OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Froelich

John Froelich (November 24, 1849 – May 24, 1933) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, who invented the first stable gasoline-powered tractor with forward and reverse gears. He received several patents relating to tractors and internal combustion engines.

## Life and career

Froelich was born in 1849 in Giard, Iowa to Henry and Kathryn (née Gutheil) Froelich. Henry, whose original name was Johannes Heinrich Froelich, from Kurhessen, today part of the German state of Hesse. John Froelich grew up in the small town of Froelich, Iowa, named for his father Henry Froelich. As a young man he oversaw the operation of a grain elevator.
Froelich operated a threshing business, and travelled Iowa and South Dakota laboring the Great Plains using steam-powered threshers. Failing to obtain coal for his steam-powered engine, in 1892 he and his blacksmith, Will Mann, invented one of the first gasoline-powered tractors by mounting a one-cylinder Van Duzen gasoline engine on a Robinson engine frame, propelled by Froelich's own gearing. This was the first mechanically successful gasoline-powered tractor with backward and forward propulsion. After completing the tractor, Froelich and Mann brought it to Langford, South Dakota, where they would connect it to a J.I. Case threshing machine,$^{:45}$ and thresh 72,000 bushels in 52 days.
In 1893, Froelich and a group of investors founded the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company, based in Waterloo, Iowa. The company only produced four tractors, and only sold two, both of which were returned as unsatisfactory. In 1895 the company abandoned tractor manufacturing and changed the name to Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company, producing stationary engines instead.
Froelich left the company the same year and relocated his wife and four kids to Dubuque, Iowa, where he worked for several engine manufacturing companies. Here, he developed a new type of clothes-washing machine he named the Froelich Neostyle Washer, which brought him considerable financial prosperity.
He later moved to Marshalltown, eventually settling in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1929.

## Death and legacy

Froelich died in St. Paul in 1933 in relative obscurity. The small town of Froelich commemorated the invention of the tractor in 1939, and a few decades later, opened the Froelich Tractor & 1890s Village Museum where John Froelich assembled his first gasoline tractor.
John Froelich's innovations helped pave the way for modern farming, and contributed to the establishment of Waterloo as a center for internal combustion engine production in the early years of the 20th century.
# Reyhan-e Olya

Reyhan-e Olya (Persian: ريحان عليا, also Romanized as Reyḩān-e ‘Olyā and Reyhan Olya; also known as Reyhān, Reyhān Bālā, and Reyḩān-e Bālā) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, in the Central District of Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 457, in 124 families.
# Stralsund-Grünhufe station

Stralsund-Grünhufe (German: Bahnhof Stralsund-Grünhufe) is a railway station in the town of Grünhufe, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The station lies on the Rostock-Stralsund railway and the train services are operated by Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH.

## Train services

The station is served by the following services:
| Line | Route | Frequency |
| RE 9 | Rostock – Ribnitz-Damgarten – Velgast – Stralsund-Grünhufe – Stralsund – Bergen auf Rügen – Lietzow – Sassnitz | Every 2 hours |
| RE 10 | Rostock – Ribnitz-Damgarten West – Velgast – Stralsund-Grünhufe – Stralsund – Greifswald – Züssow – Pasewalk | Two train pairs (Mo-Fr) |
# Hill (stream)

The Hill (French: Helle) is a stream in the High Fens in east Belgium.

## Course

The Hill rises near the highest point in Belgium, the Signal de Botrange and empties into the Vesdre (Weser) at Eupen, 25 kilometres further north.
The most important tributaries of the Hill are the Spoorbach and the Soor. The confluence of the Hill and the Spoorbach is located 10 kilometres further downstream near the village of Herzogenhügel. This village is interesting for geological reasons: in a stone quarry there is the only rock of volcanic origin in East Belgium. The Soor discharges into the Hill just before Eupen, at a place called the Black Bridge (Schwarze Brücke).

## The Hill as a state border

During the Roman era the river was a boundary between the administrative regions of Tongeren (Civitas Tungrorum) and Cologne (Civitas Agrippinensium).
From the High Middle Ages to 1795 it was the border between the territorial lordships that divided up the region of the High Fens. For example, the border between the Duchy of Limburg and the Duchy of Luxembourg ran here and, further north, in the area of the Herzogenhügel ("Duke(s) Knoll"), between Limburg and the Duchy of Jülich.
From 1815 to 1919 it divided Prussia from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and its successor state, Belgium.
In 1952 a 1.5-kilometre-long link tunnel was dug between the Hill and the Eupen Weser Reservoir, in order to better regulate the high water demand of the textile industry. For about half its length, the Hill flows through the High Fens-Eifel Nature Park.

## Gallery

* Map of the Hill region
* Confluence of the Soor and the Hill
* Mouth of the Hill on the Weser
# Fraissinet-de-Fourques

Fraissinet-de-Fourques (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Fraissinet de Forcas) is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.
# Constitutional Court of Saxony

The Constitutional Court of Saxony (German: Verfassungsgerichtshof des Freistaates Sachsen; abbreviated: SächsVerfGHG) is the constitutional court of Saxony. The court has its seat in Leipzig and is opposite of the Federal Administrative Court building.

## History

The constitutional court was formed on 18 February 1993, when the Landtag of Saxony determined the seat of the court in Leipzig.

## Former presidents of the court

* Günter Hirsch (1993–1995)
* Thomas Pfeiffer (1995–2005)
* Klaus Budewig (2005-2007)
* Birgit Munz (2007-2020)
* Matthias Grünberg (since 2020)
# Itzik Kala

Itzhak "Itzik" Kala (Hebrew: איציק קלה) is an Israeli singer of Kurdish-Jewish descent who sings in Aramaic, Kurdish and Hebrew. He has released over 30 studio albums.
He is married to Ziona Kala.
In late 2012 his wife was severely injured by four Palestinian stone-throwers, spending several weeks in intensive care. The perpetrators (three of whom were minors) were arrested by the Israel Defense Forces in Husan.
# Moulay Ismail University

Moulay Ismail University (French: Université Moulay Ismail; Arabic: جامعة مولاي إسماعيل) is a university in Meknes city, Morocco, which was founded in 1989. It is named after the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismaïl.

## Notable Alumni

* Muhammad Al Barka, writer and historian
# Eve Jobs

Eve Jobs (born July 9, 1998) is an American fashion model. She is the daughter of the late Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs and businesswoman Laurene Powell Jobs.

## Early life

Named after Eve from the book of Genesis, Jobs is the youngest daughter of Steve Jobs (his eldest being Lisa Brennan-Jobs from his first partner Chrisann Brennan). She also has two older siblings: brother Reed, and sister Erin. She is of Syrian ancestry through her father, who was adopted by an American couple. Her biological paternal grandmother was an American woman of Swiss and German descent from Wisconsin. Her paternal aunt, Mona Simpson, is a novelist and English professor. After her father died in 2011, her mother became one of the richest women in the world.
Jobs attended Upper Echelon Academy in Wellington, Florida, and was an accomplished equestrian; in 2019, she was ranked as the world's fifth-best rider under 25. She graduated from Stanford University in 2021, then moved to New York.

## Career

In March 2022, Jobs signed with DNA Model Management after making her runway debut with the French fashion label Coperni and appearing in a Glossier holiday campaign with actress Sydney Sweeney. She has since appeared in a solo Vogue editorial and on the October 2022 cover of Vogue Japan. In fall 2022, she starred in a solo Louis Vuitton campaign.
# Tazeh Kand-e Aliabad

Tazeh Kand-e Aliabad (Persian: تازه كندعلي اباد, also Romanized as Tāzeh Kand-e ‘Alīābād; also known as Tāzeh Kand-e Qāsem Khān) is a village in Sarajuy-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 356, in 77 families.
# Alliance for Progress and Freedom

The Alliance for Progress and Freedom (French: Alliance pour le Progrès et la Liberté) is a political party in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). At the last legislative elections, 5 May 2002, the party won 0.7% of the popular vote and one out of 111 seats.
# Association of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany

The Association of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany (German: Verband der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland) is a German organization formed in 1946 by Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen) who were resettled in Germany from Transylvania (German: Siebenbürgen). Its goals are the integration of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany and the preservation and promotion of the Transylvanian Saxon culture. It is based in Munich, Bavaria, southern Germany, and has over 25,000 members. It was renamed from the "Landsmannschaft der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland" in 2007.
# Wängi railway station

Wängi railway station (German: Bahnhof Wängi) is a railway station in the municipality of Wängi, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Frauenfeld–Wil line of Appenzell Railways.

## Services

As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Wängi:
* St. Gallen S-Bahn: S15: half-hourly service between Frauenfeld and Wil.
# Bellerberg Volcano

The Bellerberg Volcano (German: Bellerberg-Vulkan) is a volcano group that was formed 200,000 years ago by a large number of individual eruptions.

## Formation

The volcano complex lies in the East Eifel between the villages of Ettringen and Kottenheim and the town of Mayen on the edge of a fault zone of the Middle Rhine Basin. Violent movements caused disturbances in the bedrock, so that, along this fault, magma rose from a chamber at a depth of 10–20 km. Volcanic activity began approximately 200,000 years ago in the eastern part of the Bellerberg Volcano. Gaseous, 1,100 °C hot magma reached the Earth's surface at several eruption centres and formed smaller cinder cones. Huge quantities of lava fragments, which were thrown mainly in an easterly direction, formed the cinder ridge of the Kottenheimer Büden. Gradually, a crescent-shaped crater wall formed, which probably grew to more than 20 m high within a few days. In addition, longer fissures appeared, which produced large quantities of lava and thus gave rise to the Ettringer Bellerberg.
At a later date, gas pressure from the magma chamber decreased and the explosive fountains dried up. Instead, three lava streams flowed out of the Bellerberg Volcano which, thousands of years later were to become the basis of the economy in the surrounding villages in the form of basalt lava deposits: the Ettringer lava stream, the Mayen lava stream and the Winfeld lava stream. The Ettringen lava stream was the shortest, but most powerful of the three, and later formed the quarry area of the Ettringer Lay. The longest was the Mayen lava stream. Lava flowed more than 3 kilometres south into the valley of the Nette and was the basis for the quarries of the Mayener Grubenfeld. The northern stream, the Winfeld lava stream, became the quarry area of Kottenheimer Winfeld.
* Angelika Hunold: Das Erbe des Vulkans. Eine Reise in die Erd- und Technikgeschichte zwischen Eifel und Rhein. Schnell + Steiner und Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Regensburg/Mainz 2011, ISBN 978-3-7954-2439-8
# John Blake Jr.

John Edward Blake Jr. (July 3, 1947 – August 15, 2014) was an American jazz violinist from South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He performed most prominently as a sideman in groups led by Grover Washington Jr. (in the late 1970s) and McCoy Tyner (in the early 1980s), as well as led his own groups.
His son Johnathan Blake is an accomplished jazz drummer, bandleader and composer.
He died on August 15, 2014, from complications of multiple myeloma.

## Discography
### As leader

* Maiden Dance (Gramavision, 1984)
* Twinkling of an Eye (Gramavision, 1985)
* Rhythm & BLU (Gramavision, 1986)
* Adventures of the Heart (Gramavision, 1987)
* A New Beginning (Gramavision, 1988)
* Quest (Sunnyside, 1992)
* Motherless Child (Artists Recording Collective, 2010)

### As sideman

With James Newton
* James Newton (Gramavision, 1983)
* Luella (Gramavision, 1984)
* The African Flower (Blue Note, 1985)
With McCoy Tyner
* Horizon (Milestone, 1980)
* La Leyenda de La Hora (Columbia, 1981)
* Dimensions (Elektra Musician, 1984)
With Grover Washington Jr.
* Live at The Bijou (Kudu, 1977)
* Reed Seed (Motown, 1978)
* Paradise (Elektra, 1979)
With others
* Muhal Richard Abrams, Colors in Thirty-Third (Black Saint, 1987)
* Catalyst, Unity (Muse, 1974)
* Catalyst, A Tear and a Smile (Muse, 1976)
* Norman Connors, You Are My Starship (Buddah, 1976)
* Will Downing, Moods (Mercury, 1995)
* Carlos Garnett, Let This Melody Ring On (Muse, 1975)
* Damon Harris, Damon (Fantasy, 1978)
* George Howard, Asphalt Gardens (Palo Alto, 1982)
* Cecil McBee, Flying Out (India Navigation, 1982)
* Carmen McRae, I'm Coming Home Again (Buddah, 1980)
* Carmen McRae, Ms. Magic (Del Rack, 1986)
* Marvin Peterson, Children of the Fire (Sunrise, 1974)
* Vanessa Rubin, I'm Glad There Is You (Novus/RCA, 1994)
* Gilberto Santa Rosa, En Vivo Desde El Carnegie Hall (Sony, 1995)
* Avery Sharpe, Legends & Mentors (JKNM, 2008)
* Archie Shepp, Attica Blues (Impulse!/ABC, 1972)
* Archie Shepp, The Cry of My People (Impulse!/ABC, 1973)
* O. C. Smith, What'cha Gonna Do (Rendezvous, 1986)
* Jamaaladeen Tacuma, Brotherzone (P-Vine, 1999)
* Steve Turre, Fire and Ice (Stash, 1988)
* Steve Turre, Right There (Antilles, 1991)
* James Blood Ulmer, Harmolodic Guitar with Strings (DIW, 1997)
* Gerald Veasley, Look Ahead (Heads Up, 1992)
* Gerald Veasley, Soul Control (Inak, 1997)
* Kazumi Watanabe, The Best Performance (Better Days, 1982)
* Paula West, Come What May (Hi Horse, 2001)
* Buster Williams, Dreams Come True (Buddah, 1980)
# Najafabad, Kamyaran

Najafabad (Persian: نجف آباد, also Romanized as Najafābād) is a village in Gavrud Rural District, Muchesh District, Kamyaran County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 357, in 89 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Hat Kata

Hat Kata (Thai: หาดกะตะ, pronounced) is a beach which extends 1.5 kilometers on the west coast of the island of Phuket in Thailand. It is a tourist destination, with multiple hotels and restaurants near the beach.

## Geography

Hat Kata is about 17 kilometers from Phuket Town. It faces the Andaman Sea. The northern half of the beach is known as Hat Kata Yai, and the southern half as Hat Kata Noi.
There are two adjacent beaches called Kata Yai and Kata Noi. It is also relatively close to Patong Beach and Karon Beach.

## Events

Surfing is a popular activity at Hat Kara during monsoon season, and the location hosts the Phuket Surfing Contest annually in September.
The week-long Phuket King's Cup Regatta is one of Asia's biggest and most popular regattas.
# Makonde language

Makonde, or Kimakonde, is the language spoken by the Makonde, an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Makonde is a central Bantu language closely related to Yao. The Matambwe (Matembwe) and Mabiha (Maviha) dialects are divergent, and may not be Makonde.
A mosquito-borne viral fever first identified on the Makonde Plateau is named Chikungunya, which is derived from the Makonde root verb kungunyala (meaning "that which bends up", "to become contorted," or "to walk bent over"). The derivation of the term is generally falsely attributed to Swahili.

## Phonology

The following are the consonants and vowels of the Makonde language:

### Vowels

| | Front | Back |
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
There also tends to be a rising final vowel sound /vv́/ within vowel combinations.

### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | ɡ | |
| Plosive | prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | |
| Affricate | Affricate | | | tʃ | | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s | | | h |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | ʋ | | j | w | |
# Hilana Taarka

Hilana Taarka (real name Darja Matrejeva, also Darja Pisumaa and Vasila Taarka; 22 March 1856 – 27 December 1933) was an Estonian (Seto) folk singer. She is known as "Seto Lauluimä" (lit. 'Seto Mother of Song').
Hilana Taarka was born in the small village of Hilande in Setomaa, from which she later took her name. Almost all her life was spent in poverty.
Her most notable achievement was to sing at the Helsinki Song Festival in 1921. Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, the first president of Finland was also present at the festival.
Hilana Taarka died in Võmmorski in 1933, aged 77. She is buried at Obinitsa graveyard.
In 2008, a biographical feature film, Taarka, was released by Exitfilm. The film was based on a play by the same name by Kauksi Ülle and was directed by Ain Mäeots. Actresses Inga Salurand, Siiri Sisask and Marje Metsur portrayed Taarka at various stages in her life. Taarka has the distinction of being the first feature-length film in the Seto dialect.
In 2019, actress Merle Jääger appeared as Hilana Taarka in the Hardi Volmer-directed historical comedy film Johannes Pääsukese tõeline elu.
# Zhanna Litvina

Zhanna Litvina (born August 30, 1954) is a Belarusian journalist and free speech activist. From 1995 to 2015, she served as chairman of the Belarusian Association of Journalists.

## Biography

Litvina was born in the Vadapoj near Minsk. She studied journalism at the Belarusian State University. After graduating she worked as an editor of youth programming at the Belarusian state television station for the better part of 20 years before being dismissed. Following her termination, Litvina and her associates created and operated their own independent news and music station Radio 101.2, only to have it closed by the state in 1996. The closure encouraged Litvina to move the operation out of the country, and she continued to broadcast from Poland, so as to avoid the ire of the Belarusian government and belie the possibility of shutdown.

### Belarusian Association of Journalists

Litvina co-founded the Belarusian Association of Journalists in 1995. The Association was established to protect the rights of journalists in Belarus and to support freedom of speech, access to information, and provide legal assistance to journalists who are harassed by the authorities. In 2015, Litvina stepped down, succeeded by Andrey Bastunets.

### Awards

* In 2003 she was a Golden Pen recipient. She was awarded for her journalism and "courageous resistance to the repression of the media by President Aleksander Lukashenko";
* In 2004 she was awarded the Louis Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism;
* In 2008 she received the Ebert Foundation's Human Rights Award [de];
* In June 2011 she received the Atlantic Council Freedom Award.
# Metric Commission

The Metric Commission (French: Commission du système métrique), formally the Preparatory Commission for the Conversion to the Metric System, was a Canadian government agency established by the federal government in 1971 to facilitate Canada's conversion to the metric system from the imperial system of weights and measures and to educate the public on the metric system.
The Commission was formed following the release of "The White Paper on Metric Conversion", a January 1971 federal government document which noted most nations had adopted the metric system and anticipated that the United States would do likewise.
The commission's logo was designed by Gottschalk+Ash Toronto, designed by Stuart Ash, and licensed for use on any metric products (such as rulers). It is based on the logo of the 1967 Canadian Centennial by the same firm.
A number of Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament had vocally opposed the metric system during the previous Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau. Dennis Braithwaite of the Toronto Star criticized metrification in the media.
The agency was abolished on March 31, 1985, early in the mandate of a new Progressive Conservative government that came to office in the 1984 federal election. This followed the abolition of the United States Metric Board by President Ronald Reagan in 1982. The Metric Commission was replaced by a small metric office within Industry Canada. By October of that year, the metric office became the Measurement Information Division of Industry Canada, and staff numbers were significantly decreased. In April 1988, the Measurement Information Division was shut down. The Metric Commission Order remains in force under the Industry Canada Act and reports to the Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs.
# Tumul, Khangalassky District, Sakha Republic

Tumul (Russian: Тумул; Yakut: Тумул) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Tumulsky Rural Okrug of Khangalassky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 117 kilometers (73 mi) from Pokrovsk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 239, down from 266 recorded during the 2002 Census.
# Islamic Broadcasting Union

Islamic Broadcasting Union (IBU Arabic: إتحاد الإذاعات الإسلامية; French: Union islamique de radiodiffusion) formerly known as Islamic States Broadcasting Organization (ISBO), is a media and public relations wing and one of the specialised body of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation focused on the promotion of Islam and mutual cooperation between the 57 member states through by producing several radio programs. It also televises programs concerning the same issues, in addition to working for the promotion of Arabic languages. Predominantly working in the field of journalism, it highlights the social, political and cultural challenges across the Muslim nations.

## History

IBU was established as Islamic States Broadcasting Organization (ISBO) by adopting a resolution in the 6th summit of the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers hosted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in July 1975. It also headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
In 2022, IBU signed a formal agreement with the Jordanian and Arab States Broadcasting Union to produce and telecast joint radio and television programs across the Arab world. Both unions established a representative office to supervise radio and television networks affiliated with IBU.
Prior to signing an agreement with the Arab States Broadcasting Union, the IBU signed a formal deal with the members states to form a committee focused on the development of the IBU. The committee consist members from different countries such as Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan and Qatar. The idea to form a committee was originally introduced by the IBU president or director general Amr El-Leithi.

### Objectives

It is objectively focused on propagating dawah and promotion of the mutual cooperation between the member states pertaining to broadcasting. It also serves as one of the main sources to highlight the objectives of the OIC.