OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karuvanchal

Karuvanchal is a town in the hilly terrain of Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. Kerala Hill Highway (SH 59) passes through Karuvanchal town.

## Location

Karuvanchal town is situated on the banks of Kuppam River which originates from Western ghats and flows into Arabian Sea. It is located on Taliparamba-Coorg border road of about 22 km north east of Taliparamba and 44 km away from Kannur.

## Economy

Karuvanchal is mainly an agrarian economy. Crops like rubber, coconut, areca nut, cashew, pepper etc are cultivated here.
The fifth Vithulsavam (seed festival) was held at Karuvanchal on 2016 under the auspices of the Fair Trade Alliance Kerala (FTAK), an organisation of small holder farmers drawn from the hill areas of the State, has exhibited a large collection of seeds of agrarian crops.

## Important Institutions

* St. Joseph's Multi Speciality Hospital, Karuvanchal
* State Bank of India, Karuvanchal
* South Indian Bank, Karuvanchal
* Kerala Grameen Bank, Karuvanchal
* Kerala Bank, Karuvanchal
* Naduvil Co-operative Bank, Karuvanchal
* Little Flower Senior Secondary School, Karuvanchal
* Government Higher Secondary School, Kaniyanchal
* St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Vayattuparamba

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Vellad village (HQ: Karuvanchal) had a population of 25,875 which constitutes 12,985 males and 12,890 females. Vellad village office is located at Karuvanchal town.

## Administration

Karuvanchal comes under ward no.1 of Naduvil Grama panchayat. Naduvil panchayat divided into 19 wards. It is 7 km away from Naduvil town. Local body elections are conducted once in every 5 years. However, there was a proposal for the formation of new Karuvanchal panchayat by bifurcating Naduvil panchayat in 2015. And Along with this, many panchayats were about to bifurcate. But Kerala government reverted their decision to form new panchayats due to less political support. So Karuvanchal panchayat didn't get materialized.

## Tourism

Karuvanchal is the gateway to Palakkayam Thattu, one of the major tourist spots in the region which is termed as Ooty of Malabar. The facilities provided there include those who like adventure tourism. The tourists can relish the sight of the place sitting on the metal benches fixed besides the barricades. Adventure park, trekking, tents and view points are the interest points. Zip line, rope cross, zorbing ball, gun shooting, and archery are the attractions of the park.

## Transportation

Kerala Hill Highway (SH 59) passes through Karuvanchal town. It connects with Iritty and other towns in Hill Highway. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. National Highway (NH 66) passes through Taliparamba town. Mangalore and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Trivandrum on the southern side.
The nearest railway stations are Kannur and Kannapuram on the Shoranur-Mangalore section. The nearest airport Kannur International Airport is 43 km away.
# Salami Rural District (Khaf County)

Salami Rural District (Persian: دهستان سلامي) is in Salami District of Khaf County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Salami.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 7,324 in 1,469 households. There were 8,444 inhabitants in 1,979 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 9,498 in 2,374 households. The most populous of its 12 villages was Razdab, with 1,880 people.
# Yousef Ghawanmeh

Yousef Darwish Ghawanmeh (Arabic: يوسف درويش غوانمة) (1935 – 11 January 2021) was a Jordanian historian, anthropologist, professor and author.

## Life

He was born in the village of Saham Al-Kefarat north of the city of Irbid. He received his elementary education in his village before moving to the city of Irbid, where he graduated high school, he then earned his bachelor's, master's and doctorate's degrees from Alexandria University and his post-doctorate's degree from Princeton University in the United States in 1979. His works focus on the cultural and political history of Jordan during the Islamic periods.
Ghawanmeh received several awards, including the Arab Historian Medal from the Union of Arab Historians in 1991, the State Appreciation Award in the field of social sciences in 1992, and the Order of Hussein bin Ali of the first class in 2014.
# Wormeldange-Haut

Wormeldange-Haut (Luxembourgish: Wuermer Bierg or (locally) Wormerberreg; German: Oberwormeldingen) is a small town in the commune of Wormeldange, in south-eastern Luxembourg. As of 2024, the town has a population of 359.
# Altmatt railway station

Altmatt railway station (German: Bahnhof Altmatt) is a railway station in Rothenthurm, in the Swiss canton of Schwyz. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Pfäffikon–Arth-Goldau line of Südostbahn.

## Services

The following services stop at Altmatt:
* Lucerne S-Bahn S31: hourly service between Arth-Goldau and Biberbrugg.
# Areostationary orbit

An areostationary orbit, areosynchronous equatorial orbit (AEO), or Mars geostationary orbit is a circular areo­synchronous orbit (ASO) approximately 17,032 km (10,583 mi) in altitude above the Mars equator and following the direction of Mars's rotation.
An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Mars's rotational period, and so to ground observers it appears motionless in a fixed position in the sky. It is the Martian analog of a Geostationary orbit (GEO). The prefix areo- derives from Ares, the ancient Greek god of war and counterpart to the Roman god Mars, with whom the planet was identified.
Although it would allow for uninterrupted communication and observation of the Martian surface, no artificial satellites have been placed in this orbit due to the technical complexity of achieving and maintaining one.

## Characteristics

The radius of an areostationary orbit can be calculated using Kepler's Third Law.
$T^{2}=\left({4\pi ^{2} \over {GM}}\right)a^{3}$
Where:
| Variable | Definition | Value |
| T | Rotational Period | 88,642 seconds |
| G | Gravitational constant | 6.674×10$^{−11}$ N⋅m$^2$/kg$^2$ |
| M | Mass of central object | 6.4171×10$^{23}$ kg |
| a | Semimajor axis | 20,428 km |
Substituting the mass of Mars for M and the Martian sidereal day for T and solving for the semimajor axis yields a synchronous orbit radius of 20,428 km (12,693 mi) above the surface of the Mars equator. Subtracting Mars's radius gives an orbital altitude of 17,032 km (10,583 mi).
Two stable longitudes exist - 17.92°W and 167.83°E. Satellites placed at any other longitude will tend to drift to these stable longitudes over time.

## Feasibility

Several factors make placing a spacecraft into an areostationary orbit more difficult than a geostationary orbit. Since the areostationary orbit lies between Mars's two natural satellites, Phobos (semi-major axis: 9,376 km) and Deimos (semi-major axis: 23,463 km), any satellites in the orbit will suffer increased orbital station keeping costs due to unwanted orbital resonance effects. Mars's gravity is also much less spherical than earth due to uneven volcanism (i.e. Olympus Mons). This creates additional gravitational disturbances not present on earth, further destabilizing the orbit. Solar radiation pressure and sun-based perturbations are also present, as with an earth-based geostationary orbit. Actually placing a satellite into such an orbit is further complicated by the distance from earth and related challenges shared by any attempted Mars mission.

## Uses

Satellites in an areostationary orbit would allow for greater amounts of data to be relayed back from the Martian surface easier than by using current methods. Satellites in the orbit would also be ideal advantageous for monitoring Martian weather and mapping of the Martian surface.
In the early 2000s NASA explored the feasibility of placing communications satellites in an areocentric orbit as a part of the Mars Communication Network. In the concept, an areostationary relay satellite would transmit data from a network of landers and smaller satellites in lower Martian orbits back to earth.
# Expanding approvals rule

An expanding approvals rule (EAR) is a rule for multi-winner elections, which allows agents to express weak ordinal preferences (i.e., ranking with indifferences), and guarantees a form of proportional representation called proportionality for solid coalitions. The family of EAR was presented by Aziz and Lee.
In general, the EAR algorithm works as follows. Let n denote the number of voters, and k the number of seats to be filled. Initially, each voter is given 1 unit of virtual money. Groups of voters can use their virtual money to "buy" candidates, where the "price" of each candidate is $n/k$ (though the divisor can be slightly different; see highest averages method). The EAR goes rank by rank, starting at rank 1 which corresponds to the top candidates of the voters, and increasing the rank in each iteration. (This is where the term "expanding approvals" comes from: as the rank increases, the number of approved candidates expands.) For each rank r:
* EAR checks if there is a candidate who can be afforded by all voters who rank this candidate r-th or better. If there is such a candidate, EAR selects one such candidate c (there are different variants regarding how to select this candidate), and adds c to the committee.
* The "price" of n/k is deducted from the balance of voters who rank c r-th or better (there are different variants regarding how exactly the price is split among them).

## Properties

Aziz and Lee prove that EAR satisfies generalized proportionality for solid coalitions (GPSC): a property for ordinal weak preferences that generalizes both proportionality for solid coalitions (for strict preferences) and proportional justified representation (for dichotomous preferences). Further, EAR can be computed in polynomial time and satisfies several weak candidate monotonicity properties.

## Extensions

Aziz and Lee extended EAR to the setting of combinatorial participatory budgeting.

## Related rules

The method of equal shares (MES) can be seen as a special case of EAR, in which, in step 1, the elected candidate is a candidate that can be purchased in the smallest price (in general, it is the candidate supported by the largest number of voters with remaining funds), and in step 2, the price is deducted as equally as possible (those who have insufficient budget pay all their remaining budget, and the others pay equally).
Single transferable vote (STV) can also be seen as a variant of EAR, in which voters always approve only their top candidate (r=1); however, if no candidate can be "purchased" by voters ranking it first, the candidate whose supporters have the fewest leftover votes is removed (this brings a new candidate to the top position of these voters). Like EAR, STV satisfies proportionality for solid coalitions. However, EAR allows weak rankings, whereas STV works only with strict rankings. Moreover, EAR has better candidate monotonicity properties. This addressed an open question by Woodall, who asked if there are rules with the same political properties as STV, which are more monotonic.
# Gharbi, Tunisia

Gharbi (Arabic: غربي) is the second largest of the Kerkennah Islands off the north coast of Tunisia. Chief town is Mellita. Located 20 km from the Sfax coast, the island has an area of 69 km$^2$. The name means "Westerner" in Arabic. The largest island of the group, Chergui, means "Easterner" in Arabic.
# Paicaví River

Paicavi River, Río Paicaví, is a river of the Bío Bío Region of Chile.
# Shrug (clothing)

A shrug is a cropped, cardigan-like garment with short or long sleeves cut in one with the body, typically knitted or crocheted. Generally, a shrug covers less of the body than a vest would, but it is more tailored than a shawl. Shrugs are typically worn as the outermost layer of an outfit, with a full shirt, tank top, or dress beneath.
A bolero jacket or bolero (pronounced /ˈbɒləroʊ/ or /bəˈlɛəroʊ/ in British English and /bəˈlɛəroʊ/ in American English) is a more formal garment of similar construction but made of stiffer fabric, essentially a short tailored jacket, inspired by the matador's chaquetilla. Like the shrug, the sides of the bolero only meet at one point.
# Darabi

Darabi (Persian: دارابى) and (Kurdish: دارابى) may refer to the Kurdish Darabi Clan from Kermanshah, Kurdistan with the same family name. The Darabi Clan was formed by Dara, ancestor of today's Darabi Kurds. There are no exact numbers of Darabi Clan members, but estimation says more than 10 000 members belonging to the Darabi Clan spread around the world.
Darabi is also a commonly used family name among Persians and Iranians.

## Places

* Darabi, Dalahu, Kermanshah Province
* Darabi, Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah Province
* Darabi, alternate name of Galuzi-ye Davud, Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province
* Darabi, Kurdistan
* Darabi, Lorestan

## Other uses

* Darabi (surname)
# Tarnogaj

Tarnogaj (Polish pronunciation:, German: Dürrgoy,) is a district in Wrocław, Poland, located in the central part of the city. It was established in the territory of the former Krzyki district.

## Name

According to German linguist Heinrich Adamy, the name of the village derives from the Polish word 'gaj' ('grove'). In his work on local names in Silesia, published in 1888 in Breslau, he mentions Gay as the oldest name of the locality, giving its meaning as "trockenes Wäldchen" ("little, dry forest"). The original name was later phonetically Germanized by the Germans to Dürrgoy, losing its original meaning.
The settlement was mentioned by the names Gay (1311), Gaya (1316), Gay (1320, 1374), Dirngay (1579), Dürgay (1638), Dirgai (1669), and Dürrgoy (1904). In 1945, following the war, its name was briefly changed to Cierniogaj. Since 1948, it has been known as Tarnogaj.

## History

The earliest records of the settlement can be traced back to 1288. The village has a history of ownership, dating back to 1336 when it was received by Jan of Głogów from Margaret, the widow of Peter of Głogów. Over the years, it changed hands and was eventually owned by the Wrocław missionaries from the Holy Cross from 1385 until secularization in 1810.
By 1845, its population had grown to 230. During this time, the village thrived, with 144 residents engaged in growing vegetables for Breslau, and living in 21 houses. The Lower Silesian District Gasworks, located in Dürrgoy, has been in operation since the early 1900s to supply the city.
The settlement was incorporated into Breslau (Wrocław) in 1904.
To the south of the district a housing complex was built in 1919 for the employees of the gas plant. The complex covers an area of 11 hectares and is rectangular in shape, divided by three parallel streets. The designers aimed to create the appearance of a colony of single-family houses with gardens, surrounded by a screen of taller buildings.
In March 1933, the Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp was established in the district by the Nazis for political prisoners. It was closed later that same year. During World War II, the E125 forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs was located in the district. During the siege of Breslau in 1945, the mill that had been present since the Middle Ages was destroyed due to the intense fighting in the area, which caused significant damage.
In 1991, after reforms in the administrative division of Wrocław, Tarnogaj became one of the city's 48 districts.
As a result of the significant war damage, the district is undergoing a process of modernization, which includes the construction of contemporary multi-family apartment blocks in addition to the original settlements. A significant portion of the district is railroad land.
# Nadjaf Al Ashraf

Nadjaf Al Ashraf (also spelled Nadjaf Al Achraf or Najaf Al Ashraf) is a village in Sinthiang Koundara commune, Bonconto Arrondissement, Vélingara Department, Senegal. It is located on the banks of the Koulountou River, a tributary of the Gambia River.
The village was named after the holy Shi'a city of Najaf (full name: Al-Najaf al-Ashraf; Arabic: ٱلنَّجَف ٱلْأَشْرَف) in southern Iraq. It was founded by local Shi'i religious leader Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara.

## History

Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara, founder of the NGO Mozdahir International Institute, founded the village as a social development project for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. 400 impoverished families were moved to the area to help curb the flow of domestic migration to cities as well as international migration, and a banana plantation was opened there.
Today, there are hundreds of hectares of banana plantations in Nadjaf Al Ashraf. Mozdahir manages the plantations and ensures that the farmers can earn living wages.
# Mynydd Meio

Mynydd Meio is a 322-metre-high hill in the county borough of Caerphilly in South Wales. Parts of its western slopes fall within Rhondda Cynon Taf county borough. Its eastern slopes drop away to Cwm yr Aber between Caerphilly and Abertridwr and its western slopes to the valley of the Taf. The high point is just over 200 m north of the trig point which sits at 322 metres (1,056 ft) above sea-level.
The hill is crossed by the Senghenydd Dyke, an ancient earthwork considered to date from the 13th century and associated with nearby Caerphilly Castle.

## Geology

The hill is formed from the Hughes Sandstone, within the Pennant Sandstone Formation, a sedimentary rock of late Carboniferous age (c 309-306 million years ago).

## Access

Much of the upper part of the hill is mapped as open access under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and thereby generally available to walkers. It is also crossed by the Rhymney Valley Ridgeway Walk, a recreational path which in the immediate vicinity runs north from the hamlet of Groes-wen over the hill towards Cefn Eglwysilan.
# Sowmaeh Del

Sowmaeh Del (Persian: صومعه دل, also Romanized as Şowma‘eh Del, Şowme‘eh Del, and Şowmeh Del; also known as Sumadi, Sumadil, and Suma-Dyl’) is a village in Ozomdel-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Varzaqan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,369, in 321 families.
# Peter Duncan (footballer)

Peter Stewart Duncan (1 July 1890 – 8 April 1974) was a Scottish professional football inside left who played in the Football League for Brentford. He also played in the Scottish League for Armadale.

## Career statistics

| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Brentford | 1922–23 | Third Division South | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |
| Armadale | 1923-24 | Scottish Second Division | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 2 |
# Dornach-Arlesheim railway station

Dornach-Arlesheim railway station (German: Bahnhof Dornach-Arlesheim) is a railway station in the municipality of Arlesheim, in the Swiss canton of Basel-Landschaft. It is an intermediate stop on the Basel–Biel/Bienne line and is served by local trains only. The station is located just north of the border with the is on the border with the Canton of Solothurn and the municipality of Dornach.
The 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Basel–Dornach railway line terminates in the station forecourt. Connection is available to Line 10 of the Basel tram network, which uses the line between Dornach and Basel.

## Services

Dornach-Arlesheim is served by the S3 of the Basel S-Bahn:
* S3: half-hourly service from Porrentruy or Laufen to Olten.
# Savović

Savović (Serbian: Савовић) is a Serbian surname. It may refer to:
* Boban Savović (born 1979), basketball player
* Boris Savović (born 1987), basketball player
* Branimir Savović, politician
* Milenko Savović (born 1960), basketball player
* Predrag Savović (born 1976), basketball player
# Dobruja Plateau

The Dobruja Plateau or Dobrogea Plateau (Romanian: Podișul Dobrogei) is a plateau in eastern Romania located in the Dobruja (Romanian: Dobrogea) region, surrounded to the north and west by the Danube and to the east by the Danube Delta and the Black Sea.
Its average altitude is around 200–300 metres, higher in the northern part. The highest point is the Țuțuiatu/Greci Peak in the Măcin Mountains, at a height of 467 m.
The Casimcea River and Taița River flow through it from west to east. There are several lakes, including some lagoons, the most important being Oltina Lake, Bugeac Lake, Mangalia Lake, Techirghiol Lake, Siutghiol Lake, Lake Tașaul, and Razim Lake.

## Subdivisions

Its main subdivisions are:
* Măcin Mountains
* Casimcea Plateau
* Tulcea Hills
* Medgidia Plateau
* Negru Vodă Plateau
* Oltina Plateau
* Istria Plateau
# Fort Grozny Autodrom

Fort Grozny (Russian: Крепость Грозная) is a motorsport complex and the largest in the North Caucasus, located in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia.

## Description

The route was laid in the Zavodskoy district of Grozny, on the site of a former oil refinery. The area of the autodrome is 60 ha (150 acres). On this area, there are tracks for karting (1.314 km (0.816 mi)), circuit races (3.086 km (1.918 mi)), autocross (1.250 km (0.777 mi)), jeep trial, pair races, drift and drag racing (1.000 km (0.621 mi)). There is a "Safari" lane for motorcycles and off-road vehicles with obstacles up to 4 meters high and 30-degree inclines. The autodrome is able to host international competitions. The autodrome is designed for 1600 spectators.

## Competition

On average, up to 70 events of various levels were held at the autodrome per year as of 2015. Among the all-Russian competitions, Formula Masters Russia in the 2015 season and stages of the Russian Circuit Racing Series since 2016 have been held at the circuit.

## Lap records

As of April 2024, the fastest official race lap records at the Fort Grozny Autodrom are listed as:
| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Event |
| Full 'A' Circuit: 3.086 km (2015–present) |||||
| Formula Abarth | 1:14.516 | Denis Kornejev | Tatuus FA010 | 2015 Fort Grozny Formula Masters Russia round |
| Sports prototype | 1:15.168 | Alexander Smolyar | BR Engineering BR03 | 2023 Akhmat Race |
| Formula 4 | 1:15.575 | Pavel Bulantsev | Tatuus F4-T014 | 2019 Fort Grozny SMP F4 round |
| GT3 | 1:16.148 | Konstantin Tereshchenko | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | 2023 Akhmat Race |
| GT4 | 1:20.768 | Sergey Titarenko | Toyota GR Supra GT4 Evo | 2024 1st Fort Grozny RCRS round |
| TCR Touring Car | 1:20.982 | Mikhail Simonov | Cupra León Competición TCR | 2024 1st Fort Grozny RCRS round |
| Alternative 'B' Circuit: 3.072 km (2015–present) |||||
| TCR Touring Car | 1:23.567 | Kirill Ladygin | Lada Vesta TCR | 2018 1st Fort Grozny RCRS round |
# Deh Shahik

Deh Shahik (Persian: ده شهيك, also Romanized as Deh Shahīk; also known as Deh Shahak) is a village in Chahdegal Rural District, Negin Kavir District, Fahraj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 11 families.