OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electromechanical modeling

The purpose of electromechanical modeling is to model and simulate an electromechanical system, such that its physical parameters can be examined before the actual system is built. Parameter estimation utilizing different estimation theory coupled with physical experiments and physical realization by doing proper stability criteria evaluation of the overall system is the major objective of electromechanical modeling. Theory driven mathematical model can be used or applied to other system to judge the performance of the joint system as a whole. This is a well known and proven technique for designing large control system for industrial as well as academic multi-disciplinary complex system. This technique is also being employed in MEMS technology recently.[when?]

## Different types of mathematical modeling

The modeling of purely mechanical systems is mainly based on the Lagrangian which is a function of the generalized coordinates and the associated velocities. If all forces are derivable from a potential, then the time behavior of the dynamical systems is completely determined. For simple mechanical systems, the Lagrangian is defined as the difference of the kinetic energy and the potential energy.
There exists a similar approach for electrical system. By means of the electrical coenergy and well defined power quantities, the equations of motions are uniquely defined. The currents of the inductors and the voltage drops across the capacitors play the role of the generalized coordinates. All constraints, for instance caused by the Kirchhoff laws, are eliminated from the considerations. After that, a suitable transfer function is to be derived from the system parameters which eventually governs the behavior of the system.
In consequence, we have quantities (kinetic and potential energy, generalized forces) which determine the mechanical part and quantities (coenergy, powers) for the description of the electrical part. This offers a combination of the mechanical and electrical parts by means of an energy approach. As a result, an extended Lagrangian format is produced.
# Mike Hinckley

Michael David Hinckley (born October 5, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He grew up in Moore, Oklahoma, where he played high school baseball. He and his wife LeAnna have five children, Cora, Isaac, Livingstone,Rory, and Phillip.

## Baseball career

Hinckley was a 3rd round draft pick by the Montreal Expos (who became the Washington Nationals in 2005) in the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft, as a senior at Moore High School in Moore, Oklahoma. He was added to the Nationals 40-man roster in September 2007 and called up to the majors on September 1, 2008, making his debut the next day and pitching 12⁄3 scoreless innings in relief against the Philadelphia Phillies.
On November 25, 2009, the Baltimore Orioles signed Hinckley to a minor league deal.
On December 21, 2010, the Toronto Blue Jays signed Hinckley to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. He was released on June 27, 2011, after recording a 5.68 ERA in the Blue Jays minor league system.
# Trakhtemyriv

Trakhtemyriv (Ukrainian: Трахтемирів, Polish: Trechtymirów) is a very small village in Cherkasy Raion, Cherkasy Oblast. It belongs to Bobrytsia rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In the past it was a city and quartered the Registered Cossacks of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since 1578. Part of the former city is submerged by the Kaniv Reservoir. The city also included a legendary settlement of Zarub that is mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicles of 1096 and 1168.
As of 2007 the village housed total of only 9 people. From around 2013 the village has no permanent population, and is inhabited mainly during the summer period. The village has no public electricity, water supply or canalisation.
Trakhtemyriv is located to the north from Kaniv.

## History

The first known owner of the territory where village located is starosta of Kaniv and Cherkasy Ostap Dashkevych who lived in the 16th century. After the death of Dashkevych, the settlement with its adjacent territories was transferred to the Kiev Cave Monastery. The transfer was confirmed by the King of Poland Sigismund I the Old. Soon thereafter Trakhtemyriv was raided and destroyed by Tatars. By the mid 16th century it was completely depopulated with a single monk staying at a local monastery. The Kiev Cave Monastery transferred the property to the administration of the Kiev Castle in 1545. In 1552 here were resettled seven families.
With the organization of Registered Cossacks of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1578 by the King of Poland Stephen Báthory, the city was given to the administration of the newly formed military force, while next to the local monastery was built a military hospital (1576).
In 1621 in the city of Trakhtemyriv stopped the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes III of Jerusalem. Following the Pavlyuk Rebellion, Trakhtemyriv was destroyed by the Polish regular army in 1637 and once again by the Ottoman Turkey army in 1678.
Until 18 July 2020 Trakhtemyriv belonged to Kaniv Raion. The raion was abolished as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four. The area of Kaniv Raion was merged into Cherkasy Raion.
# Sadiqa de Meijer

Sadiqa de Meijer is a Canadian poet. Her debut collection, Leaving Howe Island, was a nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language poetry at the 2014 Governor General's Awards and for the 2014 Pat Lowther Award, and her poem "Great Aunt Unmarried" won the CBC's Canada Writes award for poetry in 2012.
She has also published short stories and essays in anthologies and literary magazines, and won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 2021 Governor General's Awards for her book alfabet/alphabet: a memoir of a first language.
In 2022, she was selected to be the Poet Laureate of Kingston, Ontario for a term of four years.
Born in Amsterdam, Netherlands and raised in Canada, she currently resides in Kingston, Ontario.
# Lembesis

Lembesis or Lebesis (Greek: Λεμπέσης) is a Greek surname, deriving from a Turkish word for irregular Albanian bands employed as guards during Ottoman rule, later used for the followers of the rebel Mitromaras. It can refer to:
* Angelos Lembesi (1917–1988), Greek skier
* Polychronis Lembesis (1848–1913), Greek painter
* Spyridon Lebesis (born 1987), Greek javelin thrower
# Shamshir Khaneh

Shamshir Khaneh (Persian: شمشيرخانه, also Romanized as Shamshīr Khāneh; also known as Shamshīr Khānī) is a village in Sardabeh Rural District, in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 7 families.
# Lok, Levice District

Lok (Hungarian: Garamlök) is a village and municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1286.

## Geography

The village lies at an altitude of 196 metres and covers an area of 17.197 km². It has a population of about 980 people.

## Ethnicity

The village is approximately 80% Slovak, 17% Magyar and 3% Romani.

## Facilities

The village has a public library and football pitch.
# National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari

The National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari (Italian: Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari) is a museum in Cagliari, Sardinia (Italy).
The museum houses findings from the pre-Nuragic and Nuragic age to the Byzantine age. These include a large collection of prehistoric bronze statuettes from the Nuragic age, some earlier stone statuettes of female divinities, reconstruction of a Phoenician settlement, the Nora Stone, Carthaginian goldsmith examples, Roman and Italic ceramics and Byzantine jewels.
The museum houses a valuable collection of wax anatomical models made in Florence by the sculptor Clemente Susini from dissections by the anatomist Francesco Antonio Boi between 1801 and 1805. The collection is housed in a pentagonal room. Preparation of the models was funded by Charles Felix (1765-1831), the younger brother of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1759-1824), and the collection was originally held in his Museum of Natural History and Antiquities - these were transferred to the University of Cagliari in 1858, then to the museum in 1991.
The museum itself was formerly an armory. After falling into disrepair, the building was rebuilt by Italian architect Libero Cecchini.
# Zhang Qi (shot putter)

Zhang Qi (Chinese: 张奇; pinyin: Zhāng Qí; born 24 December 1984) is a male Chinese shot putter. His personal best throw is 20.15 metres, achieved in October 2005 in Nanjing.
He won the bronze medal at the 2005 Asian Athletics Championships and finished fifth at the 2006 Asian Games. He also competed at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.
In 2008, he was found guilty of using a banned anabolic agent and banned for four years by the Chinese athletics governing body.
# Kirjath-huzoth

Kirjath-huzoth or Qiryath Chutsoth (Hebrew: קרית חצות, romanized: Qiryaṯ Ḥuṣōṯ), meaning city of streets or (in the Septuagint), city of villages, Numbers 22:39, was a Moabite city which some identify with Kirjathaim in eastern Jordan.
According to a story recorded in Numbers 22–24, Balak, King of Moab, received and entertained the soothsayer Balaam here, whom he had invited from Pethor, among the "mountains of the east," beyond the Euphrates, to lay a curse upon the Israelites, whose progress he had no hope otherwise of arresting. Balak offered a sacrifice of oxen and sheep there. It was probably from the summit of Attarus, the high place near the city, that the soothsayer first saw the encampments of Israel.
# Justin James (baseball)

Justin Duane James (born September 13, 1981) is a former American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics in 2010.
James attended the University of Missouri. He was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 6th round of the 2001 MLB Draft, but did not sign. In 2002, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected again by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 5th round of the 2003 MLB Draft, and signed.
In 2007, James was traded to the Cincinnati Reds. He played for the Reds organization in 2008, but became a minor league free agent. In 2009, James played for the Kansas City T-Bones of the independent Northern League.
The Athletics purchased James' contract in June 2010. He received his first promotion to the major leagues on September 1, 2010, making his major league debut the following day.
On November 2, 2010, James was claimed off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers. He was outrighted to Triple-A on June 27, 2011. James currently lives in Columbia, MO where he coaches baseball and is the operating owner of Nutrishop Columbia, a supplement and nutrition store.
# Fadi Elsalameen

Fadi Elsalameen, sometimes written as Fadi El-Salameen, (born in Hebron on December 12, 1983, Arabic: فادي السلامين) is a non-resident fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and an adjunct senior fellow at the American Security Project, a Washington, DC, think tank, and formerly a fellow with the New America Foundation's American Strategy Program.

## Political life

Elsalameen is a critic of the current Palestinian government. Elsalameen is also part of a new non-partisan Palestinian youth movement that calls for nonviolent reform in the Palestinian territories.

## Fund for Palestinian students

Elsalameen, through the Fadi Elsalameen fund for students in need (Arabic: صندوق فادي السلامين للطالب المحتاج), funds around 30 Palestinian students annually to go to Hebron University (Arabic: جامعة الخليل) and Al-Quds University (Arabic: جامعة القدس) where they focus on fields of studies such as economics, engineering, and medicine.
# T. A. Goudge

Thomas Anderson Goudge FRSC (1910–1999) was a Canadian philosopher and university professor.

## Career

He was born on January 19, 1910, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of Thomas Norman and Effie (Anderson) Goudge. He graduated from the Halifax Academy in 1927, and studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1931 and a Master of Arts degree in 1932 from Dalhousie University. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Toronto in 1937 (he was a student of George Sidney Brett) after having briefly studied from 1936 to 1937 at Harvard University. He married Helen Beryl Christilaw in Blind River, Ontario, on June 23, 1936, and had one son, the jurist Stephen T. Goudge and five grandchildren, Jennifer, Suzanne, Daniel, Timothy and Amy.
He became an interim lecturer on philosophy at Waterloo College in 1934 and later served as a tutor, fellow and then lecturer in philosophy at Queen's University from 1935 to 1938. He lectured in philosophy at Toronto after that, becoming an assistant professor in 1940, an associate professor in 1945 and a full professor in 1949. He also served on the editorial committee of the University of Toronto Quarterly from 1951 on, serving as acting editor in 1955. In 1963, he became Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Toronto. Goudge was influential in developing the noosphere concept.
He served in the Second World War, joining the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1943 as a sub-lieutenant. He was discharged at the end of the war in 1945 with the rank of a Lieutenant-Commander.
He wrote Bergson's Introduction to Metaphysics (1949), The Thought of C. S. Peirce (1950), The Ascent of Life (1961, winning the Governor General's Award) and many articles on philosophy and related subjects. He was a member of the American Philosophical Association, the Mind Association and the Humanities Association of Canada; he also served as President of the Canadian Philosophy Association in 1964 and as President of the Charles S. Peirce Society from 1957 to 1959. He was noted for his passion for oil painting.
He died on June 20, 1999, in Toronto, Ontario.

## Publications

* Bergson's Introduction to Metaphysics (1949)
* The Thought of C. S. Peirce (1950)
* The Ascent of Life: A Philosophical Study of the Theory of Evolution (1961)
# Bromus alopecuros

Bromus alopecuros is a species of brome grass known by the common name weedy brome.
It is native to the Mediterranean basin, and it is known in other places, including Australia, South Africa, and California, as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It is an annual grass producing stems up to 80 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a dense packet of spikelets with tangling, curved awns.

## Description

Bromus alopecuros grows 10–80 cm (3.9–31.5 in) tall, with smooth leaf sheathes and a ligule with hairs on its margins. Its leaves are 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) long and have hairy surfaces. Its inflorescence is an open panicle with stiff branches, growing 6–20 cm (2.4–7.9 in) long. Its spikelets are appressed, and are sessile when fertile. The fertile spikelets are lanceolate or ovate in shape, growing 2.4–4.5 cm (0.94–1.77 in) long. Its glumes are shorter than the spikelets, and both upper and lower glumes are lanceolate. Upper glumes are 11–20 mm (0.43–0.79 in) long and lower glumes are 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Though Bromus alopecuros is native to the east Mediterranean and northern Africa, it is introduced in many subtropical areas, including California, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania.
# Horbenko

Horbenko or Gorbenko (Ukrainian: Горбенко) is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anastasia Gorbenko (born 2003), Israeli swimmer
* Hennadiy Horbenko (born 1975), Ukrainian hurdler
* Ihor Horbenko, Ukrainian Paralympic athlete
* Leonid Gorbenko (1939–2010), Russian politician
* Sergiy Gorbenko (born 1985), Ukrainian basketball player
* Natalia Gorbenko (born 1970), Ukrainian figure skater
* Svitlana Horbenko (born 1985), Ukrainian Paralympic athlete
# Oscar Montelius

Gustaf Oscar Augustin Montelius, known as Oscar Montelius (9 September 1843 – 4 November 1921) was a Swedish archaeologist who refined the concept of seriation, a relative chronological dating method.

## Biography

Oscar Montelius refined the concept of typology, a relative chronological dating method. Typology is the procedure of working out a chronology by arranging material remains of a cultural tradition in the order that produces the most consistent patterning of their cultural traits. Typologies are the basis for seriation, a technique developed by English Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) based on his excavations in Egypt.
Montelius' impetus was at first to provide relative dates for artifacts in museum collections that often lacked rigorous records, by making comparisons with other artifacts within a comparable geographical area. Montelius' method created a timeline specific to the location, based on material remains. Later, when combined with written historical references, objects could be provided absolute dates. He took the three-age system (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age), originally devised by Danish antiquarian Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788–1865) to organize Danish museum collections of archaeological materials, and sub-divided it further. He divided the Neolithic in Scandinavia into four numbered periods, I-IV, and the Nordic Bronze Age into six I-VI. He was the first to establish that the numerous Swedish petroglyphs were from the Nordic Bronze Age, by comparing axes portrayed in the petroglyphs with archaeological finds. Further he supported Thomsen's typology of gold bracteates from the migration period.
By taking calendrical dates from the recently deciphered hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt, Montelius employed a complex system of cross-dating through typologies and associated finds to apply absolute dates to archaeological finds and features all over Europe. His diffusionist theories were eventually displaced by more complex views of cultural interaction but following refinement his system of sub-divisions is still effectively in use. Montelius was made a member of the Swedish Academy in 1917.

## Personal life

Oscar Montelius was married to Swedish philanthropist and feminist Agda Montelius née Reuterskiöld (1850–1920). They are buried in a dolmen grave (a type of grave that was common in Sweden during the Nordic Bronze Age) in Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna, Sweden.
# Parapharyngodon colonensis

Parapharyngodon colonensis is a species of gastrointestinal nematodes that completes its life cycle in lizards, first found in Panama.
# Aram Safrastyan

Aram Khachaturi Safrastyan (Armenian: Արամ Խաչատուրի Սաֆրաստյան; 14 July 1888 – 12 July 1966) was an Armenian orientalist and Turkologist. He was a fellow of the Institute of History and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR.

## Biography

Aram Safrastyan was born in 1888 in the Aygestan neighborhood of Van, Ottoman Empire to the family of a teacher. He studied at the Secondary Central School of Aygestan, after which he worked as a teacher at the Haynkuyser School of Van, and then at schools in Aghtamar Monastery, Bayazet and Şebinkarahisar. In 1911 he left for Constantinople and was admitted to the Faculty of Humanities of the Higher Pedagogical Institute, which soon merged with the faculty of the same name of Istanbul University. In 1915, after graduating from university with honors, Safrastyan went to work as a teacher at the Galatasaray College in the Pera district of Constantinople, where he taught from 1915 to 1917. Safrastyan joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in his youth and was the head of the ARF party organization in Constantinople at one point after World War I.
In September 1919, Safrastyan and his family were forced to flee to Armenia. He was elected to the parliament of the First Republic of Armenia as a representative from Western Armenia. Safrastyan moved to Tiflis (Tbilisi) in 1920.
In the 1920s, Safrastyan contributed to the creation of the Latin-based Azerbaijani alphabet created to replace the Arabic script theretofore used. He also contributed to the Azerbaijani-language newspapers Yeni Yol and Dan Yıldız published in Tbilisi. In 1926, Safrastyan participated in the All-Union Turkological Congress convened in Baku as a deputy of from the Georgian SSR. Safrastyan was arrested during the Great Purge and imprisoned from 1937 to 1939. He was later exiled to Siberia and remained there from 1949 to 1955. After returning from exile, he moved to Yerevan, capital of the Armenian SSR. He died there in 1966. Safrastyan's grandson Ruben is also a noted Armenian Turkologist.

## Sources

* Sahakyan, Ṛ. (1963). "Avagaguyn tʻurkʻagetě" [The most senior Turkologist]. HSSṚ GA Teghekagir Hasarakakan Gitutʻyunneri = Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences (8): 117–120.
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# Basilica of St. John the Baptist, Saarbrücken

The Basilica of St. John the Baptist (German: Basilika St. Johannes der Täufer ) also called Saarbrücken Basilica Is a catholic basilica located in the market of St. John (St. Johannes) in Saarbrücken in Germany.
The temple of St. John was administered at the time of the Reformation by a noble Protestant and only one chapel, the chapel of St. John, was assigned to those who remained faithful to the Catholic faith. In the eighteenth century, under the French government of Louis XIV, the Catholic population grew. Next, they financed the construction of a Basilica, which was the only religious building built on the site for a hundred years. The Basilica of St. John was built on the site of the chapel of the same name by the architect Friedrich Joachim Stengel between 1754 and 1758.
The Basilica was remodeled, destroyed and restored several times. The interior has been redesigned according to the original baroque between 1972 and 1975. The Basilica obtained its present name by a decision of Pope Paul VI, who made it a Basilica. The Basilica is part of a parish with five churches .
In addition to Catholic masses, organ concerts are regularly held.
# Peerie Cunningham

Henry "Peerie" Cunningham (9 January 1898 – 17 September 1972) was a Scottish footballer who played as a forward, initially being deployed on the right wing or in a creative role but later recording a high scoring rate as a central striker. He spent his early years in junior football in Ayrshire before five seasons at Ayr United, then six at regional rivals Kilmarnock after Ayr were relegated from the top division in 1925.
Cunningham won the Scottish Cup with Kilmarnock in 1929 and set club records for top seasonal goalscorer in the Scottish Football League (34 from 35 appearances) and both major competitions (36 from 39), both in the 1927–28 season; the overall record was soon beaten in 1933 by his replacement in the Killie side, Bud Maxwell, while the league record was equalled by Andy Kerr in 1961 (playing one match fewer).
At representative level he played in an international trial during his time at Ayr United in 1924, but never received a full cap for Scotland.