OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Plouyé

Plouyé (French pronunciation:; Breton: Plouie "Parish of Ia") is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Plouyé are called in French Plouyéziens.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 1,310 | — |
| 1800 | 1,753 | +4.25% |
| 1806 | 1,710 | −0.41% |
| 1821 | 1,580 | −0.53% |
| 1831 | 1,940 | +2.07% |
| 1836 | 1,990 | +0.51% |
| 1841 | 1,998 | +0.08% |
| 1846 | 2,028 | +0.30% |
| 1851 | 2,135 | +1.03% |
| 1856 | 2,040 | −0.91% |
| 1861 | 2,053 | +0.13% |
| 1866 | 2,071 | +0.17% |
| 1872 | 1,936 | −1.12% |
| 1876 | 1,989 | +0.68% |
| 1881 | 1,913 | −0.78% |
| 1886 | 1,972 | +0.61% |
| 1891 | 2,031 | +0.59% |
| 1896 | 2,086 | +0.54% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 2,272 | +1.72% |
| 1906 | 2,243 | −0.26% |
| 1911 | 2,323 | +0.70% |
| 1921 | 2,223 | −0.44% |
| 1926 | 2,195 | −0.25% |
| 1931 | 1,960 | −2.24% |
| 1936 | 1,789 | −1.81% |
| 1946 | 1,670 | −0.69% |
| 1954 | 1,423 | −1.98% |
| 1962 | 1,241 | −1.70% |
| 1968 | 1,048 | −2.78% |
| 1975 | 958 | −1.27% |
| 1982 | 836 | −1.93% |
| 1990 | 726 | −1.75% |
| 1999 | 675 | −0.81% |
| 2007 | 718 | +0.77% |
| 2012 | 724 | +0.17% |
| 2017 | 674 | −1.42% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Pogibi

52°13′21″N 141°39′03″E﻿ / ﻿52.22250°N 141.65083°E﻿ / 52.22250; 141.65083
Pogibi (Russian: Погиби) is a rural locality (a selo) in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is located at Cape Pogibi, the closest point on the island of Sakhalin to the Russian mainland, only 7.5 km across the Strait of Nevelskoy at this point.

## Transport

During the years 1950–53, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin began construction of a tunnel linking Sakhalin with the mainland, with its western (mainland) portal at Cape Lazarev and its eastern (island) portal at Pogibi. The project would have also entailed building a railway connecting Pogibi with the settlement of Pobedino in central Sakhalin, which at the time was the northernmost extent of the Sakhalin Railway. Construction stopped after Stalin's death, without any new track having built on Sakhalin; however the island's rail system was later extended northwards to Nogliki and Okha.
There have recently been new proposals to build either a bridge or a tunnel to connect the railway systems of the mainland and Sakhalin, which again would enter the island via Cape Pogibi. Should the railway systems be connected by this bridge, the narrow gauge (1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)) tracks on the island would be converted to the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge of the mainland.

## Climate

Climate data for Pogibi :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.5 (77.9) | 27.3 (81.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 17.6 (63.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | 3.4 (38.1) | 27.3 (81.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) | −13.0 (8.6) | −6.1 (21.0) | 0.9 (33.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 13.6 (56.5) | 17.7 (63.9) | 18.9 (66.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | −3.8 (25.2) | −12.2 (10.0) | 2.6 (36.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −18.5 (−1.3) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −11.7 (10.9) | −3.1 (26.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 10.1 (50.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | −6.7 (19.9) | −15.8 (3.6) | −1.1 (30.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.4 (−8.3) | −22.7 (−8.9) | −16.6 (2.1) | −6.4 (20.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | 7.5 (45.5) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | 1.8 (35.2) | −9.5 (14.9) | −19.3 (−2.7) | −4.3 (24.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.0 (−47.2) | −40.7 (−41.3) | −37.0 (−34.6) | −28.3 (−18.9) | −10.6 (12.9) | −1.9 (28.6) | 2.2 (36.0) | −1.5 (29.3) | −3.0 (26.6) | −17.2 (1.0) | −29.4 (−20.9) | −41.0 (−41.8) | −44.0 (−47.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26 (1.0) | 21 (0.8) | 28 (1.1) | 27 (1.1) | 44 (1.7) | 55 (2.2) | 59 (2.3) | 78 (3.1) | 70 (2.8) | 65 (2.6) | 32 (1.3) | 29 (1.1) | 534 (21.1) |
| Source: pogoda.ru.net ||||||||||||||
# Emem Edem

Emem Edem (born 15 October 1983) is a retired Nigerian sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.
She finished fifth in the 100 metres at the 1999 World Youth Championships, and also competed in the 200 metres there. On the regional scene she finished sixth in the 100 metres and won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2003 All-Africa Games.
# Cheshmeh Qassaban

Cheshmeh Qassaban (Persian: چشمه قصابان, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Qaşşābān, Chashmeh Qaşbān, and Cheshmeh Qaşaban) is a village in Alvandkuh-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Hamadan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 608, in 151 families.
# Karonga District

Karonga is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The district covers an area of 3,355 km.² and has a population of 365,028. It is a border district between Malawi and Tanzania's Mbeya Region's Kyela District and is mainly occupied by the Tumbuka and Nkhonde tribes.
Karonga District is the main border from Tanzania into Malawi, and the chief town is Karonga Boma.

## Economics

Over the last few years, there has been much development in the region due to the discovery of uranium at the Kayelekera mine, which officially opened in 2009, and many of the previously gravelled roads have been laid with tarmac.

## Tourism

There are many hotels and guesthouses in Karonga, along the shore of Lake Malawi. There is a museum - Karonga museum, at the Karonga centre which attracts more visitors and is located near Karonga ESCOM Office.

## Government and administrative divisions

There are five National Assembly constituencies in Karonga:
* Karonga - Central
* Karonga - North
* Karonga - North West
* Karonga - Nyungwe
* Karonga - South
Since the 2009 election Karonga Nyungwe has been represented by an AFORD politician, and the other seats are held by members of the Democratic Progressive Party.
The traditional authorities are Wasambo, Kyungu, Mwakaboko, Kilipula, Mwirang'ombe and the central township of Karonga Boma.

## Demographics
### Ethnic groups

At the time of the 2018 Census of Malawi, the distribution of the population of Karonga District by ethnic group was as follows:
* 41.7% Tumbuka
* 38.0% Nkhonde
* 3.3% Sukwa
* 2.5% Lambya
* 2.5% Chewa
* 0.9% Ngoni
* 0.5% Tonga
* 0.5% Yao
* 0.4% Lomwe
* 0.1% Sena
* 0.1% Mang'anja
* 9.5% Others

### Languages

The main languages of the northern part of Karonga District are Nyakyusa, and the like of Lusako names are of Nyakyusa and Kyangonde (closely related to Nyakyusa). In the south, Tumbuka is spoken, and in the centre, including Karonga town itself, Chinkhonde (a dialect of Kyangonde heavily influenced by Tumbuka). There are some pockets of Swahili speakers along the border with Tanzania, and a few speakers of Chindali, Chimambwe, and Chisukwa along the border with Chitipa District.

## Cities and towns

* Karonga (capital)
* Chilumba
* Nyungwe

## Notable Malawians from Karonga

* Geoffrey Du Mhango
* Bazuka Mhango
* Temwa Nyirenda
* Roselyn Msowoya
* Richard Msowoya
* Khwawuli Msiska
* Kampunga Mwafulirwa
* Frank Mwenefumbo
* Russell Mwafulirwa
* Etiken Mwafulirwa
* Yatuta Chisiza
* Kyungu
* Wasambo
# Xyrospondylus

Xyrospondylus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids belonging to the Edaphosauridae. The type species, X. ecordi, was named in 1982; it was originally named as a species of Edaphosaurus in 1957.
It lived during the Pennsylvanian (Missourian) in Kansas and possibly also Colorado and the holotype is known from a single cervical vertebra found in the Stanton Formation. A second specimen, consisting of a fragmentary pelvis, is also known. A third specimen, known from Colorado, is known, but it probably does not pertain to Xyrospondylus.
# Abdulvahab Salamzadeh

Abdul Vahab Rahim oglu Salamzadeh (Azerbaijani: Əbdülvahab Rəhim oğlu Salamzadə, Russian: Абдул Вагаб Рагим оглы Саламзаде; February 16, 1916 – August 19, 1983), was a Soviet-Azerbaijani art critic, architect, doctor of art history, and academician. He had served as the deputy director of the Institute of Architecture and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijani SSR, and head of the department of history and theory of architecture in the same institute, and received the title of Honoured Builder of the Azerbaijan SSR.

## Early life

Abdul Vahab Rahim oglu Salamzadeh was born on 16 February 1916, in the city of Shamakhi in Azerbaijan, which was then part of the Russian Empire. From an early age, he was interested in art and construction, and showed great interest in historical and architectural monuments in Azerbaijan.

## Career

Abdul Salamzadeh was one of the first people to study the architectural history of Azerbaijan. He was instrumental in the study of Nakhchivan and Shirvan architectural schools, in the scientific identification of Tabriz and Arran architectural schools, and in their discovery.
Salamzadeh's activity was not limited to scientific and theoretical creativity. Throughout his life, he travelled around the regions of Azerbaijan, got acquainted with the condition of historical monuments, took part in their sizing and restoration sketches. Salamzadeh was appointed deputy chairman of the Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of Azerbaijan in 1962. He personally participated in the restoration of architectural monuments. Among them are the mausoleums of Momine Khatun and Yusif ibn Kuseyir in Nakhichevan. In 1982, a mausoleum based on a project of Salamzadeh and Elbrus Kanukov was erected over the grave of the prominent Azerbaijani poet Molla Panah Vagif in Shusha. Salamzadeh was also a lecturer at the Azerbaijan State University; he supervised graduate students at the Institute of Architecture and Art, and was a member of the Board and the Presidium of the Union of Architects of the Azerbaijani SSR.
In different years, Salamzadeh authored Monuments Speak, Architectural monuments of Azerbaijan, Ajami Nakhchivani, Monuments along the Araz and many other books. His most fundamental work is considered History of Architecture of Azerbaijan, co-authored with Mikayil Huseynov and Leonid Bretanitsky, published in Russian. He was also the first researcher of the history of urban planning in Azerbaijan, studying the urban culture of cities such as Shusha and Shaki.

## Death

Abdul Salamzadeh died on 19 August 1983, in Baku, which was then capital of the Azerbaijani SSR.

## Legacy

There is a street named after Salamzadeh in Baku.

## Notable works

* «История архитектуры Азербайджана»;
* «Архитектура Азербайджана XVI—XIX вв.»;
* «Жилые здания Азербайджана XVIII—XIX вв.»;
* «Памятники азербайджанского зодчество»;
* «Мавзолеи Азербайджана XII—XV вв. как памятники мемориальной архитектуры»;
* «Очерки истории архитектуры Советского Азербайджана»;
* «Развитие архитектуры в Азербайджанской ССР».
# Nelson Venkatesan

Nelson Venkatesan is an Indian film director, who has directed Tamil language films. He rose to fame through the romantic drama Oru Naal Koothu (2016), and has gone on to make feature films including the comedy drama Monster (2019) and the thriller drama Farhana (2023).

## Career

Nelson began his career in the radio industry, where he worked for ten years, before making his first feature film, Oru Naal Koothu (2016). The romantic drama, focused on modern day marriages, starred a relative rookie cast of Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George and Nivetha Pethuraj in the lead roles. Upon release, the film won critical acclaim, with a reviewer from The Deccan Chronicle noting "the movie has an engaging screenplay, powerful dialogues backed by intense performances and alluring music". The Hindu later listed it as one of the best films from Tamil cinema in 2016. Nelson then made Monster, a comedy featuring S. J. Surya in the lead role, which told the tale of a mouse entering a household. He was then attached to the Tamil remake of the Telugu film Jersey during 2019, with a proposed cast of Vishnu Vishal and Amala Paul, but the project was later stalled.
His third film Farhana (2023), starring Aishwarya Rajesh in the lead role, opened to critical acclaim. A reviewer from The Week noted "Nelson Venkatesan's Farhana is like a breath of fresh air; a masterful narrative that weaves together the elements of mystery, intrigue, and psychological suspense, with a silken thread of emotion". Despite protests from Islamic pressure groups during the release of the film, Venkatesan maintained that he did not misuse the lead character's "Islamic background for easy narrative pleasures".

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Film | Notes |
| 2016 | Oru Naal Koothu | |
| 2019 | Monster | |
| 2023 | Farhana | |
| 2024 | DNA | Announced on 11-Oct-2023 |
# Lipovac (Aleksinac)

Lipovac (Serbian: Липовац) is a village in the municipality of Aleksinac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 418 people.
# Liplje Monastery

The Liplje Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Липље, romanized: Manastir Liplje) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery dedicated to the Annunciation and located in the Municipality of Teslić in northern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It stands at the widest part of a narrow gorge through which a little river named Bistrica flows. The earliest mention of the monastery is found in a chronicle dated to the second half of the 15th century. During the 17th century, the monks of Liplje were active in transcribing religious books.
At some point during the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the monastery was burned down by the Ottomans. Surviving monks fled north across the Sava River and found refuge in the Orahovica Monastery in Slavonia. They brought with them a number of their manuscript books, which thus became part of the Orahovica library.
Unlike the nearby Stuplje Monastery, Liplje was not razed to the ground. Its church was partially repaired so that it could serve as the parish church for the surrounding area. After Ottoman authorities permitted it, the church was restored between 1867 and 1879. The works were mostly funded through donations by the Serb population of the area. Remains of the church's old frescoes were carefully collected and buried beside its wall. In 1922, a bell tower was added at its western side. Almost three hundred years after the monastic community ceased to exist at the church, the Liplje Monastery was re-established in 1965. It was renovated in the 1980s, when the bell tower was removed.
# Flêtre

Flêtre (French pronunciation:; from Dutch: Vleteren) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Bertenacre Military Cemetery, a British military cemetery with casualties from both world wars, is located three kilometers north of Flêtre.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Flêtre | The arms of Flêtre are blazoned : Argent, 3 demi-fleurs de lys gules. |
# Tommaso Marchesi

Tommaso Marchesi (Italian pronunciation:; March 7, 1773 – June 6, 1852) was an Italian composer.
Marchesi was born in Lisbon, but studied music at Bologna, where in 1808 he founded the Accademia dei Filarmonica.
* This article about an Italian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Bayt ʽIdhaqah

Bayt ʽIdhaqah (Arabic: بيت عذاقة Bayt ʽIdhāqah) is a large village in 'Amran Governorate, Yemen, and the seat of Maswar District. It is the district's largest village and its principal market, with a souk meeting on Thursdays.

## Name

According to the 10th-century writer Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani, Bayt ‘Idhaqah is named after ‘Udhāqah b. Maswar b. ‘Amr b. Ma‘dī Karib al-Shammarī, of the tribe of Himyar. Many surrounding locations are said to derive their names from relatives of ‘Idhaqah. Robert T.O. Wilson spelled the name as Bayt ‘Udhaqah, but the name is "today universally pronounced ‘Idhaqah."

## History

Although the name is mentioned by al-Hamdani in the 10th century, Bayt ‘Idhaqah does not seem to have become a major settlement until the early modern period; it is not mentioned in other historical sources until the early 1600s. the jews in bayt idhaqah was important community. in the 20th century was Rabbi Israel Ozeri (in Hebrew ישראל עוזרי ) chief judge for jews and arabs.
# Irene Young Mattox

Irene Young Mattox (Dec. 31, 1881 – June 20, 1970) and her husband Judge Perry Mattox were very active in Churches of Christ in Texas and Oklahoma. In 1927 she gave a presentation titled "A Christian Woman's Responsibility", which addressed the issues of women being silent in the church, and that they should be able and prepared to preach and teach other women in the church. She spearheaded the teaching of women's Bible classes.
Irene Young was a schoolteacher in Greenville, Texas, and after her marriage to Perry Mattox in 1904 they moved around Texas and Oklahoma, eventually settling in Bristow, Oklahoma. She and her husband established four active Churches of Christ congregations, two in Texas and two in Oklahoma, all of which began in their home.
During her life, Irene Young Mattox organized and served as the president of Oklahoma City's Big Sisters, founded and served as the president of the Oklahoma Parent-Teacher Association, and was the president of the Federated Bible Club. She also strongly supported Christian higher-education, and helped to establish three different women's organizations to raise support for Christian schools. The organizations are: Stepping Stones at Oklahoma Christian College, Associated Women of Pepperdine, and Lubbock Christian College Associations. She has been recognized for her work in several different ways. In 1963 James O. Baird, the president of Oklahoma Christian College, presented her with a plaque to honor her work with Christian Colleges; in 1967 the Stepping Stones dedicated their cookbook to her; in 1968 she received the annual Christian Services Award from Pepperdine University; and in 1969 20th Century Christian presented her with their "Woman of the Year" award.
Her son F. W. Mattox was the founding president of Lubbock Christian University, and her daughter Helen Mattox Young was the first lady of Pepperdine University as wife of president M. Norvel Young.
# Borughan

Borughan (Persian: بروغن, also Romanized as Borūghan) is a village in Mehr Rural District, Bashtin District, Davarzan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 238, in 66 families.
# 1968 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 1968 in Afghanistan.
In domestic affairs the year is marked by a thorough overhaul of the judicial system by the new Supreme Court; this involves reorganizing the powers and functions of the lower courts in line with the requirements of the constitution. In economic affairs the policies laid down in 1967 for encouraging investors in the private sector by substantial inducements - tax holidays, free import of capital goods, and protective tariffs – are continued. Government investment is again directed to the completion of projects begun under the second development plan and to the encouragement of heavy industry. The emphasis is again on consolidation rather than on beginning new projects, and on the gradual replacement of foreign aid by increased exploitation of national resources.

## Incumbents

* Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah
* Prime Minister - Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi

## End of January 1968

The Soviet Premier, Alexei Kosygin, visits Kabul. The visit is brief, and appears to imply no more than a continuation of the already substantial Soviet aid to heavy industry and communications.

## May 7–11, 1968

French Prime Minister Georges Pompidou pays a visit to Afghanistan.
# Zhukiv

Zhukiv (Ukrainian: Жуків) may refer to the following places in Ukraine:
* Zhukiv, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
* Zhukiv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, a village in Shepetivka Raion, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
* Zhukiv, Lviv Oblast, a village in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast
* Zhukiv, Ternopil Oblast, a village in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast
# Babalı, Khachmaz

41°30′N 48°52′E﻿ / ﻿41.500°N 48.867°E﻿ / 41.500; 48.867
Bəbəli (also, Babali, Bebeli, and Babaly) is a village in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Khaspoladoba.
# St. Mary Square, Timișoara

St. Mary Square (Romanian: Piața Sfânta Maria) is a small square in Timișoara, located in the Iosefin district, at the intersection of 16 December 1989 Boulevard (former Carol I Boulevard) and Gheorghe Doja Street (former General Gheorghe Domășnean Street). It is part of the urban site Old Iosefin, classified as a historic monument. According to local tradition, Gheorghe Doja, the leader of the peasant uprising of 1514, was martyred here. Also here took place the first anti-communist demonstrations in Timișoara in 1989, demonstrations that would ignite the Romanian Revolution.
# Dizaj, Markazi

Dizaj (Persian: ديزج, also Romanized as Dīzaj; also known as Dīzak) is a village in Kharrazan Rural District, in the Central District of Tafresh County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 32 families.
# Qaranjik-e Pur Aman

Qaranjik-e Pur Aman (Persian: قرنجيك پورامان, also Romanized as Qaranjīk-e Pūr Amān; also known as Qaranjīk-e Lūrāmān) is a village in Mazraeh-ye Jonubi Rural District, Voshmgir District, Aqqala County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,065, in 197 families.
# Al-Ahrar SC

Al-Ahrar Sport Club (Arabic: نادي الأحرار الرياضي), is an Iraqi football team based in Wasit, that plays in Iraqi Second Division League.

## Managerial history

* Riyadh Sada
* Ali Radhi
* Taha Arad Jabbar
* Saad Rabeh
* Murtadha Al-Hajji
# U.S. Army hand and arm signals

Hand and arm signals for United States Army use were first established in Field Manual 21-60. They were amended in Training Circular 3-21.60.
Hand and Arm signals are one of the most common forms of communication used by United States Army soldiers or group of soldiers when a radio silence is in effect or if the soldiers need to remain undetected.
Through the use of these signals military leaders, such as team leaders, squad leaders and platoon leaders, are able to keep command and control (C2) over their particular element. All new recruits are taught to use the proper hand and arm signals found in the FM. However, it is not uncommon for units to adopt and/or create their own signals. These signals ultimately become known as SOP or standard operating procedure.
Visual signals are any means of communication that require sight and can be used to transmit prearranged messages rapidly over short distances. This includes the devices and means used for recognition and identification of friendly forces.

## Types of visual signals

There are a number of ways that visual communication can be executed. The most common types are: hand and arm signals, flags, pyrotechnic, chemical-lights and ground-to-air signals. It must be known that soldiers and units are not limited to this select list.

## Limitations

Like all other types of signals, visual signals do have their downfalls and limitations. The first limitation one can see is the range and reliability. Within this limitation, visual communication can become greatly disrupted during periods of poor visibility or when the terrain restricts clear observation. The second limitation is misunderstanding. Many units do not follow specific Army doctrine (FM), but rather adopt their own SOP's. With thousands of different units, it is highly likely that individual unit SOP's will begin to overlap and cross each other. The third limitation is that visual signals are vulnerable to enemy interception; which can allow the enemy to use signals for deception purposes.

## Signals for combat formations

Leaders of dismounted units use arm and hand signals to control the movement of individuals, teams, and squads. These signals are used by infantry and by combat support and combat service support elements organized for infantry missions.
Leaders of mounted units use arm and hand signals to control individual vehicles and platoon movement. When distances between vehicles increase, flags (wrapped and tied) can be used as an extension of the arm to give the signals. From some vehicles (for example, Bradley, M2), the arm and hand signals will be distorted.