OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Akanlu

Akanlu (Persian: اكنلو, also Romanized as Akanlū and Akenlū; also known as Akanlao and Akūnlū) is a village in Mehraban-e Olya Rural District, Shirin Su District, Kabudarahang County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,487, in 334 families.

## Meaning of the word "Akanlu"

In the Dehkhoda dictionary, "Akan" (Turkish) means cultivate’ and the suffix "Lu" denotes a place. Accordingly, Akanlu is a Turkish word meaning farmland.

## Geographical location of Akanlu

Akanlu village is located 365 kilometers from Tehran, 138 km from the city of Hamadan and 73 km from Kabudar-Ahang. To get to Akanlu from Tehran, take the Saveh Highway towards Hamadan and exit at Famenin. Pass Kabudrahang and Shirin Su. Akanlu lies about 32 km after Shirin Su.
General information about Akanlu village has 536 households and a population of over 1,890. Taking advantage of the many water resources (aqueducts and springs) and the lush countryside with old-growth trees, vineyards and grasslands, most of the villagers are engaged in farming, animal husbandry, horticulture and forestry.

## Tourist attractions near Akanlu

Pasteur Institute a branch of Pasteur Institute of Paris.A square and street named Prof. Marcel Baltazard a French physician and medical researcher. Known for his work on plague and rabies, he was the director of the Pasteur Institute of Iran from 1946 to 1961[2] and then head of the service of epidemiology in the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Birthplace of Musa Hakimi a well known traditional physician. Tourist attractions such as Alisadr and Katale Khor caves, the Shirin Su wetlands and the Lalejin pottery works are a short distance from the village.
# Kliuvyntsi

Kliuvyntsi (Ukrainian: Клювинці) is a village in Khorostkiv urban hromada, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine.

## History

The first written mention is from 1568.
After the liquidation of the Husiatyn Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Chortkiv Raion.

## Religion

* Church of the Intercession (1894, brick, UGCC),
* Roman Catholic Church of the Mother of God, Helper of the Faithful (1894, brick).

## Notable residents

* Denys Sichynsky (1865–1909), Ukrainian composer, conductor, and teacher
# Osyp Kurylas

Osyp Petrovych Kurylas (Ukrainian: О́сип Петро́вич Курила́с; 7 August 1870 – 25 June 1951) was a Ukrainian painter and graphic artist best known for his depictions of Hutsuls and postcards depicting the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, among other works.

## Biography

Osyp Petrovych Kurylas was born 7 August 1870 in the settlement of Shchyrets, in what was then Austria-Hungary. He first graduated from the Lviv Industrial Design School (now the Ivan Trush Lviv State College of Decorative and Applied Arts [uk]) in 1890 or 1892 before later studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, graduating in 1900. In Kraków, he studied under Polish painters Leon Wyczółkowski and Jacek Malczewski, and he became a member of the Lviv-based Society for Development of Ruthenian Shtuky [uk] in 1898.
In early works, Kurylas focused heavily on social issues, such as orphans and the homeless. He was active in painting commissioned portraits, the money of which he spent on a trip to culturally-significant European cities in 1903. He married his wife, the Polish Valeriia Skorkhan, in 1906. Two years later, he produced some of his most popular works, including portraits of Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Kotliarevsky, and Ukraine's hetmans. He also illustrated Mykola Arkas's History of Ukraine.
After the beginning of World War I Kurylas joined the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. In addition to being an infantryman of the Sich, he was also head of the art department of the group's press service, and produced several popular postcards depicting the Sich. With the end of World War I Kurylas became a teacher at Oleksa Novakivskyi's Art School [uk], and, following Novakivskyi's 1935 death, he became the school's director, continuing to work until 1939.
Kurylas's works during the interwar period covered several different fields, such as illustrations for children's literature, religious paintings, and illustrations for periodicals and newspapers. He also painted several icons, which have since appeared in Poland, Canada, and the United States, as well as Ukraine. In the final years of his life, his paintings were closer to themes of Ukrainian nationalism and patriotism.
Kurylas died on 25 June 1951 in Lviv. He was buried in the city's Lychakiv Cemetery.
# Kelekçi, Dicle

Kelekçi (Kurdish: Kelkom) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Dicle, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 112 in 2022.
In November 1992 and April 1993 the village was depopulated and destroyed by the Turkish authorities as the villagers did not want to be a part the Village Guards system.
# Ferwert

Ferwert (Dutch: Ferwerd) is a village in Noardeast-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1787 in January 2017. Before 2019, the village was part of the Ferwerderadiel municipality.

## History

The village was first mentioned between 819 and c. 825 as "in Fatruwerde". The etymology is unclear. Ferwert is a terp village with a radial structure which developed several centuries Before Christ. In the 11th or 12th century a dike was built leading to Marrum and Blije. The area to the south of the terp was property of the church and became a square known as Vrijhof (free court). Ferwert developed into the capital of the grietenij (predecessor of the municipality) Ferwerderadiel.
The earliest church probably dated from the 9th century. The tower of the Dutch Reformed church was built in the 15th century, and the church was constructed shortly after and contains elements of its medieval predecessor. The clergy house was built in the 15th century, and served as clergy house from 1580 until 1723. In 1840, it became the town hall.
The stins Herjuwsma State was first mentioned around 1500. It was owned by Gemme Herjuwsma who was decapitated in 1512 in Leeuwarden for conspiring with Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, and his estate was seized by troops of the Duke of Burgundy. Gemme van Burmania [nl] owned the estate in the mid-16th century. In 1555, he represented Friesland during the inauguration of Philip II of Spain and refused to kneel to the king, saying "Wy Friezen knibbelje allinne foar God" (We Frisian only kneel for God) which could be considered the start of the Dutch Revolt. Van Burmania was subsequently banned and had to flee to the Cologne. The estate was abandoned in 1805, and was demolished in 1816.
In 1840, Ferwert was home to 1,463 people. A part of the terp was excavated around 1900. In 2019, Ferwerderadiel was merged into Noardeast-Fryslân.

## Notable people

* Pieter Boeles (1795–1875), minister and linguist
* Gemme van Burmania [nl] (1523–1602), nobleman and resistance fighter
* Eeltsje Boates Folkertsma (1893–1968), writer and translator

## Gallery

* House in Ferwert
* House in Ferwert
* Former clergy house
* Bus stop and liar's bench
# Gonbadeh-e Olya

Gonbadeh-e Olya (Persian: گنبده عليا, also Romanized as Gonbadeh-e ‘Olyā; also known as Gonbad-e Bālā and Gonbadeh-ye Bālā) is a village in Shahu Rural District, in the Central District of Kamyaran County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 13 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Residual-resistance ratio

Residual-resistivity ratio (also known as Residual-resistance ratio or just RRR) is usually defined as the ratio of the resistivity of a material at room temperature and at 0 K. Of course, 0 K can never be reached in practice so some estimation is usually made. Since the RRR can vary quite strongly for a single material depending on the amount of impurities and other crystallographic defects, it serves as a rough index of the purity and overall quality of a sample. Since resistivity usually increases as defect prevalence increases, a large RRR is associated with a pure sample. RRR is also important for characterizing certain unusual low temperature states such as the Kondo effect and superconductivity. Note that since it is a unitless ratio there is no difference between a residual resistivity and residual-resistance ratio.

## Background

Usually at "warm" temperatures the resistivity of a metal varies linearly with temperature. That is, a plot of the resistivity as a function of temperature is a straight line. If this straight line were extrapolated all the way down to absolute zero, a theoretical RRR could be calculated
    $RRR={\rho _{300K} \over \rho _{0K}}$
In the simplest case of a good metal that is free of scattering mechanisms one would expect ρ$_{(0K)}$ = 0, which would cause RRR to diverge. However, usually this is not the case because defects such as grain boundaries, impurities, etc. act as scattering sources that contribute a temperature independent ρ$_0$ value. This shifts the intercept of the curve to a higher number, giving a smaller RRR.
In practice the resistivity of a given sample is measured down to as cold as possible, which on typical laboratory instruments is in the range of 2 K, though much lower is possible. By this point the linear resistive behavior is usually no longer applicable and by the low temperature ρ is taken as a good approximation to 0 K.

## Special Cases

* For superconducting materials, RRR is calculated differently because ρ is always exactly 0 below the critical temperature, T$_c$, which may be significantly above 0 K. In this case the RRR is calculated using the ρ from just above the superconducting transition temperature instead of at 0 K. For example, superconducting Niobium–titanium wires have an RRR defined as $\rho (293K)/\rho (10K)$.
* In the Kondo effect the resistivity begins to increase again with cooling at very low temperatures, and the value of RRR is useful for characterizing this state.

## Examples

* The RRR of copper wire is generally ~ 40–50 when used for telephone lines, etc.
# Izu–Ogasawara Trench

The Izu–Ogasawara Trench (伊豆・小笠原海溝, Izu–Ogasawara Kaikō), also known as Izu–Bonin Trench, is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean, consisting of the Izu Trench (at the north) and the Bonin Trench (at the south, west of the Ogasawara Plateau).
It stretches from Japan to the northernmost section of Mariana Trench. The Izu–Ogasawara Trench is an extension of the Japan Trench. Here, the Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Philippine Sea plate, creating the Izu Islands and Bonin Islands on the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc system.
It is 9,826 metres (32,238 ft) +/- 11m at its deepest point and first dived to its base on August 13, 2022, during a joint Caladan Oceanic/University of Western Australia expedition in the Deep Submergence Vehicle Limiting Factor. The pilot on the mission was Victor Vescovo with scientific mission specialist Professor Katsuyoshi Michibayashi of Nagoya University. On this dive, Prof. Michibayashi became the deepest-diving Japanese person in history. Also in August 2022, the deepest fish ever recorded on camera was filmed in the trench, a juvenile snailfish, at a depth of 8,336 meters.
The xenophyophore Occultammina was first discovered at a depth of 8260 metres in the trench.
# Pervomayskoye, Biysky District, Altai Krai

Pevomayskoye (Russian: Первомайское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Pevomaysky Selsoviet, Biysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 5,454 as of 2013. There are 44 streets.

## Geography

Pevomayskoye is located 9 km north of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Prigorodny is the nearest rural locality.
# Yuri Nesterenko (footballer, born 1956)

Yuri Vladimirovich Nesterenko (Russian: Юрий Владимирович Нестеренко; born May 18, 1956) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. In 2010, he managed FC Taganrog.
# Partovi az Quran

Partovi az Quran (lit. a shining ray from the Quran) (Persian: پرتوی از قرآن) is an exegesis on the Quran written by Mahmoud Taleghani in six volumes. It was written while he was imprisoned by the Shah.
# Chaqeh-ye Baluchha

Chaqeh-ye Baluchha (Persian: چاقه بلوچها, also Romanized as Chāqeh-ye Balūchhā; also known as Chāgheh-ye Balūchhā and Chāqeh) is a village in Safaiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Zaveh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 285, in 57 families.
# Gazanfar Jafarli

Gazanfar Musa oghlu Jafarli (Azerbaijani: Qəzənfər Musa oğlu Cəfərli, May 25, 1920 — unknown) was an Azerbaijani-Soviet statesman and party figure, chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR.

## Biography

Gazanfar Jafarli was born in 1920 in Ganja. After graduating from high school in 1937, Gazanfar Jafarli was admitted to the faculty of physics and mathematics of the Azerbaijan State University, where he graduated in 1941. During his studies, he also worked as a teacher in Baku schools. He received the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences, the title of associate professor.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, G. Jafarli joined the Soviet Army, graduated from the anti-aircraft artillery school and fought as a platoon commander and battery commander on the Volkhov, Leningrad, 1st Ukrainian Front, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries. In the Soviet Army, he was first a candidate for membership in the Communist Party, and since April 1943 has been a member of the party. In the same years he was elected party organizer of the battery, a member of the regimental party bureau.
After the war, Gazanfar Jafarli was discharged from the army and worked as an assistant commissioner for the party control commission for the Azerbaijan SSR under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist (Bolshevik) Party, and then as a responsible inspector. In May 1947, he was appointed an instructor in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, and then the head of the department of the party, trade union and Komsomol bodies.
In January 1949, Gazanfar Jafarli was elected the first secretary of the Dastafur District party committee. He headed the district for more than a year and a half, and in September 1950 went to study at the Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After graduating in 1953, Jafarli was appointed deputy head of the department of party, trade union and Komsomol bodies of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, and in June 1954 he was appointed head of that department. He was a member of the bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in January 1957, and in July 1958 was elected Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
On March 25, 1959, Gazanfar Jafarli was appointed chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR. He held this position until November 25 of that year.

## Awards

* Order of Alexander Nevsky — April 29, 1945
* Order of the Patriotic War (1st degree) — June 27, 1944
* Medal "For Battle Merit" — February 17, 1944
* Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"
* Medal "For the Liberation of Prague"
* Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
# Khuran-e Olya

Khuran-e Olya (Persian: خوران عليا, also Romanized as Khūrān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Khūrān and Khvorān) is a village in Nabovat Rural District, in the Central District of Eyvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 615, in 111 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Ducky-Ducky-Ducky

Ducky-Ducky-Ducky (Russian: Ути-ути-ути, romanized: Uti-uti-uti) is a 2020 Russian short film directed by Sergei Solovyov. Movie party of the competition program of the 49th Rotterdam Film Festival.

## Cast

* Stasya Venkova [ru] as Nicole
* Anastasia Teplinskaya as Mila
* Sergei Solovyov as old fisherman
# Military School of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

The Military School of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyətinin Hərbi) was the military academy of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Azerbaijani National Army. In the years it existed, it trained military personnel in a number of specializations. The school operated for only 4 months.

## History
### Establishment

On 6 February 1918, the Muslim Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Ali-Agha Shikhlinski, in a letter to the Transcaucasian Commissariat asked for the opening of a military school in Baku under the 1st Muslim Division. The Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan (adopted on 28 May 1918) stated that Azerbaijan must have a regular army to protect itself from foreign interference and to neutralize internal enemy forces. By the fall of that year, the many structural institutions and units of the army were established, including a military school. In March 1918, a military school was opened, with officer Cahangir Zeynaloğlu being appointed as chief. After the March Days, it was decided to move the school to Ganja. The base of the school, which arrived in Ganja on 2 April, was first located in the building of the railway school, and then in the building of the local art school by 9 April. In Ganja, the military school was headed by Colonel Atif Bey of the Ottoman Army.

### Operations

This educational institution was called the "School of Ensigns". When Russian-Armenian units led by Stepan Shaumian at the Armenian Revolutionary Federation operated in the country, officers of the Ganja Military School involved supporting the nation, leaving the school to be temporarily closed. By June 1918, the school had resumed its activities, although the admission rate very low. Those who studied at the school were called junkers. In October, the first graduation took place with notable generals and politicians being in attendance such as Nasib Yusifbeyli and the father of the Chief of Staff of the Islamic Army of the Caucasus. On 1 December 1918, the status of the school was changed and the ensign school was established. Later, a military engineering school was opened on the basis of that school, operating first in Ganja and then in Hacıkənd. In addition, schools were established to train military railwaymen and military paramedics. In the meantime, the Ganja Ensign School trained young cadets all of Azerbaijan.

### Later years

On 6 September 1919, the Ensign School was moved to Baku and was housed in a military hospital. On 31 October 31, by the order of the Minister of War Samad bey Mehmandarov, the Ensign School was transformed into the Military School. On 25 May 1920, at the start of the Soviet era in Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan United Military School was established on the basis of the Military School. This would later become the Transcaucasian Military Training School and the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Baku Infantry School of the Soviet Red Army.
# Qameshlu, Qazvin

Qameshlu (Persian: قمشلو, also Romanized as Qameshlū, Gamīshlū, and Qamīshlū) is a village in Abgarm Rural District, Abgarm District, Avaj County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 390, in 88 families.
# Surinamese Immigrants' Association

The Surinamese Immigrants' Association (Dutch: Surinaamsche Immigranten Vereniging) was formed in 1910 in Suriname, then the Dutch colony of Surinam. The association's goal was to advocate for the interests of the East Indian diaspora in Suriname, particularly contract laborers.
In 1921 the Association requested that the ban on ganja (cannabis) be lifted and an import and sales concession be granted to them.
# Papakht

Papakht (Persian: پاپخت, also Romanized as Pāpakht; also known as Mazra‘eh-ye Pāboţ, Pā Bokht, Pābot, Pābukht, and Pā Takht) is a village in Tarq Rud Rural District, in the Central District of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15, in 4 families.
# Irish College, Antwerp

Irish College, Antwerp, was an Irish Pastoral College, dedicated to St. Patrick for Irish Secular Priests, which opened circa 1600 during the Penal Laws in Antwerp, in what is now Belgium. It was a satellite college of the Irish College, Douai. The College was redeveloped in 1629 by Lawrence Sedgrave a Leinster priest (from a wealthy catholic family which included a former Lord Mayor of Dublin Walter Sedgrave) who bought the premises. Students attended lectures at the Jesuit college at Antwerp, where Irish Jesuit was a professor Fr. Richard Archdeacon (Arsdekin), S.J. taught, later from 1716 students studied at the Antwerp Diocesean Seminary in Schoenmarkt.
Where previously the College was in total control of its President Sedgrave, Talbot, and Eustace, from 1677 the College became more under the control of the diocese under the brief tenure of Bishop of Antwerp Aubertus van den Eede, this was in line with the Council of Trent decrees. It was following James Clears appointment as president, and the episcopacy of Joannes Ferdinandus Van Beughem as Bishop of Antwerp, in 1679, that the first formal set of rules and regulations were agreed and printed.
The college closed, as were the other Irish Colleges, following the French Revolution and the occupation of Belgium in 1795. The Franciscan Bishop Leighlin Francisco de Ribera resided in the Irish College Antwerp, when he could not stay in Ireland. The Belgian Jesuit and religious writer (of Irish extraction) William Stanyhurst SJ, taught at the Irish college in Antwerp.

## Rectors/Presidents

Following his dead Fr. Sedgraves' nephew Rev. James Talbot succeeded him as Rector/President in 1633, Talbot was followed by Nicholas Eustace (1642–1677), other Rectors/Presidents include James Cleer (1677–), John Egan, Martin Caddan, Peter Hennessy, Michael Hennessy (1704–1730), John Kent (1731–1732), Daniel O'Reilly (1732–1747), Hugh MacMahon(1747–1772 & 1774–1787), James MacMahon (1772–1774), and Hugh O'Reilly (1787–1795). Bishop Peter Talbot (1620–1680), archbishop of Dublin (1671–1680), served as chair of theology in Antwerp.
# Alexander A. Gurshtein

Alexander Aronovich Gurshtein (Russian: Александр Аронович Гурштейн, Aleksandr Aronovich Gurshteyn; February 21, 1937 – April 3, 2020) was a Soviet/Russian astronomer and historian of science.

## Early life

Gurshtein was born Jewish in Moscow (former USSR) on February 21, 1937. His father, Aron Sheftelevich Gurshtein, was a literary critic and writer, while his mother, Yelena Vasilievna Resnikova, was a journalist and editor at a Moskovan radio station.
In 1941, when Gurshtein was four years old, his father was killed in the Great Patriotic War during the Battle of Moscow. Following his father's death, he was raised by his mother and grandmother.
When Alexander was thirteen, he began visiting the Moscow Planetarium, which brought on his pursuit of astronomy.

## Education and career

Gurshtein attended Moscow State Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, and graduated with a degree in astrometry in 1959. Following his graduation, he worked at the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the Soviet Space program during the Space Race of the Cold War.
Gurshtein earned his Candidate of Science from Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow in 1966 and a Doctor of Science degree in Physics & Mathematics from Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Saint Petersburg in 1980.
Gurshtein was active as an astronomer in the space program and held a number of offices in professional organizations, including Head of Council for Astronomical Education and Vice Director of the Institute for History of Science & Technology, both for the Russian Ministry of Education. As a historian of science, he served as editor-in-chief of the Annual on History of Science, published by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the academic monthly, Nature, published by the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was also the author of several books and articles on planetology, holder of five patents, and contributor to many international forums.
In 1995, he took a leave of absence from the Russian Academy and accepted a position as Visiting Professor of Astronomy & History of Science at Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. In later years he developed a concept of history of constellations and the zodiac which was published in American Scientist, Sky & Telescope, and other professional journals.