OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1631 in Ireland

Events from the year 1631 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Monarch: Charles I

## Events

* March 28 – the Morres Baronetcy, of Knockagh in the County of Tipperary, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland in favour of John Morres.
* June 20 – Sack of Baltimore: the town of Baltimore, County Cork, is sacked by Algerian pirates.
* December 22 – the titles of Viscount Clanmalier and Baron Phillipstown are created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Terence O'Dempsey.

## Births

* William Handcock, politician (d. 1707)

## Deaths

* April 18 – Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore, soldier, statesman and "the founder of Derry" (b. 1564)
* November 7 – Patrick Fleming, Franciscan scholar (b. 1599)
# Shekarpas

Shekarpas (Persian: شكرپس) is a village in Amlash-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Amlash County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 45 families.
# Park district

A park district is a form of local special-purpose district for providing public parks and recreation in or near its geographic boundaries. Some park districts also own or maintain related cultural facilities such as monuments, zoos, sports venues, music venues, or museums.
Park districts are prevalent in the United States. State statutes often have a general law to provide for park districts' creation, dissolution, geographic borders, and annexation; the selection of governing boards, often referred to as park boards; and the criteria for levying property taxes on behalf of the district. Park districts sometimes obtain additional revenue by charging admission fees for some venues and through donations or voluntary memberships in a similar way to not-for-profit organizations; in addition, sometimes a park district is assisted by a private not-for-profit organization set up specifically for the purpose of assisting the local public park system.
Park district jurisdiction over public recreation is usually not exclusive; other local government bodies may also have their own parks. Local government bodies besides park districts also own museums and public event venues such as arenas; in some places the main public museums are instead part of the local library district or a separate museum district. State parks and national parks, and other related state and national areas, are controlled at the level of government that created them, rather than by any local park district.
Illinois statute provides specifically for an administrative body known as the Chicago Park District, which is under the control of a "chief executive officer" appointed by the mayor of Chicago rather than a publicly elected park board as with other park districts in Illinois. Numerous cities and suburbs in Illinois have independently-elected park boards, and other regionally-elected bodies exist such as the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County and Fox Valley Park District.
Minnesota held a plebiscite in 1883 which created the independently-elected Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board.
In some states, such as Illinois, park districts are also authorized to have their own park police departments, independent of the other local police departments or state or national park police.
In Ohio, the Ohio Revised Code section 1545 provides for general park districts, often known as "metro parks", in addition to "township park districts" allowed under ORC section 511.18. Township park districts may be converted into "metro parks" by public election. Section 1545 park districts are authorized to operate their own park police as well. Park districts in Ohio are controlled by park commissioners appointed by a local judge, rather than by a publicly elected park board.
# Pallapadu

Pallapadu is a village in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. This village belongs to the mandal of Vatticherukuru of the Guntur district.

## Demographics and geography

This village had a population of 4,072 in 2011. 2,285 people work in a main job, with 684 being cultivators and 1,366 being agricultural labourers.
# Augustin Ehrensvärd (1887–1968)

Count Augustin Ehrensvärd (28 June 1887 – 10 May 1968) was a Swedish nobleman and civil servant.

## Career

Ehrensvärd was born in Karlskrona, Sweden, the son of admiral, count Carl August Ehrensvärd (1858–1944) and his wife baroness Lovisa Ulrika "Ulla" (née Thott). He was the brother of general Carl August Ehrensvärd (1892–1974) and vice admiral Gösta Ehrensvärd (1885–1973). Augustin Ehrensvärd, was, according to his brother the general, in fact the most talented of the three brothers. His great-grandfather was the fortress builder Augustin Ehrensvärd, his uncle was Albert Ehrensvärd and his cousin was Archibald Douglas.
He passed mogenhetsexamen in 1904 and received a theology candidate degree in 1912 before graduated with an administrative degree (kansliexamen) in Uppsala in 1914. Ehrensvärd was assistant in the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1914 and in the Universitetskanslersexpeditionen from 1916 to 1917. He was secretary, expert and komm:r as well as official in the Committee of the Riksdag from 1917 to 1918. He was second administrative officer (kanslisekreterare) in 1920 and first administrative officer in 1921. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the National League of Sweden from 1927 to 1931 and he was acting deputy director (kansliråd) in 1929 and deputy director in the Royal Majesty's Chancery (Kunglig Majestäts kansli) in 1936. He was deputy director from 1939 to 1952.
He was also secretary and administrative director of the Finland Committee (Finlandskommittén) from 1939 to 1940 and was a member of the Working Committee of the Finland Committee from 1941 to 1945.

## Personal life

On 21 May 1929 in Turku, he married countess Margaretha Lavinia Magdalena Armfeldt (30 May 1899 – 13 December 1981), the daughter of the Finnish managing director, count August Magnus C:son Armfeldt and his wife Aina Constance Favorin. Ehrensvärd lived his last years in Glemmingebro in the south of Sweden. Ehrensvärd died on 10 May 1968 and was buried 15 May 1968 at Tosterup Cemetery in Tosterup.

## Awards and decorations

* Commander of the Order of the Polar Star
* Knight of the Order of Vasa
* Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog
* Commander of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
* Second Class of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with Swords
# Russian ship of the line Tsesarevich (1857)

Tsesarevich (Russian: Цесаревич) was a wooden-hulled, steam-powered, first-rate ship of the line built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid-1850s. Intended to serve with the Black Sea Fleet, she was transferred to the Baltic Fleet before her engine was installed in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War. Built of unseasoned oak, Tsesarevich saw little service, before she was stricken from the Navy Directory in 1874.

## Description, construction and career

Tsesarevich was 241 feet 6 inches (73.6 m) long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 60 feet (18.3 m) and a maximum draft of 25 feet 9 inches (7.8 m). The ship displaced 5,563 long tons (5,652 t) and measured 3,821 tons bm. She was equipped with an imported British Maudslay, Sons and Field steam engine of 800 nominal horsepower that drove a single propeller shaft. Tsesarevich was rated as a 135-gun ship of the line and she was equipped with a variety of smoothbore guns. On the forecastle and quarterdeck, the ship was fitted with one 60-pounder gun on a pivot mount, four short 36-pounder guns and eighteen 36-pounder howitzers. On her upper deck, she carried four long 36-pounder guns and thirty-two 36-pounder gunnades while the armament of her middle deck was similar except that short 36-pounder guns were used instead of the gunnades. On her lower deck, Tsesarevich was fitted with thirty-four 60-pounder shell guns and four long 36-pounder guns.
The ship was laid down on 3 August 1853 at the Nikolaev Admiralty shipyard in Nikolaev using unseasoned oak. The start of the Crimean War in 1854 prevented the delivery of her British-built engine so Tsesarevich was launched on 29 October 1857 without her engine. This was done to allow the ship to transfer to the Baltic Fleet since the Treaty of Paris demilitarized the Black Sea. En route to Kronstadt in 1858–59, her repairs to stop leaks were completed at Malta on 8 April 1859. Tsesarevich received her machinery the following year and she cruised the Baltic Sea in 1861. Her further activities, if any, are unknown and the ship was stricken on 26 January 1874.
# Harald Conradsen

Harald Conradsen (17 November 1817 – 10 March 1905) was a Danish sculptor and medallist. He was chief medallist at the Royal Mint from 1873 to 1901. Other works by Conradsen include the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts' Eckersberg Medal and the University of Copenhagen's gold medal.

## Early life and education

Conradsen was born on 17 November 1817 in Copenhagen, the son of court medallist Johannes Just Conradsen (1783–1856) and Dorothea Laurine Møller (1784 Odense –1874 Copenhagen). Conradsen attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1822. He won both the Academy's small and large silver medal followed by the small gold medal in 1843 for the relief Boas og Ruth and the large gold medal in 1845 for Hektors Afsked med Andromache. He was at the same time trained as a medallist under H. E. Freund.

## Career

Conradsen's first work as a medallist was the medal Pro meritis. He was the following year awarded the Neuhausen Prize for his model for a speciedaler coin and was subsequently commissioned to engrave the stamps for Christian VIII's speciesdaler.
He was upon his father's retirement in 1841 employed as assistant medallist under Frederik Christopher Krohn at the Royal Mint.
In 1846–50, he went abroad on the Academy's large travel stipend. During his stay in Rome he worked on two medals to Bertel Thorvaldsen and Adam Oehlenschläger. The Oehlenschläger medal was his reception piece for the Academy of which he became a member on 10 March 1851.
He succeeded Krohn as royal medallist in 1873. His signature: "H·C". He retired in 1901.

## Works

Conradsen's most notable works as a sculptor are En Pige, som henter Vand (Danish National Gallery) and Evangelisten Marcus for Christiansborg Cjapel in Copenhagen.
He also created a large number of models for figurines of Thorvaldsen's work for the Royal Porcelain Factory and assisted his friend and colleague Jens Adolf Jerichau in his work.
He created a total of 28 medals. Among these are memorial medals to Jonas Collin (1860), N.F.S. Grundtvig (1861), Princess Alexandra (1863), Henrik Nikolai Krøyer (1870), Madvig (1879) and Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg (1883) as well as the University of Copenhagen's medal (1866), Fourth Centenary of Christopher Columbus (1892).

## Personal life

Conradsen married Regine Louise Ørgaard (7 July 1816 – 22 April 1900), a daughter of coffee merchant Svend Vilhelm Ørgaard (ca. 1761 – 1832) and Anna Kirstine Altevelt (ca. 1777 – 1868), on 17 November 1850 in the Church of Our Saviour in Copenhagen.
He died in 1905 and is buried at Assistens Cemetery.

## Gallery

* Medal to Bertel Thorvaldsen (1849)
# Jonathan Erdmann

Jonathan Erdmann (born 12 March 1988 in Potsdam) is a German beach volleyball player. He competed for Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
# Siemnocha

Siemnocha is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Lelis, 8 km (5 mi) north of Ostrołęka, and 109 km (68 mi) north of Warsaw.
# Plugușorul

Plugușorul (Plowing is symbolic, Romanian: Plugușorul) is a Romanian New Year's tradition and carol.
Plugușor literally means "little plough" in Romanian, "-ul" being enclitic definite article.
# John Tyler Cooper

John Tyler Cooper (March 26, 1844 – November 21, 1912) was an American politician, serving from 1887 until 1889 as the 30th Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia.

## Biography

Born in Marietta, Georgia, John T. Cooper was a grandson of tragedian Thomas Cooper and a great-grandson of Captain Edward Dunscomb, a noted New York soldier in the American Revolutionary War.
As a young man, Cooper served in a Georgia unit during the American Civil War in many battles, including Chickamauga. Following the war, he married Mary Crain Marks and raised a family.
During the winter of 1867–68, Cooper and other young men, including the younger brother of future mayor George Hillyer, organized the Young Men's Democratic Club of Atlanta and became active in local politics.
On July 4, 1879, Cooper was admitted to the Society of the Cincinnati. In 1884, he served as councilman of Atlanta's Sixth Ward before he was elected mayor.
# Groß Kedingshagen Manor

Groß Kedingshagen Manor (German: Herrenhaus Groß Kedingshagen) is a manor house in Kramerhof municipality, Germany.

## History

The manor was built in 1860 by Johann Heinrich Bartels in a Gothic Revival style. When it became part of East Germany, the property was expropriated and served a number of purposes. Both the manor and park were neglected. Since 1997, it is privately owned.
# Nebojša Milovanović

Nebojša Milovanović (Serbian: Небојша Миловановић; born 1974) is a Serbian film, television, theater and voice actor.

## Early life

Nebojša Milovanović was born on 29 September 1974, in the Serbian city of Valjevo, Yugoslavia. Here, he received his elementary and high education. Milovanović graduated from the Faculty of Dramatic Arts, University of Belgrade in 1999.

## Career

Following his graduation, Milovanović entered the Yugoslav Drama Theatre (YDT), playing several notable roles in The Hypochondriac, The Suspicious Face, The Cherry Orchard, Švabica, The Merchant of Venice and so on. Apart from YDT, he also performed in Atelje 212.

## Personal life

Milovanović married Tijana Milovanović, and had three children.
# Clinton crazies

"Clinton crazies" is a pejorative term in American politics of the 1990s and later that refers to intense criticism of United States President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton. The phrase refers to Clinton opponents who, according to Clinton supporters, "systematically ... sought to undermine this president with the goal of bringing down his presidency and running him out of office; and that they have sought non‐electoral means to remove him from office." Such intensity of feeling existed throughout the Clinton years, leading commentators to wonder what was at the root of it. The term was especially used in reference to people and media outlets that focused on all manner of Clinton scandals and controversies, some of which had substance behind them and some of which did not.

## Characterizations

A 1997 New York Times profile said that, "The number of influential Clinton crazies is probably no more than a hundred, but their audience is in the tens of millions."
The term was used in an extraordinary report released by the White House Counsel's office, Communication Stream of Conspiracy Commerce, which challenges persons "for spreading vicious reports about Bill Clinton that place him and some of those closest to him in criminal conspiracies." The package, containing hundreds of news clips and Internet postings, purports to show how the Clintons have been tarred by what it calls the "communication stream of conspiracy commerce." Moreover, it alleges "a close connection . . . exists between Republican elected officials and the right wing conspiracy industry." The central concept is that the traditional media are not the driving factor on these issues. "But on a central point the Administration and its enemies are in perfect agreement: because of new forms of communication – talk radio, newsletters, the Internet, mail-order videos – a significant portion of the population has developed an understanding of Bill Clinton as a debased, even criminal politician."
The "conspiracy" idea was famously resurrected by Hillary Rodham Clinton in 1998 during the Lewinsky scandal. She said there was a "vast right-wing conspiracy that has been conspiring against my husband since the day he ran for president." A month after her remark, political strategist James Carville referred to the "Clinton crazies" in terms of those who "spare no expense" in attacking President Clinton. A fact that was later reinforced by a former-conservative liberal, David Brock, who opined that the Lewinsky matter caused an alliance of traditional conservative critics with the "Clinton crazies."
The term came back into use during the 2016 United States presidential election, when Donald Trump sought to revive the 1990s era controversies. A March 2015 article in The Atlantic, written before Trump entered the race, had previously surmised that the establishment Republican strategy for the 2016 election cycle was to stick to traditional criticisms of the Democrats and to "keep the Clinton crazies muzzled."
# Treaty of Marienburg

The treaty of Marienburg, concluded on 29 June 1656, was a Brandenburg-Prussian – Swedish alliance during the Second Northern War.
In January 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden made Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, his vassal for the Duchy of Prussia. By the time of the treaty of Marienburg, Swedish prospect in the war had diminished, and Charles X Gustav was willing to offer Frederick William I a reward for fighting on his side. While the latter was to remain a Swedish vassal for Prussia, he was promised hereditary sovereignty in four voivodeships of Greater Poland in return for participating in the Charles X Gustav's Polish campaigns. This alliance proved victorious in the subsequent Battle of Warsaw, but as further campaigns stalled, Frederick William I was to gain full sovereignty in Prussia by the Treaty of Labiau in November 1656.
# Maleh

Maleh, el Maleh, el Malih, el Melah, etc. (Arabic: المالح, 'salty') may refer to:

## Rivers

* Wadi el Maleh, wadi (stream) in West Bank
* Oued el Melah, wadi in Tunisia, Gafsa and Tozeur governorates
* Oued el Maleh, wadi in Aïn Témouchent Province Algeria

## Populated places

* El Malah District, Aïn Témouchent Province, Algeria
* El Malah, municipality in El Malah District, Algeria
* Al-Malih, Syrian village

## Other uses

* Maleh (surname)
# Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action

Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action (Dutch: Revolutionaire Anti-Racistische Actie), often abbreviated RaRa, was a Dutch terrorist left-wing group. The name "RaRa" in Dutch means "Guess ..." (who we are) (from the Dutch word raden).
RaRa was active in the 1980s and 1990s within the Netherlands, bombing sites to express opposition to the apartheid policies of South Africa as well as to the Dutch asylum legislation. Their bombings caused a lot of material damage, but no deaths resulted.

## Makro and Van Leer attacks

In 1985 and 1986 RaRa fire bombed and destroyed divisions of Makro, a chain of wholesale traders. As a result, Makro ended all economic activity in South Africa. RaRa targeted Forbo, a Dutch maker of floor coverings, and Forbo also withdrew from South Africa. RaRa also bombed various facilities of the Shell oil company, because it expanded its business in South Africa. RaRa also set fire to the Amsterdam head office of the Royal Packing Industry Van Leer BV on 9 July 1986. The Dutch Interior Minister referred to RaRa as "terrorists" in connection with these arson attacks.

## SHV attacks

In January 1987 Steenkolen Handels Vereniging (SHV) pulled out of South Africa because of arson attacks by RaRa. The Dutch government had refused to insure SHV stores against arson attacks. Damages caused by RaRa arson attacks from September 1985 to January 1987 were estimated at $75 million.
One of the members of RaRa was quoted as saying, in connection with the SHV pull-out, "According to the rules of TV democracy, those with the most access to the media win."

## Arrests and conviction

On 11 April 1988 the police arrested 8 people they thought to be behind the RaRa bombings. Another person surrendered shortly thereafter, and a tenth suspect was arrested in May 1986. Only one of the suspects was prosecuted and tried, René Roemersma. He was convicted on four of seven charges, the most serious of which was arson, for his part in two 1986 attacks on Dutch wholesale traders, a January attack on a Dutch passport printer, and the sabotage of a Shell station in Nieuwegein. He was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. A higher court subsequently changed the verdict to a sentence of 18 months imprisonment because some evidence was illegally obtained as the public persecutor during a search of seven properties had been temporarily absent. The others arrested at the same time as Roemersma were released for lack of evidence.
When Roemersma was sentenced, roughly 100 sympathizers protested outside the Amsterdam High Court, where they threw stones at the windows of the court.

## 1990s attacks

On 12 November 1991, RaRa bombed the private house of Aad Kosto, member of the Dutch government. In 1990 and 1991 RaRa also bombed the building of the Dutch Departments of Justice and of Internal Affairs. The Dutch intelligence service was surprised by the 1991 attacks.
After the 1991 attacks the RaRa claimed to "want to stop the asylum policy which abandons people, excludes them and dehumanizes them."
In 1993 RaRa bombed the building of the Department of Social Affairs.
# 31st Tactical Air Base

The 31st Tactical Air Base (Polish: 31 Baza Lotnictwa Taktycznego – 31.BLoT) is the biggest military unit of the Polish Air Force. The unit was created in 2008 as a result of fusion of three previous units: 31st Air Base, 3rd Tactical Squadron and 6th Tactical Squadron. The unit operates two squadrons of F-16 C/D fighters (16 planes in each squadron). The associated base, Krzesiny air base outside of Poznan, currently operates F-16 fighters only.
Previously the 31st Air Base (Polish: 31. Baza Lotnicza) had been organised as a Polish Air Force base, located in Krzesiny, part of the Nowe Miasto district of Poznań. It is the first base to host the recently acquired F-16 fighters. The base was officially constituted on 31 December 2000.

## 3rd Tactical Squadron

The 3rd Tactical Squadron had previously been part of the 31st Air Base since 31 December 2000.

## 6th Tactical Squadron

The 6th Tactical Squadron was previously known as the 6th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (6 Pułk Lotnictwa Myśliwsko-Bombowego) (1982–1998) and the 6th Tactical Air Squadron (6 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego) from 2000 to 2008.

## Air Base

The 31st Air Force Base is a logistics unit, providing comprehensive support for training and warfare of all air force units residing on the base area. It provides a wide range of support for air units deployed to the base for tasks during peacetime, in states of emergency, or in war situations. It also provides logistics support for other units permanently or temporarily deployed to the base, as well as search and rescue (SAR), combat search and rescue (CSAR) and combat air patrol (CAP) duties.
Main tasks of the air base include:
* coordinating and supporting incoming air elements of different services and countries
* logistics and securing of combat missions of military aircraft
* organization and maintenance of command system of military aircraft
* coordination and execution of loading procedures for other types of aircraft
* storage, preparation and supply of air combat supplies for air units stationing in air base
* the maintenance and servicing of air and ground equipment

## Equipment

| Aircraft | Origin | Type | In service |
| General Dynamics F-16C Block 52+ | USA | Multirole Jet Fighter | 23 |
| General Dynamics F-16D Block 52+ | USA | Multirole Jet Fighter | 9 |
| Mil Mi-2 | Poland Soviet Union | Light Utility Helicopter | 2 |