OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Salomon Jacob Cohen

Salomon Jacob Cohen (Hebrew: שלום הכהן; 23 December 1771 - 20 February 1845) was a German Jewish Hebrew scholar, teacher, writer and translator of the Bible. He was an important representative of the Haskalah in Berlin, Hamburg and Vienna.

## Life

Cohen was born in Międzyrzecz (Greater Poland), which after the Second Partition of Poland became administered as part of South Prussia. As a teenager, he went to Berlin, where he studied with Naphtali Hirz Wessely and developed an appreciation of Hebrew poetry. He was soon regarded as an outstanding stylist of Hebrew. From 1800 to 1808, he taught Hebrew and religion at the Jewish Free School in Berlin, founded by David Friedländer. In 1808, he founded the Society of Friends of the Hebrew Language (Gesellschaft der Freunde der hebräischen Sprache). From 1809 to 1811, he was the last editor of the first Hebrew literary journal Ha-Meassef, which he tried unsuccessfully to revive. Cohen also lived in Altona, Hamburg, Dessau, and London before settling in Hamburg. In 1820, he went to Vienna, where he founded the first Hebrew journal in Austria, the literary magazine Bikkurej ha-ittim ("First Fruits of the Times"). In 1810, he translated the biblical book of Jeremiah into German; and from 1824 to 1827, he completed a German edition of the Old Testament in Hamburg. He died in Hamburg.

## Selected works

* Mishle Agur. Berlin 1799 (Collection of stories, with German translation).
* Torat Leschon Ivrit - Hebräische Sprachlehre. Three volumes, Berlin 1802.
* Morgenländische Pflanzen auf nördlichem Boden. Eine Sammlung neuer Hebräischer Poesien nebst deutscher Uebersetzung. Frankfurt a. M. 1807 Digitalisat.
* Katechismus der israelitischen Religion. Zum ersten Unterricht für Israelitische Knaben und Mädchen. Hamburg 1812 (also translated into Danish).
* Amal-ve-Thuerza. Rödelheim 1812 (Drama).
* Schorsche Emunah. London 1815 (Handbook of Judaism; English translation by Dr. Josua van Oven).
* Masa Batawi. Amsterdam 1814 (Dutch epic; Dutch translation by H. Somerhausen).
* Ketaw Joscher. Wien 1820 (Collection of Hebrew and German letters).
* Die heilige Schrift. mit möglichster Correctheit des hebräischen Textes. Nebst verbesserter deutscher Uebersetzung. Hamburg 1824/27.
* Ner Dawid. Wien 1834 (Poem) Digitalisat.
* Kore ha-Dorot. Wilna 1837 (Jewish story).
# Township 2

Township 2 can refer to:
* Township 2, Benton County, Arkansas
* Township 2, Harper County, Kansas
* Township 2, Rooks County, Kansas
* Township 2, Washington County, Nebraska
# 2013 Cavan Intermediate Football Championship

The 2013 Cavan Intermediate Football Championship was the 49th edition of Cavan GAA's premier Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded clubs in County Cavan, Ireland. The tournament consists of 14 teams, with the winner representing Cavan in the Ulster Intermediate Club Football Championship.
Killeshandra won the championship after a 1-10 to 1-8 win over Shercock in the final.

## Team Changes

The following teams have changed division since the 2013 championship season.

## Knock-out stage

| Quarter-finals | Quarter-finals | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final | Final |
| Drung | Drung | 1-6 1-8 (R) | | | | | | |
| Killeshandra | Killeshandra | 0-9 0-15 (R) | | | | | | |
| Killeshandra | Killeshandra | 0-9 0-15 (R) | Killeshandra | Killeshandra | 1-10 | | | |
| | | | Ballyhaise | Ballyhaise | 0-10 | | | |
| Swanlinbar | Swanlinbar | 0-9 | Ballyhaise | Ballyhaise | 0-10 | | | |
| Ballyhaise | Ballyhaise | 3-15 | | | | | | |
| Ballyhaise | Ballyhaise | 3-15 | | | | Killeshandra | Killeshandra | 1-10 |
| | | | | | | Shercock | Shercock | 1-8 |
| Cootehill | Cootehill | 3-7 | | | | | | | Shercock | Shercock | 1-8 |
| Bailieborough | Bailieborough | 0-11 | | | | | | |
| Bailieborough | Bailieborough | 0-11 | Cootehill | Cootehill | 0-8 | | | |
| | | | Shercock | Shercock | 2-6 | | | |
| Shercock | Shercock | 4-11 | Shercock | Shercock | 2-6 | | | |
| Drumlane | Drumlane | 2-8 | | | | | | |
# Kalestan-e Olya

Kalestan-e Olya (Persian: كلستان عليا, also Romanized as Kalestān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Golestān-e Bālā, Kalestān, Kialston, and Kyal’ston) is a village in Sanjabad-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 365, in 98 families.
# Alex MacKenzie

Alexander George Greig MacKenzie (13 January 1882 – 24 May 1947) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Family

The son of William George McKenzie, and Marian McKenzie, née MacKenzie, Alexander George Greig MacKenzie (a.k.a. "M'Kenzie" and as "McKenzie") was born at West Melbourne, Victoria on 13 January 1882.
He married Ethel Cecil Maude Richardson (1884–1912) in 1903. They had five children, one of whom did not survive his infancy.
He married his second wife, Jessie Celica Hamilton, née Ewin (1889–1956) in 1927.

## Football
### Williamstown (VFA)

He played his first game for Williamstown against North Melbourne on 1 August 1903.

### North Melbourne (VFA)

He was cleared from Williamstown (identified as "A. M'Kenzie") to North Melbourne on 1 May 1907.

### Williamstown (VFA)

He was cleared from North Melbourne back to Williamstown in June 1909.

### St Kilda (VFL)

He was cleared from Williamstown to St Kilda in May 1911.

## Military service

MacKenzie served in the Australian Army during World War I. He suffered a gunshot wound to his chest and back in fierce fighting near Ypres, Belgium in October 1917, and was repatriated to Australia on HMAT "Osterley" in April 1918.

## Death

He died at his residence in East Melbourne, Victoria on 24 May 1947.
# Hybrid ternary code

In telecommunications, the hybrid (H-) ternary line code is a line code that operates on a hybrid principle combining the binary non-return-to-zero-level (NRZL) and the polar return-to-zero (RZ) codes.
The H-ternary code has three levels for signal representation; these are positive (+), zero (0), and negative (−). These three levels are represented by three states. The state of the line code could be in any one of these three states. A transition takes place to the next state as a result of a binary input 1 or 0 and the encoder's present output state. The encoding procedure is as follows.
| Input bit | Prior output | Output level |
| 0 | + | − |
| 0 | 0 | − |
| 0 | − | 0 |
| 1 | + | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | + |
| 1 | − | + |
* In general, the encoder outputs + level for a binary 1 input and a − level for a binary 0 input.
* However, if this would result in the same output level as the previous bit time, a 0 level is output instead.
* Initially, the encoder output present state is assumed at 0 level when the first bit arrives at the encoder input.
The new line-coding scheme violates the encoding rule of NRZ-L when a sequence of 1s or 0s arrives and hence, it overcomes some of their deficiencies. During the violation period for a run of 1s or 0s, it operates on the same encoding rule of the polar RZ but with pulse occupancy of full period.
NRZ-L and polar RZ codes have deficiencies compared to the proposed H-ternary encoding scheme. NRZ-L code lacks sufficient timing information when the binary signal remains at one level in of either 1 or 0. This has direct influence on synchronising the receiver clock with that of the transmitter and, as a result, has impact on the detection of the received digital signal.
The H-ternary code has also timing superiority compared to similar ternary codes. Other ternary line code such as alternate mark inversion (AMI) also lacks the timing information when a run of zeros needs to be transmitted. This drawback is partly overcome by its modified version the high density bipolar with three zeros substitution (HDB3).
On the other hand, the new code has a smaller bandwidth in comparison with the polar RZ code. The latter has its frequency spectral components concentrated at twice the original binary data rate because the polar RZ code has a pulse duty cycle of 50 percent.
# Civitas Christiana

Civitas Christiana is an ultraconservative Dutch non-profit activist organization of Catholic inspiration. Through online petitions, mailing, books, and street activism it works to defend the traditional Christian understanding of the family and opposes abortion, LGBT rights, pedophilia, feminism, environmentalism, multiculturalism, Islam, and mass immigration.
Founded in 2014 by Hugo Bos, Civitas Christiana is a member of the international network of Societies for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property.
# Ahmad ibn Tawoos

Ahmad ibn Tawoos (Arabic: أحمد بن طاووس), also known as "Tawoos" or "al-Taus" (died 673), was one of the Tabi‘in, and one of the narrators of hadith.
# Anjirak, Harsin

Anjirak (Persian: انجيرك, also Romanized as Anjīrak) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Harsin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 81, in 16 families.
# 143rd Infantry Brigade (Ukraine)

The 143rd Infantry Brigade (Ukrainian: 143 Окрема Піхотна Бригада) is a unit of the Ground Forces of Ukraine formed in 2023, originally as a Reserve Rifle Brigade. Later in 2023, it was reformed into an infantry brigade.

## Structure

As of 2024 the brigade's structure is as follows:
* 143rd Infantry Brigade
** Brigade HHC
** 1st Assault Battalion
** 401st Infantry Battalion (A4802)
** 402nd Infantry Battalion (A4823)
** 403rd Infantry Battalion
** 404th Infantry Battalion
** 406th Infantry Battalion
** 412th Infantry Battalion
** 463th Infantry Battalion (A4969)
** 464th Infantry Battalion (A4971)
** 466th Infantry Battalion (A4976)
** Reconnaissance Company
** Combat Engineer Company
# 1995 Women's Pacific Rim Championship

The 1995 IIHF Women's Pacific Rim Championship was an international ice hockey tournament held between April 3 and 8, 1995 in San Jose, California, United States.
Canada won the tournament despite losing in the group stage 5-2 to the United States. They defeated China in a shootout before taking the US to a shootout as well to win the championship.

## Teams and format

Four teams completed in this inaugural tournament. The teams were:
* Canada
* China
* Japan
* United States
The teams first played a full round robin against each other. After these three games, all teams proceeded to the semi-final (1st vs 4th and 2nd vs 3rd) with the winning teams meeting in the final.

## First round
### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | United States | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 4 | +18 | 6 |
| 2 | Canada | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 6 | +17 | 4 |
| 3 | China | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 13 | −7 | 2 |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 29 | −28 | 0 |

### Results
## Playoff round
### Final round

| Semi-Final | Semi-Final | Semi-Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | United States | 12 | | | |
| 4 | Japan | 0 | 1 | United States | 1 |
| 3 | China | 2 | 2 | Canada APS | 2 |
| 2 | Canada APS | 3 | | | |

### Final
## Champions

* 1995 IIHF Women's Pacific Rim Championship
* Canada 1st title

## Final standings

| Rk. | Team |
| | Canada |
| | United States |
| | China |
| 4. | Japan |
# Hostelling Scotland

Hostelling Scotland (SYHA; Gaelic: Comann Osdailean Òigridh na h-Alba) is part of Hostelling International and provides youth hostel accommodation in Scotland. As of January 2022 the organisation represents 58 hostels: 31 run by Hostelling Scotland and 27 affiliates.

## History

The organisation was founded in 1931 as the Scottish Youth Hostels Association (SYHA).
The first youth hostel in Scotland was a converted row of four cottages in Broadmeadows and opened on 2 May 1931.
In 1938, there were more than 60 hostels and membership was approaching 20,000. At its peak, the SYHA had 99 hostels; by 1995 this had reduced to 85.
In 2013, around 60% of guests came from outwith Scotland.
As of 2016, the hostel guide and website lists over 60 hostels, 28 of which are independently owned affiliate hostels such as those of the Gatliff Hebridean Hostel Trust and various local communities and authorities. Hostels vary from modern purpose-built premises to historic buildings and country cottages, sited in major towns and cities and in rural locations, including remote islands.
Accommodation is generally dormitory-style but increasingly this is being subdivided into smaller units. For example, the most modern hostel, Edinburgh Central, has many single and twin-bedded rooms with ensuite facilities. All have a lounge, shared bathrooms and self-catering kitchens. Many hostels provide meals at request.
Hostelling Scotland is a self-funding charitable organisation, and as a not-for-profit business invests all surplus back into the organisation, both to develop the network and to improve older hostels. Today it faces competition from the more numerous independent hostels, and from rural hotels which provide bunkhouse accommodation.
It has been claimed that it has left its roots as a working class movement to "provide accommodation to people of limited means" behind, and become too expensive. The SYHA's defenders, including Allan Wilson MSP, point out that hostellers today require higher levels of comfort than when the hostelling movement began.
The organisation later became SYHA Hostelling Scotland, then in 2018, the organisation rebranded as Hostelling Scotland, dropping the SYHA from their name.
# Roșia fortified church

The Roșia fortified church (Romanian: Biserica fortificată din Roșia; German: Kirchenburg von Rothberg) is a Lutheran fortified church in Roșia (German: Rothberg), Sibiu County, in the Transylvania region of Romania. It was built by the ethnic German Transylvanian Saxon community at a time when the area belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary. Initially Roman Catholic, it became Lutheran following the Protestant Reformation.

## Description

The church was built around 1225, and was first mentioned in a document from 1327. A Romanesque basilica dates to the 13th century; surviving elements include the choir, triumphal arch, pillars between the main and side naves, and parts of the north portal, including the windows and upper level. Fortification work took place in the 16th century, with most of the windows and the entrance room in the western part daring to the 18th. In the 19th century, the nave was given a vaulted ceiling held up by pilasters with capitals. The paintings above the triumphal arch are in the Biedermeier style. The 1682 Baroque altar, with its six Corinthian columns and baldachin, is particularly decorative, as is the baldachin-covered pulpit of 1781.
The church resisted numerous armed attacks, including in 1600, when the army of Michael the Brave burned the village to the ground. However, the fortifications now lie in ruins. In 1631, when the village was devastated by a fire, the church tower was destroyed. In the mid-1700s the town was repopulated with immigrants from Austria.
The writer Eginald Schlattner [ro] is the parish priest. The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, with the wall fragments and the bell tower being listed as separate entries.
# Sultan Sosnaliyev

Sultan Aslambekovich Sosnaliyev (Russian: Султан Асламбекович Сосналиев; 23 April 1942 – 23 November 2008) was a Soviet Army officer of Circassian ethnicity who served as a commander of Abkhaz and North Caucasian forces during the War in Abkhazia and as the defence minister of Abkhazia in 1993–1996 and 2005–2007.

## Early life

Sultan Sosnaliyev was born in Baksan in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, to Kabardin parents. He graduated from the Syzran Higher Military Aviation School and from the Zhukov Air and Space Defense Academy and served in the Soviet anti-aircraft forces for 29 years. He retired in 1990 in the rank of a colonel and worked in Kabardino-Balkaria's construction industry till 1992.

## Role in the War in Abkhazia

Sosnaliyev became the head of the military department of the newly formed Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus. After the beginning of the War in Abkhazia he arrived to Abkhazia with the group of Kabardin volunteers through on 15 August 1992. He was appointed the head of the staff of the Gudauta-based State Committee of the Defence and was one of the planners of the victorious Battle of Gagra.
He was appointed the minister of defence in April 1993 and later awarded the rank of Major General. Sosnaliyev and Sergei Dbar planned the July and September Sukhumi offensives. On 24–25 March 1994 Sosnaliyev was in charge of the last operation of the war – capture of the village of Lata in the Kodori Valley.

## Post-war life

Sosnaliyev resigned in July 1996 and returned to Kabardino-Balkaria. After Sergei Bagapsh had been elected the President of Abkhazia he offered the office of the minister of defence to Sosnaliyev as "reforms were desperately needed" in the Abkhazian army. The latter agreed and served in the Abkhazian government as a minister of defence and a vice-premier till May 2007.

## Honours and awards

* Order of the Red Banner
* Title Honoured Military Pilot of the USSR
* Title "Hero of Abkhazia"
* Order "Honor and Glory" (Abkhazia)
# Noise (TV programming block)

Noise (stylized in capital letters) was a Fuji TV late night anime programming block, broadcast each Wednesday night from 26:08 to 26:38. It is Fuji TV's second late night anime-themed time block, after noitaminA, which airs every Thursday night. It first began on October 15, 2008, with Michiko to Hatchin. After broadcasting three anime series, the block was cancelled in favor of extending noitaminA which started airing two productions at once instead of only one.

## Programs

| # | Title | Date | Ep. | Studio |
| 1 | Michiko & Hatchin | October 16, 2008 - March 18, 2009 | 22 | Manglobe |
| 2 | Ristorante Paradiso | April 9, 2009 - June 25, 2009 | 11 | David Production |
| 3 | Sweet Blue Flowers | July 2, 2009 - September 10, 2009 | 11 | J.C.Staff |
# Longinus cross

The Longinus cross (German: Longinuskreuz) is a special form of the Arma Christi cross, which occurs mainly in the Black Forest, but also occasionally in other regions of South Germany. In addition to the instruments of the Passion, Longinus crosses depict the figure of Saint Longinus as a horseman to the side of the crucified Jesus. These crosses are usually made of wood and are about 3–4 metres high. Often they are topped by a hipped roof that resembles the roofs of Black Forest houses, and a back wall on which the figures bearing the instruments are depicted.
The history of Longinus crosses is closely bound up with the monastic orders that provided spiritual care in the Black Forest: the Jesuits, Capuchins and Cistercians. The popular missionaries of these religious communities erected mission crosses, on which the instruments associated with the suffering of Christ were displayed. The links between the Anterior Austrian parts of the Black Forest and the imperial capital of Vienna, where the Holy Lance was kept, could have played a role here. The design of these mission crosses was subsequently copied by private wayside and household crosses.
The feature of the Longinus crosses, the depiction of the figure of Saint Longinus as a rider beneath the cross, is probably explained by the popularity of the saint as a patron of farmers. On older crosses, his figure is usually shown in the uniform of a Baden dragoon, often accompanied by the verse "Truly, this was the Son of God" (from Mark 15:39) on his shield. Many Black Foresters served as cavalry in the wars of the 19th century, due to their familiarity with horses and, on their return from war, made Longinus crosses in memory of their own military service.
Little is generally known about the woodcarvers who made the crosses. Stylistically, however, several individual artists can be distinguished and, in some cases, even their names are known. Of great artistic quality are crosses by the so-called "Herrgott Mattheubis", who came from the area of Schonach. Often the figures of Christ were ordered from professional sculptors, whilst the instruments were carved by members of the rural population themselves.
Even today Longinus crosses are occasionally made. The older crosses are protected as Kleindenkmale ("little monuments").
# Krossen (disambiguation)

Krossen is a village in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway.
Krossen may also refer to:
* Krossen (Kristiansand), a neighborhood in the city of Kristiansand, Agder county, Norway
* Krossen, Telemark, a village in Vinje municipality, Telemark county, Norway
* Krosno Odrzańskie (German: Krossen), a city in Krosno county, Poland
# Ethephon

Ethephon is a plant growth regulator.

## Mechanism of action

Upon metabolism by the plant, it is converted into ethylene, a potent regulator of plant growth and ripeness. When applied in a plant which is in a vegetative stage, ethylene usually acts by hindering vegetative growth and inducing the start of the flowering stage. If applied in a later stage, it can make the ripening of some fruits quicker. It is also a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor.

## Uses in various crops

Ethephon is often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and rice in order to help the plant's fruit reach ripeness more quickly.
Cotton is the most important single crop use for ethephon. It initiates fruiting over a period of several weeks, promotes early concentrated boll opening, and enhances defoliation to facilitate and improve the efficiency of scheduled harvesting. Harvested cotton quality is improved.
Ethephon is also widely used by pineapple growers to initiate the fruit's reproductive development (forcing). Ethephon is also sprayed on mature-green pineapple fruits to degreen them to meet produce marketing requirements. There can be some detrimental effect on fruit quality.
It is sometimes used by cannabis growers to induce flowering, abort seed formation, increase the quality of the resins, induce the appearance of female flowers in male plants, and to suppress the development of male flowers in hermaphrodite plants.
The toxicity of ethephon is very low, and any ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene.
The use of this chemical is allowed in the European Union.
# Berkeh Lari

Berkeh Lari (Persian: بركه لاري, also Romanized as Berkeh Lārī, Barkeh Lari, and Berkeh-ye Lārī) is a village in Deh Tall Rural District, in the Central District of Bastak County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 713, in 162 families.
# Alexander Park (Saint Petersburg)

59°57′50″N 30°17′24″E﻿ / ﻿59.964°N 30.290°E﻿ / 59.964; 30.290
Alexander Park or Alexandrovsky Park (Russian: Алекса́ндровский парк) is a park on Petrogradsky Island of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is one of the first public parks in St. Petersburg.

## Structures

The park has a semicircular/crescent shape. The Leningrad Zoo is the largest occupant of the park. The other end of the park is the Northwestern Branch of the Russian State University of Justice. A canal [ru] separates the park from the Kronverk (now the Artillery Museum), which otherwise would be at the center of the area. To the south of the park and the Kronverk is the Kronverksky Strait, beyond which is the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The northern half of the park are occupied by (from west to east):
* an interactive children's theater (Skazkin Dom),
* Music-Hall (Мюзик-Холл): a medium-sized venue for plays and shows,
* St. Petersburg Planetarium,
* the Baltic House Festival Theatre,
* Velikan Park (Великан Парк "giant park"): a modern cinema with a food court,
* a couple of restaurants,
* Gorkovskaya metro station.

## Artworks

It has the only outdoor miniature park in Russia: Mini-Gorod (Мини-город "mini-town").
The Architects (Зодчие), a bronze sculptural group by Alexander Taratynov was installed on June 15, 2011. Commissioned by Gazprom, it depicts the great architects of the Russian Empire. For a statue of a French architect Thomas de Thomon, the image of British chemist and mineralogist Thomas Thomson was mistakenly used. Taratynov blamed Wikipedia for the error but also himself for not checking with a historian to verify the image he used was accurate.