OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manegold of Lautenbach

Manegold of Lautenbach (c. 1030 – c. 1103) was a religious and polemical writer and Augustinian canon from Alsace, active mostly as a teacher in south-west Germany. William of Champeaux may have been one of his pupils, but this is disputed. He was one of the first magisters, recognised masters of theology.

## Life

He engaged in a controversy with Wenrich of Trier, taking the papal side in the era of the Investiture Controversy. He also attacked Wolfhelm of Brauweiler.
Towards the end of his life (1094) he was a reformer at the religious community at Marbach.

## Writings

His Ad Gebehardum liber of 1085 was a comprehensive discussion of kingship, original and much commented on, and clarifying some of the political arguments most centrally used by the papal supporters; it argued that kingship was an office from which the king could be deposed; his functionalist analogy was with the position of swineherd, held at the pleasure of the employer. This work, dedicated to Gebhard, archbishop of Salzburg, was intended to refute a polemic letter of Wenrich on behalf of Emperor Henry IV, written c.1080-1. A strong supporter of Pope Gregory VII, and the Gregorian revolutionary reforms, Manegold shared with others of his time the view in political thought that secular rulers held their power on the basis of some kind of pact with the ruled. Further, when the pact could be considered broken, the oath of allegiance could be considered null, a theory of resistance adapted to aristocratic arguments that had not long previously been topical in Saxony; this theory had been documented in the 1082 Bellum Saxonicum of Bruno of Merseburg. The argument that in the past bad kings had frequently been deposed, typically with papal involvement, derived from a papal letter of 1075 to Hermann, bishop of Metz.
Manegold's book also contained an account of the life of Gregory VII, reflecting the Vita by John the Deacon of Gregory the Great; this shares details with chronicles of Berthold of Reichenau and Bernold of St Blasien, writing in the part of southern Germany in which Manegold had sheltered after having to leave Alsace. Manegold's sources included St Paul, Jerome, Peter Damian and Bernold; also Pseudo-Chrysostom's Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, for the way the 'pact' theory was expressed. Along with others arguing from the same side, he used arguments from Cyprian, De unitate ecclesiae, in a version (of the fourth chapter) supporting papal primacy.
He opposed the uncritical acceptance by Christians of the views of pagan classical writers. He was a critic of Macrobius, singling out for attack in geography the spherical Earth theory of four isolated continents of Crates of Mallus, on theological grounds.

## Works

* Ad Gebehardum liber
* Ad Wibaldum Abbatem
* De psalmorum libro exegesis
* Contra Wolfelmum Coloniensem, English translation: Manegold of Lautenbach, Liber contra Wolfelmum. With an Introduction and Notes by Robert Ziomkowski (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 1). Louvain/Paris: Peeters, 2002. ISBN 978-90-429-1192-5.
# Romeo Galán

Romeo Galán (born 7 June 1933) is an Argentine sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Argentina ||||||
| 1952 | Olympics | Helsinki, Finland | 5th, Qtr 3 | 100 m | 11.08/10.9 |
# Tilly Bagshawe

Matilda Emily Mary Bagshawe (born 12 June 1973) is a British freelance journalist and author. She is best known for her books in the vein of best-selling American author Sidney Sheldon, notably Sidney Sheldon's Mistress of the Game and Sidney Sheldon's After the Darkness.

## Life and work

Born on 12 June 1973 in Lambeth Hospital, London, Bagshawe is one of three daughters born to Nicholas Wilfrid Bagshawe and his wife, Daphne Margaret (née Triggs). Her father is from the Bagshawe family of Roman Catholic gentry. They originally hailed from Wormhill Hall, near Buxton, Derbyshire, and Oakes-in-Norton, near Sheffield. Her great-grandfather was the marine artist Joseph Ridgard Bagshawe, who was himself grandson of one of the 19th century's most renowned marine artists, Clarkson Stanfield, and a nephew of Edward Gilpin Bagshawe, Catholic Bishop of Nottingham. Her paternal grandmother, Mary Frideswide, was the daughter of Charles Robertson, a stockbroker and benefactor of St Philip's Priory, Begbroke and one of the co-founders of Westminster Cathedral. Her older sister is Louise Mensch, a chick lit author and former Conservative Member of Parliament. She has another sister and a brother.
She was educated at Woldingham School, Surrey, and while there, she became pregnant. At seventeen, she was a single mother of a daughter, but she finished her studies and at the age of eighteen, she went to St John's College, Cambridge, with her ten-month-old daughter in tow.
Married to Robin Nydes, a US businessman, she lives between homes in London and Los Angeles, with three children. Now a freelance journalist and novelist, Bagshawe is a regular contributor to The Sunday Times, Daily Mail and other British publications.
# Pablo González Cuesta

Pablo González Cuesta, known as Pablo Gonz (born 1968), is a Spanish writer.

## Biography

He was born in Seville in 1968. Until the age of three, he lived in São Paulo, Brazil. Later, his family moved to Barcelona and then to Madrid where he remained until 2001. He also resided in Punucapa, close to Valdivia (Chile). Actually, back in Seville (Spain).
Pablo Gonz obtained a degree in Geography and History from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1991. In that same period date his first steps in literature, being his major literary references: Gabriel García Márquez, Eduardo Mendoza Garriga, Leo Tolstoy and Stefan Zweig.

## Novels

* 1996: La pasión de Octubre (Alba Editorial, Barcelona). (ISBN 8488730055)
* 1997: Experto en silencios (Bitzoc, Palma de Mallorca, Spain). (ISBN 8487789811)
* 1998: Los hijos de León Armendiaguirre (Planeta, Barcelona). (ISBN 8408023578)
* 2008: Libertad (Uqbar, Santiago). (ISBN 9789568601300)
* 2008: Mío (Carisma, Badajoz, Spain). (ISBN 848896448X)
* 2010: Libertad (e-book available in or in https://web.archive.org/web/20081118195118/http://www.booksonboard.com./).
* 2011: Mío (Bubok, Madrid, Spain). (ISBN 9788461504305).
* 2013: Novela 35 lebensráumica (20:13, Valdivia, Chile).
* 2014: Novela 31 (http://www.revistanarrativas.com).
* 2014: Lavrenti y el soldado herido (20:13, Valdivia, Chile). (ISBN 9789563539929)

## Minifictions

* 2010: La saliva del tigre (20:13, Valdivia, Chile). (ISBN 9789563327755)

## Awards

* 1995: V Prensa Canaria Novel Award for La pasión de Octubre.
* 1997: V Juan March Cencillo Brief Novel Award for Experto en silencios.
* 2008: II Encina de Plata Brief Novel Award for Mío.
* 2011: Calaix de Llibres Short Fiction Award for El Manchado.
# Sivritepe, Ömerli

Sivritepe (Kurdish: Xirbê Belik) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ömerli, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Omerkan tribe and had a population of 87 in 2021.
# Life's Shadows (1916 Dutch film)

Life's Shadows (Dutch: Levensschaduwen) is a 1916 Dutch silent crime film directed by Theo Frenkel.

## Cast

* Coen Hissink - Henri van Dijck
* Mary Beekman - Van Dijck's vrouw / Van Dijck's wife
* Cor Smits - Manager / Manager
* Tonny Stevens - Van Dijck's zoon / Van Dijck's zoon
* Balthazar Verhagen
* Herre de Vos
* Jan Wensma - Priester / Priest
* Willem Faassen - Jonge dief / Young thief
* Kees Lageman
* Piet Urban - Rechter / Judge
* Sylvain Poons - D van chique gezelschap bij aanhouding van een dievegge
* Annie Wesling
* Toon van Elsen
* Jacques Sluyters
* Jan Lemaire Sr.
# Coppergate Shopping Centre

Coppergate Shopping Centre is a shopping centre in York in North Yorkshire, England. It is named after Coppergate, one of York's medieval streets ("gate" coming from the Old Norse gata, or street).
The Coppergate Centre is home to York's Brollywalk from around April to November each year, with a new display of umbrellas installed each month the length of Coppergate Walk. The first Brollywalk was installed in August 2017, and themes have included rainbow umbrellas for York Pride, floral umbrellas, Union Jack umbrellas, brollies with ribbons and many more, making this street a favourite for Instagrammers. Each October, the umbrellas are replaced with broomsticks and ghosts.

## History

Prior to the development of the shopping centre, archaeologists started digging on the site, which had been the Cravens confectionery factory. Between 1976–81, York Archaeological Trust unearthed remains of 10th-century Viking-age buildings from the Viking city of Jorvik. The remains lay in moist, spongy layers of earth similar to a peat bog. The damp conditions had helped to preserve everyday Viking items such as wood, leather, cloth, bugs and even a Viking toilet and its contents. Over 40,000 objects were uncovered by excavating 36,000 layers and sieving eight tonnes of soil.
When the extent and importance of the discoveries at Coppergate were realised, plans were made to allow permanent display of the remains of Jorvik within the excavation area. York Archaeological Trust created the Jorvik Viking Centre which opened to the public in April 1984. The exhibits in the Centre are based on evidence unearthed during the Coppergate excavations.

## Redevelopment plans

In 2001 developers launched a £60 million development scheme entitled 'Coppergate II' to redevelop the centre, including demolition of the existing centre and a new build project with shops either side of the River Foss. Retailers set to anchor the scheme included a new enlargened Debenhams and others. However the reaction from the public was negative and a petition was launched, this prompted a public inquiry and in September 2003 the scheme was turned down by the government. The level of opposition was due to some of parts of the shopping centre being in extremely close proximity to Clifford's Tower.

## Centre information

The shopping centre houses many shops, cafes and museums, including the Jorvik Viking Centre. Owned by La Salle Investment Management since February 2008, the centre is an open-air shopping promenade with covered walkways, and large public squares with fountains and planting beds, set with seats and coffee shops. Also included is St Mary's Church, which now displays modern art. This outdoor area is used to host brass bands, theatre productions and other events from York's many festivals.
# Weldon Drew

Weldon Drew (April 22, 1935 – November 22, 2012) was the head men's basketball coach at New Mexico State University from 1979 to 1985. He was named to the position in 1979 as the successor to Ken Hayes who left to become head coach at Oral Roberts University. Drew was previously an assistant coach for New Mexico State University from 1975 to 1979. Drew came to NMSU after coaching high school basketball for Houston's Kashmere High School (485–135 record in 18 seasons), where he left with a 78-game winning streak after winning two consecutive Texas 4A state championships and the high school national championship. Drew also won national coach of the year in 1975. The NMSU job was Drew's first head coaching position at the college level. Drew was the 20th person to hold the head coaching position in the Aggie basketball history. After a dismal 1984–85 season, Drew was fired. He then went to be an assistant coach at Oklahoma State for two seasons. In 1987 Drew became the head coach at traditionally-black Langston University in Oklahoma. Drew graduated from Fisk University in 1957 after a standout career playing basketball. Drew graduated from Wheatley High School in Houston, where he played basketball.
Drew is widely cited for one of his basketball-related quotes – "We have a great bunch of outside shooters. Unfortunately, all our games are played indoors."
Drew died after an automobile accident near Stillwater, Oklahoma on November 22, 2012.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| New Mexico State Aggies (Missouri Valley Conference) (1979–1983) ||||||
| 1979–80 | New Mexico State | 17–10 | 8–8 | T–5th |
| 1980–81 | New Mexico State | 10–17 | 7–9 | T–6th |
| 1981–82 | New Mexico State | 17–11 | 10–6 | 4th |
| 1982–83 | New Mexico State | 18–11 | 11–7 | T–3rd |
| New Mexico State Aggies (Pacific Coast Athletic Association) (1983–1985) ||||||
| 1983–84 | New Mexico State | 13–15 | 9–9 | 5th |
| 1984–85 | New Mexico State | 7–20 | 4–14 | 9th |
| New Mexico State: | New Mexico State: | 82–84 (.494) | 49–53 (.480) | |
| Total: | Total: | 82–84 (.494) | | |
# Ukman

Ukman (Russian: Укман; Bashkir: Уҡман, Uqman) is a rural locality (a village) in Staronadezhdinsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Ukman is located 37 km east of Blagoveshchensk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sokolovskoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Branjina

Branjina (Hungarian: Baranyakisfalud, Serbian Cyrillic: Брањина) is a settlement in the region of Baranja, Croatia. Administratively, it is located in the Popovac municipality within the Osijek-Baranja County. Population is 322 people. Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants were Danube Swabians, also called locally as Stifolder, because their ancestors arrived in the 17th century and 18th century from Fulda (district). Most of the former German settlers was expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945-1948, as a result of the Potsdam Agreement.
# Raúl Gómez

Raúl Gómez (born 3 April 1945), is a former Argentine cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Dadès River

Dadès River (Arabic: وادي دادس, romanized: Wādī Dādis; French: Oued Dadès; Amazigh: ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ, romanized: Asif n Dads) is a river in Morocco. It is a tributary of the Draa River.

## Geography

The Dadès River rises in the High Atlas and then turns south crossing through the Dadès Gorges, then westward between the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain ranges. The river finally meets the Ouarzazate River, which then enters Draa River.
Dades Gorge is easily accessible by taxi from nearby Tinerhir. The scenery is significant with views of interesting rock formations. The valley itself is made lush and green by the river, while the surrounding area is rocky desert. There are simple communities still living here in traditional houses. Women can be seen washing laundry in the river and laying it to dry on the surrounding bushes.

## Hydrology

Flow rate of the Dadès River is highly seasonal with peak flows in the January to April period following the high precipitation and ensuing snowmelt. The water quality is alkaline, and summer water temperatures are in the range of 23 to 28 degrees Celsius. Electrical conductivity of the water is relatively high.
# Havian

Havian (Persian: هاويان, also Romanized as Hāvīān) is a village in Anaran Rural District, in the Central District of Dehloran County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 10 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Marckolsheim

Marckolsheim (French pronunciation:; German: Markolsheim) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
On the eastern edge of the town the Casemate de Marckolsheim Sud, a Maginot Line fortification left over from the Second World War, has been converted into a small museum. Approximately 3 kilometres to the east the Rhine has been dammed and a hydro-electric power station installed.

## Gallery

* Rue du Maréchal Foch near the townhall
* Rue du Maréchal Foch near Rue Clemenceau
* The Rhine near Marckolsheim
# Sheykh Musa Rural District

Sheykh Musa Rural District (Persian: دهستان شيخ موسي) is in the Central District of Aqqala County, Golestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Geri Doveji.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 12,909 in 2,621 households. There were 14,515 inhabitants in 3,757 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 15,651 in 4,203 households. The most populous of its 16 villages was Geri Doveji, with 2,826 people.
# Doc Dudley

Charles Arthur "Doc" Dudley, Jr, (January 10, 1894 – January 24, 1975) was an American baseball outfielder in the Negro leagues. He played from 1920 to 1923 with the St. Louis Giants and the St. Louis Stars .
# Staroilikovo, Blagoveshchensky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Staroilikovo (Russian: Староиликово; Bashkir: Иҫке Илек, İśke İlek) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Ilikovsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 356 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Staroilikovo is located 51 km northeast of Blagoveshchensk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gumerovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Belvedere Island

Belvedere Island (formerly, El Potrero de la Punta del Tiburon, Kashow's Island, Peninsula Island, Promontory Island, and Still Island) is a rocky island in the San Francisco Bay in Marin County, California which was formerly separated by a marsh from the mainland, though has since been linked by two spits. Part of the town of Belvedere, California is located on the island.

## Natural history

There are a variety of flora and fauna represented on Belvedere Island. Presence of herons has been noted for a considerable period of time. Some of the flora are common to nearby Ring Mountain (on the Tiburon Peninsula), where a considerable floral biodiversity has been documented. Ring Mountain has also been established to have been a settlement area for early Native American inhabitants of this local area.

## History

The area of Tiburon was originally populated by the Coast Miwok indigenous people. There is evidence that they would have visited the island.
In 1834, the first Mexican land grant in Marin gave the island to John Reed. It was called El Potrero de la Punta del Tiburon (The Paddock of Tiburon Point) during the time.
Israel Kashow, an American from Ohio who came to California as a Forty-Niner, was one of the first people to establish a permanent habitation on the island. He lived on the island and ran a fishery. He was later evicted from the island by a court order filed by heirs to John Reed's estate. During this time the island was known as Kashow's Island.
In 1890, the Belvedere Land Co. acquired the island and renamed it to Belvedere Island and developed the island into a summer retreat for the wealthy.
In 1896, Belvedere incorporated as a city (composing the island, nearby Corinthian Island, and part of the Tiburon Peninsula) and a post office was established the following year.
Throughout this time, the marshes that separated the island from Tiburon Point had become paved over by roads for direct access to the island, with the first state highway being built in 1930. It is now connected by two causeways (Beach Road and San Rafael Avenue) and connected to the mainland via landfill, therefore not being technically an island anymore. The two narrow strips of land for the causeways now form the artificial Belvedere Lagoon.
Belvedere is currently primarily residences and is home to the eighth highest-income community in the United States.

## Geology

A USGS survey of the island describes the island of being composed of Franciscan sandstone and Franciscan Greenstone, forming a part of the Franciscan Complex.
# Pollardstown Fen

Pollardstown Fen (Irish: Eanach Bhaile Pholaird) is Ireland's largest extant calcareous spring-fed fen, a national nature reserve, Special Area of Conservation, and Ramsar site of approximately 321 acres (1.3 km$^2$) in County Kildare.

## Features

Pollardstown Fen was legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1986. It is also a Special Area of Conservation and is deemed to be of international importance as a habitat. 60% of the fen is owned by the Irish state, and its designation as a reserve was in response to drainage schemes from the 1960s which converted parts of the fen into agricultural land. In 1990, the site was also declared Ramsar site number 474.
Pollardstown Fen is the largest spring-fed calcareous alkaline fen still extant in Ireland, fed from the Curragh aquifer with petrifying springs. Among the notable species found on the site are Cladium mariscus, Caricion davallianae, Vertigo geyeri, Vertigo angustior, and Vertigo moulinsiana. The site's flora is dominated by black bog rush and saw sedge, with other species recorded including the fly orchid, western bladderwort, sphagnum moss and broad-leaved bog cotton. A large number of birds are found on the reserve such as sand martins, skylarks, mute swans, herons, little grebe, coots, moorhens, reed buntings, water rails, snipe, sedge warblers, pintail and tufted ducks. Other animals that inhabit the area include otters, hares, pygmy shrews, and smooth newts. There is a boardwalk at the site for visitors.
The fen was impacted for a time by the side-effects from the construction of the Kildare by-pass in 2003, when the water levels in the fen were disrupted.
# Fernando Huergo

Fernando Ignacio Huergo Tonnelier (31 July 1908 – 3 April 1995) was an Argentine fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Huergo won a silver medal at the 1951 Pan American Games and a bronze medal at the 1955 Pan American Games. He was also the President of the Argentine Olympic Committee from 1955 to 1957.
# Lyapiske

The Lyapiske (Russian: Ляписке; Yakut: Лээпискэ, Leepiske), also known as Lepiske or Lyampushka (Russian: Лямпушка), is a river in the Kobyaysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia. It is a tributary of the Lena, with a length of 299 kilometres (186 mi) and a drainage basin area of 10,300 square kilometres (4,000 sq mi). There are no settlements in the area of the river.
In the International scale of river difficulty the Lyapiske is a Class II destination for rafting and kayaking.

## Course

The Lyapiske is a right tributary of the Lena. It flows across mountainous terrain all along its course. Its source is located on the western slopes of the Kelter Range, one of the subranges of the southwestern sector of the Verkhoyansk Range, at an altitude of roughly 1,245 m (4,085 ft). No trees grow on the slopes of the mountain range, only in the valleys. The Lyapiske flows northwestwards, flanking the northeastern side of the Tagindzhin Range in its upper course. Then, before the end of the range it bends southwestwards into a gorge, cutting across the Tagindzhin, the Muosuchan and the Bygyn ranges, after which it bends and flows southwards. A little upstream from its confluence with the Buruolakh, its main tributary, the Lyapiske bends sharply again and flows roughly westwards, cutting across the Kuturgin Range.
In its last stretch the Lyapiske flows at the northwestern limit of the Ust-Vilyuy Range where it makes two short sharp bends among high rocky shores. Finally it flows across a stretch of flat terrain at the edge of the Central Yakutian Lowland and joins the right bank of the Lena 1,057 km (657 mi) from its mouth. Its confluence with the Lena is close to the mouth of the Tympylykan on the opposite bank.

### Tributaries

The longest tributary of the Lyapiske is the 106 km (66 mi) long Buruolakh that joins it from the left. Other significant tributaries are Igelte, Tolbon, Muosuchan and Sygynkan.
* ONC chart section showing the SW section of the Verkhoyansk Range

## Fauna

Taimen is an abundant species in the river, a fact being mentioned in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Lenok, pike, grayling, ide, perch and whitefish are also found in the waters of the Lyapiske.
# Büyüktepe, Kızıltepe

Büyüktepe (Kurdish: Korî) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kîkan tribe and had a population of 369 in 2021.