OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Philadelphia Press

The Philadelphia Press (or The Press) is a defunct newspaper that was published from August 1, 1857, to October 1, 1920.
The paper was founded by John Weiss Forney. Charles Emory Smith was editor and owned a stake in the paper from 1880 until his death in 1908. In 1920, it was purchased by Cyrus H. K. Curtis, who merged the Press into the Public Ledger.
In 1882, a Philadelphia Press newspaper story sparked a sensational trial after a journalist caught body snatchers from the Jefferson Medical College stealing corpses from Lebanon Cemetery for use as cadavers by medical students.
Before being published in book form, Stephen Crane's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage was serialized in The Philadelphia Press in 1894. Earlier, in 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson's The Black Arrow appeared in the paper in serialized form under the title "The Outlaws of Tunstall Forest," with illustrations by Alfred Brennan, before the first hardcover book publication by Charles Scribner's Sons.

## Notable contributors

* Emily Pomona Edson Briggs, columnist, notable early female journalist
* Thomas Morris Chester, African-American Civil War correspondent
* Benjamin De Casseres, proofreader, theatrical critic and editorial writer
* Joel Cook, American Civil War correspondent with the Army of the Potomac
* Elisha Jay Edwards, investigative journalist
* George Alfred Townsend, city editor and drama critic
* John Russell Young, chief Civil War correspondent

### The 'Philadelphia Four'

In addition to written contributions, illustrations were also produced for the newspaper. Four illustrators, each a member of the 'Charcoal Club' founded by Robert Henri, became known as the 'Philadelphia Four':
* William Glackens
* George Luks
* Everett Shinn
* John French Sloan
# Wang Jinghong

Wang Jinghong (Chinese: 王景弘; pinyin: Wáng Jǐnghóng; Wade–Giles: Wang Ching-hung; died c. 1434) was a Ming dynasty Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who was deputy to Zheng He on his treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa, from 1405 to 1433. He led an eighth voyage to Sumatra but is said to have died in a shipwreck on the way. He was buried at Semarang in Java aged 78.
# Ormankaya, Hazro

Ormankaya (Kurdish: Şimşim) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Hazro, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 870 in 2022.
# New South Wales 1200 class railcar

The 1200 class railcar or Tulloch railcar were a type of diesel railcar built by Tulloch Limited for the New South Wales railways department between June 1970 and May 1972. They were built to operate the Riverina Express before being transferred to the South Coast Daylight Express.

## History

In 1968, an order was placed with Tulloch Limited for 10 railcars for the Riverina Express with the fleet delivered between October 1970 and May 1972. While awaiting delivery of sufficient cars to operate the service, some were used on Goulburn Day Train and South Coast Daylight Express services in company with the 1100 class railcars. In addition, two vehicles were also constructed for Victorian Railways as their DRC Class.
The ten cars were built in two configurations, one with a buffet section and seating for 8 First class and 36 Second Class (numbered PCR 1201-1203) and the other seating 18 First Class, 36 Second Class and a separate luggage compartment (numbered PCH 1221-1227). The objective was to provide two four-car trains, each consisting of one PCR and three PCH along with one spare car of each type.
They entered service on the Riverina Express in May 1972. The purpose of forming the trains with individual railcars was to allow it to divide at major stations along the route where cars detached for Cowra, Tumut, Lake Cargelligo and Hillston on selected days, as well as the traditional destinations of Griffith and Albury. On the return journey, the cars amalgamated again to form a single train back to Sydney.
The 1200s soon began to suffer equipment failures, particularly with their complex electrical system, especially when amalgamating. Following one car suffering a distorted engine support frame all were withdrawn in January 1973. The damaged car became an office. One set of four was returned to operate the service three days a week with locomotive hauled and later DEB sets operating it on the other days. This remaining cars were withdrawn in October 1975 when a second DEB set was transferred.
In May 1974, two cars (PCH 1224 and PCH 1227) were sold to Victorian Railways to complement the two DRC railcars it had purchased new. In 1977 four were converted to operate an exhibition train around New South Wales for the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Three more were pooled with the 1100 class railcars on Illawarra line services while the car with a damaged engine frame became an office. In 1981 it was decided to convert the latter and two of the Jubilee cars into loco hauled cars, the remaining five were similarly treated in 1983. They were placed in service on the Illawarra line between Sydney and Bomaderry.
They did occasionally stray operating both the Canberra Express and Newcastle Flyer in January 1986.
Following the cessation of locomotive hauled South Coast services in January 1991, they were redeployed to operate services on the Main South line to Moss Vale and Goulburn.
In February 1993, six of the carriages were given a light refurbishment before being withdrawn in November 1993. In August 1994, six were auctioned.
# David Thomas (geographer)

David S. G. Thomas is a British scientist and geographer. He was born at his parents' home in River, near Dover, Kent, UK, in October 1958. He is Professor of geography at the University of Oxford, the fifth person to hold the Statuary Chair, and a Professorial Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford.

## Career and research

His research deals with desertification, dryland environments, climate change and other environmental phenomena. Recent research has focussed on desert geoarchaeology, dryland bioenergy and long-term environmental change in deserts. He received his D.Phil. from the University of Oxford. Between 1984 and 2004 he taught and researched at the University of Sheffield, where he rose from lecturer to senior lecturer then full professor by 1994, and was head of department. he has authored many scientific papers (over 200 by 2022) and 11 books including second and third editions. He has been vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society (twice) and president of the British Geomorphological Research Group (now British Society for Geomorphology. His research interests have seen significant activity in Africa, especially in the Kalahari and Namib Deserts and surrounding areas, and in Arabia and India.

## Awards

In 2011 he received the Farouk El-Baz Award from the Geological Society of America for his contributions to desert science.
He received the Royal Geographical Society's Victoria Medal in 2018 for his world-leading research in desert environments and desert societies.

## Books

* Thomas, David S. G. Desertification: exploding the myth / David S. G. Thomas and Nicholas J. Middleton. Chichester; New York: Wiley, c1994. xii, 194 p.: ill., maps; 24 cm. ISBN 0-471-94815-2
* Sustainable livelihoods in Kalahari environments: a contribution to global debates / edited by Deborah Sporton and David S.G. Thomas. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. xix, 231 p.: ill., maps; 24 cm. ISBN 0-19-823419-8 (alk. paper)
* Arid zone geomorphology / edited by David S.G. Thomas. London: Belhaven Press; New York: Halsted Press, 1989. vi, 372 p.: ill.; 26 cm. ISBN 0-470-21341-8 (Halsted Press. 2nd edition (published by John wiley and Sons 1998. 3rd edition as 'Arid Zone Geomorphology: process, Form and Change in Drylands 2011.ISBN 978-0-470-51909-7
* United Nations Environment Programme. World atlas of desertification / UNEP; co-ordinating editors, Nick Middleton and David Thomas. 2nd ed. London; New York: Arnold; New York: Copublished in the US, Central and South America by John Wiley, c1997. 1 atlas (x, 182 p.): ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 37 cm. ISBN 0-340-69166-2 (UNEP), ISBN 0-470-24972-2 (Wiley)
* The Kalahari Environment David S.G. Thomas and Paul A. Shaw Cambridge University Press, 1991. xiii, 275 p.: ill., maps. ISBN 0-521-37080-9

## Other roles

Amongst his many professional roles, he chaired the Geography and Environmental Studies for the UK's Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021 from 2017 to 2022.
# Novy Chirkey

Novy Chirkey (Russian: Новый Чиркей; Avar: Цӏияб Чӏикӏаб) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kizilyurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 5,922 as of 2010. There are 67 streets.

## Geography

Novy Chirkey is located 20 km southeast of Kizilyurt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kulzeb and Khachta are the nearest rural localities.

## Nationalities

Avars live there.
# George Hoole Mitchell

George Hoole Mitchell (31 December 1902 – 11 March 1976) was a British geologist. He won the Geological Society of London's Bigsby Medal in 1947. He was Assistant Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain from 1959 to 1967.

## Life

He was born in Liverpool on 31 December 1902, the son of George Richard Mitchell, a pewterer (1874-1965), and his wife Emma France, daughter of Hoole France. He was educated at Liverpool Collegiate School. He studied Science at the University of Liverpool graduating BSc in 1924 and gaining an MSc in 1925. He gained a doctorate (PhD) in 1927.
He joined the British Geological Survey in 1929 and rose to the level of Assistant Director.
In 1953 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1955 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Archibald Gordon MacGregor, Sir Edward Battersby Bailey, Murray Macgregor, James Phemister and John Knox. He served as the Society's Vice President 1964 to 1967. He was President of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1954 to 1956 and of the Edinburgh Geological Society 1961 to 1963.
In 1967 he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.
He died in hospital in Greenock on 11 March 1976.

## Family

In 1930 he married Vera Margaret Richardson.

## Publications

* Geology of the Country around Wakefield (1940)
* Geology of the Country around Barnsley (1947)
* Edinburgh Geology (1960)
* The Lake District (1970)
# Suša, Gorenja Vas–Poljane

Suša (pronounced) is a small settlement northeast of Hotavlje in the Municipality of Gorenja Vas–Poljane in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It lies below the southeast slope of Mount Blegoš, at the confluence of Karlovščica and Zarobarščica creeks, where they join to form Logarščica Creek.

## Name

Like similar toponyms (e.g., Suha), the name of the settlement is derived from the adjective suh 'dry', referring either to an intermittent stream and the settlement beside it, or to a notably dry area.

## History

During the Second World War, Suša was exposed to the last German offensive, from 19 March to 5 April 1945. On 25 March 1945 the Miklavčič farm (known as the Mlinar Farm, Slovene: pri Mlinarju) at Suša no. 2 was plundered and burned by German and Slovene Home Guard forces because Janez Miklavčič had supplied the Partisans with flour. The family and their six children were shot; they are commemorated by a memorial in Hotavlje.
# Livar

Livar (Persian: ليوار, also Romanized as Līvār; also known as Līvār-e Bālā) is a village in Zolbin Rural District, Yamchi District, Marand County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,187, in 558 families.
# Jikey

Jikey (Jawi: جيكيي) is a traditional Malay dance drama that is popular in Kedah and Perlis, Malaysia. The dance drama is known as Yike in Cambodia and Likay in Thailand and popular in southern provinces of Satun and Phuket. It is believed to have originated from the singing of zikir among the Malays before it developed into a secular theatre after the late 19th century. The Jikey performance also has strong influence from other Malay performing arts like Mak Yong, Hadrah, Bangsawan and Mek Mulung.
The main elements of Jikey are improvised dialogue, music and dance, and local legends formed the main repertoire with considerable emphasis placed on slapstick comedy. The Jikey music consists of both instrumental and singing. The main characters are comedians, king and warriors, and a form of leitmotif is involved as various characters in the drama are identified with specific elements in the music.
A complete theatrical orchestra for Jikey includes rebana (with no jingles) in large, medium and small sizes; one tambourine; one hanging, knobbed gong, five or more pairs of cerek, one pair of kesi, an oboe (serunai for Malay or pi for Thai). However, typical ensembles consists only of a violin, 3 rebana and 2 cerek or bamboo stampers.
# Marotolana, Bealanana

Marotolana or Marotaolana is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Bealanana, which is a part of Sofia Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 9,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 97% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are coffee, beans and cassava. Services provide employment for 3% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
14°39′S 48°59′E﻿ / ﻿14.650°S 48.983°E﻿ / -14.650; 48.983
* This Sofia Region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Masafumi Ōura

Masafumi Ōura (大浦正文, Ōura Masafumi, September 28, 1969 – December 20, 2013) was a Japanese volleyball player and coach.

## Personal life and death

Born in Kamiagatagun (present-day Tsushima), Nagasaki Prefecture, he graduated from Nagasaki Prefectural Shimabara Commercial High School, where he became a coach after his retirement from active play.
He died on December 20, 2013, in Tokyo from stomach cancer.

## Player

* Suntory Sunbirds（1988-1997）
* Summer Olympics - 1992
* World Cup - 1989, 1991, 1995
* World Championship - 1990, 1994

## Awards

* 1989 - Best Hitter
* 1990 - Best 6
* 1991 - Best 6
* 1992 - Best 6
* 1993 - Best Hitter and Best 6
# Dasht-e Murt-e Sofla

Dasht-e Murt-e Sofla (Persian: دشت مورت سفلي, also Romanized as Dasht-e Mūrt-e Soflá) is a village in Qalkhani Rural District, Gahvareh District, Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 57 families.
# Sobti (surname)

Sobti is a Punjabi Khatri surname.

## Background

They were also found in the town of Alamgarh in Gujrat district. According to a local legend a clan of Khatris, the Sobati, fought against Alexander the Great. Bhai Daya Singh, a Panj Pyara, was the first man to sacrifice his life for Guru Gobind Singh.

## Notable people

* Atul Sobti, chairman and MD at BHEL
* Barun Sobti, Indian model and actor
* Krishna Sobti, Indian Hindi-language fiction writer
* Praveen Kumar Sobti, Asian Games gold medalist in discus throw and hammer throw.
* Ranbir Chander Sobti, Indian cell biologist. He is a former vice chancellor of the Panjab University, Chandigarh
* Romesh Sobti, Indian banker
* Tarun Sobti, Vice Admiral in the Indian Navy
# The Blue Dragon

The Blue Dragon (German: Der blaue Drachen) is a 1919 German silent film directed by Harry Piel. It features the popular detective character Joe Deebs.

## Cast

* Paul Bildt
* Heinrich Schroth as Joe Deebs
# Novoye Gadari

Novoye Gadari (Russian: Новое Гадари; Avar: Цӏияб Гъадари) is a rural locality (a selo) in Zubutli-Miatlinsky Selsoviet, Kizilyurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 798 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.

## Geography

Novoye Gadari is located 13 km southwest of Kizilyurt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zubutli-Miatli and Novy Sulak are the nearest rural localities.

## Nationalities

Avars live there.
# Paul Zumthor

Paul Zumthor, CQ (5 August 1915 – 11 January 1995) was a medievalist, literary historian, and linguist. He was a Swiss from Geneva.

## Biography

He studied in Paris with Gustave Cohen and worked on French etymology with Walther von Wartburg. In studying medieval French poetry, he formulated the concept of mouvance (variability). He also emphasised "vocality" in medieval poetry, the place of the human voice.
He held two major professorial positions at the University of Amsterdam from 1952 and at the Université de Montréal from 1971 to 1980, when he later became emeritus. In 1992, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec.
Zumthor was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1969, this was changed into a foreign membership in 1971.

## Legacy

Within J. M. Coetzee's novel Elizabeth Costello, Zumthor is quoted at length by a character Emmanuel Egudu. Coetzee describes Zumthor as "a man from the snowy wastes of Canada, the great scholar of orality Paul Zumthor."

## Works

* Merlin le prophète. Un thème de la littérature polémique, de l'historiographie et des romans (1943)
* Antigone ou l'espérance. (1945)
* Victor Hugo poète de Satan (1946)
* Saint Bernard de Clairvaux (1947) with Albert Béguin
* Positions actuelles de la linguistique et de l'histoire littéraire (1948)
* Lettres de Héloïse et Abélard (1950)
* Abréviations composées (1951)
* L'Inventio dans la poésie française archaïque (1952)
* Miroirs de l'Amour. Tragédie et Préciosité (1952)
* Histoire littéraire de la France médiévale (VIe-XIVe siècles). (1954)
* Charles le Chauve (1957)
* La griffe, Paris (1957)
* Précis de syntaxe du francais contemporain (1958) with Walther von Wartburg
* La Vie quotidienne en Hollande au temps De Rembrandt (1960) as Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland (1962) translated by Simon Watson Taylor
* Les Contrebandiers (1962)
* Langue et techniques poétiques à l'époque romane (XIe - XIIIe siècles) (1963)
* Un prêtre montheysan et le sac de Liège en 1468. 'La Complainte de la Cité de Liège', poème inédit. (1963) editor with Willem Nooman
* Guillaume le Conquérant et la civilisation de son temps (1964)
* Roman et Gothique: deux aspects de la poésie médiévale (1966)
* Essai de poétique médiévale (1972)
* Langue, texte, énigme (1975)
* Anthologie des grands rhétoriqueurs (1978)
* La Masque et la lumière (1978)
* Parler du Moyen âge (1980) translated as Speaking of the Middle Ages (1986) by Sarah White
* Introduction à la poésie orale (1983) as Oral Poetry: An Introduction (1990) by Kathryn Murphy-Judy
* La Poésie et la Voix dans la civilisation médiévale (1984)
* Jeux de mémoire: aspects de la mnémotechnie médiévale (1986) with Bruno Roy
* Midi le Juste (1986) poems
* La Fête des fous (1987) novel
* La Lettre et la Voix (1987)
* Point de fuite (1989)
* Écriture et nomadisme: entretiens et essais (1990)
* La Traversée (1991)
* La mesure du monde (1993)
* La Porte à côté (1994)
* Fin en Soi (1996) poems
* Babel ou l'inachèvement (1997)
# Dekkhina District

Dekkhina District (Burmese: ဒက္ခိဏခရိုင်; lit. 'Southern District') is a district of the Naypyidaw Union Territory in Myanmar.
# Francis Thompson (historian)

Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson CBE FBA (13 August 1925 – 23 August 2017) was an English economic and social historian. He wrote several books.

## Early life

The son of Francis Longstreth Thompson, he was educated at Bootham School, York; The Queen's College, Oxford, where he took a first-class BA in 1949; and Merton College, Oxford, from 1949 to 1951, taking a DPhil in 1956.

## Career

He was Reader in Economic History at University College London in 1963. He became Professor of Modern History at Bedford College in 1968, and was from 1977 to 1990 director of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London.
He was president of the Royal Historical Society from 1989 to 1993.
He was best known for English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963), which made the role of the landed gentry a high-priority topic for agrarian and political history. He also studied urban middle and working classes, and suburbia. He added to the long-standing debate on British class history by new emphasis on "respectability." Thompson argued that it operated across class boundaries and provided a powerful stabilizing counterbalance to the working class upheavals of Victorian society. His model of society contradicted the more commonly employed Marxist assumptions. He opened up a field that has attracted many younger scholars.

## Personal life

In 1951 Thompson married Anne Challoner; they had two sons and a daughter.
Thompson died on 23 August 2017, aged 92. Anne Thompson died on 27 March 2024.

## Works

* Victorian England: the horse-drawn society; an inaugural lecture (1970) at Bedford College LCCN 76-596277 ISBN 0900145048
* English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963); 2013 edition. ISBN 0415848482.
* Hampstead: Building a Borough, 1650–1964 (1974) LCCN 73-87319 ISBN 0710077475
* The Rise of Suburbia (1982) editor LCCN 81-21304 ISBN 0312684339
* Horses in European Economic History: a preliminary canter (1983) editor ISBN 0903269023
** summary from Carriage Association of America (CAA); abstract from Archaeology Data Service (ADS)
* The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830–1900 (1988) LCCN 88-14802 1988 pbk edition. Harvard University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-674-77285-7.
* The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986 (1990, editor); ISBN 1852850329
* The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 (1990, three volumes) editor LCCN 89-9840
** vol. 1 ISBN 0521257883; vol. 2 ISBN 0521257891; vol. 3 ISBN 0521257905
* Gentrification and the Enterprise Culture: Britain 1780–1980 (1993) Ford Lectures; 2001 edition. ISBN 0199243301. 2003 edition. ISBN 0199265607.
* Landowners, Capitalists and Entrepreneurs: Essays for Sir John Habakkuk (1994, editor) ISBN 0198283016
* English Landed Society Revisited: The Collected Papers of F. M. L. Thompson (2017, 2 vols.)
** vol. 1 ISBN 1911204637; vol. 2 ISBN 1911204653
# Sai gork

Sai gork (Lao: ໄສ້ກອກ, also sai gok, sai kok or sai krok), also known as soured Lao sausage, is a sour sausage in Lao cuisine. The ingredients for sai oua (Lao sausage) and sai gork are mainly the same, but sai gork uses cooked Lao sticky rice as an additional ingredient in the filling. The sai gork is then allowed to "sour" or ferment at room temperature for several days. This style of Lao sausage can also be found in Northern and Northeastern Thailand where the Lao cultural and culinary influence have reached.