OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ataollah Salehi

Ataollah Salehi (Persian: عطاءالله صالحی; born 9 March 1950) is the former and third commander-in-chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, serving from 2005 until 2017. He graduated before the Islamic Revolution from the Iranian Army's military academy in 1971 with the rank of Artillery Second Lieutenant of the Army's Ground Forces.
He has the direct operational command authority over the commanders of the Iranian Army's Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy and Air Defense Base.
As head of Iran's regular military, he was a member of Iran's Supreme National Security Council.

## Quotes

The enemy has gone insane and given the insane enemy's history, we should always be prepared.
The Iranian nation will observe that we will manufacture the largest destroyer and the most advanced submarines in the region. Mass production of fighter jets, the samples of which were unveiled last year (2008), and plans to manufacture vessels and submarines will be on our agenda in the new (Iranian) year (started 20 March).
# Boris Dubrovin (mathematician)

Boris Anatolievich Dubrovin (Russian: Борис Анатольевич Дубровин; 6 April 1950 – 19 March 2019) was a Russian mathematician, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1984). After his death, the Dubrovin Medal was created in his memory, and is awarded to promising researchers who make outstanding contributions to the fields of mathematical physics and geometry.

## Biography

He graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University (1972). In 1988–1993, he was Professor of the Department of Higher Geometry and Topology. Between 1990 and his death, he was Professor at Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) in Trieste, Italy.
He was also member of the Department of Geometry and Topology of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
His areas of scientific interests are: theory of integrable systems in geometry and physics, Frobenius manifolds, Gromov–Witten invariants, singularity theory, normal forms of integrable partial differential equations, Hamiltonian perturbations of hyperbolic systems, geometry of isomonodromic deformations, theta functions on Riemann surfaces, and nonlinear waves.
In 1998, he was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin.
# Zow-e Bala

Zow-e Bala (Persian: زوبالا, also Romanized as Zow-e Bālā) is a village in Hezarmasjed Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10, in 4 families.
# Valentina Zhuravlyova

Valentina Nikolayevna Zhuravlyova (Russian: Валентина Николаевна Журавлёва, July 17, 1933 – March 12, 2004) was a Soviet science fiction writer born in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Valentina Zhuravlyova was the wife of Genrich Altshuller, the inventor of TRIZ and a science fiction writer himself. They wrote many stories together, but because of anti-Semitic restrictions, they were published under the single name of Valentina Zhuravlyova.
# Vengerovka

Vengerovka (Russian: Венгеровка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Vengerovskoye Rural Settlement, Rakityansky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 829 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Vengerovka is located 20 km northeast of Rakitnoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vyshniye Peny is the nearest rural locality.
# Ledyanaya

Ledyanaya (Russian: Ледяная, meaning "Icy"), is a peak in the Koryak Mountains. Administratively it is part of the Kamchatka Krai, Russian Federation.
This 2,562 m (8,406 ft) high mountain is the highest point of the Koryak Mountains. It is a rocky peak topped by an ice cap, part of the Ukelayat Range, in the Ukelayat river basin.
# Qaziabad, Azna

Qaziabad (Persian: قاضي اباد, also Romanized as Qāẕīābād) is a village in Pachehlak-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Azna County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 169, in 34 families.
# Kazuhiro Hatakeyama

Kazuhiro Hatakeyama (畠山 和洋, Hatakeyama Kazuhiro, born September 13, 1982) is a Japanese former professional baseball infielder and current hitting coach for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He played in NPB for the Swallows from 2001 to 2019. Hatakeyama was the 2015 Central League leader in runs batted in, with 105. His retirement ceremony was conducted on September 21, 2019.

## Career

On September 13, 2019, Hatakeyama held a press conference with Shohei Tateyama confirming his retirement.
# Rzhevka, Rovensky District, Belgorod Oblast

Rzhevka (Russian: Ржевка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Rzhevskoye Rural Settlement, Rovensky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 589 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Rzhevka is located 23 km northeast of Rovenki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nagorye is the nearest rural locality.
# Nasrabad Seyyed Hatam

Nasrabad Seyyed Hatam (Persian: نصراباد سيدحاتم, also Romanized as Naşrābād Seyyed Ḩātam; also known as Naşrābād Seyyed) is a village in Fathabad Rural District, in the Central District of Qasr-e Shirin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197, in 41 families.
# Illegitimate (film)

Illegitimate (Romanian: Ilegitim) is a 2016 Romanian drama film directed by Adrian Sitaru. The film premiered at 2016 Berlin Film Festival, where it received C.I.C.A.E Award Also, the film won the Golden Arena for the Best Film (Pula, Croatia), Namur Award for the Best Screenplay and Best Actor (Adrian Titieni), and Prix Sauvage - Special Mention-Best Actress (Alina Grigore) at L’Europe autour de l’Europe, Paris. The film shows the story of two siblings, brother - Romeo Anghelescu (Robi Urs) and sister - Sasha Anghelescu (Alina Grigore), who have an incestuous love.

## Cast

* Adrian Titieni as Victor Anghelescu
* Bogdan Albulescu as Cosma Anghelescu
* Alina Grigore as Sasha Anghelescu
* Robi Urs as Romeo Anghelescu
* Cristina Olteanu as Gilda Anghelescu
* Miruna Dumitrescu Butache as Julie
* Liviu Vizitiu as Bogdan Dumitrescu
* Mihaela Perianu as Ema Nedela
* Adrian Iacov as Alex Barbu
* Anastasia Passerotti as Sânziana Casian
* Andrei Iordache as Daniel
* Gabriela Ursu as Doctor
* Liviu Florescu as Tudor
* Andreea Lascu
* Alexandra Dumitrescu
* Anamaria Antoci
# Baluchabad-e Sargorich

Baluchabad-e Sargorich (Persian: بلوچ ابادسرگريچ, also Romanized as Balūchābād-e Sargorīch; also known as Balūchābād) is a village in Mehruiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Faryab County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 216, in 43 families.
# Paul von Joukowsky

Pavel Vasilyevich Zhukovsky, generally germanised as Paul von Joukowsky (Russian: Павел Васильевич Жуковский, Пауль фон Жуковски[й]; 13 January 1845 – 26 August 1912), was a German scenic designer and writer of Russian descent.

## Life

Born in Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main), Joukowsky was the son of the Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky. During 1863–64 he undertook a Grand Tour to Rome, Naples and Bonn with Hermann Ohl [de] as Hofmeister.
He was introduced to Richard and Cosima Wagner at the Villa d'Angri near Naples on 18 January 1880. Later he accompanied them on their visits to Ravello and Siena, designed the stage clothes and four of the five sets for the Bayreuth premiere cast of Parsifal, for which he was inspired on his travels with the Wagner couple.
Joukowsky died in Weimar at the age of 67.
# Huraki

Huraki (Persian: هوركي, also Romanized as Hūrakī) is a village in Hudian Rural District, in the Central District of Dalgan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 180, in 37 families.
# DQw4w9WgXcQ

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# East Rajabazar

East Rajabazar (Bengali: পূর্ব রাজাবাজার) is a mahallah (neighborhood) in Ward 40 of Tejgaon Thana, Dhaka city, Bangladesh. According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, it had 6,195 households and a population of 29,820.
# Hydrodynamic radius

The hydrodynamic radius of a macromolecule or colloid particle is $R_{\rm {hyd}}$. The macromolecule or colloid particle is a collection of $N$ subparticles. This is done most commonly for polymers; the subparticles would then be the units of the polymer. For polymers in solution, $R_{\rm {hyd}}$ is defined by
    ${\frac {1}{R_{\rm {hyd}}}}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {1}{2N^{2}}}\left\langle \sum _{i\neq j}{\frac {1}{r_{ij}}}\right\rangle$
where $r_{ij}$ is the distance between subparticles $i$ and $j$, and where the angular brackets $\langle \ldots \rangle$ represent an ensemble average. The theoretical hydrodynamic radius $R_{\rm {hyd}}$ was originally an estimate by John Gamble Kirkwood of the Stokes radius of a polymer, and some sources still use hydrodynamic radius as a synonym for the Stokes radius.
Note that in biophysics, hydrodynamic radius refers to the Stokes radius, or commonly to the apparent Stokes radius obtained from size exclusion chromatography.
The theoretical hydrodynamic radius $R_{\rm {hyd}}$ arises in the study of the dynamic properties of polymers moving in a solvent. It is often similar in magnitude to the radius of gyration.

## Applications to aerosols

The mobility of non-spherical aerosol particles can be described by the hydrodynamic radius. In the continuum limit, where the mean free path of the particle is negligible compared to a characteristic length scale of the particle, the hydrodynamic radius is defined as the radius that gives the same magnitude of the frictional force, F$_d${\textstyle {\boldsymbol {F}}_{d}} as that of a sphere with that radius, i.e.
    ${\boldsymbol {F}}_{d}=6\pi \mu R_{hyd}{\boldsymbol {v}}$
where μ{\textstyle \mu } is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, and v{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {v}}} is the velocity of the particle. This is analogous to the Stokes' radius, however this is untrue as the mean free path becomes comparable to the characteristic length scale of the particulate - a correction factor is introduced such that the friction is correct over the entire Knudsen regime. As is often the case, the Cunningham correction factor C{\textstyle C} is used, where:
    ${\boldsymbol {F}}_{d}={\frac {6\pi \mu R_{hyd}{\boldsymbol {v}}}{C}},\quad {\text{where:}}\quad C=1+{\text{Kn}}(\alpha +\beta {\text{e}}^{\frac {\gamma }{\text{Kn}}})$,
where α, β, and γ{\textstyle \alpha , \beta , {\text{ and }}\gamma } were found by Millikan to be: 1.234, 0.414, and 0.876 respectively.
# Greyson Gunheim

Greyson Gregory Gunheim (born April 4, 1986) is an American former professional football defensive end who played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Washington.

## Early life

Prior to attending Washington Gunheim was a stand-out player at Analy High School in Sebastopol, California where he was one of the most heavily recruited players in Redwood Empire history. He was named his area's defensive player of the year by the Petaluma (Calif.) Argus Courier. He was also named to California's First-team All-state defensive team for mid-sized schools. As a senior, he rushed for 1,700 yards and 25 touchdowns, but stood out even more as a defensive lineman, he had 55 tackles and 11 sacks and helped team to a 9-3 record as a senior. He was also a member of the Analy basketball team. Gunheim is considered the greatest Tiger athlete since Chip "The Skip" Castleberry.
On June 25, 2010, he married Katie Zagroba in his hometown of Sebastopol, California.

## College career

Gunheim played in all 11 games and started the final seven in 2004 and finished the year with 16 tackles, 3.5 tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks and was named to The Sporting News 2004 Pac-10 All-Freshman team.
In 2005, he started all 11 games at defensive end led the team with 11 tackles-for-loss and tied for the team lead with five sacks to go along with his 38 total tackles and three passes defensed.
In 2006, he was honorable mention All-Pac-10 honors after playing in all 12 games and starting 10. He totaled 44 tackles, six sacks and 12 tackles for a loss.
Gunheim started all 13 games at defensive end as a senior a team captain in 2007. He ended the season with 41 tackles, 11 for a loss, 6.5 sacks and four passes defensed and an interception.
Gunheim ended his college career with 139 tackles, 37.5 for a loss, 18 sacks and 10 passes defensed.

## Professional career

Gunheim began the 2008 season as part of the Raiders' practice squad. He was called up to the active roster in November 2008. He played his first game November 9, 2008 against the Carolina Panthers. In his NFL debut Gunheim played on the punt return and kick-off return teams as well as three possessions at defensive-end.
Gunheim was promoted to the active roster again on December 30, 2009. He was released by the Raiders on September 4, 2010.
# Champanges

Champanges (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Champenjo) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. An Alpine community, with a tourist and camping industry, it is close to Lake Leman and the French-Swiss border.
# Georgia Makhlouf

Georgia Makhlouf (Arabic: جورجيا مخلوف) is a Lebanese writer in the French language, an editor and literary critic. She is a winner of the Prix Léopold Sedar Senghor and the Prix Ulysse.

## Life and career

Georgia Makhlouf was born in Lebanon. At the age of 20, during the Lebanese civil war, she left for Paris. At university, she worked on a thesis focussing on ideology in modern Lebanese children's literature.
Makhlouf is an editor of L'Orient littéraire as well as a contributor to the literary supplement of the Lebanese daily L'Orient-Le Jour. She also writes interviews and articles for Huffington Post.
In 2014, Makhlouf published her first novel, Les absents. This was awarded the ninth Léopold Sedar Senghor prize for debut novel. It also won the Prix Ulysse of the Arte Mare festival.
Makhlouf founded Kitabat, an association to promote writing workshops in Lebanon. She lives in Paris.

## Selected works

* Éclats de mémoire, Beyrouth, fragments d’enfance. Al Manar. 2005. ISBN 978-2913896352. (France-Liban prize)
* Les Hommes debout : dialogue avec les Phéniciens. Al Manar. 2007. ISBN 978-2913896505. (Phénix prize)
* Les Absents. Rivages. 2014. ISBN 978-2743626877. (Léopold Sedar Senghor prize)
* Le Goût de l’Orient. Mercure de France. 2014. ISBN 978-2715234383.
* Le Goût de la liberté. Mercure de France. 2016. ISBN 978-2715241541.
# Çeşmebaşı, Batman

Çeşmebaşı (Kurdish: Serê Kanê) is a village in the Batman District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reman tribe and had a population of 131 in 2021.
# Novi Milanovac

Novi Milanovac (Serbian: Нови Милановац) is a village in the municipality of Aerodrom, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 406 people.
# Shaqaqi-ye Chavarzaq

Shaqaqi-ye Chavarzaq (Persian: شقاقي چورزق, also Romanized as Shaqāqī-ye Chavarzaq) is a village in Chavarzaq Rural District, Chavarzaq District, Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 24 families.
# Crottet

Crottet (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Crotèt) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

## Geography

The Veyle forms the commune's southwestern border, then flows into the Saône.
# Aminuddin Khan

Aminuddin Khan (Urdu: امین الدین خان; born 1 December 1960) is a Pakistani jurist who has been justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan since 22 October 2019. He served on the Lahore High Court from 12 May 2011 to 22 October 2019.

## Early life and education

Khan was born in 1960 in Multan. He received his early education from Kinder Garten Muslim School and Government Muslim High School, Multan. He received a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1981, an LLB from University Law College, Multan in 1984, and a diploma in tax law. In 1977, Khan represented Pakistan as a Boy Scout at the Asian Jamboree in Iran and received recognition from the President of Pakistan.

## Career

His legal career began under his father's tutelage, gaining a license to practice in lower courts in 1985. He became an advocate of the Lahore High Court in 1987 and an advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2001. His practice mainly focused on civil law, particularly property, pre-emption, and inheritance cases.
His judicial career started with his appointment to the bench of the Lahore High Court in 2011. As a judge, Khan was involved in the adjudication of numerous civil cases, with many of his judgments upheld by the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Khan also served as an examiner and lecturer in law at the University Law College, Multan, and was a member of the syndicate of various universities, including the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.
A Supreme Court bench consisting of six members, led by Justice Aminuddin Khan, presided over the intra-court appeals concerning the trials of civilians in military courts. The bench included Justices Muhammad Ali Mazhar, Hasan Azhar Rizvi, Shahid Waheed, Musarrat Hilali, and Irfan Saadat Khan.
On 5 November, 2024 the Judicial Commission of Pakistan (JCP) in a 7-5 decision ordered the formation of the Supreme Court's Constitutional Bench, with Justice Aminuddin Khan as presiding judge.
# Provincial Council of Friesland

The Provincial Council of Friesland (Dutch: Provinciale Staten van Friesland) is the provincial council for the Dutch province of Friesland, first introduced under the Constitution of the Netherlands in 1814. It forms the legislative body of the province. Its 43 seats are distributed every four years in provincial elections.

## Current composition

Since the 2023 provincial elections, the distribution of seats of the Provincial Council of Friesland has been as follows:
113512414314121 :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | +/– | Seats | +/– |
| | Farmer–Citizen Movement | 94,458 | 27.86 | New | 14 | New |
| | Labour Party | 36,023 | 10.62 | –2.78 | 5 | –1 |
| | Christian Democratic Appeal | 29,669 | 8.75 | –7.92 | 4 | –4 |
| | Frisian National Party | 27,298 | 8.05 | +0.12 | 4 | 0 |
| | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | 22,843 | 6.74 | –2.67 | 3 | –1 |
| | GroenLinks | 22,181 | 6.54 | –1.15 | 3 | 0 |
| | Christian Union | 17,883 | 5.27 | –1.33 | 2 | –1 |
| | Party for Freedom | 15,102 | 4.45 | –1.35 | 2 | –1 |
| | Forum for Democracy | 12,366 | 3.65 | –9.78 | 1 | –5 |
| | Socialist Party | 11,724 | 3.46 | –1.71 | 1 | –1 |
| | Party for the Animals | 11,402 | 3.36 | +0.14 | 1 | 0 |
| | Democrats 66 | 11,237 | 3.31 | –0.81 | 1 | –1 |
| | JA21 | 9,096 | 2.68 | New | 1 | New |
| | Provincial Interests Frisia | 6,891 | 2.03 | +0.24 | 1 | +1 |
| | BVNL | 6,033 | 1.78 | New | 0 | New |
| | 50PLUS | 2,903 | 0.86 | –1.69 | 0 | –1 |
| | General Water Board Party | 1,971 | 0.58 | New | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 339,080 | 100.00 | – | 43 | – |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 339,080 | 99.54 | | | |
| Invalid votes | Invalid votes | 730 | 0.21 | | | |
| Blank votes | Blank votes | 844 | 0.25 | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 340,654 | 100.00 | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 519,118 | 65.62 | +6.50 | | |
| Source: Kiesraad |||||||
# Jabal Zambar

Jabal Zambar (Arabic: جبل زمبر) is a large hill in the Tel Afar District of Nineveh Province of northern Iraq. The name may also be rendered as Jabal or Jebel Sinbar, Zinbar or Zinbār, or Zambar Mountain.

## Geography

Jebel Zambar is in a transitional folded zone between the alpinotype area to the northeast and the Arabian Shield to the southwest. This area holds the major anticlinal structures between the Tigris and the Al-Tharthar basin. The zone includes Jebel Sinjar, Jebel Sinu, Jebel Sasan, Jebel Zambar, Jebel Sheik Ibrahim and Jebel Adaiya. The Jebels Zambar and Ibrahim are sometimes treated as one structure.
The Sanjar-Zambar mountain range includes the Teymurlenk (Tamerlane) hills, which contain the Turkmen city of Tal Afar. Jabal Zambar is the highest point in the hilly area to the east of Tal Afar. It is about 543 metres (1,781 ft) above sea level. A shallow saddle to the northwest of Jebel Zambar divides it from the similar Jebel Sasan structure, which is about 10 by 7 kilometres (6.2 by 4.3 mi) in extent.

## History

In the late 1930s Germans drilled wells on the Zambar and Qusair structures west of Mosul towards Sinjar. A feasibility study of the Mosul Dam project was to include a study of irrigating the northern catchment area of the Tharthar depression. This would include construction of a water supply tunnel under Jabal Zambar. On 7 January 2006 twelve U.S, military personnel died when their UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter crashed on Zambar Mountain.
# Gosné

Gosné (French pronunciation:; Breton: Goneg; Gallo: Gosnae) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

## International relations

It is twinned with Ballyheigue in County Kerry, Ireland.

## Population

Inhabitants of Gosné are called Gosnéens in French.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 976 | — |
| 1800 | 886 | −1.37% |
| 1806 | 906 | +0.37% |
| 1821 | 976 | +0.50% |
| 1831 | 1,025 | +0.49% |
| 1836 | 1,025 | +0.00% |
| 1841 | 1,002 | −0.45% |
| 1846 | 1,101 | +1.90% |
| 1851 | 1,197 | +1.69% |
| 1856 | 1,237 | +0.66% |
| 1861 | 1,257 | +0.32% |
| 1866 | 1,297 | +0.63% |
| 1872 | 1,270 | −0.35% |
| 1876 | 1,225 | −0.90% |
| 1881 | 1,198 | −0.44% |
| 1886 | 1,221 | +0.38% |
| 1891 | 1,213 | −0.13% |
| 1896 | 1,161 | −0.87% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 1,178 | +0.29% |
| 1906 | 1,203 | +0.42% |
| 1911 | 1,176 | −0.45% |
| 1921 | 1,033 | −1.29% |
| 1926 | 1,017 | −0.31% |
| 1931 | 986 | −0.62% |
| 1936 | 950 | −0.74% |
| 1946 | 949 | −0.01% |
| 1954 | 935 | −0.19% |
| 1962 | 918 | −0.23% |
| 1968 | 817 | −1.92% |
| 1975 | 875 | +0.98% |
| 1982 | 1,014 | +2.13% |
| 1990 | 1,195 | +2.07% |
| 1999 | 1,380 | +1.61% |
| 2007 | 1,622 | +2.04% |
| 2012 | 1,851 | +2.68% |
| 2017 | 1,991 | +1.47% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Geography

Gosné is located at 24 km (15 mi) in the North-East of Rennes and at 49 km (30 mi) in the south of the Mont Saint-Michel.
The bordering communes are Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, Liffré, and Ercé-près-Liffré.
# Municipality of Hajdina

The Municipality of Hajdina (pronounced; Slovene: Občina Hajdina) is a small municipality on the right bank of the Drava River near Ptuj in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is the village of Zgornja Hajdina. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. Sights include relics of the Roman settlement of Poetovio and the parish church of Saint Martin in Zgornja Hajdina.

## Settlements

In addition to the municipal seat of Zgornja Hajdina, the municipality also includes the following settlements:
* Draženci
* Gerečja Vas
* Hajdoše
* Skorba
* Slovenja Vas
* Spodnja Hajdina
# Rumex pulcher

Rumex pulcher is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by the common name fiddle dock. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa and it can be found elsewhere, including parts of North America, as an introduced species and a roadside weed. It is quite variable in appearance, and some authorities divide it into several subspecies that are more or less distinguishable. In general, it is a perennial herb producing a slender, erect stem from a thick taproot, approaching 70 centimeters in maximum height. The top of the plant may bend, especially as the fruit develops. The leaves are up to 10 or 15 centimeters long and variable in shape, though often oblong with a narrow middle in the rough shape of a fiddle. The inflorescence is made up of many branches, each an interrupted series of clusters of flowers with up to 20 in each cluster, each flower hanging from a pedicel. The flower has usually six tepals, the inner three of which are edged with teeth and have tubercles at their centers.