OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gennady Ladyzhensky

Gennady Aleksandrovich Ladyzhensky (Russian: Генна́дий Алекса́ндрович Лады́женский; 23 January 1852, Kologriv - 2 September 1916, Kologriv) was a landscape painter from the Russian Empire. He was an Academician at the Imperial Academy of Arts.

## Biography

His father was the Parish Clerk. At first, he studied to be an architect. In 1872, he prepared drawings and watercolors of the sixteenth-century churches in Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod. After that, he decided to take up landscape painting and studied with Mikhail Clodt. He was also influenced by the works of Ivan Shishkin and Ivan Kramskoi.
In 1879, he was awarded the title of "Artist, Second Degree" and became a drawing teacher at the "Odessa Academy of Fine Arts". He began to exhibit widely in the mid 1880s and, in 1890, became one of the founders of the "Society of South Russian Artists". In 1891, he received the Order of Saint Stanislaus, third degree, from Tsar Alexander III. From 1892 through 1893, he toured Turkey, Crimea and the Caucasus, creating sketches of local life and customs, as well as landscapes. Among his best-known students were Boris Anisfeld, Pyotr Nilus and Oleksii Shovkunenko. His brother's granddaughter was famous mathematician Olga Ladyzhenskaya.
In 1910, the Imperial Academy named him an Academician although, by that time, he had largely given up painting in favor of collecting. Eventually, his collection encompassed not only art, but books, weapons, porcelain, furniture and various items from the Middle East.
When he retired in 1914, he returned to his hometown and attempted to organize a museum. The First World War made this impossible, however, and the museum was not created until 1918, after his death. Most of his paintings are there.
# Randall Hansen

Randall Hansen is a Canadian political scientist and historian at the University of Toronto, where he holds a Canada Research Chair in Global Migration in the Department of Political Science. He is also Director of the Global Migration Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. Hansen taught at the Queen Mary University of London and the University of Oxford (where he was a tutorial fellow at Merton College) before taking up his current position.
His fields of research are migration and citizenship, eugenics and population policy, and the effect of war on civilian populations. He has authored four books, Citizenship and Immigration in Postwar Britain, Fire and Fury: the Allied Bombing of Germany 1942-1945, Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance after Valkyrie., and War, Work and Want: How the OPEC Oil Crisis Caused Mass Migration and Revolution
Hansen was co-editor (with Matthew J. Gibney) of Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present. He is co-author (with Desmond King) of Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race and the Population Scare in 20th Century North America.
Fire and Fury was a Canadian bestseller, described by Vice as "well-received," and was nominated for a Governor's General award, specifically the Governor General's Literary Award for Non-Fiction in 2009. Additionally, he has contributed numerous articles to academic journals.
In 2018, sales of Fire and Fury surged upon the publication of Michael Wolff's best-selling book of the same title about the Presidency of Donald Trump. Some people bought Hansen's book by mistake, while others became aware of it because of the publicity over the Wolff book. The Guardian reported Hansen's reaction to the interest in his book about the consequences of war:
   "And we’re talking about that at a moment when we have this warmongering, unstable, deranged demagogue in the White House," he said. "So that coincidence actually makes me happier than the sales."
Hansen was the Interim Director of the Munk School of Global Affairs for the period 1 June 2017 to 31 January 2020, succeeding Stephen Toope, and Director of the Centre for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies at the Munk School from 2011 to 2022.
# Why Does the World Exist?

Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story is a nonfiction work authored by Jim Holt. He and the book were on the LA Times bestseller list during the last quarter of 2012, and the first quarter of 2013. The book was also a 2012 National Book Critics Award finalist for nonfiction.

## Central theme

A central question of the book is "Why is there something rather than nothing?", which lies in the domain between philosophy and scientific cosmology. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the first to publish the question in 1714. In this book, the author records a quest to answer the question through a series of interviews and discussions. Some of the people interviewed are John Updike, David Deutsch, Adolf Grünbaum, John Leslie, Derek Parfit, Roger Penrose, Richard Swinburne, Steven Weinberg, and Andrei Linde. Along the way, Jim Holt also introduces the reader to the philosophy of mathematics, theology, physics, ontology, epistemology, and other subjects.

## Review

   In “Why Does the World Exist?,” Jim Holt, an elegant and witty writer comfortably at home in the problem’s weird interzone between philosophy and scientific cosmology, sets out in search of such answers. He takes inspiration from readings of Heidegger and Sartre, and from something Martin Amis once said in a television interview: “We’re at least five Einsteins away from answering that question.”... Holt reminds us that no exploration of being — especially human being — can be separated from the human who undertakes it, complete with character and the play of moods. Updike felt that the universe had “a color, a quiet but tireless goodness that things at rest, like a brick wall or a small stone, seem to affirm.” Surely this was a mood, even a quirk of biochemistry, but it opens a perspective on the universe, too. The question of being itself, as Updike and Holt agree, can seem profound in one mood, vacuous in another.
—The New York Times
# Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes

Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (Catalan: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya–Catalunya Sí, ERC–CatSí) was a Catalan pro-independence electoral alliance. The alliance was formed by Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalonia Yes and independents, and in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish general elections it was led by Gabriel Rufián.
For general elections, the alliance was succeeded by Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists.

## History

The alliance was originally formed on 8 October 2011 to contest the 2011 Spanish general election by Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Catalonia Yes (CatSí) and Independence Rally (RI.cat), after talks with Catalan Solidarity for Independence (SI) to join the coalition failed to materialize. The alliance with RI.cat would be discontinued ahead of the 2012 Catalan regional election, as the party would support Artur Mas's Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) list, then sign a collaboration agreement with CDC in March 2014 to run together in subsequent elections. The ERC–CatSí alliance would be temporally discontinued for the 2015 Catalan regional election, as ERC joined the Junts pel Sí list together with CDC and other parties, but it would be re-established ahead of the 2015 and 2016 Spanish general elections with Gabriel Rufián as its leading candidate.
The alliance was maintained for the 2017 regional election, this time joined by Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and Left Movement (MES).

## Composition

| Party | Notes |
| Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) | |
| Catalonia Yes (CatSí) | |
| Left Movement (MES) | Joined in November 2017, left in December 2020. |
| Democrats of Catalonia (DC) | Joined in November 2017, expelled in December 2020. |
| Independence Rally (RI.cat) | Left in October 2012. |

## Electoral performance
### Parliament of Catalonia

Parliament of Catalonia :
| Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Leading candidate | Status in legislature |
| 2012 | 498,124 | 13.70% | 3rd | 21 / 135 | 11 | Oriol Junqueras | Opposition |
| 2017 | 935,861 | 21.38% | 3rd | 32 / 135 | 6 | Oriol Junqueras | Coalition (JxCat–ERC) |

### Cortes Generales
#### Nationwide

Cortes Generales :
| Election | Congress | Congress | Congress | Congress | Congress | Senate | Senate | Leading candidate | Status in legislature |
| Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Seats | +/– | Leading candidate | Status in legislature |
| 2011 | 256,985 | 1.06% | 8th | 3 / 350 | 0 | 0 / 208 | 3 | Alfred Bosch | Opposition |
| 2015 | 601,782 | 2.39% | 6th | 9 / 350 | 6 | 6 / 208 | 6 | Gabriel Rufián | Opposition |
| 2016 | 632,234 | 2.63% | 5th | 9 / 350 | 0 | 10 / 208 | 10 | Gabriel Rufián | Opposition |

#### Regional breakdown

| Election | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonia |
| Election | Congress | Congress | Congress | Congress | Congress | Senate | Senate |
| Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Seats | +/– |
| 2011 | 244,854 | 7.07% | 5th | 3 / 47 | 0 | 0 / 16 | 3 |
| 2015 | 601,782 | 15.99% | 2nd | 9 / 47 | 6 | 6 / 16 | 6 |
| 2016 | 632,234 | 18.18% | 2nd | 9 / 47 | 0 | 10 / 16 | 10 |
# Black Dome Mountain

Black Dome Mountain is the northernmost summit of the Camelsfoot Range, which lies along the west side of the Fraser River, north of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada. It is an ancient butte-like volcano located in the formation known as the Chilcotin Group, which lie between the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains and the mid-Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada.

## Location and terrain

Black Dome is located in the angle of Churn Creek and the Fraser Canyon, 27 km (17 mi) southwest of Dog Creek Bridge at Gang Ranch. It is the northernmost summit of the Camelsfoot Range, which lines the west bank of the Fraser north of Lillooet. The Churn Creek Protected Area adjoins the north and western flanks of the mountain, while the Fraser Canyon runs southward along its eastern flank.

## Geology

Like other volcanic landforms in British Columbia, Black Dome Mountain is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which includes over 160 active volcanoes. There are obsidian deposits and other deposits around the volcano. It has produced olivine basalt dykes, lavas, and agglomerate. Black Dome Mountain is thought to have formed as a result of extension of the crust behind the Cascadia subduction zone and last erupted during the Pliocene.

## History

During the early 1950s, Black Dome Mountain was the site of gold mining prospects by Bralorne Mines Inc. and produced a bit of an excitement for people that lived near the mountain.
# Vezendan

Vezendan (Persian: وزندان, also Romanized as Vezendān and Vazandān) is a village in Pish Khowr Rural District, Pish Khowr District, Famenin County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 97, in 32 families.

## Language

It is an Azeri Turkic speaking village.
# Option fee

In a real estate context, an option fee is money paid by a buyer to a seller for the option to terminate a real estate contract.
Option fee funds should not be confused with earnest money.
The use of option fees is most common in the residential resale market in Texas.

## Option fees in Texas

The residential real estate industry in Texas is unique in that the real estate sales contract forms used in most transactions in the state are developed through a state agency, the Texas Real Estate Commission (TREC). TREC's Broker-Lawyer Committee develops standard contract forms and addenda which are promulgated by the Commission. While the forms are public records and available for anyone to use, they are intended for use by those persons holding licenses to practice real estate in Texas. Though the use of these contract forms and addenda is voluntary, they are used in most transactions.
One distinctive feature of residential real estate contract forms promulgated by the TREC is the "termination option." The termination option paragraph of the contract gives a potential buyer, in return for paying an "option fee" to the seller, the unrestricted right to terminate the contract by giving notice of termination to the seller within a certain number of days after the effective date of the negotiated contract. The number of days and the amount of the option fee, like sales price and earnest money, are among those features negotiated between a seller and potential buyer in the sale contract; in Texas, option fees typically range from $100 to $200, while earnest money ranges from one to several thousand dollars. Option fees are paid directly to the seller and are only refundable at closing, while earnest money in Texas is typically paid to and held in escrow by title insurance companies for the seller. Earnest money is either paid to the seller or refunded to a potential buyer, depending on a number of factors.
The termination option gives a potential buyer time to fully evaluate the condition of the property and perhaps renegotiate the initial offer based on inspections, needed repairs, or other considerations. During the option period, buyers may either terminate the contract or proceed to purchase the home. Sellers not only receive the benefit of the option fee payment, but also avoid jeopardizing a successful sale. In addition, during the option period, the seller can continue to negotiate and accept back-up offers from other potential buyers.
# Mohon

Mohon (French pronunciation:; Breton: Mozhon) is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France. Inhabitants of Mohon are called in French Mohonnais.
# Kuutsi

Kuutsi (Võro: Kuudsi) is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. Between 1991–2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Mõniste Parish.
Kuutsi is the location of Mõniste Peasant Museum.
# Fort Alice

The Fort Alice (Malay: Kubu Alice) is a fort in Sri Aman, Sarawak, Malaysia.

## Name

The fort was named after Margaret Alice Lili de Windt, wife of Charles Brooke.

## History

The fort was originally constructed in 1864 as the Simanggang Fort after the victory of Charles Brook over Rentap. The fort was listed as historical monument by the Sarawak State Government in 1971. In June 2013, restoration works began on the fort and was completed on 18 April 2015 with a cost of MYR5 million. It was then reopened as the Sri Aman Heritage Museum.
~ Old tradition in Fort Alice (1864-1964)
This was the evening call at eight o'clock for hundred year, when the Resident used to have his dinner and the draw- bridge was drawn up for the night. It was a call made by a policeman after he had struck the eight o'clock gong.
The call was changed slightly twice over the years but the meaning remained almost the same.
The Call (in Iban)
Oh Ha! Oh Ha! Oh Ha!
Jam diatu pukol lapan,
Tangga udah di-tarit,
Pintu udah di-tambit,
Orang ari ulu,
Orang ari ili,
Nadai tahu niki kubu agi.
Translation
Oh Ha! Oh Ha! Oh Ha!
The time is now eight o'clock,
The steps have been drawn up,
The door is closed.
People from up-river,
People from down-river,
Are not allowed to come up to the fort any more.

## Architecture

The rectangular fort was built on a hilltop. It is equipped with cannons, open courtyard, drawbridge and lookout tower.
# Agdaagux Tribe of King Cove

Agdaagux Tribe of King Cove is a federally recognized tribe based in Belkofski, Alaska. Population is found to be 845 people, 170 households, and 116 families in King Cove as of 2022. The tribe is descended from both Unangax and non-Native people.

## King Cove Alaska

King Cove, Alaska is located on the south side of the Alaskan Peninsula in between Deer Passage and Deer Island along the Aleutians East Borough. The city was said to have been first founded in 1911 when the first salmon canneries opened, and was officially incorporated as a city in 1947. The land itself is only accessible by plane and boat with one local airport.

## Native language and its origins

Unangam Tunuu the indigenous term for the Aleut language, is also known as the heritage language of the Unangux people who live in the Aleutian Islands, and is part of the Eskimo-Aleut Language Family.
Aleut is in its own branch separate from the Eskimo-Aleut family. All of the Native Alaskan dialects have been found to be influenced by Russian language. Especially as a result of the Russian fur traders as well as the Russian Orthodox. This is seen through the first Aleutian alphabet recorded from the Bering Aleut dialect and its comparison to Russian.

## Culture

Prior to Russian and Scandinavian settlements, the Unangax̂ people lived off of the land hunting and fishing with kayaks called bidarkas. Relying heavily on trading and sharing between families for survival, especially to prevent food from spoiling. Pre-contact with the Russian fur traders, the natural world and spiritual were seen as one, including people, animals, places, oceans, and more. Though many of those beliefs were altered or lost soon after the Russians stated settling in the Aleutian Islands in the late 1700s. The tribe and locals are made up of a mix between non-natives and Unangax people.

## Economy
### Business

31 business license are currently located in King Cove. Peter Pans Seafood an LLC, has one of the largest facilities in King Cove. They fish king crab, cod, salmon, pollock, and many other types of crab and fish.

### Education

There is one main school in King Cove which is run by the Aleutians East Borough School District.

## Aleutian internment camps

Aleutian internment camps during World War II, also known as evacuations of the Aleutian people. To many Aleutians this event was seen as very humiliating due to having been stripped from their homes and put into camps where 1 in every 10 natives died in these camps due to terrible living conditions.
In 1988 there were reparations of $12,000 given to the remaining internment camp survivors through the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restituition Act.
More information can be found in a documentary called “Aleut Story” made in 2005 that tells about the Aleutian experience through internment camps/evacuation during World War II.
# Jhargram Assembly constituency

Jhargram Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Jhargram district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Overview

As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 222 Jhargram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Jhargram municipality, Bandhgora, Manikpara, Radhanagar and Sapdhara gram panchayats of Jhargram community development block and Binpur I community development block.
Jhargram Assembly constituency is part of No. 33 Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency) (ST).

## Election results
### 2021

2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election: Jhargram :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | AITC | Birbaha Hansda | 109,493 | 54.00 | −1.00 |
| | BJP | Sukhamoy Satpathy | 71,253 | 35.00 | +23.90 |
| | CPI(M) | Madhuja Sen Roy | 10,430 | 5.00 | |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 3,636 | 2.00 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | | |
| | AITC hold | AITC hold | Swing | | |

### 2016

2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election: Jhargram :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | AITC | Sukumar Hansda | 99,233 | 55.00 | +10.33 |
| | Jharkhand Party (Naren) | Chunibala Hansdah | 44,005 | 24.00 | new |
| | BJP | Ajay Kumar Sen | 18,843 | 11.11 | +7.00 |
| | INC | Subrata Bhattacharya | 7,017 | | |
| | SUCI(C) | Mahadeb Pratihar | 2,343 | | |
| | AJSU | Gunadhar Mahato | 1,599 | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | | |
| | AITC hold | AITC hold | Swing | | |

### 2011

West Bengal assembly elections, 2011: Jhargram :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | AITC | Sukumar Hansda | 69,464 | 44.67 | +4.32# |
| | CPI(M) | Amar Basu | 54,191 | 34.85 | −19.97 |
| | Independent | Chhatradhar Mahata | 20,037 | 12.88 | |
| | BJP | Bijay Mahato | 6,376 | 4.10 | |
| | JMM | Sunil Kisku | 5,573 | 3.66 | |
| | Jharkhand Anushilan Party | Bholanath Mahata | 5,452 | 3.51 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 155,520 | 84.47 | |
| | AITC gain from CPI(M) | AITC gain from CPI(M) | Swing | 24.29# | |
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

### 1977-2006

In the 2006 state assembly elections, Amar Basu of CPI(M) won the Jhargram assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Shivendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mina Sanatani of CPI(M) defeated Makhan Lal Bangal of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Buddhadeb Bhakat of CPI(M) defeated Chaitanya Murmu of Congress in 1996 and Nikhil Maiti of Congress in 1991. Abani Bhusan Satpathi of CPI(M) defeated Bhabesh Mahata of Congress in 1987 and Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress in 1982. Ram Chandra Satpathy of CPI(M) defeated Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress in 1977.

### 1957-1972

Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Panchkari De of Bangla Congress won in 1969. P.C.Ghosh, Independent, won in 1967. Mahendra Nath Mahata of Congress won in 1962 and 1957.
# England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity

"England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity" (Irish: Nuair a bhíonn deacracht ag Sasana, bíonn deis ag Éirinn) is an Irish nationalist phrase which long served as a "rallying cry" for Irish people who desired political independence. It was popular across the political spectrum of Irish nationalism. In 1868, The London Review of Politics described it as "the meaning of Fenianism".

## Origin

The phrase was first used by Daniel O'Connell, an Irish politician and campaigner for Catholic emancipation. Later, the phrase became associated with John Mitchel.

## Reactions

On several occasions, Irish nationalists took advantage of crises in Britain to launch rebellions. However, for various reasons they were unable to take advantage of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. When the First World War broke out in 1914, it was perceived as an opportunity for a rising (which materialized in 1916). In the Emergency during World War II, some Irish republicans repurposed the phrase in advocacy of an alliance with Nazi Germany on the basis that it was at war with the United Kingdom. According to a 1998 article in Irish America, the motto "didn't always work successfully for the Irish".
Some Irish nationalists, including the Irish Republican Brotherhood, rejected the idea, believing that bloody conflict was more likely to draw attention to their cause and help them achieve their aims. O'Donovan Rossa complained that anyone who employed the phrase was a "fraud" and in practice used it as an excuse to do nothing while supposedly awaiting the 'difficulty', as they did not actually take advantage of the "opportunities" provided by England's difficulties when they later occurred. In a biography of James Stephens, Marta Ramón wrote that the unwritten coda of the motto was often "let's bide our time". Stephens, however, rejected that idea.
Although it was typically used in a hostile sense by those who perceived England's and Ireland's interests to be intrinsically opposed to one another, Sir Henry Christopher Grattan-Bellew proposed in an 1898 article in the New Ireland Review that the phrase be redefined in a "friendlier and more constitutional sense" to mean that Ireland could relieve England's difficulty for mutual benefit.
Seamus Heaney wrote a poem titled "England's Difficulty" which appeared in Stations, in which he asserted that during the Troubles, the opportunity resulting from England's difficulty was actually a source of trouble for many Irish people, who, akin to double agents, were torn between multiple loyalties.
# Ángel Sposato

Ángel Sposato (born 17 May 1922) was an Argentine weightlifter. He competed in the men's middleweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.