OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Meme (disambiguation)

A meme is a term referring to a unit of cultural information transferable from one mind to another.
Meme, or MEME, may also refer to:

## Places

* Meme (department), a division of the Southwest province in Cameroon
* Meme, Mingin, Burma

## People

* Meme McDonald, Australian writer and theatre director
* David Meme, English musician
* Mihai Stoica (also known as Meme Stoica), Romanian Football Club manager
* Belén Barenys, Spanish actress and singer, sometimes known by the stage name MEMÉ

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Film and television

* Mīmu Iro Iro Yume no Tabi (The Many Dream Journeys of Meme), a 1983 science-themed educational anime television series starring a "meme" who inhabits computer networks
* Meme (film), an American independent drama

### Games

* "Meme", the second expansion pack for the Metal Gear series of games

### Internet and social media

* Internet meme, a meme or fad that spreads quickly through the Internet
* Yahoo! Meme, a microblogging site launched by Yahoo! Inc. in August 2009, similar to Twitter

### Music

* Meme (band), an American indie pop group
* Meme (Milosh album), a 2006 album by Milosh
* Meme (Rurutia album), a 2005 album by Rurutia

## Technology and measurement

* Multiple EM for Motif Elicitation (MEME), a motif discovery and search system in bioinformatics
* Teme (philosophy), technological-meme

## Mythology

* Gborogboro and Meme, the first man and woman in Lugbara mythology
* Meme (Mesopotamian goddess), a minor Mesopotamian goddess
# Karczew

Karczew (; Yiddish: קארטשעוו Kartshev) is a town in Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, the seat of the urban-rural administrational district of Gmina Karczew, with 10,271 inhabitants (2010).
Karczew is a part of the Warsaw Agglomeration. It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River.

## History

Karczew was granted town rights by Polish King Sigismund I the Old in 1548. Administratively it was located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown.
During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Karczew was captured by German troops, who then carried out a massacre of 75 Poles at the local market square on September 11, 1939. Three Poles from Karczew were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in 1940.
In 2014 ferries to Gassy started service. According to people working on this project, the main problem was the official "no-entry" car regulation, despite roads being in the vicinity. Without cars it was not economically feasible, and after this problem was solved by removing this rule, the ferries began service.

## Sports

The local football team is Mazur Karczew [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.
# NIIDAR

The NIIDAR company, the Scientific and Research Institute for Long-Distance Radio Communications (Russian: Научно-исследовательский институт дальней радиосвязи) is a Russian manufacturer of radar systems.

## History

It was established in 1916 as an automobile repairs workshop, to repair vehicles damaged during World War I. After 1939 it became known as the "Plant No. 37 named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze". In the 1930s and 1940s, the plant built a number of light tanks, including the T-37A, T-38, T-40, T-60. It developed a number of radars from 1949 to 1959 in co-operation with the NII-20 Lianozovo Electromechanical Plant.

## Products

Unlike the NNIIRT, this design bureau focused on higher frequency radars like the P-20, P-30, P-30M, P-35, P-32D2 and the P-50 (NATO: E/F-bands). These radars have better accuracy and faster scan rates, and are thus more suited for ground control of fighter aircraft, which complement the lower frequency radars developed by the NNIIRT design bureau.
NNIDAR has in recent years expanded their product range to include innovative radar designs like the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon (OTH) surface-wave radar and the 29B6 Konteyner. The latter, while also being an OTH-radar, has separate locations for the transmitter and the receiver making it a bi-static system.

## NIIDAR designed air surveillance radars

| Radar | NATO reporting name | Radio spectrum (NATO) | Developed | Notes |
| P-20 Periscope | | E/F-band | 1949 | |
| P-50 Observatory | | E/F-band | 1949 | Stationary variant of P-20 |
| P-30 | BIG MESH | E/F-band | 1955 | |
| P-30M | | | 1959 | |
| P-35 Saturn | BAR LOCK | E/F-band | 1958 | |
| P-35M | BAR LOCK | E/F-band | 1961 | P-35 with Improved antenna layout |
| Sword-35 | BAR LOCK | E/F-band | 1971 | faster scanning, improved antenna layout, polarization filters, pulse duration/frequency modulation |
| Podsolnukh-E | | VHF | around 2000 | Surface-wave radar |
| 29B6 Konteyner | | VHF | around 2000 | Bi-static radar |
| Vitim (radar) | | VHF | | Bi-static radar |

## Owners and management

According to the data for the second quarter of 2014, 50% plus 2 shares of the company belong to JSC Concern RTI Sistema, 50% minus 2 shares belong to JSC RTI holding.
According to various sources the company was headed by:
* S. Ivanov — in 1930;
* B. K. Gutnov — from 1934 to August 29, 1937;
* M. I. Shor — from August 29, 1937 to 1938;
* N. A. Bogoroditsky — from 1946 to 1952;
* P. I. Kuznetsov — in 1955;
* S. V. Skorikov — from 1956 to 1959;
* F. V. Lukin — from 1960 to 1963 (director and scientific supervisor of the Research Institute-37);
* V. I. Markov — from 1963 to 1968 and from 1981 to 1989 (director of NIRTI/NIIDAR);
* Yu. N. Aksenov — from 1968 to 1970 (director of NIRTI);
* P. S. Lisovets — from 1970 to 1975 (Acting Director of NIRTI/NIIDAR);
* F. A. Kuzminsky — from 1975 to 1981;
* A. A. Trukhmanov — from 1990 to 2000;
* S. D. Saprykin — from 2000 to 2010;
* S. I. Shlyaev — from 2010 to 2015;
* A. R. Miloslavsky — from 2015 to 2018;
* K. V. Makarov — from 2018 to 2020;
* Yu. G. Anoshko — from 2020.
# Mathieu Criquielion

Mathieu Criquielion (born 27 April 1981 in Ath) is a Belgian former cyclist. His father Claude was also a professional cyclist.

## Major results
### 2004

    1st Stage 1 Tour du Brabant Wallon

### 2006

    10th Omloop van het Waasland
# Freeling baronets

The Freeling Baronetcy, of the General Post Office in the City of London and Ford and Hutchings in the County of Sussex, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 March 1828 for Francis Freeling, Secretary of HM General Post Office. The title became extinct on the death of the ninth Baronet in 1941.

## Freeling baronets, of the General Post Office and of Ford and Hutchings (1828)

* Sir Francis Freeling, 1st Baronet (1764–1836)
* Sir George Henry Freeling, 2nd Baronet (1789–1841)
* Sir Francis Freeling, 3rd Baronet (1816–1845)
* Sir Henry Hill Freeling, 4th Baronet (1818–1871)
* Sir Arthur Henry Freeling, 5th Baronet (1820–1885)
* Sir Harry Freeling, 6th Baronet (1852–1914)
* Sir James Robert Freeling, 7th Baronet (1825–1916)
* Sir Clayton Pennington Freeling, 8th Baronet (1857–1927)
* Sir Charles Edward Luard Freeling, 9th Baronet (1858–1941). He left no heir.
# Greyson Nekrutman

Greyson Nekrutman (born June 13, 2002) is an American musician, who is the current drummer of Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura and former drummer of crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies.

## Biography

Nekrutman started playing drums at age four, being taught many genres, including Latin, jazz and rock. He became known as a jazz and big band drummer, being influenced by the likes of Sonny Payne, Louie Bellson, Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Max Roach and Art Blakey, as well as other jazz influenced drummers like Carter Beauford, Mitch Mitchell and Ginger Baker.
He is featured on William Duvall (Alice in Chains)'s album 11.12.21 Live-In-Studio Nashville, which was released in June 2022.
He gained more recognition when he joined crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies, in April 2023, replacing Brandon Pertzborn. He stayed with Suicidal Tendencies until he joined Sepultura in February 2024, replacing Eloy Casagrande. Casagrande had replaced Jay Weinberg as a member of Slipknot, who in turn took Nekrutman's place in Suicidal Tendencies.
# 2014–15 Moldovan Under-18 Division

The 2014–15 Moldovan Under-18 Division (Romanian: Divizia Națională U-18) was the Moldovan annual football tournament. The season began on 6 September 2014 and ended on 28 May 2015. Zimbru Chișinău were the defending champions.

## Stadia and locations

| Club | Location |
| Buiucani-Dacia | Chișinău |
| ȘSSRF-LIMPS | Chișinău |
| ȘS-Petrocub | Sărata-Galbenă |
| Real Succes | Chișinău |
| Sheriff | Tiraspol |
| Voran-Veris | Chișinău |
| ȘS Bălți-Zaria | Bălți |
| Zimbru | Chișinău |

## Squads

Players must be born on or after 1 January 1997, with a maximum of five players per team born between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1996 allowed.

## League table

The schedule consists of three rounds. During the first two rounds, each team plays each other once home and away for a total of 14 matches. The pairings of the third round will then be set according to the standings after the first two rounds, giving every team a third game against each opponent for a total of 21 games per team.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Zimbru Chișinău (C) | 21 | 18 | 3 | 0 | 76 | 14 | +62 | 57 | Qualification to UEFA Youth League first round |
| 2 | Sheriff Tiraspol | 21 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 72 | 18 | +54 | 41 | |
| 3 | Buiucani-Dacia Chișinău | 21 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 55 | 29 | +26 | 39 | |
| 4 | ȘS Bălți-Zaria | 21 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 49 | 31 | +18 | 32 | |
| 5 | ȘS-Petrocub Sărata-Galbenă | 21 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 25 | 49 | −24 | 26 | |
| 6 | ȘSSRF-LIMPS Chișinău | 21 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 30 | 57 | −27 | 22 | withdrew |
| 7 | Real Succes Chișinău | 21 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 19 | 52 | −33 | 16 | |
| 8 | Voran-Veris Chișinău | 21 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 18 | 94 | −76 | 4 | |
* ↑ ȘSSRF-LIMPS Chișinău completed the season but withdrew from the league prior to the start of the next season. Reason unknown.

### Results
#### Matches 1−14

| Home \ Away | BUI | LIM | PET | REA | SHE | VOR | ZAR | ZIM |
| Buiucani-Dacia Chișinău | — | 3–1 | 3–0 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 9–0 | 0–0 | 3–5 |
| ȘSSRF-LIMPS Chișinău | 1–6 | — | 0–1 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 0–3 |
| ȘS-Petrocub Sărata-Galbenă | 1–1 | 3–3 | — | 0–0 | 3–1 | 3–2 | 0–5 | 1–3 |
| Real Succes Chișinău | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–0 | — | 0–4 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–4 |
| Sheriff Tiraspol | 1–1 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | — | 10–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| Voran-Veris Chișinău | 0–1 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 0–9 | — | 3–5 | 0–5 |
| ȘS Bălți-Zaria | 1–2 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 8–1 | 4–4 | 2–0 | — | 0–1 |
| Zimbru Chișinău | 3–2 | 3–0 | 7–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 6–0 | 3–3 | — |

#### Matches 15−21

| Home \ Away | BUI | LIM | PET | REA | SHE | VOR | ZAR | ZIM |
| Buiucani-Dacia Chișinău | — | 1–1 | 1–1 | — | — | 10–2 | — | 0–2 |
| ȘSSRF-LIMPS Chișinău | — | — | 4–1 | 2–3 | — | 5–0 | — | — |
| ȘS-Petrocub Sărata-Galbenă | — | — | — | 1–0 | 1–0 | — | 3–2 | — |
| Real Succes Chișinău | 3–4 | — | — | — | — | 3–1 | — | 0–3 |
| Sheriff Tiraspol | 3–0 | 8–0 | — | 6–0 | — | — | — | 1–2 |
| Voran-Veris Chișinău | — | — | 1–3 | — | 0–9 | — | 1–3 | — |
| ȘS Bălți-Zaria | 1–2 | 1–1 | — | 4–0 | 3–1 | — | — | — |
| Zimbru Chișinău | — | 10–0 | 6–1 | — | — | 2–0 | 4–1 | — |
# Rufat Amirov

Colonel Rufat Amirov (Azerbaijani: Rüfət Əmirov) is a retired military officer who had served as the acting Chief of General Staff of Azerbaijani Armed Forces and Deputy Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan Republic. He was appointed to both positions in 1992 after General Major Shahin Musayev was removed. He was then replaced by Lieutenant General Valeh Barshadly as Chief of General Staff but continued as Deputy Defense Minister through 1996.
Amirov is currently a reserve officer and Director of Military History Museum of the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan Republic.
# Giprosvyaz

Giprosvyaz (Russian: Гипросвязь) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) institute for design of structures for communications. Its current legal status is open joint stock company, OJSC Giprosvyaz (Russian: ОАО Гипросвязь). The name is an abbreviation of the full name of the former Soviet institute: State Institute on Surveying and Design of Communications Structures (Государственный институт по изысканиям и проектированию сооружений связи) The majority of the shares are held by Rostelecom, Russia's largest telecommunications company.

## History

The institution was established in 1932 as a trust Svyazproyekt (Связьпроект). Its main task was statewide surveying of suitable locations and design of postal offices, telephone, and telegraph exchanges, and communications lines. It was reorganized into an institute and renamed accordingly in 1951. It was headquartered in Moscow and had subsidiaries in major regional centres. The first ones were in Leningrad, Kiev, Tbilisi, Minsk, Novosibirsk, Kuybyshev. Later more of them were established. Some of them were reorganized into independent institutes (1973: Leningrad, Kiev, Novosibirsk, 1978: Tbilisi, Minsk, Kuybyshev). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union they went into various post-Soviet States. In Russia, all subsidiaries have become independent companies: Giprosvyaz Spb in St. Petersburg, Giprosvyaz-4 (ru:Гипросвязь-4) in Novosibirsk, Giprosvyaz-Samara in Samara (former Kuybyshev).

## Directors

CEO - Malysh Alexey Anatolyevich.
# Saint Bartholomew Church (Baku)

Saint Bartholomew Church (Azerbaijani: Müqəddəs Varfolomey kilsəsi) was a church that existed in the Old City of Baku, Azerbaijan.

## About

St. Bartholomew Church was built in 1892 at the expense of donations from the local Christian population on the site where the Apostle Bartholomew was believed to have been killed. It is believed that in this area near the Maiden Tower the apostle Bartholomew was crucified and killed by local pagans in 71 AD.
The interior of the small chapel-shaped orthodox church was decorated with icons of Bartholomew and other saints. The church was built by architect Johann Edel in the architectural style of Russian churches. It was built on the foundations of the first and oldest church in Baku. The church continued to operate until 1936, then it was demolished as a part of the campaign against religion.
In modern times, on the morning of June 24, the remembrance day of St. Bartholomew, the Baku diocese performs a moleben at the remains of the church. In 2003, Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople brought some of the remains of St. Bartholomew to Baku as a gift to Azerbaijani Christians, and these remains are now kept in the Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral. The remains of St. Bartholomew's Church were registered in 2015 as an archeological monument.
# Mother City F.C.

Mother City F.C. were a South African association football club founded in 1999 after Seven Stars and Cape Town Spurs merged to form Ajax Cape Town, and Mother City purchased the Cape Town Spurs licence. The club was based in Cape Town.

## History

The club set a number of unwanted records in their only season in the top flight. These included most losses in a season (28), fewest goals scored (22), most goals conceded (85), worst goal difference (-63), fewest points scored (10) and fewest away points scored (0).
The club suffered two relegations in three years.

## Former managers

* Bernard Hartze (1999–2000)

## League history

| Season | Division | Final Position | Games Played | Games Won | Games Drew | Games Lost | Goals for | Goals against | Pointes | Notes |
| 1999–00 | Premier Soccer League | 18 | 34 | 2 | 4 | 28 | 22 | −85 | 10 | Relegated |
| 2000–01 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 8 | 26 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 32 | −31 | 32 | |
| 2001–02 | National First Division (Coastal Stream) | 14 | 26 | 1 | 10 | 15 | 20 | −41 | 13 | Relegated |
# Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region

Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region (Azerbaijani: Gəncə-Daşkəsən iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan. It borders Georgia to the north and Armenia to the south, as well as the economic regions of Shaki-Zagatala, Central Aran, Karabakh, East Zangezur, and Gazakh-Tovuz. The region consists of the districts of Dashkasan, Goranboy, Goygol, Samukh, as well as the cities of Ganja and Naftalan. It has an area of 5,270 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). Its population was estimated to be at 611.3 thousand people in January 2021.

## History

Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region was established on 7 July 2021 as part of a reform of the economic region system of Azerbaijan. Its territory was part of the larger Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region before 2021.
# Üçyaka, Bingöl

Üçyaka (Kurdish: Az) is a village in the Bingöl District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Az tribe and had a population of 74 in 2021.
# Piotr of Klecie

Piotr of Klecie also known as Piotr of Goraj, was a 14th-century knight and courtier in Poland. When he moved to the court of Casimir the Great, he established powerful szlachta family that would influence both state and church politics in Poland for the next two centuries.
Born about 1320 Piotr was the son of Gus of Goraj the Lord of Goraj. Piotr had a son Dymitr, to whom King Louis I of Hungary gave the villages of Goraj, and Turobin on 26 July 1377. Peter also had a son, Iwonia. In 1353, with his brothers Chodek and Ostaszek, Peter received from King Casimir III the Great a dozen villages including: Klecie, Czermno, Januszkowice, Glinik, and Bukowa, Smarżowa, and Kamienica Górna and Skurową.

## Family

His descendants included:
* Dobiesław Kurozwęcki (d. 1397) politician and Castellan of Kraków.
* Jan Oleśnicki (d. 1413) Starosta of Vilnius and a judge in Kraków.
* Zbigniew Oleśnicki
* Dymitr of Sienna (d. 1465), Castellan of Sanok and Priest in Skalbmierski, Canon of Kraków in 1452, and Gniezno from 1454, and heir to estates at Rymanowa
* Nicholas of Sienna (d. 1484), Canon of Kraków, a Scholasticus from 1448, Canon of Gniezno from 1455, Archdeacon of Sandomierz from 1478.
* Jan of Sienna and Oleska (died before 1477) Castellan of Lwów, Przemysl of the Chamber in 1439–1448, and Starost of Sandomierz.
* Jakob of Sienna (1413–1480), Archbishop of Gniezno from 1474, Bishop of Krakow, Bishop of Włocławek.
* Paul of Sienna (c. 1410–1444) the Royal Secretary (1439), royal courtier (1444)
* Andrzej Sienieński (d. 1494) Chamberlain of Sandomierz
* John Sienieński from Sienna and Oleska (d. between 1510 and 1513), Castellan of Małogoszcz.
* Victor Sienieński (c.1463 - 31 March 1530) Castellan of małogoszcz
* John Sienieński from Sienna and Gołogór (d. after 1526), Castellan of Kamieniec.
# Republic Express Airlines

Republic Express Airlines (RPX Airlines) was a cargo airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operates domestic and regional cargo services. Republic Express Airlines is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.

## History

The airline was established in 2001 and started operations on 17 October 2001. It was wholly owned by the RPX Group. Since 1985 RPX has been the licensee in Indonesia for Federal Express.
The airline ceased operations in 2010 and its only remaining aircraft was stored in Jayapura until 2015.

## Destinations

The airline's destinations included Batam, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Surabaya, Balikpapan, Makassar, Pekanbaru and Surakarta.

## Fleet

In 2006, the Republic Express Airlines fleet included:
Republic Express Airlines fleet :
| Aircraft | In fleet | Notes |
| Boeing 737-200C | 3 | Cargo |
| Total | 3 | |
# Moldova at the Paralympics

Moldova, following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, made its Paralympic Games début at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, where it sent a five-man delegation to compete in track and field, powerlifting and table tennis. The country has competed in every subsequent edition of the Summer Paralympics, with small delegations. It has never taken part in the Winter Paralympics.
Moldova's two Paralympic medals so far were both won in 1996. Nikolai Tchoumak won bronze in the men's 10,000m race in the T12 category (severe visual impairment), while Vladimir Polkanov won bronze in the men's singles in table tennis, category 8.

## Medallists

| Medal | Name | Games | Sport | Event | Result |
| Bronze | Nikolai Tchoumak | 1996 Atlanta | Athletics | Men's 10,000m T12 | 34:36.85 |
| Bronze | Vladimir Polkanov | 1996 Atlanta | Table tennis | Men's Singles 8 | Pool stage: 1st of 4 (pool C) quarter-final: def Nico Vergeylen (BEL) 2:0 semi-final: def by Magnus Andree (SWE) 0:2 |
# Tachtigers

The Tachtigers ("Eightiers"), otherwise known as the Movement of Eighty (Dutch: Beweging van Tachtig), were a radical and influential group of Dutch writers who developed a new approach in 19th-century Dutch literature. They interacted and worked together in Amsterdam from the 1880s. Many of them are still widely read today.
The Tachtigers were so named simply because they became active around the year 1880. The movement was based on revolt against what the Tachtigers perceived as the formalistic and overly wrought style of mainstream literature in their day, particularly as favored by the predominant literary journal in Amsterdam, De Gids (The Guide). The Tachtigers instead insisted that style must match content, and that intimate and visceral emotions can only be expressed using an intimate and visceral writing style. For guidance in this effort, they tended to draw inspiration from Shakespeare, and from the then recent Impressionist painters and Naturalist writers.
After De Gids continued to reject most of their submissions, the Tachtigers founded their own competing literary journal, mockingly called De Nieuwe Gids (The New Guide), first published in October 1885. Two of the founding editors and frequent contributors were the poet and critic Willem Kloos and the poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden, both of whom are widely regarded today as canonical greats of Dutch literature. The other three founding editors were F. van der Goes, Willem Paap, and Albert Verwey. Other prominent Tachtigers whose works appeared in De Nieuwe Gids include the literary critic Lodewijk van Deyssel and the poet Herman Gorter, author of the epic poem Mei, who is probably the most widely read Tachtiger. He went on to become a founding member of the Social Democratic Party and was a prominent theoretician of the social democratic and council communist movements.
Another prominent novelist, Louis Couperus, published his first novel in 1889 and was deeply influenced by the Tachtigers. He is often counted as a Tachtiger, although he was outside the Amsterdam social circle of the true Tachtigers.
# Alexander Grushko

Alexander Viktorovich Grushko (Russian: Александр Викторович Грушко; born 25 April 1955) is a Russian diplomat, and is currently Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, since 22 January 2018. Previously, he was the Permanent Representative of Russia to NATO, serving from 2012 to 2018.

## Biography

Born in the family of Viktor Grushko (1930–2001) — a Soviet spy, former First Deputy Chairman of the KGB.
In 1977 he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. In the same year he entered the diplomatic service.
From 1995 to 1996 he was head of the Department of Security And Disarmament Affairs at the Russian Foreign Ministry.
From 1996 to 2000 he was head of the Russian delegation for military security and arms control in Vienna.
From 2000 to 2001 he was Deputy Director of the pan-European cooperation Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry.
From 2002 to 2005 he was Director of the Department of pan-European cooperation of the Russian Foreign Ministry.
From 2005 to 2012 he was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
From 23 October 2012 to 22 January 2018 he was Permanent Representative of Russia to NATO in Brussels.
On 22 January 2018, he was re-appointed as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia.

## Personal life

Alexander Grushko is married, has a son and a daughter. Since 2004 he has the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Grushko speaks Russian, English and Dutch.

## Honors and awards

* Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class (1996);
* Order of Friendship (2000);
* Gratitude to the Central Election Commission (2008);
* Order of Honour (2012);
* Presidential Certificate of Honour (2015).