OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Strengthened parliamentary system

A strengthened parliamentary system (Turkish: Güçlendirilmiş parlamenter sistem), also referred to as an enhanced and strengthened parliamentary system (Turkish: İyileştirilmiş ve güçlendirilmiş parlamenter sistem), is a form of government conceived by the Nation Alliance, which consists of six Turkish political parties: the Republican People's Party, the Good Party, the Democracy and Progress Party, the Future Party, the Felicity Party and the Democrat Party. It is proposed as an alternative to the presidential system effectuated by the ruling People's Alliance following the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Being rooted in a parliamentary system, it envisages a complete overhauling of Turkey's system of government. Although the details of the proposed system are yet to be disclosed, parties have put forth that it constitutes the restoration of the rule of law, reinforcement of parliamentary authority, and extensive restraints on presidential powers.

## Background

After the steep relapse in Turkey's economy following the 2018 general election, opposition parties began to regard the presidential system as the source of the country's economic and political crises. Parties decided to use the prefix "strengthened" so that it could be discerned from the parliamentary system nurtured by the pre-amended Constitution of 1982.
Opposition parties had already been voicing their support for the formulation of a new parliamentary system, albeit singly. The Future Party, Good Party, and DEVA had announced their own manifestos for a new system of government, accompanied by certain academic publications and proposals.
Deputy leaders of CHP, Good Party, DEVA, GP, SP, and DP began holding joint discussions at the parliament, eventually reaching a consensus on a draft for the manifesto of their conception. The draft, which is made up of five chapters, was completed in December 2021, and is expected to be signed by the leaders of all aforementioned parties once its redaction is complete.

## Joint manifesto

The manifesto is composed of five main categories: Introduction, Legislative, Executive, Judiciary, and the Fundamental Principles of the Democratic System. In order to settle the matter of governmental instability, which was one of AKP's main arguments that pretensioned their hand in the referendum that took place in 2017, strengthened parliamentary model features a constructive vote of no confidence. Hence, it obliges parliamentarians who overthrow a government to replace it with a new one by placing confidence in a successor. In addition to reforming parliamentary procedure, the proposed model makes it a necessity for governments to be formed in parliament, and necessitates the president to sever their ties with their party after they are elected by parliament. The joint manifest also includes thorough reforms regarding the judicial system, press freedom, and public procurement.
# Cyanide (1930 film)

Cyanide (German: Cyankali) is a 1930 German drama film directed by Hans Tintner and starring Grete Mosheim, Nico Turoff and Claus Clausen. The film's art direction was by Franz Schroedter. The film is adapted from Friedrich Wolf's 1929 play of the same title, which addressed the issue of abortion. The film is part of the German tradition of Enlightenment films, popular during the Weimar Era. Originally made as a silent film, it had some dialogue and sound effects added to the soundtrack. It was distributed by the German branch of the Hollywood studio Fox Film. It premiered on 23 May 1930 on the same day as Westfront 1918.

## Cast

* Grete Mosheim as Hete Fent
* Nico Turoff as Paul
* Claus Clausen as Max
* Herma Ford as Frau Fent
* Margarete Kupfer as Madame Heye
* M. Anderson as Dr. Moeller
* Paul Henckels as Dr. Meier
* Louis Ralph as Hausverwalter
* Paul Kemp as Kuckuck
* Hermann Vallentin as Kommissar
* Josefine Dora as Frau Klee
* Else Heller as Frau Witt
* Alexander Murski as Herr Witt
# Nedde

Nedde (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Neda) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west-central France.
Inhabitants are known as Neddois.
# Popular Socialists (Russia)

The Popular Socialist Party (Russian: Трудовая народно-социалистическая партия, romanized: Trudovaya Narodno-Sotsialisticheskaya Partiya, lit. 'Labourist Popular-Socialist Party') emerged in Russia in the early twentieth century.

## History

The roots of the Popular Socialist Party (NSP) lay in the 'Legal Populist' movement of the 1890s, and its founders looked upon N.K. Mikhailovsky and Alexander Herzen as ideological forerunners. The NSP was founded in 1906, by a number of dissidents from the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs). They objected to the PSR's adoption of political terrorism and wanted to 'nationalize' the land (i.e., turn it over to the state), rather than 'socialize' it (i.e., make it common property of the peasantry), as the PSR proposed.
The Popular Socialists also wanted to indemnify landowners; the PSR did not. Furthermore, the Popular Socialists deplored the influence of Marxism on the leading ideologues of the PSR, such as V.M. Chernov. Leading members of the NSP were N.F. Annensky (1843–1912), V.A. Miakotin (1867–1937) and A.V. Peshekhonov (1867–1933). The latter was minister of agriculture in the Provisional Government of A.F. Kerensky during the Russian Revolution of 1917.
The Popular Socialists collaborated closely with the Trudoviks (Labour Group), Kerensky's party in the State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Popular Socialist Party merged with the Trudoviks and actively supported the Provisional Government, in which it was represented.
The Popular Socialists opposed the October Revolution. The party was dissolved during the Russian Civil War of 1918–1922.
The party's Russian name is sometimes translated as 'National Socialist Party', but this is misleading, since that label is usually associated with Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The Russian NSP was not anti-Semitic and advocated democracy and gradual reform.
# Sankarjang

Sankarjang (20°52’08“N; 84°59’19“E), Odisha, India is an archaeological site near Angul, a former cemetery and settlement with large, worked stones but no one knows what they were made for, although some people think they might have been part of a lithophone . This site was test excavated by the State Archaeology Department of Odisha after a chance find of 20 long unfinished chipped and ground, lithic bars and axes of basalt, together with human skeletal remains and metallic artifacts, by a shepherd in 1971.
Archaeologists understood ground stone lithics to be typical of the Neolithic Period although they were in production later. The elegant lithics from Sankarjang resemble elaborate ones from eastern Asia and the South Seas. Such lithics played a key role in the definition of R. von Heine-Geldern's Austronesian culture. The incisor teeth of nine bodies interred in the graves had a "shovel" form which suggests Mongolian affinities. The absolute chronology rests on few 14C dates. Many of the stones give a resonance when struck and judging from the use-wear traces and shape, the stone bars appear to have belonged to finished and unfinished lithophones. Yule and Bemmann thus tentatively identified the stone bars as being part of South Asia's earliest known musical instrument.
# Chahriq-e Sofla

Chahriq-e Sofla (Persian: چهريق سفلي, also Romanized as Chahrīq-e Soflá; also known as Chahrīq-e Pā'īn) is a village in Chahriq Rural District, Kuhsar District, Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 310, in 54 families.
# Bayenthal

Bayenthal (German: Köln-Bayenthal) is a neighbourhood of Cologne, Germany and part of the district of Rodenkirchen. Bayenthal lies on the left bank of the river Rhine, between the district of Innenstadt to the North and Marienburg neighbourhood to the South. The borders to these are defined by the Southern Bridge (Südbrücke) and the Bayenthalgürtel of the Cologne Belt respectively. To the West, Bayenthal borders with Raderberg.
It combines the residential neighbourhoods from adjacent Marienburg with former industrial areas next to the old "Dom" brewery. Bayenthal has 10.285 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2019) and covers an area of 1,28 km$^2$ (pop.density of 8.015 inhabitants/km$^2$). The neighbourhood is served by Cologne Stadtbahn lines 16 and 17.
# Lukacs and Heidegger

Lukacs and Heidegger: Towards a New Philosophy (French: Lukacs et Heidegger) is a book by Lucien Goldmann published after his death in 1973.

## Summary

Goldmann tries to bring together the Marxist concept of reification from György Lukács and the existential concept of Dasein from Martin Heidegger. He argues that the concept of Being in Heidegger was already present in the concept of Totality in Lukács. Lukács's critique of the alienation inherent in capitalism, is thus present in Dasein as an ontological concept. Both Lukács and Heidegger critique the reification or thing-ification of the human dasein. Inauthentic dasein is parallel to the failure of the historical subject to awaken to praxis.
Goldmann argues that the concept of reification as employed in Being and Time (1927) showed the strong influence of Lukács's work History and Class Consciousness (1923).
The fundamental goal of both Heidegger and Lukács was to overcome the traditional subject-object dichotomy of Western Philosophy.

## Reception

Laurence Paul Hemming, writing in Heidegger and Marx (2013), finds Goldmann's suggestion that Lukács influenced Heidegger to be highly unlikely at best.
# Renuar

Renuar (Hebrew: רנואר) is a fashion retailer in Israel that operates the fashion chain of the "Renuar" and "Twentyfourseven" brands.
This is the fifth largest fashion chain in Israel. The chain markets clothing, footwear, jewelry, bags, and fashion accessories.

## History

In 1993, the Renuar Group was founded by businessmen Eli Berkowitz and Yossi Brosh. A year later, in 1994, Serge Deri joined them, and since then he has served as Group CEO.
The Renuar Group has branches spread nationwide at the largest malls in Israel. Most of the sales points operated by the Group are sold through both its owned stores and through a franchise set.
The group has about 1,300 employees. About 300 employees at the company's headquarters and logistics center in Rishon Lezion, the other employees are employed at 95 sales points throughout Israel.
# Mehdiabad-e Shur

Mehdiabad-e Shur (Persian: مهدي ابادشور, also Romanized as Mehdīābād-e Shūr; also known as Mehdīābād, Mehdīābād Āb Shūr and Mehdi Abad Hoomeh Zarand) is a village in Mohammadabad Rural District, in the Central District of Zarand County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 88, in 21 families.
# Konaklı

Konaklı (Turkish: Konaklı) may refer to:
* Konaklı, Alucra [tr]
* Konaklı, Antalya
* Konaklı, Arhavi
* Konaklı, Ardanuç
* Konaklı, Bozdoğan
* Konaklı, Çatalzeytin [tr]
* Konaklı, Çermik
* Konaklı, Çorum
* Konaklı, Dörtyol
* Konaklı, Düzce
* Konaklı, Erzurum [tr]
* Konaklı, İzmir
* Konaklı, Kozluk
* Konaklı, Kumru
* Konaklı, Mardin [tr]
* Konaklı, Niğde, the Turkish name for Misthi, Cappadocia
* Konaklı, Nilüfer [tr]
* Konaklı, Şefaatli [tr]
* Konaklı, Şiran [tr]
# Union of Lithographers and Lithographic Printers

The Union of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades (German: Verband der Lithographen, Steindrucker und verwandten Berufe) was a trade union representing printers in Germany. It was sometimes referred to as the Senefelder Union, after Alois Senefelder, the inventor of lithography.

## History

Various local unions of lithographers were formed in Germany in the 1880s, and in 1888, they launched the Graphische Press as a joint journal. This led the unions to organise joint conferences in 1889 and 1890, the latter one agreeing to form a national union. This was established on 1 April 1891, and was initially based in Magdeburg, and led by Otto Sillier. On founding, it had 2,768 members, and this grew rapidly, reaching 11,497 by 1905. It affiliated to the General Commission of German Trade Unions.
In 1919, the union was a founding affiliate of the General German Trade Union Confederation. Within the federation, it was part of the Graphic Block. For many years, the union also hosted the headquarters of the International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades. The Music Printers' Assistants' Union merged in July 1920, followed by the German Xylographers' Union on 1 January 1921.
The union represented workers in various printing processes. The most important was lithography, in which a distinction was made between the lithographers who drew an image to be printed, and lithographic printers, who did the actual printing. By the start of 1932, the union had 20,691 members, divided between the following trades:
| Trade | Members |
| Art photography printing | 115 |
| Collotyping | 476 |
| Copperplate printing | 92 |
| Intaglio | 577 |
| Lithography | 3,474 |
| Music engraving | 301 |
| Portrait photography | 135 |
| Related trades | 116 |
| Lithographic printing | 9,984 |
| Woodblock printing | 446 |
| Xylography | 118 |
| Zincography | 4,857 |
The union was banned by the Nazi government in 1933. After World War II, printers were represented as part of the Printing and Paper Union.

## Presidents

    1891: Otto Sillier
    1919: Johannes Haß
# Latynnyky

Latynnyky (Ukrainian: Латинники; Polish: Łacinnicy) was a term used by the Ukrainian population of Western Ukraine to refer to culturally-Ukrainian Roman Catholics during the Second Polish Republic.

## History

The phenomenon of Latynnyky emerged in the late 19th century, both in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and in Ukrainian areas of the Russian Empire. In Galicia and Lodomeria, Latynnyky emerged both among ethnic Ukrainians who had converted to the Latin Church and Polish people who had been assimilated into Ukrainian culture but retained their religion.
In the Russian Empire, conversely, the growth of Latynnyky was a form of resistance to Russian efforts to spread Eastern Orthodoxy to members of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Chełm Land and Podlachia. Another wave of Catholicisation occurred in 1905, following a loosening of religious restrictions by the Russian government. Furthermore, in both Austria-Hungary and Russia, religious conversion to Catholicism was regarded by the local population as a requirement for marriages between Poles and Ukrainians.
With the establishment of the Second Polish Republic following World War I, Latynnyky found themselves in Polish territory. At this time, according to Ukrainian nationalist historian Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Latynnyky had a weak national identity, and many later associated themselves with Poland, rather than Ukraine.
After the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 formally annexed western Ukraine into the Soviet Union, most Latynnyky remained in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and were fully assimilated into Ukrainian society. Others emigrated further westwards into Poland.

## Demographics

The population of Latynnyky was placed at several numbers in a wide range depending on the demographer. Between 1869 and 1870, Ukrainian ethnographer Pavlo Chubynskyi recorded 32,041 Roman Catholics who natively spoke the Ukrainian language in the Lublin and Siedlce Governorates of Congress Poland. The Russian Empire census in 1897 reported a number of 1,490,546 Roman Catholics who stated their native language as "Russian" (including Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian).
After World War I, the 1921 Polish census recorded 16,239 ethnically-Ukrainian Roman Catholics. According to Kubijovyč, however, this was a vast undershoot of the real population, which he claimed numbered at 360,000 between Podlachia, Chełm Land, and Lublin Voivodeship. The General Government, Nazi Germany's occupational government over Poland, estimated that between 188,000 and 200,000 Latynnyky lived under their rule. The Encyclopedia of Ukraine estimated a number of 700,000 in 1939, with 515,000 in Galicia and the remainder in Volhynia and Podolia.
# Gries Glacier

The Gries Glacier (German: Griesgletscher) is a 5 km long glacier (2005) situated in the Lepontine Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 6.23 km$^2$. In 2008 it had an area of 5.26 km$^2$.

## History

Griesgletscher as well as the many surrounding Swiss Alpine glaciers have played an important role in the cultural and economic development of the Swiss Alps. During the Second World War owing to its proximity to the Swiss/Italian frontier the Swiss Army constructed a series of look-out posts and foxholes to reinforce this relatively undefined border area and as part of Switzerland hydro-electric building programme. A dam was built in front of the glacier, however the resulting dam contributed to the increased retreat of the glacier thanks to the glacier becoming decoupled from the bedrock as water levels in the dam increased.

## Scientific research

Over the years there has been a great deal of scientific research undertaken on Griesgletscher thanks to its accessibility and its unique ability to display a wide range of glaciological features within such a small manageable area. Some of the first studies of Griesgletcher were undertaken by M.J. Hambrey and were published in 1977 and 1980. The first was an investigation into the structures of ice cliffs at the snout of Griesgletscher. Griesgletscher was described as being relatively simple in shape, yet the structures being complex in detail. The 1980 study was on the dynamics and structure in which the velocity, rate of ice deformation with movement, and cumulative strains at various points on the glacier were investigated to determine how the glacier behaved as it moved. Other scientific research has been climate/glacier based in which the amount of glacier melting was correlated to local climatic variables such as sunlight, humidity, wind direction.

## Other geological and scientific features

However, Griesgletscher has been rapidly retreating over the last decade – a retreat that has been monitored through extensive geological and glaciological research. The glacier, despite its size, is one of the most interesting and most widely studied in the Swiss Alps and during the last Ice Age was the source of a large tributary glacier that once fed into the main glacier that once flowed down the valley known today as Goms The glacier has a very well developed supra glacial and sub glacial drainage system, which becomes very evident during the summer months and before the recent rapid glacial retreat the glacier terminated in the man-made dam, with high ice cliffs. Surface features include glacial moraines as the glacier releases debris that has been eroded and then entrained by the glacier. The profile of the glacier is a very convex terminus, which progresses into a very gentle concave mid profile with very crevassed ice field near to the upper accumulation zone - an area which is highly dangerous and difficult to traverse.
# Till Schumacher

Till Sebastian Schumacher (born 10 December 1997) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for 3. Liga side 1. FC Saarbrücken.

## Career statistics
### Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Borussia Dortmund II | 2016–17 | Regionalliga | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Borussia Dortmund II | 2017–18 | Regionalliga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Borussia Dortmund II | Total | Total | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Vysočina Jihlava | 2017–18 | Czech First League | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Vysočina Jihlava | 2018–19 | Czech National Football League | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Vysočina Jihlava | Total | Total | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Bohemians 1905 | 2018–19 | Czech First League | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| Bohemians 1905 | 2019–20 | Czech First League | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Bohemians 1905 | Total | Total | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Career total | 83 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 5 |

#### Notes

* ↑ Appearances in the Czech Cup
# Zharikovo

Zharikovo (Russian: Жариково) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zharikovsky Selsoviet of Tambovsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 610 as of 2018. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Zharikovo is located on the Gilchin River, 11 km southwest of Tambovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kositsino is the nearest rural locality.
# Klasa C

Klasa C represents the ninth and lowest level of the Polish football hierarchy. The existence of the Klasa C is not common in Poland. In the 2020–21 season, the above-mentioned league existed only in the Lesser Poland and Silesian voivodeships. Teams promoted from Klasa C move up to Klasa B.
From 2008 to 2010, the Klasa C was the tenth level in the Lesser Poland.
# Savkovo, Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast

Savkovo (Russian: Савково) is a rural locality (a village) in Malyshevskoye Rural Settlement, Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2010.

## Geography

Savkovo is located 40 km southwest of Krasnaya Gorbatka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zakharovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Thais of Athens

Thais of Athens (Russian: Таис Афинская) is a historical novel by Ivan Efremov written in 1972. It tells the story of the famous hetaera Thaïs, who was one of Alexander the Great's contemporaries and companions on his conquest of the oikoumene or the known world. The book combines the life of the historical and a fictional Tais.

## Background

Yefremov was a historian and paleontologist who took a deep interest in Ancient Greece. The earliest roots of the novel can be found in his 1946 tale Callirhoe (Russian: Каллироя), where the meeting between Callirhoe and Antenor is reworked into the meeting between Thaïs and Ptolemy.Plans for writing a novel based on the life of Thaïs were found in Yefremov's notes as early as 1951. The works of Plutarch and Diodor had a great influence on the novel.
The novel was first published in a censored form in the Molodaya Gvardiya magazine in 1972. It was republished without censorship in the late 1980s and was then published again in 1992.

## Summary

It follows such actual events as the burning of Persepolis by Tais and her becoming Ptolemy's Egyptian queen, but also speculates on a love affair with Alexander and Tais's initiation in some of the obscure religions of the ancient world. In the novel, the very young (only 17 years old) and already famous Athenian hetaera Tais meets the exiled heir to the Macedonian throne and his childhood friends Hephaestion, Nearchus and Ptolemy. She then travels to Sparta and Crete with the Macedonians, visits Egypt and Mesopotamia, where she becomes an initiate in the temple of Ashtoreth (Astarte) and eventually follows Alexander to Persepolis, which she requests be set on fire. After Alexander's death, Tais marries Ptolemy and becomes the queen of Memphis.