OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Owen Saunders

Sir Owen Alfred Saunders, FREng, FRS (24 September 1904 – 10 October 1993) was an English applied mathematician, engineering science academic, and university administrator.

## Early life

Owen Saunders was born in Streatham, London, the only son of Alfred George Saunders, an engineer, and Margaret Ellen Saunders (née Jones). Saunders was educated at Emanuel School in south London (1913–19). He attained a general science degree from Birkbeck College, London (1921–23) and went on to study at Trinity College, Cambridge.

## Career

From 1926 to 1932, Saunders started work as a scientific officer at the Fuel Research Station, part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, in Greenwich. He continued his studies in parallel, gaining a first class BSc in special mathematics and an MSc in physics. He collaborated with Margaret Fishenden and C. H. Lander throughout their careers
In 1932, Saunders joined Imperial College as a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. In 1937, he became the first Clothworkers Reader in Thermodynamics. He researched aircraft piston engines and jet engines. In 1942, during World War II, he joined the Ministry of Aircraft Production. He undertook research into turbine engines, working with Sir Harold Roxbee Cox and Sir Frank Whittle. In 1946, he returned to Imperial College as Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Between 1964 and 1966, Saunders was the Dean of the City and Guilds College. In 1966, he became Acting Rector of Imperial College after the sudden death of Sir Patrick Linstead, then the Rector. From 1967 to 1969, he was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. In 1985, as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Royal Holloway College, he oversaw its merger with Bedford College.

## Honours

Saunders was a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected 1958) and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1960 and was made an Honorary Fellow in 1965. He was created a Knight Bachelor for his services in 1965. He won the Max Jakob Memorial Award in 1966.

## Personal life

Owen Saunders married Marion McKechney in 1935 and they had three children. After her death in 1981, he married Daphne Holmes. He was a full member of The Magic Circle. He died in Reigate, Surrey.
# John Philipps Kenyon

John Philipps Kenyon, FBA (18 June 1927 – 6 January 1996) was an English historian and Fellow of the British Academy. His area of expertise was 17th-century England.

## Life

Kenyon was born in Sheffield where he attended King Edward VII School, Sheffield and then University of Sheffield where he obtained a first class degree in History in 1948 before going to Cambridge to take a doctorate as a pupil of John H. Plumb. He obtained his doctorate in 1954 and was appointed a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, before going on to become Hull's history professor for 19 years, followed by six years at St Andrews. From 1987 to 1994 he was Distinguished Professor of early modern British history at the University of Kansas. For many years he was a regular reviewer for The Observer.

## Works

* Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland (1958)
* The Stuarts (1958)
* The Stuart Constitution, 1603-1688 (1966)
* The Popish Plot (1972)
* Revolution Principles: The Politics of Party 1689-1720 (1977)
* Stuart England (1978)
* The History Men (1983)
* The Civil Wars of England (1988)
# Lordscairnie Castle

Lordscairnie Castle is a ruin situated near Moonzie, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north-east of Cupar, in Fife, Scotland. It is protected as a scheduled monument.

## History

Cairnie was a property of the Lindsay family, later Earls of Crawford, from 1355. The tower was constructed around 1500 by Alexander Lindsay of Auchtermoonzie (died 1517). The second son of the 4th earl of Crawford, Alexander subsequently became 7th earl, inheriting the earldom from his nephew who was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. According to John Knox, James V of Scotland visited the castle just before his death in 1542.
James VI visited Ballinbreich Castle in June 1583 and then went on to Lordscarnie. James Stewart, Earl of Arran stayed at "Carnye, the house of Crawford" in July 1583.
The castle was unoccupied in the 17th century, and was used for religious meetings by an outlawed Episcopal congregation. It was later used for agricultural purposes.

## Description

It was originally an L-plan tower house with five storeys, including a barrel-vaulted basement and a garret. The stair tower is located on the north-west side, linking all floors from a ground floor entrance. The parapet and many of the dressed stones forming the window surrounds have been lost. To the north-east is a single round tower, once flanking a gate within an outer enclosure wall.

## Potential restoration

In 1997 the castle was bought by an American entrepreneur, Robert Bourne, who planned to restore it as a second home and a retreat for software developers. From 1997 to 2003 he completed a program of historical research, geophysical and archaeological exploration of the site, detailed engineering and design surveys and other pre-planning consent work under the guidance of Historic Scotland; the castle was subsequently sold to a local hotelier. It was on the market again in 2012, with an asking price in the region of £220,000. It was estimated that at least £1 million would be needed to undertake restoration.
# Rational agent

A rational agent or rational being is a person or entity that always aims to perform optimal actions based on given premises and information. A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a person, firm, machine, or software.
The concept of rational agents can be found in various disciplines such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, decision theory, economics, ethics, game theory, and the study of practical reason.

## Economics

In reference to economics, rational agent refers to hypothetical consumers and how they make decisions in a free market. This concept is one of the assumptions made in neoclassical economic theory. The concept of economic rationality arises from a tradition of marginal analysis used in neoclassical economics. The idea of a rational agent is important to the philosophy of utilitarianism, as detailed by philosopher Jeremy Bentham's theory of the felicific calculus, also known as the hedonistic calculus.
The action a rational agent takes depends on:
* the preferences of the agent
* the agent's information of its environment, which may come from past experiences
* the actions, duties and obligations available to the agent
* the estimated or actual benefits and the chances of success of the actions.
In game theory and classical economics, it is often assumed that the actors, people, and firms are rational. However, the extent to which people and firms behave rationally is subject to debate. Economists often assume the models of rational choice theory and bounded rationality to formalize and predict the behavior of individuals and firms. Rational agents sometimes behave in manners that are counter-intuitive to many people, as in the traveler's dilemma.

### Alternate theories

Neuroeconomics is a concept that uses neuroscience, social psychology and other fields of science to better understand how people make decisions. Unlike rational agent theory, neuroeconomics does not attempt to predict large-scale human behavior but rather how individuals make decisions in case-by-case scenarios.

## Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence has borrowed the term "rational agents" from economics to describe autonomous programs that are capable of goal directed behavior. Today there is a considerable overlap between AI research, game theory and decision theory. Rational agents in AI are closely related to intelligent agents, autonomous software programs that display intelligence.
# Kibzaim

Kibzaim, or Cibsaim in the Douai-Rheims translation of the Hebrew Bible, Hebrew: קִבְצַ֙יִם֙, (word 6911 in Strong's Concordance, meaning "two heaps" from the Hebrew word qabats, to gather, collect) was a Levitical city of Ephraim, assigned to the Kohathite Levites (Joshua 21:22).
It was also called Jokmeam (1 Chronicles 6:68), but in the Book of Joshua, 'Jokneam' was one of the cities of Naphtali given to the Merarites.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Kibzaim". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
* This article related to the Hebrew Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This geography of the State of Palestine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Optenet

Optenet was a global security company that provides customers with a multi-tenant Secure Web Gateway and with an antispam and antiphishing software. Primarily for carriers, managed security service providers and large enterprises. In March 2015, Allot acquired Optenet.

## History

Optenet was a private company that was a spin-off of the University of Navarra's Engineering Faculty and San Sebastián's Research Centre in San Sebastian, Spain. An internal study by a teacher in computer science, Francisco Martín Abreu, on antispam for the Spanish language proved that there was none efficient enough. Optenet was founded to fill this need. It provides customers with a multi-tenant secure web gateway and an e-mail infrastructure solution primarily for carriers, managed security service providers and large enterprises that want to create service offerings for their own clients. Its product Optenet WebSecure was recently awarded five stars in SC Magazine's Web Content Management Group Test, defining it as a 'Solid' Web Security solution.. In March 2015, Allot acquired Optenet for $38 million.

## Distinctions & achievements

Optenet has been named a "Cool Vendor" by Gartner for its innovative Multi-tenant technology in 2011, in Gartner's report, "Cool Vendors in Communications Service Provider Infrastructure 2011," authored by Akshay Sharma and Deborah Kish.
# Frederick Fenn

Frederick Fenn (6 November 1868 – 2 January 1924) was an English playwright, journalist and drama critic. He was the librettist for one of the last Savoy Operas, A Welsh Sunset (1908), and had his greatest success with the musical comedy The Girl in the Taxi (1912).

## Life and career

Fenn was born in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, a son of the novelist George Manville Fenn and his wife Susanna, née Leake; he was educated privately. His early works included Judged by Appearances, a one-act play, produced at the Comedy Theatre, London in 1902. Another one-act piece, The Honourable Ghost, was played on tour as a curtain raiser to The Bishop's Move, 1902. During the next four years Fenn had three more full-length plays staged: A Married Woman (1902), The Age of Innocence (1904) and The Convict on the Hearth (1906).
The Times considered Fenn's 1904 one-act play 'Op o' Me Thumb his best. In the West End, Hilda Trevelyan had a great success in the leading role, and Fenn adapted it for the cinema in 1920 under the title Suds, a film that starred Mary Pickford. Of Fenn's later plays, the one that made most impression was The Girl in the Taxi (1912), a collaboration with Arthur Wimperis (libretto) and Jean Gilbert (music), an adaptation of a German piece, Die keusche Susanne (1910), which was based on Antony Mars and Maurice Desvallières's play, Le Fils à papa (1906). Starring Yvonne Arnaud, Arthur Playfair and C. H. Workman, it ran at the Lyric Theatre, London for 385 performances.
In 1906 Fenn collaborated as librettist with the composer Philip Michael Faraday on the comic opera Amisis, produced at the New Theatre. The two worked together again on one of the last Savoy Operas, A Welsh Sunset, which ran at the Savoy Theatre for 85 performances in 1908.
Fenn was for many years assistant editor of The Graphic and dramatic critic of The Daily Graphic. He died in the London suburb Isleworth, on 2 January 1924, aged 57.
# Auterive, Tarn-et-Garonne

Auterive (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Autariba) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Bigudi Club

Bigudi Club (Turkish: Bigudi Kulübü) is a lesbian and queer nightclub and bar located at Mis Sokak No. 5 in the Beyoğlu area of Istanbul, Turkey. It is the first lesbian-exclusive nightclub in the country of Turkey, established December 2006. Around 2017, they redefined the space as a queer bar, not exclusively for women.

## History

   "I [wanted] to create something for only women because we have no space in Turkey. We have no space in Istanbul"
– Adar Bozbay, owner of Bigudi
In Turkey, historically lesbianism has not been encouraged or supported, this is particularly true within Turkish psychiatry. In the 1990s, lesbian organizations in Turkey were established to provide community support, including Sappho's Girls (Turkish: Sappho'nun Kızları) and The Sisters of Venus (Turkish: Venüs'ün Kızkardeşleri).
Bigudi Club opened in December 2006 by Adar Bozbay and was the first exclusively lesbian venue in the county. It was previously located a 5 İstiklal Caddesi in Şehit Muhtar, Beyoğlu, Istanbul. It is now at Mis Sokak No. 5 near the former location, and is situated on a terrace above an apartment building. Until 2016, the Bigudi Club was the only queer club for women in Turkey, and they struggled with harassment by police. Around 2017, the nightclub decided to open up to the larger queer community, not exclusively lesbian.
In March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the nightclub temporarily closed and was uncertain about the future. During this time of closure, Adar Bozbay started working in filmmaking and created the documentary film Incomplete Sentences (2021) (Turkish: Bitmemiş Cümleler), about the Turkish author and human rights activist Aslı Erdoğan.
# Ilona Csepreghyné-Meznerics

Ilona Csepreghyné-Meznerics, née Meznerics (25 May 1906 – 14 January 1977), was a Hungarian stratigrapher and invertebrate paleontologist.

## Life

Ilona Csepreghyné-Meznerics was born in Szabadka, in the Kingdom of Hungary (today, Subotica, Serbia). She moved to Budapest, the capital of Hungary, as a teenager and graduated with honors of the Gymnasium for Girls in 1924. She earned high school teacher's certificates in chemistry and physics in 1929 and received her Ph.D. (cum laude) in geology with a focus on paleontology from the University of Budapest the following year. Csepreghyné-Meznerics was awarded a three-year stipend in 1931 to work at the Natural History Museum (German: Naturhistorisches Museum) in Vienna, Austria and worked in the paleontology department there. Upon her return to Budapest, she taught high school from 1935 to 1940. Csepreghyné-Meznerics got a job as a researcher at the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Hungarian: Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum) in Budapest that year and married Dr. Bela Csepreghyné in 1945. She was promoted to curator in 1948 and became the head of the geology-paleontology department in 1951. Csepreghyné-Meznerics remained until there until 1970 and then she worked for the State Geological Institute from 1971 until her retirement in 1973. She died on 14 January 1977.

## Activities

Csepreghyné-Meznerics' initial specialty was Tertiary molluscs found in various areas of Hungary and Austria and she "later worked on Miocene forms, and made a major contribution on Pectinids. Her paper designating the importance of Pectinids for stratigraphy was published in the Memoirs of the French Geological Society. She continued working after her retirement, but did not finish incorporating her Hungarian data into the revised volume of the Lexique stratigraphique before her death.
# Phoenix Airport

Phoenix Airport may refer to:
* Airports within the metro area of Phoenix, Arizona, United States:
** Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
** Phoenix Deer Valley Airport
** Phoenix Goodyear Airport
** Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport
* Sanya Phoenix International Airport in Sanya, Hainan, China
* Phoenix Airfield, Antarctica
# Serial (Bad) Weddings 2

Serial Bad Weddings 2 (French: Qu'est-ce qu'on a (encore) fait au Bon Dieu?, lit. 'What have we (still) done to the Good Lord?') is a 2019 Belgian-French comedy film directed by Philippe de Chauveron. It is the second installment in the Serial (Bad) Weddings film series and a sequel to 2014 film of the same name, it follows the Verneuil family, an upper-class French Catholic couple portrayed by Christian Clavier and Chantal Lauby from a French province and their four daughters, three who married men of different faiths and one who married outside their race.
The film was the highest grossing French production in France in 2019 and the third highest-grossing film of 2019 in France. A third installment, Serial (Bad) Weddings 3, is set to be released in April 2022.

## Cast

* Christian Clavier as Claude Verneuil
* Chantal Lauby as Marie Verneuil
* Ary Abittan as David Benichou
* Medi Sadoun as Rashid Ben Assem
* Frédéric Chau as Chao Ling
* Noom Diawara as Charles Kofi
* Frédérique Bel as Isabelle Ben Assem Verneuil
* Julia Piaton as Odile Benichou Verneuil
* Émilie Caen as Ségolène Ling Verneuil
* Élodie Fontan as Laure Verneuil
* Pascal N'Zonzi as André Kofi, Father of Charles
* Salimata Kamate as Madeleine Kofi, Mother of Charles
* Tatiana Rojo as Viviane Kofi, Sister of Charles
* Claudia Tagbo as Nicole
* Marie-Hélène Lentini as Guilaine Monfau

## Release

Serial (Bad) Weddings 2 was released in France and Belgium on January 30, 2019. The film grossed over 45 million Euros from 7 million admissions in France which made it break a four-year record for a local language film. The film received a theatrical release in several countries, including Germany, Switzerland and Canada. A third film in the series has been planned.
As of December 1, 2019, the film was in third place on the 2019 chart having attracted 6.7 million admissions, for a box office of $47.7m making it the third highest-grossing film in France in 2019 and the highest grossing French production in 2019. Melanie Goodfellow noted that "In spite of this stellar performance, the box office was 45% lower than for the original 2014 Serial Bad Weddings, which drew a mighty 12.4 million spectators ($91m).

## Reception

The film received mixed reviews from critics. Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "feels like a slight improvement on the first movie, delivering a few mild laughs amid a similar onslaught of overwrought gags, over-the-top performances and “can’t we all just get along?” messaging meant to lure Frenchies into theaters so they can chortle at their own cultural differences — if not at their countrymen's latent racism." The review concluded that "What may ultimately be most offensive about these movies is not what they’re trying to say, but how they say it."
# Jalalvand-e Sofla

Jalalvand-e Sofla (Persian: جلالوندسفلي, also Romanized as Jalālvand-e Soflá; also known as Jalālvand-e Pā’īn and Javālvand-e Soflá) is a village in Beshiva Pataq Rural District, in the Central District of Sarpol-e Zahab County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 239, in 52 families.
# Braulio Peña

Braulio Peña (March 26, 1855 - April 25, 1924) was a Cuban military officer and a former chief of the Cuban Rural Guard of Puerto Príncipe.

## Biography
### Early History

Braulio Peña de la Cruz was born in Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Spanish Cuba on March 26, 1855.

### Ten Years' War

By the 1870s, he joined the Ten Years' War, Cuba's first war of independence which began in 1868, becoming a lieutenant colonel.

### Little War

In August 1879, Col. Peña was involved in the Little War under Gen. Emilio Núñez, aligning with the Cuban leaders who refused to sign the Pact of Zanjon.
Following the war's end, he escaped to St. Thomas, later settling in Florida and becoming a cigar maker.

### Cuban War of Independence

At the onset of the Cuban War of Independence, Peña joined the first expedition back and served with Gen. Maximo Gomez. Gomez made him a colonel in the Cuban ranks and in a week he held a command of 300 mambises.

#### Expeditions

He organized many armed expeditions for the insurrection from the United States. In March 1895, he boarded the tug Commodore from Charleston, South Carolina in command of an expedition that successfully landed on the island of Cuba. The steamer was libeled for undertaking a foreign voyage, but the case never reached trial. Braulo Peña headed another filibustering expedition to Cuba to aid the military operations in the summer of 1895. He and 20 accomplices were arrested in Penns Grove, New Jersey and taken to Wilmington, Delaware on August 30, 1895, for their involvement in the violation of the U.S. neutrality laws. He faced the United States District Court for the District of Delaware on September 23, 1895, and was later released on bail. In March 1896, under Brigadier Emilio Núñez, Maj. Braulio Peña landed an expedition in Nuevitas of Puerto Principe with eight men including Winchester Osgood, 400 rifles, large amounts of ammunition, and a two-pounder Hotchkiss gun. That year, Máximo Gómez made him a brigadier general and appointed him the chief of cavalry in the Cuban Liberation Army. The cavalry's horses were mostly those stolen from the Spanish troops.

### Cuban Rural Guard

In post-independence Cuba, the U.S. Military Government's appointment and the departure of the Spanish Civil Guard increased banditry, leading to the establishment of the Cuban Rural Guard locally. Lt. Col. Braulio Peña was named Chief of the Rural Guard of Puerto Príncipe (Spanish: Guardia Rural de Puerto Príncipe) on January 1, 1899, when it was assembled in the province. Some 160 Cuban war veterans were selected, forming 9 squadrons for patrols and public order in the rural areas outside of the city limits. Peña, in Maj. Louis V. Caziarc's annual report, was noted as Chief of the Puerto Príncipe Rural Guard from July 1900 to December 1901, under Commander Hatfield. He oversaw 252 officers and men with various staff members including an assistant captain and inspector.
Braulio Peña, Second in Command of the Second Regiment of the Cuban Rural Guard, retired in 1906 due to declining health.

## Death

Braulio Peña died in Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Cuba on April 25, 1924.