OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pyshma (river)

The Pyshma (Russian: Пышма) is a river in Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Oblasts of Russia. It is a right tributary of the Tura. It is 603 kilometres (375 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 19,700 square kilometres (7,600 sq mi).
The Pyshma has its sources at 290 metres (950 ft) above sea level on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains, near the town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma, just north of Yekaterinburg. The river flows onto the western part of the West Siberian Plain, and its confluence with the Tura River is at 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level, at the village of Sosonovo, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Tyumen. In its lower course the river meanders heavily. Here it is around 50 metres (160 ft) wide and 3 metres (10 ft) deep.
The river's average discharge is 34 cubic metres per second (1,200 cu ft/s), with a maximum of 1,300 cubic metres per second (46,000 cu ft/s) and a minimum of 2 cubic metres per second (71 cu ft/s). Its main tributaries are, from the right: the Kunara and the Bolshaya Kalinovka, and from the left: the Reft.
The Pyshma freezes over in early November and stays frozen until the spring thaw starts in April.
The towns along the Pyshma are Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Beryozovsky, Zarechny, Sukhoy Log, and Kamyshlov

## Etymology

The name comes from tatar language and means "calm".
# Arandis Airport

Arandis Airport (IATA: ADI, ICAO: FYAR) is an airport serving Arandis, a town in the Erongo Region of Namibia. The airport is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Arandis. The town and airport also provide service to the Rössing Uranium Mine, one of the world's largest open-pit uranium mines.
The Arandis non-directional beacon (Ident: AD) is located 0.9 nautical miles (1.7 km) off the threshold of Runway 10.
# Hungarian Defence Forces General Staff Scientific Research Centre

The Hungarian Defence Forces General Staff Scientific Research Centre (Hungarian: Honvéd Vezérkar Tudományos Kutatóhely) is a division of the Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF) and operates directly under the General Staff.

## Strategy

The center plays a crucial role in supporting the scientific and professional development of the HDF and its subordinate military entities. Its primary functions include assisting in commander decision-making, facilitating scientific education, and providing continuous education through its operational system. Additionally, it offers valuable scientific forecasts related to operational areas, military infrastructure, and research and development activities.

## Main areas

The Hungarian Defence Forces General Staff Scientific Research Centre is responsible for various tasks related to scientific activities. These include organizing scientific projects, ensuring the completion of research studies, and supporting the innovation of research results. The center also focuses on scientific education and continuous professional development, providing necessary scientific information, promoting scientific cooperation, organizing scientific events and overseeing the publication of various scientific publications.
# Skomoroshe

Skomoroshe (Ukrainian: Скомороше) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Chortkiv Raion, Bilobozhnytsia rural hromada.

## History

The first written mention dates from 1508.

## Religion

* Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (UGCC, 1812)
* Saint Demetrius church (OCU, 1992)

## People

* Vasyl Hradovyi (born 1964), Ukrainian businessman and public figure
# Teatro Aguascalientes

The Teatro Aguascalientes or Aguascalientes Opera House is a theater which functions as the main opera house of the city of Aguascalientes in Mexico.
The modern-style building is the work of the architect Abraham Zabludowsky and features a majestic stage and an audience capacity of 1,650. This theater opened its doors to the public on 16 August 1991, with the performance of an operetta. It is considered to be the largest stage for the promotion of art and culture in the city. During the national fair of San Marcos, this venue is host to the folk culture spectacle known as "ferial". The opera house also hosts classical music concerts, popular music, theater plays, ballet, and other shows.
The theater is situated in its own grounds, which include a parking lot for 300 vehicles, and spacious gardens. Entry to the opera house is through a foyer, characterized by its cylindrical columns. The audience seating is on two floors, the upper of which consists of a gallery and six theater boxes, each with the capacity for six spectators. The total capacity of the house is 1,650 people. It is equipped with air conditioning, sound, and digitally controlled lighting.
The stage is 49.2 feet (15.0 m) in width and 42.6 feet (13.0 m) in depth, and its facilities are comparable with those of the most sophisticated theaters.

## Gallery

* Exterior of Teatro Aguascalientes (2012)
* A ferial performance at Teatro Aguascalientes (2023)
* Interior of Teatro Aguascalientes (2023)
* Back entrance into Teatro Aguascalientes (2016)
* Sculpture decorating the entrance of Teatro Aguascalientes
# Gargar

Gargar may refer to:
* Gargar, Armenia
* Gərgər, Azerbaijan
* Gargar-e Paini, Iran
* Gargar, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
* Gargar, Lorestan, Iran
* Gargar, Khuzestan, Iran
* Gargar-e Sofla, Khuzestan, Iran
* Gərgər, Ingush, Russia
* Yüksekova, Turkey
* Qarqar, Syria
# RAF Acaster Malbis

Royal Air Force Acaster Malbis, or more simply RAF Acaster Malbis, is a former Royal Air Force station located 5.9 miles (9.5 km) south of York city centre and 5.7 miles (9.2 km) east of Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England. It was developed from a small grass airfield at the beginning of the Second World War and its main use was as a training base for RAF Bomber Command, before being used by RAF Maintenance Command from 1944 until 1957.

## Station history

The airfield was originally opened as a satellite of RAF Church Fenton before No. 601 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF Duxford with Bell Airacobras staying between January and April 1942 before being re-equipped with Supermarine Spitfire VB's and moving to RAF Digby. Acaster Malbis was then used by No. 21 Group Flying Training Command as a relief landing ground for Airspeed Oxfords of No. 15 (Pilots) Advanced Flying Unit RAF ((P)AFU) from RAF Leconfield, with these leaving in January 1943.
Then surprising during 1943 the airfield was re-built to the specifications of a heavy bomber station with hard runways and spectacle dispersals being built under the control of No. 4 Group RAF of Bomber Command, however the station did not receive any aircraft before being transferred to No. 7 (Training) Group Bomber Command. During 1944 the airfield was used by Handley Page Halifaxes of 1652 and 1663 Heavy Conversion Unit. Also in 1944 the airfield was used by Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys of 1341 Special Duties Flight on radio and signal counter-measures work.
No operational flying units were based at the airfield but No. 4 Group Aircrew School (later No. 4 Aircrew School RAF) did arrive in the winter of 1944 but they moved out in October 1945 before the airfield was closed to flying during February 1946.
The airfield played host to three different maintenance units of RAF Maintenance Command with the first being No. 91 Maintenance Unit RAF (MU) which arrived during 1944 before leaving on 15 December 1947 which was replaced by a sub-site of the same unit until 31 March 1948. During this No. 80 MU moved in on 21 January 1947 using Acaster Malbis until 12 December 1947. The last maintenance unit was a sub site of No. 93 MU which arrived on 1 April 1957 and left on 1 August 1957.

## Current use

The site was decommissioned in 1963 and sold off but by the mid-1970s it was used by light aircraft transporting businessmen and jockeys for horse-racing season lasting until the mid-1980s.
The airfield today still has bits of the old runways and perimeter tracks with hangars and dispersals easy to spot. The site also has two small industrial estates with the first being called "Brockett Industrial Estate" and the second "Waterline Industrial Estate" due to the close distance to the River Ouse.
# Far Beyond the Pasturelands

Far Beyond the Pasturelands (French: Au-delà des hautes vallées) is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Maude Plante-Husaruk and Maxime Lacoste-Lebuis and released in 2021. The film centres on a small rural village in Nepal, whose residents support themselves by foraging for yarsagumba, a rare but highly valuable fungus that grows out of the decomposing bodies of dead caterpillars in Nepal and Tibet.
The film highlights both the economic exploitation of the villagers, who are paid just a few dollars for their harvest even though the dealer can sell it for over $18,000 per kilogram at market, and the unsustainable overharvesting that threatens to destroy the entire supply chain.
The film premiered at the 2021 Montreal International Documentary Festival, before going into wider commercial release in 2022.

## Awards

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Recipient(s) | Result |
| Prix Iris | December 10, 2023 | Best Cinematography in a Documentary | Maude Plante-Husaruk | Nominated |
| Prix Iris | December 10, 2023 | Best Original Music in a Documentary | Maxime Lacoste-Lebuis | Nominated |
| Prix Iris | December 10, 2023 | Best Sound in a Documentary | Maxime Lacoste-Lebuis, Eric Shaw, Jean Paul Vialard | Nominated |
# Bitam Airport

Bitam Airport (French: Aéroport de Bitame) (IATA: BMM, ICAO: FOOB) is an airport serving the town of Bitam in Woleu-Ntem Province, Gabon.
# Taketoshi Naito

Taketoshi Naito (内藤 武敏, Naitō Taketoshi, 16 June 1926 – 21 August 2012) was a Japanese actor. He appeared in more than 70 films between 1953 and 2003. He died of lymphoma on 21 August 2012.

## Selected filmography
### Film

* Mahiru no ankoku (1956)
* An Actress (1956) - Akio Satomi
* The Burmese Harp (1956) - Pvt. Kobayashi
* Lucky Dragon No. 5 (1959) - Announcer
* The Scent of Incense (1964) - Murata
* The Snow Woman (1968)
* Coup d'Etat (1973) - Army officer
* Shogun Assassin (1980)
* The Battle of Port Arthur (1980) - Narrator
* Chōchin (1987)
* Luminous Moss (1992) - Novelist
* Kamikaze Taxi (1995) - Domon
* My Secret Cache (1997) - Morita
* After Life (1998) - Ichiro Watanabe
* Samurai Fiction (1998) - Kanzen Inukai

### Television

* Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1966) - Hitachibō Kaison
* Ōgon no Hibi (1978) - Akechi Mitsuhide
* Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983) - Honda Masanobu
* Sanga Moyu (1984) - Taketora Matsui
* Musashibō Benkei (1986) - Hōjō Tokimasa
* Takeda Shingen (1988) - Gishū
* Hana no Ran (1994) - Ichijō Kaneyoshi
* Aoi (2000) - Ishida Masatsugu
* Sakura (2002) - Daisaku Akebono
# Lambaréné Airport

Lambaréné Airport (French: Aéroport de Lambaréné) (IATA: LBQ, ICAO: FOGR) is an airport serving the city of Lambaréné in the Moyen-Ogooué Province of Gabon. The runway has and additional 380 metres (1,250 ft) of unpaved overrun on the northeastern end.
The Lambarene non-directional beacon (Ident: LB) is located southwest of the field.
# Kavilda stronghold

Kavilda stronghold (Estonian: Kavilda vasallilinnus, German: Kawelecht) was a castle in Tartu County, Estonia, on the western slope of the Kavilda River. Nowadays the site is located in Mõisanurme village, Elva Parish.
According to Leonhard von Stryk, the castle was first built in 1354 by Bartholomäus von Tiesenhausen. Other sources say it was built in 1361 by Arnold von Vietinghoff, the Master of Livonian Order.
The castle was destroyed during the Livonian War somewhere between 1564 and 1582. It was probably knocked down before the invasion of the Poles. Thereinafter Kavilda existed only as a manor but not as a castle.
The castel was a castellum-alike building with a tower-shaped residential building. Nowadays only one and a half floors have remained, most of it under the ground.
# Bobby Bauld

Robert Bauld (14 March 1902 – 19 October 1980) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a left half and inside forward. He played in the Scottish Football League for Raith Rovers and Dundee United, and in the English Football League for Bradford City and Chesterfield.

## Career

Born in Cowdenbeath, Bauld was the son of the colliery under-manager at nearby Glencraig. He played junior football for Glencraig Celtic and began to attract the attention of a number of senior clubs. In October 1920 he appeared as a trialist for St Bernard's in a Central League match against Dundee Hibernian and was reported to have "played well" at right back. Later that month, Bauld was also due to play as a trialist for Cowdenbeath in the Central League, but missed the chance due to suspension after he was sent off playing for Glencraig.
On 4 December 1920, Bauld "gave a satisfactory display" turning out for a Scottish Select in a junior international trial match against Dumbartonshire at Clydeholm, Clydebank. He was then selected to appear in a further trial match, for the Rest of Scotland against Glasgow at Firhill Park, Glasgow on 4 January 1921. His performance at Clydebank also led to further interest from senior clubs, with approaches from Raith Rovers and Celtic before Bauld agreed to appear for Rangers "A" in a Scottish Alliance fixture against Ayr United "A". He also had a trial with Tottenham Hotspur before signing for Raith Rovers in January 1921. Bauld made his Scottish League debut for Raith in a 1–0 victory over Aberdeen at Stark's Park on 8 January 1921, when he "gave a sterling exhibition in his first senior game".
Bauld moved from Raith to Dundee United on 31 October 1923 for a fee of £100. He scored 30 goals in 143 games across all competitions for them. He moved to Bradford City in July 1927, for a transfer fee of £350. He scored 34 goals in 217 appearances for them in the English Football League, as well as scoring 1 goal in 10 FA Cup appearances. He moved to Chesterfield in May 1935, making a further 2 league appearances before retiring.

## Sources

* Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City A Complete Record 1903-1988. Breedon Books Sport. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.
# Naji

Naji (also transliterated as Nagy in Egyptian Arabic and Naci (Turkish), Arabic: ناجي, Nājī) is an Arabic male given name, which is derived from the Arabic verb to survive. It is also a surname.

## Given name

* Najee Harris (born 1998), American football player
* Naji al-Ali (1938–1987), Palestinian cartoonist, noted for political criticism of Israel
* Nagy Habib (born 1952), Egyptian professor, surgeon
* Naji Hakim (born 1955), French citizen of Lebanese origin, organist and composer
* Naji Majrashi (born 1982), Saudi footballer
* Naji Marshall (born 1998), American basketball player
* Naji Sabri (born 1951), Iraqi diplomat, Foreign Minister under Saddam Hussein
* Naji Shawkat (1893–1980), Iraqi politician, Prime Minister 1932–33
* Naji Shushan (born 1981), Libyan footballer
* Naji al-Suwaidi (1882–1942), Iraqi politician, Prime Minister 1929–30
* Naji Talib (1917–2012), Iraqi politician, Prime Minister 1966–67
* Naji Chaaban (born 2000), Syrian Drummer

## Surname

* Aziz Abdul Naji (born 1975), Algerian prisoner at Guantanamo Bay
* Fehmi Naji (1928–2016), Australian Muslim leader
* Ismail Qasim Naji (born 1969), Somali military leader
* Kamal Naji (1951–2009), Palestinian politician
* Oras Sultan Naji (1962-2015), Yemeni politician
* Reza Naji (born 1942), Iranian actor
* Kasra Naji, Iranian journalist
# Pramila Aiyappa

Pramila Gudanda Aiyappa (née Ganapathy) (born 8 March 1977 in Kodagu, Karnataka) is an Indian heptathlete. She made her official debut for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where she placed 24th in the women's heptathlon event, with a total score of 5,548 points.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Aiyappa made a comeback from her eight-year absence to compete for the second time in women's heptathlon, along with fellow athletes Shobha Javur and Susmita Singha Roy. She initially placed 28th out of 43 heptathletes in the event, with a total score of 5,771 points, but was elevated to a single higher position, when Ukraine's Lyudmila Blonska was stripped of her silver medal after testing positive for methyltestosterone.
Aiyappa represented the host nation India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, where she almost missed out of medal contention in the heptathlon, finishing only in fifth place, with a total score of 5,330 points.
She has been actively coaching upcoming athletes, along with her husband Sri Aiyappa.
# Maysky, Republic of Buryatia

Maysky (Russian: Майский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kurumkansky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 1,046 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.

## Geography

Maysky is located by the Barguzin River, east of Pik Baikal, the highest mountain in the Barguzin Range rising to the west. It is 58 km northeast of Kurumkan (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alla is the nearest rural locality.
# Romulo Davide

Romulo Gelbolingo Davide (born March 14, 1934, in Argao, Cebu) is a Filipino philanthropist, scientist and farmers' advocate who is a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2012.

## Personal life

He is the older brother of Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide, Jr. and is the fifth of seven children. His father, Hilario Panerio Davide, was a school superintendent while his mother, Josefa Lopez Gelbolingo, was a public school teacher. He is married to Clara Lebumfacil, who is also a scientist. He was a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity.

## Scientific career

He is regarded as the father of Nematology in the Philippines for his discovery of nematode-trapping fungi P. lilacinus and P. oxalicum leading to creating BIOCON, the first Philippine biological pesticide against nematode pests as a substitute to chemicals. Davide studied at the University of the Philippines Los Baños College of Agriculture in 1953-1957. He became a pioneer of the Farmer-Scientists RDE Training Program (FSTP), a program that trains marginal farmers to employ scientific methods in farming, and package and market their products effectively. Implemented countrywide in the Philippines, FSTP has lifted thousands of farmers from poverty to a new life of independence and affluence. He became professor emeritus of University of the Philippines Los Baños specializing in Plant Pathology and Nematology at the Plant Pathology Department of the College of Agriculture.
On August 8, 2024, Davide was proclaimed as a National Scientist of the Philippines by President Bongbong Marcos for his work in nematology and plant pathology.
# Zhenia Vasylkivska

Zhenia Vasylkivska (6 January 1929 – 25 April 2021, born Yevheniia Vasylkivska) was a Ukrainian poet and translator, literary critic, member of The New York Group of Poets.

## Biography

She was born in Kovel in 1929. Vasylkivska left Ukraine in 1944. She first lived in the Austrian city of Linz, where she graduated from high school. In 1951, she moved to the United States, where she settled in New York City.
She graduated from the United States with a degree in philology from Columbia University. She soon earned a doctorate in philosophy, defending her dissertation on the French poet Saint-John Perse. In 1968, she married Dr. C.F. Osgood.
After graduation, she taught French in various educational institutions, and later worked as a political consultant for the US government.
Published in New York's New Poetry in 1961 and 1962, she published a collection of original poems "Short Distances" (1959), as well as published translations of mostly French authors (poetry by Jacques Prever, "Antigone" by Jean Anouilh, etc.). She lived in Northern Virginia. Vasylkivska's poems are included in all three anthologies of New York group poets published at this time.
She died of natural causes on 25 April 2021, in Washington.
# Rule of avoidance

The rule of avoidance was a rule employed typically in states with centralized government system which prohibited local officials from serving in their places of origin, so that family and friends would not influence them and prevent local separatism.
The system was originated in Han dynasty of China and has persisted into modern times. A system similar to this was adopted by Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire to prevent corruption and favoritism. It is also an entirely different principle in United States constitutional law, and a cultural norm in some cultures that promotes exogamy.

## China

The rule of avoidance employed during the Han dynasty, and persisted through various subsequent dynasties and continues to influence the appointment of local government leaders in the People’s Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party, prohibited local officials from serving in their places of origin, so that family and friends would not influence them and prevent the potential separatism movement. Terms of service were for only three or four years, and parents and sons over fifteen could not accompany officials. Each prefecture sent delegates to an annual court assembly. This practice would continue through to the end of the Qing dynasty.

## Mughal Empire

In the time of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire (in the area of what is now India, Pakistan and Afghanistan), a system similar to this was put into place to ensure smooth running of government and to prevent corruption. Government officials were not allowed to serve in one jurisdiction for long so that they did not become too involved in local affairs and become stronger than the Emperor himself. After a period of time, employees of the Emperor were transferred and jurisdiction of service was thus rotated regularly. The implementation of this system in the Empire by Akbar helped in preventing corruption and favoritism. This method was discarded and forgotten by the later Emperors.

## United States law

The rule of avoidance employed by the United States Supreme Court is a principle called Ashwander rules, settled in Ashwander v. TVA (297 US 288, 346-347 (1936)), that where a controversy may be settled on a platform other than one involving constitutional adjudication, the court should avoid the constitutional question. It was articulated by Justice Louis D. Brandeis, are a set of principles used by the United States Supreme Court for avoiding constitutional rulings.

## Irish law

This principle is also used in Irish law: see Carmody v Minister for Justice.
# Museum of Brittany

The Brittany Museum (French: Musée de Bretagne) is a social history museum located in the Champs Libres cultural centre of Rennes, France. Originally structured as an archeology and ethnology museum, it is now a museum of regional history and society – focusing on the conservation, study, and presentation of the history of Brittany and Breton heritage from prehistory to the present day.
The provenance of the first items in the collections are from confiscations in 1794 during the French Revolution. The museum has been located in various places over time, notably housed alongside the Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes since 1815 in what was later named the Palais universitaire de Rennes. it moved to its present site in 2006.

## Collection

The current collection consists of over 600,000 objects and documents, of which more than 400,000 are photographic negatives and prints. The collections are co-managed with the local ecomuseum – the Écomusée de la Bintinais.
Notable permanent collections include numismatic (of ~35,000 coins, medals and tokens), ethnographic (particularly featuring clothes and furniture), and printed works (drawings, prints, posters, maps and plans, postcards, prints and photographs - building on the foundational collection of the Christophe-Paul de Robien).
The museum also houses a substantial collection of works related to Alfred Dreyfus and his 1899 trial (known as the Dreyfus affair) – which was held in the nearby Lycée de Rennes (now the Lycée Émile-Zola de Rennes). Following a temporary exhibition in 1973, Jeanne Lévy, daughter of Alfred Dreyfus, made a large donation which was subsequently increased by other family-donations and purchases. The collection now includes 6,800 items including significant amounts of personal correspondence.