# Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–363

This article chronicles the attested movements of the fourth-century Roman emperors Constantine II (referred to here as Constantinus), Constantius II (referred to here as Constantius), Constans, Gallus, and Julian the Apostate from 337 to 363 AD. It does not cover the imperial usurpers of the period, including Magnentius, Vetranio, Claudius Silvanus, and Poemenius. The chronology is principally derived from Timothy Barnes' Athanasius and Constantius. Substantial additions and further sources are based on recent research that seeks to go beyond Barnes' own chronology and slightly modifying his at a few places.
This article begins its coverage at the death of Constantine on 22 May 337. After an interregnum of three months, during or after which the army and its agents lynched other potential successors, the three sons of Constantine declared themselves Augusti on 9 September 337. Discarding their father's succession arrangements, the brothers divided the empire into three parts. Constantine II ruled the provinces of Gaul, Britain, Spain, and Germany from Trier. Constantius ruled the provinces of Asia Minor (the dioceses of Pontus and Asia), Thrace, the Levant and Egypt (the Diocese of the East) from Antioch. Constans ruled Italy, Africa, and the dioceses of Pannonia, Dacia, and Macedonia from Naissus.
In 340, Constantinus attempted to seize his brother Constans' territory, and was killed while reconnoitering Ravenna during the ensuing civil war. Constans acquired his territory, and ruled from Trier, Milan, and Sirmium. In January 350, Constans was overthrown at Autun and killed at Elne in a palace revolution instigated by Magnentius. Magnentius was defeated and killed in the summer of 353 at the Battle of Mons Seleucus, making Constantius the sole emperor.
From 351 to 359, Constantius ruled from Sirmium and Milan, and from Constantinople and Antioch. Constantius appointed Gallus Caesar (subordinate emperor) on 15 March 351, and delegated the rule of the eastern provinces to him. Gallus ruled from Antioch. He subsequently proved violent and cruel, and was recalled and executed in autumn 354. Constantius appointed Julian, the last surviving male relative of Constantine other than himself, Caesar on 6 November 355. Julian ruled the western provinces from Vienne, Sens, and Paris. To address Persian influence and aggression on the eastern frontier, Constantius ruled from Antioch from 360 until his death.
Julian's troops proclaimed him Augustus in February 360. Constantius did not recognize Julian's claim to the title, but was detained from campaigning against him by Persian raids. Constantius died on 3 November 361 after declaring Julian his successor. Julian was sole emperor from Constantius' death until his own death in 363. This article ends its coverage at Julian's death on 26 June 363. For a further timeline until 426, consult Matthews, John. Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court A.D. 364–425. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
A † indicates that a date or an event is uncertain. A superscript S indicates that the manuscript is corrupt, and has been emended to follow Otto Seeck's corrections in his edition of the Codex Theodosianus. Manuscript details are given in brackets (as "mss. date" or "mss. year", etc.) for all emended texts. Unsourced events are purely conjectural. Note that some are based on triangulation of different sources and can be, as such, somewhat inexact. These cases have been noted.

## Constantinus II

| Date | Event | Source |
| 337, c. September | Confers with Constantius and Constans in Pannonia | Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75 |
| 338† | Campaigns in Germany | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 Archived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine = Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 724 + add. (3, p. clxxii); (Troesmis: 337/340) |
| 8 January 339 | At Trier† | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.27 |
| Late winter 340 | Invades the territory of Constans and is killed near Aquileia | Jerome, Chronicon 235$^a$; Chronica minora 1.236; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.21; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.5; Zonaras 13.5 |

## Constantius II

| Date | Event | Source |
| July† 337 | At Viminacium | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2 |
| August/September† 337 | Campaigns against the Sarmatae | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine |
| 337, c. September | Confers with Constantinus and Constans in Pannonia | Julian, Oratio 1.19a, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75 |
| September† 337 | Returns to Constantinople | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7 |
| November† 337 | Returns to Antioch for the winter | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75, 66 |
| Spring 338 | At Caesarea in Cappadocia | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2 |
| Spring 338 | Restores Arsaces to the throne of Armenia | Julian, Oratio 1.20d–21a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59,76–80 |
| 11 October 338 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.23 |
| 28 October 338 | At Emesa | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.25 |
| 27 December 338 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 2.6.4 |
| 339, c. January | At Antioch | Athanasius, Epistula encyclica 2.1; Historia Arianorum 10.1 |
| 339 or 340 | At Hierapolis | Papyri Abinnaeus 1.8–10 |
| Summer 340 | Invades Persian territory | Itinerarium Alexandri, pr. 1, cf. 4 |
| 12 August 340 | At Edessa | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.30$^S$ (place of issue transmitted as Bessae) |
| 9 September 340 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 6.4.5/6 |
| 6 January 341 | Attends the 'Dedication Council' at Antioch | Athanasius, de Synodis 25.1; Philostorgius p. 212.19–22 Bidez |
| 12 February 341 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 5.13.1/2 |
| 341/2 | Winters in Antioch | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.5, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235$^f$; Chronica minora 1.236 |
| Early 342 | Visits Constantinople to expel the bishop Paul and returns to Antioch immediately after | Libanius, Oratio 59.94–97; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.7, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235$^f$; Chronica minora 1.236 |
| 31 March – 11 May 342 | In Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 3.12.1; 12.1.33/4 (5, 8 April); 11.36.6 |
| 18 February 343 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 9.21.5 |
| 9 June – 4 July 343 | In Hierapolis | Codex Theodosianus 8.1.1 (319 mss.); 12.1.35 (27 June); 15.8.1 |
| Summer/autumn 343 | Wins a victory over the Persians | Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 16.2, cf. Festus, Breviarium 27 |
| October/November 343 | Visits Constantinople† | |
| 344, c. April | At Antioch | Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.8.56, 9.9–10, cf. Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 20.5 |
| Summer 344† | Defeats the Persians near Singara | Julian, Oratio 1, 26a; Libanius, Oratio 59.88, 99–120; Jerome, Chronicon 236$^l$; Chronica minora 1.236 (both Jerome and the Chronica minora give the date as 348), cf. Festus, Breviarium 27 |
| 345 | At Nisibis | Codex Theodosianus 11.7.5, cf. Ephraem, Carmina Nisibena 13.4–6, 14/5 |
| Summer 345 | At Edessa | Athanasius, Apologia contra Arianos 51.6 |
| 21 March 346 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 10.14.1$^S$ (315 mss.) |
| 346, c. September | At Antioch | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2; Historia Arianorum 44.5, Historia acephala 1.2; Festal Index 17; Jerome, Chronicon 236$^e$ |
| 8 March 347 | At Ancyra | Codex Theodosianus 11.36.8 |
| 347†, spring | Themistius delivers an imperial panegyric before Constantius at Ancyra | Themistius, Oratio 1 |
| 11 May 347 | At Hierapolis† | Codex Theodosianus 5.6.1 |
| 348†, summer | Engages the Persians in battle near Singara | Festus, Breviarium 27 |
| 1 April 349 | At Antioch | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.39 |
| Summer 349 | At Singara, then Emesa | Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 7.3 |
| 3 October 349 | At Constantinople† | Codex Theodosianus 12.2.1 +15.1.6 |
| Spring 350 | At Edessa | Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.22 |
| Summer 350 | At Antioch while Shapur II besieges Nisibis | Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.30.1, 9/10, 31.1 |
| Summer 350 | Visits Nisibis after the siege | Zonaras 13.7 |
| Autumn 350 | Leaves Antioch heading west | Philostorgius, p. 215.22–24 Bidez |
| Autumn 350 | Travels via Heraclea to Serdica | Zonaras 13.7 |
| 25 December 350 | Engineers the abdication of Vetranio at Naissus | Jerome, Chronicon 238$^c$ (place and year); Chronica minora 1.238 (day, year falsely given as 351); Zosimus 2.44.3/4 |
| 15 March 351 | Proclaims Gallus Caesar at Sirmium | Chronica minora 1.238 |
| Summer and autumn 351 | In Sirmium before and during the campaign against Magnentius | Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.38.5–7; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23; Zosimus 2.45.3, 48.3 |
| 351, October† | Present at the Second Council of Sirmium which deposed Photinus | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23, 29.1 |
| 26 February 352 | At Sirmium | Codex Justinianus 6.22.5 |
| 12 May 352 | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 3.5.1$^S$ (319 mss.) |
| Summer 352 | Campaign against the Sarmatae† | |
| 352, September† | Enters Italy | Chronica minora 1.67 |
| 3 November 352 | At Milan | Codex Theodosianus 15.14.5 |
| Spring–summer 353 | In Milan | Historia acephala 1.7, cf. Festal Index 25; Codex Theodosianus 11.1.6 + 12.1.42 (22 May: year emended from 354), 16.8.7$^S$ (3 July: 357 mss.) |
| 353, c. October – 354, Spring | Winters in Arles | Ammianus 14.5.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.7.2$^S$ (3 November: 326 mss.); Ammianus 14.10.1 |
| Spring 354 | At Valentia | Ammianus 14.10.1/2 |
| Spring 354 | Crosses the Rhine at Rauracum | Ammianus 14.10.6 |
| Autumn 354 – spring 355 | Winters in Milan | Ammianus 14.10.16; Codex Theodosianus 11.34.2 (1 January); Codex Justinianus 6.22.6 (18 February) |
| 355, c. June | Conducts expedition into Raetia | Ammianus 15.4.1 |
| 355, c. June | Goes to winter quarters in Milan | Ammianus 15.4.13, cf. Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.39.3, 8 (Council of Milan) |
| 6 July 355 – 5 July 356 | In Milan | Codex Theodosianus 14.3.2; Codex Theodosianus 12.1.43 (17 July 355); 1.5.5 (18 July 355); 6.29.1 (22 July 355); 12.12.1 (1 August 355); 9.34.6 (31 October 355); 16.10.6 (19 February 356); 9.42.2 (8 March 356); 11.16.8$^S$ (1 April 356: 357 mss.); 11.16.7 (2 April 356); 6.4.8–10 (11 April 356); 6.29.2$^S$ (17 April 356: 357 mss.); 13.10.3$^S$ (29 April 356: 357 mss.); 9.17.4$^S$ = Codex Justinianus 9.19.4$^S$ (13 June 356: 357 mss.); Codex Theodosianus 8.5.8$^S$ (24 June 356: 357 mss.); 1.2.7 (5 July 356) |
| 6 November 355 | Proclaims Julian Caesar at Milan | Ammianus 15.8.17; Chronica minora 1.238; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 1$^2$, p. 277; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5 |
| 1 December 355 | Escorts Julian out of Milan, then returns to the city | Ammianus 15.8.18 |
| Summer and autumn 356 | Campaigns against the Alamanni on the Upper Rhine | Ammianus 16.12.15/6 |
| 25 July 356 | At Messadensis | Codex Theodosianus 11.30.25$^S$ (355 mss.) |
| 2 September 356 | At Dinumma | Codex Theodosianus 11.7.8$^S$ (355 mss.) |
| 10 November 356 – 19 March 357 | In Milan | Codex Theodosianus 16.2.13$^S$ (357 mss.); 9.16.5$^S$ (4 December 356: 357 mss.); 8.7.7$^S$ (27 December: a date in 357 is implied); 12.12.2 (15 January 357); 9.17.4 (15 January 357: 'id.Iun.' mss.); 9.16.4 (25 January 357); 15.1.1$^S$ (2 February 357: 320 mss.); 10.20.2$^S$ (358 mss.) |
| 28 April 357 | Enters Rome | Chronica minora 1.239 |
| 28 April – 29 May 357 | In Rome | Ammianus 16.10.20 (length of stay); Codex Theodosianus 8.1.5 (6 May 357); 10.1.2$^S$ (17 May 357: 319 mss.) |
| 7 or 10 June 357 | At Helvillum | Codex Theodosianus 1.5.6 + 7 |
| 5 July 357 | At Ariminum | Codex Theodosianus 9.16.6$^S$ (358 mss.) |
| 21 July 357 | At Ravenna | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.40$^S$ (353 mss.) |
| 21 July 357 | Passes through Tridentum on the way to the Danube | Ammianus 16.10.20 |
| 21 July 357 | Visits Pannonia and Moesia | Zosimus 3.2.2; Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279$^d$ |
| October 357 – 3 March 358 | Winters in Sirmium | Ammianus 16.10.21; 17.12.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.5.10 (27 October 357: transmitted year either 357 or 358); 1.15.3$^S$ (3 December 357: 353 mss.); 7.4.3, 11.30.27 (18 December 357); 2.21.2$^S$ (18 December 357: 360 mss.); 9.42.4 (4 January 357); Codex Justinianus 3.26.8 |
| April 358 | Invades the territory of the Sarmatae Limigantes | Ammianus 17.12.4–6 |
| April 358 | Returns in triumph to Sirmium | Ammianus 13.3.33 |
| 21–23 June 358 | In Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.44 + 45 (21 June 358); 8.13.4, 11.36.13 (23 June 358) |
| 27 June 358 | At Mursa | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.46 |
| 358, c. October – 359, c. March | Winters in Sirmium | Ammianus 18.4.1; 19.11.1; Codex Theodosianus 2.21.1 (19 December 358) |
| Spring 359 | Begins a campaign against the Sarmatae | Ammianus 19.11.2 |
| Spring 359 | In the province of Valeria | Ammianus 19.11.4 |
| Spring 359 | Defeats the Limigantes near Acimincum | Ammianus 19.11.5–16 |
| Spring 359 | Returns to Sirmium | Ammianus 19.11.17 |
| 22 May 359 | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 6.4.14 + 15; Athanasius, de Synodicus 8.3; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.37.18 |
| 28 May 359 | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 1.7.1 |
| 18 June 359 | At Singidunum | Codex Theodosianus 11.30.28 |
| † | At Adrianople† | Athanasius, de Synodicus 55.2/3 (implies intent to visit) |
| Autumn 359 | Goes to Constantinople for the winter | Ammianus 19.11.17; 20.8.1; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.41.1; Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.3, cf. Chronica minora 1.239 (implies Constantius' presence in Constantinople before 11 December 359) |
| December 359 – March 360 | In Constantinople | Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.4–7 (late December 359 – 1 January 360); Hilary, Ad Constantium 2.2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.9/10), cf. Jerome, de Virus Illustribus 100; Codex Theodosianus 4.13.4$^S$; 11.36.10$^S$ (18 January 360: 356 and 354 mss.); 11.24.1 (4 February 360); 14.1.1$^S$ (24 February 360: 357 mss.); 7.4.5$^S$ (14 March 360: 359 mss.) |
| 360, March† | At Caesarea in Cappadocia, receiving news that Julian has been proclaimed Augustus | Ammianus 20.9.1 |
| 360, March† | Travels via Melitene, Lacotena, and Samosata to Edessa | Ammianus 20.11.4 |
| After 21 September 360 | Leaves Edessa | Ammianus 20.11.4 |
| After 21 September 360 | Visits Amida | Ammianus 20.11.4/5 |
| After 21 September 360 | Besieges Bezabde | Ammianus 20.11.6–31 |
| 17 December 360 | At Hierapolis | Codex Theodosianus 7.4.6$^S$ (17 May mss.) |
| Late December 360 – 361, c. March | Winters in Antioch | Ammianus 20.11.32; Codex Theodosianus 16.2.16 (14 February 361); Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.45.10 |
| 3 May 361 | At Gephyra | Codex Theodosianus 1.6.1, 28.1; 6.4.12, 13; 7.8.1; 11.1.7, 15.1, 23.1; 12.1.48; 13.1.3; 15.1.7 (all extracts from the same law) |
| 29 May 361 | At Doliche | Codex Theodosianus 7.4.4$^S$ (358 mss.: place of issue written as Doridae) |
| 29 May 361 | Crosses the Euphrates at Capersana, goes to Edessa, and later returns to Hierapolis (or perhaps Nicopolis) | Ammianus 21.7.7, 13.8 |
| Autumn 361 | Briefly returns to Antioch | Ammianus 21.15.1/2 |
| October 361 | At Hippocephalus | Ammianus 21.15.2 |
| October 361 | Falls ill at Tarsus | Ammianus 21.15.2 |
| 3 November 361 | Dies at Mopsucrenae in Cilicia | Jerome, Chronicon 242$^b$; Ammianus 21.15.3 (date emended from 5 October); Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.47.4; 3.1.1 |

## Constans

| Date | Event | Source |
| 337, c. September | Confers with Constantinus and Constantius in Pannonia | Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75 |
| 6 December 337 | At Thessalonica | Codex Theodosianus 11.1.4; 11.7.8$^S$ (353 mss.) |
| 338/346 | Campaign against the Sarmatae | Corpus Incriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 |
| 12 June 338 | At Viminacium | Codex Theodosianus 10.10.4 |
| 27 July 338 | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 15.1.5; Codex Justinianus 10.48.7 |
| 339†, 6 April | At Savaria | Codex Theodosianus 10.10.6$^S$ (342 mss.) |
| 19 January 340 – 2 February 340 | At Naissus | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.29; 10.10.5 |
| 19 January 340 – 2 February 340 | Hears of Constantinus' invasion of his territory while in Dacia | Zonaras 13.5 |
| 9 April 340 | At Aquileia | Codex Theodosianus 2.6.5; 10.15.3 |
| 25 June 340 | At Milan | Codex Theodosianus 9.17.1 |
| 340† | Visits Rome† | Passio Artemii 9 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1$^A$ |
| 24 June 341 | At Lauriacum | Codex Theodosianus 8.2.1 = 12.1.31 |
| Late 341 | Campaigns against the Franci in Gaul | Jerome, Chronicon 235$^b$; Chronica minora 1.236 |
| 342 | Wins a victory over the Franci and signs a treaty with them | Libanius, Oratio 59.127–136; Jerome, Chronicon 235$^e$; Chronica minora 1.236; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.4 |
| Summer 342 | In Trier | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.18 |
| Autumn 342 | Interviews Athanasius in Milan | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.3 |
| 4 December 342 | At Milan | Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 |
| 25 January 343 | At Bononia | Codex Theodosianus 11.16.5, cf. Codex Justinianus 3.26.6 |
| 25 January 343 | Crosses to Britain in winter | Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum 28.6; Libanius, Oratio 59.137–140; Ammianus 20.1.1 |
| Spring 343 | Returns from Britain to Gaul soon after his departure | Libanius, Oratio 59.139, 141 |
| 30 June 343 | At Trier | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.36 |
| Summer 343 | Interviews Athanasius in Trier | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.4, cf. 3.7 |
| Autumn 344 | In Pannonia | Libanius, Oratio 59.133 |
| Early 345 | Receives an embassy from Constantius at Poetovio | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 3.3 |
| 7 April 345 | At Aquileia at Easter, where he interviews Athanasius | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 15.4, cf. 3.7; Festal Index 17 |
| 15 May 345 | At Trier | Codex Theodosianus 10.10.7 |
| 9 June or 11 July 345 | At Cologne | Codex Theodosianus 3.5.7 |
| Autumn† 345 | Interviews Athanasius in Trier | Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.5, cf. 3.7 |
| 346†, 5 March | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 10.10.8$^S$ (353 mss.) |
| 23 May 346 | At Caesena | Codex Theodosianus 12.1.38 |
| 17 June 348 | At Milan | Codex Theodosianus 10.14.2 |
| 27 May 349 | At Sirmium | Codex Theodosianus 7.1.2 + 8.7.3 |
| 350, shortly after 18 January | Killed at Helena in Gaul | Eutropius, Breviarium 10.9.4; Jerome, Chronicon 237$^c$; Chronica minora 1.237; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.23; Zosimus 2.42.5 |

## Gallus

| Date | Event | Source |
| 15 March 351 | Proclaimed Caesar at Sirmium | Chronica minora 1.238 (day); Passio Artemii 12 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.26$^a$ |
| 7 May 351 | Reaches Antioch | Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.22 |
| 7 May 351 | Campaigns in Mesopotamia† | Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.28 |
| Summer 352 | Suppresses a Jewish rebellion in Galilee | Jerome, Chronicon 238$^f$ |
| Late summer 353 – spring 354 | At Antioch | Ammianus 14.1.4–9, 7.1–4 |
| 354, c. March | Visits Hierapolis | Ammianus 14.7.5 |
| 354, c. 1 September | Leaves Antioch | Ammianus 14.11.12 |
| 14–30 September 354 | At Nicomedia† | Papyri Laurentius 169 (consular date of 354 restored) |
| 14–30 September 354 | Stripped of his imperial rank at Poetovio | Ammianus 14.11.19/20 |
| October 354 | Tried and executed near Pola | Ammianus 14.11.20–30 |

## Julian

| Date | Event | Source |
| 6 November 355 | Proclaimed Caesar at Milan | Ammianus 15.8.7; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 1$^2$, p. 277; Chronica minora 1.238; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5 |
| 6–30 November 355 | At Milan | Ammianus 15.8.18 |
| 1 December 355 | Leaves Milan | Ammianus 15.8.18 |
| 1 December 355 | Travels via Turin to Vienne | Ammianus 15.8.18–21 |
| December 355 – spring 356 | At Vienne | Ammianus 16.1.1, 2.1 |
| April/May 356 | Present at the Council of Baeterrae† | Hilary, Ad Constantium 2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.5–15) |
| 24 June 356 | Reaches Autun | Ammianus 16.2.2 |
| 24 June 356 | Passes through Auxerre | Ammianus 16.2.5 |
| 24 June 356 | Advances via Troyes, Reims, Decem Pagi, Brotomagus | Ammianus 16.2.6–8 |
| 356, c. August | Recaptures Cologne | Ammianus 16.3.1/2, cf. Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279b |
| 356, c. August | Visits Trier | Ammianus 16.3.3 |
| 356/7 | Winters at Sens | Ammianus 16.3.3, 7.1, 11.1 |
| Spring 357 | Goes to Reims | Ammianus 16.11.1 |
| Spring 357 | Marches toward Strasbourg and wins a victory over the Alamanni | Ammianus 16.11.8–12.67 |
| Spring 357 | Returns to Tres Tabernae | Ammianus 17.1.1 |
| Spring 357 | Goes to Mainz | Ammianus 17.1.2 |
| Spring 357 | Conducts raid across the Rhine | Ammianus 17.1.2/3 |
| December 357 – January 358 | Besieges barbarians at a fortified town on the Meuse for 54 days | Ammianus 17.2.2/3 |
| January–July 358 | Winters in Paris | Ammianus 17.2.4, 8.1 |
| July–autumn 358 | Campaigns against the Salian Franci in Toxandria | Ammianus 17.8.3–10.10 |
| 1 January 359 | In winter quarters at Paris | Ammianus 18.1.1 |
| 1 January 359 | Strengthens the Rhine frontier from Castra Herculis to Bingen | Ammianus 18.2.4 |
| 1 January 359 | Crosses the Rhine from Mainz and conducts a raid into German territory | Ammianus 18.2.7–19 |
| 1 January 360 | In winter quarters at Paris | Ammianus 20.1.1 |
| 360, February† | Proclaimed Augustus at Paris | Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 283a–285a; Ammianus 20.4.4–22; Zosimus 3.9.1–3 |
| Summer 360 | Crosses the Rhine at Tricesima and attacks the Franci Attuarii | Ammianus 20.10.1/2 |
| Autumn 360 | Marches up the left bank of the Rhine to Rauracum, then via Besançon to Vienne | Ammianus 20.10.3 |
| 6 November 360 – 361, c. March | Winters at Vienne | Ammianus 20.10.3; 21.1 (6 November 360); 21.2.5 (6 January 361), 3.1 |
| Spring 361 | Attacks Germans, crosses the Rhine, and goes to Rauracum | Ammianus 21.3.3–4.8, 8.1 |
| Spring 361 | Leaves Rauracum, advances up the Rhine, then down the Danube | Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2 |
| Mid-July 361 | Continues advancing down the Danube via Sirmium as far as the Pass of Succi | Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2 |
| Mid-July 361 | Returns to Naissus | Ammianus 21.20.5 |
| Mid-July 361 | At Naissus | Ammianus 21.12.1; Zosimus 3.11.2 |
| Mid-July 361 | After receiving news of Constantius' death, leaves Naissus and travels via Philippopolis and Heraclea/Perinthus to Constantinople | Ammianus 21.12.3; 22.2 |
| 11 December 361 | Enters Constantinople | Ammianus 22.2.4; Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1.2 |
| c. May 362 | Sets out for Antioch | Ammianus 22.9.2 |
| Winter 362 | Julian winters at Antioch, planning the campaign on the Sassanian front | Ammianus 23.2.6 |
| March 5 363 | Julian sets out on his campaign from Antioch, makes it to Hierapolis in his first stage | Ammianus 23.2.6 |
| March 27 363 | Julian arrives in Kallinikos | Ammianus 23.3.7 |
| Beginning of April 363 | Julian enters Kirkesion | Ammianus 23.5.1 |
| April to June 26 363 | Julian continues his campaign eastward, until he dies on the battlefield on 26 June 363 | Ammianus 25.3.21, 22 |