OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fatigue duty

Fatigue duty (or fatigue labor) is the labor assigned to military men that does not require the use of armament. Parties sent on fatigue duty were known in English by the French term "en détachement" according to an 1805 military dictionary.

## History

The term is recorded in America in 1776, and in an 1805 British military dictionary.

### United States

In the United States, the allowance of soldiers employed at work on fortifications, in surveys, in cutting roads, and other constant labor, of not less than ten days, was authorized by an act approved March 2, 1819, entitled An act to regulate the pay of the army when employed on fatigue duty and paid twenty-five cents per day for men employed as ordinary laborers and teamsters, and thirty-five to fifty cents per day for men employed as mechanics, depending on their location.
US soldiers on fatigue duty were allowed an extra gill of whiskey by the act of March 2, 1819. For a time in the 1870s, US Marine Corps company grade officers were supposed to wear an English model "pillbox" or "round cap" for fatigue duty, but it was never popular.
In Article 15 of the US Army Regulations of 1861, correctional custody includes fatigue duties, which is defined as follows:
   All the irregular work that the Soldier is called upon to perform from time to time. In the fields, working upon roads, building field work, rifle pits, making or removing obstructions, duty or forage parties, and, in fact, all the duties where men are required, without arms. for short periods. In the barracks or quarters, there are many duties that call for details for fatigue, such as loading or unloading of stores, the removal of stores from one place to another, digging of graves for deceased Soldiers or officers, labor on the grounds, works, or buildings of the post.
During the American Civil War, Black soldiers were constantly assigned to fatigue labor, to the point it had become regular slavery. Complaints were made to President Lincoln. Commitments to avoid this discrimination were expressed – General Lorenzo Thomas had released the General Orders 21 outlawing discriminatory fatigue labor – but powerful US army leaders often turned a blind eye to this progressive intention whenever deemed necessary.
# Party Founding Museum

The Party Founding Museum is a museum located in the Central District of Pyongyang, North Korea, on the south side of Mt. Haebang. The building was constructed by the Japanese occupation government in 1923. It was used as the South P'yŏngan Provincial Products Exhibition. Thus, in October 1970 it was turned into a museum dedicated to his exploits. Nearby, and also part of the museum, is the modest house he inhabited during his early days as president of North Korea.

## History

The original building was built in 1923 by the Japanese occupation government, and opened as South Pyongan Province Merchandise Exhibition Hall. After his return to Korea after World War II, Kim Il Sung is alleged to have founded the Korean Workers' Party in this building on October 10, 1945, and here were held many of that group's first meetings. During the Korean War, the building was destroyed. The museum opened in October 1970. A monument to the founding of the Korean Workers' Party was installed on October 10, 1975.

## Layout

The building's architecture is of the typical Japanese colonial style; it is blocky and formal, and built out of dark gray stone. The roof of the building is modeled after the Imperial Diet Building in Tokyo.
The first floor features an exhibition of photos and artifacts, while the second floor is preserved in its original historic appearance.
# Dick Dolman

Dirk "Dick" Dolman (2 July 1935 – 23 January 2019) was a Dutch politician. In 1970, he became a member of the House of Representatives as a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). From 17 July 1979 to 14 September 1989 he was the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

## Biography

Dolman was born in Empe, Netherlands. In 1951, he was invited to attend Camp Rising Sun, a tuition-free international camp in Red Hook, New York. He joined the Labour Party in 1954.
He worked at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health from 1963 to 1966. and at the ministry of Economic Affairs from 1966 until the middle of 1970, when he became a member of the House of Representatives, where his initial work was with health issues. In 1973, he became the finance spokesman for his faction. In 1979, he became the Speaker of the House of Representatives, succeeding Anne Vondeling. Dolman took an independent approach, which garnered him great authority from all the parties. Although the PvdA was not the largest party in the 1981 and 1986 elections, he was nevertheless re-elected as president. In 1989, he was defeated 75 to 68 by the emergence of Christian Democratic Appeal politician Wim Deetman. On 1 July 1990, less than a year later, Dolman left the House of Representatives to become a member of the Council of State.

## Trivia

* In 1981, Dolman asked cabinet member Til Gardeniers in writing, if the "original was true, that the minister wanted to distribute fines" following possible surreptitious advertising made by the television comedy duo, Van Kooten en De Bie in their alter egos, Jacobse and Van Es. Dolman signed his question with their fictional Tegenpartij.
* There was an interview with Dolman in the first issue of Playboy in 1983.
# Dobrača

Dobrača (Serbian: Добрача) is a village located in the city of Kragujevac, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 425 inhabitants.
# Rhenish Palatinate

Rhenish Palatinate (German: Rheinpfalz) may refer to:
* Rhenish Palatinate, a name for the Palatinate region (Pfalz), Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
* The Electoral Palatinate, a state that existed until 1803
* Rhenish Palatinate, another name for the Circle of Rhine (Rheinkreis) or the Bavarian Palatinate (Bayerischen Pfalz) west of the Rhine, from 1835 until 1946
# Afonino, Vladimir Oblast

Afonino (Russian: Афонино) is a rural locality (a village) in Muromtsevskoye Rural Settlement, Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 31 as of 2010.

## Geography

Afonino is located on the Voyninga River, 5 km southwest of Sudogda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Raguzino is the nearest rural locality.
# Robert W. Jones

Robert William Jones (16 December 1932 – 28 May 1997) was a 20th-century American composer.

## Life

Robert W. Jones was born in Oak Park, Illinois. He studied at University of Redlands, University of Minnesota and at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago. He was a student of Wayne Bohrnstedt.
From 1965 to 1969 he taught at public schools in West Hartford, thereafter at Schoolcraft College in Livonia, Michigan and at the University of Minnesota.

## Works (selection)

* Sonata for Worship No 2 (Prelude; Offertory; Postlude), Shawnee HF-32
* Sonata for Worship No 3 (Preamble; Echo Fantasy; Recessional), Shawnee HF-34
* Sonata for Worship No 6 (Introit; Invocation and Dance; Meditation; 1971), org/electronic tape, Flammer HF-5067
* "St. Denio": a Toccata for Organ, Sacred Music Press/Boosey & Hawkes
# Rajabli

Rajabli (Azerbaijani: Rəcəbli) is an Azerbaijani surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ahad Rajabli (1962–2013), Azerbaijan sambo champion
* Ahmed Rajabli (1898–1963), Azerbaijani and Soviet agronomist, geneticist, pedagogue, and professor
# Porcelain: Poem on the Downfall of My City

Porcelain: Poem on the Downfall of My City (German: Porzellan. Poem vom Untergang meiner Stadt) is a 2005 poetry collection by the German writer Durs Grünbein. It consists of 49 poems about the city of Dresden, lamenting its developments and destruction in February 1945 when the Allies of World War II subjected it to heavy aerial bombardment.
The English interpretation by Karen Leeder received the Schlegel-Tieck Prize for 2021.
# Ambinanin'andravory

Ambinanin'andravory is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vohemar, which is a part of Sava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 9,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and vanilla, while other important agricultural products are coffee and coconut. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
13°46′S 49°45′E﻿ / ﻿13.767°S 49.750°E﻿ / -13.767; 49.750
* This Sava region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Shubinka

Shubinka (Russian: Шубинка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Shubinsky Selsoviet of Yegoryevsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 540 as of 2016. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Shubinka is located 20 km south of Novoyegoryevskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borisovka is the nearest rural locality. Lake Gorkoye is located near the village.
# Tully Stream

Tully Stream (Irish: An Tulach) is a stream in County Kildare, Ireland. It rises near Kildare town and ultimately drains into the Celtic Sea via other rivers.

## Name

Tully Stream takes its name from the Tully civil parish in which it rises, which in turn gets its name from tulaigh, the Irish for "hillock."

## Course

Tully Stream rises south of the Irish National Stud near Kildare town. It flows south parallel to the R415 road, passing through Brallistown, an area where the stream is associated with Saint Brigit. It passes under the Soomeragh Bridge and Walterstown Bridge before turning westward and flowing through Nurney, County Kildare, flowing under the R415 at Nurney Bridge. The Tully Stream flows on through Harristown, where there is an EPA monitoring station. It then turns southwest, meeting a tributary stream at Lenagorra, flowing through Cherrymills and draining into the Finnery River at Boherbaun Lower. (The Finnery flows into the River Barrow which flows into the Celtic Sea via Waterford city.)

## History

Tully Stream has an ancient association with Brigit of Kildare. The well at Tully is dedicated to her. Brallistown, also called "The Greallachs" (Irish greallach, meaning puddle/mire) is said to have been the site where Brigit kept her cow, prayed, and made butter by Tully Stream. St. Brigid's Shoes are two stones through which the stream flows.

## Wildlife

Brown trout (Salmo trutta), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) and nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) are all found in Tully Stream.

## Pollution

Phosphate levels are high in Tully Stream, causing eutrophication. In 2001-03, it was listed as being "seriously polluted" due to municipal discharges. The EPA reported "seriously polluted" stretches in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The Irish National Stud was fined €500 in 2008 for making illegal discharges into the Tully Stream.
# Françoise Graton

Françoise Graton (4 June 1930 – 7 November 2014) was a Québécoise actress who lived and worked in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She contributed much to the advancement of theatre in Montreal and particularly in involvement with children.

## Biography

After studying at the Collège Marie de France, Françoise Graton joined the Mask Company and started at a very young age on stage and on television. For a few seasons, she directed the theatre at the Percé Art Center. In 1964 she founded the Nouvelle Compagnie Théâtrale (NCT) with Georges Groulx and Gilles Pelletier, her companion in life. The Montreal company presented great works of theatre to students. Graton acted, hosted, directed and administrated the theatre for almost twenty years. In 1997, the NCT was renamed the Théâtre Denise-Pelletier [fr].
Graton acted in many plays, several television dramas and series, and Quebec films. In 1971 and 1982 she was named Woman of the Year by the Salon de la femme. She was recognized by the Académie québécoise du théâtre in 1994, and received the prize of the Société québécoise d'études théâtre in 2001. During Public School Week in 2013, on the 50th anniversary of the NCT, the Federation of Education presented its Prix Hommage (tribute prize) to Graton and Pelletier.
Graton died in Montreal on 7 November 2014, following a fall.
In a special tribute to Graton on 2 November 2015, a one-night show brought together dozens of great names from Quebec theatre, who reprised some of their most noted roles from the past 50 years while raising donations for the Théâtre Denise-Pelletier.
The archives of Françoise Graton are kept in the Montreal archives of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (BAnQ).

## Filmography

* L'Île aux trésors [fr] (1953–54 TV series) – Nouki
* La famille Plouffe (1953–1959 TV series) – Hélène Giguère
* Cap-aux-sorciers [fr] (1955–1958 TV series) – Sylvette
* Les Forges de Saint-Maurice [fr] (1972–1975 TV series)
* Terre humaine (1978–1984 TV series)
* The Tin Flute (1983, French: Bonheur d'occasion) – Mme Letourneau
* Chartrand et Simonne (2000–2003 TV series) – Hélène Chartrand
* La Vie, la vie [fr] (2001–02 TV series) – Cécile
* Providence (2005 TV series) – Gisèle Lemieux
* Days of Darkness (2007, French: L'Âge des ténèbres) – Madame Leblanc
* Romaine par moins 30 (2009) – Agnès Obadia
* Aveux (2009) – Grand-Maman Julie
# Zarechnoye, Vladimir Oblast

Zarechnoye (Russian: Заречное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kopninskoye Rural Settlement, Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,165 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Zarechnoye is located 17 km southwest of Sobinka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mitrofanka is the nearest rural locality.
# Chap Darreh, West Azerbaijan

Chap Darreh (Persian: چپدره) is a village in Karaftu Rural District of the Central District of Takab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 623 in 121 households. The following census in 2011 counted 601 people in 135 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 623 people in 172 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# WNT10A

Wnt-10a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT10A gene.

## Function

The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes which encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family.

## Clinical significance

WNT10A is strongly expressed in the cell lines of promyelocytic leukemia and Burkitt's lymphoma. In addition, it and another family member, the WNT6 gene, are strongly coexpressed in colorectal cancer cell lines. The gene overexpression may play key roles in carcinogenesis through activation of the WNT-beta-catenin-TCF signaling pathway. This gene and the WNT6 gene are clustered in the chromosome 2q35 region.
Mutations in the WNT10A gene are associated with Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome, hypodontia, and short anagen hair syndrome.
# Karnaq

Karnaq (Persian: كرنق; also known as Karneh and Kizmya) is a village in Khvoresh Rostam-e Jonubi Rural District, Khvoresh Rostam District, Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 216, in 38 families.
# Al Lubban

Al Lubban is a town in the Amman Governorate of north-western Jordan.
# Martil Valley

Martil Valley (Arabic: وادي مرتيل) is situated to the northeast of Tetouan, Morocco. It is about 10 to 15 km long.
The name comes from the river that crosses the valley, formerly known as Rio Martin, during the Spanish protectorate period in the first half of the 20th century. The river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the sea resort of Martil.
35°37′N 05°16′W﻿ / ﻿35.617°N 5.267°W﻿ / 35.617; -5.267
* This Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Michan

Michan (Persian: ميچان, also Romanized as Mīchān) is a village in Mashhad-e Miqan Rural District, in the Central District of Arak County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 924, in 269 families.
# Priverno

Priverno is a town, comune in the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italy. It was called Piperno until 1927.
It has a station of the Rome-Naples railway mainline. Nearby is the Monti Lepini chain. It was the birthplace of the canonist Reginald of Piperno.

## History

Privernum is described by Livy as a flourishing Volscian site, which was conquered and destroyed by the Romans in the late 4th century BC. The Appian Way passed nearby. The town recovered under the Roman rule, but disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, probably destroyed by Saracen attacks.
Researchers studying the concrete used in Privernum concluded that the use of quicklime made ancient Roman concrete more durable than its modern counterpart.
It was later a minor center of the Papal States, to which it belonged until the capture of Rome in 1870.

## Main sights

Nearby is the Abbey of Fossanova, which is where the town's patron saint, St. Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.
Other churches include:
* Santa Maria Assunta (former Cathedral), consecrated by Pope Lucius II in 1183. It houses a panel of the Madonna d'Agosto and St. Thomas's skull.
* San Benedetto, built by the Benedictines from the 7th century AD; it includes 13th and 16th centuries frescoes
* San Giovanni Evangelista (c. 9th century, rebuilt in the 13th century). It has 13th-15th century frescoes, including stories of St. Catherine (14th century), a Madonna with Child (15th century)
* San Tommaso d'Aquino (13th century)
* San Nicola (13th century)
Lay buildings include the Villa Gallio, a residence of Cardinal Bartolomeo Gallio, the Communal Palace (13th century), with the Dolphin Fountain by Giuseppe Olivieri and the Porta San Marco and Porta Posterola, the only remains of the seven gates once giving access to Priverno. Remains of the old Privernum are outside the town, including parts of the walls, baths, three patrician houses and a temple. Here a colossal statue of Tiberius (now in the Vatican Museum) was found in the late 18th century.

## Notable people

* Alice Urciuolo (born 1994), screenwriter and author
# Yurino (Vorshinskoye Rural Settlement), Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast

Yurino (Russian: Юрино) is a rural locality (a village) in Vorshinskoye Rural Settlement, Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 32 as of 2010.

## Geography

The village is located on the Koloksha River, 10 km north-east from Vorsha, 19 km north-east from Sobinka.
# Kondeh Gurab

Kondeh Gurab (Persian: كنده گوراب, also Romanized as Kondeh Gūrāb) is a village in Kuh Mareh Khami Rural District, in the Central District of Basht County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 68, in 18 families.
# Movement for Justice and Development (Slovenia)

The Movement for Justice and Development (Slovene: Gibanje za pravičnost in razvoj) is a Slovenian voluntary association founded in 2006 by the then president of Slovenia, Janez Drnovšek.
Despite having been founded by the president of Slovenia during his time in office, it is not a political movement in the strict sense of the term. Nevertheless, there were some speculation that it would eventually turn into a political party or a platform for the re-election of Drnovšek, who had previously left his original party, the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia. These speculations turned to be wrong. The Movement did however serve as the president's personal platform during the last years of his presidency, especially in rallying public support during his conflict with Prime Minister Janez Janša in 2007. After Drnovšek left active political life, the Movement lost much of its initial momentum, as well as the prominence in the media.
According to its program, it is primarily aimed at "raising human consciousness and making the world a better place". The movement was founded in a mass rally in the Turjak castle in Lower Carniola, to which several important Slovenian political figures attended, mostly from the left-wing and liberal political spectrum.
Between 2006 and 2007, the movement's website used to draw attention from the media, because Drnovšek occasionally used it to post his critical comments on current political events, such as proposed building of a big casino center in Goriška region, or commenting the work of Janša's government, using the signature as Janez D.
# Valashed

Valashed (Persian: ولاشد, also Romanized as Valāshed; also known as Valāshed-e Bālā) is a village in Qareh Toghan Rural District, in the Central District of Neka County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 507, in 141 families.
# Skomorokhy

Skomorokhy (Ukrainian: Скоморохи) may refer to the following places in Ukraine:
* Skomorokhy, Lviv Oblast, village in Chervonohrad Raion, Lviv Oblast
* Skomorokhy, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, village in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast
* Skomorokhy, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, village in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast
* Skomorokhy, Zhytomyr Oblast, village in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast
# The New Despotism

The New Despotism is a book written by the Lord Hewart, Lord Chief Justice of England, and published in 1929 by Ernest Benn Limited. Hewart described this "new despotism" as "to subordinate Parliament, to evade the Courts, and to render the will, or the caprice, of the Executive unfettered and supreme". The evasion of the Courts referred to increasing quasi-judicial decision-making by the civil service and the subordination of Parliament which resulted from the growth of delegated legislation.

## Contents

I. The Nature of the Question II. The Rule of Law III. "Administrative Law" IV. Administrative Lawlessness V. The System at Work VI. Departmental Legislation VII. The Independence of the Judiciary VIII. What is to be done? IX. Some leading cases X. Examples from statutes

## Reaction

The book created "a constitutional and political storm". It was rumoured that Whitehall "considered an attempt to boycott it". In response the British Government appointed the Donoughmore Committee (chaired by Lord Donoughmore) to review the powers of Ministers, however its Report (1932; Cmd. 4060) did not share Hewart's alarm.
The book and the Donoughmore Report provoked a group of socialist lawyers and political scientists, notably Professor Harold Laski (a member of the Donoughmore Committee) and Ivor Jennings to criticise the Diceyan concept of the rule of law.
In 1956, Richard Crossman published a Fabian Society tract titled Socialism and the New Despotism where he hoped reform of the judiciary would make the judiciary "regain the traditional function of defending individual rights against encroachment".
The book was a favourite of Margaret Thatcher's.
# Sargari

Sargari (Persian: سرگري, also Romanized as Sargarī) is a village in Gavkan Rural District, in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 7 families.