OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ak, Takestan

Ak (Persian: آک) is a village in, and the capital of, Ak Rural District of Esfarvarin District, Takestan County, Qazvin province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 3,484 in 834 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,082 people in 859 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 3,220 people in 950 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Novo-Konyushenny Bridge

The Novo-Konyushenny Bridge (Russian: Ново-Конюшенный мост, literally New Stables Bridge) is a bridge across the Griboedov Canal in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It acts as an extension of the Stable Square.

## History

The first wooden bridge was built here in the 1880s to assist the construction of the Church of the Savior on Blood. During construction, the width of the bridge reached 115 meters (for comparison, the widest bridge in Saint Petersburg today, the Blue Bridge is 97.5 meters wide). When the cathedral was completed in 1907, the bridge remained in place and was named Church of the Resurrection of Christ Bridge. After the October Revolution in 1917, it was renamed to bridge-overlap. In 1975, the new ferroconcrete bridge was built, and it was named Grinevsky Bridge, after Ignacy Hryniewiecki - the assassin of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, who threw the bomb into tzar's cart near the location of the modern bridge. In 1998 the bridge was renamed once again to its current name after the nearby Stable Square (Konyushennaya Square).
# Harald Hen

Harald Hen (Runic Danish for "Harald the Whetstone"; c. 1040 – 17 April 1080) was King of Denmark from 1076 to 1080. Harald III was an illegitimate son of Danish king Sweyn II Estridsson, and contested the crown with some of his brothers. He was a peaceful ruler who initiated a number of reforms. Harald was married to his cousin Margareta Hasbjörnsdatter, but did not leave any heirs, and was succeeded by his brother Canute IV the Saint. Four of his half-brothers were in turn crowned Danish kings.

## Biography

Harald was born around 1040. Son of King Sweyn II, Harald took part in Sweyn's 1069 raid of England alongside his uncle Jarl Asbjørn and his brother Canute.
After the death of his father in 1076, Harald was elected king in competition with his younger brother, Canute, at an assembly at Isøre near Odsherred. In order to get elected, he took the vows called Harald's laws, declaring his will to uphold the existing rule of law. During his rule, Harald met opposition from a number of his brothers, likely including Canute, who enlisted the support of Olaf III of Norway. Pope Gregory VII mediated, advising Olaf not to take sides, and for Harald to share power with his brothers.
Harald was dependent on the great nobles of Denmark for his election, and did little to oppose them. As a result, he fought no major wars and spent his energy improving the few things that lay in his purview. He is best known for improving and standardizing Danish coinage, and established mints at Ribe, Viborg, Lund, and Schleswig. He instituted public use of the Royal forests. Harald also sought to change Danish legal customs. Harald deplored the ancient customs of trial by combat and the jernbyrd trial by ordeal of holding red-hot iron bars, and introduced a system used by the English of calling upon honorable men to swear oaths on behalf of the parties in a trial. He allegedly continued Sweyn's policy of requesting the Pope to grant a Danish Archbishopric, but was not successful.
Harald died on 17 April 1080, and was interred at Dalby Church in Scania. He was succeeded as king by his brother, Canute IV.

## Legacy

Saxo Grammaticus scorned Harald as a weak and ineffective king yielding to the will of the common people, while Ælnoth called him a "by the people beloved lawmaker". He is also described as a man who let others control his actions, possessing a mild temper. Perhaps this gives the explanation for his nickname Harald the Whetstone (Danish: Harald Hen or Hein), in other words, Harald the Soft.
The legal reforms of Harald were not fully accepted until the reign of Valdemar II the Victorious in the 13th century. The historicity of his coinage reform has also been called into question.
# Geum japonicum

Geum japonicum, known as Asian herb bennet, is a yellow-flowering perennial plant native to North America and East Asia, especially Japan. It may be synonymous with Geum macrophyllum, the North American flower. As a traditional herbal remedy it is known as an astringent and used in poultices. However, in recent years, the Thunberg variant has received attention for other possible medical uses.
With regard to muscular recovery, an extract has been found to help muscles recover following "severe injury", to reduce myocardial infarct size by 35–45% when administered following a heart attack. It also has possible anti-viral properties, including action against HIV and HSV. Action against tumors has also been noted.
# Khaled al-Bassam

Khaled al-Bassam (Arabic: خالد البسام, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia, November 18, 1956 – 2015) was a Bahraini writer and historian. He has published many books on the history of Bahrain and the Persian Gulf region, including novels and biographies of artists and politicians.

## Education

He studied English at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, then French immersion in Vichy, France.

## Career

From 1984 to 1986, he served as Editor-in-Chief of the magazine, Gulf Panorama, followed by a brief stint in 1988 for Al-Hayat in London. From 1988 to 2000, he served as Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Al Ayam back home, owned by the same company as Gulf Panorama. From 2001 to 2005, he was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine, Hana Bahrain.

## Publications

Publications :
| Title | Year |
| تلك الأيام (“Those Days”) | 1986 |
| رجال في جزائر اللؤلؤ (“Pearl Divers of Algeria”) | 1991 |
| خليج الحكايات (“Bay of Stories”) | 1993 |
| مرفأ الذكريات: رحلات إلى الكويت القديمة (“The Harbor of Memories: Travels to Ancient Kuwait”) | 1995 |
| صدمة الاحتكاك: حكايات الإرسالية الأمريكية في الخليج والجزيرة العربية 1892 - 1925 (“Friction Shock: Stories of the American Mission in the Gulf and Arabia, 1892—1925”) | 1998, published by Dar al Saqi |
| القوافل: رحلات الإرسالية الأمريكية في مدن الخليج والجزيرة العربية 1901-1926م (“Caravans: American Missionaries’ Journeys in the Cities of the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, 1901—1926”) | 2000 |
| بريد القلب (“Heart Mail”) | 2000 |
| بساتين (“Orchards”) | 2000 |
| عزف على السطور (“Play the Lines”) | 2000 |
| شخصيات بحرينية (“Bahraini Luminaries”) | 2000 |
| حكايات من البحرين (“Tales from Bahrain”) | 2001 |
| نسوان زمان (“Women of History”) | 2002 |
| يا زمان الخليج (“O Gulf History”) | 2002 |
| ثرثرة فوق دجلة: حكايات التبشير المسيحي في العراق 1900 - 1935م (“Gossip over the Tigris: Stories of Christian Evangelization in Iraq, 1900—1935”) | 2004 |
| كلنا فداك: البحرين والقضية الفلسطينية 1917 – 1948 (“We Are All Fadak: Bahrain and the Palestinian Question, 1917—1948”) | 2005 |
| يوميات المنفى: عبد العزيز الشملان في سانت هيلانه 1956-1961 (“Diary of Exile: Abdulaziz al-Shamlan in Saint Helena, 1956—1961”) | 2007 |
| عبد الله الزائد الشموع تضيء (“Abdullah Lights the Excess Candles”) | 2007 |
| لا يوجد مصور في بريدة (“There Is No Photographer in Buraidah,” novel) | 2008 |
| مدرس ظفار (“The Teacher of Dhofar,” novel) | 2010 |
| البحرين تروي (“Trojan Bahrain”) | 2011 |
| تقي البحارنة: عنفوان الكتابة (“Taqi Baharna: The Influence of His Writing”) | 2012 |
| جراندول (“Grandwell,” novel) | 2016 |
| ثمن الملح (“The Price of Salt,” novel) | 2016, published by Dar Al Jadawel |
# Murad Kalam

Murad Kalam (born Godffrey Williams; Arabic: مراد قلم) is an American writer.
Kalam was born to a Jamaican father and a white mother. His family moved around the country frequently before settling in the suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona, where he grew up. In 1999, Kalam graduated from Harvard College, where he studied writing under Jamaica Kincaid and published in the Harvard Advocate. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 2002.
While in his second year of law school, Kalam published his first short story, "Bow Down," in Harper's, which won an O. Henry Award. Shortly thereafter he published his first novel, Night Journey. In 2002, he was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to write his second novel, A Reasonable Man, in Egypt.
He currently lives in Washington, DC with his wife, Rashann Duvall, whom he met in law school. He is a faculty member in the English department at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Kalam is a convert to orthodox Islam. His chosen name means "desire of the pen".
# Ahmed Hassan Gabobe

Ahmed Hassan Gabobe is a Somali politician. He belongs to the Bimal subclan of the Dir. He was the Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs of Somalia, having been appointed to the position on 27 January 2015 by Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke.
# Yacoub Sarraf

Yacoub Riad Sarraf (Arabic: يعقوب رياض الصراف; born 1961) is a Lebanese politician. He was born in the town of Miniara in the Akkar district of northern Lebanon.

## Biography

Sarraf, who is a Greek Orthodox Christian, has degrees in civil engineering and architecture from the American University of Beirut. He has two children. Sarraf worked for companies in Greece, France and Lebanon before being named governor of Beirut in 1999. In 2003 he became governor of Mount Lebanon.
Close to President Émile Lahoud, he was involved in numerous political clashes with the Beirut municipal council and with Rafiq Hariri.
Émile Lahoud had him appointed Minister of the Environment in the Fouad Siniora government formed in July 2005.
He held the post of Minister of Defense in an interim capacity while Elias Murr was convalescing from an assassination attempt of July 12, 2005.
As Environment Minister, he strongly denounced the oil spill caused by Israeli bombardment of the Jiyeh thermal power station during the Israel-Lebanon conflict.
He submitted his resignation from the cabinet on November 11, 2006, but Prime Minister Fouad Siniora has rejected the resignation.
On 18 December 2016, he was appointed Minister of Defense in the newly formed cabinet of Prime Minister Saad Hariri, where he served until 31 January 2019.
# Ron Urlich

Ronald Anthony Urlich (born 8 February 1944) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Urlich represented Auckland at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1970 to 1973. He played 35 matches for the All Blacks including two internationals.
# Dešeča Vas

Dešeča Vas (pronounced; Slovene: Dešeča vas) is a village on the right bank of the Krka River northwest of Žužemberk in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The entire Municipality of Žužemberk is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
# Alexander Pirogov

Alexander Stepanovich Pirogov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Степа́нович Пирого́в; 1899–1964), was a Russian bass opera singer.
Pirogov was born in Ryazan, one of five sons of a musical father. Four of the five brothers became singers, most notably Grigory, also a bass.
From 1924 through 1954, he was one of the main bass soloists of the Bolshoi Theatre along with Mark Reizen, and Maxim Mikhailov. He recorded under Samuil Samosud, Alexander Melik-Pashayev, Aleksandr Gauk, Nikolai Golovanov, and Vassili Nebolsin.
In 1954, he played Boris Godunov in a film version, winning a medal in Italy. The same year, he made his only performances outside the Soviet Union singing the role of Boris Godunov in Finnish National Opera in Helsinki on January 28 and 30 and February 2. He also visited Helsinki in 1956 with performances on October 21 and 24.
# List of graphical methods

This is a list of graphical methods with a mathematical basis. Included are diagram techniques, chart techniques, plot techniques, and other forms of visualization.
There is also a list of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics.

## Simple displays

* Area chart
* Bar chart
** Histogram
** Variable-width bar chart
* Box plot
** Dispersion fan diagram
* Graph of a function
** Logarithmic graph paper
* Heatmap
* Line chart
* Pie chart
* Plotting
* Radar chart
* Scatterplot
* Sparkline
* Spiral graphic
* Stemplot
* Stripe graphic

## Set theory

* Venn diagram
* Karnaugh diagram

## Descriptive geometry

* Isometric projection
* Orthographic projection
* Perspective (graphical)

## Engineering drawing

* Technical drawing
** Graphical projection
* Mohr's circle
* Pantograph
* Circuit diagram
* Smith chart
* Sankey diagram

## Systems analysis

* Binary decision diagram
* Control-flow graph
* Functional flow block diagram
* Information flow diagram
* IDEF
* N2 chart
* Sankey diagram
* State diagram
* System context diagram
* Data-flow diagram

## Cartography

* Map projection
* Orthographic projection (cartography)
* Robinson projection
* Stereographic projection
* Dymaxion map
* Topographic map
* Craig retroazimuthal projection
* Hammer retroazimuthal projection

## Biological sciences

* Cladogram
* Punnett square
* Systems Biology Graphical Notation

## Physical sciences

* Free body diagram
* Greninger chart
* Phase diagram
* Wavenumber-frequency diagram
* Bode plot
* Nyquist plot
* Dalitz plot
* Feynman diagram
* Carnot Plot

## Business methods

* Flowchart
** Workflow
* Gantt chart
* Growth-share matrix (often called BCG chart)
* Work breakdown structure
* Control chart
* Ishikawa diagram
* Pareto chart (often used to prioritise outputs of an Ishikawa diagram)

## Conceptual analysis

* Mind mapping
* Concept mapping
* Conceptual graph
* Entity-relationship diagram
* Tag cloud, also known as word cloud

## Statistics

* Autocorrelation plot
* Bar chart
* Biplot
* Box plot
* Bullet graph
* Chernoff faces
* Control chart
* Fan chart
* Forest plot
* Funnel plot
* Galbraith plot
* Histogram
* Mosaic plot
* Multidimensional scaling
* np-chart
* p-chart
* Pie chart
* Probability plot
** Normal probability plot
* Poincaré plot
** Probability plot correlation coefficient plot
* Q–Q plot
* Rankit
* Run chart
* Seasonal subseries plot
* Scatter plot
* Skewplot
* Ternary plot
* Recurrence plot
* Waterfall chart
* Violin plot

## Other

* Ulam spiral
* Nomogram
* Fitness landscape
* Weather map
* Predominance diagram
* One-line diagram
* Autostereogram
* Edgeworth box
* Lineweaver-Burk diagram
* Eadie-Hofstee diagram
* Population pyramid
* Parametric plot
* Causality loop diagram
* Ramachandran plot
* V model
* Sentence diagram
* Tree structure
* Treemapping
* Airfield traffic pattern diagram
# A Tenderfoot in Space

"A Tenderfoot in Space" is a short story by Robert A. Heinlein, serialized in Boys' Life magazine in May, June, and July 1958. The original working title was "Tenderfoot on Venus" when it was written in 1956. It was extensively cut according to orders by the magazine editor for its published form. It was reprinted in the 1992 retrospective Requiem: New Collected Works by Robert A. Heinlein and Tributes to the Grand Master.

## Synopsis

A boy and his dog emigrate to Venus. The boy joins a local Scout troop, learning how to survive in the Venusian wilderness, with its various dangers.

## Publication information

* Robert A. Heinlein (May 1958). "A Tenderfoot in Space Part 1". Boys' Life – via Google Books.
* Robert A. Heinlein (June 1958). "A Tenderfoot in Space Part 2". Boys' Life – via Google Books.
* Robert A. Heinlein (July 1958). "A Tenderfoot in Space Part 3". Boys' Life – via Google Books.
# Berbers in the Netherlands

Berbers in the Netherlands (Dutch: Berbers in Nederland) are people of Berber descent living in the Netherlands. Berbers in the Netherlands are estimated to number 367,455 people and are mainly of Riffian-Berber descent.

## Notable people

* Oussama Assaidi
* Abdelkader Benali
* Khalid Boulahrouz
* Ali Elkhattabi
* Ahmed Aboutaleb
* Ismaïl Aissati
* Mounir El Hamdaoui
* Rajae El Mouhandiz
* Mohammed Bouyeri
* Mohammed Benzakour
* Abdel Malek El Hasnaoui
* Zakaria Labyad
# Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul in Chortkiv

The Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul (Ukrainian: Катедральний собор верховних апостолів Петра і Павла) is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic parish church in Chortkiv, Chortkiv urban hromada, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine.

## History

The church was designed by the architect Serhii Hora. The cornerstone was laid and consecrated on March 19, 1992. The trident-shaped cathedral was inaugurated and consecrated on July 12, 2001.

## Abbots

* at. Andrii Lemchuk (abbot)
* at. Mykola Malyi (vice-pastor)
* at. Volodymyr Hrytsiv (employee)
* at. Roman Harasymiv (employee)
# Gary Whetton

Gary William Whetton (born 15 December 1959) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He played 180 matches for Auckland, and 58 tests (15 as captain) at lock for the All Blacks from 1981 to 1991. He serves on the Auckland Blues board and was elected Chairman in April 2012. He is the twin brother of fellow All Black Alan Whetton.
New Zealand hosted and won the inaugural World Cup in 1987 beating France 29–9 in the final. New Zealand conceded only 52 points and scored 43 tries in six games en route to the title, beating Italy, Fiji, Argentina, Scotland, Wales and France.
The 1993 French Rugby Union Championship was won by Castres who beat Grenoble 14–11 in controversial final. Indeed a try of Olivier Brouzet is denied to Grenoble and the decisive try by Gary Whetton was awarded by the referee, Daniel Salles, when in fact the defender Franck Hueber from Grenoble touched down the ball first in his try zone. This error gave the title to Castres. Salles admitted the error 13 years later . Jacques Fouroux conflict with the Federation and who was already suspicious before the match of the referee cry out conspiracy.

## Honours

* National Provincial Championship:
** 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 (Auckland)
* Rugby World Cup:
** 1987 (New Zealand)
* French championship:
** 1993 (Castres)
# William J. Clark

Dr. William J. Clark is a Scottish orthodontist known for developing Twin Block Appliance in Orthodontics. This appliance was developed by Dr. Clark in 1977 in Scotland and since then this appliance has been used in correction of Class 2 malocclusions with retrognathic mandible. He also developed invisible TransForce Appliance in 2004.

## Orthodontics

Clark is the recipient of the first award for distinction in Orthodontics by British Orthodontic Society. The International Functional Association awarded Clark in 2008 for his contributions to Orthodontics. He published a textbook in 2002 called Twin Block Functional Therapy - Applications in Dentofacial Orthopaedics. Dr. Clark is credited to be the first person part of a teleconference at a dental course in Chicago in 1990 which was eventually transmitted to 25 different cities via satellite.

## Twin-Block Appliance

Twin-block appliances are used to correct Class II malocclusions with a deficient mandible. The appliance is removable in nature and involves more patient compliance than fixed functional appliances such as Herbst, Forsus or MARA which are attached to teeth. As the patient bites together, they bite with their mandible forward. Clark recommended the appliance to be worn for at least one year in order to see any growth changes happening. The actual growth of mandible is still a question and literature shows that a Twin-Block appliance is as effective as a Herbst appliance.
# Ahmad ibn Sa'id

Aḥmad ibn Sa‘īd ibn Sa‘d (Arabic: أحمد بن سعيد بن سعد; d. c. 15 April 1781) was a sharif of the Zayd clan who served as Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1770 to 1773.
After the death of his brother Musa'id in late Muharram 1184 AH (May 1770) his brother Abd Allah succeeded to the Emirate, having been nominated by Musa'id before his death. Ahmad, desiring the Emirate for himself, deposed his brother and appointed himself as Emir. He sent word to Istanbul of the change in office, but before the customary proclamation and khil'ah (robe of honor) arrived from the capital he was deposed by the ruler of Egypt, Ali Bey al-Kabir, who replaced him with Abd Allah ibn Husayn of the rival Barakat clan. Abd Allah entered Mecca with a forged firman on Friday, 18 Rabi al-Awwal 1184 AH (13 July 1770) supported by Egyptian troops led by Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, and was installed as Emir on the same day. In early October Ahmad resumed the Emirate after defeating Abd Allah's forces with the support of Bedouin allies.
On 6 February 1773 Ahmad was unseated by his nephew Surur ibn Musa'id, who proclaimed himself Emir of Mecca. In the following years there occurred 15 clashes between the two factions, culminating in a final engagement in Jumada al-Thani 1193 AH (June/July 1779) when Ahmad was captured. Surur imprisoned his uncle first at Yanbu and then at Jeddah, where he died on 20 Rabi al-Thani 1195 AH (c. 15 April 1781).
# Buderscheid

Buderscheid (Luxembourgish: Bidscht, German: Büderscheid) is a village in the commune of Goesdorf, in north-western Luxembourg. As of 2024, the village had a population of 190.
# Lise Van Hecke

Lise Van Hecke (born 1 July 1992) is a Belgian female volleyball player. She is a member of the Belgium women's national volleyball team. She was part of the Belgian national team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Italy.

## Clubs

* Asterix Kieldrecht (2008–2011)
* Tiboni Urbino Volley (2011–2013)
* River Piacenza (2013–2015)
* Vôlei Nestlé Osasco (2015–2016)
* Beşiktaş (2016-2017)
* Volley Pesaro (2017-2018)
* Cuneo Granda Volley (2018-2019)
* Vero Volley Monza (2020-2021)
* Hisamitsu Springs (2022-2023)
* Toyota Auto Body Queenseis (2023-)
# Upper Yuat languages

The Upper Yuat languages consist of two small language families, namely Arafundi and Piawi, spoken in the region of the upper Yuat River of New Guinea. The connection was first suggested by William A. Foley and confirmed by Timothy Usher, who further links them to the Madang languages.
Upper Yuat languages display more typological similarities with Trans-New Guinea than the other neighboring language families of the Sepik-Ramu basin (namely the Lower Sepik-Ramu and Yuat families). The Madang languages are frequently included in Trans–New Guinea classifications, but the connection is not yet demonstrated.
The Piawi languages are morphologically much simpler than the Arafundi languages.

## Linguistic varieties

Foley (2018) lists the following linguistic varieties.

### Upper Yuat

* Piawi languages: Harway (Wiyaw / Waibuk), Pinai-Hagahai (Pinaye, Aramo / Aramaue)
* Arafundi languages: Awiakay, Lower Arafundi, Upper Arafundi, Imboin

## Pronouns

Reconstructions of Proto-Upper Yuat personal pronoun are:
    Proto-Upper Yuat pronouns singularplural 1st person *ni*an ~ *aŋ 2nd person *na*ne 3rd person *nu
Personal pronouns in individual languages are as follows:
    HarwayHagahaiPinai Lower ArafundiUpper ArafundiAwiakay 1SG nɨ-ɡəŋɨ-ɡənɨ-ɡaɲɨŋniŋniŋ 2SG na-ɡona-ɣəna-ɡanannannan 3SG nu-ɡʷənə-ɣʷəanan 1DU asasas 2/3DU nɨɲnenneɲ 1PL an-ɡəan-ɡənanə-ɡaaŋaŋ 2/3PL ɲɨ-ɡəɲe-ɡəɲi-ɡanoŋnoŋnoŋ
3rd-person *nu (number uncertain) corresponds to Piawi 3 singular and Arafundi 2/3 plural, *ne to Piawi 2/3 plural and Arafundi 2/3 dual.

## Phonology

Upper Yuat languages typically have 7 vowels:$^{:236}$
    iɨu eəo a