OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kosmos 1484

Kosmos 1484 (Russian: Космос 1484 meaning Cosmos 1484), also known as Resurs-OE No.3-2 was a Soviet prototype Earth imaging satellite, launched in 1983 as part of the Resurs programme. It was a prototype of the Meteor-derived Resurs-O1 spacecraft, which paved the way for the first Resurs-O1 to fly in October 1985.
Kosmos 1484 was launched at 05:30:37 UTC on July 24, 1983. A Vostok-2M carrier rocket was used to place the satellite into low Earth orbit. The launch was conducted from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following the successful launch, the satellite was assigned its Kosmos designation, and was also given the International Designator 1983-075A, and the Satellite Catalog Number 14207.
Following the completion of its mission, Kosmos 1484 remained in orbit for several years as [[space debris]|a derelict satellite]]. It suffered a fragmentation event - possibly due to a battery explosion - on October 18, 1993; however, the spacecraft remained relatively intact. Its orbit decayed and the main component of it reentered Earth's atmosphere on January 28, 2013. The American Meteor Society reported that its re-entry fireball was witnessed over the eastern United States, with sightings from New York state to Georgia.
Most of the rest of Kosmos 1484 has also decayed but as of 2023, at least one fragment - 1983-075BG - remains.
# Chronicon Suevicum universale

The Chronicon Suevicum universale (German:Schwäbische Weltchronik, "Swabian World Chronicle"), written around 1045 in Latin, is a chronicle of universal history in the form of annals for the years from Creation down to 1043. It was once commonly associated with the monastery of Saint Gall, but is now thought to have been composed by a monk of Reichenau. On the first hypothesis, it has been called the Epitome Sangallense Herimanni Augiensis, a Saint Gall version of Hermann of Reichenau's chronicle. On the second, it has been called the Reichenauer Weltchronik.

## Sources

* Bresslau, Harry (1881). "Chronicon Suevicum universale". Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Vol. Scriptores 13. Hanover. pp. 61–72. Retrieved 10 October 2013.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Tomaszek, Michal (2013). "Chronicon Suevicum universale". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Brill Online. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
# Khaleeji

Khaleeji (Arabic: خليجي), may refer to:
* The native Arabs from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, especially those from the Gulf Cooperation Council states
* Culture of Eastern Arabia, associated with Arab states of the Persian Gulf
* Gulf Arabic, a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Eastern Arabia's coast of the Persian Gulf
* Khaliji (music), a type of music from Eastern Arabia (Arab states of the Persian Gulf)
* Khaleeji (currency), an idea for a common currency for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states
* Kaligi people, an ethnic group in South Sudan
* Kaligi language, a Ubangian (Niger–Congo) language of South Sudan
* Khaliji, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
# Maloshukshanovo

Maloshukshanovo (Russian: Малошукшаново; Bashkir: Бәләкәй Шуҡшан, Bäläkäy Şuqşan) is a rural locality (a village) in Vanyshevsky Selsoviet, Burayevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 42 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Maloshukshanovo is located 21 km northeast of Burayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Asavtamak is the nearest rural locality.
# Seyyed Baqer, Kermanshah

Seyyed Baqer (Persian: سيدباقر, also Romanized as Seyyed Bāqer) is a village in Bivanij Rural District, in the Central District of Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 4 families.
# Ghidfalău

Ghidfalău (Hungarian: Gidófalva, Hungarian pronunciation:) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages: Angheluș (Angyalos), Fotoș (Fotosmartonos), Ghidfalău, and Zoltan (Érfalvazoltán).

## Geography

The commune is located in the central part of Covasna County, 8 km (5 mi) northeast of the county seat, Sfântu Gheorghe. It is situated at an altitude of 574 m (1,883 ft), in the foothills of the Bodoc Mountains [ro]. It lies on the banks of the Olt River and its right tributary, Valea Crișului.
Ghidfalău is crossed by east to west by county road DJ121A. National road DN12 [ro] (part of European route E578) runs south to north at the western edge of the commune, while DN13E [ro] runs east to west at the southern edge.

## History

The settlement formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the immediate aftermath of World War I, following the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the area passed under Romanian administration during the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919. By the terms of the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In 1925, the commune fell in Plasa Sfântu Gheorghe of Trei Scaune County. In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany, which imposed the Second Vienna Award, Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Ghidfalău) from Romania. Towards the end of World War II, however, the commune was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in September–October 1944. In 1950, after Communist Romania was established, Brateș became part of the Sfântu Gheorghe Raion of Stalin Region. From 1952 and 1960, it was part of the Magyar Autonomous Region, and between 1960 and 1968 it reverted to Brașov Region. In 1968, when Romania was reorganized based on counties rather than regions, the commune became part of Covasna County.

## Demographics

The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 2,660, of which 94.96% were Hungarians and 1.24% Romanians. At the 2021 census, Ghidfalău had a population of 2,614, of which 90.09% were Hungarians and 1.8% Romanians.

## Natives

* János Czetz (1822–1904), military commander during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and the organizer of Argentina's first national military academy
* Elek Forró [hu] (1813–1893), colonel during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* Gábor Kozsokár [ro] (born 1941), attorney and politician, member of the Romanian Senate

## Places of interest

* Reformed Church, Ghidfalău
# Zhitnya

Zhitnya (Russian: Житня) is a rural locality (a village) in Pochepsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 212 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Zhitnya is located 10.3 km northwest of Pochep (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zhitnya (settlement) is the closest rural locality.
# Duncan MacKay (footballer)

Duncan MacKay (14 July 1937 – 23 December 2019) was a Scottish footballer who played for Celtic, Third Lanark, Melbourne Croatia, Perth Azzurri and the Scotland national team.
Born in Glasgow, Mackay turned professional when he joined Celtic from Maryhill Harp, aged 17, in 1955. He developed rapidly, making his club debut within two years and earning the first of an eventual 14 caps for the Scotland national side four years later.
Celtic manager Jimmy McGrory's attempts to rejuvenate his side eventually resulted in MacKay's departure from Celtic Park after over 200 first team appearances, the fullback moving to south Glasgow side Third Lanark in November 1964. Thirds were relegated at the end of the 1964–65 season and MacKay was one of several players released.
MacKay opted to move to Australia at this juncture, joining Melbourne Croatia of the Victorian State League. He helped the side to the State title in 1968 and several Dockerty Cup triumphs but left when Croatia were suspended following crowd disturbances in 1972. He returned to Scotland and joined junior club St Anthony's as a player-coach for two years before deciding upon a second stint in Australia. After playing for Perth Azzurri between 1974 and 1977 he coached with South Melbourne and Croatia (now known as Essendon Lions), the latter as Captain-Coach.
MacKay died on 23 December 2019, aged 82.

## Honours

Celtic
* Scottish Cup: Runners-up 1960–61, 1962–63
* Glasgow Charity Cup: 1958–59
Melbourne Knights
* Victorian State League: 1968
* State League Cup: 1971
* Dockerty Cup: 1968, 1969
* Ampol Cup: 1968, 1971, 1972
Perth Azzuri
* NPL WA Premiers: 1975, 1976
* Night Series: 1975
* Top Four Cup: 1976
Individual
* Celtic FC Player of the Year: 1963
* Melbourne Knights Player of the Year: 1968
# Distichlis palmeri

Distichlis palmeri is an obligate emergent (it has aerenchyma) perennial rhizomatous dioecious halophytic C4 grass in the Poaceae (Gramineae) family. D. palmeri is a saltwater marsh grass endemic to the tidal marshes of the northern part of the Gulf of California and Islands section of the Sonoran Desert. D. palmeri is not drought tolerant. It does withstand surface drying between supra tidal events because roots extend downward to more than 1 meter (3 feet) where coastal substrata is still moist.
Culms (stalks) are generally rigid and upright to about 60 cm (2 feet) and have short internodes. Longer culms become recumbent (lay down) developing young vertical culms from the nodes. These young culms may root. Acicular to linear leaves are upright and positioned alternate along the culm at nodes. Leaves excrete salts through specialized salt glands that are a component of D. palmeri leaf anatomy. These excreted surface salts are wicked away by breezes. Insects of the grasshopper family visit the plant. When maintained in a greenhouse, it is susceptible to aphid infestation.
Anemophilous flowers emerge late winter. At anthesis, males liberate light chartreuse colored pollen in breezes. Female flowers are panicles of alternate spikelets that present lavender colored styles and stigmas. Kernels (seeds) are mature in early spring. Each panicle produces 20-30 mature caryopses. Kernels are similar to those of farro in color and size. Kernels of Distichlis palmeri have an indigenous history as a wild harvest grain (Nipa) consumed by the Cocopah. Nipa grain has size, nutritional value and flavor qualities similar to other cropped grains.
In the last four decades, Nipa grain production through saline agriculture (agriculture that uses saline resources to farm halophytic cash crops) of D. palmeri has been the subject of domestication studies.
In addition to research studies working to domesticate D. palmeri, the species has been used to manage farm drainage and has been proposed as a constructive use plant in remediation of saline and biosaline wastewaters and land.
Distichlis palmeri can grow in open hot full sun on saline irrigation in subtropic zones; hence, it can be cropped along warming and rising coastlines and is an active candidate for (bio)saline agriculture and cash crop development of Nipa grain.
# Nadeem Iqbal

Nadeem Iqbal (born 3 April 1983) is an Indian army junior commissioned officer belonging to the Sher-E-Kashmir battalion and across-country skier. He was born in Rajouri a district in the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir in India.
Iqbal competed for India at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 15 kilometre classical race. Iqbal became the first athlete from Jammu and Kashmir to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Iqbal finished the race in 85th position (out of 92 competitors), nearly 17 minutes behind the winner Dario Cologna of Switzerland.
# Malobadrakovo

Malobadrakovo (Russian: Малобадраково; Bashkir: Бәләкәй Баҙраҡ, Bäläkäy Baźraq) is a rural locality (a village) in Badrakovsky Selsoviet, Burayevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 225 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Malobadrakovo is located 22 km southwest of Burayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bolshebadrakovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Ousha the Poet

Ousha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi (Arabic: عوشه بنت خليفة السويدي) also known as Fatat Al-Arab (Girl of the Arabs), Ousha Al Sha'er (Ousha the Poet) (1 January 1920 – 27 July 2018) was an Emirati poet. She is regarded as among the finest Arabic Nabati poets.

## Early life and education

Ousha was born and raised in Al Ain and moved later in life to the emirate of Dubai. A prominent cultural figure, she is regarded as among the finest Arabic Nabati poets with a large number of her poems sung by popular Emirati and Arab artists. Her work has been influential in the development of Nabati poetry in the UAE, particularly among young female poets. At the age of 15, Ousha's talents were recognized by the poetry community for her poetry recitals, a noteworthy achievement at her time considering how male dominated the poetry field was.

## Works

Ousha's work was influenced by both classical poets such as Al-Mutanabbi, Abu Tammam and Al-Ma'arri, as well as local Nabati poets including Al Majidi bin Thahir, Rashid Al Khalawi, Saleem bin Abdul Hai and Mohsin Hazzani.
In 1989, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai at the time, dedicated a poem from his first published collection giving her the sobriquet "Fatat Al Arab" instead of her original name "Fatat Al Khaleej" (Girl of the Gulf). Ousha's poetry works published in classical Arabic covered a variety of themes including patriotic sentiments, praise, nostalgia, wisdom and love. the females poets first book was published in 1990 by the Emirati poet Hamad Bin Khalifa Bou Shehab, a second edition of the book was later published in the year 2000.
Fatat Al-Arab's poetry can be accessed on the poets official website at

## Awards

In 2010, Ousha was awarded at the 11th Sharjah Festival of Classic Poetry and later won the Abu Dhabi award, presented by Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. In 2011 an annual award for female Emirati poets was established in her name and a section in her honour was dedicated in Dubai's Women's Museum. A biography of Ousha was published by Rafia Ghubash, the President of the Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain. She was awarded with Abu Dhabi Awards for her services in 2009.
On 28 November 2022, she was celebrated with a Google Doodle. Google doodle image was illustrated by Abu Dhabi-based artist Reem Al Mazrouei.
# Watlala

The Watlala are a group of Chinookan-speaking Native Americans. They inhabited the meadows of Sams Walker Day Use Site, near Skamania, Washington, and St. Cloud Ranch Day Use Site. An interpretive sign at Sams Walker states that the Watlata lived in earth-sheltered cedar plank homes. Another reports that they used willow branches to construct temporary structures.
Also called the Cascade Indians, they were a Chinookian tribe who lived at the Cascades of the Columbia River and the Willamette River in Oregon. They fished and hunted the animals in the Cascade. In 1805-06 Lewis and Clark estimated that they numbered about 2,800 and in 1870, along with the Wasco, they had an estimated population of about 3,200. As there were also other tribes lived at or near the cascades and the people were very changeable due to the location being a popular fishing spot, it was impossible to identify them with certainty. Several other known bands, which may have been the Watlala or later have been included under them, included the Cathlakaheckit, Cathlathlala, Cathlayackty, Clahclellah, Katlagakya, Yehuh.
In 1829, the Native Americans of the region suffered an epidemic which was called "ague fever," of unknown nature, which killed in a single summer, some four-fifths of the population. Whole villages disappeared and those that were left were consolidated. After the epidemic, the Watlala seemed to have been the only remaining tribe, the remnants of the others having probably united under that name, though they were commonly called Cascade Indians by the whites. In 1854 they were reported to number only 80 people, and in 1855 they joined in the Wasco Treaty under the name of the "Ki-gal-twal-la band of the Wascoes" and the "Dog River band of the Wasco," and were removed to the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon. Afterwards, they were no longer enumerated separately and of those that didn't join the Wasco, were thought to have joined the Wishram tribe.
# Zafadola

Aḥmad III Abū Jaʿfar ibn ʿAbd al-Malik al-Mustanṣir (Arabic: أحمد الثالث أبو جعفر بن عبد الملك المستنصر; died 5 February 1146), called Sayf al-Dawla ("Sword of the Dynasty"), Latinised as Zafadola, was the last ruler of the Hudid dynasty. He ruled the rump of the taifa kingdom of Zaragoza from his castle at Rueda de Jalón, in what is now Spain. He was the son of Abd al-Malik.
After the city of Zaragoza was conquered by the Almoravids in 1110, ʿAbd al-Malik and Sayf al-Dawla fled to Rueda to resist the invaders. There they received help from Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon. Their state was reduced to the towns of Rueda and Borja and their hinterland. In 1130 ʿAbd al-Malik died. In 1131 Sayf al-Dawla sent messengers to the court of King Alfonso VII of León to propose his rendering homage to Alfonso. The latter sent an embassy led by Count Rodrigo Martínez and the king's counsellor Gutierre Fernández de Castro to Rueda to make final arrangements. The taifa king and his sons then went to Alfonso, surrendered Rueda to him and became his vassals. Alfonso in turn gave Sayf al-Dawla territory in the Kingdom of Toledo and the task of defending a sector of the southern frontier from the Almoravids.
Sayf al-Dawla took part in battles with the Almoravids in Jaén, Granada and Murcia, and also fought against Alfonso the Battler. In 1135 he attended Alfonso VII's imperial coronation in León. He was defending the southern border in 1146, when Alfonso VII sent some of his leading knights—Manrique de Lara, Ponce de Cabrera and Armengol de Urgel—to assist him. In a dispute with the Christians, Sayf al-Dawla was killed during the battle of Albacete, near Chinchilla de Montearagón.
# Eddie Garvie

Edwin Stanley Garvie (14 September 1892 – 15 October 1915) was a Scottish amateur football half back and forward who played in the Scottish League for Queen's Park. Garvie captained the club and at the time of his death in 1915, he was described by the Southern Press as the "best all-round player Queen's Park has known for many years.

## Personal life

Prior to the First World War, Garvie worked as a foreign merchants' clerk. After the outbreak of the war in August 1914, Garvie enlisted in the 5th Battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. Serving with the rank of lance corporal, On 25 September 1915, Garvie was wounded in the advance on the Hohenzollern Redoubt during the Battle of Loos. He was taken prisoner by the Germans and died of his wounds in a prison hospital in Jülich on 15 October 1915. His grave was later moved to the Südfriedhof in Cologne. Garvie's younger brother, Ernest, served as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry during the war and won the Military Cross. He was accidentally killed by a fellow officer during the Battle of the Lys in 1918.
# Siegfried Line Museum, Pirmasens

The Siegfried Line Museum at Pirmasens (German: Westwallmuseum Pirmasens) is a museum in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate that is housed in a former subterranean fortification on the edge of the village of Niedersimten in southwest Palatinate (region). Its theme is war, but it also views itself as a memorial to peace. It was founded by the Gerstfeldhöhe Society (Verein HGS Gerstfeldhöhe) and is run in cooperation with the town of Pirmasens.

## Location

The "Westwall" museum lies underground in the former fortification of Gerstfeldhöhe. The village of Niedersimten, two kilometres south of Pirmasens, is reached via Bitscher Straße, which continues to Bitche over the French border. Two decommissioned tanks guard the entrance to the fortress and museum.

## History

In the course of the building programme for the construction of the Siegfried Line (German: Westwall), during the Nazi era, work on the huge, bunker-like Gerstfeldhöhe fortification began in 1938. Vaulted galleries, thousands of yards long, were blasted and hewn out of solid rock. It was intended to have an underground narrow gauge railway that would carry soldiers and military equipment over a distance of three miles to pre-planned battle positions on the nearby French border. After the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, the construction project was continued for another year before being abandoned.
The Gerstfeldhöhe tunnel system was used after the war until the early 1990s by the U.S. Army as a warehouse for vehicle spares. In the county of Südwestpfalz alone, the U.S. Army had more than 20 such underground facilities.

## Significance

The Siegfried Line, which was only partially completed, ran for about 400 miles from Weil on the Upper Rhine to Kleve on the Lower Rhine. It consisted of around 20,000 different military installations. After the war ended in 1945, most of the buildings were demolished or left to decay naturally. The fort at Gerstfeldhöhe is one of the few well-preserved sites - probably because it was never in use during the war.

## Visiting

The temperature throughout the fort is a constant 8 °C. It may be visited during the published visiting hours.
During a one and a half hour guided tour, which runs for roughly a kilometre of tunnel partly hewn out of the rock, the visitor can see an impressive amount of military equipment, mainly received from private collectors. Also on the gallery walls may be seen the written comments and messages of American soldiers. Its artifacts include an armoury stocked with all types of weapon, including smaller items such as gas masks and machine guns as well as larger exhibits, for example, an anti-aircraft gun weighing more than two tons, large lorries, heavy motorcycles and a VW Kübelwagen. Soldiers quarters have been faithfully reconstructed. Mannequins are dressed in Wehrmacht and Nazi uniforms.
# Wilhelm Weiss (mathematician)

Wilhelm Weiss (German: Wilhelm Weiß; 3 February 1859 – 18 June 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian mathematician.
Weiss received his early education from his father, who was a teacher at Řitka; and from 1881 to 1887 he studied successively at the universities of Prague, Leipsic, and Erlangen, from where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1887. From 1887 to 1894 he was instructor in mathematics at the German Technical University in Prague [de; cs], becoming lecturer in 1894, deputy professor in 1896, assistant professor in 1897, and professor in 1900. From 1901 to 1902 he was dean of the school of engineers at the same institution. He taught there until his death in June 1904.
# Song without words

"Song Without Words" may refer to:
* Songs Without Words (German: Lieder ohne Worte), a series of short, lyrical piano pieces by the Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn, written between 1829 and 1845.
* Song Without Words, a 1937 wordless novel by American artist Lynd Ward
# Kyzyl-Oktyabr, Burayevsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Kyzyl-Oktyabr (Russian: Кызыл-Октябрь; Bashkir: Ҡыҙыл Октябрь, Qıźıl Oktyabr) is a rural locality (a village) in Kushmanakovsky Selsoviet, Burayevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Kyzyl-Oktyabr is located 18 km west of Burayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Karatamak is the nearest rural locality.
# Kupech

Kupech (Ukrainian: Купеч) is a Ukrainian village in the Korosten Raion (district) of Zhytomyr Oblast (province). It is located between the villages of Khodaky to the east and Bekhy to the west.
# Rinkenæs

Rinkenæs may refer to:
* Rinkenæs, Denmark (German: Rinkeness), a town in Denmark.
* SS Rinkenæs, a Danish cargo ship in service 1946–1947