OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Auxiliary Services Act (1916)

The Auxiliary Services Act (German: Gesetz über den vaterländischen Hilfsdienst) was a law of the German Empire introduced during the First World War on 6 December 1916 to facilitate the Hindenburg Programme, an attempt by the military to mobilize scarce resources, including manpower, more efficiently for the war effort.
Under the terms of the act, every German male from the age of seventeen to sixty, unless he had been called up for service in the armed forces, was obligated to render national service during the war (§ 1). The types of workers considered to be in the national auxiliary service included those employed by public authorities, official agencies, war industries, agriculture and forestry, nursing, war-related organizations of any kind, or "in other occupations and trades that are directly or indirectly significant to waging war or economic regulation" (§ 2).
The Law on the Patriotic Auxiliary Service marked a significant stage towards total war and, in the long run, in the development of German labor law. The law was a step towards the total militarization of the economy and the mobilization of all material and personnel resources in a quest to make Germany fit for industrial warfare. However, to maintain the support of the Reichstag and the loyalty of workers, the German government made numerous concessions to help avoid labor conflicts. Thus the law provided for a system of shop-level mediation committees. In this way the state legally recognised the trade unions as equal negotiating partners with the employers. It also established the social partnerships between the economic associations of workers and employers. Thus both employee participation and trade union influence were expanded under the authority of the Reichstag.
The Prussian general Wilhelm Groener, head of the newly formed Kriegsamt (equivalent to an Office for Economic Warfare), was responsible for implementing the law.
# Misaskim

Misaskim (Hebrew: מתעסקים)‎ is an American Orthodox Jewish not-for-profit organization that provides services for the care of the dead and the needs and conveniences of mourners in accordance to Jewish law and custom. Misaskim provides moral support and bereavement assistance to individuals or families, while safeguarding the dignity of the deceased. They assist the bereaved by providing free shiva-related social links and lending religious articles. Their door signs at houses of mourning inform the public of the hours during which the mourner wishes to be visited.

## History

Misaskim was founded in Brooklyn in 2004 by a group of Hatzalah (volunteer ambulance) members and other community activists who perceived the need to help families during the painful time when a loved one dies. The small group decided to set up an organization with a 24-hour hotline. They named it Misaskim, which is the Ashkenazi pronunciation of a Hebrew word which means 'attendants', a term used for members of a Chevra Kadisha (Jewish burial society). Over time, additional programs and projects were added to Misaskim's original services of helping the bereaved.
Misaskim was directed by Yankie (Jack) Meyer, one of the organization's founders, and Meir Weill.

## Services

During major catastrophes or accidents with Jewish casualties, Misaskim dispatches a team of volunteers to any location in the United States on a moment’s notice. Misaskim’s mourners' services provide aveilim (mourners) with necessities, such as low chairs and Torah scrolls, during the week of shiva (mourning).

### Care for the dead

Misaskim safeguards the dignity of the deceased by advocating to prevent autopsies and/or cremation, and educating government officials and coroners regarding respect to the Jewish departed.

### Mourner's needs

Misaskim provides items needed for observing Shiva after the death of an immediate family member. They provide low chairs, Siddurim, Sefer Torah, folding chairs, guide to the customs of Shiva, and other items, free of charge.

### Crisis relief

During disasters or tragedies, Misaskim volunteers clear crime scenes upon request by local law enforcement, find burial plots and arrange for the funeral, when necessary, and assists other Hebrew burial societies, providing sound systems, generator-powered lights for nighttime burials and solving logistical problems in order to arrange a funeral in a timely manner.

### Other services

Misaskim reaches out to the orphans of the recently deceased with age-appropriate services, trips, gifts, and counseling, when necessary.

## Relationships with other organizations

In 2007, ZAKA announced cooperation with Misaskim, effectively making Misaskim the American branch of the Israeli organization.
# Lorn Macdonald

Lorn Alexander Macdonald (born 10 September 1992) is a Scottish actor and director. Born in Kirkcaldy, he studied acting at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. He is mostly known for starring as Spanner in the 2019 film Beats and as Mark Renton in an acclaimed production of Trainspotting in 2016 at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.
He has also appeared at the Citizens Theatre as Orestes in Oresteia This Restless House and Edmund in Long Day's Journey Into Night in 2017, on television in Bridgerton, Neverland and World's End.
# Green Pond, South Carolina

Green Pond is an unincorporated community in Colleton County, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is located along U.S. Route 17 northeast of White Hall and west of Ashepoo, and South Carolina Highway 303 south of Ashepoo Crossing and Walterboro. The community also had a railroad station on the Charleston and Savannah Railway, a line which today is part of the CSX Charleston Subdivision.

## History

The community was named for a nearby pool of water abundant with algae, according to local history.
# Shahrak-e Aliabad, Hormozgan

Shahrak-e Aliabad (Persian: شهرك علي آباد, also Romanized as Shahrak-e ‘Alīābād) is a village in Gabrik Rural District, in the Central District of Jask County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 159, in 35 families.
# Behdasht

Behdasht (Persian: بهدشت; also known as Behdast, Karmo, Karmu, Kermū, and Kirmu) is a village in Galehzan Rural District, in the Central District of Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 165, in 53 families.
# Qush Qayehsi, Maragheh

Qush Qayehsi (Persian: قوش قيه سي, also Romanized as Qūsh Qayehsī; also known as Qūsh Tappehsī) is a village in Quri Chay-ye Gharbi Rural District, Saraju District, Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 137, in 27 families.
# Shurab-e Olya, Fariman

Shurab-e Olya (Persian: شوراب عليا, also Romanized as Shūrāb-e ‘Olyā; also known as Shūrāb-e Bālā) is a village in Sang Bast Rural District, in the Central District of Fariman County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 22 families.
# Constance Witherby Park

Constance Witherby Park is an historic park at 210 Pitman Street, Wayland, Providence, Rhode Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
The park was donated in 1929 by Mr. and Mrs. S. Foster Hunt in memory of Mrs. Hunt's daughter by her first marriage Constance Witherby (1913–1929). It was landscaped by then-Superintendent of Parks Ernest K. Thomas. The park occupies the space between Waterman Street and Pitman Avenue, across from the Salvation Army. It is a small, heavily wooded park (just over 100,000 square feet) with many trees and a few park benches.
The centerpiece of the park was once a bronze sculpture, called "A Memorial to Young Womanhood (or The Spirit of Youth)", by sculptor Gail Sherman Corbett (1871 – 1952). The sculpture depicted a young girl wearing a windblown dress, in homage to the spirit of young Constance who died of heart failure just before her 16th birthday while climbing in the Swiss Alps.
The statue was dedicated in 1933 and removed sometime "towards the end of the 20th Century". The sculpture was moved to its new home on Blackstone Boulevard near its intersection with Clarendon St.
* General area where sculpture "A Memorial to Young Womanhood" once stood
* Stone base where sculpture once stood
* "A Memorial to Young Womanhood" was relocated to Blackstone Boulevard in the late 20th century
# Som Dutt Plaza

Som Dutt Plaza is a Non-AC Mall (marketing complex) situated adjacent to Naveen Market along the famous Mall Road in the city of Kanpur nagar, Uttar Pradesh. It shares the same complex with Hotel Landmark.
26°28′27″N 80°20′52″E﻿ / ﻿26.47404°N 80.347899°E﻿ / 26.47404; 80.347899
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# Vigueron

Vigueron (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vigaron) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Lakesar

Lakesar (Persian: لاكسار, also Romanized as Lākesār, Lakasar, Lāksār, and Leaksar) is a village in Hend Khaleh Rural District, Tulem District, Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 525, in 146 families.
# Karawanks Tunnel

The Karawanks Tunnel may refer to two tunnels connecting Austria and Slovenia under the Karawanks (German: Karawanken, Slovene: Karavanke) mountain range:
* Karawanks Tunnel (motorway), a 7864-metre-long motorway tunnel, completed in 1991
* Karawanks Tunnel (railway), a 7976-metre-long railway tunnel, completed in 1906
# Christ the King Cathedral, Gitega

The Christ the King Cathedral (French: Cathédrale du Christ-Roi de Gitega) is a religious building belonging to the Catholic Church and is located in Gitega in the province of Gitega in the central part of Burundi.
Follow the Latin or Roman rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gitega (Latin: Archidioecesis Kitegaensis) that was created on November 10, 1959 by the Bull "Cum parvulum" by the Pope John XXIII as part of the ecclesiastical province of Gitega.
Pope John Paul II visited the September 5, 1990 as part of his tour of several African countries. It is under the pastoral responsibility of Archbishop Simon Ntamwana.
# Tevfikiye, Çanakkale

Tevfikiye is a village in the Çanakkale District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 425 (2021). It lies next to the archaeological site of Troy. Tevfikiye was captured by the Greek Army in June 1920 and later recaptured by the Turkish Army in September 1922.
# Bernie and the Gang

Bernie and the Gang (French: Ti-Mine, Bernie pis la gang...) is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Marcel Carrière and released in 1977. The film centres on two brothers, Ti-Mine (Marcel Sabourin) and Bernie (Jean Lapointe), who concoct a get-rich-quick scheme in the hope of moving their family to Florida.
The cast also includes Rita Lafontaine, Anne-Marie Ducharme, Raymond Lévesque, Denise Proulx and Guy L'Écuyer.
# Aqar-e Olya

Aqar-e Olya (Persian: اقرعليا, also Romanized as Aqar-e ‘Olyā and Aqar ‘Olyā; also known as Aqar, Aqar-e Bālā, and ‘Aqar-e Bālā) is a village in Fariman Rural District, in the Central District of Fariman County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 993, in 202 families.
# Movement of Leftwing Radicals

Movement of Leftwing Radicals (French: Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche) is a political party in Senegal. The general secretary of the party is Mamadou Bana Wagne. The party was registered on March 16, 2004.
* This article about a political party in Senegal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Sarmach

Sarmach (Persian: سرمچ) is a village in Sadat Rural District, in the Central District of Lali County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 10 families.
# Garba, Sichuan

Garba (Tibetan: སྒོར་གྲོང་རྡལ།, Wylie: sgor grong rdal; Chinese: 呷尔镇; pinyin: Gā'ěr Zhèn) is a town in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China.
# Jacob ben Joseph Harofe

Jacob ben Joseph Harofe (Hebrew: יעקב בן יוסף הרופא, Ya'aqov ben Yosef the Doctor) (c. 1780 – October 2, 1851), also known as Yaakov bar Yosef, was a 19th-century Talmudic scholar and dayan (rabbinic court judge) in Baghdad, Iraq. He was considered one of the greatest Torah scholars of his generation. He authored many Torah novellae, homiletics, and commentaries. His most notable disciple was Hakham Abdallah Somekh.

## Biography

Few biographical details are known about him. He studied under Rabbis Moshe Hayyim, Reuven Nawi, and Nissim Mashliah.
In 1848 he was visited by the Romanian-Jewish traveler Benjamin II, who called him: "Highly respected, by virtue of his fine qualities and broad knowledge".
He died in a cholera epidemic on October 2, 1851. He was buried in the courtyard of the tomb of Joshua the High Priest in Baghdad.
His son, Joseph, also became a Talmudic scholar; he died on October 21, 1877. A daughter, Esther, married Rabbi Moshe Hayim Shlomo David Shamash, who later became the chief rabbi of the Iraqi community.

## Selected bibliography

* Prayer Book for Sabbath with a commentary on Canticles
* Shir Hadash (commentary on the Song of Songs)
* Nava Tehilla
* Shemen Hatov (on Maseches Beitza)
# Gironde estuary and Pertuis sea Marine Nature Park

The Gironde estuary and Pertuis sea Marine Nature Park is a protected area on the Gironde estuary and on the Atlantic coast of the departments Vendée, Charente-Maritime and Gironde, in western France. It was created in April 2015.

## Geography

The Marine Nature Park covers 6,500 km2 of marine area and encompasses all the Pertuis narrows, estuaries, the Gironde plume and extends off shore to a 50-metre water depth.
As the largest estuary in Western Europe, the Gironde is subject to very strong tidal currents and small islands appear and disappear at the whim of the river. It is located just downstream of the centre of Bordeaux.
114 coastal towns are part of the park along 1,000 kilometres of coastline.
The management board is in Marennes. Other main coastal towns are (from north to south): Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Sainte-Marie-de-Ré, La Rochelle, Rochefort, Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron, Le Château-d'Oléron, La Tremblade, Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, Royan, Soulac-sur-Mer, Pauillac.

## Landscape

Oyster farms, harbours and fishing huts mark the landscapes and the maritime culture. Long sandy beaches attract many tourists.

## Flora and fauna

Marshes, narrows, reed beds, estuaries, foreshores and the Atlantic Ocean form a mosaic of habitats particularly favourable to birds and amphihaline fish. Leatherback turtles, basking sharks, gannets and storm petrels can also be found. Depending on their life cycle, species such as eels move through the different estuarine, coastal and marine environments.

## Gallery

* Satellite view of Oléron
* Fort Boyard in the Pertuis d'Antioche straits
* Oyster farm on the Seudre
* View from the top of Cordouan Lighthouse
* Fishing at the mouth of the Gironde estuary
# Java bogie

The Java bogie (German: Java-Drehgestell, Java-Gestell often in Swiss literature), was a bogie for electric locomotives manufactured by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM). It contained a driving wheel and a trailing wheel. It got its name because it was first installed in the 3000 series express train locomotives delivered to the Electrische Staats Spoorwegen (ESS) on Java in 1925.

## Technology

The planned increase in the maximum speeds on the electrified main lines in Switzerland beyond 100 km/h prompted the SLM designer Jakob Buchli to improve the cornering of the electric locomotives. The Krauss-Helmholtz bogie with its relatively light superstructure was not enough on the winding Swiss routes.
As a result of his investigations, the bogie, later called the Java bogie, was created. Its vertical axis of rotation was close to its driven axis, so that the conditions for radial adjustment in curves were optimal for it: the approach angle of the wheels against the rails was reduced. In order to be able to drive through even tighter curves without constraint, the running axis in the bogie that is further away from the axis of rotation was designed as an Adams axle. The guiding force on the outer rail shifted this axis obliquely inwards, the oblique part of the movement causing the axis to adjust radially.

## Vehicles

SLM and BBC delivered two locomotives 7000–7001 to the Japanese State Railways in a very similar design and the same gauge as the Java locomotives.
The larger part of the SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 4/7 was also equipped with Java bogies, which gave them very good running properties. Because the maintenance of the Java bogies was more complex, they were replaced by Bissel axles from 1966 onwards.
The Java bogie was used again in the SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 8/14 double locomotives (1931/32, 1939), with the last one for the first time with pivot pins between the axles. The two outer drive axles and the adjacent running axle of the SBB Ae 4/6 10801-10806 (1941/42) were combined into a Java frame. With the SBB Ae 4/6 10807-10812 (1944/45) a further development of the Java frame was used, in which centering springs and a reset device were supposed to cause stable running on straight stretches and smooth cornering. The mechanical part of the Ae 4/6 was largely modeled on the NS Class 1000, which was delivered to Holland in 1948. The gas turbine locomotive SBB-CFF-FFS Am 4/6 1101, which was put into operation in 1941, had a similar arrangement of axles, which was converted from 1958–61 to Ae 4/6 $^{III}$ 10851.
Electric locomotive with the bogies with two driven axles was led by the construction of the BLS Ae 4/4 in 1944. The successors of this bogie locomotive broke after the Second World War, instead of rigid-framed electric locomotive. The Java bogie was no longer required as a result of the technical development of the electric locomotive's drive.
# Salasi Olya

Salasi Olya (Persian: سلسي عليا, also Romanized as Salasī ‘Olya; also known as S̄alās̄eh, Salasī-e Bozorg, and Salasī-ye Bozorg) is a village in Sarkal Rural District, in the Central District of Marivan County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 339, in 65 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Sabetai Unguru

Sabetai Unguru (Hebrew: שבתאי אונגורו, Shabtai Unguru; 1 January 1931 – 6 January 2024) was an Israeli historian of mathematics and science.

## Biography

Sabetai Unguru was born in 1931 in Podu Iloaiei, Romania. He studied philosophy, philology, history, and mathematics at the University of Iași, before immigrating to Israel in 1961. He obtained his Ph.D. in the history of science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1970, and was an assistant and associate professor in the Department of History at the University of Oklahoma between 1970 and 1982.
Unguru was appointed associate professor at Tel Aviv University in 1983, and became full professor in 1987. He served as Director of the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University from 1991 to 1997.
Unguru died on 6 January 2024, at the age of 93.

## Selected works
### Books

* Fried, Michael N.; Unguru, Sabetai (2001). Apollonius of Perga's Conica: Text, Context, Subtext. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11977-2. OCLC 47056365.
* Unguru, Sabetai, ed. (1991). Witelonis Perspectivae liber secundus et liber tertius: Books II and III of Witelo's Perspectiva. Studia Copernicana. Vol. XXVII. Wrocław: The Polish Academy of Science Press. ISBN 978-83-04-03086-2. OCLC 26586375.
* Unguru, Sabetai (1989). מבוא לתולדות המתמטיקה [An Introduction to the History of Mathematics] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications. ISBN 978-965-05-0420-5. OCLC 22495107.
* Unguru, Sabetai, ed. (1977). Witelonis Perspectivae liber primus: Book I of Witelo's Perspectiva. Studia Copernicana. Vol. XV. Wrocław: The Polish Academy of Science Press. OCLC 873220431.

### Articles

* Unguru, Sabetai (1975). "On the Need to Rewrite the History of Greek Mathematics". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 15 (1). Springer Nature: 67–114. doi:10.1007/bf00327233. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133441. S2CID 121752060.
* Unguru, Sabetai (1979). "History of Ancient Mathematics: Some Reflections on the State of the Art". Isis. 70 (254): 555–565. doi:10.1086/352342. JSTOR 230723. S2CID 144823961.
# Ebersberg Castle

Ebersberg Castle (German: Schloss Ebersberg) is a schloss in Auenwald, Germany.
Construction of the castle began at the beginning of the 12th century; it was first mentioned in 1226. In 1714 a fire destroyed almost the entire Castle. The castle was rebuilt by the Cistercian monastery in Schöntal around 1720 after this devastating fire. In 2020 the castle was the location for the Identitarian movement. Tourism highlight is the highest "Mammutbaum" (Sequoioideae) of Germany.
# Rockaway Avenue station (IRT New Lots Line)

The Rockaway Avenue station is a station on the IRT New Lots Line of the New York City Subway, located at Rockaway Avenue and Livonia Avenue in Brownsville, Brooklyn. It is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. During rush hours, occasional 2, 4 and 5 trains also stop here.

## History

The New Lots Line was built as a part of Contract 3 of the Dual Contracts between New York City and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, including this station. It was built as an elevated line because the ground in this area is right above the water table, and as a result the construction of a subway would have been prohibitively expensive. The first portion of the line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street, including this station, opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. The line was completed to New Lots Avenue on October 16, 1922, with a two-car train running on the northbound track. On October 31, 1924, through service to New Lots Avenue was begun.
The New York City Board of Transportation announced plans in November 1949 to extend platforms at several IRT stations, including Rockaway Avenue, to accommodate all doors on ten-car trains. Although ten-car trains already operated on the line, the rear car could not open its doors at the station because the platforms were so short. Funding for the platform extensions was included in the city's 1950 capital budget.
From April 20, 2015 to March 28, 2016, Rockaway Avenue and Van Siclen Avenue were closed for renovations.

## Station layout

| Platform level | Side platform | Side platform |
| Platform level | Northbound | ← toward Harlem–148th Street (Saratoga Avenue) ← toward Woodlawn late nights (Saratoga Avenue) ← toward Wakefield–241st Street (select rush hour trips) (Saratoga Avenue) ← toward Eastchester–Dyre Avenue (select rush hour trips) (Saratoga Avenue) |
| Platform level | Center trackway | → No track or roadbed |
| Platform level | Southbound | → ( late nights) toward New Lots Avenue (Junius Street) → → toward New Lots Avenue (select rush hour trips) (Junius Street) → |
| Side platform ||
| Mezzanine | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, MetroCard and OMNY machines |
| Ground | Street level | Exit/entrance |
This station has two side platforms and two tracks. Between the two tracks, there is space for an additional third track that was never installed.

### Exits

This station's only exit is via a wooden mezzanine under the tracks. The mezzanine has a crossunder and metal canopies. Outside fare control, stairs go to the northwest and southeast corners of Livonia and Rockaway Avenues.
# Jamalabad, Maragheh

Jamalabad (Persian: جمال اباد, also Romanized as Jamālābād) is a village in Sarajuy-ye Sharqi Rural District, Saraju District, Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 17 families.
# Golo Brdo, Bijeljina

Golo Brdo (Serbian Cyrillic: Голо Брдо) is a village in the municipality of Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013 it has a population of 392.

## Demography

Historical population of Golo Brdo, Bijeljina :
| Year | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2013 |
| Population | 177 | 202 | 226 | 176 | 183 | 198 | 392 |