OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bignon Commission

The Bignon Commission (French: commission Bignon; 1693–1718) was a group directed by the French minister Colbert to examine the feasibility of compiling a description of all the arts and industrial processes used in France. It was headed by Abbé Bignon, who selected the royal typographer Jacques Jaugeon, the scholar Gilles Filleau des Billettes, and Father Sébastien Truchet to assist him. As part of their participation, the three were named to the Academy by King Louis XIV in 1699.
The commission reported that the project would be feasible and began by examining French printing and typography, as the "art by which all others are preserved". As part of the project, Jaugeon and Truchet established the first typographic point system, vector fonts, the bitmap, slanted italic type, and the Romain du Roi ("King's Roman") font, which later developed into Times New Roman.
In 1710, the work continued under a new chief editor, René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur. The commission was reorganized in 1718, with other groups continuing its work. The release of Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopedia in 1750 led the Academy to finally publish a 73-volume Descriptions of the Arts and Trades but it remains generally unknown.
# Mirny, Vladimir Oblast

Mirny (Russian: Мирный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Vtorovskoye Rural Settlement, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 611 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Mirny is located 22 km southwest of Kameshkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pishchikhino is the nearest rural locality.
# Zazdrist

Zazdrist (Ukrainian: Заздрість) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Ternopil Raion, Mykulyntsi settlement hromada.

## History

The first written mention of the village dates back to 1439.
After the liquidation of the Terebovlia Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Ternopil Raion.

## Religion

* Exaltation of the Holy Cross church (1876, brick, OCU)
* Saint Joseph church (1911, rebuilt from a Roman Catholic church in 2007, UGCC)
* missionary village of the Basilian Sisters (1994, UGCC)

## People

* Josyf Slipyj (1892–1984), Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and a cardinal of the Catholic Church
# Pyur

Piwr, Pyowr, Pyur, or P'ywr (uppercase: Փ, lowercase: փ) is the 35th letter of the Armenian alphabet. It represents the aspirated voiceless bilabial stop (/pʰ/). Its capital form is homoglyphic to the Cyrillic letter Ef, the Greek letter Phi, and the symbol for the voiceless bilabial fricative. The lowercase form is the letter Tyun with two additional vertical lines jutting on the top and the bottom. It has a value of 8000 as an Armenian numeral.

## Computing codes

Character information :
| Preview | Փ | Փ | փ | փ |
| Unicode name | ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER PIWR | ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER PIWR | ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER PIWR | ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER PIWR |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1363 | U+0553 | 1411 | U+0583 |
| UTF-8 | 213 147 | D5 93 | 214 131 | D6 83 |
| Numeric character reference | &#1363; | &#x553; | &#1411; | &#x583; |

## Gallery

* Rounded erkat'agir
* Angular erkat'agir
* Bolorgir
* Notrgir
* Shghagir
* Handwritten form
# Billy Dunlop (footballer, born 1926)

William Lumsden Dunlop (20 February 1926 – 1994) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside forward for Dunfermline Athletic in the Scottish Football League and for Exeter City, Bradford Park Avenue and Darlington in the English Football League. He was on the books of Bristol Rovers without appearing for them in the League. Dunlop also played for Scottish junior club Kilsyth Rangers and in English non-league football for Ilfracombe Town and Bideford.
# Markus Münch (discus thrower)

Markus Münch (born 13 June 1986) is a retired German athlete. He competed for Germany in discus at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
He announced his retirement in December 2017.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Germany ||||||
| 2007 | European U23 Championships | Debrecen, Hungary | 13th (q) | Discus throw | 53.52 m |
| 2009 | European Cup Winter Throwing | Los Realejos, Spain | 2nd | Discus throw | 64.90 m |
| 2009 | Universiade | Belgrade, Serbia | 3rd | Discus throw | 63.76 m |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 20th (q) | Discus throw | 60.55 m |
| 2010 | European Cup Winter Throwing | Arles, France | 1st | Discus throw | 65.37 m |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 24th (q) | Discus throw | 58.81 m |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 26th (q) | Discus throw | 60.80 m |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 8th | Discus throw | 61.25 m |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 30th (q) | Discus throw | 59.95 m |
| 2015 | Military World Games | Mungyeong, South Korea | 6th | Discus throw | 59.55 m |
# Saint-Jacut Abbey

Saint-Jacut Abbey (French: Abbaye de Saint-Jacut) is located in the east of the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany, at the end of the peninsula of Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer. It is named after the 5th-century Saint Jacut. It is now a retreat and holiday centre run by a community of the Sisters of the Immaculate of Saint-Méen-le-Grand.

## First and second abbeys

The early records of the first monastery, traditionally founded by Saint Jacut himself and following the Rule of St Columbanus, were destroyed by the Normans in the late 9th century, with the monastery itself. It is not clear if it had adopted the Rule of St Benedict before its destruction. It was re-founded as a Benedictine abbey in 1008. When it was dissolved in 1790 during the French Revolution only four monks sere living there, and the buildings were so ruinous that no purchaser could be found for them. The archives were dispersed and lost.
In the 1870s the premises were acquired by the Sisters of the Immaculate of Saint-Méen-le-Grand to use as a free school for the poor children of Saint-Jacut. To support the school they decided to accommodate summer visitors taking a change of air on medical advice, which they did from 1876, very successfully..
In the 1950s, the community developed a spiritual retreat programme, and grew thereafter into a retreat and spiritual conference and training centre.
# Kusnyshcha

Kusnyshcha (Ukrainian: Кусни́ща, Polish: Kuśniszcze) is a village in western Ukraine, in the Kovel Raion in Volyn Oblast, but was formerly administered within Liuboml Raion. The population of the village is just about 1800 people and covers an area of 4,19 km$^2$. Local government is administered by Kusnyshchanska village council. Kusnyshcha located in the Liuboml Raion along the Highway T0308 Ukraine – Liuboml – Shatsk – Brest. It is situated in the 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the regional center Lutsk, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the district center Liuboml and 125 kilometres (78 mi) from Brest. The first mention of Kusnyshcha in written sources belong to 1564. But according to others sources, the settlement was founded back in 1510.
# Tooeys Lake

Tooeys Lake (French: lac Tooeys) is a lake in Greater Madawaska, Renfrew County in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin and is the source of Tooeys Creek.
The lake has three unnamed inflows: one at the northwest, a second at the northeast, and a third at the east. The primary outflow is Tooeys Creek at the southeast, the site of a rest area adjacent to Ontario Highway 41. Tooeys Creek flows via Black Donald Creek, Black Donald Lake, the Madawaska River, and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.
# Laptevo

Laptevo (Russian: Лаптево) is a rural locality (a selo) in Vtorovskoye Rural Settlement, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 101 as of 2010. There is one street.

## Geography

Laptevo is located 21 km southwest of Kameshkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bliznino is the nearest rural locality.
# Secret Ukrainian University

The Secret or Underground Ukrainian University (Ukrainian: Таємний український університет, romanized: Taiemnyi ukrainskyi universytet), formally known as the Ukrainian University of Lviv (Ukrainian: Львівський український університет, romanized: Lvivskyi ukrainskyi universytet), was an underground Ukrainian university which existed in the city of Lwów in the Second Polish Republic (now Lviv, Ukraine) between 1921 and 1925.

## History

The Secret Ukrainian University was founded in July 1921 on a joint initiative of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Petro Mohyla Scientific Lecture Society [uk], and the Stauropegion Institute. The basis of the university's organisation was the Ukrainian People's University [uk], which had been disestablished in 1919 or 1920.
The university was established during a time of degrading of Ukrainians' rights within the Second Polish Republic. Polish authorities had removed all Ukrainian teachers and chairs from the University of Lviv and excluded higher education to citizens of Poland or the Allies in 1919, additionally banning Ukrainian-language courses the next year. The latter measure prompted a group of Ukrainian intellectuals in Lviv (then Lwów) to begin teaching clandestine courses in the humanities, law, and medicine. These courses later formed the basis of the Secret Ukrainian University. The first rector of the university was writer Vasyl Shchurat [uk].
The Secret Ukrainian University was a non-profit, funded by donations from supporters. It received support from the Shevchenko Society, the Lviv chapter of Prosvita, the Lwów Ecclesiastical Museum, St. George's Cathedral, and Ridna Shkola [uk], as well as members of the Ukrainian diaspora. By the end of 1921, there were 1,260 students studying in 54 different departments. This increased to 1,600 students across 65 students the next year.
Contrary to its name, the Secret Ukrainian University operated openly and in defiance of Polish authorities. After Shchurat's 1921 arrest, he was replaced by Marian Panchyshyn, who was later replaced by Yevhen Davydiak [uk]. The vast majority of Ukrainian intellectuals active in Lviv at the time supported the university, as part of the Ukrainian community's boycott of Polish educational institutions. The Polish government responded to the university's growth by launching a wide-reaching crackdown, prompting the university staff to issue a request to the League of Nations for protection.
The university began negotiations with Polish authorities for a resolution to the conflict in 1924. The university was represented by Kyrylo Studynsky and Roman Smal-Stocki, while the Polish government was represented by Stanisław Grabski, Stanisław Łoś [pl], and Tadeusz Waryński [pl]. Ultimately, the proposals to reestablish Ukrainian-language education in Poland were rejected, owing to the Polish government's desire to strengthen the Polish character of Lviv, and the Secret Ukrainian University was forced to close at the end of 1925. Much of its activities were dispersed among other Ukrainian organisations, including Lviv Polytechnic.
# Qaqazan-e Sharqi Rural District

Qaqazan-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان قاقازان شرقي) is in the Central District of Takestan County, Qazvin province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Yahyaabad.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 12,890 in 2,930 households. There were 12,294 inhabitants in 3,463 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 12,887 in 3,878 households. The most populous of its 21 villages was Yahyaabad, with 3,060 people.
# Eiffel Bridge, Láchar

The Eiffel Bridge (Spanish: Puente Eiffel) is an iron bridge situated between the Spanish municipalities of Lachar and Pinos Puente. It was built in the 1897 by the studio of Gustave Eiffel. It's considered the last vestige of the Industrial Revolution in Vega de Granada.

## History

The bridge was built in 1897, commissioned by Don Julio Quesada-Cañaveral to connect the station of Íllora by the Decauville railway at Láchar with two important factories that the nobleman had in Láchar, thus becoming the second railway of the province of Granada.
Years later, the railroad disappeared and the bridge was used decades later by cars as a means of communication between Láchar, Daimuz Bajo, Valderrubio, Fuente Vaqueros and Escóznar. In 2006 it became unusable after the accident of a vehicle that caused the breakage of a small part of the support and the subsequent collapse of the entire structure. Since 2007 there's another bridge built next to the previous one.
# Joseph Laurent

Joseph Laurent (Western Abnaki: Sozap Lolô; c. 1839–1917), was an Abenaki chief, best known for authoring an Abenaki language dictionary. He also established a trading post in New Hampshire that is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

## Biography

Laurent was chief of the Abenaki reserve of Odanak in Quebec, Canada, from 1880 to 1892. He was a teacher and leader in his Algonquian community, and the Odanak Nation throughout his life. Laurent is best known for the publication of his book New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues. The book is a dictionary that translates Abenaki to English, and was the first of its kind. The structure of the dictionary is what widely sets it apart from others. His translations are set up as a journey through their land as opposed to a standard list. He takes the reader on a trip from Quebec and throughout New England through linguistics and language education. Despite Laurent's upbringing of speaking fluent Abenaki and French, he not only created a dictionary to teach English to Abenaki people, he more importantly created the substantial text in an effort to preserve the Abenaki language and culture. The Abenaki language was oral, and little to no written documents had been recorded. New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues was vital in taking the number of a hundred-plus speakers to the rest of the Abenaki population as they continued to be a part of an English-speaking world, and it is still widely used today.
Laurent was also an entrepreneur. He purchased goods from Odanak members and took them to his trading post in Intervale, New Hampshire, to sell to tourists. The camp was located in a grove of white pines known as Cathedral Woods, across from the scenic overlook that resides on the border of North Conway and Intervale. They sold things like baskets, Victorian goods, and miniatures. It was not only a business opportunity, but was also a way for his family to practice speaking English. The trading post remained for 33 years, until Laurent's death in 1917. In 1991, the trading post was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as "Abenaki Indian Shop and Camp".
Stephen Laurent (1909–2001), the youngest of Joseph Laurent's 18 children, was also an accomplished writer/linguist, and resided in Intervale from 1940 until his death.
# Ali Beyg Kandi, Varzaqan

Ali Beyg Kandi (Persian: علي بيگ كندي, also Romanized as ‘Alī Beyg Kandī; also known as Alba Kand, Alba Kandi, Al’ ba-Kendy, ‘Alī Bekandī, and ‘Alī Beyk Kandī) is a village in Ozomdel-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Varzaqan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 130, in 27 families.
# Stapelburg

Stapelburg is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the Nordharz municipality.

## Geography

It is located at the northern foot of the Harz mountain range and Harz National Park, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the town of Ilsenburg. The small Ecker river in the west, a tributary of the Oker, forms the border with the town of Bad Harzburg in Lower Saxony.
The settlement has access to the Bundesstraße 6 federal highway running from the Bundesautobahn 395 near Goslar to Halle and the Bundesautobahn 14. Stapelburg station is served by the Vienenburg-Halberstadt railway line.

## History

Stapelburg Castle was first mentioned in a 1306 deed as a property of the Counts of Wernigerode; it was meant to protect and control the trade route to the Imperial City of Goslar near the border with the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Prior to that an Imperial castle, mentioned as Ahlsburg in the 14th century, was erected a few kilometres south-southwest in the Harz mountains on a spur high above the Ecker valley.
The Stapelburg estates passed to the Prince-Bishops of Halberstadt in 1394 and were temporarily given in pawn to the Counts of Stolberg. The settlement emerged in the second half of the 16th century from the outlying estate (Vorwerk) of Bilenshausen or Bilashausen, that had been established by the former Halberstadt councillor Heinrich von Bila (1535–1584) at the foot of medieval castle. After lengthy negotiations, castle and village were finally purchased by Count Christian Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode in 1722.
The meadows in the Ecker valley south of the village were the site of the Jungborn destination spa, founded in 1896 by Adolf Just, which hosted notable guests like Franz Kafka in July 1912. As the Ecker formed part of the inner German border after World War II, the facility was closed and finally demolished in 1964 to make space for border fortifications.

## Notable people

* Manfred Zapf (born 1946), footballer
* Bernhard Glass (born 1957), luger
# Baghan, Jask

Baghan (Persian: باغان, also Romanized as Bāghān; also known as Bāgheyn and Bāghīn) is a village in Jask Rural District, in the Central District of Jask County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 178, in 29 families.
# Kizhany

Kizhany (Russian: Кижаны) is a rural locality (a village) in Vtorovskoye Rural Settlement, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010.

## Geography

Kizhany is located 13 km south of Kameshkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mostsy is the nearest rural locality.
# Rule of nine (linguistics)

The rule of nine (Ukrainian: Правило дев'ятки) is a orthographic rule of the Ukrainian language, which prohibits writing the letter "i" in loanwords after nine consonants (д, т, з, с, ц, ж, ш, ч, and р) if the next letter is a consonant (except for "й"). For example, the loanwords сигнал, динамо, режим, дизель, зиґзаґ, and принтер are written with the letter "и", rather than writing сігнал, дінамо, режім, дізель, зіґзаґ, and прінтер.
However, if the "i" in a loanword is followed by a vowel, then the rule of nine does not apply. For example, the loanwords діадема, діоптрія, тіофен, станція, адажіо, and Чіо-чіо-сан are written with the letter "i". Additionally, the letter "i" is used after these nine consonants if it appears at the end of an uninflected loanword, such as колібрі, парі, фрі, and таксі, though таксист is an exception to this rule.
The current Ukrainian spelling lists the following exception to the rule of nine:
   З «и», а не з «і» пишуться також слова церковного вжитку: диякон, єпископ, єпитимія, єпитрахиль, камилавка, митра, митрополит, християнство тощо. Words of ecclesiastical use are also written with "и" rather than "і": диякон, єпископ, єпитимія, єпитрахиль, камилавка, митра, митрополит, християнство, and so on.
However, the 1999 Orthographic Dictionary of the Ukrainian language does not include this exception for church-related loanwords, such as архієпископ (archbishop), архієрей (bishop), архімандрит (archimandrite), клір (clergy), клірик (cleric).
Furthermore, loanwords assimilated into the Ukrainian language are often written according to their pronunciation, rather than necessarily following the rule of nine, such as бурмистер (but бургомістр), вимпел, єхидна, імбир, кипарис, and лиман.

## History

The rule of nine for spelling words of foreign language origin was first formulated in 1913 by the authors of the grammar of the Ruthenian language, Stepan Smal-Stotsky and Theodor Gartner, modeled on a similar rule for the Polish language.
The 1993 edition of the Ukrainian Spelling Book, which resembles previous editions and is still in force, extended the rule of nine to the proper names of foreign locations, such as Argentina, Chile, and Syria. The 1993 edition also extended the rule of nine to the words бравісимо, фортисимо, and піанісимо.
# Billy McEwan (footballer, born 1914)

William McEwan (29 August 1914 – 1991) was a Scottish footballer. As an amateur he played for Petershill of Glasgow. He was signed by QPR on 5 May 1939 on a two-year contract. He was a member of the 1948 QPR team that won the Third Division (South) championship and reached the Quarter finals of the FA Cup. He transferred to Third Division South Club Leyton Orient in February 1950 and later played for Gravesend & Northfleet of the Southern League.

## Career statistics

Club appearances and goals by season by competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Petershill | 1937 | | | | | | | |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1946/47 | Third Division South | 35 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 41 | 9 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1947/48 | Third Division South | 25 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 30 | 8 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1948/49 | Second Division | 15 | | | | 15 | |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1949/50 | Second Division | 9 | 1 | 1 | | 10 | 1 |
| Leyton Orient | 1949/50 | Third Division South | 21 | 3 | | | 21 | 3 |
| | 1950/51 | Third Division South | 21 | 3 | | | 21 | 3 |
| Total | Total | Total | 105 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 117 | 21 |
# Martin Günther

Martin Günther (born 8 October 1986) is a German high jumper.
He won the 2003 World Youth Championships and finished eighth at the 2010 World Indoor Championships.
His personal best jump is 2.30 metres, achieved in February 2010 (indoor) in Karlsruhe.