would become a renunciant after the birth of their children. Following their wedding, Devahuti served her husband with great devotion and non-attachment, to the extent that she became emaciated. When Kardama praised her qualities, she grew emboldened to remind him of his agreement to grant her children, and also asked that he arrange for a suitable dwelling.
Employing his powers accrued through yoga, Kardama created a vimana, an aerial palace capable of flying wherever he willed it. With Devahuti, he travelled the world, visiting a number of gardens and heavenly sites for their pleasure. After they returned to his ashrama, they engaged in intercourse for a hundred autumns. Kardama is described to have divided himself into nine parts as he deposited his seed within her. On the very same day, Devahuti gave birth to nine daughters: Kalā, Anasuya, Shraddha, Havirbhu, Gati, Kriya, Khyati, Arundhati, and Shanti. She grew saddened by the prospect of her husband leaving her and the fact that her daughters would have to seek worthy husbands for themselves. When she requested Kardama to grant her freedom from fear and samsara, he informed her that Vishnu would soon be born as her son, and that the deity would enlighten her in this regard.
Vishnu was born to the couple as Kapila, whose birth was accompanied by auspicious signs and miracles. Nine great sages and Brahma himself arrived to venerate Kapila. These nine sages, namely, Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Bhrigu, Vashistha, and Atharvan, called upon Kardama, who gave his daughters in marriage to them. He left Kapila in the care of Devahuti and took their leave, renouncing the world.
# Benjamin Attahir

Benjamin Attahir (born 25 February 1989 in Toulouse) is a French composer, violinist and conductor. He studied at Conservatoire de Toulouse, at the Conservatoire à Rayonnement Régional de Paris [fr] under Édith Canat de Chizy and at the Conservatoire de Paris itself.
He studied the violin under Ami Flammer.
Attahir made three short plays for marionettes by Maurice Maeterlinck, La Mort de Tintagiles, Intérieur and Alladine et Palomides, into an opera entitled Le Silence des ombres, premiered at La Monnaie in Brussels in September 2019.
On 21 February 2020, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a concert including his Al Asr string quartet (2017), performed by the Arod Quartet, recorded at Perth Concert Hall, Scotland in 2018.
Attahir has also put to music W. B. Yeats's poem 'The song of wandering Aengus'.
# Gianduja (commedia dell'arte)

Gianduja (Italian:; Piedmontese: Giandoja) is one of the masks of the Italian commedia dell'arte, typically representing the town of Turin (and Piedmont in general). Gianduja also became the namesake for a Piedmontese chocolate preparation. The mask depicts an honest peasant of Piedmontese country land, with a certain inclination for wine (particularly Brachetto d'Acqui), gastronomy and beautiful girls, while strictly faithful to his lover Giacometta, who is usually represented by a cute girl.

## Origins

The character is believed to have originated as Gironi da Crina (in Ligurian) or Geralmo della Scrofa (in Italian), c. 1630 in Genoa. In the early 19th century, a puppeteer by the name of Giovanni Battista Sales got into trouble with the authorities who did not appreciate his sarcastic humor or the fact that the character had the same first name as a brother of Napoleon, who had invaded the region. Sales fled to Callianetto, a hamlet of Castell'Alfero, east of Turin and just north of Asti, and changed the name of the character to the Piedmontese Gioann dla Doja (later Giandoja and Piedmontenize as Gianduja), which means something like "John of the Jug" (with doja meaning "tankard" or "beer mug", as the character was fond of drinking).

## Characteristics

In the commedia dell'arte, Gianduja is a fond drinker and a very lecherous character, and Giacometta, his lover, always becomes jealous of him. Personality-wise, he always has a happy humour. He is dressed (in the usual version) with a tricorn hat and a brown jacket with red borders.
The character of Gianduja was created as a glove puppet but later became a marionette and then a live character portrayed by an actor. He is now Turin's official "king of the Carnival".

## Influences

The character inspired the name of gianduja, a paste of chocolate and hazelnut typical of Turin.
# Leroy Moore (coach)

Leroy G. Moore Jr. (October 4, 1923 – January 15, 2012) was an American college football, college basketball, and track and field coach and university professor and administrator. He served as the head football coach at Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical & Normal College Arkansas (AM&N)—now known as the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff—from 1953 to 1956, compiling a record of 9–26–5.
Moore was born on October 23, 1923, in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He attended public school in Langston, Oklahoma and then played football and basketball at Langston University on teams coached by Caesar Felton Gayles. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Langston and received a Master of Arts in physical education from Colorado State College of Education at Greeley—now known as University of Northern Colorado. He was an assistant football coach and head track coach at Douglass High School in Oklahoma City. Moore was hired as the head football coach at AM&N in 1953, succeeding Roland K. Bernard. He was also the head basketball coach at Arkansas AM&N before resigning in 1956 to take the same post at Prairie View A&M College of Texas—now known as Prairie View A&M University. At Prairie View, he also coached the track team and was an assistant professor in the department of physical education. He received a Doctor of Education degree from Colorado State—Greeley in 1968. Moore stepped down as basketball coach at Prairie View in 1969 to return to Arkansas AM&N as dean of students.
Moore died on January 15, 2012.

## Head coaching record
### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Arkansas AM&N Golden Lions (Southwest Athletic Conference) (1953–1956) ||||||
| 1953 | Arkansas AM&N | 3–5–2 | 2–3–1 | 4th |
| 1954 | Arkansas AM&N | 2–7–2 | 1–5 | 6th |
| 1955 | Arkansas AM&N | 2–8 | 2–5 | T–5th |
| 1956 | Arkansas AM&N | 2–6–1 | 0–5–1 | T–6th |
| Arkansas AM&N: | Arkansas AM&N: | 9–26–5 | 5–18–2 | |
| Total: | Total: | 9–26–5 | | |
# Prapreče, Trbovlje

Prapreče (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Trbovlje in central Slovenia. A small part of the settlement also lies in the neighbouring Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
The local church is dedicated to Saint Agnes (Slovene: sveta Neža) and belongs to the Parish of Zagorje ob Savi. It was rebuilt in the 19th century on the site of an earlier building.
# Saraqib SC

Saraqib SC, also known as Sarakeb (Arabic: نادي سراقب الرياضي), is a Syrian football club based in the town of Saraqib.
The team was founded in 1980 and now playing in 1st Division in Syrian liberated areas.

## Stadium

Currently the team plays at the Sarakeb Stadium.
# Deh Mian, Manujan

Deh Mian (Persian: ده ميان, also Romanized as Deh Mīān) is a village in Bajgan Rural District, Aseminun District, Manujan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 286, in 67 families.
# Jumman Lusai

Jumman Lusai (Bengali: জুম্মন লুসাই; 12 August 1955 – 18 January 2015) was a Bangladeshi field hockey player who represented the Bangladesh national field hockey team. He is considered to be one of the greatest hockey players to have represented Bangladesh and was also selected in the World XI hockey team in 1989.

## Career

Jumman began his hockey career with Police AC in the First Division Hockey League in 1978. He was eventually selected in the Bangladesh national hockey team for the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, India.
Jumman joined Abahani Limited in 1985, and won the top-division hockey league in both 1989 and 1993.
In 1985, during the 1985 Hockey Asia Cup held in Dhaka, he made history as the first Bangladeshi to score a hat-trick in international hockey, scoring all three goals from penalty corners against Iran. Bangladesh won the encounter 3–1. The following year, he represented Bangladesh in the 1986 Asian Games. He retired from international duty following his participation in the 1989 Hockey Asia Cup.
Jumman is the only Bangladeshi hockey player who had the fortune of playing in the World XI in 1989.
He played in the domestic league with Abahani until 1996, and eventually took up coaching duty at the club following his retirement. He was also involved with football, and was the head coach of Sylhet's Chaturanga JS at the 2000 National Football League.

## Personal life

Jumman comes from a sporting family with six brothers and one sister. His brother, Thanglura Lusai, played both hockey and football for the Bangladesh Police and major clubs in Sylhet, and was also part of the East Pakistan team. Chemam Lusai, the third eldest, and Jaudua Lusai, the fourth eldest, played for various football and hockey clubs in Sylhet. Chemam was also a football coach at Sylhet's Eleven Star Club, a club with deep connections to his family.
The youngest brother, Joubel Lusai, was an archery coach and passed away on 3 March 2022. His elder brother, Dandan Lusai played hockey for Bangladesh Police and represented Bangladesh at the 1982 Asian Games. Their only sister, Marian Chowdhury, was a notable athlete in Sylhet and later served as the General Editor of the Sylhet Divisional Organization and the District Women's Sports Association.
His cousin Rama Lusai represented both the Bangladesh national hockey team and Bangladesh national football team in the lae 70s.

## Death

On 18 January 2015, Jumman died while undergoing treatment at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. He was reported to have suffered both a brain stroke and a cardiac arrest. His funeral was held in his home district of Sylhet. Jumman left behind a wife and three children residing in Mizoram, India.

## Honours

Abahani Limited Dhaka
* First Division Hockey League/Premier Division Hockey League: 1989, 1993
Individual
* 2011 − National Sports Awards.
# Yuri Skvortsov

Yuri Alexandrovich Skvortsov (Russian: Юрий Александрович Скворцов) (20 February 1929 in Moscow – 1998) was a Soviet ski jumper who competed in the late 1950s. He won the 1955-6 Four Hills Tournament event at Bischofshofen.
He is buried at Kuntsevo Cemetery in Moscow.
# Jiu Bridge

45°2′33″N 23°16′1″E﻿ / ﻿45.04250°N 23.26694°E﻿ / 45.04250; 23.26694
Jiu Bridge (Romanian: Podul Jiului) is a historic truss bridge across the Jiu River. It consisted of five arches mounted on pillars and connected two parts of the city of Târgu Jiu, Romania, where the streets Unirii and Calea Severinului meet.
At the end of the 20th century, three of the original five arches have been moved one kilometer north from their initial location, to form a shorter bridge that connects Târgu Jiu Central park with an artificial island on the Jiu river.

## History

The bridge was built in 1896 by the company Daydé & Pillé of Paris (now part of Eiffel Constructions métalliques).
During World War I, on October 14/27, 1916, heavy fighting took place for the control of the bridge between the German Alpen Korps of general Falkenhayn and Romanian military forces assisted by the local population.

## Image gallery

* Jiu Bridge at the turn of the 20th century.
* Daydé & Pillé name plate
* The remaining two arches of the bridge
# Daşkəsən (settlement)

Daşkəsən (Azerbaijani: Daşkəsən qəsəbə) is a settlement and municipality in the Dashkasan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 823. The municipality consists of the settlement of Daşkəsən and the village of Aşağı Daşkəsən.
# Ahmad Muhammad Al-Khatib

Ahmad Muhammad Al-Khatib (Arabic: أحمد محمد الخطيب; 1927 – 6 March 2022) was a Kuwaiti politician. A founder of the Arab Nationalist Movement and the Kuwait Democratic Forum, he served in the National Assembly from 1963 to 1965, 1971 to 1976, and 1985 to 1996. He died in Kuwait City on 6 March 2022, at the age of 95.
# Wonohaquaham

Wonohaquaham, also known as Sagamore John, was a Native American leader who was a Pawtucket Confederation Sachem when English began to settle in the area.

## Early life

Wonohaquaham was the oldest son of Nanepashemet and the Squaw Sachem of Mistick. A few years after his father's death, Wonohaquaham became sachem of Mishawum, which consisted of the land near the Mystic River, including present-day Chelsea, Charlestown, Malden, Everett, Revere, Somerville, Woburn, and Stoneham as well as parts of Medford, Cambridge, Arlington, and Reading. He resided in Rumney Marsh (now known as Chelsea). In 1631, Thomas Dudley wrote that Wonohaquaham led around 30 or 40 followers and that they moved locations often.

## Relationship with English colonists

Wonohaquaham was described as having a "gentle and good disposition" towards the English. In 1627, he gave them permission to settle in Charlestown. He was known to warn the colonists of impending attacks by unfriendly Indians. As early as 1631, Wonohaquaham, who was called Sagamore John by the colonists, spoke English wore English clothing, lived in English-style housing, and showed interest in Christianity. According to Dudley, this resulted in Wonohaquaham receiving the "scoffes of the Indians". Edward Howes wrote that he had "greate hopes" that Wonohaquaham become "civilized and a christian", however, Wonohaquaham chose to remain with the Pawtucket rather than joining the settlers. Wonohaquaham attempted to use the English court system to resolve disputes with mixed results. Many cases never made it to court, however in 1631 he received seven yards of cloth from Richard Saltonstall and fifty shillings sterling from Saltonstall's servant after the servant burnt two Pawtucket wigwams.

## Death

On or just before December 2, 1633, Wonohaquaham and thirty of his people died of smallpox, part of an outbreak that had also killed Massachusett sachem Chickatawbut the previous month, and would go on to devastate the native population of Piscataqua. Prior to his death, Wonohaquaham asked Reverend John Wilson to raise his two sons (only one of which survived the outbreak) and teach them of the Christian faith. He left his wampum and personal items to his mother and his land on Powder Horn Hill in Chelsea to his son. He also left gifts for John Winthrop and other colonists.
In 1888, workers in West Medford discovered the remains of 18 Native Americans, which were believed at the time to be those of Wonohaquaham and some of his followers. A 10 foot high monument was erected near the site in what is now known as Sagamore Park. However, John Winthrop's report of Wonohaquaham's death suggests that he was cared for during his final days and buried by Samuel Maverick of Winnesimmet, current day Chelsea, Massachusetts. In contrast, Wonohaquaham's father Nanepashemet was known to have been killed in a siege of his palisade fort in 1617 in Medford, where his burial site was discovered in 1621 by Edward Winslow. As such, Sagamore Park may be Nanepashemet's final resting place and not Wonohaquaham's.