OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya

Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya (Arabic: إسماعيل ولد بده ولد الشيخ سيديا, born 17 March 1961) is a Mauritanian politician who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Mauritania from 5 August 2019 to 6 August 2020. He headed the Ministry of Housing, Town Planning and Regional Development from 2009 to 2014, as well as once being president of the Nouadhibou Free Zone. He was one of the founding members of the Union for the Republic party.

## Biography

Sidiya was born in Boutilimit and holds an engineering degree from Central School of Paris, with his graduate studies between Toulouse and Paris.
Sidiya began his career as head of the Bureau of Studies and Programming of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) then General Manager of CompuNet. He became the General Manager of the ETASCO Research Department before becoming coordinator of the new town project of Boutilimit.
He was the general director of the government agency in charge of the town of Tindame's reconstruction after it was washed away by torrential rains in 2008. He served as the Minister of Housing, Town Planning and Regional Development from 2009 to 2014, as well as once being president of the Nouadhibou Free Zone. He did not have a specific position after this period but continued working with his political party.
On 3 August 2019, Sidiya was designated as the Prime Minister of Mauritania by President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, who Sidiya had campaigned for in the Gorgol Region. Some observers criticized his appointment as a continuation of the old system.

## Politics

In 2010, as the Minister of Housing, Town Planning and Regional Development, Sidiya stated that the housing problem was exacerbated by economic inequality and that homelessness was the most pressing factor in poverty and exclusion, as well as noting that most of the Arab world were struggling with increased rural flight and urbanization over the past decades. He stated that Mauritania had a plan to remove outlying districts of Nouakchott, regional capitals, and inner cities to allow the poor to access resources, though he did not state how.
# Ivan Chernoknizhny

Ivan Sebastyanovich Chernoknizhny (Russian: Иван Себастьянович Чернокнижный; Ukrainian: Іван Себастьянович Чорнокнижний, romanized: Ivan Sebastianovych Chornoknyzhnyi) was a left socialist-revolutionary and a leading member of the Makhnovist movement.

## Biography

Ivan Chernoknizhny was born at the end of the nineteenth century in the Pavlohrad Raion of the Katerynoslav Governorate. After receiving his education, he worked as a rural teacher in the village of Novopavlivka [uk], where he became a member of the Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. In the autumn of 1918, he joined the Makhnovist movement and was elected as a delegate for Novopavlivka to the first, second and third Regional Congresses of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents. At the second congress, he was elected as the first chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council (VRS), after he gave a speech in which he denounced the newly established Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic:
   "The Ukrainian provisional government stood by, first in Moscow and then in Kursk, until the workers and peasants of the Ukraine had liberated the territory of enemies. Now that the enemy is beaten [...] some government appears in our midst describing itself as Bolshevik and aiming to impose its party dictatorship upon us. Is that to be countenanced? We are non-party insurgents, and we have revolted against all our oppressors; we will not countenance a new enslavement, no matter the quarter whence it may come!"
As chairman of the VRS, he oversaw the establishment of the first free soviets in Huliaipole Raion. During his speech at an opening ceremony in Huliaipole, he described the goal of the free soviets to be the establishment of self-governance in Ukraine, outside of the control of any political party. He also noted that Ukrainian peasants had instinctively self-organized many free soviets themselves, indicating widespread popular support for the project. He ended his speech by warning against rising authoritarianism, brought on by both the Bolsheviks and the White movement, calling instead for free soviets to become the nucleus for "real freedom, genuine equality and honest fraternity."
In June 1919, he was outlawed by the Soviet authorities and went underground. He continued to take an active part in the Makhnovist movement, constantly working in the VRS and remaining one of the ideologists of the insurgency. He was again declared an outlaw in January and November 1920. In the 1920s, after the amnesty, he lived in the Mezhova Raion of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, where he led the underground Anarcho-Makhnovist group. For his illicit activities, he was arrested in 1928.
# Laila al-Juhani

Laila al-Juhani (Arabic: ليلى الجهني; born 1969) is a Saudi Arabian novelist and short story writer. She was born in the northern city of Tubuq. She studied at King Abdul Aziz University in Medina, obtaining a bachelor's degree in English literature. She then went on to receive an MA in Foreign Languages and a PhD in education/psychology, the latter from the University of Tiba in Medina.
Al-Juhani has written a number of short stories and novels. Her debut novel was called Da'iman sayabqa al-hubb (Always Love Will Remain) and was published in the early 1990s. Since then, three further novels have been published: The Barren Paradise (1998), Jahiliyya (Ignorance, 2007), and 40 Fi Ma'ani Ina Akbar (2009). Excerpts from her novels have appeared in English translation in Banipal magazine. The Barren Paradise was also published in a full Italian translation in 2007.
Al-Juhani has won a number of literary prizes in her native country.
# Hamra, Beirut

Hamra (Arabic: الحمراء Al-Hamra') is a neighborhood (sector 34) in Beirut, Lebanon (quarter Ras Beirut). The heart of the neighborhood, Hamra Street, is a major commercial district, and is known for its fashion stores, restaurants, cafes, bars and hotels, and a lively nightlife.
The American University of Beirut and Lebanese American University are in the neighborhood.
Hamra Street used to be one of the main places where Arab poets, writers, thinkers, and philosophers met and collaborated, making it an important cultural hub. Many impacts of the Lebanese Civil War remain on the walls, but it has also seen development. Although it may not be as culturally and artistically vibrant as before, it remains rich with life and art. Graffiti has become a form of artistic expression along the central boulevard; an example is a mural of the popular singer and icon Sabah towards the beginning of the street.
# Benjamin Parke Avery

Benjamin Parke Avery (1828–1875) was an American journalist, poet, essayist, printer, and diplomat. He served as a U.S. Department of State’s chief of mission for China in 1874.

## Biography

Avery arrived in California aboard the Aurora in 1849. He worked as a prospector for a while before buying a drug store in the mining town of North San Juan, California, and then a newspaper.
He became part owner and editor for the Marysville Appeal. A newspaper he established in San Francisco was also contracted as state printer for California. He was friends with Charles Crocker and Leland Stanford.
He served as a U.S. Department of State’s chief of mission (now known as ambassador) for China in 1874.

## Death and legacy

He died in Peking (now Beijing) on November 8, 1875. His death received newspaper coverage and tribute.
After his death, Edward Bosqui wrote a reminisce about him and Ina Coolbrith dedicated a poem to him. The California Historical Society has a collection of his papers.
# Ara Karagyan

Ara Karagyan (Armenian: Արա Կարագյան, born on February 2, 1963), is an Armenian actor. He is known for his roles as Zorik on In the city. He was a presenter of Mougounini-Boua TV-show.

## Filmography

Film :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | Ala Bala Nica | | |
| 2016 | "Apricot Groves" | Barber | |
Television and web :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2010-2012 | Trapped | Miro | |
| 2012-2013 | Maestro | | Main cast |
| 2012 | Angels' school | | Recurring cast |
| October 1, 2012 – December 31, 2014 | In The City (Armenian TV series) | Zorik | Main cast |
| 2015–present | Domino | Alik | Recurring cast |
# Rodney R. Crowley

Rodney Rufus Crowley (November 12, 1836 – 1913) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was a New York Inspector of State Prisons from 1876 to 1877.

## Life

He was born on November 12, 1836, in Mount Holly, Vermont, to Parmelia and Rufus Crowley. The family moved in 1841 to Yorkshire, New York, and in 1848 to Randolph, New York. He was admitted to the bar in 1861. He was a Justice of the Peace in Randolph in 1861, 1866 and 1872.
He fought in the American Civil War. He enrolled first on August 17, 1861, as a private, and finished the war as a captain. He was wounded in the Battle of Seven Pines and in the Battle of Gettysburg, and discharged for disability on November 6, 1863.
On September 3, 1861, he married Jane Hobert Mussey (b. 1835), and their children were Frederick Bowen Crowley (b. 1865) and Mary G. Crowley (b. 1872).
In 1867, he was appointed a Commissioner to inquire into and ascertain what damages had been done to the lands embraced in the Cattaraugus Reservation, Allegany Indian Reservation and Oil Springs Reservation by trespassers, and submitted his report to the New York State Senate in 1868.
He was Supervisor of the Town of Randolph in 1868 and 1869. From 1869 to 1871, he was Collector of Internal Revenue for the 31st District of New York. He was a Trustee of the Village of Randolph in 1874.
In 1875, he was elected on the Democratic ticket an Inspector of State Prisons, and was in office from January 1876 to February 1877. The office was abolished by a constitutional amendment in 1876, and the three last Inspectors of State Prisons - George Wagener, Crowley and Robert H. Anderson - left office upon the appointment of Louis D. Pilsbury as Superintendent of State Prisons.
On October 14, 1893, he was appointed Deputy New York State Superintendent of Banks taking over the duties of William F. Creed. He died in 1913 in Randolph, New York and may have been buried in Randolph Rural Cemetery.
# Dobšiná Ice Cave

Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovak: Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa; Hungarian: Dobsinai-jégbarlang) is an ice cave in Slovakia, near the mining town of Dobšiná in the Slovak Paradise. Since 2000 it has been included on the UNESCO World Heritage list as a part of the Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst site, because of its unique cave formations and its natural beauty.
Famous visitors to the ice cave have been Prince August von Sachsen Gotha and his wife (1872), Ferdinand de Lesseps (constructor of the Suez Channel) and a party of French writers (1884), Bulgarian Czar Ferdinand I (1890), and the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen (1900).
With the entrance at 920 m a.s.l, it is one of the lowest ice caves in the world.

## History

The cave was discovered on 15 June 1870 by the royal mining engineer Jenő Ruffinyi, accompanied by Gustáv Lang and Andrej Mega, although the entrance was known from time immemorial by shepherds and hunters as Studená diera (Cold Hole). The cave was opened to the public one year after its discovery. In 1887, it was the first electrically lit cave in Europe.
At about this time 7,171 square metres of the cave's known area of 8,874 square metres were reported covered with ice. The total ice volume was estimated at 125,000 cubic metres, which makes it one of the most important ice caves in the world. The thickness of the ice reaches up to 26.5 m.
The cave floor descends from the entrance which faces North; this results in rapid cooling of the cave in winter as cold air can fall down. On the other hand, the interior is quite protected from the warm environment in summer. Thus the annual temperature average stays around 0 °C. The cave iced up, as this cycle repeated for many centuries. The age of the cave is estimated at 250,000 years.
It lies 130 m above the Hnilec River, and the entrance is at an altitude of 971 m. The total length of the cave is 1,491 m (some sources claim 1,232 m), of which 475 m plus individual 43 m are open to the public from May to September.
# Shipping Register of Ukraine

The Shipping Register of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Регістр судноплавства України) is a Classification Society, whose main activity is a shipping safety at sea and rivers.
It was established in 1998 with head office in Kyiv, Ukraine. Ten regional representatives, twenty-one survey districts and two departments represents on all the territory of Ukraine.
# Centre of People's Movements

The Centre of People's Movements or Popular Movements Central (Portuguese: Central de Movimentos Populares, CMP) is a Brazilian left-wing social movement organization that articulate various social urban movements in their common and general struggles, such as housing, health, women, blacks, solidarity economy, among others.
Founded after a national meeting of social movements in Belo Horizonte in 1993, the CPM is the fruit of a historic process of resistance by several combative popular social movements for social struggles during the 1980s, such as the defense of the right to the city and a Brazilian democratic project for the country able to guarantee wide social involvement. The need to create a toll able to coordinate and to join forces between various social movements in the struggle for rights and for the construction of public policies was the main purpose of creating the CPM, and continues as a guiding principle of its performance.
Thereafter, the CPM starts to get involved in some of the main social struggles in Brazil, such the Cry of the Excluded, national campaign and caravans in defense of rights, demonstrations against the implementation of privatization and neoliberal agenda, and marches to promote employment and the economic and social development.
In recent years, it also played an important role as one of the leftist and social organization involved in protests against the impeachment of former president Dilma Rousseff and in the Free Lula movement.
# Low Tatras

The Low Tatras or Low Tatra (Slovak: Nízke Tatry; Hungarian: Alacsony-Tátra) is a mountain range of the Inner Western Carpathians in central Slovakia.
It is located south of the Tatras proper, from which it is separated by the valleys of the Váh and Poprad rivers (the Liptov-Spiš abasement). The valley formed by the Hron River is situated south of the Low Tatras range. The ridge runs west-eastwards and is about 80 km long.
The Čertovica pass divides the range into two parts. The highest peaks of the Low Tatras are located in its western part. Ďumbier is the highest mountain at 2,042 m AMSL. Its neighbour Chopok (2,024 m) is accessible by a chairlift, and it is the most visited place in the Low Tatras. Other peaks in the western part include Dereše (2,004 m) and Chabenec (1,955 m). The highest peak in the eastern part is Kráľova hoľa (1,946 m). The best viewpoints in western part are Veľká Chochuľa, Salatín, Chabenec, Skalka, Chopok, Ďumbier, Siná, Poludnica and Baba.
Several karst areas are situated in limestone and dolomite strata at the southern and northern edges of the main ridge, which is composed of granite and gneiss. Among many discovered caves, Bystrianska Cave (Bystrianska jaskyňa), Cave of Dead Bats (Jaskyňa mŕtvych netopierov), Demänovská jaskyňa Slobody, Demänová Ice Cave (Demänovská ľadová jaskyňa), and Važecká Cave (Važecká jaskyňa) are open to the public. The biggest canyon is Hučiaky under Salatín in Ludrová valley near Ružomberok (7 caves - not open for public), suitable for canyoning. The highest waterfall is under Brankov near Ružomberok - Podsuchá (55 m high), reachable by green marked footpath from Podsuchá (20 min). The biggest tarn is Vrbické pleso in the Demänovská dolina Valley.
The mountains are densely forested and their rich fauna includes bear, wolf, and lynx. The alpine meadows are the habitat of chamois.

## National Park

Most of the Low Tatras is protected by the Low Tatras National Park (Národný park Nízke Tatry; abbr. NAPANT), established in 1978. The area of the National Park is 728 km$^2$ (281.08 mi$^2$) and the buffer zone takes 1,102 km$^2$ (425.48 mi$^2$); 1,830 km$^2$ (706.56 mi$^2$) together.

## Tourism

Tourism is very popular in the Tatras. During the winter there are several ski resorts in Low Tatras, for example Jasná, Mýto pod Ďumbierom, and Tále. Not only are these hubs of hiking and cross-country skiing trails, but Jasna is the largest ski resort in Central Europe and is served by the tourist town of Liptovsky Mikulas. Liptovsky Mikulas also offers a range of summer activities such as rafting, kayaking, boating on the lake, fishing, a hot springs aqua park and hiking. There are many places to stay, restaurants and bars in the town. The steep northern slopes of the range are popular with climbers. Other attractions include an 18-hole golf course near Tále. The Path of the heroes of Slovak national uprising follows the axis of the mountain range. At the very top there are several huts or hotels that can offer refuge to those who want to traverse the entire range from east to west. Low Tatras are also a popular destination for Czech tourists.
# Dunbar Simms McLaurin

Dunbar Simms McLaurin (April 6, 1920 - July 10, 1973) was a businessman, bank founder, consultant, and advocate for Black business development in the United States. He was the principal founder of Freedom National Bank.
He was born in Rentiesville, Oklahoma. He graduated from Southwestern College. He restored junked military vehicles in Manila, Philippines.
He was organizing Universal National Bank when he died.

## Writings

* An Examination of the Genesis and Nature of the Recent Reform-recovery Movement. University of Illinois. October 30, 1942.
* GHEDIPLAN; Ghetto Economic Development and Industrialization Plan. Human Resources Administration. 1968.
# Theloderma truongsonense

Theloderma truongsonense, the Truong Son bug-eyed frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam and Laos. It has been observed between 300 and 1300 meters above sea level.
This frog lives in forests on mountains. It has been observed in mountain streams.
The female frog lays 5–12 eggs per clutch on leaves. People have seen the tadpoles swimming in water inside hollow tree trunks.
The IUCN classifies this frog as at least concern of extinction because of its large range. But it does face some threat from habitat loss associated with agriculture, especially for cash crops like coffee, rubber, and tea. The frog's range includes some protected parks: Bach Ma National Park, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Hon Ba Nature Reserve, and Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve.

## Original description

* Orlov N. L.; Ho T. C. (2013). "A new species of Philautus from Vietnam (Anura: Rhacophoridae)". Russ. J. Herpetol. (Abstract). 12 (2): 135–142. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-2005-12-2-135-142 (inactive 1 November 2024). S2CID 220661565.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
# Kudu, Russia

Kudu (Russian: Куду; Yakut: Куду) is a rural locality (a selo), one of two settlements, in addition to Andreyevsky, in Edyugeysky Rural Okrug of Verkhnevilyuysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from Verkhnevilyuysk, the administrative center of the district and 25 kilometers (16 mi) from Botulu. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 80, of whom were 45 male and 35 female, up from 66 as recorded during the 2002 Census.
# Romanenko

Romanenko (Ukrainian: Романенко) is a Ukrainian surname which is derived from the first name Roman (Роман). It can refer to the following people:
* Alexei Romanenko, Russian-American cellist
* Prokofy Romanenko (1897–1949), Soviet general
* Roman Romanenko (born 1971), Russian cosmonaut, son of Yuri Romanenko
* Tetyana Romanenko, Ukrainian football striker
* Vitali Romanenko (1926 – 2010), Ukrainian sport shooter
* Vladimir Romanenko (born 1987), Russian professional footballer
* Volodymyr Romanenko, professional Ukrainian football midfielder
* Vsevolod Romanenko (born 1977), Ukrainian football player
* Yuri Romanenko (born 1944), Soviet cosmonaut
and fictional characters:
# Florence M. Read

Florence Matilda Read (1886 – 1973) was an American college president and academic administrator. She was president of Spelman College from 1927 to 1953, and the acting president of Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) from 1936 to 1937. Read also wrote a book about Spelman College history.

## Early life and education

Florence Matilda Read was born on November 12, 1886, in the village of Delevan in Cattaraugus County, New York. Read received her B.A. degree from Mount Holyoke College in 1909, and served as alumnae secretary.

## Career

In 1911, Read moved to Portland, Oregon where she was secretary to the president of Reed College, a post she held until 1920. During World War I, Read worked at the Council of National Defense in Washington, D.C., and later with the YMCA in France.
From 1920 to 1927, Read served as executive secretary of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

### Spelman College

In 1927, Read was named President of Spelman College a historically black college for women in Atlanta. During her time as president, enrollment almost doubled and the college's reputation in the liberal arts was enhanced. On April 11, 1929, which was also Spelman's 48th celebration of Founder's Day, Read was a co-signer of the Agreement of Affiliation between Spelman College, Morehouse College and Atlanta University. That agreement was signed in President Read's office, and the signees breakfasted together afterward.
While she was president at Spelman, she also became superintendent of Atlanta University and helped make arrangements to incorporate women students at Atlanta University into the Spelman student body and college community.

### Later years

Read was elected Spelman's President Emeritus when she retired in 1953. In 1955, she researched what would later become her history of Spelman College while living in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
Read died on April 29, 1973, in Pomona, California.

## Honors and awards

* Read was awarded an honorary degree by Oberlin College in 1939.
* In 1961 Reed College awarded her an honorary degree.
* In 1962, Mount Holyoke College bestowed on her the Alumnae Medal of Honor.

## Written work

* The Story of Spelman College. Atlanta, Georgia (1961)