# Thomas Robinson (composer)

Thomas Robinson (c. 1560 – c. 1610) was an English Renaissance composer and music teacher, who flourished around 1600. He taught and wrote music for lute, cittern, orpharion, bandora, viol, and voice.

## Biography

Very little is known about Robinson's life, but it is possible to draw conclusions from the dedicatory pages of his works. He and his father were in service of the Cecil family: Robinson's father worked for the 1st Earl of Salisbury, Robert Cecil, and Robinson was in the service of the 1st Earl of Exeter, Thomas Cecil, who was Robert Cecil's brother. The Cecil family fostered several artists in these days, amongst others William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons.
It was before 1589 that Robinson became Princess Anne's (1574–1619) and Queen Sophie's (1557–1631) private music teacher at Elsinore, Denmark. Princess Anne was the daughter of the King of Denmark, Frederick II (1559–1588). It is presumed that Robinson must have been in his twenties then, so that his birth can be dated back to around 1560.
The Court of Denmark, like other courts, employed many well-recognized musicians from Denmark and other countries, like England, France, Germany and the Netherlands. It is known that John Dowland – the most famous Renaissance lutenist nowadays – worked as a court lutenist in Denmark from 1598 to 1606. Besides Robinson's own mention of his employment there, no official record of it exists.
In 1603, Robinson published his first book, Medulla Musicke, of which no copy survived. It was even suggested (Ward JM, see "Literature"), that it was never published at all, although Robinson seems to be referring to it in the first pages of his second book: "Right courteous Gentlemen, and gentle Readers, your fauourable acceptance of my first fruits from idlenesse, hath eccited mee further to congratulate your Musicall endeauours." From: "The Schoole of Musicke", 1603
Also in 1603, Robinson brought out his second book, The Schoole of Musicke, a tutor for lute and other instruments. It displaced John Alford's book A Briefe and Easye Instruction from 1574 (an English translation of Adrian Le Roy's Briefve et facile instruction pour apprendre la tabulature) as the most important lute tutor in England from then on.
In 1609 Robinson's third book, New Citharen Lessons, was published. It was a cittern tutor for beginners and advanced learners.
Robinson's works for the most part consist of his own compositions. But there are also arrangements of other pieces of music, some of which are still rather popular: for instance "My Lord Willoughby's Welcome Home" (in: The Schoole of Musicke) or "Can she excuse my wrongs?" (in New Citharen Lessons) – both originally composed by John Dowland.
There is no further information available about Robinson's life after 1609.

## Works
### Medulla Musicke

Medulla Musicke (The Stationer's Company, London, 1603) was a music tutor now presumably lost. It is supposed to have included 40 canons on the then popular plainsong Miserere after arrangements by William Byrd and Alfonso Ferrabosco.

### The Schoole of Musicke

The Schoole of Musicke, (Tho. Este, London, 1603), was a tutor for lute, bandora, orpharion, viol, and singing.

#### Contents

* The Queenes good Night (for two lutes)
* Twenty waies upon the bels (for two lutes)
* Row well you Marriners
* A Galliard
* A Galliard
* A Plaine Song for 2 lutes (for two lutes)
* Grisse his delight
* Passamezzo Galliard (for two lutes)
* A Fantasie for 2 lutes (for two lutes)
* A Toy for 2 lutes (for two lutes)
* A Galliard
* Merry Melancholie
* Robinson's Riddle
* Goe from my Window
* A Toy
* A Gigue
* An Almaigne
* An Almaigne
* A Toy
* A Toy
* Robin is to the greenwood gone
* A Toy
* The Queenes Gigue
* Ut re mi fa so la: 9 sundry ways
* My Lord Willobies Welcome Home
* Bell Vedere
* The Spanish Pavin
* A Gigue
* A Gigue
* Walking in a country town
* Bony sweet boy
* A Gigue
* Lantero
* Three parts in one upon a[n old]ground
* Sweet Jesu who shall lend me wings
* A Psalme
* O Lord of whom I do depend
* O Lord thou art my righteousness
Furthermore, The Schoole of Musicke contains eight short pieces, seven of them called "A Psalme" in the chapter "Rules to instruct you to sing".

### New Citharen Lessons

New Citharen Lessons, (London, 1609), was a cittern tutor for beginners and advanced learners. It included 53 compositions, the first 47 for four-course cittern (tuned e' d' g b), pieces 48 to 53 for fourteen-course cittern (tuned e' d' g b$^b$ f d G F E D C BB$^b$ AA GG).

#### Contents

* My Lord Treasurer his Paven
* The Galliard to the Pavin before
* A Fantasie
* Wades Welfare
* Powles Carranta
* O Cupid looke about thee
* For two Citherens in the unison (A Jigge for two Citherens)
* A Ground
* Pipers Galiard
* A Psalme
* Philips Pavin
* A Galiard
* A Galiard: Can she excuse my wrongs
* A Galiard
* A Psalme
* Passamezzo Paven
* Oft I have forsworne her company
* Galliard to the Quadron Pavin
* An Almaine
* A French Toy
* Excuse me
* Robinson Idelsbie
* Shepard shoot home
* Ioan come kisse me now
* A Psalme
* Passamezzo Galiard
* The new Hunts up
* Souches March
* Whetelies wheat-sheafe
* O Hone
* An Almaine
* An Almaine
* Robinsons modicum
* An Almaine
* Farewell deare love
* Alexander Chezum his Curranta
* Robarts Request
* The Quadro Pavin
* For two Citharens
* What if a day
* Ah, alas, thou God of Gods
* Now Cupid looke about thee
* Pauuana Passamezzo
* Mr. North his Novell
* Fantasia
* Fantasia 2
* Fantasia 3
* Fantasia 4

### Others

There are some further pieces and arrangements from Thomas Robinson in other manuscripts:
* Spanish Pavan (in Add. MS 3056 (Cozens Lute Book), ca. 1595, Cambridge University Library) – a version in major
* Hay (in Dd. 9.33, 1600, Cambridge University Library)
* Pipers Galliard Jo Dowland. Tho. Robinson (in Ms. Dd. 4.23, Cambridge University Library)
* Galliard T. R. (in Ms. Dd. 4.23, Cambridge University Library)
* [The Hunt's Up] T: R. (in Ms. Dd. 4.23, Cambridge University Library)