OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shofirkon

Shofirkon (Uzbek: Shofirkon/Шофиркон, Persian: شاپورکام, Russian: Шафиркан) is a city and seat of Shofirkon District in Bukhara Region in Uzbekistan. The town population was 9,594 people in 1989, and 14,000 in 2016.

## History

Archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement on the territory of modern Shafirkan was founded in the early Middle Ages.
According to the Persian historiographer Narshakhi, the founder of the city was a Sassanid prince Shahpur, who lived in the 3rd century AD. Shahpur quarreled with his father, the then ruler of Persia, arrived in Bukhara, married the daughter of the ruler of Bukhara and received land as a gift in the floodplain of the Zarafshan River. He often hunted in these places, which he really liked. Here a canal was dug, called Shahpūrkām Persian: شاپورکام (Shāpūrkām) which means "As Desired by Shahpur" in Persian, and the Vardonze fortress was built in which Shahpur moved with his many retinue from Persia. Later, the fortress became the center of the state. The name Shā(h)pūrkām was then pronounced as Shafurkam by the locals and later as Shofirkon.
The importance of Shapūrkām as the center of the region increased after the fall of the value of the ancient city of Vardanzi in the 1860s.
In 1926, Shafirkan became the district center of the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan.
By a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of March 7, 1933, a resolution was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Uzbek SSR of November 3, 1932 on renaming the center of the Bauman district of the village of Khoja Arif to the village of Bauman.
The city has a pedagogical vocational college, a college of agriculture, an economic college, etc.
Currently, Shafirkan is a district center in the Bukhara region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Representatives of various nationalities live here: Uzbeks, Tajiks, Russians, Turkmens, etc.
# Ken Horton (curler)

Ken Horton is a Scottish curler and curling coach.
He is a 1977 World Men's bronze medallist and three-time Scottish men's champion.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 1975–76 | Robert Kelly | Ken Horton | Willie Jamieson | Keith Douglas | | | SJCC 1976 WJCC 1976 (4th) |
| 1976–77 | Ken Horton | Willie Jamieson | Keith Douglas | Richard Harding | | | SMCC 1977 WCC 1977 |
| 1977–78 | Ken Horton | Willie Jamieson | Keith Douglas | Richard Harding | | | ECC 1977 |
| 1982–83 | Graeme Adam | Ken Horton | Andrew McQuistin | Bob Cowan | | | SMCC 1983 WCC 1983 (5th) |
| 1988–89 | Graeme Adam | Ken Horton | Andrew McQuistin | Robin Copland | | | SMCC 1989 WCC 1989 (5th) |
| 2007–08 | Graeme Adam | Ken Horton | Stuart Naismith | Allan MacLennan | Jim Jamieson | | SSCC 2008 WSCC 2008 (4th) |
| 2008–09 | Graeme Adam | Ken Horton | Stuart Naismith | Allan MacLennan | | | |
| 2010–11 | Ken Horton | Gordon Butler | Angus Storrie | Edmond Binks | | Jim Jamieson | SSCC 2011 WSCC 2011 (7th) |

## Record as a coach of national teams

| Year | Tournament, event | National team | Place |
| 2017 | 2017 European Curling Championships | England (men) | 19 |
# David Howie (curler)

David Howie (born c. 1927) is a Scottish curler.
He played lead on Chuck Hay's team out of the Kilgraston & Moncrieffe Curling Club in Perth, Scotland during a very successful run in the 1960s. The team won the Scottish Men's Championship four years in a row, earning them the right to represent Scotland at the World Curling Championships in those years. At World's in 1966 and 1968 The Hay rink took home the silver medal, with Canada winning the Championship each of those years. At the 1967 World Men's Championship they defeated Team Sweden, skipped by Bob Woods, in the final to win Scotland's first World Men's Championship.
Howie worked as a farmer in Perthshire.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 1964–65 | Chuck Hay | John Bryden | Alan Glen | David Howie | 1965 SMCC 1965 WMCC (4th) |
| 1965–66 | Chuck Hay | John Bryden | Alan Glen | David Howie | 1966 SMCC 1966 WMCC |
| 1966–67 | Chuck Hay | John Bryden | Alan Glen | David Howie | 1967 SMCC 1967 WMCC |
| 1967–68 | Chuck Hay | John Bryden | Alan Glen | David Howie | 1968 SMCC 1968 WMCC |
| 1987–88 | Grant McPherson | R. Gray | David Howie | Robert Wilson | Edinburgh Int'l |
# Russell Keiller

Russell Keiller is a Scottish curler and curling coach. He is a 1982 European champion and a 1995 World Men's silver medallist. He participated at the 2006 Winter Olympics as a coach of Great Britain women team.
Russell Keiller was appointed by the Board of Directors of British Curling in August 2014.

## Teams
### Men's

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Events |
| 1982–83 | Mike Hay | David Hay | David Smith | Russell Keiller | | ECC 1982 SJCC 1983 WJCC 1983 |
| 1983–84 | Mike Hay | David Hay | David Smith | Russell Keiller | Gordon Sneddon (WCC) | ECC 1983 SMCC 1984 WCC 1984 (7th) |
| 1983–84 | Mike Hay | David Smith | Gregor Smith | Russell Keiller | | SJCC 1984 WJCC 1984 |
| 1994–95 | Gordon Muirhead | Peter Loudon | Robert Kelly | Russell Keiller | Graeme Connal | SMCC 1995 WCC 1995 |
| 1996–97 | Gordon Muirhead | Peter Loudon | Robert Kelly | Russell Keiller | | |

### Mixed

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 1995 | Peter Loudon | Edith Loudon | Russell Keiller | Katie Loudon | SMxCC 1995 |

## Record as a coach of national teams

| Year | Tournament, event | National team | Place |
| 1994 | 1994 European Curling Championships | Scotland (women) | 4 |
| 1998 | 1998 European Curling Championships | Scotland (women) | |
| 1999 | 1999 European Curling Championships | Scotland (women) | 4 |
| 2000 | 2000 World Women's Curling Championship | Scotland (women) | 4 |
| 2001 | 2001 European Curling Championships | Scotland (women) | 6 |
| 2005 | 2005 European Curling Championships | Scotland (women) | 5 |
| 2006 | 2006 Winter Olympics | United Kingdom (women) | 5 |
# Tom McGregor

Tom McGregor is a Scottish curler.
At the national level, he is a two-time Scottish men's champion and one-time Scottish junior champion.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 1972–73 | Alex F. Torrance | Alex A. Torrance | Tom McGregor | Willie Kerr | SMCC 1973 WCC 1973 (4th) |
| 1974–75 | Alex F. Torrance | Alex A. Torrance | Tom McGregor | Willie Kerr | SMCC 1975 WCC 1975 (5th) |
| 1976–77 | Lockhart Steele | Gavin Wiseman | Tom McGregor | Archibald Craig | SJCC 1977 WJCC 1977 (7th) |
# Andrei Lezin

Andrei Vladimirovich Lezin (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Лезин, born 28 July 1981) is a Russian former competitive figure skater. He is the 2004 Karl Schäfer Memorial champion, 1999 ISU Junior Grand Prix in Norway bronze medalist, and 2005 Russian national bronze medalist.
Lezin finished 20th at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Oberstdorf and 14th at the 2005 European Championships in Turin. After the death of his coach, Igor Rusakov, he joined Elena Tchaikovskaia and Vladimir Kotin.
Lezin's wife, Natalia, is a former skater who became a national-level judge.

## Programs

| Season | Short program | Free skating |
| 2005–2006 | Capriccio Espagnol by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov | Warsaw Concerto by Richard Addinsell Cornish Rhapsody by Hubert Bath Dream of Olwen by C. Williams |
| 2004–2005 | Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin | Circus Princess by Emmerich Kalman |

## Competitive highlights

GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
International :
| Event | 98–99 | 99–00 | 00–01 | 01–02 | 02–03 | 03–04 | 04–05 | 05–06 | 06–07 |
| Europeans | | | | | | | 14th | | |
| GP Bompard | | | | | | | | 11th | |
| GP Cup of Russia | | | | | | | 6th | | |
| GP Skate Canada | | | | | | | 8th | | |
| Schäfer Memorial | | | | | | | 1st | | 8th |
| Nebelhorn Trophy | | | | | | | 4th | 11th | |
| Universiade | | | | | 11th | | | | |
| International: Junior ||||||||||
| Junior Worlds | | 20th | | | | | | | |
| JGP Czech Republic | | 5th | | | | | | | |
| JGP Norway | | 3rd | | | | | | | |
| National ||||||||||
| Russian Champ. | 12th | 12th | 16th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 3rd | 10th | 16th |
| Russian Jr. Champ. | | 3rd | | | | | | | |
# Tom Pendreigh

Tom Pendreigh is a Scottish male curler and coach.
At the national level, he is a 2000 Scottish men's champion curler.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 1999–00 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | Gordon Muirhead (WCC) | Robin Copland | SMCC 2000 WCC 2000 (8th) |
| 2000-01 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | | | |
| 2001-02 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | | | |
| 2002-03 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | | | |
| 2003–04 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | | | |
| 2004–05 | Robert Kelly | Neil Hampton | Tom Pendreigh | Ross Hepburn | | | SMCC 2005 (8th) |
| 2011–12 | Ally Fraser | David Reid | Ruairidh Greenwood | Tom Pendreigh | | | |
| 2016–17 | Willie Jamieson | Tom Pendreigh | Gary Mcfarlane | ? | | | |
| 2017–18 | Willie Jamieson | Tom Pendreigh | Graeme Adam | Jean Lesperance | | | |
| 2018–19 | Willie Jamieson | Tom Pendreigh | Graeme Adam | Jean Lesperance | | | |

## Record as a coach of national teams

| Year | Tournament, event | National team | Place |
| 2003 | 2003 World Junior Curling Championships | Scotland (junior men) | 5 |
| 2003 | 2003 European Curling Championships | Scotland (men) | |
| 2004 | 2004 European Curling Championships | Scotland (men) | 4 |
| 2005 | 2005 World Men's Curling Championship | Scotland (men) | |
| 2006 | 2006 Winter Paralympics | United Kingdom (wheelchair) | |
| 2006 | 2006 World Men's Curling Championship | Scotland (men) | |
| 2006 | 2006 European Curling Championships | Scotland (men) | |
| 2007 | 2007 Winter Universiade | United Kingdom (junior men) | |
| 2008 | 2008 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Scotland (wheelchair) | 7 |
| 2009 | 2009 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Scotland (wheelchair) | 5 |
| 2010 | 2010 Winter Paralympics | United Kingdom (wheelchair) | 6 |
| 2014 | 2014 World Men's Curling Championship | Scotland (men) | 9 |

## Personal life

He is owner of British Curling Supplies.
As of 2018, he was a Chairman of Inverness Ice Centre.
# Sebastian Schiek

Sebastian Schiek (born 20 March 1990) is a German professional footballer who plays as a right-back for FSV Hollenbach.

## Career

He made his debut for Karlsruher SC in August 2011, as a substitute for Dennis Kempe in a 2–0 defeat to Energie Cottbus in the 2. Bundesliga.
He signed for Fortuna Köln in summer 2018 after his contract expired at his previous club.
Having been without a contract since leaving Fortuna Köln in the summer of 2019, he signed for VfR Aalen on a contract until summer 2020 in January 2020.
He returned to Sonnenhof Großaspach in August 2020.
# Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

35°41′13.78″N 139°44′25.37″E﻿ / ﻿35.6871611°N 139.7403806°E﻿ / 35.6871611; 139.7403806
The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (日本学術振興会, Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkō Kai, JSPS) is an Independent Administrative Institution in Japan, established for the purpose of contributing to the advancement of science in all fields of the natural and social sciences and the humanities.

## History

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science was founded in 1932 as a non-profit foundation through an endowment granted by Emperor Shōwa. JSPS became a quasi-governmental organization in 1967 under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (Monbusho), and after 2001 under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. In 2003, JSPS entered a new phase with its conversion to an Independent Administrative Institution. This new administrative configuration is intended to become a step towards improving the effectiveness and efficiency of JSPS's management, which in turn should help to improve the quality of the services which are offered to individual researchers, universities, and research institutes.

## Publications

A number of publications are made available under the imprimatur of JSPS:
* Gakujutsu Geppo (Japanese Scientific Monthly), a monthly magazine containing scientific readings and articles on Japanese science policy and scientific activities and research trends in governmental and academic organizations in Japan.
* Information re: Japanese universities, research institutions, and their various research activities.
* Scientific books.
# John Pearson (curler)

John Pearson was the third on the team that represented Scotland at the 1959 and 1962 Scotch Cups, the world men's curling championship at the time. He and the team of skip Willie Young, second Sandy Anderson, and lead Bobby Young curled out of the Airth, Bruce Castle, and Dunmore Curling Club in Falkirk, Scotland.
In addition to his 2 Scotch Cup appearances, he also won four "Worlds Curling Championships" (now known as the Edinburgh International).
# Staroye Bibeyevo

Staroye Bibeyevo (Russian: Старое Бибеево) is a rural locality (a village) in Malyshevskoye Rural Settlement, Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2010.

## Geography

Staroye Bibeyevo is located on the Ushna River, 38 km southwest from Krasnaya Gorbatka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye Bibeyevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Tamar Tavadze

Tamar Tavadze (1898–1975) was a Georgian artist, theatre painter, sculptor and architect. Tamar Tavadze was a student when she started working in Tbilisi State Opera and Ballet Theatre. She also worked in Moscow at the Great Theatre and the Feature Ballet Theatre where she actively participated in celebration activities. A number of Moscow streets were decorated on the basis of sketches she made.
# Network of Women for Rights and Peace

The Network of Women for Rights and Peace (French: Réseau des Femmes pour la Défense des Droits et la Paix, RFDP) is a women's rights organization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Founded in 1999, it gives judicial support to victims of sexual violence, raises awareness about human rights and democracy, and works to increase women's literacy through a network of grassroots organizations, the Comités d’Alerte pour la Paix (CAP).
RDFP was founded by the activist Vénantie Bisimwa, who is its Executive Secretary. Based in Bukavu, the RFDP is a founder member of the Coalition Against Sexual Violence in the DRC (French: Coalition Contre les Violences Sexuelles en RDC).

## Publications

* (with the Network of Women for Development (French: Réseau des Femmes pour un Développement Associatif)) Women’s Bodies as a Battleground: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls During the War in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2005
# Walle Plough

The Walle Plough (German: Pflug von Walle) is an ancient plough discovered in 1927 by peat cutters outside Walle, near Aurich, East Frisia (Germany). It is one of the oldest known ploughs found in Europe.

## Location and discovery

The plough was discovered on 9 July 1927 by Jann Hanßen and his son Heye at the bottom edge of a 1.7-metre (5 ft 7 in) deep layer of peat. As a reward, Hanßen received 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, which he had to share with the landowner, a man called Weinstock.

## Extent of excavation

The ploughbeam is made from a single oak branch approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) long. The ploughshare originally measured about 60 centimetres (24 in). The handle is set in a rectangular opening of the share and stabilised by additional wedges. The front part of the share is missing, because the plough had been accidentally cut into several pieces by its finders.
Pollen samples were taken in 1927 for palynological analysis. This showed that the plough dates to the Early Bronze Age at the earliest. Since it represents a fairly developed form of the scratch plough, the Walle find could also date to the later Bronze Age or Early Iron Age.
A similar plough, also of oak and of similar measurements, was found at Papau near Toruń. The scratch plough type is known through finds and images from the Neolithic, the Bronze and Iron Ages, as well as from Hallstatt culture, Etruscan, Greek, and Roman contexts. The basic form is still in use in the Mediterranean region.
Why the Walle Plough had been deposited in a bog is not known. Perhaps it was meant to be temporarily sunk in the bog during the winter, to preserve its wood. In 1983, a roughly 3000-year-old stone axe was found nearby.

## Date

After the plough had begun to physically deteriorate around 1937, it was brought to the Lower Saxony State Museum at Hanover for conservation. It is still on display there. The examination of pollen and peat samples indicated that the plough could not be allocated to any period with certainty. Originally it had been estimated to be from the 4th millennium BC, but in the 1950s this was revised to a date around 2000 BC.
A replica of the plough is on display in the Historical Museum at Aurich. At Walle, a stone marks the findspot.

## Literature

* Karl-Ernst Behre / Hajo van Lengen: Ostfriesland. Geschichte und Gestalt einer Kulturlandschaft. Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0
53°29′25″N 7°26′33″E﻿ / ﻿53.49028°N 7.44250°E﻿ / 53.49028; 7.44250
* This agriculture article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Bridge of Lies

The Bridge of Lies (Romanian: Podul Minciunilor, German: Lügenbrücke) is a legendary pedestrian bridge located in the center of the Transylvanian city of Sibiu in central Romania. There are many legends surrounding the bridge because of its name. It is the first cast iron bridge built in Romania.
Located in the Lesser Square of Sibiu, the bridge crosses Strada Ocnei to connect the Lesser Square to the Huet Square.

## Legends

The Bridge of Lies has many legends surrounding it because of its name. The most popular one has it that the bridge will collapse when someone tells a lie while standing on it. Another legend says that the bridge was often crossed by merchants who were trying to fool their clients. The ones who were caught were tossed off the bridge. According to another legend, the bridge was a meeting place for boys attending the military academy and their girlfriends. The boys wouldn't show up, leaving their girlfriends to wait until realizing they have been lied to. One legend also has it that the bridge was often crossed by young lovers who swore each other eternal love. The girls swore that they were virgins, which often turned out to be a lie after the couples got married. As a punishment, they were thrown off the bridge, since it was the place where they had lied to their lovers. Another legend about the bridge talks about how there may have been a large lake underneath the bridge, in which freshwater mermaids lived. They would lie to their merman husbands to meet their mortal lovers on the bridge above. Then, they would jump off into the lake when finished.
Despite all the legends, its name has a different origin. The bridge was initially called Liegenbrücke, German for lying bridge (lying as in "to lie down"), which sounds very similar to Lügenbrücke, meaning "bridge of lies". The legends have helped the latter spread among the city's people, which is how the bridge came to get its current name.

## Design and architecture

The bridge is sustained by four arches made of cast iron. They are decorated with Neo-Gothic motives. On the southernmost arch stands the coat of arms of Sibiu, while on the northernmost one stand the inscriptions 1859 and Friedrichshütte respectively, the latter being the name of the foundry that delivered a part of the bridge's components.
The rails are made out of eight panels with circular shapes and Gothic decorations.

## Gallery

* The bridge as seen from Strada Ocnei
* Neo-Gothic decoration on the arches. The Council Tower is in the background
* At night
* Coat of arms of Sibiu
* northernmost arch
# Khafr, Semirom

Khafr (Persian: خفر; also known as Khafār) is a village in Padena-ye Vosta Rural District, Padena District, Semirom County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,396, in 406 families.
# Municipal Council of Quatre Bornes

The Municipal Council of Quatre Bornes (French: Conseil Municipal de Quatre Bornes) is the local authority responsible for the administration of the town of Quatre Bornes, Plaines Wilhems District, Mauritius.
In 2015, three former councilors were convicted of conflict of interest.

## Municipal elections

According to the Local Government Act 2011 PART III Section 11, election of councillors to Municipal Town Council shall be held in 2012 and thereafter every 6 years on such date as the President appoints. The council is composed of 15 councillors including the Mayor and Deputy Mayor who is elected for a period of 2 years, while each of the councillors represent wards throughout the town. In the last elections in November 2012 the town was subdivided into 5 wards, the number of registered voters was 57,474.
# Political efficacy

In political science, political efficacy is the citizens' trust in their ability to change the government and belief that they can understand and influence political affairs. It is commonly measured by surveys and is used as an indicator for the broader health of civil society.
It is closely related to political responsiveness, the degree to which politicians and policymakers actually do respond to voters' beliefs and preferences.

## Concept

It was introduced by Angus Campbell, Gerald Gurin, and W. E. Miller during an analyses of behavior and attitude of the voters in the 1952 United States presidential election and defined as the "feeling that individual action does have, or can have, an impact upon the political process".
There are two types of political efficacy:
* internal efficacy: the belief that one can understand politics and therefore participate in politics
* external efficacy: that the government will respond to one's demands
Political efficacy is viewed as a "pre-condition for political engagement and is considered as a vital social characteristic within democratic societies."
Proportional representation shows higher political efficacy compared to plurality and majoritarian systems. Wasted votes can reduce political efficacy. Low political efficacy can lead to populism.

## Ways of expression

There are multiple ways in which citizens' political efficacy can be expressed: through the media, by having the right to protest, by being able to create petitions, and by having free and fair elections. The feeling that a citizen is powerless in their own country may lead to political cynicism or outright violence, which are side effects of having low political efficacy in society. Citizens' political efficacy can also be expressed online through social media outlets as "media use – and news consumption in particular – enhances efficacy, public affairs knowledge, and civic engagement".
Feelings of efficacy are highly correlated with participation in social and political life; however, studies have not shown any relationship between public confidence in government or political leaders and voting. Political efficacy was found to polarize policy preferences. People with relatively high efficacy were found to express policy preferences that are more in line with their ideological orientation and more extreme; and people with low efficacy tend to express more moderate policy preferences. These results were in both experimental and observational studies. Efficacy usually increases with age.