# Abundances of the elements (data page)
## Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

* C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
* C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
* C3 — Crust: Greenwood
* C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
* C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
* C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
* U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
* U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)

## Urban soils

The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.
Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).
| Element | Atomic number | Abundance in urban soils |
| Ag | 47 | 0.37 |
| Al | 13 | 38200 |
| As | 33 | 15.9 |
| B | 5 | 45 |
| Ba | 56 | 853.12 |
| Be | 4 | 3.3 |
| Bi | 83 | 1.12 |
| C | 6 | 45100 |
| Ca | 20 | 53800 |
| Cd | 48 | 0.9 |
| Cl | 17 | 285 |
| Co | 27 | 14.1 |
| Cr | 24 | 80 |
| Cs | 55 | 5.0 |
| Cu | 29 | 39 |
| Fe | 26 | 22300 |
| Ga | 31 | 16.2 |
| Ge | 32 | 1.8 |
| H | 1 | 15000 |
| Hg | 80 | 0.88 |
| K | 19 | 13400 |
| La | 57 | 34 |
| Li | 3 | 49.5 |
| Mg | 12 | 7900 |
| Mn | 25 | 729 |
| Mo | 42 | 2.4 |
| N | 7 | 10000 |
| Na | 11 | 5800 |
| Nb | 41 | 15.7 |
| Ni | 28 | 33 |
| O | 8 | 490000 |
| P | 15 | 1200 |
| Pb | 82 | 54.5 |
| Rb | 37 | 58 |
| S | 16 | 1200 |
| Sb | 51 | 1.0 |
| Sc | 21 | 9.4 |
| Si | 14 | 289000 |
| Sn | 50 | 6.8 |
| Sr | 38 | 458 |
| Ta | 73 | 1.5 |
| Ti | 22 | 4758 |
| Tl | 81 | 1.1 |
| V | 23 | 104.9 |
| W | 74 | 2.9 |
| Y | 39 | 23.4 |
| Yb | 70 | 2.4 |
| Zn | 30 | 158 |
| Zr | 40 | 255.6 |

## Sea water

* W1 — CRC Handbook
* W2 — Kaye & Laby
Mass concentration, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)
| Element | W1 | W2 |
| 01 H hydrogen | 1.08×10$^{−1}$ | 1.1×10$^{−1}$ |
| 02 He helium | 7×10$^{−12}$ | 7.2×10$^{−12}$ |
| 03 Li lithium | 1.8×10$^{−7}$ | 1.7×10$^{−7}$ |
| 04 Be beryllium | 5.6×10$^{−12}$ | 6×10$^{−13}$ |
| 05 B boron | 4.44×10$^{−6}$ | 4.4×10$^{−6}$ |
| 06 C carbon | 2.8×10$^{−5}$ | 2.8×10$^{−5}$ |
| 07 N nitrogen | 5×10$^{−7}$ | 1.6×10$^{−5}$ |
| 08 O oxygen | 8.57×10$^{−1}$ | 8.8×10$^{−1}$ |
| 09 F fluorine | 1.3×10$^{−6}$ | 1.3×10$^{−6}$ |
| 10 Ne neon | 1.2×10$^{−10}$ | 1.2×10$^{−10}$ |
| 11 Na sodium | 1.08×10$^{−2}$ | 1.1×10$^{−2}$ |
| 12 Mg magnesium | 1.29×10$^{−3}$ | 1.3×10$^{−3}$ |
| 13 Al aluminium | 2×10$^{−9}$ | 1×10$^{−9}$ |
| 14 Si silicon | 2.2×10$^{−6}$ | 2.9×10$^{−6}$ |
| 15 P phosphorus | 6×10$^{−8}$ | 8.8×10$^{−8}$ |
| 16 S sulfur | 9.05×10$^{−4}$ | 9.0×10$^{−4}$ |
| 17 Cl chlorine | 1.94×10$^{−2}$ | 1.9×10$^{−2}$ |
| 18 Ar argon | 4.5×10$^{−7}$ | 4.5×10$^{−7}$ |
| 19 K potassium | 3.99×10$^{−4}$ | 3.9×10$^{−4}$ |
| 20 Ca calcium | 4.12×10$^{−4}$ | 4.1×10$^{−4}$ |
| 21 Sc scandium | 6×10$^{−13}$ | < 4×10$^{−12}$ |
| 22 Ti titanium | 1×10$^{−9}$ | 1×10$^{−9}$ |
| 23 V vanadium | 2.5×10$^{−9}$ | 1.9×10$^{−9}$ |
| 24 Cr chromium | 3×10$^{−10}$ | 2×10$^{−10}$ |
| 25 Mn manganese | 2×10$^{−10}$ | 1.9×10$^{−9}$ |
| 26 Fe iron | 2×10$^{−9}$ | 3.4×10$^{−9}$ |
| 27 Co cobalt | 2×10$^{−11}$ | 3.9×10$^{−10}$ |
| 28 Ni nickel | 5.6×10$^{−10}$ | 6.6×10$^{−9}$ |
| 29 Cu copper | 2.5×10$^{−10}$ | 2.3×10$^{−8}$ |
| 30 Zn zinc | 4.9×10$^{−9}$ | 1.1×10$^{−8}$ |
| 31 Ga gallium | 3×10$^{−11}$ | 3×10$^{−11}$ |
| 32 Ge germanium | 5×10$^{−11}$ | 6×10$^{−11}$ |
| 33 As arsenic | 3.7×10$^{−9}$ | 2.6×10$^{−9}$ |
| 34 Se selenium | 2×10$^{−10}$ | 9.0×10$^{−11}$ |
| 35 Br bromine | 6.73×10$^{−5}$ | 6.7×10$^{−5}$ |
| 36 Kr krypton | 2.1×10$^{−10}$ | 2.1×10$^{−10}$ |
| 37 Rb rubidium | 1.2×10$^{−7}$ | 1.2×10$^{−7}$ |
| 38 Sr strontium | 7.9×10$^{−6}$ | 8.1×10$^{−6}$ |
| 39 Y yttrium | 1.3×10$^{−11}$ | 1.3×10$^{−12}$ |
| 40 Zr zirconium | 3×10$^{−11}$ | 2.6×10$^{−11}$ |
| 41 Nb niobium | 1×10$^{−11}$ | 1.5×10$^{−11}$ |
| 42 Mo molybdenum | 1×10$^{−8}$ | 1.0×10$^{−8}$ |
| 43 Tc technetium | | |
| 44 Ru ruthenium | 7×10$^{−13}$ | |
| 45 Rh rhodium | | |
| 46 Pd palladium | | |
| 47 Ag silver | 4×10$^{−11}$ | 2.8×10$^{−10}$ |
| 48 Cd cadmium | 1.1×10$^{−10}$ | 1.1×10$^{−10}$ |
| 49 In indium | 2×10$^{−8}$ | |
| 50 Sn tin | 4×10$^{−12}$ | 8.1×10$^{−10}$ |
| 51 Sb antimony | 2.4×10$^{−10}$ | 3.3×10$^{−10}$ |
| 52 Te tellurium | | |
| 53 I iodine | 6×10$^{−8}$ | 6.4×10$^{−8}$ |
| 54 Xe xenon | 5×10$^{−11}$ | 4.7×10$^{−11}$ |
| 55 Cs caesium | 3×10$^{−10}$ | 3.0×10$^{−10}$ |
| 56 Ba barium | 1.3×10$^{−8}$ | 2.1×10$^{−8}$ |
| 57 La lanthanum | 3.4×10$^{−12}$ | 3.4×10$^{−12}$ |
| 58 Ce cerium | 1.2×10$^{−12}$ | 1.2×10$^{−12}$ |
| 59 Pr praseodymium | 6.4×10$^{−13}$ | 6.4×10$^{−13}$ |
| 60 Nd neodymium | 2.8×10$^{−12}$ | 2.8×10$^{−12}$ |
| 61 Pm promethium | | |
| 62 Sm samarium | 4.5×10$^{−13}$ | 4.5×10$^{−13}$ |
| 63 Eu europium | 1.3×10$^{−13}$ | 1.3×10$^{−13}$ |
| 64 Gd gadolinium | 7×10$^{−13}$ | 7.0×10$^{−13}$ |
| 65 Tb terbium | 1.4×10$^{−13}$ | 1.4×10$^{−12}$ |
| 66 Dy dysprosium | 9.1×10$^{−13}$ | 9.1×10$^{−13}$ |
| 67 Ho holmium | 2.2×10$^{−13}$ | 2.2×10$^{−13}$ |
| 68 Er erbium | 8.7×10$^{−13}$ | 8.7×10$^{−12}$ |
| 69 Tm thulium | 1.7×10$^{−13}$ | 1.7×10$^{−13}$ |
| 70 Yb ytterbium | 8.2×10$^{−13}$ | 8.2×10$^{−13}$ |
| 71 Lu lutetium | 1.5×10$^{−13}$ | 1.5×10$^{−13}$ |
| 72 Hf hafnium | 7×10$^{−12}$ | < 8×10$^{−12}$ |
| 73 Ta tantalum | 2×10$^{−12}$ | < 2.5×10$^{−12}$ |
| 74 W tungsten | 1×10$^{−10}$ | < 1×10$^{−12}$ |
| 75 Re rhenium | 4×10$^{−12}$ | |
| 76 Os osmium | | |
| 77 Ir iridium | | |
| 78 Pt platinum | | |
| 79 Au gold | 4×10$^{−12}$ | 1.1×10$^{−11}$ |
| 80 Hg mercury | 3×10$^{−11}$ | 1.5×10$^{−10}$ |
| 81 Tl thallium | 1.9×10$^{−11}$ | |
| 82 Pb lead | 3×10$^{−11}$ | 3×10$^{−11}$ |
| 83 Bi bismuth | 2×10$^{−11}$ | 2×10$^{−11}$ |
| 84 Po polonium | 1.5×10$^{−20}$ | |
| 85 At astatine | | |
| 86 Rn radon | 6×10$^{−22}$ | |
| 87 Fr francium | | |
| 88 Ra radium | 8.9×10$^{−17}$ | |
| 89 Ac actinium | | |
| 90 Th thorium | 1×10$^{−12}$ | 1.5×10$^{−12}$ |
| 91 Pa protactinium | 5×10$^{−17}$ | |
| 92 U uranium | 3.2×10$^{−9}$ | 3.3×10$^{−9}$ |
| 93 Np neptunium | | |
| 94 Pu plutonium | | |

## Sun and Solar System

* S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
* Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby
* Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with (uncertainty %)
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
| Element | S1 | Y1 | Y2 |
| 01 H hydrogen | 2.8×10$^4$ | 2.8×10$^4$* | 2.79×10$^4$ |
| 02 He helium | 2.7×10$^3$ | 2.7×10$^3$* | 2.72×10$^3$ |
| 03 Li lithium | 4.0×10$^{−7}$ | 5.7×10$^{−5}$ | 5.71×10$^{−5}$ (9.2%) |
| 04 Be beryllium | 4.0×10$^{−7}$ | 7.0×10$^{−7}$ | 7.30×10$^{−7}$ (9.5%) |
| 05 B boron | 1.1×10$^{−5}$ | 2.1×10$^{−5}$ | 2.12×10$^{−5}$ (10%) |
| 06 C carbon | 1.0×10$^1$ | 1.0×10$^1$* | 1.01×10$^1$ |
| 07 N nitrogen | 3.1×10$^0$ | 3.1×10$^0$* | 3.13×10$^0$ |
| 08 O oxygen | 2.4×10$^1$ | 2.4×10$^1$* | 2.38×10$^1$ (10%) |
| 09 F fluorine | about 1.0×10$^{−3}$ | 8.5×10$^{−4}$ | 8.43×10$^{−4}$ (15%) |
| 10 Ne neon | 3.0×10$^0$ | 3.0×10$^0$* | 3.44×10$^0$ (14%) |
| 11 Na sodium | 6.0×10$^{−2}$ | 5.7×10$^{−2}$ | 5.74×10$^{−2}$ (7.1%) |
| 12 Mg magnesium | 1.0×10$^0$ | 1.1×10$^0$ | 1.074×10$^0$ (3.8%) |
| 13 Al aluminium | 8.3×10$^{−2}$ | 8.5×10$^{−2}$ | 8.49×10$^{−2}$ (3.6%) |
| 14 Si silicon | 1.0×10$^0$ | 1.0×10$^0$ | 1.0×10$^0$ (4.4%) |
| 15 P phosphorus | 8.0×10$^{−3}$ | 1.0×10$^{−2}$ | 1.04×10$^{−2}$ (10%) |
| 16 S sulfur | 4.5×10$^{−1}$ | 5.2×10$^{−1}$ | 5.15×10$^{−1}$ (13%) |
| 17 Cl chlorine | about 9.0×10$^{−3}$ | 5.2×10$^{−3}$ | 5.24×10$^{−3}$ (15%) |
| 18 Ar argon | 1.0×10$^{−1}$* | 1.0×10$^{−1}$* | 1.01×10$^{−1}$ (6%) |
| 19 K potassium | 3.7×10$^{−3}$ | 3.8×10$^{−3}$ | 3.77×10$^{−3}$ (7.7%) |
| 20 Ca calcium | 6.4×10$^{−2}$ | 6.1×10$^{−2}$ | 6.11×10$^{−2}$ (7.1%) |
| 21 Sc scandium | 3.5×10$^{−5}$ | 3.4×10$^{−5}$ | 3.42×10$^{−5}$ (8.6%) |
| 22 Ti titanium | 2.7×10$^{−3}$ | 2.4×10$^{−3}$ | 2.40×10$^{−3}$ (5.0%) |
| 23 V vanadium | 2.8×10$^{−4}$ | 2.9×10$^{−4}$ | 2.93×10$^{−4}$ (5.1%) |
| 24 Cr chromium | 1.3×10$^{−2}$ | 1.3×10$^{−2}$ | 1.35×10$^{−2}$ (7.6%) |
| 25 Mn manganese | 6.9×10$^{−3}$ | 9.5×10$^{−3}$ | 9.55×10$^{−3}$ (9.6%) |
| 26 Fe iron | 9.0×10$^{−1}$ | 9.0×10$^{−1}$ | 9.00×10$^{−1}$ (2.7%) |
| 27 Co cobalt | 2.3×10$^{−3}$ | 2.3×10$^{−3}$ | 2.25×10$^{−3}$ (6.6%) |
| 28 Ni nickel | 5.0×10$^{−2}$ | 5.0×10$^{−2}$ | 4.93×10$^{−2}$ (5.1%) |
| 29 Cu copper | 4.5×10$^{−4}$ | 5.2×10$^{−4}$ | 5.22×10$^{−4}$ (11%) |
| 30 Zn zinc | 1.1×10$^{−3}$ | 1.3×10$^{−3}$ | 1.26×10$^{−3}$ (4.4%) |
| 31 Ga gallium | 2.1×10$^{−5}$ | 3.8×10$^{−5}$ | 3.78×10$^{−5}$ (6.9%) |
| 32 Ge germanium | 7.2×10$^{−5}$ | 1.2×10$^{−4}$ | 1.19×10$^{−4}$ (9.6%) |
| 33 As arsenic | | 6.6×10$^{−6}$ | 6.56×10$^{−6}$ (12%) |
| 34 Se selenium | | 6.3×10$^{−5}$ | 6.21×10$^{−5}$ (6.4%) |
| 35 Br bromine | | 1.2×10$^{−5}$ | 1.18×10$^{−5}$ (19%) |
| 36 Kr krypton | | 4.8×10$^{−5}$ | 4.50×10$^{−5}$ (18%) |
| 37 Rb rubidium | 1.1×10$^{−5}$ | 7.0×10$^{−6}$ | 7.09×10$^{−6}$ (6.6%) |
| 38 Sr strontium | 2.2×10$^{−5}$ | 2.4×10$^{−5}$ | 2.35×10$^{−5}$ (8.1%) |
| 39 Y yttrium | 4.9×10$^{−6}$ | 4.6×10$^{−6}$ | 4.64×10$^{−6}$ (6.0%) |
| 40 Zr zirconium | 1.12×10$^{−5}$ | 1.14×10$^{−5}$ | 1.14×10$^{−5}$ (6.4%) |
| 41 Nb niobium | 7.0×10$^{−7}$ | 7.0×10$^{−7}$ | 6.98×10$^{−7}$ (1.4%) |
| 42 Mo molybdenum | 2.3×10$^{−6}$ | 2.6×10$^{−6}$ | 2.55×10$^{−6}$ (5.5%) |
| 43 Tc technetium | | | |
| 44 Ru ruthenium | 1.9×10$^{−6}$ | 1.9×10$^{−6}$ | 1.86×10$^{−6}$ (5.4%) |
| 45 Rh rhodium | 4.0×10$^{−7}$ | 3.4×10$^{−7}$ | 3.44×10$^{−7}$ (8%) |
| 46 Pd palladium | 1.4×10$^{−6}$ | 1.4×10$^{−6}$ | 1.39×10$^{−6}$ (6.6%) |
| 47 Ag silver | about 2.0×10$^{−7}$ | 4.9×10$^{−7}$ | 4.86×10$^{−7}$ (2.9%) |
| 48 Cd cadmium | 2.0×10$^{−6}$ | 1.6×10$^{−6}$ | 1.61×10$^{−6}$ (6.5%) |
| 49 In indium | about 1.3×10$^{−6}$ | 1.9×10$^{−7}$ | 1.84×10$^{−7}$ (6.4%) |
| 50 Sn tin | about 3.0×10$^{−6}$ | 3.9×10$^{−6}$ | 3.82×10$^{−6}$ (9.4%) |
| 51 Sb antimony | about 3.0×10$^{−7}$ | 3.1×10$^{−7}$ | 3.09×10$^{−7}$ (18%) |
| 52 Te tellurium | | 4.9×10$^{−6}$ | 4.81×10$^{−6}$ (10%) |
| 53 I iodine | | 9.0×10$^{−7}$ | 9.00×10$^{−7}$ (21%) |
| 54 Xe xenon | | 4.8×10$^{−6}$ | 4.70×10$^{−6}$ (20%) |
| 55 Cs caesium | | 3.7×10$^{−7}$ | 3.72×10$^{−7}$ (5.6%) |
| 56 Ba barium | 3.8×10$^{−6}$ | 4.5×10$^{−6}$ | 4.49×10$^{−6}$ (6.3%) |
| 57 La lanthanum | 5.0×10$^{−7}$ | 4.4×10$^{−7}$ | 4.46×10$^{−7}$ (2.0%) |
| 58 Ce cerium | 1.0×10$^{−6}$ | 1.1×10$^{−6}$ | 1.136×10$^{−6}$ (1.7%) |
| 59 Pr praseodymium | 1.4×10$^{−7}$ | 1.7×10$^{−7}$ | 1.669×10$^{−7}$ (2.4%) |
| 60 Nd neodymium | 9.0×10$^{−7}$ | 8.3×10$^{−7}$ | 8.279×10$^{−7}$ (1.3%) |
| 61 Pm promethium | | | |
| 62 Sm samarium | 3.0×10$^{−7}$ | 2.6×10$^{−7}$ | 2.582×10$^{−7}$ (1.3%) |
| 63 Eu europium | 9.0×10$^{−8}$ | 9.7×10$^{−8}$ | 9.73×10$^{−8}$ (1.6%) |
| 64 Gd gadolinium | 3.7×10$^{−7}$ | 3.3×10$^{−7}$ | 3.30×10$^{−7}$ (1.4%) |
| 65 Tb terbium | about 2.0×10$^{−8}$ | 6.0×10$^{−8}$ | 6.03×10$^{−8}$ (2.2%) |
| 66 Dy dysprosium | 3.5×10$^{−7}$ | 4.0×10$^{−7}$ | 3.942×10$^{−7}$ (1.4%) |
| 67 Ho holmium | about 5.0×10$^{−8}$ | 8.9×10$^{−8}$ | 8.89×10$^{−8}$ (2.4%) |
| 68 Er erbium | 2.4×10$^{−7}$ | 2.5×10$^{−7}$ | 2.508×10$^{−7}$ (1.3%) |
| 69 Tm thulium | about 3.0×10$^{−8}$ | 3.8×10$^{−8}$ | 3.78×10$^{−8}$ (2.3%) |
| 70 Yb ytterbium | 3.4×10$^{−7}$ | 2.5×10$^{−7}$ | 2.479×10$^{−7}$ (1.6%) |
| 71 Lu lutetium | about 1.5×10$^{−7}$ | 3.7×10$^{−8}$ | 3.67×10$^{−8}$ (1.3%) |
| 72 Hf hafnium | 2.1×10$^{−7}$ | 1.5×10$^{−7}$ | 1.54×10$^{−7}$ (1.9%) |
| 73 Ta tantalum | | 3.8×10$^{−8}$ | 2.07×10$^{−8}$ (1.8%) |
| 74 W tungsten | about 3.6×10$^{−7}$ | 1.3×10$^{−7}$ | 1.33×10$^{−7}$ (5.1%) |
| 75 Re rhenium | | 5.0×10$^{−8}$ | 5.17×10$^{−8}$ (9.4%) |
| 76 Os osmium | 8.0×10$^{−7}$ | 6.7×10$^{−7}$ | 6.75×10$^{−7}$ (6.3%) |
| 77 Ir iridium | 6.0×10$^{−7}$ | 6.6×10$^{−7}$ | 6.61×10$^{−7}$ (6.1%) |
| 78 Pt platinum | about 1.8×10$^{−6}$ | 1.34×10$^{−6}$ | 1.34×10$^{−6}$ (7.4%) |
| 79 Au gold | about 3.0×10$^{−7}$ | 1.9×10$^{−7}$ | 1.87×10$^{−7}$ (15%) |
| 80 Hg mercury | | 3.4×10$^{−7}$ | 3.40×10$^{−7}$ (12%) |
| 81 Tl thallium | about 2.0×10$^{−7}$ | 1.9×10$^{−7}$ | 1.84×10$^{−7}$ (9.4%) |
| 82 Pb lead | 2.0×10$^{−6}$ | 3.1×10$^{−6}$ | 3.15×10$^{−6}$ (7.8%) |
| 83 Bi bismuth | | 1.4×10$^{−7}$ | 1.44×10$^{−7}$ (8.2%) |
| 84 Po polonium | | | |
| 85 At astatine | | | |
| 86 Rn radon | | | |
| 87 Fr francium | | | |
| 88 Ra radium | | | |
| 89 Ac actinium | | | |
| 90 Th thorium | 5.0×10$^{−8}$ | 4.5×10$^{−8}$ | 3.35×10$^{−8}$ (5.7%) |
| 91 Pa protactinium | | | |
| 92 U uranium | | 1.8×10$^{−8}$ | 9.00×10$^{−9}$ (8.4%) |
| 93 Np neptunium | | | |
| 94 Pu plutonium | | | |