OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Return-to-libc attack

A "return-to-libc" attack is a computer security attack usually starting with a buffer overflow in which a subroutine return address on a call stack is replaced by an address of a subroutine that is already present in the process executable memory, bypassing the no-execute bit feature (if present) and ridding the attacker of the need to inject their own code. The first example of this attack in the wild was contributed by Alexander Peslyak on the Bugtraq mailing list in 1997.
On POSIX-compliant operating systems the C standard library ("libc") is commonly used to provide a standard runtime environment for programs written in the C programming language. Although the attacker could make the code return anywhere, libc is the most likely target, as it is almost always linked to the program, and it provides useful calls for an attacker (such as the system function used to execute shell commands).

## Protection from return-to-libc attacks

A non-executable stack can prevent some buffer overflow exploitation, however it cannot prevent a return-to-libc attack because in the return-to-libc attack only existing executable code is used. On the other hand, these attacks can only call preexisting functions. Stack-smashing protection can prevent or obstruct exploitation as it may detect the corruption of the stack and possibly flush out the compromised segment.
"ASCII armoring" is a technique that can be used to obstruct this kind of attack. With ASCII armoring, all the system libraries (e.g., libc) addresses contain a NULL byte (0x00). This is commonly done by placing them in the first 0x01010101 bytes of memory (a few pages more than 16 MB, dubbed the "ASCII armor region"), as every address up to (but not including) this value contains at least one NULL byte. This makes it impossible to emplace code containing those addresses using string manipulation functions such as strcpy. However, this technique does not work if the attacker has a way to overflow NULL bytes into the stack. If the program is too large to fit in the first 16 MB, protection may be incomplete. This technique is similar to another attack known as return-to-plt where, instead of returning to libc, the attacker uses the Procedure Linkage Table (PLT) functions loaded in the position-independent code (e.g., system@plt, execve@plt, sprintf@plt, strcpy@plt).
Address space layout randomization (ASLR) makes this type of attack extremely unlikely to succeed on 64-bit machines as the memory locations of functions are random. For 32-bit systems, however, ASLR provides little benefit since there are only 16 bits available for randomization, and they can be defeated by brute force in a matter of minutes.
# Dai Evans

David "Dai" Evans (1872 – 29 January 1912) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Penygraig and international rugby for Wales.
Evans was born in Maenclochog, Pembrokeshire, but came to the Rhondda Valley to find work. A policeman by profession, Evans was one of the first 'Rhondda forwards', an aggressive style of forward player who was expected to play a more physical style game.

## Rugby career

Evans first came to note as a rugby player when he was selected to face Scotland as part of the 1896 Home Nations Championship. Originally a collier, Evans became a police officer in 1892 and his size and strength typified the style of forward player the Welsh selectors turned to in the late 19th century. The previous game, the Championship opener against England, saw the first 'Rhondda forward' when Sam Ramsey of Treorchy was selected. Evans played club rugby for neighbouring team Penygraig, and was the first international cap for the club.
Evans was one of five new caps to be brought into the pack for the 1896 game against Scotland, after Wales had suffered a heavy defeat away to England. Wales beat Scotland 6-0, and Evans was reselected to face Ireland for the last game of the tournament. Played at Lansdowne Road, the new Welsh forward play was no match for the Irish kick-and-rush tactics which saw Ireland win 4-8. Despite the defeat, Evans was back for the only match of the 1897 Championship, in a tournament disrupted by Wales leaving the International Rugby Board due to The Gould Affair. The one game Wales played was against England, and Evans played in a pack with Rhondda players Dick Hellings and Jack Rhapps. The game ended with the largest win for Wales over England.
When Wales were accepted back into the International Rugby Board in 1898, Evans found his place in the Welsh team taken by Joseph Booth; but he was reinstated for his last appearance in the final match of the tournament against England. Evans' reintroduction by the selectors was seen by the English press as an attempt to intimidate the England team. Whether this was intentional or not, the result ended in an English victory, and the end of Evans' international career, being replaced by Jere Blake the next season. He died in 1912, at the age of 39 from tuberculosis.

### International matches played

Wales
* England 1897, 1898
* Ireland 1896
* Scotland 1896
# Iorwerth Evans

Iorwerth Evans Evans (23 May 1906 – 18 September 1985 (aged 79)) born in Trelewis, was a Welsh rugby union footballer who played in the 1930s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Bedford Athletic RFC, Bedford RFC, and London Welsh RFC, as a Hooker. He died in Bedford.

## International honours

Iorwerth Evans won caps for Wales in 1934 against Scotland, and Ireland.
# List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Costa Rica

The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Costa Rica is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Costa Rica, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission in San José.

## Heads of Mission

The Republic of Costa Rica proclaimed its independence in 1838. The United Kingdom was represented intermittently by chargés d'affaires until 1884, and from then until 1908 by ministers based in Guatemala. From 1908 until 1945 the Minister to Panama was also non-resident Minister to Costa Rica.

### Early diplomats

* 1849 and 1850-1852: Frederick Chatfield Chargé d'Affaires

### Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

* 1945–1948: Frederick Coultas
* 1948–1951: Bernard Sullivan
* 1951–1952: Henry Livingston
* 1953–1956: Clarence Ezard

### Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary

* 1956: Clarence Ezard
* 1956–1961: David Mill Irving
* 1961–1967: Frederic Garner
* 1968–1972: Ian Hurrell
* 1972–1974: John Blackwell
* 1974–1979: Keith Hamylton Jones
* 1979–1982: Michael Brown
* 1982–1986: Peter Summerscale
* 1986–1989: Michael Daly
* 1989–1992: William Marsden
* 1992–1995: Louise Croll
* 1995–1997: Mike Jackson
* 1997–1999: Alan Green
* 1999–2002: Peter Spiceley
* 2002–2006: Georgina Butler
* 2006–2011: Thomas Kennedy
* 2011–2015: Sharon Campbell
* 2015–2020: Ross Denny
* 2020–present: Ben Lyster-Binns
# Inner-Vikna

Inner-Vikna is the largest of the three major islands in Nærøysund Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 99.2-square-kilometre (38.3 sq mi) island is located in the western part of the municipality and it includes the town of Rørvik, the administrative centre of Nærøysund Municipality.
Norwegian County Road 770 runs across the island, and also passing by Rørvik Airport, Ryum, then it continues over the Nærøysund Bridge and Marøysund Bridge to connect the island to the mainland. The relatively flat and barren island is separated from the mainland by the Nærøysundet strait.
# Khanrud

Khanrud (Persian: خانرود, also Romanized as Khānrūd; also known as Eslām Rūd) is a village in Torqabeh Rural District, Torqabeh District, Torqabeh and Shandiz County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 374, in 122 families.
# Qaleh Gardan

Qaleh Gardan (Persian: قلعه گردن) may refer to:
* Qaleh Gardan, Gilan
* Qaleh Gardan, Mazandaran
# Arabic Braille

Arabic Braille (Arabic: بِرَيْل الْعَرَبِيَّة, birayl alʿarabīyah) is the braille alphabet for the Other Arabic-based alphabets have braille systems similar to Arabic Braille, such as Urdu and Persian Braille, but differ in some letter and diacritic assignments.
Unlike the Arabic script, Arabic Braille is read from left to right, following the international convention. Numbers are also left to right, as in printed Arabic.

## Arabic Braille chart

Arabic Braille includes numerous abbreviations, some marked by dot 4 or dot 5 (the comma), which are not described here. A conference in Saudi Arabia in 2002 set up a unified braille standard for Arabic, but as of 2013 not all countries had signed up; those not adopting the standard include some Arab countries but also non-Arab Muslim countries such as Iran, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

### Letters

Although short-vowel letters are not diacritics in Arabic Braille, they are optional and generally omitted, just as in print Arabic.
| Print | ا‎ | ب‎ | ت‎ | ث‎ | ج‎ | ح‎ | خ‎ | د‎ | ذ‎ | ر‎ |
| Braille | | | | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠁ | ⠃ | ⠞ | ⠹ | ⠚ | ⠱ | ⠭ | ⠙ | ⠮ | ⠗ |
| Print | ز‎ | س‎ | ش‎ | ص‎ | ض‎ | ط‎ | ظ‎ | ع‎ | غ‎ | ف‎ |
| Braille | | | | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠵ | ⠎ | ⠩ | ⠯ | ⠫ | ⠾ | ⠿ | ⠷ | ⠣ | ⠋ |
| Print | ق‎ | ك‎ | ل‎ | م‎ | ن‎ | ه‎ | و‎ | ي‎ | ى‎ | ة‎ |
| Braille | | | | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠟ | ⠅ | ⠇ | ⠍ | ⠝ | ⠓ | ⠺ | ⠊ | ⠕ | ⠡ |
| Print | ال‎ | ﻻ‎ | أ‎ | إ‎ | آ‎ | أو‎ | ؤ‎ | ئ‎ | ء‎ |
| Braille | | | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠉ | ⠧ | ⠌ | ⠨ | ⠜ | ⠪ | ⠳ | ⠽ | ⠄ |
| Print | ــُ‎ | ــَ‎ | ــِ‎ | ــٌ‎ | ــً‎ | ــٍ‎ | ــْ‎ | ــّ‎ |
| Braille | | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠥ | ⠂ | ⠑ | ⠢ | ⠰ | ⠡ | ⠒ | ⠠ |
Shaddah ⟨ــّ‎⟩ comes before the consonant; sukun ⟨ــْ‎⟩ and the vowels after.

### Punctuation and formatting

There are some differences in quotation marks, brackets, and underlining between traditional and unified Arabic braille conventions.

#### Common punctuation

| Print | ، | ؛ | : | . | ! | ؟ | - |
| Braille | | | | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠐ | ⠰ | ⠐⠂ | ⠲ | ⠖ | ⠦ | ⠤ |

#### Legacy punctuation

| Print | “...” | “...” | “...” | (...) | (...) | (...) | * | * | abbre- viation | under- lining |
| Braille | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠦ ⠴ | ⠦ ⠴ | ⠦ ⠴ | ⠶ ⠶ | ⠶ ⠶ | ⠶ ⠶ | ⠔⠔ | ⠔⠔ | ⠈ | ⠨ |

#### Unified Arabic punctuation

| Print | “...” | (...) | [...] | {...} | underlining |
| Braille | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
| Braille (Unicode) | ⠶ ⠶ | ⠦ ⠴ | ⠠⠦ ⠴⠄ | ⠐⠦ ⠴⠂ | ⠠⠤ |
# Yaroslav Starobogatov

Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov (Russian: Ярослав Игоревич Старобогатов; 13 July 1932 – 3 December 2004) was a Russian zoologist, professor and chief scientist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His research was on invertebrate zoology, particularly on molluscs (malacology) and crustaceans (carcinology). He also was a major contributor to the higher systematics of living organisms, to micro- and macroevolution and to Soviet and world-wide biogeography.
He described a great number of new animal species.

## Taxa named in his honour

* Neopilina starobogatovi Ivanov & Moskalev, 2007
# Alan, Gilan

Alan (Persian: الان, also Romanized as Alān) is a village in Khoshabar Rural District, in the Central District of Rezvanshahr County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 195, in 56 families.
# Tersko-Orlovsky Mayak

Tersko-Orlovsky Mayak (Russian: Терско-Орловский Маяк) is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in administrative jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Ostrovnoy in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, beyond the Arctic Circle, at an elevation of 18 meters (59 ft) above sea level. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 9.

## Etymology

The locality gets its name from the nearby Tersko-Orlovsky Lighthouse.
# Pia de Quint

Pia de Quint (born 26 April 1988) is a Belgian professional racing cyclist who rides for Lares–Waowdeals.
# Yatağankaya, Güçlükonak

Yatağankaya (Kurdish: Xaran) is a village in the Güçlükonak District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Şikakî tribe and had a population of 54 in 2021.
# Rajbari Government High School

Rajbari Government High School (Bengali: রাজবাড়ি সরকারি উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়) is a secondary school in Rajbari, Bangladesh. It was founded in 1892.
# Fairmount, Newark, New Jersey

Fairmount is a neighborhood in the city of Newark in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the West Ward. Its population is mostly African American . Central Avenue is the major street, though its commerce is considerably reduced from the Industrial Era heyday. The neighborhood is bounded by South Orange Avenue on the south, the Garden State Parkway on the west, Interstate 280 on the north, West Market Street on the north-east, and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey on the east.

## Landmarks

Major landmarks include West Side High School, the 1864 St. Barnabas Episcopal Church at West Market Street and Sussex Avenue and Mosque No. 25 is on South Orange Avenue. The old Pabst Brewing Company brewery was torn down during the mid-2000s.
Holy Sepulchre Cemetery borders the neighborhood at the Garden State Parkway.

### Fairmount Cemetery

This Victorian Fairmount Cemetery, was founded in 1854 and is currently maintained as a nonprofit. According to the cemetery's official website: "In the late 1880’s the remains of early settlers of the City of Newark were removed from the Old Burying Ground located on Broad Street and placed in a tomb at Fairmount Cemetery. The City of Newark erected a Monument to the First Settlers of Newark, which has become commonly known as the Old Settlers Monument. This monument was first dedicated December 19, 1889 and, under the care of the Newark Preservation & Landmark Committee, was rededicated in 2004. The monument stands today as a tribute to the early settlers of the City of Newark."

### Fairmount Heights Switching Station

The Fairmount Heights Switching Station (40°44′48″N 74°11′34″W﻿ / ﻿40.74667°N 74.19278°W﻿ / 40.74667; -74.19278﻿ (Fairmount Heights Switching Station)) was built by Public Service Enterprise Group. The includes public art: a 30 feet (9.1 m) wall of murals and a colonnade with works by Adjaye Associates and 14 others.

## 20 Littleton Avenue

A project which combines health care and housing.
# Babadag Wind Farm

The Babadag Wind Farm (also referred as Renewable Energy Production Facilities in Babadag; Romanian: Parc Eolian Babadag) is a wind farm in Babadag, Tulcea County, Romania. The wind farm is owned and operated by Eviva Nalbant, a subsidiary of Portuguese multinational company Martifer. The project was developed as a joint implementation project. The wind park was financed with €23 million loan from Banca Comercială Română.
The project started in 2007 when Eviva Nalbant conducted a preliminary wind resource assessment and pre-feasibility assessment. The concession contract with Babadag Municipality was signed in September 2007. In 2008, a turbine supply contract was signed with Suzlon Energy. In April 2009, the project was revised and optimized based on on-site measurement data. A construction permit was issued in March 2010 and construction started in April 2010.
The wind farm is located on 260 hectares (640 acres). It contains two locations: Babadag I (16 turbines) and Babadag II (four turbines). Originally, the project was to include 48 wind turbines with a nominal capacity 1 MW each. However, the project was delayed and it was later change to have 20 Suzlon S88 turbines with a nameplate capacity of 2.1 MW each. The hub-height is 79 metres (259 ft) and the rotor diameter is 88 metres (289 ft).
# Micheál Breathnach

Micheál Breathnach (1886–?) was an Irish writer.
Born at Sylaun, Tuam, County Galway, the son of two teachers, raised as a Gaeilgeoir (a native-Irish speaker). he was educated by the Jesuits at Coláiste Iognáid, Galway, and later at Queen's University, Galway (now NUI Galway) where he graduated with a B.A. in Irish, French and English.
He taught in Dublin for over six years, and was awarded an M.A. In 1922 he was appointed a National School inspector and promoted to Assistant Chief Inspector of the Department of Education's Secondary Branch in 1932. In 1944 he was appointed Secretary of the Department of Education, holding that post till his retirement in 1953. He prepared a number of texts for the use of Secondary school students, and as the Irish public library movement held a particular interest, in 1954 he was appointed Chairman of the Library Council, An Chomhairle Leabharlanna. His autobiography, Cuimhne an tSeanpháiste was published in 1966.

## Select bibliography

* Trom agus Eadtrom, Dublin, 1927.
* Fion na filidheachta, 1931.
* Pros na fiannaidheachta, 1932.
* Droidheacht Chaitlin, 1933.
* Cuimhne an tSeanpháiste, Dublin, 1966.
# HMS Loch More (K639)

HMS Loch More was a Loch-class frigate of the Royal Navy named after Loch More in Scotland.
# Oliver Marcy

Oliver Marcy (February 13, 1820 – March 19, 1899) was an American academic who served as acting president of Northwestern University twice, first from 1876 to 1881, and then again in 1890.

## Biography

Oliver Marcy was born in Colrain, Massachusetts on February 13, 1820, the seventh of 11 children. He attended Wesleyan Academy and graduated from Wesleyan University in 1846.
After graduation, he worked as a teacher at Wilbraham & Monson Academy, called Wesleyan Academy during his time, from 1846 until leaving to become a professor in 1862.
He became professor of natural science at Northwestern University in 1862 and taught there for 37 years and held a number of faculty posts.
Marcy established the Northwestern University Museum of Natural History and served as its curator from 1871 to his death. He also held several administrative positions at Northwestern. He was Dean of the College of Technology from 1873 to 1876 and Dean of the College of Liberal Arts from 1890 to 1899. Twice he served as Acting President of the University, from 1876 to 1881 and again from May to September 1890.
Marcy married Elizabeth Eunice Smith in 1874. They had four children of whom only one, Annie, survived. Mrs. Marcy was very active in temperance causes and Methodist social work; Chicago's Methodist-sponsored settlement house, the Marcy Center, was named in her honor.
Marcy died at his home in Evanston, Illinois on March 19, 1899. He and his wife are buried at Woodland Dell Cemetery in Wilbraham, Massachusetts.
# Hassan Zirak

Hassan Zirek (Kurdish: حەسەن زیرەک, romanized: Hesen Zîrek; 29 November 1921 – 26 June 1972) was a Kurdish songwriter-singer, known for his recordings of classical Kurdish folk songs. He was famous for his classical and sensual lyrics, and it is believed that he composed over thousand songs in his lifetime.

## Influence

Despite his death in 1972, Zirak's music continues to be widely appreciated, and his legacy is recognized in various ways, including the annual commemorations in Silêmanî. Zirak’s recordings are considered by some to be culturally significant in the preservation of Kurdish musical traditions.
# General Federation of Military Personnel

The General Federation of Military Personnel (Dutch: Algemene Federatie van Militair Personeel, AFMP) is a trade union representing members of the armed forces of the Netherlands.
The union was founded in 1992, when Ons Belang merged with the Association for Military Technical and Specialist Professional Personnel, and the General Military Pension Association. The union affiliated to the Federation of Dutch Trade Unions. By 1998, the union had 19,956 members, and in 2008 this had grown to 24,684.
# Trachydora leucobathra

Trachydora leucobathra is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
# Trachydora macrostola

Trachydora macrostola is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
# Irqah

24°41′13″N 46°34′55″E﻿ / ﻿24.687°N 46.582°E﻿ / 24.687; 46.582
Irqah (Arabic: عرقة), also romanized as Ergah, is a town in the northwestern fringes of Riyadh in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Nowadays Irqah is considered to be a neighbourhood in Riyadh, and is part of the sub-municipality of its namesake, Baladiyah al-Irqah.
# Rovshan Rzayev

Rovshan Rzayev (Azerbaijani: Rövşən Abdulla oğlu Rzayev) (October 15, 1969, Baku, Azerbaijan – January 8, 1999, Qobustan, Baku, Azerbaijan) was an Azerbaijani officer, and National Hero of Azerbaijan.

## Early life

Rovshan Rzayev was born 15 October 1969 in Baku, Azerbaijan. He studied at the secondary school in Baku and later continued his education at the Higher Military School of Vladikavkaz, Russia. He voluntarily joined the ranks of Azerbaijani Armed Forces and frequently visited the front line.

## Military career

He was appointed the Commander of the regiment of the company. He killed dozens of Armenian soldiers in the battles around the villages of Pircamal, Aranzəmin, Şelli, Nakhichevanik and Papravənd in Agdam District. Although he suffered severe injuries during the battle in the Nakhichevanik village in 1992, he didn't leave alone his military personnel and saved the lives of many of the injured soldiers.
After completing his military service in Nagorno-Karabakh, Rovshan Rzayev was the commander of various military units at different times. Subsequently, he worked as a commander of the guard unit at the Gobustan high-security prison. On January 8, 1999, a riot took place in the security prison in which he was the commander of the guard unit at that time. The soldiers were taken hostage by a group of prisoners. Rovshan immediately went to the prison when he heard about this event. He reached the agreement with the prisoners that they were going to release the soldiers and Rovshan himself remained as a hostage. Rovshan Rzayev was killed by the prisoners while he was performing his duties.

## Personal life

Rovshan Rzayev was married and had two children.

## Honors

Rovshan Rzayev was posthumously awarded the title of "National Hero of Azerbaijan" by Presidential Decree No. 73 dated 12 January 1999. He was buried in Sahil settlement of Baku, Azerbaijan. There is a park named after Rovshan Rzayev Sahil settlement of Baku.
# Sabeena Rafi

Sabeena Rafi (6 October 1918 – 22 June 1990) was an Indian essayist and historian of Malayalam literature. Her oeuvre consists of philosophical works, an autobiography and Chavittu Nadakam - Oru Charithra Padanam, the first historical compendium on Chavittu Nadakam, an operatic dance form. Her book, Kaliyugam, a philosophical work jointly written with her husband, Ponjikkara Rafi, fetched her the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works in 1972.

## Biography

Sabeena was born on 6 October 1918 at Gothuruth, a small village in the periphery of present day Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Joseph and Mariamma. She earned two master's degrees, in History and Economics, and served our her career as a teacher. She married Ponjikkara Rafi in 1963, following a period of romance, but the couple did not have children. She died on 22 June 1990, at the age of 65; survived by Rafi, who died two years later, on 6 September 1992.

## Legacy and honours

Sabeen Rafi's oeuvre consists of five non-fiction works and Chritumas Sammanam, her autobiography. Chavittu Nadakam - Oru Charithra Padanam, her 1964 publication on the history of Chavittu Nadakam, an operatic dance form originated in Ernakulam, is considered to be the first comprehensive book on the subject. Marxism, Oru Thirinjunottam, a book co-written with her husband, is a detailed study of the Marxian theory and its spiritual aspects; the book also has a critique on Mother of Maxim Gorky. Kaliyugam, again a Ponjikkara Rafi co-written work, is a study of human behaviour from early ages, with a philosophical perspective. The book fetched her the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works in 1972.