OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aiguines

Aiguines (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Aiguina) is a rural commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France.
It is located within the arrondissement of Brignoles, 18 km (11.1 mi) southwest of Castellane in neighbouring Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, the departmental border with which Aiguines is located on, following the flow of the Verdon River. In 2019, Aiguines had a population of 270.

## Geography
### Climate

Aiguines has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The average annual temperature in Aiguines is 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 805.6 mm (31.72 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 23.1 °C (73.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.4 °C (41.7 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Aiguines was 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 7 February 2012.
Climate data for Aiguines (1991−2020 normals, extremes 2004−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 28.2 (82.8) | 32.3 (90.1) | 42.3 (108.1) | 38.1 (100.6) | 39.2 (102.6) | 33.8 (92.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 42.3 (108.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 30.5 (86.9) | 29.9 (85.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.3 (68.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 11.0 (51.8) | 19.7 (67.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 12.3 (54.1) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.6 (72.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 14.9 (58.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 6.1 (43.0) | 13.6 (56.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | −0.1 (31.8) | 2.5 (36.5) | 6.1 (43.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 15.4 (59.7) | 12.7 (54.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 5.0 (41.0) | 1.3 (34.3) | 7.6 (45.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) | −12.2 (10.0) | −8.5 (16.7) | −3.1 (26.4) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 8.8 (47.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 1.9 (35.4) | −1.4 (29.5) | −6.3 (20.7) | −9.2 (15.4) | −12.2 (10.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.8 (2.51) | 53.5 (2.11) | 62.3 (2.45) | 78.2 (3.08) | 80.8 (3.18) | 64.5 (2.54) | 35.3 (1.39) | 52.3 (2.06) | 54.2 (2.13) | 88.7 (3.49) | 100.3 (3.95) | 71.7 (2.82) | 805.6 (31.72) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.7 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 6.1 | 74.5 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* Aiguines castle
* Aiguines castle and church of Saint-Jean
# List of Marshals of Silesian Voivodeship

This is a list of the Voivodeship Marshals of Silesia (Polish:marszałek województwa śląskiego) since the creation of the position in 1999. The Voivodeship Marshal of Silesia is the head of the provincial government and is the chief of the executive board. The marshal is appointed by the Silesian Regional Assembly and relies on its confidence for the duration of his or her term of office.
| # | Name | From | Until | Political Party |
| 1 | Jan Olbrycht (1952-) | 1 January 1999 | 26 November 2002 | Solidarity Electoral Action |
| 2 | Michał Czarski (1949-) | 26 November 2002 | 27 November 2006 | Democratic Left Alliance |
| 3 | Janusz Moszyński (1956-) | 27 November 2006 | 9 January 2008 | Civic Platform |
| 4 | Bogusław Śmigielski (1958-) | 12 January 2008 | 2 December 2010 | Civic Platform |
| 5 | Adam Matusiewicz (1973-) | 2 December 2010 | 21 January 2013 | Civic Platform |
| 6 | Mirosław Sekuła (1955-) | 21 January 2013 | 1 December 2014 | Civic Platform |
| 7 | Wojciech Saługa (1969-) | 1 December 2014 | 22 November 2018 | Civic Platform |
| 8 | Jakub Chełstowski (1981-) | 22 November 2018 | 7 May 2024 | Law and Justice\Yes! For Poland |
| (7.) | Wojciech Saługa (1969-) | 7 May 2024 | Present | Civic Platform |
# Minister of Justice (Madagascar)

This is a complete list of the Ministers of Justice in Madagascar:
* Marcel Fournier (1958-1960) [1st Minister of Justice]
* Alfred Ramangasoavina (1960-1970)
* Jean-Francois Jarison (1970-1971)
* Jacques Andrianada (1972-1975)
* Georges Thomas Indrianjafy (1976-1982)
* Sambson Gilbert (1982-1988)
* Joseph Bedo (1988-1991)
* Armand Rajaonarivelo (1992-1993)
* Charles Rabetokotany (1994-1995)
* Rabendrainy Ramanoelison (1995-1996)
* Houssen Abdallah (1996-1997)
* Anaclet Imbiki (1997-2002)
* Alice Rajaonah (2002-2004) [1st female Minister of Justice]
* Lala Henriette Ratsiharovala (2004-2007)
* Bakolalao Ramanandraibe Ranaivoharivony (2007-2009)
* Christine Razanamahasoa (2009-2013)
* Noëline Ramanantenasoa (2014-2016)
* Charles Andriamiseza (2016-2017)
* Elise Alexandrine Rasolo (2017-2018)
* Harimisa Noro Vololona (2018-2019)
* Jacques Randrianasolo(2019-2020)
* Johnny Richard Andriamahefarivo (2020-2021)
* Imbiki Herilaza(2021-2022)
* François Rakotozafy(2022-2023)
* Randriamanantenasoa Landy Mbolatiana(2023-2024)
# Baffin Island Current

Baffin Island Current (or Baffin Current) is an ocean current running south down the western side of Baffin Bay in the Arctic Ocean, along Baffin Island. Its sources are the West Greenland Current and outflow from the Arctic Ocean. Its speed is approximately 17 km (11 mi) per day.
# Salvelinus profundus

Salvelinus profundus (German: Tiefseesaibling 'Deepwater char') is a deepwater char species found only in deep areas of Lake Constance.
This fish can reach 24 cm (9.4 in) in length and has a blunt snout with the mouth in subinferior position. Its lower fins have no white margins and its flanks are silvery to yellowish with pale blue spots; the belly can have a reddish color.

## History

Salvelinus profundus was still a commercial species in the 1960s but the eutrophication of Lake Constance, which began in the 1950s and peaked in 1979, is thought to have affected egg development. Surveys undertaken in the last ten years failed to find any evidence of the survival of this deep-water trout, as well as of the Lake Constance whitefish (Coregonus gutturosus), another fish species driven recently to extinction. The species had been reported extinct since the late 1970s but was officially declared so by the IUCN only in 2008.
However, the fish species was rediscovered in 2016 during 'Project Lac', a marine survey undertaken by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. The team had not expected to locate the fish, which had not been seen in decades. It is suspected that they were not detected earlier due to the depth at which they swim.
The Lake Neuchâtel deepwater char (Salvelinus neocomensis) is a similar fish species that became extinct in another European lake.
# Zapadny, Republic of Bashkortostan

Zapadny (Russian: Западный) is a rural locality (a village) in Kashkalashinsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 256 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Zapadny is located 27 km northeast of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vostochny is the nearest rural locality.
# Lugovoye, Shelabolikhinsky District, Altai Krai

Lugovoye (Russian: Луговое) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ilyinsky Selsoviet, Shelabolikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 73 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Lugovoye is located 24 km northwest of Shelabolikha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ilyinka is the nearest rural locality.
# Tyurkeyevo

Tyurkeyevo (Russian: Тюркеево; Bashkir: Төркәй, Törkäy) is a rural locality (a village) in Kucherbayevsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 118 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Tyurkeyevo is located 28 km north of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Akhmetovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Zaher Kandi

Zaher Kandi (Persian: ظاهركندي) is a village in Chaharduli Rural District of Keshavarz District of Shahin Dezh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 703 in 138 households. The following census in 2011 counted 661 people in 182 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 664 people in 192 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Novoabzanovo

Novoabzanovo (Russian: Новоабзаново; Bashkir: Яңы Абзан, Yañı Abzan) is a rural locality (a village) in Kucherbayevsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 132 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Novoabzanovo is located 40 km northwest of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chulpan 2-y is the nearest rural locality.
# Mirny, Republic of Bashkortostan

Mirny (Russian: Мирный) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Mirnovsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,067 as of 2010. There are 18 streets.

## Geography

Mirny is located 17 km west of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Toporinka is the nearest rural locality.
# Rainbow Lakes, New Jersey

Rainbow Lakes is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Parsippany–Troy Hills Township, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It is in the western part of the township and consists of housing built around a cluster of lakes including Rainbow Lake, plus a zone of commercial buildings to the east of the lakes. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 1,255.

## Geography

Rainbow Lakes is in eastern Morris County and is bordered to the east by Parsippany proper, to the north by the borough of Mountain Lakes, and to the west by Denville Township. The northern edge of the CDP is formed by U.S. Route 46 and the NJ Transit Montclair-Boonton Line, and Interstate 80 forms the southern edge. It is 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Newark and 30 miles (48 km) west of the George Washington Bridge over the Hudson River.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Rainbow Lakes CDP has a total area of 1.20 square miles (3.11 km$^2$), of which 1.10 square miles (2.85 km$^2$) are land and 0.10 square miles (0.26 km$^2$), or 8.51%, are water. The lakes for which the community is named include Rainbow Lake, Upper Rainbow Lake, Mirror Lake, Twilight Lake, Cabin Lake, and Fern Lake.

## Demographics

Rainbow Lakes was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.
# Khlebodarovka

Khlebodarovka (Russian: Хлебодаровка) is a rural locality (a village) in Yazykovsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 51 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Khlebodarovka is located 8 km north of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Starogornovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Dusmetovo

Dusmetovo (Russian: Дусметово; Bashkir: Дүсмәт, Düsmät) is a rural locality (a village) in Kucherbayevsky Selsoviet, Blagovarsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 388 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Dusmetovo is located 34 km north of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Uly-Aryama is the nearest rural locality.
# Sodrež

Sodrež (pronounced, in older sources also Sodreš, German: Sodresch) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica in northeastern Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Fošt. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.

## Geography

Sodrež lies in the southwestern part of Fošt, 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) south of Malo Tinje.

## History

Sodrež had a population of 43 living in 11 houses in 1870, 39 living in 12 houses in 1880, and 43 living in 14 houses in 1900. Sodrež was annexed by Fošt in 1953, ending its existence as a separate settlement.
# Vyazovsky

Vyazovsky (Russian: Вязовский) is a rural locality (a village) in Bakhtybayevsky Selsoviet, Birsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 144 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Vyazovsky is located 15 km north of Birsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bazhenovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Yangitau

Yangitau (Russian: Янгитау; Bashkir: Яңытау, Yañıtaw) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Burnovsky Selsoviet, Birsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Yangitau is located 10 km north of Birsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bazhenovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Index of video-related articles

The following is a list of video-related topics.

## Numbers

* 3D
* 4:3
* 16:9

## A-C

* Academy Awards
* Adobe Premiere—real time editing
* Advanced Authoring Format AAF
* alpha channel
* Animation
* Audio commentary
* Avid—real time editing
* B-movie
* B-roll
* Betacam
* Betamax
* Blu-ray
* bluescreen/chroma key
* Bollywood
* Camcorder
* Camera
* Canopus DVStorm2—real time editing
* CCIR 601
* CCD
* Chroma subsampling—4:1:0, 4:1:1, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4
* Cinematography
* Clapperboard
* Closed-captioning
* Comparison of video editing software
* Component video signal
* Composite video signal
* Copy detection
* Cult film

## D-F

* Digital audio
* Digital cinema
* Digital cinematography
* Digital film
* Digital video
* DVd
* DVD
* D-VHS
* Entertainment law
* Film
* Film colorization
* Film criticism
* Film distribution
* Film festivals
* Film gauges
* Film genres
* Film institutes
* Filmmaking
* Film preservation
* Film production
* Film rating systems
* Film restoration
* Film styles
* Film technique
* Film theory
* Film trailer
* Final Cut Pro—real time editing
* filter
* FORscene—video logging, editing, publishing and hosting
* Full screen
* FX

## G-J

* Hammer Horror
* HDV
* HDTV
* History of cinema
* Hollywood
* IMAX
* Independent film
* Infrared filter
* Interlace

## K-M

* Keyframe
* Kollywood
* Letterbox
* Line (video)
* Linear video editing
* List of video editing software
* Video logging
* Lower thirds
* Movie
* MPEG-1
* MPEG-2
* Multiple-camera setup

## N-Q

* neutral density filter aka ND filter
* NHK Twinscam
* non-linear video editing
* NTSC
* PAL
* Photography

## R-T

* Safe area
* SECAM
* Short film
* Soundtrack
* Special effects
* Steadicam
* Super-resolution
* S-VHS
* S-Video
* Synchronization
* Tamil Film Industry
* Telecine
* Television
* time code
* Troma

## U-W

* Ulead MediaStudio Pro
* UV filter
* Vectorscope
* VHS
* Video CD
* Video clip
* Video editing
* video game
* Video production companies
* Video sharing
* Videography
* Videotape
* Waveform monitor
* Windows Media Video
* W-VHS

## X-Z

* YIQ
* YUV
# Sulzburg Jewish Cemetery

Sulzburg Jewish Cemetery (German: jüdischer Friedhof Sulzburg) is a Jewish burial place located in Sulzburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is listed as a heritage site.

## Location

The Jewish cemetery is located on Badstraße in Berholz Forest. It spreads over 61.48 ares.

## History

The cemetery was probably built in the mid-16th century. Jews from Sulzburg and neighbouring locations were buried there until a collective Jewish cemetery was opened in Lörrach in 1670. During several decades, no grave was added and the cemetery fell into ruin.
In 1717, the cemetery recovered its initial role. The small room was built at this time. The cemetery has 462 graves, the oldest datable one being from 1737. Evidence of desecration can be seen in the modern part of the cemetery.
In 1970, a monument was erected to commemorate the victims of the persecution of Jews in the Third Reich.
# ISO-TimeML

ISO 24617-1:2009, ISO-TimeML is the International Organization for Standardization ISO/TC37 standard for time and event markup and annotation. The scope is standardization of principles and methods relating to the annotation of temporal events in the contexts of electronic documentation and language.

## Objectives of ISO-TimeML

The goals of ISO-TimeML are to provide a common model for the creation and use of temporal and event annotation, as a means of managing time-related data within documents, and to enable later categorization and data extraction with use of this meta-data.

## History of ISO-TimeML

ISO-TimeML was presented to the ISO for consideration as a standard in August 2007. In this presentation, the preliminaries of ISO-TimeML were outlined, and potential applications were examined. In the following year, revisions were made to ISO-TimeML as the standard transitioned from a New Project (NP) to a Working Project (WP). The ISO-TimeML voting period began in October 2008 and was approved as an international standard by March 2009.

## ISO-TimeML as one of the members of the ISO/TC37 family of standards

The ISO/TC37 standards are currently elaborated as high level specifications and deal with word segmentation (ISO 24614), annotations (ISO 24611 a.k.a. MAF, ISO 24612 a.k.a. LAF, ISO 24615 a.k.a. SynAF, and ISO 24617-1 a.k.a. SemAF/Time), feature structures (ISO 24610), multimedia containers (ISO 24616 a.k.a. MLIF), and lexicons (ISO 24613 a.k.a. LMF). These standards are based on low level specifications dedicated to constants, namely data categories (revision of ISO 12620), language codes (ISO 639), scripts codes (ISO 15924), country codes (ISO 3166) and Unicode (ISO 10646).
The two level organization forms a coherent family of standards with the following common and simple rules:
* the high level specification provides structural elements that are adorned by the standardized constants;
* the low level specifications provide standardized constants as metadata.

## Work group members

Joint work between ISO/TC 37/SC 4/WG 2 (TDG 3) and the TimeML Working Group that was agreed on at the TDG 3 and LIRICS Working Group Meeting, USC/ISI, Marina del Rey, CA, U.S.A., 2006-04-20/21/22.
Proposed Project Leaders and Editors:
* James Pustejovsky (editor)
* Kiyong Lee (co-editor)
* Harry Bunt
* Branmir Boguraev
* Nancy Ide
# Gamus

Gamus (Persian: گاموس, also Romanized as Gāmūs; also known as Jāmūs) is a village in Chaybasar-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Maku County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 10 families.
# Gholurabad

Gholurabad (Persian: غلوراباد, also Romanized as Gholūrābād) is a village in Fahraj Rural District, in the Central District of Fahraj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 192, in 38 families.
# Khadake

Khadke village is 2km away from Bhusawal, Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, India. The village has a population of 402 people and a total geographical area of 213.41 hectares (about 0.82398 square miles). Most of the people in this village belong to the caste Leva Patil.
# Igor Filippov (volleyball)

Igor Vladimirovich Filippov (Russian: Игорь Владимирович Филиппов; born (1991-03-19)19 March 1991) is a Russian male volleyball player. He is part of the Russia men's national volleyball team. He won the bronze medal at the 2015 European Games in Baku. On club level he plays for Belogorie.
# Grigory Gamburtsev

Grigory Aleksandrovich Gamburtsev (Russian: Григо́рий Алекса́ндрович Га́мбурцев; March 23 [O.S. March 10] 1903 – June 28, 1955) was a Soviet seismologist and academician from Saint Petersburg, Russia who worked in the area of seismometry and earthquake prediction.

## Life

Gamburtsev was born on March 23, 1903, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He graduated from the Moscow State University in 1926. From 1938 onward, he worked at the Geophysical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, serving as its director from 1949 to 1955. In 1946, Gamburtsev became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and in 1953 he became full member of the Academy. Gamburtsev developed a new design of seismographs and created their theory. He proposed a new method for the mineral exploration, so called correlation refraction method, and the deep sounding method for monitoring the Earth crust. He died on June 28, 1955, in Moscow.

## Honors

Gamburtsev received several government awards for his scientific work, including the USSR State Prize (1941), the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1945), and the Order of Lenin (1953). The Gamburtsev Mountain Range, a range of sub-glacial mountains near Dome A in Eastern Antarctica, was discovered in 1958 by the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition and named after him in the same year; Val Gamburtsev, an oil deposit in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, (part of Arkhangelsk Oblast), is also named for him.
# 76th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Soviet Union)

The 76th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Russian: 76-я зенитная артиллерийская дивизия) was an anti-aircraft artillery division of the Soviet Union's Red Army (later the Soviet Army) during World War II and the early postwar period.
Formed in February 1944 with the 4th Ukrainian Front, the division fought in the Crimean Offensive and received the honorific Perekop for its actions there in April. It spent the next several months as a garrison for Crimea with the Separate Coastal Army but rejoined the 4th Ukrainian Front in August during the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. Advancing westward, the 76th fought in the Battle of the Dukla Pass, the Moravian-Ostrava Offensive, and the Prague Offensive in late 1944 and 1945. From December 1944 it was part of the 38th Army. The division was disbanded by the 1950s.

## World War II

The 76th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command was formed with the 2nd Guards Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front in February 1944. It included the 223rd, 416th, and 447th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiments, which had previously been independent. Colonel Mikhail Timofeyev was assigned commander on 18 February, but on 31 March he transferred to become chief of staff of another anti-aircraft artillery division. Colonel Vasily Kharitonovich took command of the division in April, leading it in the Crimean Offensive. For its actions the division was awarded the honorific Perekop on 24 April. In May, the 591st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, another previously independent unit, became the division's fourth regiment. At the same time it transferred to the Separate Coastal Army, which remained in Crimea. In July it moved north, joining the Kiev Military District.
Colonel Fyodor Bolbat took command of the division in August. The 76th fought in the capture of Drogobych during the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive in August. During the month the division was directly subordinated to the reformed 4th Ukrainian Front, though it supported the 1st Guards Army as well. It subsequently participated in the Battle of the Dukla Pass, advancing west through the Carpathian Mountains. It was briefly transferred to the 18th Army in November, joining the 38th Army in December. The 76th remained with the latter until the end of the war. In the final months of the war in 1945 the division fought in the Moravian-Ostrava Offensive and the Prague Offensive, ending the war in Prague. Under Bolbat's command, the division claimed 51 enemy aircraft downed, as well as 24 pillboxes, 76 vehicles, and 37 guns destroyed in ground combat. It was credited with suppressing the fire of thirteen enemy mortar and artillery batteries, damaging two tanks, and capturing 120 enemy soldiers, as well as scattering and partially destroying up to three enemy regiments.

## Postwar

Bolbat continued to command the division until June 1946, when he was sent to study at higher courses. The division was among those anti-aircraft artillery divisions disbanded without being converted into another unit by the end of the 1950s.