OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bismarck Tower (Kallstadt)

The Bismarck Tower (German: Bismarckturm) on the 497-metre-high Peterskopf in the Haardt mountains on the eastern edge of the Palatine Forest stands within an exclave of the municipality of Kallstadt in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

## History

Planning for the monument dedicated to Reich chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, began in 1896 by the Drachenfels Club and it was erected in 1901 - 1903 under the direction of architect, Friedrich Kunst, from Karlsruhe.
In 1925 a concrete ceiling collapsed during a school visit to the tower. In 1928 the relief, which had been destroyed by the French, was replaced. During the Second World War two bombs hit the tower.
Its first restoration was carried out in 1949 by the Drachenfels Club, a local monument conservation society. In 1973/74 further renovation measures were implemented; this included accommodation for the tower keeper. The tower has been protected as a listed monument since 1986.

## Design

The tower is made from bunter sandstone which was quarried in the vicinity. It has a base area of 16.7 x 14 m$^2$ and is divided into three sections.
The lower section may be climbed on 15 external steps, from which staircases lead left and right to the lower viewing platform. The second viewing platform follows after a further 20 steps, also external to the tower. An internal staircase then leads to the 30-metre-high third viewing platform. From here, there are extensive views, particularly over the Upper Rhine Plain over 400 metres below.

## Bad Dürkheim Hill Run

The Peterskopf and its Bismarck tower is the destination of the annual Bad Dürkheim Hill Run (Bad Dürkheimer Berglauf) which takes place in October. The route is 8,700 metres long and the total climb is 510 metres, making it the longest and steepest element of the Palatine Hill Running Cup ((Pfälzer Berglaufpokal).
# Bil'arab bin Sultan

Bil'arab bin Sultan (Arabic: بلعرب بن سلطان اليعربي) (died 1692) was the third of the Yaruba dynasty of Imams of Oman, a member of the Ibadi sect. He ruled from 1679 to 1692.
Bil'arab bin Sultan succeeded as Imam in 1679 after the death of his father, Sultan bin Saif. This confirmed that the succession was now hereditary, since his father had also succeeded dynastically, while in the Ibadi tradition the Imam was elected. He is known for building a fine fort at Jabrin. Most of his reign was occupied in a struggle with his brother, Saif bin Sultan, who succeeded Bil'arab bin Sultan when he died at Jabrin in 1692.
# Jost Schömann-Finck

Jost Schömann-Finck (born 8 October 1982, in Zell) is a German rower.
# Golujeh, Bostanabad

Golujeh (Persian: گلوجه, also Romanized as Golūjeh) is a village in Abbas-e Sharqi Rural District, Tekmeh Dash District, Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 19 families.
# The Wishing-Table

The Wishing-Table (German: Tischlein, deck dich) is a 1956 West German family film directed by Fritz Genschow and starring Werner Stock, Wolfgang Draeger and Harald Dietl. It is based on the story of the same name by the Brothers Grimm.

## Cast

* Werner Stock as Tailor
* Wolfgang Draeger as Peter
* Harald Dietl as Paul
* Horst Keitel as Hans
* Rita-Maria Nowotny as Kathy
* Wulf Rittscher as Innkeeper
* Fritz Genschow as Woodworker
* Sigrid Hackenberg as Marie
* Renée Stobrawa as Kathy's aunt
* Karola Ebeling as Liesel
* York Bertram as Charburner
* Otto Czarski as Robber
* Joachim Rödel as Robber
* Alexander Welbat as Robber
* Lutz Götz as Mayor
* Theodor Vogeler as Carpenter
* Nora Brand as Neighbor
* Otto Lengwinat as Miller
* Egon Stief as Servant
# Aleksey Shishkin

Aleksey Vasilyevich Shishkin (Russian: Алексей Васильевич Шишкин, Kursk?, fl. 1887) was a Russian Roma arranger and composer. He is the composer of the romance "No, it's not you I love so fervently" (Russian «Нет, не тебя так пылко я люблю») set to the words of Lermontov. He is one of several gypsy composer-arrangers called Shishkin, including Nikolai Shishkin, composer of songs such as "Listen if you wish" («Слушайте, если хотите»)
# Kultayevo

Kultayevo (Russian: Култаево) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kultayevskoye Rural Settlement, Permsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 5,067 as of 2010. There are 198 streets.

## Geography

Kultayevo is located 26 km southwest of Perm (the district's administrative centre) by road. Anikino is the nearest rural locality.
# William R. Crawford Jr.

William Rex Crawford Jr. (1928 – August 4, 2002) was a United States ambassador to Yemen and Cyprus who served in the United States Foreign Service for 30 years. He was born in Philadelphia and lived abroad for some years during his childhood due to his father's job. After graduating from Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania, he entered the Foreign Service, where he served in various senior positions, including as an ambassador between 1972 and 1978, until his retirement.

## Early life

William Rex Crawford Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to William Rex Crawford and Dorothy (Buckley) Crawford. In the 1930s and 1940s, he accompanied his father, a sociology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, on his work stints abroad. They spent time in France where his father had a Guggenheim Fellowship, in Chile where his father worked as an exchange professor, and in Brazil where his father was the cultural attaché at the US embassy in Rio de Janeiro.
Crawford obtained a bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1949 and a master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1950. He also served in the United States Navy and studied abroad at the Institut des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris.

## Career

Crawford entered the United States Foreign Service in 1950, and between 1950 and 1972, he was stationed in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Venice, Italy; Beirut, Lebanon; and Aden, Yemen. Some of the positions he served in during these years included director of Israeli and Arab-Israeli affairs at the Department of State, officer-in-charge of Arab-Israeli affairs at the Department of State, counselor at the US embassy in Morocco, and deputy ambassador to Cyprus. In 1963, he was awarded the William A. Jump Award for his service to the US government.
In 1972, Crawford was appointed the US ambassador to Yemen. He served in this position until 1974. In 1974, the US ambassador to Cyprus, Rodger Davies, was assassinated in Nicosia, and Crawford was appointed his replacement. He served in this position until 1978.
Following his resignation as the ambassador to Cyprus, Crawford became the deputy assistant secretary of state for the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs in the Department of State. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1980.
After his retirement from the Foreign Service, Crawford remained active in various activities. He served as the executive director of the National Committee to Honor the 14th Centenary of Islam, as well as the president of Eisenhower Fellowships.

## Personal life and death

Crawford married Virginia Lowry Crawford in 1950, and they had one daughter, Sarah Crawford-Najafi. Virginia died in 1987, and he remarried, to Celia Faulkner Crawford.
Crawford died at his home in Greensboro, Vermont, on August 4, 2002, at the age of 74. According to his family, he died of cancer.
# Pelah Kabud

Pelah Kabud (Persian: پله كبود بزرگان درگاهی, also Romanized as Pelah Kabūd and Pelleh Kabūd; also known as Pelah Kabūd-e Soflá) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Holeylan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 465, in 91 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Polyphony (Russian Orthodox liturgy)

In the Russian Orthodox liturgy of the 16th–18th centuries, polyphony (Russian:многогласие,romanized:mnogoglasiye,lit.'many-voicing'), sometimes polyvocality, was a tradition of performing several parts of the church service in the same place at the same time; in particular, to singing several different chants simultaneously to save time. Despite being banned in favor of monophony (Russian:единогласие,romanized:edinoglasiye,lit.'single-voicing'), i.e. singing the chants one by one consecutively, it persisted for quite some time.[vague]

## History

The tradition of polyphony arose in the early 16th century, when chants transformed from being performed recitatively to being elaborately sung. At the same time, the strict service regimen adopted in monasteries had become the norm in ordinary churches. As a result the full church service had gradually become extremely long. Polyphony was introduced under the excuse of saving the time and stamina of laymen; however, it had gradually evolved to an absurdity where, according to complaints, up to six chants were sung at the same time, with cantors trying to shout over each other. The Stoglavy Sobor had forbidden polyphony in the mid-16th century, but it continued for some time after the proscription.
# Polster Valley Wheel House

The Polster Valley Wheel House (German: Polstertaler Zechenhaus) lies in the Polster valley about three kilometres from Altenau in the Upper Harz region of Germany and is surrounded by a campsite.
The wheel house was built in 1729 and provided power for the pumping station of the Polsterberg Pumphouse (Polsterberger Hubhaus) with two water wheels until the early 20th century.
51°47′58″N 10°24′59″E﻿ / ﻿51.79944°N 10.41639°E﻿ / 51.79944; 10.41639
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# Mikhail Borisovich Gavrilov

Mikhail Gavrilov (Russian: Гаврилов Михаил Борисович; Hebrew: מיכאיל גברילוב; born 29 December 1926 – 18 July 2014) was a Soviet writer and poet of Mountain Jew descent. He wrote in Judeo-Tat and Russian. Mikhail Gavrilov held the title of Honored Worker of Culture of Dagestan.

## Biography

Gavrilov was born in the city Derbent, Dagestan ASSR, USSR. His father Boris Gavrilov (1908–1990) was a poet and dramatist.
Since the beginning of the World War II, Gavrilov worked as a locksmith's apprentice, a 4-grade locksmith, then a 4-grade turner at the Derbent cannery. In 1944 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. After Gavrilov graduated from the school of junior aviation specialists, he served as a fighter armament master in the 26th reserve aviation regiment, then in the 117th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, he supported the Yak-3 fighter. He was demobilized from the army in February 1947.
Gavrilov completed the distance education courses at the Derbent Pedagogical School, after which he switched to teaching. In 1970 he graduated from the distance learning department of the history faculty of the Dagestan State University. For 45 years of teaching activity, Gavrilov published a school curriculum for the Judeo-Tat language, prescriptions and a program of optional classes, trained teachers in his native language.
The first publications of Gavrilov date back to 1949–1950. He published in periodicals, in the almanac (Juhuri:Ватан Советиму) – "The Soviet Motherland" in the Judeo-Tat language, stories, the poem (Juhuri:Гhард ферзенди) – "Filial duty", as well as collections of poems in Judeo-Tat and in Russian.
During the Perestroika period, when national schools began to revive, Gavrilov prepared and published textbooks in Judeo-Tat language for grades 1–4, curricula and copybooks. He taught courses for the training of teachers of the Judeo-Tat language.
From 1986 to 1990 Gavrilov was the director of the Judeo-Tat theatre. Since 1990, he was the executive secretary of the Judeo-Tat's insert in the city newspaper (Russian: Знамя коммунизма – "Communism banner", and since 1991 he worked as the editor of the republican newspaper Vatan.
From 1993 to 2004 he lived in Israel; organized the publication of the (Russian: Кавказская газета – "Caucasian Newspaper", was its first editor-in-chief, as well as the chairman of the Mountain Jewish section of the Writers' Union of Israel, edited books published in the Judeo-Tat language.
In 2004 he with his family moved back to live in Derbent. He started to work as an editor of the department of the republican newspaper Vatan.

## Awards

* Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Dagestan (July 2009) – for many years of work and high achievements in the field of culture.
# Sen Sen

Sen Sen (Persian: سن سن, also Romanized as Sansen; also known as Sinsin) is a village in Miyandasht Rural District, in the Central District of Kashan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,576, in 411 families.
# Kety, Perm Krai

Kety (Russian: Кеты) is a rural locality (a village) in Kultayevskoye Rural Settlement, Permsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 17 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Kety is located 21 km southwest of Perm (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kichanovo is the nearest rural locality.
# USS LST-448

USS LST-448 was a United States Navy LST-1-class tank landing ship used in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II.

## Construction

LST-448 was laid down on 10 July 1942, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 968, by Kaiser Shipyards, Vancouver, Washington; launched on 26 September 1942; and commissioned on 23 December 1942.

## Service history

During the war, LST-448 was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations. She took part in the consolidation of the southern Solomons in June 1943, and the Vella Lavella occupation in October 1943.
The tank landing ship was damaged by Japanese dive bombers off Vella Lavella, Solomons, on 1 October, suffering some casualties among her embarked New Zealand troops. Fifteen members of a NZ anti aircraft crew were killed. The LST was taken under tow by tug Bobolink but sank while underway on 5 October, south of Vella Lavella. She was struck from the Navy list on 26 October 1943.

## Honors and awards

LST-448 earned two battle stars for her World War II service.
# Omayed

Omayed (Arabic: العميد) is a 75,800 ha UNESCO designated Biosphere Reserve in western Egypt in a sparsely populated region of coastal desert 80 kilometers west of Alexandria and 200 kilometers east of Matruh. It was designated as a biosphere reserve in 1981 and extended in 1998. The area includes four villages with a total 400 inhabitants. Habitats include coastal calcareous dunes, inland ridges, saline depressions, nonsaline depressions and inland plateau. The area provides important moss habitat. The Khashm El-Aish plateau in Omayed Protected Area (OPA) is home to 29 moss taxa recorded for the first time from Mediterranean coast, Egypt and 16 of them new records to the western Mediterranean coast. OPA includes 0.07% of Egypt's land mass but is home to more than 17 percent of its moss flora.
Ecosystems:
* Coastal Dunes: Ammophila arenaria, Euphorbia paralias and Pancratium maritimum
* Inland ridges with minimal soil: Thymellaea spp., Gymnocarpus decadrum, Plantago albicans and Asphodelus microcarpa
* Salty marsh depressions dominated by Salicornia fruticosa, Cressa cretica, Atriplex halimus
* Non-saline depressions and inland plateau: Artemisia monosperma, Hammada elegans, Anabasis articulata, Hammada scorpia, Suaeda pruinosa, Salsola tetrandra
* Agricultural areas of grazing land and fig plantations
# VetVerify.org

VetVerify.org is a shared online service of the Army & Air Force Exchange Service, the Navy Exchange Service Command, the Marine Corps Exchange and the Coast Guard Exchange. Its sole purpose is to verify eligibility for the veterans online shopping benefit, a 2017 expansion of online military exchange shopping privileges to honorably discharged Veterans.

## History
### Veterans online shopping benefit

On June 14, 2012, the Army & Air Force Exchange Service appointed its first civilian director/CEO, Tom Shull, a West Point graduate who previously served as CEO of Wise Foods, Hanover Direct, Barneys New York and Meridian Ventures. On May 8, 2014, Shull drafted a memorandum to the then-acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Jessica Wright proposing a plan to allow honorably discharged veterans to shop online at military exchanges.
Shull presented a business case for the expanded benefit to the Department of Defense's Executive Resale Board in August 2014, emphasizing the plan's potential to generate more than $100 million for installation quality-of-life programs within three years. The Executive Resale Board voted unanimously to recommend the proposal in August 2016.
On Jan. 13 2017, the Department of Defense announced that all honorably discharged veterans would be eligible to shop tax-free online military exchanges starting Nov. 11, 2017. The expanded benefit is expected to make online exchange privileges available to all honorably discharged veterans from a total of approximately 21 million veterans.

### Website launch

The military exchanges announced the launch of VetVerify.org on June 5, 2017, adding that some veterans would be selected to shop ahead of the Nov. 11 launch as beta testers. By July 26, VetVerify.org had received 260,000 applications and verified 120,000 veterans.
Military exchanges annually distribute more than $300 million in earnings back to the military community in the form of dividends to quality-of-life programs such as Morale, Welfare and Recreation. Allowing veterans to shop online could provide tens of millions in additional contributions to such programs.

## Verification Process

To register, users must provide their first and last names, the last four digits of their social security number, date of birth, email address and branch of service. VetVerify.org then confirms the user's eligibility using Defense Manpower Data Center data, the most comprehensive collection of data on veterans. If an applicant cannot be immediately verified, they may submit a digital copy of their discharge paperwork to be reviewed for eligibility.

## Celebrity Endorsements

In July 2017, former United States Navy SEAL Marcus Luttrell appeared in a 30-second Facebook video alongside Mark Wahlberg, who played Luttrell in "Lone Survivor," urging veterans to register at VetVerify.org. The video went viral, causing a spike in traffic to the site and driving a 60 percent increase in number of successful verifications on the weekend of the video's launch.
# Scanian Regiment

Scanian Regiment (Danish: Det Skaanske regiment), was a Danish national infantry regiment 1615–1658. It was raised among the peasantry in Skåneland to augment the mercenary army, and fought against Habsburg during the Thirty Years' War and against Sweden in 1657–1658. When Skåne was ceded to Sweden in 1658, it was disbanded.

## Background

During the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, the Danish infantry consisted almost entirely of German mercenaries, enlisted in time of war, and dismissed after the end of hostilities. A standing army was out of the question; the Diet and Council would not allow it, for fear of strengthening royal power, and the Treasury could not afford it. Denmark had treaties with all the German states, Poland, and the Dutch republic, allowing recruiting for the Danish army on their territories.

## National army

In 1614, the King and Council decided to create a permanent national army, to augment the war-time mercenary army. Four thousand soldiers would be raised from the peasantry; 2,000 in Jutland, 200 in Funen, 200 in Zealand, and 1,600 in Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge. At first the basis for recruitment was crown land; the tenant of a crown farmstead had either to be a soldier himself, or keep a suitable man, against freedom from taxation. In 1620, all land - most land in Denmark was owned by the nobility - was required to hold soldiers; nine farmsteads keeping one soldier, who had to serve for three years; the soldiers only serving under the colours in time of war; the weaponry kept at armouries by the churches. Two grand regiments of foot were created; the Jutland, and the Skåne: the soldiers from Funen going to the former, those from Zealand, to the latter. Captains and lieutenants where selected from half-pay officers of the Kalmar War; ensigns and sergeants from well to do tenants. In 1633 the number of regiments were raised to three; in addition to the two oldest, a Zealand regiment was also created, the predecessor of today's Sjællandske Livregiment.

## The Regiment

The Scanian regiment was mustered into service on 20 December 1615, with Andrew Sinclair as colonel. At first the regiment contained 1,792 soldiers, with one company from Zealand, four from Skåne, three from Halland, and one from Blekinge. When the Zealand regiment was created it lost one company, and when Halland was ceded to Sweden through the peace of Brömsebro 1645, another three. The regiment was mobilized 1627–1639, during the Thirty Years' War, when Imperial forces attacked Denmark. When Frederick III decided to attack Sweden in 1657, the Skåne regiment had, as all national regiments, untrained soldiers and officers not used to command. After the disastrous war, Skåne and Blekinge were ceded to Sweden, and the regiment disbanded.
# Jürg Frey

Jürg Frey (born 15 May 1953) is a Swiss composer and clarinettist. He is a member of the Wandelweiser Group.

## Biography

Jürg Frey was born in 1953 in Aarau, Switzerland. He studied clarinet in Concervatoire de Musique de Genève, composition under Urs Peter Schneider in Bern and trained in Basel as a teacher of the Alexander Technique. Frey co-founded the Lenzburg Music Forum, and has been artistic director of the Aarau concert series 'Moments Musicaux' for more than ten years.
Frey has been invited to workshops as a visiting composer at the Universität der Künste Berlin, the Universität Dortmund, Northwestern University and CalArts. In 1991 he was prize winner at the Boswil International Composition Seminar.
Frey has acted as a mentor at recent composer meet composer workshops including fellow Wandelweiser composers/artists Antoine Beuger, Emmanuelle Waeckerle, Marianne Schuppe, and Joachim Eckl.

## Music

Jürg Frey’s music is characterized by sparse, quiet, soundscapes. In a review in The Guardian, Frey has been described as a “master of calm instrumental textures… who explores silence as much as sound and writes egoless music that feels as though it’s always existed”. Writing in The New Yorker, Alex Ross compared Frey’s music to a “Mahler Adagio suspended in zero gravity”.
# Richard Lyng

Richard Edmund Lyng (June 29, 1918 – February 1, 2003) was a U.S. administrator. A Republican, he served as the secretary of agriculture between 1986 and 1989.

## Early life and career

Lyng was born on June 29, 1918, in San Francisco, California. He was the son of Edmund John Lyng, the founder of a California agricultural products company, and his wife, Sara Cecilia (McGrath). He graduated from the University of Notre Dame. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.
In the mid-1950s, Lyng went into business and eventually became president of the Ed. J. Lyng Co., a seed and bean processing company. In 1973, Lyng became the President of the American Meat Institute, serving until 1979. In 1980, Lyng was appointed to deputy secretary of agriculture, and then secretary of agriculture under President Reagan's cabinet, serving from 1986 to 1989. He was chosen as one of the charter members of the Meat Industry Hall of Fame in 2009.

## Personal life

Lyng married Bethyl Ball on June 25, 1944. They had two daughters, Jeannette Lyng Robinson and Marylin Lyng O'Connell. Bethyl Lyng died in 2000.
Lyng died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Modesto, California, on February 1, 2003.
# Construction Industry and Energy

Construction, Industry and Energy (Dutch: Bouw-industrie & Energie, French: Bâtiment-industrie & Énergie; BIE) is a trade union representing workers in the construction and energy sectors in Belgium.
The union was founded in 2010, when the Christian Union of Building and Industry merged with the Christian Union of Mining, Energy, Chemicals and Leather. Like both its predecessors, it affiliated to the Confederation of Christian Trade Unions. On formation, it had around 300,000 members.

## Presidents

    2010: Luc Van Dessel
    2012: Stefaan Vanthourenhout
    2017: Patrick Vandenberghe