OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Systems theory in political science

Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics, influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was conceived by David Easton in 1953.

## Overview

In simple terms, Easton's behavioral approach to politics, proposed that a political system could be seen as a delimited (i.e. all political systems have precise boundaries) and fluid (changing) system of steps in decision making. Greatly simplifying his model: Influence of computers on the discipline of political science and the political system work within an environment. The environment generates different demands from different section of society such as reservation system in the matter of a certain group, demand for better transportation etc.
* Step 1. changes in the social or physical environment surrounding a political system produce "demands" and "supports" for action or the status quo directed as "inputs" towards the political system, through political behavior.
* Step 2, these demands and supporting groups stimulate competition in a political system, leading to decisions or "outputs" directed at some aspect of the surrounding social or physical environment.
* Step 3, after a decision or output is made (e.g., a specific policy), it interacts with its environment, and if it produces change in the environment, there are "outcomes."
* Step 4, when a new policy interacts with its environment, outcomes may generate new demands or supports and groups in support or against the policy ("feedback") or a new policy on some related matter.
* Step 5, feedback, leads back to Step 1, forming a never-ending cycle.

### Political analysis

Easton aspired to make politics a science, that is, working with highly abstract models that described the regularities of patterns and processes in political life in general. In his view, the highest level of abstraction could make scientific generalizations about politics possible. In sum, politics should be seen as a whole, not as a collection of different problems to be solved.
His main model was driven by an organic view of politics, as if it were a living object. His theory is a statement of what makes political systems adapt and survive. He describes politics in a constant flux, thereby rejecting the idea of "equilibrium", so prevalent in some other political theories (see institutionalism). Moreover, he rejects the idea that politics could be examined by looking at different levels of analysis. His abstractions could account for any group and demand at any given time. That is, interest group theory and elite theory can be subsumed in political systems analysis. His theory was and is highly influential in the pluralist tradition in political science. (see Harold Lasswell and Robert Dahl)

## Critiques

Easton's approach has been criticised for being unfalsifiable and holding a Western or American bias, as well as not explaining crises or the breakdown of the system.
# Siberian State Automobile and Highway University

55°01′23″N 73°18′02″E﻿ / ﻿55.02306°N 73.30056°E﻿ / 55.02306; 73.30056
Siberian State Automobile and Highway University, (SibADI; Russian: Сибирский государственный автомобильно-дорожный университет, СибАДИ), until 2017 Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy, is a university in Omsk, Russia.
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# Sebastian Kneißl

Sebastian Kneißl (born 13 January 1983) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and forward.

## Club career

After beginning as a youth player in Germany with KSG Mitlechtern, FC 07 Bensheim and Eintracht Frankfurt, Kneißl signed for English side Chelsea in 2000. He stayed with Chelsea for five years, and although he did not make any league appearances, he spent loan spells in Scotland with Dundee, where he played in 11 league games, scoring one goal, and in Belgium with Westerlo. After leaving Chelsea in 2005 he played for German clubs SV Wacker Burghausen and Fortuna Düsseldorf, before returning to England with AFC Wimbledon in September 2007, where he made one league appearance before leaving in October 2007. He signed for Wivenhoe Town in December 2007, but left after just one league appearance. He next signed for SpVgg Weiden in July 2008, before moving to 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 in January 2009 on another free transfer.
After retiring in October 2013, after playing for SV Heimstetten in the Regionalliga Bayern, Kneißl decided to make a comeback in the tier seven Bezirksliga in 2015–16.

## International career

Kneißl represented Germany at the 2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, in which the Germany U19 finished second, and at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship.

## Honours

Germany U19
* UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship: Runner-up 2002
# Gasr el Jadi

Gasr el Jadi, Qasr al Jadi, or Gasr el Gedi (Arabic: قصر الجدي) is a small village located at Cyrenaica in eastern Libya, near Bardia.
* This Libya location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Burmese lottery

Aungbazay (Burmese: အောင်ဘာစေ; also spelt Aung Bar Zay, lit. "may you win") is Myanmar's official state lottery. The monthly lottery is administered by the Ministry of Finance's State Lottery Department. Lottery tickets are printed at a printing plant in Wazi, Magwe Region, at the same location where Burmese kyat notes and passports are printed.
The first Burmese lottery was introduced during the Konbaung Dynasty. A national state lottery was first established in 1878 during the reign of King Thibaw Min, in an attempt to raise state revenues. The lottery was the brainchild of Pho Hlaing, who had played the French lottery in Paris. Following ongoing issues with the administration of the lottery, including conflicts of interest, decreased revenues, condemnation against gambling by Buddhist monks, the lottery was ended in 1880.
The current lottery was first introduced in 1938 under British rule, and is the only legal form of gambling in the country. Revenues from lottery ticket sales generates US$28.8 million per year for the Burmese government, and over 30 million tickets are sold a month for the monthly drawing.
# Chaharkuh Rural District

Chaharkuh Rural District (Persian: دهستان چهاركوه) is in the Central District of Kordkuy County, Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 11,685 in 3,002 households. There were 5,527 inhabitants in 1,647 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 5,729 in 1,866 households. The most populous of its 13 villages was Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr, with 2,680 people.
# Balakan Airport

Balakan Airport (Azerbaijani: Balakən Hava Limanı) is an airport serving Balakan, the capital of the Balakan District of Azerbaijan.

## Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 935 feet (285 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,209 by 37 metres (3,967 ft × 121 ft).
# Stare Kaczkowo

Stare Kaczkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Brok, 8 km (5 mi) south of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and 86 km (53 mi) north-east of Warsaw.
# Ministry of Education (Iraq)

The Ministry of Education is the cabinet-level ministry responsible for education in Iraq.
# Carl Georg Björling

Carl Georg Björling (1870-1934) was a Swedish lawyer and professor.

## Life

He was born on 16 September 1870 in Halmstad, Sweden, and was the son of Carl Fabian Björling and his wife Minna Agnes Cecilia von Schéele. He died on 14 March 1934.

## Career

He attained his Juris Doctor degree from Lund University. He worked as a clerk at the Svea Court of Appeal. He later became a professor and vice-rector at Lund University.

## Honours

In 1920, he became a commander of the Dannebrog order.
# Sulaimanius

Sulaimanius is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in Asia during the late early Eocene. The genus was originally named Sulaimania, but was renamed in 2012 by the original authors to use the masculine form, Sulaimanius, to avoid a conflict with a genus of spider.
# Muhammad Ibrahim (academic)

Muhammad Ibrahim (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইব্রাহীম; born 1 December 1945) is a Bangladeshi academic. He is a former professor of physics at University of Dhaka. He is the moderator of the show Desh o Biggyan on Bangladesh Television. He is the editor of Bigyan Shamoiki, the first monthly science magazine of Bangladesh. Since January 2015, he has been serving as a professor of the General Education Department at University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB).
Ibrahim is the recipient of Bangla Academy Literary Award (2006) in the science category.

## Background and education

The fourth of nine children, Muhammad Ibrahim was born on 1 December 1945 in the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency. He belonged to a Bengali family of Muslim Saudagars hailing from the village of Bathua, by the Kaptai road in Hathazari subdivision. His father was Haji Muhammad Dula Mia Saudagar, a jeweller, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. One of his elder brothers is Chief Advisor Muhammad Yunus. By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness. He studied at the Chittagong College. Around 1962, he got admitted into the physics department of the University of Dhaka where he completed his bachelor's and master's in 1965 and 1966 respectively. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Southampton on surface physics in 1972.

## Career

Ibrahim was a faculty member in University of Dhaka's Physics Department until he retired in 2012. He served as the director of Renewable Energy Research Centre at the same university. He also served as a visiting professor in BRAC University.
Ibrahim is the founder and executive director of Centre for Mass Education and Science (CMES), an NGO which aims to promote the use of science and technology at the root level.

## Awards

* Bangla Academy Literary Award (2006)
* WorldAware Business Award (2004)
* Institute of Diploma Engineer Gold Medal (2000)
* Qudrat-E-Khuda Gold Medal (1989)
* Agroni Bank Award for Children Literature (1987)
# Ogmore Valley

Ogmore Valley (Welsh: Cwm Ogwr) is a community in the Bridgend County Borough, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. Made up of the villages of Nantymoel, Ogmore Vale, Price Town and Wyndham, its population at the time of the 2001 census was 7,800, increasing to 7,954 at the 2011 Census. The ribbon housing of the valley follows the Ogwr Fawr tributary which rises at Craig Ogwr and joins the Ogwr Fach at Blackmill. Villages include Nantymoel, Price Town, Wyndham, Ogmore Vale, Lewistown, Pant-yr-awel and Blackmill.
Ogmore Valley contains most of the basins of the Ogwr Fawr and Ogwr Fach valleys and reaches as far north as the Bwlch-y-clawdd, a mountain whose road links the community to the Rhondda Valley. Originally a sparsely populated pastoral area, the arrival of the coal industry in the mid 19th century resulted in a population boom. From the 1860s onwards the valley experienced an increase in settlements after the establishment of the coal mines, later owned by the Ocean, Cory, Lewis Merthyr and Glenavon coal companies.
In 2022 Ogmore Valley Community Council made the news when only one person came forward to compete for the fifteen council seats.
# Oualidia

Oualidia (Moroccan Arabic: الوالدية l-walidiya) or Loualidia is a village in Morocco's Atlantic coast in the Casablanca-Settat region and at the border of Merrakch-Asfi. It is situated between El Jadida and Asfi and is located beside a protected natural lagoon and has been called Morocco's "oyster capital," a reference to the significant role shellfish harvesting plays in the local economy.
At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 15,433 people living in 2668 households.
# Ilya Kaplan

Ilya Yakovlevich Kaplan (Russian: Илья Яковлевич Каплан; born 27 June 1986) is a former Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He played one season in the Russian Football National League for FC Arsenal Tula in 2004.
# Stare Kozłowo

Stare Kozłowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Somianka, within Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Somianka, 10 km (6 mi) west of Wyszków, and 48 km (30 mi) north-east of Warsaw.
# Suhaib Ansari

Suhaib Ansari is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a member of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh, representing the Mohammadabad Assembly constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He is a member of the Samajwadi Party, a socialist political party in India. He is son of Sibghatullah Ansari. He is Nephew of Mukhtar Ansari and Afzal Ansari. He is the great-grandson of Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.

## Posts held

| # | From | To | Position | Comments |
| 03 | 2022 | Incumbent | Member, 18th Legislative Assembly | elected first time |
# Abeyyat

Obeyyat (Persian: عبيات, also Romanized as ‘Obeyyāt; also known as ‘Obeyd) is a village in Bostan Rural District, Bostan District, Dasht-e Azadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 195, in 27 families.
# Dowrbeh

Dowrbeh (Persian: دوربه) is a village in Dasht-e Bil Rural District, in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 413, in 75 families.
# Branch Russell

Branch Lee Russell (October 9, 1895 – May 1, 1959) was an American Negro league outfielder in the 1920s and 1930s.
A native of South Boston, Virginia, Russell grew up in Winchester, Massachusetts, and attended Henderson Institute in Henderson, North Carolina. He served in the United States Army during World War I, advancing to the rank of corporal. Russell made his Negro leagues debut in 1922 for the Kansas City Monarchs. Known as "a good contact hitter", he went on to spend the majority of his career with the St. Louis Stars, where he played for 10 years, and served as manager for part of the 1926 season. Russell died in St. Louis, Missouri in 1959 at age 63.
# Aleksandr Privalov

Aleksandr Vasilyevich Privalov (Russian: Александр Васильевич Привалов; 6 August 1933 – 19 May 2021) was a Soviet biathlete.
He received a bronze medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley. He received a silver medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.

## Biathlon results

All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

### Olympic Games

2 medals (1 silver, 1 bronze)
| Event | Individual |
| 1960 Squaw Valley | Bronze |
| 1964 Innsbruck | Silver |

### World Championships

2 medals (2 silver)
| Event | Individual | Team (time) | Relay |
| 1959 Courmayeur | 11th | — | — |
| 1961 Umeå | Silver | Silver | — |
| 1962 Hämeenlinna | 12th | — | — |
| 1965 Elverum | 16th | — | — |
| 1966 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 11th | — | — |
    *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
    **The team (time) event was removed in 1965, whilst the relay was added in 1966.
# Kantarkaya, Karlıova

Kargapazarı (Kurdish: Şorika jêrin) is a village in the Karlıova District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Cibran tribe and had a population of 453 in 2021.
The hamlet of Kurtyüzü is attached to the village.
# Ravi Prakash Verma

Ravi Prakash (born 26 August 1960) is an Indian politician for the Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency) in Uttar Pradesh who since 2014 is a member of the Upper House (Rajya Sabha) of the Indian Parliament.
# The Princess (Maykov poem)

The Princess (Russian: Княжна, Knyazhna) is a poem by Apollon Maykov first published in the January 1878 issue of The Russian Messenger. It told the story of a young Russian girl belonging to a noble family who joined a group of radical youth fighting against the repressive state. The poem, condemned by the Russian literary left of the time, in retrospect is seen as a strong political statement attacking both the corrupt political system of mid-19th-century Russia, based on serfdom and the violent methods of undermining it, as professed by the 'nihilistic' youth of the time.

## Background

Initially the target of Maykov's satire was serfdom, and in the poem's early versions, the heroine was a young conservative woman. Later Princess Zhenya turned into a rebel who detested the environment that she had been brought up in, but still in some ways was corrupted by it. Finally, the author has made his heroine a symbol of the Russian cultural elite's infatuation with the Socialist ideas, which had no bearing upon the country's history and cultural traditions, as the author saw it. "[The heroine] is the symbol of our old life, or rather the life of our high society which had lost the spiritual bond with its people but is still bound to the lower classes by common history [part of which is] serfdom. [This high society] is still the holder of Russia's historical legacy and – even if by inertia - on its way to fulfill its historical mission," wrote Maykov in his unpublished "Notes on the insinuations, concerning the Princess". "...Zhenya is planning to start a new life. Our liberals, criticising me, assume that Zhenya symbolizes the start of a new era. I cannot deny - I even agree - that the principles professed by this girl and the generation she belongs to... mark the end of the old times. But I refuse to greet them as heralds of the dawn of some kind of new era," Maykov explained later in the same essay.
In the finale of the poem's original version Zhenya was departing to the front lines of the Russo-Turkish War as a sister of mercy. The later version of it posed the question: "And what about Zhenya, poor Zhenya? What happened to her? Has she vanished into the dark? Found herself in a Siberian prison, victim of her own heinous doctrines? Or could she have gone, through some transformation... to a monastery to 'pray for her own sins', or to some holy sites? All this is possible, and each road is a thorny one."

### Critical response

Maykov's "Princess" outraged the Russian democratic press of the time. The article "Mr. Maykov as a Judge of the New Generation of Women", by M.Artemyeva, written for Vospitaniye i Obrazovaniye magazine was banned by censors. The liberal author and historian Orest Miller in his 1888 article (Russkaya Mysl, No.8, 1888) suggested that the "hypertrophied fear of nihilism" did the author a lot of harm.
# Warning Device

Warning Device is the third studio album by the American pop punk band Teenage Bottlerocket.

## Release

It was released on January 8, 2008 on Red Scare Records, their last release for the label. A music video was released for "In the Basement" on February 4, 2008. The following month, the band embarked on a West Coast US tour with Dead to Me, the Femurs and Broadway Calls, which led into an East Coast tour with the Copyrights. In August 2008, the band embarked on a headlining tour of Canada with support from Riptides and the Sidekicks, followed by a handful of US shows. In October 2008, they then appeared at Riot Fest, before going on a short US tour.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Punknews.org | 7/10 |
Stewart Mason, in his review for AllMusic, says, "Warning Device is an album strictly for pop-punk purists", calling it "old-school pop-punk done up right, with equal emphasis on the pop side of the hyphen..." Punknews.org ranked the album at number nine on their list of the year's 20 best releases.

## Track listing

* "Bottlerocket" – 0:51
* "In the Basement" – 1:56
* "Gave You My Heart" – 2:21
* "She's Not the One" – 2:08
* "Pacemaker" – 2:29
* "Social Life" – 1:58
* "Welcome to the Nuthouse" – 1:46
* "Anna's Song" – 2:06
* "On My Own" – 2:40
* "Totally Stupid" – 2:18
* "Crawling Back to You" – 2:26
* "Warning Device" – 2:29
* "Wasting Time" – 2:23

### Vinyl/digital bonus track

* "I Know You Know" – 2:28

## Personnel

* Ray Carlisle – guitar, vocals
* Kody Templeman – guitar, vocals
* Miguel Chen – bass
* Brandon Carlisle – drums
# Emamabad, Semnan

Emamabad (Persian: امام آباد, also Romanized as Imabaddy) is a village in Damankuh Rural District, in the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 207, in 68 families.
# Dast-e Gechan

Dast-e Gechan (Persian: دست گچان, also Romanized as Dast-e Gechān) is a village in Rud Ab-e Gharbi Rural District, Rud Ab District, Narmashir County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 6 families.
# The Mound

The Mound is an artificial slope and road in central Edinburgh, Scotland, which connects Edinburgh's New and Old Towns. It was formed by dumping around 1,501,000 cartloads of earth excavated from the foundations of the New Town into Nor Loch, which was drained in 1765 and forms today's Princes Street Gardens.

## History

The construction of the Earthen Mound, as it was originally called, was first proposed in 1783 by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, John Grieve to support merchants on the Royal Mile to improve connection to the residents on Princes Street (which was then built only from St Andrew Square to Hanover Street and was wholly residential) in correct anticipation of the need for such a new route. Its completion was not formally agreed until the 1827 Improvement act. It was improved over the years until by 1830 it was macadamised and landscaped so that it appeared more or less complete. A need for a railway tunnel was pre-empted in 1844 with the current southern tunnel completed in 1846 to a design by William Henry Playfair (prior to the construction of the gallery above). A second northern tunnel was added in 1892 beneath the then extant galleries above.

## Description

The Mound is a busy, if fairly steep, thoroughfare taking traffic to and from Princes Street in the New Town to the Royal Mile in the Old Town. The top end of the Mound is named Bank Street North, adjoining Bank Street. The lower end, or 'Foot' of the Mound is a few metres' walk from the Princes Street tram stop. Due to its raised elevation, the Mound commands expansive views over Princes Street and the New Town of Edinburgh and towards Calton Hill. An 'electric blanket' was installed under the surface of the roadway of the mound to keep this clear of ice and snow in 1959. It is no longer operational but was one of the first of its type.

## Notable buildings

Some of Edinburgh's most notable buildings and institutions have their premises on the Mound, including the National Gallery of Scotland, the Royal Scottish Academy, the spires of the University of Edinburgh's New College, the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland, the elegant domed Headquarters of the commercially owned Bank of Scotland, and its museum, Museum on the Mound.
* Noted buildings on The Mound
* The Scottish National Gallery
* The Bank of Scotland headquarters on The Mound
* New College and the General Assembly
* Royal Scottish Academy