OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Abrau-Dyurso

Abrau-Dyurso or Abrau-Durso (Russian: Абрау-Дюрсо) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It is located on the shore of Lake Abrau, 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) west of Novorossiysk. It should not be confused with the khutor of Dyurso, which is located 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) to the south, where the Dyurso River enters the Black Sea, and which is sometimes incorrectly considered to be a part of Abrau-Dyurso. Population: 3,519 (2010 Census); 2,982 (2002 Census); 2,792 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

The settlement was founded on November 25, 1870 as a royal winery which was to provide wine for the Tsar's household. These plans were brought to fruition twenty-one years later, when Prince Lev Golitsyn, renowned for his Crimean vineyards of Massandra and Novy Svet, was appointed Surveyor of Imperial Vineyards at Abrau-Dyurso. It was he who brought to Russia a team of skilled winemakers from France. By 1897, Abrau-Dyurso boasted champagne cellars containing in excess of 13,000 bottles.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 brought an end to Abrau-Dyurso's prosperity, if only for a short time. The French specialists fled Russia, but their work was continued by their Russian apprentices. Throughout the Soviet period, Abrau-Dyurso was reputed for its sparkling wine, which was marketed under the name of Sovetskoye Shampanskoye ("Soviet Champagne").

## Economy

Abrau-Dyurso is the center of Russia's most important wine-growing region.
In August 2002, the local earth dam located upstream of the Dyurso River collapsed, washing away some of the grape fields in the Dyurso Valley and killing 2 people.
As of 2005, the local winery, Abrau-Durso, produced 5,800,000 bottles of sparkling wine. There is a museum of sparkling wines on its grounds.
# Edgar Ord Laird

Major Edgar Ord Laird CMG MBE (16 November 1915 – 1992), sometimes referred to as Awang E.O. Laird, was a diplomat and formerly the British High Commissioner to Brunei.

## Early life

Edgar Laird was born in Northumberland on 16 November 1915, and educated at Rossall School from 1924 to 1934 and Emmanuel College from 1935 to 1938. He earned his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1938. After graduation he became a surveyor in the Colonial Survey Service and worked in the Uganda Protectorate in February 1939. During World War II, he was commissioned into East African Engineers in October 1939, and later transferred to the British Army's Royal Engineers. Carried out duties in East Africa, Middle East, the United Kingdom and Malaya. Later became the Director of Studies at the Civil Affairs Staff Centre in Wimbledon, August 1944, relieved from duty with the rank of Major in March 1946, appointed to Malayan Civil Service in January 1947.

## Diplomatic career

From 1953 to 1955, Laird was appointed as the Secretary of Government and the Secretary for External Defence in the Federation of Malaya in 1956. He would be appointed as the Secretary to the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission from August 1956 to February 1957, Deputy Secretary to the Prime Minister's Department in September 1957, only to retire from Overseas Civil Service in January 1958.
On 9 December 1963, Laird succeeded Angus McKay Mackintosh as the British High Commissioner to Brunei. Prior to Prince Hassanal Bolkiah's departure to the United Kingdom for further studies, him and other dignitaries were present to give their best wishes to him at Berakas Airport on 9 July 1964. In conjunction to the Queen's birthday on 13 June, he presented Inspector Metali bin Osman with the Colonial Police Medal in Brunei Town. At the Berakas Airport on 1 March 1965, he welcomed Prince Philip during his visit to Brunei from Sibu. He would later be assigned as the new Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria, therefore replaced by Fernley Douglas Webber on 1 August 1965.

## Death

Edgar Laird died in 1992.

## Honours

Edgar Laird was given the honorary title of Yang Terutama (His Excellency) by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III.
* Order of the British Empire Member (MBE)
* Order of St Michael and St George Companion (CMG)
# Abduljalil Khalil

Abduljalil Khalil Ibrahim Hassan (also Abdul Jalil; Arabic: عبدالجليل خليل إبراهيم حسن; born 14 December 1961) is a Bahraini politician. He is former Member of Parliament of Al Wefaq political party.

## Early life and career

Khalil was born in the village of Sanabis, Bahrain on 14 December 1961. He studied mechanical engineering at King Saud University earning his BSc in January 1986. In July 1999, he earned MSc building services administration from Heriot-Watt University. Between 1995 and 2006, he worked at AERMEC, advancing from a field services engineer in March 1995 to a project manager in August 1999 and finally to a general manager in September 2000. He writes regular opinion piece in Al Wasat local newspaper and is a board member of Bahrain Society of Engineers, the American Bahraini Friendship Society and al-Jamri foundation, "which seeks to foster Sunni-Shi'a dialogue." He also heads the Bahrain Society for University Students and is said to have "close associations with recent university graduates." A WikiLeaks cable described him as being known for his "intelligence, management, administrative [and oratory] skills."
Khalil is married to Afaf al-Jamri, a women's activist and writer. She is the daughter of Shia cleric Abdul Amir al-Jamri, sister to Mansoor al-Jamri, editor-in-chief of Al-Wasat and Mohammed Jameel, a former member of parliament. They have two sons and a daughter.

## Political life

In August 1988, Khalil was arrested in connection with opposition activities related to his father-in-law, with whom he had very strong relations. He was subsequently sentenced to seven years in prison. He was reportedly tortured during detention. He was pardoned by the Emir (now king) in 2000.
Khalil was a founding member of Al Wefaq political party in 2001. He holds a senior position in the party. In 2006, he was elected to the Council of Representatives, the lower house of the parliament as a representative of the Capital Governorate's 4th district. He headed the parliament's finance committee and led investigations into state properties. He was noted for his ability to cooperate with other blocs despite sectarian differences. He won by default in 2010, becoming the head of Al Wefaq's bloc. In February 2011, Khalil and 17 other Al Wefaq MPs (the largest bloc) submitted their resignations in protest against the government crackdown on Arab Spring-inspired protests.
# Zangay-i Shavaran

Zangay-i Shavaran (Persian: زنگه‌شاوران) is an Iranian hero at the time of Kay Khosrow. His fame is in relation to Wife Siyavash Jawira. After Siyâvash death, Iranians did not know about Siyavash family in Turan. Only two Iranians knew of Siavash and Jawira marriage, and Zangay-i Shavaran and Bahram were both.

## The story of Zangeh

In Kay Khosrow first attack on Turan, was commander of the Tous Corps, and he moved the Corps out of Farud territory. And Farud was the Keikhosro vector but the governor of Afrasiab. When Charam was surrounded by Iranians at the center of the Farud government, Farud came to his mother Javiera. And he told his mother how to identify myself with the Iranians. His mother said: Search two people inside the Iranian army, one is Zangay-i Shavaran and the other is Bahram. And so Zangay-i Shavaran enters the literature of Iran-Turan war.
# Bahmani, Bandar Lengeh

Bahmani (Persian: بهمني, also Romanized as Bahmanī and Behmani; also known as Bahmanū) is a village in Bandar Charak Rural District, Shibkaveh District, Bandar Lengeh County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 94, in 18 families.
# Liu Aifeng

Liu Aifeng (1908 - January 20, 2002, Chinese: 刘皑风), born in Renqiu, Hebei, was a member of the Chinese Communist Party and a prominent pioneer in China's educational development.

## Biography

In 1932, Liu Aifeng obtained a degree from the Department of Chinese Literature at National Beiping Normal University, subsequently teaching in the Second Normal School of Chahar Province and the Third Middle School of Hebei Province. Subsequent to the July 7th Incident, Liu returned to his native region to disseminate anti-Japanese publicity. In February 1938, he assumed the role of head of the Civilian Movement Section within the Fifth Route. By April 1938, Renqiu County established an anti-Japanese democratic government, with Liu appointed as the county chief. In August 1938, Liu was reassigned as the county chief of the anti-Japanese democratic government in Dingnan County.
In September 1938, Liu Aifeng departed from Dingnan County and commenced his educational career, serving as the director of the Jizhong Administration of the Education Department Supervisor, the Education Section of the Jinchahi Border Region Administrative Committee, and as Director of Education, among other roles. Liu Aifeng became a member of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1946.
Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Liu assumed the role of director of the General Office of the Ministry of Education, served as a member of the party group, held the position of deputy minister of the Ministry of Higher Education, directed the Bureau of Culture and Education Planning of the State Planning Commission, acted as deputy minister of the Ministry of Education, and participated as a member of the party group as well as in the second, third, and fourth sessions of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
During the Cultural Revolution, Liu Aifeng experienced trauma, and upon returning to work, he held positions as the head of the Science and Education Group of the State Council, a member of the Provisional Leading Group of the Ministry of Education, and a consultant for the Ministry of Education, concluding his service in August 1995. Liu Aifeng died in Beijing on January 20, 2002, at the age of 94 due to sickness.
# Thuringia derby

The Thuringia derby (German: Thüringenderby) is a long-standing and intense football rivalry between the two major clubs from the German state of Thuringia - FC Carl Zeiss Jena and Rot-Weiß Erfurt. It is considered one of the most heated regional derbies in German football.

## History

The derby dates back to the 1950s when both clubs were leading teams in East Germany's top division, the DDR-Oberliga. During this era, FC Carl Zeiss Jena and Rot-Weiß Erfurt were the dominant clubs in the Thuringia region, and their matches were highly anticipated and passionately contested.
After German reunification in 1990, the derby continued in the reunified Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga as the two clubs spent many seasons in the same division, ensuring the rivalry remained fierce. Matches between FC Carl Zeiss Jena and Rot-Weiß Erfurt are known for their intense atmospheres, with fans of both teams creating tense and hostile environments in the stadiums.

## Notable matches

Some of the most memorable Thuringia derby matches include:
* 1954 DDR-Oberliga: FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2-1 Rot-Weiß Erfurt
* 1964 DDR-Oberliga: Rot-Weiß Erfurt 1-0 FC Carl Zeiss Jena
* 1998 2. Bundesliga: FC Carl Zeiss Jena 3-2 Rot-Weiß Erfurt
* 2012 3. Liga: Rot-Weiß Erfurt 1-0 FC Carl Zeiss Jena
The 1998 match, in which FC Carl Zeiss Jena defeated Rot-Weiß Erfurt 3-2, represents the largest documented margin of victory in a Thuringia derby.

## Current status

As of the 2024-25 season, both FC Carl Zeiss Jena and Rot-Weiß Erfurt play in the Regionalliga Nordost, Germany's [4 teir]. Their most recent meeting was a 1-1 draw in August 2023. The Thuringia Derby remains an important fixture for the supporters of both clubs, who continue to passionately back their team in these regional clashes.

## Statistics

| Competition | Played | Carl Zeiss Jena wins | Draws | Rot-Weiß Erfurt wins | Carl Zeiss Jena goals | Rot-Weiß Erfurt goals |
| 2. Bundesliga | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 3. Liga | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| Oberliga West | 63 | 27 | 17 | 19 | 91 | 63 |
| Regionalliga Nord | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Regionalliga Nordost | 11 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 15 | 12 |
| Regionalliga Süd | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FDGB-Pokal | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 5 |
| Total | 93 | 38 | 28 | 27 | 129 | 95 |
# Iosif Berdiev

Iosif Konstantinovich Berdiev (Russian: Иосиф Константинович Бердиев, 26 November 1924, Poltoratsk - 27 February 1992, Kyiv, Ukraine) was a Soviet gymnast.
Berdiev was High coach school of Leningrad Military Institute of Physical Culture and Sport (1953), competed for SKA (Leningrad).

## Achievements

* Title Meritorious master of sport of USSR (1955)
* 1948-1953, 1955 USSR champion in Vault
* 1952 Olympic champion (team)
# Miskito Cays

The Miskito Cays (Spanish: Cayos Miskitos) are an archipelago of small cays and reefs with an area of 27 km$^2$ located off Mosquito Coast in the Caribbean exclusive economic zones of Honduras and Nicaragua. They are part of the Gracias a Dios Department in Honduras and the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region in Nicaragua. The Miskito Cays are composed of 76 formations that include estuaries, coral reefs, cays, seagrass beds, and islets, of which 12 of the formations are covered with vegetation and consequently form islands which are lined with white sand beaches.
In Nicaragua, the Miskito Cay (Cayo Miskito), also known as Cayo Mayor, is the largest and most important cay located in the center of the archipelago measuring 37 km$^2$. Other main islands are Maras Cay, Nasa Cay, and Morrison Denis Cay. The Miskito Cays Biological Reserve is one of 78 protected areas of Nicaragua, it was declared a protected area in 1991. The cays, along with a stretch of the adjacent mainland coast, have been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
# Christoph Kohl

Christoph Kohl (born 11 January 1900 in Frankfurt) was a German chemist and industrial leader. He was chairman of the board of directors and CEO of the chemical and pharmaceutical company Cassella from 1964, chairman of its supervisory board and chairman of the supervisory board of Riedel-de Haën.
After obtaining a doctoral degree in chemistry at the Goethe University Frankfurt and briefly working at the firm Kalle & Co. [de] in Biebrich, he was employed at Cassella on 1 July 1922. As its long-time production manager he had a central role in rebuilding the company during the early Cold War. In 1952 he became a member of the board of directors. He succeeded Werner Zerweck as chairman of the board of directors (CEO) in 1964. He later also became chairman of the supervisory board of Riedel-de Haën and chairman of the supervisory board of Cassella.
He was a co-inventor of several patents.
# Nowy Dwór, Wrocław

Nowy Dwór (Polish pronunciation:, lit. 'New Manor', German: Maria Höfchen,) is a district in Wrocław located in the western part of the city. It was established in the territory of the former Fabryczna district.
Initially a village, the settlement was incorporated into Breslau (Wrocław) in 1928.

## History

Nowy Dwór was first mentioned in 1280 in Latin as Curia Nova, when it was part of medieval Piast-ruled Poland. In 1388, the abbot of the monastery sold the grange located in the village, and from 1551 all lease rights to Maria Höfchen belonged to Breslau.
The village gained a railroad connection in as early as 1844. It has been recognized as part of the city of Breslau since 1928.
In 1938, the area began its transformation into a community settlement. The project aimed to create "the largest residential complex in Breslau since Hitler's rise to power". The complex would consist of terraced, two- and three-story buildings with access to small gardens, intended to house workers from a nearby rolling stock factory.
Construction of the settlement was only half completed due to World War II. In early 1945, the population was forcibly evacuated, resulting in a 90% depopulation of the district.
Construction of the new section of Nowy Dwór began in the 1970s, featuring mainly large-panel blocks of apartments up to 15 stories high. Playgrounds and green spaces were included, albeit in a different style than before the war. The post-German buildings that survived the war have since been modernized, along with the rest of the district.
In 1991, after reforms in the administrative division of Wrocław, Nowy Dwór became one of the city's 48 districts.
In 2023, the streetcar line to Nowy Dwór was opened, which was the largest post-war transportation investment in Wrocław.
# Syrya

Syrya (Russian: Сырья) is a rural locality (a village) in Chekuyevskoye Rural Settlement of Onezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2010.

## Geography

Syrya is located 77 km southeast of Onega (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bolshoy Bor is the nearest rural locality.
# Ilyinka, Ikryaninsky District, Astrakhan Oblast

Ilyinka (Russian: Ильинка) is an urban locality (work settlement) in Ikryaninsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,650 (2010 Census); 4,633 (2002 Census); 4,387 (1989 Soviet census).
# An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon

An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon (French: Examen de la Philosophie de Bacon) is a posthumous work by Savoyard philosopher Joseph de Maistre, analyzing and criticizing the philosophy of Francis Bacon. It was published in 1836 and translated into English by Richard Lebrun in 1998.

## Thesis

Maistre considers Bacon to be the fountainhead of a destructive rationalistic ideology, blaming him for much of the scientism and atheism of the Age of Enlightenment. The argumentation against Bacon's philosophy is based on Maistre's epistemology first enunciated in the St Petersburg Dialogues (1819), according to which science depends on the innate ideas that are common to all human minds. Without such first principles, Maistre argues, experiments would be useless because there would be no basis for judging their validity. Maistre also argues that genius plays a pivotal role in great scientific discoveries, as demonstrated by inspired intellects such as Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton, contrary to Bacon's theory about conforming to a mechanistic method.

## Reception

Although not as well known as some of Maistre's other works, its importance has long been recognized in France. Augustin Bonnetty remarked that "it would perhaps be necessary to go back to Pascal's Lettres provinciales to find a more severe, more mocking, more pointed critique." Gustave Flaubert quoted a few sentences from the work in his novel Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881)—a critique of bourgeoisie society:
   “Bacon est absolument dépourvu de l’esprit d’analyse ; non seulement ne savait pas résoudre les questions, mais ne savait pas même les poser. // Bacon, absolutely destitute of the spirit of analysis, not only did not know how to resolve questions, but did not even know how to pose them.”
   “Bacon, man étranger à toutes les sciences et dont toutes les idées fondamentales étaient fausses. // Bacon, a man foreign to all sciences and whose fundamental ideas were false to the point of ridiculousness!”
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, one of the most distinguished literary critics in nineteenth-century France, thought that Maistre's chapters on final causes and on the union of religion and science contained "certainly some of the finest pages that have ever been written in a human language."
Scholars have also claimed that Maistre's work anticipated the philosophy of modern science. According to Frederick Holdsworth, Maistre described for the first time many of the principles on which modern scientific method is based on such matters as the nature of causality, the inevitable human-centeredness of all scientific understanding, the role of intuition in scientific discovery, and the inescapability of metaphysical considerations. Larry Siedentop concluded that Maistre reached "important and original conclusions about scientific method – conclusions which have since been accepted by the philosophy of science." Owen Bradley claims that "Maistre's critique of Enlightenment notions of science is significant in its own right as a highly modern approach to the history of science."
# Dneprovka, Bryansk Oblast

Dneprovka (Russian: Днепровка) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Mokhonovskoye Rural Settlement, Starodubsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 18 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Dneprovka is located 9 km north of Starodub (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pyatovsk is the nearest rural locality.
# Poshtaveh-ye Sofla

Poshtaveh-ye Sofla (Persian: پشت طاوه سفلي, also Romanized as Poshtāveh-ye Soflá; also known as Poshtāveh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 5 families.
# West Palatine Musicians Museum

The West Palatine Musicians Museum (German: Westpfälzer Musikantenmuseum) in Mackenbach, Germany, documents the history of the Westphalian Wandering Musicians, the heyday of which was between 1850 and the First World War.
In addition to musical instruments of the travelling musicians, there is an extensive collection of African musical instruments, historical photos of the villages and houses of musicians and souvenirs of travellers are on display. The linkages between the Musikantenland ("Musicians' Land") and the culture of German emigrants, especially in the US, are also explained.
The West Palatine Musicians Museum was opened in 1991 in the Bürgerhaus ("community hall") of Mackenbach in the Musikantenland. The responsible body is the municipality of Mackenbach. The museum was inspired by an exhibition on the theme of "Mackenbach Wandering Musicians" (Mackenbacher Wandermusikanten) as part of the 100th anniversary of the Mackenbach Music Society in 1983.
# Narva College of the University of Tartu

Narva College of the University of Tartu (Estonian: Tartu Ülikooli Narva Kolledž, Russian: На́рвский ко́лледж Тартуского университета) is a college of the University of Tartu. It was founded in 1999 in the city of Narva, Estonia.

## Organisation

The head of the College is a director, who is appointed by the Council of the University of Tartu. The College comprises five divisions: Division of Civic Studies, Division of Psychology and Pedagogy, Division of Estonian Language and Literature, Division of Russian Language and Literature, and Division of Foreign Languages.