OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Matveyev Kurgan

Matveyev Kurgan (Russian: Матвеев Курган) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Matveyevo-Kurgansky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

## Demographics

Its population has grown over the decades: 15,590 (2010 Census); 14,364 (2002 Census); 13,892 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

The Russians started settling this territory district in the beginning of the 18th century under the orders of Peter I. The Mius river basin was settled especially in the second half of the 1770s and early 1780s. Thus, the history of the village of Matveev Kurgan dates to 1780. It was founded by the Cossack Ataman Ilovaiskiy.
These places are mentioned in the legend of "The Word about Igor's regiment". The eighteenth century saw the colonization of Russia's southern territories. Runaway serfs who were attracted by the favorable climate and proximity to seas and rivers migrated to Matveyev Kurgan. Matvey was one of those settlers. He was known as "Terrible", because he was a terror to all passing carts. This legendary image is reminiscent of Robin Hood. Like the latter Matvey robbed passing merchants and helped the poor, for which he was hated by the first and idolized by the second. Matvey lived in the steppes of Primiusye, uniting hundreds of like-minded people, and became their leader – Ataman. According to the legend explaining the name of the village, Matvey was killed and buried on the mound on the river. According to one version, the building of the district hospital stands on his grave, while another version points to the office the Center of employment.
The Russian kurgan has another meaning – “grave”. The settlement Matveev Kurgan was formed around the ataman's mound.
In September 1937 Matveev Kurgan became part of Rostov region. The Great Patriotic War interrupted the peaceful labour of local inhabitants. In October 1941 German troops captured the area. Soon a powerful line of defense called the Mius-front was built and was the scene of fierce fighting. Having freed Rostov-on-Don on February 14, 1943, the troops of the Southern Front rushed to the Mius, and on February 17 Matveev Kurgan was liberated.

## Geography

The village is located in the northwestern part of Rostov Oblast on the left bank of the Mius. A railway station is sited 91 km from Rostov-on-Don, 45 km from Taganrog.

## Culture

Matveev Kurgan is known for monuments of military glory: Monument "Anchor" Matveev Kurgan, Monument "Motherland" Matveev Kurgan, Monument "Regulator Maria" Matveev Kurgan, Monument "Soldier" Matveev Kurgan, Monument "Tank T-34" Matveev Kurgan. Most of them became landmarks of the district, attracting tourists.
# Tommy Deans

Tommy Deans (7 January 1922 – 30 December 2000) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a full back.

## Career

Born in Shieldhill, Falkirk, Deans played for Armadale Thistle, Clyde, Notts County and Boston United.
# Halfdan Egedius

Halfdan Egedius (May 5, 1877 – February 2, 1899) was a Norwegian painter and illustrator.

## Biography

Halfdan Johnsen Egedius was born in Drammen in Buskerud county and grew up in Christiania (now Oslo). His interest in painting and illustration began at the age of 5 and he showed exceptional artistic abilities early. He attended art school from the age of 9 at the school of art of Knud Bergslien, where he was a pupil from 1886 to 1889. In 1891 he was a pupil of Erik Werenskiold, and from 1891 to 1892 he studied at the Arts and Crafts School in Christiania. In 1894 he attended the Harriet Backer art school. During spring 1896, he was a student of Kristian Zahrtmann in Copenhagen. From the age of 15 he began painting the landscape of Telemark.
Professionally known as Halfdan Johnsen Egedius, he was active from the age of 16 until his premature death at the age of 21. In his short life he managed to create several Norwegian masterpieces in a variety of styles. He is best known for his illustrations of the Heimskringla in a style inspired by Werenskiold.
Egedius became ill during a summer stay in Telemark in 1898, and after relapsing before Christmas, was hospitalized in Christiania, where he died in February 1899, not yet 22 years old. The cause of death was actinomycosis, a bacterial infection that attacked the internal organs. He was buried in the churchyard at Vestre Aker. Fifty years after his death, a memorial stone was erected.

## Gallery

* Portrait of Mari Clasen (oil on canvas, 1895)
* Illustration for St. Olaf's Saga, Heimskringla (1897)
* Illustration for Saga of Magnus the Good, Heimskringla (1898)
* Illustration for Saga of Olaf Tryggvason, Heimskringla (1897)
* Illustration for St. Olaf's Saga, Heimskringla (1899).
* Illustration for Fridtjof Nansen's Fram over Polhavet: den norske polarfærd 1893-1896 (1897)
* Summer's Eve (1893)
* Fra Vågå (1894)
# Furnace Creek Fault Zone

The Furnace Creek Fault Zone (FCFZ) is a geological fault that is located in Eastern California and southwestern Nevada. The right lateral-moving (dextral) fault extends for some 200 km (120 mi) between a connection with the Death Valley Fault Zone in the Amargosa Valley and northward to a termination in the Fish Lake Valley of southwest Nevada. The northern segment of the FCFZ is also referred to as the Fish Lake Valley Fault Zone. The FCFZ is considered an integral part of the Walker Lane.
# Sonny Cabatu

Santiago "Sonny" Cabatu Sr. (born October 10, 1960) is a Filipino retired professional basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association and was the first draft pick of the league in 1985. He is also the father of current Philippine Patriots player Junjun Cabatu. He also played for the Cagayan de Oro Nuggets and Pasig-Rizal Pirates in the Metropolitan Basketball Association.

## Amateur career

Cabatu started his basketball career at the University of Northern Philippines from 1977-1979. Later in 1979, he transferred to the University of Baguio where as a UB Cardinal, he was recruited by Coach Nic Jorge to play for Masagana 99 in 1980. During his stint with M-99, Sonny also enrolled at PSBA and played for the Jaguars in the MUCAA. From Masagana, he has played for Filsyn and Presto in the MICAA. In 1982, he was a member of Crispa's Paul Jordan team under coach Nat Canson, which won the Interclub basketball crown.
In 1984, Cabatu was part of the Development Bank of Rizal team that won the championship of the PABL Ambassador's Cup. After Bank of Rizal disbanded, Sonny went to the national team selection, coached by Larry Albano and sponsored by Country Fair Hotdogs, which competed in the Jones Cup tournament in Taipei. He joined ESQ Marketing midway in the PABL second conference and Sonny made history by winning the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award twice in a row with ESQ capturing the second and third conference championships.

## National team career

Cabatu has been a national player twice with the Philippine team to the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, India, coached by Nat Canson, and the 1983 Southeast Asian Games in Singapore under coach Larry Albano.

## PBA career

Being the professional league's first-ever number one draft pick in 1985, Cabatu was a starting center for newcomer Shell Azodrin. He became a journeyman throughout his pro career, moving to Great Taste and then to Purefoods after three seasons with Shell. In 1990, he was taken by expansion franchise Pop Cola from the expansion pool. Cabatu was traded to Ginebra in 1992 and played four seasons with the ballclub. He was signed by Purefoods as a temporary replacement for the injured Reuben dela Rosa in the 1997 PBA season and at age 36, he finally won his first PBA championship after 12 seasons as the Purefoods Corned Beef Cowboys captured the All-Filipino crown that year.
# 1441 Yangtze flood

The 1441 Yangtze flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Nanjing, China, during the Ming dynasty.
The flood occurred in the late autumn and broke the river's banks repeatedly. The situation was a major emergency not only for Nanjing and the surrounding area but also for the northern capital Beijing, which depended upon grain shipments from the Yangtze valley. The southern entrance to the Grand Canal was at Yangzhou near Nanjing and had to close during heavy flooding.
# Guyaleh, Kermanshah

Guyaleh (Persian: گويله, also Romanized as Gūyaleh; also known as Gavāleh Kalāsh, Gavīleh, Govaleh, Kavīleh, and Kovīleh) is a village in Kalashi Rural District, Kalashi District, Javanrud County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 27 families.
# Tamer Amin

Tamer Amin (Arabic: تامر أمين; born 10 September 1971) is a former Egyptian television presenter and interviewer for Masr El-Nahrda (Egypt Today), a popular Egyptian live television talk show from Cairo, which airs on the Egyptian National TV (ERTU). He has also had content broadcast on Al Hayat TV.

## Positions

Amin is known for being strongly supportive of the Egyptian government. He has expressed his views on a number of issues:
* Responding to a question regarding whether or not Egyptian men who marry Israeli women should have their Egyptian citizenship revoked, Amin stated "Everything should be taken from them, not just their citizenship."
* In response to a video purported to document a gay wedding ceremony, Amin said "I don’t have a problem with anyone doing something wrong, and keeping it private ... but if that person is proud of it, and doesn’t try to hide it ... that’s a disaster."
* Amin expressed support for Egypt and Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, arguing that "As a deterrent. I support Egypt's policy of turning the Middle East into a nuclear-free zone. But if a country like Israel has nuclear weapons, it has a deterrent, and all of us Arabs are afraid of it."
# Dörverden station

Dörverden (German: Bahnhof Dörverden) is a railway station located in Dörverden, Germany. The station is located on the Bremen–Hanover railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn.

## Train services

The following services currently call at the station:
* Regional services RE 1 Norddeich - Emden - Oldenburg - Bremen - Nienburg - Hanover
* Regional services RE 8 Bremerhaven-Lehe - Bremen - Nienburg - Hanover
| Preceding station | DB Regio Nord | DB Regio Nord | DB Regio Nord | Following station |
| Verden (Aller)towards Norddeich Mole | | RE 1 | | Eystruptowards Hannover Hbf |
| Verden (Aller)towards Bremerhaven-Lehe | | RE 8 | | Eystruptowards Hannover Hbf |
# Tommy Gemmell (footballer, born 1930)

Tommy Gemmell (2 July 1930 – 8 January 2004) was a Scottish footballer, who played as an inside forward for St Mirren for his whole senior career. Gemmell, who made over 250 league appearances for the club, helped St Mirren win the 1959 Scottish Cup Final.
He also played for the Scotland national football team twice in May 1955, scoring one goal.
# Gachin, Arzuiyeh

Gachin (Persian: گچين, also Romanized as Gachīn) is a village in Soghan Rural District, Soghan District, Arzuiyeh County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 573, in 128 families.
# Johann Anton Güldenstädt

Johann Anton Güldenstädt (26 April 1745 in Riga, Latvia – 23 March 1781 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Baltic German naturalist and explorer in Russian service.
Güldenstädt lost both his parents early, and from 1763 onwards studied pharmacy, botany and natural history in Berlin. At the age of 22, he obtained his doctorate in medicine at the University of Frankfurt in 1767. In the following year, he joined the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences' expedition sent by Catherine II of Russia to explore the Russian empire's southern frontier. Güldenstädt travelled through Ukraine and the Astrakhan region, as well as the northern Caucasus and Georgia, both of which were almost entirely beyond the borders of the Russian empire. In March 1775 he returned to St Petersburg. The results of the expedition and Güldenstädt's edited expedition journal were published after his death by Peter Simon Pallas in Reisen durch Russland und im Caucasischen Gebürge (Travels in Russia and the Mountains of the Caucasus) (1787–1791).
The expedition contributed greatly to the fields of biology, geology, geography, and particularly linguistics. Güldenstädt took detailed notes on the languages of the region. After the expedition, which definitively established Güldenstädt's reputation at the Academy, he continued to work as a naturalist.
Güldenstädt's expedition was the first systematic study of the Caucasus. As was typical of contemporary expeditions organized in the spirit of the Enlightenment (including the later American Lewis and Clark Expedition), it was tasked with the observation and description of virtually every aspect of the region under study. This included both its "natural" attributes — flora, fauna, geography, and geology — and its peoples, economy, and government. In this sense it was both a scientific expedition and a mission of reconnaissance to learn more about a region that was important in the simultaneous Russian war with the Ottomans, of which the Caucasus was a theater, with the Georgians acting as Russian allies. Immediately following the expedition, Russian interest in the region, particularly Georgia, grew markedly, culminating in the Treaty of Georgievsk, which made East Georgia a Russian protectorate.
In 1781, he died from an outbreak of fever in St. Petersburg.

## Legacy

Güldenstädt first described the jungle cat in 1776 in his article Chaus – Animal feli adfine descriptum. He is commemorated in the names of:
* Güldenstädt's redstart

## Publications

* Chaus – Animal feli adfine descriptum. Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae Volume 20, St. Petersburg 1776. Pp. 483
* Reisen durch Rußland und im Caucasischen Gebürge. Russisch-Kayserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften (Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences). St. Petersburg, Volume 1, 1787; Volume 2, 1791.
* Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770–1773 гг (Puteshestvie po Kavkazu v 1770-1773 gg). Translated by T. K. Shafranovskaia. St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2002.
# Abu Thabit

Abu Thabit (Arabic: أبو ثابت) served briefly as governor of Tarsus for the Abbasid Caliphate in 900.
Governor Ibn al-Ikhshad left him behind in the city as his deputy and successor when the former went on a raid against the Byzantine Empire in late 899/early 900. Ibn al-Ikhshad was killed during the raid, and Abu Thabit succeeded him. He soon had to face a Byzantine counter-raid, which in March 900 reached the gates of Tarsus. Abu Thabit pursued the Byzantines to the river Rayhan (unidentified), but there was defeated and captured. According to al-Tabari, along with other Muslim prisoners he was taken prisoner to Iconium and thence to Constantinople.
Back in Tarsus, his son tried to take over his post, claiming that his father had appointed him as his successor, but this was opposed by the elders of Tarsus and the surrounding towns of the thughur, who chose Ali ibn al-Arabi. Abu Thabit's son armed followers to impose himself by force, but in the end was persuaded to accept Ibn al-Arabi.
# Abbasabad-e Qarah Aghaj

Abbasabad-e Qarah Aghaj (Persian: عباس ابادقره اغاج, also Romanized as ‘Abbāsābād-e Qarah Āghāj; also known as ‘Abbāsābād) is a village in Hakimabad Rural District, in the Central District of Zarandieh County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 4 families.
# Irrhain

49°30′53″N 11°3′38″E﻿ / ﻿49.51472°N 11.06056°E﻿ / 49.51472; 11.06056
Irrhain (German: Irrhain) — is a small landscape-ecological and cultural-historical nature reserve within the Nuremberg agglomeration. It is located north of the city's airport on lands bearing the historical name «Knoblauchland» — «Garlic Field», where farms are located that largely provide the city with fresh vegetables.

## History

The ecological significance of the reserve is expressed in the fact that it is a piece of forest that has been preserved in its natural form, which is especially important due to the fact that most of the German forests are the result of artificial planting of coniferous trees, while originally they were formed by deciduous trees.
Some specimens of the trees have died and are reported by stationary signs to be a fall hazard. However, they are not removed because they are the natural habitat of insects.
The safety of the place is also connected with the fact that in 1676 from the banks of the Pegnitz, now within the city limits, moved the «Pegnesischer Blumenorden» — an association of writers who support the style of their writings in the Baroque style. The association still exists and poetic holidays are organized here in the summer.
Initially, the circle of poets around Georg Philipp Harsdörfer and Johann Clay, who founded the flower order in 1644, met in the so-called poetic grove near Weidenmühle, a peninsula formed by the old waters of the Pegnitz. After the owner of the property made the place inaccessible with a fence, the participants gathered at the Half Moon house, which was owned by Andreas Ingolstetter.
In order to be able to cultivate poetry close to nature again, Kraftshof's pastor Martin Limburger proposed to the then head of the order, Sigmund von Birken, in 1676, to create a new meeting place in an overgrown oak grove near the village of Kraftshof.
Limburger developed the concept of a talking garden, he understood the "mad forest" as a symbol of the "world's crazy forest", which corresponded to the then pietistic spirit. The work was completed in 1678, and in 1681 the Forest Alms Authority on the Sebalder side of the city confirmed to the Order of the Flowers that it had received "Irraine" as a perpetual fief.

## Description

The main entrance to the reserve is decorated in the form of a stone arch in the architectural style of the Baroque, behind which begins an alley leading to a forested area, on which monuments associated with the names of members of the order are installed. There is also a hut in which writers gathered.

## Gallery

* Labyrinth in 1676.
* Entrance arch to the labyrinth
* Memorial stones
* Memorial stones
* Irrhain
# Porječina

Porječina (Serbian: Порјечина) is a village in the municipality of Petrovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Tanners' Tower

The Tanners' Tower (Romanian: Turnul Tăbăcarilor, German: Gerberturm) in Sighişoara, belonging to Mureș County, Romania, was built around the 13th –14th centuries in the southeastern part of the city. It has a square plan, with a small, sloping roof in a single direction. This tower was supposed to guard and protect the courtyard of the Clock Tower.
Its shape and position retracted behind the wall recommend it as one of the old towers, perhaps even the first one of the city. This tower with archaic aspect was not affected in any way by the fire in 1676. To defend the tower, tanneries used to have: a double arquebuse as well as a simple one, a musket, three hundred pounds of gunpowder and some cannonballs
46°13′07″N 24°47′33″E﻿ / ﻿46.21860°N 24.79256°E﻿ / 46.21860; 24.79256
# Mirabad, Naqadeh

Mirabad (Persian: ميراباد) is a village in, and the capital of, Solduz Rural District of the Central District of Naqadeh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 345 in 72 households. The following census in 2011 counted 336 people in 107 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 258 people in 79 households.
# Tomato black ring virus

Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Secoviridae, that was first discovered in 1946.

## Hosts

TBRV infects several hosts including:
* Allium cepa
* Allium porrum
* Apium graveolens
* Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera
* Brassica napus var. napobrassica
* Brassica rapa subsp. rapa
* Capsicum
* Cucumis sativus
* Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus
* Fragaria including Fragaria ananassa
* Gladiolus hybrids
* Lactuca sativa
* Narcissus
* Phaseolus vulgaris
* Prunus persica
* Ribes
* Rubus including Rubus idaeus
* Solanum lycopersicum
* Solanum melongena
* Solanum tuberosum
* Vitis vinifera
# Hélène Esnault

Hélène Esnault (born 17 July 1953) is a French and German mathematician, specializing in algebraic geometry.

## Career

Born in Paris, Esnault earned her PhD in 1976 from the University of Paris VII. She wrote her dissertation on Singularites rationnelles et groupes algebriques (Rational singularities and algebraic groups) under the direction of Lê Dũng Tráng.
She did her habilitation at the University of Bonn in 1985, and pursued her studies at the University of Duisburg-Essen. Afterwards, she was a Heisenberg scholar of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn.
She became the first Einstein Professor at Freie Universität Berlin in 2012, as head of the algebra and number theory research group, after working previously at the University of Duisburg-Essen, the Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in Bonn, and at the University of Paris VII.
In 2007 Esnault was editor-in-chief and founder of the journal Algebra & Number Theory. From 1998 to 2010 she co-edited Mathematische Annalen; she has also served as editor of Acta Mathematica Vietnamica, Astérisque, Duke Mathematical Journal, and Mathematical Research Letters.

## Awards and honors

In 2001 she won the Prix Paul Doistau-Émile Blutet of the Académie des Sciences de Paris. In 2003, Esnault and Eckart Viehweg received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize. In 2014 she was elected to the Academia Europaea and is a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Europäische Akademie Nordrhein-Westfalen [de]. In 2019, she won the Cantor medal.
# Louis de Beaufort

Louis de Beaufort (6 October 1703 – 11 August 1795) was a French-Dutch historian best known for his critical approach to the history of Rome. His brother was Daniel Cornelius de Beaufort (1700-1788).
Born in The Hague to a French family of Huguenots, he lived in Utrecht and Leiden and worked as a personal tutor to the Prince of Hesse-Hombourg while at Leiden University (1739-42). In 1738 he published at Utrecht the Dissertation sur l'incertitude des cinq prèmiers siècles de l'histoire romaine (A Dissertation Upon the Uncertainty of the First Five Centuries of Roman History), in which he questioned the value of even the classical sources of the highest repute, such as Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, for writing the history of the origins of ancient Rome, and pointed out by what methods and by the aid of what documents a truly scientific basis might be given to its history. While this was not an unprecedented argument, Beaufort made his case particularly forcefully and pushed against the traditional and less critical approaches adopted by esteemed historians of the time such as Charles Rollin. A German, Christopher Saxius, endeavoured to refute Beaufort's argument in a series of articles published in vols. i.-iii. of the Miscellanea Liviensia. Beaufort replied by some brief and ironic Remarques in the appendix to the second edition of his Dissertation (1750).
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in October 1746 and would move to Maastricht where he died in 1795.
He also wrote an Histoire de Cesar Germanicus (Leiden, 1761), and La République romaine, ou plan general de l'ancien gouvernement de Rome (The Hague, 1766, 2 vols quarto).
Though not a scholar of the first rank, Beaufort has at least the merit of having been a pioneer in raising the question, afterwards elaborated by Niebuhr, as to the credibility of early Roman history and the importance of source criticism.