OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Block Exemption Regulation

The Block Exemption Regulation is an exemption in a business line or industry, which debars organizations in the industry from some business activities in order to create competition. The regulation is highly known in the automobile industry due to the effect caused by the Block Exemption Regulation (BER) from the European Commission. BER has changed the automobile industry in the last decade. Prior to 2003 automobile owners in the EU region risk nullifying their vehicle warranty when the vehicles were serviced or repaired in workshops not belonging to the vehicle manufacturer or its dealers. This barrier was broken in October 2003, when the European Commission (EC) passed a law allowing vehicle owners the freedom of having their servicing and repairs done at their chosen workshop.
According to the UK Department of Business Education & Skills, the empowerment created by this law provides competition in the automobile industry as vehicle owners now have the opportunity to repair and service their vehicle at alternative workshops to the automobile manufacturers. BER provides automobile users the flexibility and benefit to reduce the amount spent on servicing, thereby providing consumers more choice and better value for money.

## Background

In October 2002 a BER was passed into law and it came fully into effect in October 2003. The regulation was passed into law because the preceding law did not cover adequately some key point. The October 2002 BER focused on new automobile sales, after-sales and distribution. The preceding BER did not cover the following points adequately:
* Competition between dealers of the same brand
* Problems occurring for cross-border sales
* The need to strengthen dealers’ position vis-à-vis manufacturers
* Competition in the after-sales servicing
The AIRC, Association International des Reparateurs en Carrosserie, made clear that the after sales market needed a satisfactory framework that would not threaten consumers’ freedom, insurance companies freedom, fleet owners freedom and leasing companies freedom to have their vehicles repaired in the workshop of their choice. ( AIRC General Secretary Karel Bukholczer, see source http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consultations/2010_motor_vehicles/airc_en.pdf )
Recently, in May 2010 a new law has passed by the European Commission Competition legislatives and it came into effect from June 1, 2010.

## The automobile industry

Several countries in the EU region responded to the EC block exemption regulations with strategies to enforce them, making competition better among automobile dealers and manufacturers in their countries. An example of this is the ‘Car Notice’ passed by the Swiss Competition Commission in 2002.
A transition period was provided by the European Commission extends the previous 2002 for three years, till 2013. During this three years only the sales of new cars are affected by the new BER passed by the EC which came into effect on 1 June 2010.
# Francesca Cumani

Francesca Cumani is a horse racing presenter working for ITV Racing and Nine's Wide World of Sports. She has previously been part of the coverage of the Melbourne Cup with Seven Network and 10 Sport.

## Education

Cumani was educated at Tudor Hall School, a boarding and day independent school for girls, between the village of Bloxham and the market town of Banbury, in Oxfordshire. She left the school in 2001.
Following school, Cumani attended the University of Bristol, from which she graduated with a degree in French and Spanish.

## Career

After attending university Cumani worked in the family business of training and breeding race horses. After taking horses to Australia on a trip, she was offered an opportunity to be a guest presenter on Australia's Channel 7's horse racing broadcast. This led to a permanent job with CNN presenting Winning Post. She presented it in both English and Spanish. Cumani is also a presenter on Australia's Network 10 Melbourne Cup Coverage.
Cumani began working for ITV Racing in 2016. In February 2019 Ed Chamberlin and Cumani were joint winners of the Broadcast Sports Presenter of the Year at the SJA Awards.

## Personal life

Cumani was born in Newmarket, Suffolk, and is the daughter of trainer Luca Cumani. Francesca received her amateur jockey licence at the age of 18 and had four wins.
In 2014 Cumani married Australian international polo player, Rob Archibald. In April 2016 their son was born. In 2018 Cumani and Archibald separated. Following their separation, Cumani was in a relationship with fellow ITV Racing presenter, Oli Bell. They split in 2020. In December 2021, she announced that she was expecting her second child with partner Max Johnson. In June 2022, Cumani gave birth to a son, Teddy. Francesca gave birth to her 3rd child in December 2023
# Dudchenko

Dudchenko (Ukrainian: Дудченко) is a surname of Ukrainian origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexei Dudchenko (born 1984), Russian acrobatic gymnast
* Anton Dudchenko (born 1996), Ukrainian biathlete
* Inga Dudchenko (born 1988), Kazakhstani rower
* Kostyantyn Dudchenko (born 1986), Ukrainian footballer
* Olga Dudchenko (born 1987), Kazakhstani biathlete
# Barony of Ballyane

The Barony of Ballyane is a barony in County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman), Ireland. The territory was "surrendered and regranted" by the Clan Kavanagh in 1543.

## History

Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Uí Cheinnsealaig and king of Leinster, held the lands of the Barony of Ballyane in 1167. His clan of MacMurrough-Kavanagh began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under Art MacMurrough Kavanagh. He extended their territories and exercised control over County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman) and over County Carlow (Irish: Contae Cheatharlach), in the province of Leinster. In pre-Norman times, Leinster was part of the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, whose capital was at Ferns.
Gaelic chiefs were actively encouraged to surrender their lands to the king, and then have them regranted (returned) as freeholds paying a chief rent under a royal charter if they swore loyalty to him. Those who surrendered were also expected to speak English, wear English-style dress, remain loyal to the Crown, pay a rent and follow English laws and customs, In return they would be protected from attack and could organise local courts and enter the Parliament of Ireland. Surrender and Regrant was led by King Henry VIII (ruled 1509–47) in a bid to extend and secure his control over the island of Ireland. This policy started in the years between(1534–39) and the subsequent creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1541–42. Henry's problem was that many of the Irish clans remained autonomous and outside the control of his administration in Dublin. During the Tudor conquest of Ireland (c.1540-1603), surrender and regrant was the legal mechanism by which Irish clans were to be converted from a power structure rooted in clan and kin loyalties, to a late-feudal system under the English legal system. The policy was an attempt to involve the clan chiefs within the English polity, and to guarantee their property under English common law, as distinct from the traditional Irish Brehon law system.
Cahir Kavanagh made his submission in March 1538. He renounced the jurisdiction of the Pope, agreed to hold their lands from the king, and to abandon all claims to tribute or black rent from their neighbours of the Pale. In return for this he received a royal grant of his land and possessions, was created "Baron of Ballyane" and was promised a life peerage and a seat in the House of Lords.
# Moinabad, Semnan

Moinabad (Persian: معين آباد, also Romanized as Mo‘īnābād) is a village in Qohab-e Rastaq Rural District, Amirabad District, Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10, in 4 families.
# Svetlana Tsys

Svetlana Tsys (Russian: Светлана Цыс; born 1988) is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Germany 2007.

## Early life

Svetlana Tsys is the daughter of German Russian parents. She speaks German, English, and Russian.

## Pageant experiences
### Miss Berlin 2003

Svetlana Tsys was crowned as Miss Berlin at the age of 14 years. She had to return the crown at the time when it was found that she had not yet reached the compulsory minimum age of 16.

### Miss Germany 2007

Svetlana Tsys was crowned as Miss Germany 2007 in Hurghada on 26 January 2007.
# Chaleh Siah, Ilam

Chaleh Siah (Persian: چاله سياه, also Romanized as Chāleh Sīāh; also known as Sīkān and Sīkun) is a village in Zarrin Dasht Rural District, in the Central District of Darreh Shahr County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 17 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Ab Garm, Bam

Ab Garm (Persian: ابگرم, also Romanized as Āb Garm) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Bam County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 142, in 47 families.
# Edmond O'Flaherty

Edmond O'Flaherty (Irish: Eamonn Laidir Ó Flaithbertaigh, died 1749) was an Irish Jacobite.

## Biography

Ned Flahert was the grandson of Edmond mac Morogha na Maor and Morogh na Mart Ó Flaithbertaigh, sons of Morogh na Maor Ó Flaithbertaigh, (died 1627, who was the last substantial chief of the O'Flaherty clan. Both brothers fought in the Irish Confederate Wars.
O'Flaherty's epithet of Laidir (strong Ned) left a strong impression in Connemara folk memory, with several anecdotes relating to his strength. In particular, he was remembered for his frequent combats with his neighbour, Captain Richard Martin. Martin had fought with the Jacobites in the war, but had managed to obtain a pardon from William III, enabling him to keep title to several estates in Connemara. The pair frequently fought each other on horseback, sword on hand, though because Eamonn Laidir had fewer retainers he was usually obliged to leave the field. He married three times - one of his wives was Julia Martyn, a cousin of Richard Martin - and had four sons.
O'Flaherty died in deeply distressed circumstances at his home in Cloonederowen, Ballinakill, in or about 1749. His body was buried in a small chapel attached to Ballinakill church from where, many years later, they were taken up and placed in a niche in the chapel wall for people to see, due to the large size of Eamonn's bones.
# Vasily Vasilievsky

Vasily Grigorievich Vasilievsky, sometimes Vasiljevskij or Wasiliewski (Russian: Васи́лий Григо́рьевич Василье́вский; 2 February 1838 – 25 May 1899) was a Russian historian who founded the St. Petersburg school of medieval studies and was a major force in Byzantine studies during the second half of the 19th century.
The son of a rural priest, Vasilievsky was born on 2 February 1838. Graduating with honours from the University of St. Petersburg in 1860, he was appointed professor there and was elected into the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1890.
Vasilievsky edited the Journal of the Ministry of Education before founding, in 1894, the Vizantiyskiy Vremennik, which remains the chief organ for Byzantine studies in Russia to this day. He was the first to publish many medieval Greek sources relating to Russian history (Byzantium and the Pechenegs, 1872). He was also the first to research the agrarian history of Byzantium and its tax system (Iconoclast Legislation, 1878).
Vasilievsky died in Florence on 25 May 1899. His collected works were published in four volumes between 1908 and 1930. The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890-1906) noted that "almost every modern Byzantinist is Vasilievsky's disciple". The foremost among his pupils was Alexander Vasiliev (1867-1953).
# Cheshmeh Gol, Torbat-e Jam

Cheshmeh Gol (Persian: چشمه گل) is a village in, and the capital of, Jamrud Rural District of the Central District of Torbat-e Jam County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,284 in 303 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,476 people in 370 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,561 people in 413 households.
# Setergrotta

Setergrotta (or Setergrotten) is a karst cave in Røvassdalen in Rana Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It has a total depth of 50 metres (160 ft) and explored length of 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). It is probably connected to the nearby Grønligrotta. The cave contains large galleries and sediments from the latest ice age and younger. It was created 200,000–300,000 years ago.
# Donal MacCarthy Reagh

Donal MacCarthy Reagh (Irish: Domhnall Mac Carthaigh Riabhach) (1450/1460 – 1531) was the 12th Prince of Carbery from 1505 to his death in 1531. He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty, and was the son of Finghin MacCarthy Reagh, 10th Prince of Carbery, and Lady Catherine FitzGerald, daughter Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond.
In some sources and pedigrees he is known as Donal (Donnell) MacFineere MacCarthy Reagh, although it is not known if this refers to his father or to some other aspect of his upbringing.

## Life

Donal's troops, commanded by his son Cormac na Haoine, assisted his kinsman Cormac Oge Laidir MacCarthy, 10th Lord of Muskerry in the Battle of Mourne Abbey in 1521 against James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond. The MacCarthys were victorious.
He was also an enlightened patron of the arts and letters, like his father.

## Marriages and issue

Donal first married Lady Ellen MacCarthy Muskerry, daughter of Cormac Laidir MacCarthy, 9th Lord of Muskerry, and they had issue two sons and one daughter:
* Dermod, slain by Walter FitzGerald, son of the Earl of Kildare
* Donal, who died without issue
* Ellen, married Teige Mor O'Driscoll
He married secondly Lady Eleanor FitzGerald, daughter of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, and they had issue four sons and three daughters:
* Cormac na Haoine MacCarthy Reagh, 13th Prince of Carbery
* Finghin, married Lady Catherine MacCarthy Mor, daughter of Donal an Drumin MacCarthy Mor, King of Desmond, but they left no issue
* Donogh MacCarthy Reagh, 15th Prince of Carbery, father of Florence MacCarthy and Dermot Maol MacCarthy
* Owen MacCarthy Reagh, 16th Prince of Carbery
* Catherine, married Teige MacCarthy, 6th Lord of Muskerry
* Shely, married Dermod An-Phudar O'Sullivan Beare
* Ellinor, married Connor-Fin O'Meagher
# Great Regression (inequality)

The Great Regression refers to worsening economic conditions affecting lower earning sections of the population in the United States, Western Europe and other advanced economies starting around 1981. These deteriorating conditions include rising inequality; and falling or stagnating real wages, pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits. The decline in these conditions has been by no means uniform. Specific trends vary depending on the metric being tracked, the country, and which specific demographic is being examined. For most advanced economies, the worsening economic conditions affecting the less well off accelerated sharply after the late-2000s recession.
The Great Regression contrasts with the "Great Prosperity" or Golden Age of Capitalism, where from the late 1940s to mid 1970s, economic growth delivered benefits which were broadly shared across the earnings spectrums, with inequality falling as the poorest sections of society increased their incomes at a faster rate than the richest.

## Examples

Some of the trends making up the great regression pre-date 1981. Such as stagnating wages for production and non-supervisory workers in the U.S. private sector; real wages for these workers peaked in 1973. Or the divergence in increases of productivity and pay for such workers: these two factors tended to increase in "lock-step" until about 1973, but then diverged sharply, with productivity increasing massively over the following decades, while pay stagnated. The breakdown of Bowley's law, the apparently near fixed proportion of economic output going to workers, is another enduring change which began around the mid 1970s.

## Causes

Robert Reich considers the main cause to be political, with the rich better able to influence politics. The great regression has largely coincided with decreasing bargaining power for workers, which itself partly results from the falling influence of unions. Especially since 2013, the adverse economic trends have been increasingly blamed on technological unemployment, and with recently increased uptake of robots and automation in the emerging economies, there are concerns that workers there too may soon suffer from the great regression. Since 1980 in the United States, under Reaganomics, there has been a decline of the progressive income tax (with major federal tax cut legislation being enacted in 1981, 2001, and 2017) leading to a rise in inequality.
# Calf Island (Massachusetts)

Calf Island, also known as Apthorps Island, is an island situated some 9 miles (14 km) offshore of downtown Boston in Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park. The island has a permanent size of 18 acres (73,000 m$^2$), plus an intertidal zone of a further 16 acres (65,000 m$^2$).
The island is not served by public ferries. Access by private boat may be hazardous and is not recommended.
In the 17th century the island was granted to William Brewster of Plymouth Colony, after whom the adjacent islands of Great Brewster, Little Brewster, Middle Brewster and Outer Brewster are named. Subsequently, it was owned by Charles Apthorp who also owned Long Island and other property in the harbor. Over the years, several huts and houses were built on the island, including a colonial style summer estate built by Benjamin P. Cheney, Jr. and his wife, actress Julia Arthur, in 1902. Today only ruins remain.
Illegal boxing matches were staged on the island in the late 19th century.
In the 1920s, the Army planned to install a pair of 16-inch (410 mm) guns on Calf Island as part of the Harbor Defenses of Boston, along with 16-inch (410 mm) gun batteries on Deer Island (now underneath the Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant) and Hog Island (now called Spinnaker Island), to cover the seaward approaches to Boston Harbor. The battery on Calf Island was never built.
The center of the island contains a freshwater marsh. The thin soil layer supports grasses, shrubs and salt-tolerant trees. Some of the plant species found on the island include wild cherry, beach plum, and mock orange.
# Statistics and Informatics Division

Statistics and Informatics Division (Bengali: পরিসংখ্যান ও তথ্য ব্যবস্থাপনা বিভাগ) is a Bangladesh government department under the Planning Ministry. The division is responsible for analyzing statistics for the government and providing information. Saurendra Nath Chakrabhartty is the head of the division.

## History

The Statistics Division was established in 1975 and was tasked with overseeing the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, which was formed in 1974. On 25 October 1999, "Parishangkhan Bhaban", the headquarters of the division was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The division was abolished in 2002 and turned into a wing of the Ministry of Planning. In 2010, the division was recreated and in 2012 it was renamed to Statistics and Informatics Division.
# Security of Supply Arrangement

The Security of Supply Arrangements, abbreviated as SOSA, are bilateral arrangements made by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) with other nations that ensures mutual transport of defense goods and services between the signatory countries. The United States has signed SOSA with 18 countries across continents.
This arrangement allows the signatory nations to ask for priority delivery for their specific contracts and orders with U.S. defense firms. This enables a reciprocal industrial priority systems that promotes acquisition of defense goods and services between two countries. It encourages interoperability and assures quick delivery during emergencies and wartimes.

## SOSA Signatories

The DoD has signed SOSA with 18 countries:
* Australia
* Canada
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* India
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Netherlands
* Norway
* South Korea
* Singapore
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom
# Niaku

Niaku (Persian: نياكو, also Romanized as Nīākū, Neyākū, and Niya Kooh) is a village in Kisom Rural District, in the Central District of Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 991, in 287 families.
# Dewan Mohammad Sirajuddin Siru

Dewan Mohammad Sirajuddin (Bengali: দেওয়ান মোহাম্মদ সিরাজউদ্দিন; 1 Januar 1951 – 3 April 2013), known by his nickname Siru, was a Bangladeshi football player who represented the Shadhin Bangla football team, during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

## Biography

Siru was born in Matuail area of Dhaka, on 1 January 1951.
Siru began his football career with East End Club in the Dhaka Second Division League in 1966.
He captained Victoria Sporting Club during the 1975 Dhaka First Division League.
A few months before the Bangladesh Liberation War, he was undergoing training in the East Pakistan Army before joining the Shadhin Bangla football team.
Siru died on 3 March 2013 at Gulbagh at the age of 62. He was paralyzed after a stroke two years ago. He was buried at the Matuail Graveyard.
# Bernhard Karl von Koehne

Baron Bernhard Karl von Köhne (Russian: Бернгард (Борис) Васильевич Кёне; Boris Vasilievich Kene; 1817 – 1887), director of the section for arms in the heraldic department of the Russian senate, and well known numismatist in imperial Russia. After falling out of favour with the scholarly circles in St. Petersburg, he applied for Finnish citizenship in 1859, but it was not granted.
* This biographical article about a Russian academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Bryansford GAC

Bryansford GAC (Irish: Áth Bhriain) is a Gaelic football and ladies' Gaelic football club in Newcastle, County Down, Northern Ireland. Founded in 1926, their most notable period was in 1970, when they won the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship.

## Honours

* Ulster Senior Club Football Championship: 2
** 1969, 1970
* Down Senior Football Championship: 11
** 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 2003

## Notable players

* Éamonn Burns
* Kalum King