# Purton Hulks

The Purton Hulks or Purton Ships' Graveyard is a number of abandoned boats and ships, deliberately beached beside the River Severn near Purton in Gloucestershire, England, to reinforce the river banks. Most were beached in the 1950s and are now in a state of considerable decay. The site forms the largest ship graveyard in mainland Britain.
A riverbank collapse in 1909 led to concerns that the barrier between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal would be breached. Old vessels were run aground and soon filled with water and silt to create a tidal erosion barrier. The vessels included steel barges, Severn trows and concrete ships. The boats came from throughout the British Isles and were built in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th.
Since 2000, archaeological investigations have been undertaken to find out more about the vessels and their states of decay. Explanatory labels have been provided. One barge has been scheduled as an ancient monument and several are included in the National Register of Historic Vessels.

## History

Purton lies on the southern bank of the River Severn about 1⁄2 mile (1 km) north of the port of Sharpness. The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 220 miles (354 km) and, with an average discharge of 107 m$^3$/s (3,800 cu ft/s) at Apperley, Gloucestershire, it is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales.

### The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

At the site of the Purton Hulks there is less than 50 metres (160 ft) of land between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (or Gloucester and Berkeley Canal). The 26.5-kilometre-long (16.5 mi) canal was dug between Gloucester and Sharpness; for much of its length it runs close to the tidal River Severn, but cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world. Conceived in the Canal Mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme was authorised by a 1793 Act of Parliament.
The canal opened in April 1827, having cost £440,000 (equivalent to £48,000,000 in 2023) in the course of its construction. The flood plain of the Severn hereabouts is very flat and so the elevation of the canal does not require any rise over its length. Outside the dock areas at each end, there are no locks. This encouraged the use of the canal for ships larger than on most other British canals, although there were a number of swing bridges to negotiate. As opened the canal was 86+1⁄2 feet (26.4 m) wide, 18 feet (5.5 m) deep and could take craft of up to 600 tons. In 1905 traffic exceeded one million tons for the first time. Oil was added to the list of cargoes carried by the canal, with bulk oil carriers taking fuel to storage tanks sited to the south of Gloucester.

### Coastal defences

The stretch of canal from Sharpness to Purton runs very close to the river. At a high spring tide they were separated by little more than the width of the towpath. The canal also has no locks, and owing to its width, not even any stop locks. Any damage to the canal bank could thus render the entire canal unnavigable.
In 1909, following a collapse in the bank of the river, the canal company's chief engineer Mr A. J. Cullis called for old vessels to be run aground along the bank of the Severn, near Purton, to create a makeshift tidal erosion barrier to reinforce the narrow strip of land between the river and canal. Barges, trows and schooners were "hulked" at high tide, by towing them from the dock at Sharpness and releasing them to be carried up the bank on the tide. Holes were then made in their hulls so that they filled with water, and over time silt has been laid down inside them.
More boats have been added, including the schooner Katherine Ellen which was impounded in 1921 for running guns to the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Kennet Canal barge Harriett, and ferrocement barges built in World War II. The last boat was beached in 1965. The ground level has built up over the years and some of the more recent additions are lying on top of those which had been beached earlier.

### Preservation

In 1999, a local maritime historian, Paul Barnett, commenced a privately funded research project which saw the site's 86 vessels recorded and recognised as the largest ships' graveyard in mainland Britain. The Nautical Archaeology Society investigated the site in 2008 as part of its Diving into History Project, and carried out laser scanning of the remains. In 2010, British Waterways took control of the site in an attempt to protect it.
The only known surviving Kennet barge, Harriett, which was beached at Purton in 1964, has been scheduled as an ancient monument and included in the National Register of Historic Vessels, as are several ferro concrete barges. The remains of the vessels are not covered by the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, as they are not on the seabed. But some of the other vessels may not be eligible for scheduling as ancient monuments, under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, because they are not inland. The issue and the responsibility of various statutory bodies in their protection was debated in the House of Commons in 2009.

## Vessels

The wooden vessels include examples of the Severn trow. Several concrete ships can also be seen at the site; these are built of steel and ferrocement (reinforced concrete).
Dispatch is notable for its use of, and the sole surviving remains of, Fell's Patent Knees. These were a patent innovation from 1839 by Jonathan Fell of Workington, Cumberland, and were part of the development of the iron and wood composite hull. Ships before this had been built from oak, where the strong curved brackets needed to join the deck into the hull side frames could be found as naturally grown 'knees' from the angles between major branches and the trunk. In the post-Nelsonic era there was a general shortage of shipbuilding timber, particularly oak, one of the few species with strong enough branch attachments to provide knees.
Dispatch's hull is of pine, which has weak branches. A number of iron substitutes were developed, Fell's design being one of the later and more advanced forms. It had two advantages over earlier rigid-forged patterns: it provided a degree of flexibility in storms and, most significantly, could be stressed after the hull had been constructed and launched or even loaded, when the hull was under its working load. Together with the diagonal iron strapping, this rendered Dispatch's hull particularly strong and had allowed her to endure at least two collisions.
List of vessels which make up the Purton Hulks :
| Name | Type/Material | Built | Beached | Included in NRHV | Notes |
| Abbey | Dock lighter | 1900 by Joseph Barnard of Gloucester | 1956 | No | 85 feet (26 m) long and with a breadth of 19 feet (5.8 m). Hull damaged by fire since 2002. |
| Ada | Schooner (Bristol Dandy) | 1869 by Thomas Gardner of Bristol | 1956 | No | The original masts were removed in 1930 and she became a towed barge and then a floating garbage hold. Since beaching, has been damaged by arson. |
| Alaska | Wood | c. 1880 by Robert Davies of Saul | 1939 | No | Originally owned by Gloucester pilots. |
| Arkendale H | Steel barge | 1937 | 1960 | No | One of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960. Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges, causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident. |
| Barge Abbey | Wooden barge | ? by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester | c. 1951 | No | 84 feet (26 m) long. |
| Barnwood | Steel barge | 1913 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | c. 1973 | No | Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton |
| Barry | Dock lighter | Pre 1920s by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester | c. 1951 | No | Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D |
| Britannia | Trow | 1878 by Fredrick Charles Hipwood, Gloucester | 1944 | No | Gross 33.71 ton Net 28.36 ton |
| Birdlip | Steel barge | 1915 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | 1972 | No | 85 feet (26 m) long. Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D |
| Briton Ferry | Steam grab dredger crane and wood pontoon | 1903 by Neath Harbour Commission & (crane) Priestman Bros. of Hull and London | c. 1957 | No | Used as a dredger and crane by Neath Harbour Board and then Gloucester Docks Board. |
| Brockworth | Steel barge | 1913 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | c. 1972 | No | 85 feet (26 m) long. |
| Cam | Steel barge | 1905 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | c. 1973 | No | 84 feet (26 m) long. Breadth 19 feet (5.8 m). |
| Catherine Ellen (Katherine Ellen) | Schooner (2 masted wooden) | 1862 by White of Waterford, Ireland | 1952 | No | Involved in the Irish War of Independence in 1921. |
| Cranham | | | | No | |
| Dispatch/New Dispatch | Schooner (two-masted wooden) | 1888 by Garmouth James & John Geddie, Kingston on Spey | 1961 | No | Originally a 120-ton vessel which was 90 feet (27 m) long, it was rebuilt in Gloucester in 1939 and the name changed. |
| Dursley | Dock lighter | 1926 by Joseph Barnard of Gloucester | c. 1963 | No | Local timber carrier. |
| Edith | Trow | 1901 by William Hurd, Chepstow | c. 1962 | No | Transported coal from the Forest of Dean to Bristol, Chepstow and Bridgwater. |
| Envoy | Stroudwater barge | | | No | |
| FCB 51 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | No | |
| FCB 52 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | Yes | Built in World War II to provide port lighterage and floating storage facilities in a time when wood and steel were in short supply. In 1990 the boat was removed from Purton by the Gloucester Waterways Museum. She was at Marshfield until 2012 when she was reported sunk. |
| FCB 67 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1962 | Yes | |
| FCB 68 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1962 | Yes | |
| FCB 75 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | Yes | |
| FCB 76 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | Yes | |
| FCB 77 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | Yes | |
| FCB 78 | Ferrocement barge | 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness | 1965 | Yes | |
| Forty Ton Flat | | | | No | |
| Glenby | Stroudwater barge | | | No | |
| Guide (Shamrock) | Schooner (Wood Brigantine) | 1854 by Holman & Kelly, Dartmouth | 1950 | No | |
| Harriett | Wooden Kennet barge | 1905 by Robbins, Lane and Pinnegar of Honeystreet, Pewsey | 1964 | Yes | Scheduled as an ancient monument. |
| Higre | Trow | 1876 by Samuel Hipwood, Gloucester | 1965 | No | |
| Hopper No6 | | | | No | |
| Huntley | | | | No | |
| Island Maid (Orby) | Schooner | 1863 by William Hole Shilston & Co, Plymouth | 1945 | No | Traded with Spain and Mediterranean ports. The wreck was largely destroyed by scrap metal dealers in 1953. |
| J&AR | Severn trow | 1894 Saul | 1950s | No | |
| Jonadab | Severn trow, converted to a motor barge in 1948 | 1848 Newport | | No | |
| Lighter No. 6 | Steel barge | 1902 by A. W. Robertson & Co, London | c. 1972 | No | |
| Lighter No. 9 | Steel barge | 1902 by A. W. Robertson & Co, London | c. 1972 | No | |
| Lighter No. 20 | Steel barge | 1928 by Charles Hill & Sons of Bristol | c. 1973 | No | |
| Lighter No. 23 | Steel barge | | c. 1976 | No | |
| Lighter No. 32 | Steel barge | 1928 by Charles Hill & Sons of Bristol | c. 1976 | No | |
| Mary Ann | | 1870 Gloucester | | No | |
| Mary of Brimscombe | | | | No | |
| Mary of Truro | | | | No | |
| Matson | Steel barge | 1924 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | c. 1972 | No | |
| Monarch | Severn trow | 1890 Gloucester | | No | |
| Newark | Wooden barge | 1896 by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester | c. 1956 | No | |
| Petrus | | | | No | |
| Priory | Stroudwater barge | | | No | |
| Rockby | Stroudwater barge | c. 1890s by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester | 1946 | No | Most of remains underground. |
| Sally (King) | Schooner | Possibly 1884 in Middlesbrough | 1951 | No | Little known about the ship's history. |
| Sandhurst | Steel barge | 1924 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | c. 1972 | No | |
| Sarah MacDonald (Voltaic) | | | | No | |
| Selina Jane | | 1872 Bridgwater | | No | |
| Severn Collier | Wooden screw barge | 1937 | 1965 | No | Originally motorised and later converted into a towed barge. |
| Severn Conveyor | Steel tank barge | 1930 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol | c. 1970 | No | |
| Severn Eagle | 'Bird' class steel barge | 1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol | 1972 | No | |
| Severn Falcon | 'Bird' class steel barge | 1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol | 1974 | No | |
| Severn Hawk | 'Bird' class steel barge | 1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol | 1972 | No | |
| Severn King | Steel Screw Car Ferry | 1935 by Beverley, Woodward & Scarr, Yorkshire | 1970 | No | Used on the Aust Ferry. Withdrawn 1966. In 1970 this boat was in use to support the demolition of the damaged Severn Railway Bridge, when it collided with one of the bridge piers and was damaged. It was then beached and cut up for scrap. |
| Society | Stroudwater barge | | | No | |
| Tirley | Stroudwater barge | | | No | |
| Tribune | | | | No | |
| Tuffley | Steel barge | 1916 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore | 1972 | No | |
| Victoria | | | | No | |
| Wastdale H | Steel motor barge | 1951 by Sharpness Shipyard Ltd, Sharpness | 1960 | No | One of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960. Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident. |