OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Birge–Sponer method

In molecular spectroscopy, the Birge–Sponer method or Birge–Sponer plot is a way to calculate the dissociation energy of a molecule. This method takes its name from Raymond Thayer Birge and Hertha Sponer, the two physical chemists that developed it. A detailed example may be found here.

## Description

By observing transitions between as many vibrational energy levels as possible, for example through electronic or infrared spectroscopy, the difference between the energy levels, $\Delta G_{v+{\frac {1}{2}}}=G(v+1)-G(v)$ can be calculated. This sum will have a maximum at $v_{\rm {max}}$, representing the point of bond dissociation; summing over all the differences up to this point gives the total energy required to dissociate the molecule, i.e. to promote it from the ground state to an unbound state. This can be written:
$D_{0}=\sum _{v=0}^{v_{\rm {max}}}\Delta G_{v+{\frac {1}{2}}}$
where $D_{0}$ is the dissociation energy. If a Morse potential is assumed, plotting $\Delta G_{v+{\frac {1}{2}}}$ against $v+1/2$ should give a straight line, from which it is easy to extract $v_{\rm {max}}$ from the intercept with the x-axis. In practice, such plots often give curves because of unaccounted anharmonicity in the potential; furthermore, the low population of the higher states (or the Franck–Condon principle) makes it difficult to experimentally obtain data at high values of $v$. Thus the extrapolation can be inaccurate and only an upper limit for the value of the dissociation energy can be obtained.
# Paramachaerium

Paramachaerium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae native to Amazonia. It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.

## Species

Paramachaerium comprises the following species:
* Paramachaerium gruberi Brizicky
* Paramachaerium krukovii Rudd
* Paramachaerium ormosioides (Ducke) Ducke
* Paramachaerium schomburgkii (Benth.) Ducke
* Paramachaerium schunkei Rudd
# Holohan

Holohan (Irish: Ó hUallacháin; feminine Ní Uallacháin) is a surname of Irish Gaelic origin, from the Irish uallach meaning "proud".
A version of the family crest depicts two white lions holding up a golden tower.
According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Holohans were one of the chiefly families of the Ui Failghe who in turn were a tribe from the Dumnonii or Laigin who were the third wave of Celts to settle in Ireland during the first century BC.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Frank Holohan (born 1957), Irish hurler
* John Holohan (hurler) (1891–1947), Irish hurler
* Lenny Holohan (born 1985), Irish camogie player
* Owen Holohan, Irish hurler
* Patrick Holohan (born 1988), Irish mixed martial artist
* Pete Holohan (born 1959), American football player
* Richard Holohan (1882–1954), Irish politician
* Tony Holohan, Irish public health physician
# Širijevići

Širijevići (Serbian: Ширијевићи) is a village in the municipality of Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Spot-necked babbler

The spot-necked babbler (Stachyris strialata) is a species of bird in the family Timaliidae.
It is found in China, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

## Social Behavior

They partake in interspecies allopreening with Nongggang babblers.
# John Biddle

John Biddle may refer to:
* John Biddle (Unitarian) (1615–1662), English nontrinitarian and Unitarian
* John Biddle (politician) (1792–1859)
* John Biddle (United States Army officer) (1859–1936)
* John Biddle (yachting cinematographer) (1925–2008)
# Huck-A-Bucks

The Huck-a-Bucks was a Washington, D.C.–based go-go band formed in the early 1990s. The band was active in the Washington metropolitan area, producing numerous songs in the Washington music scene and several hits nationwide, including the single "The Bud". The band members consisted of Joseph "Lil Joey" Timms rapping/singing, Charles "Ricky" Yancy, Lamont "Ray-Ray" Ray playing percussions, Rob "RJ" Folson, DeCarlos Cunningham, keyboardist Lorenzo Wiliams, drummer Felix Stevenson, and Sequan "Quan" Jones playing congas and percussions.

## Discography
### Albums

* Chronic Breakdown (Liaison, 1995)
* Live! (Liaison, 1995)
* You Betta' Move Somethin'! (Sound By Charlie, 1997)

### Songs

* "Sexy Girl" (1995)
* "The Bud" (1995)
* "Kombat" (1995)
* "Sprinkle" (1995)
# Horst (geology)

In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. Horsts are typically found together with grabens. While a horst is lifted or remains stationary, the grabens on either side subside. This is often caused by extensional forces pulling apart the crust. Horsts may represent features such as plateaus, mountains, or ridges on either side of a valley. Horsts can range in size from small fault blocks up to large regions of stable continent that have not been folded or warped by tectonic forces.
The word Horst in German means "mass" or "heap" and was first used in the geological sense in 1883 by Eduard Suess in The Face of the Earth.

## Geomorphology

Horsts may have either symmetrical or asymmetrical cross-sections. If the normal faults to either side have similar geometry and are moving at the same rate, the horst is likely to be symmetrical and roughly flat on top. If the faults on either side have different rates of vertical motion, the top of the horst will most likely be inclined and the entire profile will be asymmetrical. Erosion also plays a significant role in how symmetrical a horst appears in cross-section.

## Horsts and hydrocarbon exploration

Horsts can form structural petroleum traps. In many rift basins around the world, the vast majority of discovered hydrocarbons are found in conventional traps associated with horsts. For example, much of the petroleum found in the Sirte Basin, Libya (of the order of tens of billions of barrels of reserves) are found on large horst blocks such as the Zelten Platform and the Dahra Platform and on smaller horsts such as the Gialo High.

## Examples

The Vosges Mountains in France and Black Forest in Germany are examples of horsts, as are the Table, Jura, the Dole mountains and the Rila – Rhodope Massif including the well defined horsts of Belasitsa (linear horst), Rila mountain (vaulted domed shaped horst) and Pirin mountain – a horst forming a massive anticline situated between the complex graben valleys of Struma and that of Mesta.
Larger areas where the continent remains stable with horizontal table-land stratification can be considered horsts, such as the Russian Plain, Arabia, India and Central South Africa. This is in distinction to folded regions such as some mountain chains of Eurasia.
The Midcontinent Rift System in North America is marked by a series of horsts extending from Lake Superior to Kansas.
The Rwenzori Mountains in the East African Rift are an upthrown fault block, and are the highest non-volcanic, non-orogenic mountains in the world.
The Vosges Mountains in France were formed by isostatic uplift in response to the opening of the Rhine Graben, a major extensional basin.
# Sibplaz

ZAO Sibplaz (Russian: СИБПЛАЗ) is one of Russian leading mining, metallurgical and chemical companies, producing coal, anthracite, coke, nickel, aluminium, zinc, lead, titanium, group of rare metals, and engaging in mineral oil and conducts oil production and gas exploration in Siberia. The company is headquartered in Kemerovo.

## History

Sibplaz was created in 1991 in system of the Russian academy of mining sciences, Scientific and technical mining association, Federal Official body "The National centre of science of mining - Institute of mining by name A.A.Skochinskogo" the Ministries of Energy of the Russian Federation, as specialized Siberian research establishment and the industrial organization for realization of research programs in the field of mining: effective extraction and processing fuel and energy and a mineral-source of raw materials, geological studying and reproduction of a mineral-raw-material base of minerals in the Russian Federation, the former countries of Soviet Union and abroad.
During re-structuring the Russian mining branches under control of establishment actives of the branch scientific research institutes, special design offices, the experimental and industrial enterprises mining, a machine-building and chemical structure are consolidated. Per 1996 it is transformed to a closed joint-stock company.

## Operations

Activities are concentrated in mining branch, chemistry, nonferrous metallurgy in Russia, 38% of actions are supervised by the state.
The portfolio of offers includes oil and mineral oil, natural gas (methane), coals of power and coked marks, anthracite, coke, nonferrous metals, polymetals, rare metals, the natural and synthesized minerals, over 2000 chemical compounds of high purity, the research equipment and analytical devices, the mountain-mine equipment and special equipment.
The organizations of group carry out a full cycle of work from scientific research, designing and designing before start-up of the enterprises and architectural supervision of their construction and work which production provides development of coal and mining branch, nuclear and alternative power, domestic electronics, instrument making, aviation, space-rocket technology, modern communication systems and navigation.
Structure Sibplaz - a combination fundamental and applied science, for realization of research programs at the industrial enterprises which in turn provide financing innovations and development of research works.
# Soledar urban hromada

Soledar urban hromada (Ukrainian: Соледарська міська громада, romanized: Soledarska miska hromada) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Soledar.
It has an area of 558.29 square kilometres (215.56 sq mi) and a population of 20,581, as of 2018.
It was formed on 15 September 2016 by merging local city and village councils in Bakhmut Raion.
The hromada includes 37 settlements: 1 city (Soledar), 32 villages:
* Bakhmutske
* Berestove
* Bilohorivka
* Blahodatne
* Bondarne, Bakhmut Raion
* Vasylivka
* Vasiukivka
* Vesele
* Volodymyrivka
* Holubivka
* Dibrova, Bakhmut Raion
* Dubovo-Vasylivka
* Zaliznianske
* Krasnopolivka
* Lypivka, Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast
* Lypove
* Mykolaivka
* Minkivka
* Nykyforivka, Donetsk Oblast
* Orikhovo-Vasylivka
* Pazeno
* Paraskoviivka
* Pylypchatyne
* Pryvillia
* Rozdolivka
* Sakko i Vantsetti
* Striapivka
* Trypillia
* Fedorivka
* Fedorivka Druha
* Khromivka
* Yakovlivka
And 4 rural-type settlements: Vyimka, Nahirne, Pidhorodne, and Spirne.
# Keresztes

Keresztes (Hungarian: crusader) is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Attila Keresztes, Hungarian fencer
* Dóra Keresztes, Hungarian artist
* Lajos Keresztes, Hungarian wrestler
* László Lóránt Keresztes, Hungarian economist and politician
* Noel Keresztes, Hungarian footballer
* Szilárd Keresztes, Hungarian bishop
* Zalán Keresztes, Hungarian footballer
# Piedboeuf Brewery

Piedboeuf Brewery (French: Brasserie Piedbœuf, French pronunciation:) is a brewery in Jupille-sur-Meuse, Belgium. It is owned by Anheuser–Busch InBev. The main brand is Jupiler, the best selling beer in Belgium.

## History

In 1812, the company was founded in Jupille by Jacques-Pascal Piedboeuf (1782-1839). It was not a brewery, but a boiler works manufacturing not only brewing equipment, but also stationary engines, ship boilers, large factory boilers and locomotive boilers supplied in particular to locomotive builders Saint-Léonard and Carels. The Jacques Piedbœuf boiler works continued these activities until 1947. At the same time, Adrien Piedbœuf began producing motor vehicles in his workshops in 1900, founding the Impéria brand in 1904.
In 1853, his son Jean-Théodore Piedbœuf, who succeeded him at the head of the boiler works, began brewing. The small brewery was set up in the cellars of the Charlemagne Tower; this first Piedbœuf brewery failed to survive.
Today's Brasserie Piedbœuf owes its origins to a brewery founded in 1873 by Henri Lhoest-Collinet and inherited by his daughter, who in 1892 married Théodore Piedbœuf, nephew of Jean-Théodore Piedbœuf.
Until the First World War, production remained modest, covering only the surrounding area. In 1905, 5 horse-drawn vehicles and a truck were used for deliveries. In 1915, Henri Piedbœuf took over the company. In 1921, with a production of 3,000 hectoliters, the brewery still ranked only 724th in Belgium. It was at this point that the company began bottom-fermenting. By 1930, the company was producing 50,000 hectoliters and ranking 21st. In 1965, on the eve of the launch of Jupiler (in September 1966), the company passed the million hectoliter mark and employed 1,800 people. By 1979, after several acquisitions, the group employed 3,800 people and produced 2.75 million hectoliters of beer, as well as other lemonades and fruit juices.
The Piedbœuf brewery became part of the Interbrew group (formed from the 1987 merger of the Artois, Leuven and Piedbœuf breweries). On March 3, 2004, Interbrew merged with Brazilian brewer Companhia de Bebidas das Americas (AmBev) to form InBev, which merged with Anheuser-Busch in 2008.

## Variety

* « Jupiler » is a 5.2% abv, pale lager. It is made from malt, maize (corn), water, hops and yeast. The name "Jupiler" comes from its place of origin, Jupille. It was created in 1966.
* « Jupiler N.A. » a 0.5% abv pale lager, created in 2004.
* « Jupiler Blue » a 3.3% abv pale lager, created in 2006.
* « Jupiler Force» a soda.
* « Jupiler Tauro » an 8.3% abv strong pale lager, created in 2008.
* « Piedbœuf Blonde » a 1.1% abv blond table beer.
* « Piedbœuf Brune » a 1.5% abv brown table beer.
* « Piedbœuf Triple » a 3.8% abv triple table beer.
* « Piedbœuf Excellence » a 2% abv table beer.
* « Piedbœuf Foncée» a 1.5% abv table beer.
* « Delhaize Blond/ Blonde » a 1.5% abv table beer.
* « Delhaize Bruin/ Brune » a 1.5% abv table beer.
As part of the Anheuser–Busch InBev group, it also brews other beer, including Stella Artois, Leffe and Hoegaarden
"Brasserie Piedbœuf (InBev)". www.ratebeer.com. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
# Sint-Kruis-Winkel

Sint-Kruis-Winkel (Dutch:; French: Winkel-Sainte-Croix) is a sub-municipality of the city of Ghent located in the province of East Flanders, Flemish Region, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1965. In 1927, part of the original municipality was already annexed to Ghent. On 1 January 1965, it was merged into Ghent.
# Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice, Chavornay

The Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice (French: église réformée Saint-Maurice), also named Church of Saint Marcel or simply the Chavornay Temple (French: temple de Chavornay), is a Protestant church in the municipality of Chavornay, Vaud, Switzerland. It is a parish church of the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Vaud. It was listed as a heritage site of national significance.

## History

The church was already mentioned in the 12th century. It was re-built and altered several times. The oldest preserved parts date back to 1400. In the 15th century, the nave was covered with a wooden curved ceiling that symbolises the vault of the sky and hides the apparent flaws. In the 16th century, the nave was separated into three parts by two pillars and the Gothic window of the choir was enlarged. Under this window, a communion table was made from a slab of a former baptismal font.
The church is located on a hill that overlooks the village. It was listed among the Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance. The vicarage located next to the church is the seat of the Chavornay parish which also includes the communes of Bavois, Essert-Pittet and Corcelles-sur-Chavornay.
# Stan Waxman

Stanley Roy Waxman (May 20, 1922 – February 22, 2013) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the National Basketball League during the 1946–47 season and averaged 7.1 points per game. He also played for teams in the American Basketball League, Professional Basketball League of America, the New York State Professional Basketball League, and in independent semi-pro leagues. In 1948–49, Waxman served as a player-coach for the Utica Olympics.
# Ben's Biography

Ben's Biography (Hebrew: Habiographia Shel Ben) is a 2003 Israeli comedy film directed by Dan Wolman. It was entered into the 26th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Sharon Alexander
* Avigail Ariely
* Rivka Gur
* Ron Gur-Arieh
* Noa Kroll
* Amir Mograbi
* Tahel Ran
* Yossi Tal
* Geni Tamir
# Barges, Haute-Loire

Barges (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Barjas) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
# Teddy Bailey

William Theodore Bailey Jr. (August 12, 1944 – December 23, 2021) was a college and professional American football player. Bailey died in Cincinnati, Ohio on December 23, 2021, at the age of 77.
# Bill Baird (American football)

Bill Baird (born March 1, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for the New York Jets of the American Football League (AFL). He played college football for the San Francisco State Gators, playing as a defensive back, halfback and kick returner. He played for the Jets from 1963 to 1969. He, Jim Hudson, Randy Beverly, and Johnny Sample completely shut down the Baltimore Colts' passing game in Super Bowl III, helping the Jets defeat what until that time had been touted as the greatest team in professional football history.
He later served as defensive backs coach for the New York Jets from 1981 to 1984.
# Rod Sherman

Rodney Jarvis Sherman (December 25, 1944 – February 6, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans.

## Early life

Sherman attended John Muir High School in Pasadena, California.

## College career

Sherman played college football at the University of Southern California. He was an All-Pac-8 selection in 1966.

## Professional career

Sherman played for the AFL's Oakland Raiders (1967, 1969) and Cincinnati Bengals (1968) and for the NFL's Raiders (1970–1971), Denver Broncos (1972) and Los Angeles Rams (1973).

## Death

Sherman died on February 6, 2024, at the age of 79.
# Charles Edwin Brown

Charles Edward Brown (August 1, 1936 – December 20, 2022) was an American professional football player. An offensive tackle, he played collegiately for the SMU Mustangs and the Houston Cougars; he played professionally for the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL and one season for the 1962 American Football League's (AFL) Oakland Raiders.
Brown was born in Talco, Texas, on August 1, 1936. He attended Mount Vernon High School in Mount Vernon, Texas. He was the father of former PGA Tour golfer Billy Ray Brown.
Brown died on December 20, 2022, at the age of 86.
# ISIE

ISIE may refer to:
* International Society for Industrial Ecology
* the Tunisian Independent High Authority for Elections (French: Instance supérieure indépendante pour les élections)
# Kamareh, Kurdistan

Kamareh (Persian: كمره) is a village in Chaharduli-ye Gharbi Rural District, Chaharduli District, Qorveh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95, in 22 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Grambow station

Grambow (German: Bahnhof Grambow) is a railway station in the village of Grambow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The station lies of the Bützow–Szczecin railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn.

## Train services

The station is served by the following services:
* regional express (RE 6) Lübeck - Bad Kleinen - Güstrow - Neubrandenburg - Pasewalk - Szczecin
# Ed Stege

Edward Richard Stege (September 4, 1913 – March 24, 1985) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Oshkosh All-Stars in the National Basketball League during the 1937–38 season and appeared in just two games.
# 1929–30 IHL season

The 1929–30 IHL season was the first season of the International Hockey League, a minor professional ice hockey league in the Midwestern United States and Canada. Eight teams participated in the league, and the Cleveland Indians won the championship.

## Regular season

| | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| Cleveland Indians | 42 | 24 | 9 | 9 | 125 | 78 | 57 |
| Buffalo Bisons | 42 | 26 | 12 | 4 | 102 | 68 | 56 |
| London Tecumsehs | 42 | 24 | 13 | 5 | 117 | 93 | 53 |
| Detroit Olympics | 42 | 21 | 12 | 9 | 120 | 74 | 51 |
| Windsor Bulldogs | 42 | 20 | 14 | 8 | 123 | 93 | 48 |
| Hamilton Tigers | 42 | 9 | 25 | 8 | 95 | 128 | 26 |
| Toronto Millionaires | 42 | 10 | 28 | 4 | 84 | 172 | 24 |
| Niagara Falls Cataracts | 42 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 72 | 133 | 21 |

## Playoffs
### Semifinals

Best of 3
| Date | Visiting Team | Home Team |
| March 20 | Detroit 1 | Buffalo 5 |
| March 23 | Buffalo 1 | Detroit 3 |
| March 25 | Detroit 0 | Buffalo 1 |
Buffalo beat Detroit 2 wins to 1.
| Date | Visiting Team | Home Team |
| March 20 | Cleveland 1 | London 0 |
| March 22 | London 2 | Cleveland 3 |
Cleveland beat London 2 wins to none.

### Final

Best of 5
| Date | Visiting Team | Home Team |
| March 27 | Cleveland 2 | Buffalo 3 |
| March 29 | Buffalo 1 | Cleveland 3 |
| April 1 | Cleveland 1 | Buffalo 0 |
| April 3 | Buffalo 0 | Cleveland 3 |
Cleveland beat Buffalo 3 wins to 1.
# Bernried station

Bernried station (German: Haltepunkt Bernried) is a railway station in the municipality of Bernried am Starnberger See, located in the Weilheim-Schongau district in Bavaria, Germany.

## Notable places nearby

* Bernrieder Park
* Starnberger See
# 1930–31 IHL season

The 1930–31 IHL season was the second season of the International Hockey League, a minor professional ice hockey league in the Midwestern and Eastern United States and Canada. Seven teams participated in the league, and the Windsor Bulldogs won the championship.

## Regular season

| | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| Buffalo Bisons | 48 | 30 | 13 | 5 | 115 | 76 | 65 |
| Windsor Bulldogs | 48 | 25 | 16 | 7 | 141 | 114 | 57 |
| Cleveland Indians | 48 | 24 | 18 | 6 | 131 | 112 | 54 |
| Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets | 48 | 21 | 18 | 9 | 101 | 108 | 51 |
| London Tecumsehs | 48 | 21 | 21 | 6 | 89 | 83 | 48 |
| Detroit Olympics | 48 | 18 | 28 | 2 | 100 | 127 | 38 |
| Syracuse Stars | 48 | 9 | 34 | 5 | 114 | 171 | 23 |

## Playoffs

| Date | Visiting Team | Home Team |
| March 24 | Pittsburgh 1 | Cleveland 2 |
| March 26 | Buffalo 2 | Pittsburgh 0 |
| March 26 | Cleveland 1 | Windsor 3 |
| March 28 | Windsor 5 | Cleveland 6 |
| March 28 | Pittsburgh 1 | Buffalo 3 |
| March 31 | Buffalo 1 | Windsor 2 |
| March 31 | Cleveland 3 | Pittsburgh 1 |
| April 2 | Pittsburgh 2 | Windsor 8 |
| April 2 | Cleveland 1 | Buffalo 1 |
| April 4 | Windsor 2 | Pittsburgh 1 |
| April 4 | Buffalo 6 | Cleveland 4 |
| April 7 | Windsor 0 | Buffalo 0 |
| Round Robin Playoffs | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| Windsor Bulldogs | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 11 | 9 |
| Buffalo Bisons | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 8 | 8 |
| Cleveland Indians | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 17 | 7 |
| Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 20 | 0 |