OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Optical instrument

An optical instrument is a device that processes light waves (or photons), either to enhance an image for viewing or to analyze and determine their characteristic properties. Common examples include periscopes, microscopes, telescopes, and cameras.

## Image enhancement

The first optical instruments were telescopes used for magnification of distant images, and microscopes used for magnifying very tiny images. Since the days of Galileo and Van Leeuwenhoek, these instruments have been greatly improved and extended into other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The binocular device is a generally compact instrument for both eyes designed for mobile use. A camera could be considered a type of optical instrument, with the pinhole camera and camera obscura being very simple examples of such devices.

## Analysis

Another class of optical instrument is used to analyze the properties of light or optical materials. They include:
* Interferometer for measuring the interference properties of light waves
* Photometer for measuring light intensity
* Polarimeter for measuring dispersion or rotation of polarized light
* Reflectometer for measuring the reflectivity of a surface or object
* Refractometer for measuring refractive index of various materials
* Spectrometer or monochromator for generating or measuring a portion of the optical spectrum, for the purpose of chemical or material analysis
* Autocollimator which is used to measure angular deflections
* Vertometer which is used to determine refractive power of lenses such as glasses, contact lenses and magnifier lens
DNA sequencers can be considered optical instruments, as they analyse the color and intensity of the light emitted by a fluorochrome attached to a specific nucleotide of a DNA strand.
Surface plasmon resonance-based instruments use refractometry to measure and analyze biomolecular interactions.

## Other types

* Magic lantern
* Polarization controller
# Markus Hayer

Markus Hayer (born 18 August 1985) is a German footballer who plays for VfR Marienhagen 1930.

## Career

Hayer played in the youth team of Bayer Leverkusen, but made his breakthrough in senior football with seven years at Germania Dattenfeld (later renamed Germania Windeck). In 2010, he signed for Kickers Offenbach of the 3. Liga, and made his debut in a surprise 3–0 win over VfL Bochum in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, as a late substitute for Olivier Occean. After two years without fully establishing himself at Offenbach, he signed for 1. FC Saarbrücken in July 2012. He was released by Saarbrücken in January 2014, after an injury-hit eighteen months with the club, and returned to his first club, signing for Bayer Leverkusen II. He left Leverkusen for a second time when the club disbanded its reserve team at the end of the 2013–14 season.
# Playoff (film)

Playoff (Hebrew: פלייאוף) is a 2011 biographical film, written and directed by Israeli director, Eran Riklis. The film is inspired by the life of Ralph Klein, Israel's most famous basketball coach.

## Plot

The film tells the story of legendary Israeli basketball coach Max Stoller. He became a national hero, when he made Maccabi Tel Aviv into European Champions in the late Seventies, one of Israel's first great international sporting successes. But Max became a national traitor equally fast, when he then accepted the against-all-odds job of turning the totally hopeless West-German basketball team into European winners.
Max always maintains that Germany - where he was born before the war - means nothing to him, and that training their national team is just another job on his path to NBA glory. But things aren't as simple as he refuses to speak German to the young players. The only person he seems to be able to relate to is a Turkish immigrant woman Deniz, and her cheeky teenage daughter Sema. Max just about falls in love with Deniz - and does succeed in reinventing the Germans as European champions. When he discovers what happened to his own family in the 1940s - it is not what he had expected. And he will realize that one cannot run away forever from one's own past and demons.

## Cast

* Danny Huston as Ralph Klein (Max Stoller)
* Amira Casar as Deniz
* Mark Waschke as Axel
* Max Riemelt as Thomas
* Hanns Zischler as Franz
* Selen Savas as Sema
* Smadi Wolfman as Ronit (Smadar Wolfman)
* Andreas Eufinger as Ulrich
* Mathias von Heydebrand as Dieter
* Irm Hermann as Bertha
* Yehuda Almagor as Shimi
* Volker Metzker - Reporter Taxi
* Verena Wüstkamp as Reporter - VIP Room
* Oliver Klös - Cameraman
* Steffen Müller - Reporter VIP
* Peter Steitz - Border Police Man
* Arne Habeck - Policeman
* Michael Benthin as Chestnutseller
* Thomas Lehmann - Policeman
* Janine Bernstein - Woman Night Club
* Momo (Peter W.) Schmitz as Clerk
* Susanne Tischler - Saleswoman Watchstore
* Andreas Dobberkau - Driver
* Karl Jürgen Sihler - Reporter VIP
# Toszek Castle

Toszek Castle (German: Burg Tost) is a Renaissance styled castle, located in Toszek (23 km away from Gliwice, Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

## History and the people

The history of the castle dates back to the tenth-eleventh century, when an early defensive castle was located on the castle's grounds. The castle was built two centuries later, in about the year 1222. When the Kingdom of Poland was under feudal fragmentation, the castle housed the following Silesian dukes and castellans. The most important part of the castle's being, was that under the rule of Duke Przemysław Toszecki, of the Oświęcim family line. After his death the castle became of property of the Dukes of Opole. In the sixteenth century, the castle was the property of the Habsburgs. Which gave the castle to do Redernów family, which they bought in 1592. In between 1638 and 1707 the castle was ruled by the Colonna family, which had made a full-scale reconstruction of the castle - by which the castle became a magnate residence, the first one in Upper Silesia. The following owners were: Johann Dietrich von Peterswald, Count Franciszek Karol Kotuliński, Posadowski family, and finally Adolf von Eichendorff.
In 1797, the castle was sold to Count Franciszek Adam Gaschinów. Shortly after, in 1811, the castle burned down and became a ruin. In 1840 the ruins were bought by Abraham Guradze, and the Guradze family maintained possession of the castle until World War II, when Abraham's great-grandson Count Kurt von Guradze bequeathed the castle to the youth of Poland. The castle was finally partially rebuilt in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, the castle houses a centre of culture, and a primary wedding celebration venue.
# Steffen Lauser

Steffen Lauser (born 4 March 1984) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

On 5 May 2008, Lauser made his debut for AC Horsens, scoring the deciding goal in a 3–2 win over champions F.C. Copenhagen. In summer 2009, he signed for FSV Hollenbach on a two-year contract.
# Marius Laux

Marius Laux (born 7 February 1986) is a retired German footballer who last played for 1. FC Köln II. In December 2021, Laux ended his playing career and became the team manager of 1. FC Köln's senior team.
# Robin Lenk

Robin Lenk (born 27 March 1984) is a German former football player and manager.
# Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Barocci)

Rest on the Flight into Egypt is an oil on canvas painting by Italian painter Federico Barocci, created c. 1573. It is held in the Pinacoteca Vaticana.

## Description

The painting depicts an episode from the early life of Jesus, the Rest on the Flight into Egypt, a usual subject in Catholic art. The scene is shown from a simple and familiar point of view so as to invite devotion among the faithful. In the center, the Virgin Mary, who is seated, draws water. Behind her, Joseph holds out a branch with a few cherries from a tree to Jesus. The straw hat, the flask, the food bag and the donkey, at the right, contribute to create an atmosphere of intimacy. The presence of cherries, however, are a symbol prefiguring the Passion of Christ.
# Ifet Taljević

Ifet-Džamal Taljević (born 12 June 1980) is a German retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Novi Pazar, Taljević started his career at Tennis Borussia Berlin, where he played once during the 1999–2000 2. Bundesliga season. He spent several years playing in the Regionalliga with Tennis Borussia Berlin, Chemnitzer FC and FC St. Pauli, and two seasons at Oberliga with Hansa Rostock reserves.
Taljević then moved to Swiss Challenge League with FC Wil and then AC Bellinzona where he took the number 10 from Adrian Piț who left for A.S. Roma.
# Macheh Bon

Macheh Bon (Persian: مچه بن; also known as Haft Tan) is a village in Aliabad Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 332, in 82 families.
# Jiang Dongxu

Jiang Dongxu (Chinese: 姜东旭; pinyin: Jiāng Dōngxù; born March 3, 1993) is a Chinese curler from Harbin. He represented China at the 2022 Winter Olympics as the alternate on the Chinese men's team skipped by Ma Xiuyue. He also won a silver medal at the 2018 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships.

## Career

Jiang represented China twice at the World Junior Curling Championships in 2012 and 2013. His team finished 4–5 at the 2012 World Junior Curling Championships and 1–8 at the 2013 World Junior Curling Championships. Also during his junior career, Jiang won the 2012 Pacific-Asia Junior Curling Championships playing second for Ma Xiuyue.
Jiang's most successful season came during the 2017–18 season when he played second for Team Liu Riu. The team won two tour events, the Direct Horizontal Drilling Fall Classic and the Challenge de Curling de Gatineau. They also played in three Grand Slam of Curling events, reaching the quarterfinals of the 2017 GSOC Tour Challenge Tier 2. At the Olympic Qualification Event, the team was unable to qualify for the 2018 Winter Olympics, posting a 4–3 record.
As alternate for the Zou Qiang rink, Jiang represented China at the 2018 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships. There, the Chinese rink posted an 8–0 round robin record and won their semifinal 9–6 over South Korea's Kim Soo-hyuk. In the final, the team came up short, losing to Japan's Yuta Matsumura 9–7. The following month, Team Zou posted a 3–3 record at the second leg of the Curling World Cup event.
After taking a few seasons off, Jiang was selected to be the alternate on the Chinese men's team for the 2022 Winter Olympics, held in Beijing. The team also included skip Ma Xiuyue, Zou Qiang, Wang Zhiyu and Xu Jingtao. Despite not playing a single international competition before the Games, the team fared quite well, finishing the round robin with a 4–5 record. This included defeating higher-seeded teams such as Switzerland's Peter de Cruz, Norway's Steffen Walstad, and Italy's Joël Retornaz. Ultimately, they finished in a four-way tie for fifth place; however, their head to head wins over Switzerland and Norway placed them alone in fifth place at the end of the competition.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate |
| 2011–12 | Ma Xiuyue | Xiao Shicheng | Jiang Dongxu | Shao Zhilin | Zhang Zhongbao |
| 2012–13 | Zhang Zhongbao | Jiang Dongxu | Xu Jingtao | Wang Jinbo | Zhang Rongrui |
| 2012–13 | Wang Fengchun | Jiang Dongxu | Chen Han | Wang Zhiqiang | |
| 2016–17 | Liu Rui | Xu Xiaoming | Jiang Dongxu | Zang Jialiang | |
| 2017–18 | Liu Rui | Xu Xiamoing | Jiang Dongxu | Zang Jialiang | |
| 2018–19 | Ma Xiuyue | Jiang Dongxu | Ling Zhi | Wang Jingyuan | |
| 2021–22 | Ma Xiuyue | Zou Qiang | Wang Zhiyu | Xu Jingtao | Jiang Dongxu |
# Mandi Urbas

Hermann "Mandi" Urbas (born 18 June 1982) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Munich, Urbas began his career with Bayern Munich, moving to 1860 Munich at the age of 9. He then signed for SpVgg Unterhaching after getting in trouble with 1860 Munich's youth management. He played for the club's second team alongside American player Taylor Twellman, who helped him find an agent for a move to the United States, where he spent the 2003 season playing in Major League Soccer with the Dallas Burn, making three appearances. He left the club and returned to SpVgg Unterhaching II, combining his football career with a job as a retail salesman.

## Personal life

Urbas also holds American citizenship.
# Ivanivka, Pidvolochysk settlement hromada, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast

Ivanivka (Ukrainian: Іванівка) is a village in Pidvolochysk settlement hromada, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine.

## History

The first written mention of the village was in 1559.
After the liquidation of the Pidvolochysk Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Ternopil Raion.

## Religion

* St. John the Baptist church (1827; brick; UGCC),
* St. George church (2001; brick; OCU),
* St. Stanislav church (1914, not functioning, RCC).
# Coubon

Coubon (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Cobon) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

## Population

In 1927 the new commune Arsac-en-Velay was created from part of its territory.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,254 | — |
| 1821 | 2,280 | +0.04% |
| 1846 | 2,400 | +0.21% |
| 1872 | 2,477 | +0.12% |
| 1901 | 2,452 | −0.03% |
| 1926 | 2,247 | −0.35% |
| 1946 | 1,075 | −3.62% |
| 1962 | 1,076 | +0.01% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 1,115 | +0.60% |
| 1975 | 1,486 | +4.19% |
| 1982 | 2,047 | +4.68% |
| 1990 | 2,562 | +2.84% |
| 1999 | 2,708 | +0.62% |
| 2007 | 3,048 | +1.49% |
| 2012 | 3,075 | +0.18% |
| 2017 | 3,243 | +1.07% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Battles and sieges of Lleida

This is a list of battles and sieges of Lleida (Spanish: Lérida).
* Battle of Ilerda (49 BC), part of Caesar's civil war
* Siege of Lleida (800) [ca], part of the Frankish conquest of the Marca Hispanica
* Siege of Lleida (884) [ca], part of the Frankish conquest of the Marca Hispanica
* Siege of Lleida (942), part of the Hungarian raid in Spain
* Siege of Lleida (1122–1123), part of the Almoravid invasion of Iberia
* Siege of Lleida (1149), part of the Reconquista
* Siege of Lleida (1413) [es], part of the Count of Urgell's revolt
* Siege of Lleida (1464) [es], part of the Catalan Civil War
* Battle of Lleida (1642), part of the Reapers' War
* Siege of Lleida (1644), part of the Reapers' War
* Siege of Lleida (1646) [es], part of the Reapers' War
* Siege of Lleida (1647) [fr], part of the Reapers' War
* Siege of Lleida (1707) [es], part of the War of the Spanish Succession
* Siege of Lleida (1810), part of the Peninsular War
* Bombing of Lleida [es], part of the Spanish Civil War
* Battle of Lérida (1938), part of the Spanish Civil War
# Qaleh-ye Hajji Shafi

Qaleh-ye Hajji Shafi (Persian: قلعه حاجي شفيع, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Ḩājjī Shafī‘; also known as Chahār Cheshmeh and Qal‘eh-ye Ḩājj Shafī‘) is a village in Chahar Cheshmeh Rural District, Kamareh District, Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 12 families.
# Ban-e Zirak

Ban-e Zirak (Persian: بن زيرك, also Romanized as Ban-e Zīraḵ) is a village in Gafr and Parmon Rural District, Gafr and Parmon District, Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 226, in 43 families.
# Aruk, Iran

Aruk (Persian: اروك, also Romanized as Arūk; also known as Ardāk) is a village in Pas Kalut Rural District, in the Central District of Gonabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 219, in 48 families.
# Colchicum parnassicum

Colchicum parnassicum is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae. It is endemic to the Sterea Ellada region of central Greece. It is closely related to Colchicum autumnale, mainly being different in having shorter flowers. It blooms in the autumn season into medium pink flowers, which hold up well in the autumn weather. This species, if cultivated in cold climates, will do better in a sunny, sheltered location.
# Stuplje Monastery

The Stuplje Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Ступље, romanized: Manastir Stuplje) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery dedicated to Archangel Michael and located in the village of Gornji Vijačani near the town of Čelinac in north-western Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Folk tradition attributes the establishment of Stuplje to King Dragutin, a member of the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty, as is the case with other Serbian monasteries in northern Bosnia. The earliest mention of Stuplje is found in a chronicle dated to the second half of the 15th century. The monastery was probably founded before 1450, and thus before the Ottoman conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463. This conquest did not include north-western Bosnia, which then became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be conquered by the Ottomans in 1527 and 1528. During the 17th century, the monks of Stuplje were active in transcribing religious books. At some point during the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the monastery was burned down by the Ottomans. Surviving monks fled north across the Sava River and found refuge in the Orahovica Monastery in Slavonia. They brought with them a number of their manuscript books, which thus became part of the Orahovica library.
In time, all traces of the Stuplje Monastery disappeared from the face of the earth. In the 20th century, Stuplje was a historical term with an uncertain location, assumed to be somewhere in the area of Teslić and in the vicinity of the Liplje Monastery. In March 1994, this area was visited by two locals who searched for Stuplje in the village of Gornji Vijačani at a locality named Crkvište, near a stream called Manastirica and a hill called Kaluđersko Brdo. The toponyms Crkvište, Manastirica, and Kaluđersko were indicative, being derived from the Serbian crkva, manastir, and kaluđer, meaning "church", "monastery", and "monk", respectively. They uncovered the foundation of a church building in the form of a basilica, 14 metres in length and 7.5 metres in width. The uppermost layer of stones was 30 centimetres below the ground surface. Within and around the foundation, there was a layer of burned debris. A team of archaeologists revisited the site in 1997, when they uncovered the foundation of a monastic building to the north and west of the church foundation. Scholars concluded that these finds were remains of the Stuplje Monastery.
Afterwards, on the initiative of the head of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Banja Luka, it was decided to rebuild the monastery at the site of the archaeological finds, although some people demanded that the excavated foundations be conserved and the site protected from any disturbance. The Stuplje Monastery was rebuilt and consecrated at the end of 2008.
# Kalle Mikkolainen

Kaarle Edvard "Kalle" Mikkolainen (9 January 1883 – 28 March 1928) was a Finnish gymnast who won bronze in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
Kalle Mikkolainen at the Olympic Games :
| Games | Event | Rank | Notes |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Men's team | 3rd | Source: |
He was a board member of Tampereen Pyrintö in 1909–1910.
He fought for the Red Guard in the Finnish Civil War and was a prisoner of war at the Tampere camp.
Olympic silver medalist Reijo Mikkolainen is his great-grandson.

## Sources

* Siukonen, Markku (2001). Urheilukunniamme puolustajat. Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2000. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Graface. p. 204. ISBN 951-98673-1-7.
# Lemuel Hawkins

Lemuel Hawkins (October 2, 1895 – August 10, 1934) was an American first baseman in Negro league baseball. He played for the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago Giants and Chicago American Giants from 1921 to 1928. He was 5'10" and weighed 185 pounds.

## Early life

Hawkins was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1895. He served in World War I and was also the first baseman for the successful 25th Infantry Wreckers baseball team posted at Schofield Barracks at Wahiawa, Hawaii and Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. He, along with teammates Oscar Johnson, Dobie Moore, Bullet Rogan, and Bob Fagin, joined the Kansas City Monarchs in the early 1920s.

## Career

Hawkins was the Monarchs' everyday first baseman from 1921 to 1927 and played for the Monarchs team which won the 1924 Colored World Series. According to George Sweatt, Hawkins and teammate Bill "Plunk" Drake were good friends. "[They] were the craziest guys," Sweatt recalled. "When we'd go to a different town, they'd just walk through the halls all night, fooling around. That's all they did!" Between the 1923 and 1924 baseball seasons, it was reported that Hawkins spent the winter driving a taxicab.
Hawkins played for the Chicago American Giants in 1928. He finished his career in the Negro National League with a .265 batting average, three home runs, and 268 runs scored in 2,126 plate appearances.

## Later life and legacy

In July 1931, Hawkins was with three other men in a car when they were searched by police in connection with a holdup. One of the other men pulled a gun and was shot to death by the officers, and Hawkins was held on an automobile theft charge.
In August 1934, Hawkins and a partner attempted to hold up a beer truck. A scuffle took place, and Hawkins was accidentally shot to death by his partner.
Hawkins is one of four Negro league baseball players who were honored with plaques at Luther Williams Field in Macon in 2016.
# Hotel–Motel zone

Hotel–Motel zone (Bengali: হোটেল–মোটেল জোন) is an area in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, situated at the Kolatoli Square area of the city. Cox's Bazar Cultural Center is situated at the area. It is said to be a safe heaven for criminals. In 2023, the Rapid Action Battalion found two torture cells criminals used to keep abducted people for money at the area.
# Suinu Pru Marma

Suinu Pru Marma (Bengali: সুইনু প্রু মারমা) is a Bangladeshi former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Early life

She aspired to be a teacher as a child. She has a younger sister.

## Career

She was a Bangladesh international. She captained the Bangladesh women's national football team.

## Personal life

She has been married. She is a native of Rangamati, Bangladesh.
# Makka Sagaipova

Makka Umarovna Sagaipova (Russian: Макка Умаровна Сагаипова) (born 1987 in Grozny, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, Soviet Union) is a Chechen singer.
She is the daughter of accordion player Umar Sagaipov. Sagaipova has sung since she was six years of age, and when she was eight, she learned to dance in the Chechen youth ensemble Lovzar. Makka's career was largely sponsored by Chechen millionaire Malik Saidullaev.

## Discography

* Со хьа йоI ю – Нохчийчоь So ẋa yoj yu – Noxçiyçö (I am your Daughter, Chechnya)
* Даймохк Daymoxk (Fatherland)
* Вола Wola (Waiting For You To Come)
* Ловзар Lowzar (Play)
* Безам Bezam (Love)
* Мавлид Mawlid (Mawlid)
* Шийла мох Şiyla mox (Cold Wind)
* Бабийн кIант Babiyn khant (Mother's Son)
* Iаржи бIаргаш Jarƶi bjärgaş (Black Eyes)
* Денош Denoş (Days)
* Sa Gat Del (Soul Burns)
* Люблю тебя (I Love You)
* ГIургIезаш Ġurġezaş (Cranes)
* ЦайогIиту Cayoġitu (They Don't Let Me Go)
* Хаза кIант Xaza khant (Pretty Boy)
* Сатийсар Satiysar
* Хаза йоI Xaza yoj (Pretty Girl)
* Хьабиби Ẋabibi (My Darling)
* Ревнивый Кавказ (The Jealous Caucasus)
* Кийра цIелетта Kiyra ċeletta
* Са ойла хьоца ю Sa oyla ẋoca yu (My Thoughts are with you)
* Хьоца Бен Дахар дац Ẋoca Ben Daxar dac (I can't Continue Without you)
* Сирла седа Sirla seda
* Ахь дIа Хаита Aẋ dja Xaita
# Tabrizaq

Tabrizaq (Persian: تبريزق, also Romanized as Tabrīzaq; also known as Tabrīzak, Tarbezaq, Tarbizek, Tardīzak, and Tareh Tīzak) is a village in Sanjabad-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Kowsar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 22 families.