OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1738 in science

The year 1738 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* Pierre Louis Maupertuis publishes Sur la figure de la terre, which confirms Newton's view that the Earth is an oblate spheroid slightly flattened at the poles.

## Botany

* Publication of Hortus Cliffortianus, a detailed description by Linnaeus of George Clifford's gardens at Hartekamp, Netherlands, including the raising of exotic plants such as bananas in a greenhouse.
* Publication of Rariorum Africanarum plantarum, a flora of Cape Colony by Johannes Burman, begins publication in Amsterdam.

## Mathematics

* Abraham de Moivre publishes the second English edition of his The Doctrine of Chances containing a study of the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (a + b)$^n$.

## Medicine

* February – Great Plague of 1738, an outbreak of bubonic plague, begins to spread from Banat across central Europe.
* Establishment of The Mineral Water Hospital in Bath, England.

## Metallurgy

* July 1 – William Champion of Bristol patents a process to distill zinc from calamine using charcoal in a smelter.

## Technology

* June 24 – Lewis Paul and John Wyatt obtain an English patent for roller cotton-spinning machinery, leading to the establishment of mechanised Paul-Wyatt cotton mills.
* Jacques de Vaucanson presents the world's first automaton, The Flute Player (1737) to the French Academy of Sciences.
* Black Forest clockmaker Franz Ketterer produces one of the earliest cuckoo clocks.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: James Valoue

## Births

* November 15 – William Herschel, German-born astronomer (died 1822)

## Deaths

* June 21 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, English agriculturalist (born 1674)
* September 23 – Herman Boerhaave, Dutch physician (born 1668)
# Ion Sideri

Ion Sideri (born January 19, 1937, in Constanța) is a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1960s. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he finished sixth in the K-1 4 × 500 m event.
# Katemjan-e Seyyed Abd ol Vahhabi

Katemjan-e Seyyed Abd ol Vahhabi (Persian: كتمجان سيدعبدالوهابي, also Romanized as Katemjan-e Seyyed ‘Abd ol Vahhābī ; also known as Kotamjān-e Seyyed ‘Abd ol Vahhāb and Kowtamjān) is a village in Ziabar Rural District, in the Central District of Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 42 families.
# Pamplemousse

Pamplemousse may refer to:
* The Pamplemousse, a racehorse.
* Pamplemousses District, a location on Mauritius
* Pomelo, a large citrus fruit known as 'pamplemousse' in French spoken in France
* Grapefruit, a pomelo hybrid known by the name 'pamplemousse' in French spoken in Quebec, Switzerland and Belgium
* Frankie Pamplemousse, a cartoon character on The ZhuZhus
* A flavor of La Croix Sparkling Water
* "Pamplemousse", song by FKA Twigs on the 2022 mixtape Caprisongs
# Ted Harris (mathematician)

Theodore Edward Harris (11 January 1919 – 3 November 2005) was an American mathematician known for his research on stochastic processes, including such areas as general state-space Markov chains (often now called Harris chains), the theory of branching processes and stochastic models of interacting particle systems such as the contact process. The Harris inequality in statistical physics and percolation theory is named after him.
He received his Ph.D. at Princeton University in 1947 under advisor Samuel Wilks. From 1947 until 1966 he worked for the RAND Corporation, heading their mathematics department from 1959 to 1965. From 1966 until retirement in 1989 he was Professor of Mathematics and Electrical Engineering at University of Southern California.
He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1988.

## Selected publications
### Books

* Harris, Theodore Edward (1963). The theory of branching processes (PDF). Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 119. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-51868-3.

### Papers

* Harris, Theodore; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Marschak, Jacob (July 1951). "Optimal inventory policy". Econometrica. 19 (3): 250–272. doi:10.2307/1906813. JSTOR 1906813.
* Harris, T.E. (December 1974). "Contact interactions on a lattice". The Annals of Probability. 2 (6): 969–988. doi:10.1214/aop/1176996493. JSTOR 2959099.
# San Luis Rey River bike path

The San Luis Rey River bike path is a bike path for bicycle and pedestrian use that follows the San Luis Rey River in Oceanside in northern San Diego County, California.
This 9 miles (14 km) paved class one bike route is an easy and relatively flat and straight ride. Its entire length is separated from all vehicular transportation, except for one mile from the easternmost access point where North Santa Fe Avenue and Via Manos meet. There, cyclists and pedestrians will take Tyler Street and Andrew Jackson Street for two tenths of a mile to continue on the bike path. Aside from that, there are no at-grade street crossings, traffic signals, or stop signs along the trail. The west terminus is close to Oceanside Transit Center, enabling users to access it by rail. It passes parallel to the runway of Oceanside Municipal Airport. Before it was paved, the right of way was a rail line used by the United States Armed Forces to move cargo along the river.
The trail can be used by pedestrians and bikers, but it does not permit electric bikes capable of more than 20 mph, or equestrian use.
# Novouglovsky

Novouglovsky (Russian: Новоугловский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Uglovsky Selsoviet, Uglovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 278 as of 2013. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Novouglovsky is located 13 km north of Uglovskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ozyorno-Kuznetsovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Maklár

Maklár is a municipality (Hungarian: község) in Heves county, in the Egri Subregion in Hungary. It lies between the villages of Kerecsend, Nagytálya, Novaj (Hungary), Szihalom and the town of Füzesabony. The village is located on the west banks of the Eger Creek, which name changes from here to Rima Creek. Maklár is located 11 kilometers south from Eger and 6 kilometers north from Füzesabony. The village has a railway station on the Eger-Füzesabony railway line.
An aerodrome is located in the northeast border of the village. The aerodrome has grass runway.
Maklár has one local primary school: I. István Általános Iskola.

## Geography

The village is located on the northern border of the Great Hungarian Plain and the southern border of Bükk Mountains. The southern part of its area is plain. The eastern and western parts of its area are hillside. The highest point on this area has not reach 130 meters over the sea level. The village covered from east by the Öreghegy (Old Hill) and from the west by the Nagy-Aszó hills.
# Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi

Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (Arabic: أحمد بن يوسف بن الأزرق الفارقي; c. 1116 – c. 1176) was a chronicler from Mayyafariqin, present-day Silvan. His major work, Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin wa-Amid ("the history of Mayyafariqin and Amid"), is written in Arabic.
His ethnic origins are not clearly known. Early in his life, ibn al-Azraq was a trading agent for the Artuqid ruler Husam al-Din Timurtash, son of Ilghazi. During one of his stays in Baghdad, c. 1140, he was educated by leading Muslim scholars for six months. From 1153 to 1154, he was at the court of King Demetrius I of Georgia, as his secretary. In his works, ibn al-Azraq specifically mentions the Christian king's benevolent treatment of Muslims. He was again in the Kingdom of Georgia in 1162 or 1163, before becoming mutaqalli ishraf al-waqf, that is, custodian of waqf (charitable endowment), in Mayyafariqin in 1166 or 1167. A year later, he served in the same position in Damascus for two years. He then returned to his native city. The year of his death is not certain. His work is a chronicle chiefly focused on Mayyafariqin and Amid in the Diyar Bakr region, but contains important details about the geography and history of the neighboring regions.
# Rheinwesterwald Volcanic Ridge

The Rheinwesterwald Volcanic Ridge (German: Rheinwesterwälder Vulkanrücken), or more rarely, the Asberg Plateau (Asberg-Hochfläche) is a hill ridge and natural region, roughly 13 kilometres long and 3 to 4 kilometres wide, in the north of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and south of North Rhine-Westphalia west of the Rhine, which is adjoined in the south by the Siebengebirge. The name was introduced in the late 1950s together with the natural regional major unit of Niederwesterwald.
The ridge or plateau also bears the regional name of Linzer Höhe ("Linz Hills") south of the Asberg. This name was being used by the 17th century to refer to the area outside the town walls of the church parish of Linz and on the side facing the hills.

## Hills

The hills of the region include the Asberg (441 m above NN), the Meerberg (431 m above NN), the Minderberg (417 m above NN), the Hummelsberg (411 m above NN), the Römerich (386 m above NN), the Willscheider Berg (360 m above NN) and the Himberg (335 m above NN). In the Siebengebirge Nature Park on the North Rhine-Westphalian side are also the Leyberg (359 m above NN), the Himmerich (366 m above NN), the Broderkonsberg (378 m above NN) and the Zickelburg (182 m above NN) (see also complete list). A majority of the area is counted as part of the forests of Erpeler Kirchspielwald, Dattenberger Wald and Leubsdorfer Wald.

## Places

The settlements of the natural region are Ginsterhahn, Grendel, Hargarten, Kaimig (municipality of St. Katharinen), Kretzhaus (borough of Linz am Rhein), Ober- and Untererl (municipality of Kasbach-Ohlenberg), (southwestern part of) Vettelschoß, Oberkalenborn (municipality of Vettelschoß), Ronigerhof (borough of Linz am Rhein) and Rothe Kreuz (municipality of Leubsdorf).
# Avagun

Avagun (Persian: اوگون, also Romanized as Āvagūn) is a village in Sadat Rural District, in the Central District of Lali County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 254, in 46 families.
# Lake Turna

Lake Turna (Turkish: Turna Gölü); is a lake in the İpekyolu district of Van province. It is located at the eastern foot of Erek mountain.

## History

The lake was created for irrigation purposes, people in the time of Urartians. King of Urartu II. During the time of Rusa (685-645 BC), a dam lake was created by closing the front of a small stream with two embanks. During the Urartians, water channels were built in the mountain and the Van plain was watered. It was also used as drinking water.
# Abbey of Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon

46°46′12″N 4°53′13″E﻿ / ﻿46.77°N 4.887°E﻿ / 46.77; 4.887
The Priory of Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon, earlier the Abbey of Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon (French: Abbaye Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon), was a monastery located in the present commune of Saint-Marcel near Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire, eastern France. It was founded in c. 590 as a Benedictine abbey. Somewhere between 979 and 988 it became part of the Congregation of Cluny, when it became a priory, like most Cluniac houses.
The philosopher Peter Abelard died here in 1142. The priory was suppressed during the French Revolution: the monastic buildings were demolished but the church survives as a parish church.
# Qezeljeh, Kuhin

Qezeljeh (Persian: قزلجه; also known as Ghezelcheh and Qiziljeh) is a village in Kuhin Rural District, in the Central District of Kabudarahang County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 293, in 68 families.
# Lianna Rose

Lianna Rose is an Australian singer–songwriter.

## Early life

Lianna Rose's love of country music began during her childhood, growing up in the 1970s on the family farm. She was always surrounded by music, and idolised Loretta Lynn. Other musicians to whom she listened, and continued to love, include John Cougar Mellencamp, Suzie Quatro, Tom Petty, Hank Williams, John Prine and Johnny Cash. In adulthood, the list grew to include German heavy metal band Rammstein – to whom she paid tribute with the closing track 'Your Town' on her 2015 album Travellers.

## Career

Lianna Rose first took to the stage when she was 14 years old, a self-taught acoustic guitarist. From there, she graduated to playing venues and at events all over Australia.
According to Rose, she began her career as a travelling musician, touring the outback with her first husband and two young children. However, her career breakthrough came when she realised she wanted to write and sing her own songs, rather than performing cover versions of other people's work.
Her early work includes a gig as backing vocalist for Stevie Wright (formerly of The Easybeats).
Signed to Mushroom Music Publishing in 2007, Rose's original songs have appeared on Adam Brand's album Blame it on Eve, Talia Wittmann's debut Reckless Side of Me, and Victoria Baillie's debut Start Brand New.
Her debut album, Soak Up The World released in October 2008, resulted in her first single "Jack" featuring in the Australian film Charlie & Boots starring Paul Hogan and Shane Jacobson. Other songs from the album, "Sugar on It", "Jenny", "Angels", and "Don't Take the Girl", received airplay on Australian soap operas Home and Away and Neighbours.
Rose's third single, "I Want My Tractor Back", resulted in her first top 5 hit single. The music video for her hit single Directed By Ross Wood of 171 Entertainment featured Australia's Rocker Angry Anderson of Rose Tattoo.

## Achievements and honours

Winner of The Golden Saddles Award 2009 for Excellence in the Australian Independent Country Music Industry. Winner of the Rising Female Artist Award 2009 Southern Stars Independent Music Awards.
3 Gold Guitar Nominations for 2010 C.M.A.A Awards. Female Artist of the year (Angels), Video Clip of the year (I Want My Tractor Back) New Talent of the year (Jack).
# Shekaruyeh

Shekaruyeh (Persian: شكروييه, also Romanized as Shekarūyeh; also known as Shakaru, Shekaroo, and Shekarū) is a village in Moqam Rural District, Shibkaveh District, Bandar Lengeh County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 133, in 29 families.
# Jawid Mojaddedi

Jawid Mojaddedi is an Afghan researcher and professor.

## Early life

Mojaddedi was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. At age five, along with his mother and brother, he moved to Great Britain.
During the late 1980s and 1990s, Jawid Mojaddedi attended University of Manchester, where he earned his BA and PhD in Middle Eastern Studies.

## Career

He graduated from the University of Manchester. He then worked as a full-time faculty member of the Department of Middle Eastern Studies, where he taught Arabic and Islamic Studies.
In 1998, Jawid moved from Great Britain to the United States. He worked at Columbia University for two years as an editor of Encyclopædia Iranica. He began teaching at Rutgers University in 2003. He has served as chair of the Department of Religion there and as Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.

## Works

Mojaddedi is a Rumi expert. His published books include translations of Rumi's longest poem, known as the Masnavi, into simple English. The Masnavi: Book One was published in 2004 and was awarded the Lois Roth Prize for excellence in translation of Persian literature by the American Institute of Iranian Studies. He continued with The Masnavi: Book Two in 2007, The Masnavi: Book Three in 2013, The Masnavi: Book Four in 2017 and The Masnavi: Book Five in 2022. All five volumes were published as Oxford World's Classics Editions. This project has been supported by a literature translation fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2015. Mojaddedi was also awarded a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities in 2018 to support the progress of this project.
Mojaddedi's analytical study, Beyond Dogma: Rumi's Teachings on Friendship with God and Early Sufi Theories, was published by Oxford University Press in 2012.
# O'Donnell Park

O' Donnell Park (Irish: Páirc uí Dhomhnail) is a GAA stadium in County Donegal, Ireland. The home ground of the St Eunan's club, it is situated between the Letterkenny Regional Sports and Leisure Complex and Ballymacool Park on the outskirts of the town. The Donegal county football team uses O'Donnell Park as a venue for matches (as does the county hurling team).

## History

The ground has hosted Gaelic games since the 1930s when the St Eunan's club bought the land for £300. The ground opened on Sunday 2 May 1937, with the Bishop of Raphoe's blessing of the park, a hurling match between Donegal and Antrim, an address from GAA President Bob O'Keeffe and a football match between Donegal and Armagh.
During the Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann 2006, the ground was used as a makeshift campsite for visitors to the town for the duration of the festival. On 11 November 2008, St Eunan's confirmed that it had completed the purchase of 14.5 acres (59,000 m$^2$) of land adjoining O'Donnell Park, which it intended to develop over the coming years into additional pitches for the club.
The Sam Maguire Cup and members of Donegal's 2012 All-Ireland SFC winning team attended a world record attempt at O'Donnell Park on 29 September 2012.
The O'Donnell Park pitch was "highly commended" at the 2019 National Pitch Awards, and finished in the top six alongside such stadiums as Páirc Tailteann, Nowlan Park, Pearse Stadium and Dr Hyde Park.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, O'Donnell Park was used as a drive-through test centre.

## County matches

Having formerly been a venue for football matches played by the Donegal county team, O'Donnell Park went unused for this purpose for three decades. On 25 March 2007, O'Donnell Park hosted its first inter-county football match since this hiatus, with Donegal defeating reigning All-Ireland champions Kerry by a scoreline of 1–15 to 0–13 in Division 1 (the top tier) of the National Football League. There was a half-hour delay to the game after the Kerry team were unable to arrive on time due to fog at the airport. TG4 broadcast the match live to a national audience. Donegal followed up their victory by winning the 2007 National Football League title.
Donegal have played the following league games at O'Donnell Park since then.
| Date | Opponent | Round |
| 25 March 2007 | Kerry | Regular |
| 13 April 2008 | Derry | Division 1 semi-final |
| 2009 | Mayo | Regular |
| 2011 | Kildare | Regular |
| 2012 | Laois | Regular |
| 2014 | Monaghan | Matchday three |
| 8 March 2015 | Monaghan | Regular |
| 13 March 2016 | Roscommon | Regular |
| 5 February 2017 | Kerry | Regular |
| 4 February 2018 | Galway | Regular |
| 24 February 2019 | Fermanagh | Regular |
| 9 February 2020 | Galway | Regular |
| 27 March 2022 | Armagh | Regular |
| 26 February 2023 | Galway | Regular |
NFL matches at the venue have tended to be competitive, with opponents finding it difficult to leave with full points if they do. 2014's 2–11 to 0–10 victory over Monaghan, an eight-point win, is Donegal's biggest victory at O'Donnell Park.
It has also been used by the Donegal senior hurling team, for example in the 2020 Nicky Rackard Cup.
# Northern Taurach

The Northern Taurach (German: Nördliche Taurach), also called the Pongau Taurach (German: Pongauer Taurach), is a river of the state Salzburg in Austria. Its drainage basin is 88 km$^2$ (34 sq mi).
The Northern Taurach is a right-hand tributary of the Enns near Radstadt. It is one of the two rivers named Taurach, both of which rise near the Radstädter Tauern Pass, but drain in opposite directions – the other is called Southern Taurach [ceb; de; sv]. The two valleys, which descend from the Tauern Pass, are also both called Taurach Valley (Taurachtal [ceb; de; sv]). Together they link the Enns valley to the Mur valley in north–south direction.
The Northern Taurach is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) long and thus considerably shorter than the Southern Taurach, but has a greater height difference from source to mouth of over 900 metres (3,000 ft).
# Kalateh-ye Habib, North Khorasan

Kalateh-ye Habib (Persian: كلاته حبيب, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye Ḩabīb) is a village in Milanlu Rural District, in the Central District of Esfarayen County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 119, in 31 families.
# Israel Police Bomb Disposal Unit

The Israel Police Bomb Disposal Unit (Hebrew: מערך החבלה של משטרת ישראל) is a section of the Israel National Police tasked with render-safe operations, recovery, disposal of explosive devices and processing crime scenes after bombing incidents. An Israeli police officer trained in bomb disposal is called "Chablan" (in Hebrew: חבלן).

## Mission and tasks

The unit is tasked with handling a variety of tasks. These include inspection and examination. of suspicious objects, render-safe procedures of IEDs, military explosive ordnance and unexploded ordnance.
Stations of the unit are located in the major cities and in districts which cover different regions of Israel.
The Israel Border Police operates similar units which conduct similar tasks in the Judea and Samaria Area.

## Personnel

Personnel of the bomb disposal unit are police officers which have usually served previously in combat or engineering units of the Israel Defence Force.

## Ranks and insignia

Personnel of the Israel Police Bomb Disposal Unit are permitted to wear the unit's symbol as a badge on their uniform.
The symbol consists of:
* The emblem of the Israel Police in the center.
* A pair of olive branches on both sides as a symbol of security and peace.
* A pair of lightning bolts to symbolise the explosive effects during a neutralisation of an explosive device.
* Red background as symbol of a unit which operates in hazardous environments.
The unit's symbol can also be found on vehicles and on equipment.

## Equipment

* Bomb suits
* ANDROS police robot
* Bomb containment chambers on vehicles
* Barrett M82 Anti-materiel rifle
# Saint-Pal-de-Senouire

Saint-Pal-de-Senouire (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Pal of Senouire; Occitan: Sent Pal de Senoira) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

## Geography

The Senouire flows south through the middle of the commune.
# Orf, Iran

Orf (Persian: عرف, also Romanized as ‘Orf; also known as Ārū) is a village in Kuh Mareh Khami Rural District, in the Central District of Basht County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11, in four families.
# Mutation of J.B.

Mutation of J.B. (in Slovak: Mutácia Johnyho Burgera) is a 1996 point-and-click adventure game by Slovak developer Invention. It was released for MS-DOS by Riki Computer Games in Slovakia, by Vochozka Trading (now 2K Czech) in the Czech Republic and by Neo Software in the German speaking countries.

## Plot

The player controls Johnny Burger, who plans to visit his cousin Emanuel for two weeks. A scientist offers him money to be part of an experiment. The experiment goes wrong, the scientist disappears, Johnny gets turned into a human pig, and he is kidnapped to the Planet Ladea. He must return things to how they were and find out what happened to Emanuel.

## Development

This was the very first Slovak video game on CD which also included Slovak voice acting. Voice actors included were Jozef Pročko, Ladislav Kocan, and Riki magazine's editor-in-chief Ivo Ninja. It is also the first Slovak commercial point & click adventure.
The publishers actively tried to push against the rampant piracy by publishing the title directly into the Slovak language without subtitles. The Austrian publisher NEO included German language with subtitles and insisted that the games' music must be uploaded directly to them in the studio in Vienna.

## Reception

Adventure-archiv praised the puzzles and story for being highly original. Gamesite.sk editor listed the title as the fifth best game of all time.
# Kalateh-ye Ghamu

Kalateh-ye Ghamu (Persian: كلاته غمو, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye Ghamū and Kalāteh-ye Qamū; also known as Kalāteh-ye Ghanbar and Kalāteh Chanbar) is a village in Ghazi Rural District, Samalqan District, Maneh and Samalqan County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 610, in 155 families.