OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# August von Clemm

August Ritter von Clemm (8 December 1837 in Gießen – 28 October 1910 in Haardt) was a German businessman and politician.

## Life and entrepreneurial career

After studying chemistry, Clemm relocated to Mannheim in 1862 to work for the Sonntag, Engelhorn & Clemm aniline fabrication company which had been founded by his brother Carl Clemm and Friedrich Engelhorn. In 1865, he founded BASF with his brother, Engelhorn, Seligmann Ladenburg, Friedrich Reiß and others and took over the management of aniline production in Ludwigshafen. When he became the representative of Engelhorn 1869, he left in 1882, BASF in a dispute with his brother. After the departure of Carl Clemm in 1885, Clemm went back to the supervisory board, which he headed from 1897 to 1903.
From 1872 to 1898, Clemm was President of the Palatine Trade and Commerce Bank (German: Pfälzischen Handels- und Gewerbebank) and in 1886 he co-founded the Palatine Mortgage Bank (German: Pfälzischen Hypothekenbank). In addition, Clemm was chairman of the board until the nationalization of the Palatine railways.

## Political career

From 1883 to 1899, Clemm was one for the National Liberal Party members of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies (German: der Bayerischen Abgeordnetenkammer des Königreichs Bayern). In 1893, Clemm became its Vice-President and from 1897 to 1899, he served as its President.

## Honours

In 1892, Clemm was awarded with an honorary citizenship from the city of Ludwigshafen. In 1893, he was elevated to the status of nobility, and was thereafter known titled Ritter von Clemm and made a member of the Bavarian Imperial Council (German: Reichsrat).

## Literature

* Gustaf Jacob: Friedrich Engelhorn: Der Gründer der Badischen Anilin- und Sofa-Fabrik. Mannheim 1959
* Peter Ruf: Ludwigshafener Abgeordnete im Landtag, Reichstag und Bundestag. Ludwigshafen 1993, ISBN 3-924667-20-9
* Stadtarchiv der Stadt Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Hg.): Geschichte der Stadt Ludwigshafen am Rhein: Bd. 1: Von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges. Ludwigshafen am Rhein 2003, ISBN 3-924667-35-7
# Jean-Claude-Républicain Arnoux

Jean-Claude-Républicain Arnoux (Le Cateau-Cambrésis (1792-12-16)16 December 1792 – 1866) was a French civil engineer known for his invention of the Arnoux system for articulating trains on tight curves. As an entrepreneur he founded and directed the Compagnie de Paris à Orsay, which constructed and operated the line from Paris to Orsay and is now part of the Ligne de Sceaux. It opened on 6 June 1846.

## Biography

Jean-Claude-Républicain Arnoux was born at Le Cateau-Cambrésis in the Nord department of France on 16 December 1792. His father was a postmaster. In 1811 he entered the École polytechnique and became a lieutenant in the Artillery under the French First Empire, before being decommissioned on 16 July 1815.
He became an administrator for Laffitte et Caillard, a Messageries Générales company (courier service), supervising a workshop for the construction of stagecoaches and cargo vehicles.
Between 1845 and 1852 he built the rail line from Paris to Strasbourg, after doing scientific research at the École Centrale. In 1838 he published essays concerning his system for carriages on large curves. On 9 March 1841 he made a proposal for a railway from Paris to Meaux, although it was not enacted.
He is best known as the inventor of the Arnoux system (French: système ferroviaire dit Arnoux), which was used on the first Ligne de Sceaux on 6 June 1846. This system used trains with articulated axles, such that the movements of the axles were guided by chains and pulleys, so that they could negotiate tight curves at high speed. He won the Grand Prix de Mécanique de l'Institut from the French Academy of Sciences in 1839.
By an Order of 6 September 1844 he won the operator's concession for the Ligne de Sceaux for 50 years. Work started in the middle of 1845, under the direction and assistance of his two sons-in-law. Lalanne worked on the route, earthworks and infrastructure. He worked later to extend the route as far as Robinson in 1893 and managed the branches from Bourg-la-Reine and Palaiseau to Orsay. Alexis Dulong worked on procurement, for the track and stations. Arnoux's solution was not without its problems, and twenty years later it was replaced with a more standard solution.
The first line was from the Barrière d'Enfer ("Hell's Gate") (now Denfert-Rochereau) to Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. According to the timetables, in the year 1868 it ran to Paris every hour on the hour from 6am to 10pm and from Paris to Sceaux hourly from 6.47am to 10.47pm. The price in first class was 75 centimes, in second class 75 centimes, and in third class 45 centimes. Parisians who wanted to enjoy the countryside used it to get to Bals de Sceaux and Guinguettes de Robinson.
Arnoux had previously provided diligences for the Paris - Orléans journey from 10 June 1843; he hadn't foreseen their redundancy. This operation was first used on the first French (and first continental European) line, opened on 30 June 1827 between Paris and Saint-Étienne and 1 March 1832 to Andrézieux.
Arnoux died in 1866.

## Legacy

In Bourg-la-Reine a road following the old route of the first Ligne de Sceaux is named after Arnoux.
# Shah Babak

Shah Babak (Persian: شه بابك, also Romanized as Shah Bābak and Shāh Bābak; also known as Shāh Bāvegh) is a village in Jakdan Rural District, in the Central District of Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 448, in 114 families.
# William the Good, Count of Bordeaux

William the Good (French: Guillaume le Bon) was the count of Bordeaux in the final decades of the 10th century. The last recorded count of Bordeaux before him was Amalvinus, who flourished in the first decade of the century. Little is known of his rule, which may have been occupied by defence against Viking raids. On his death the County of Bordeaux passed to Duke William Sánchez of Gascony.
An early 11th-century notice attributed to Hugh, bishop of Agen, in the History of the Abbey of Condom (Latin Historia abbatiae Condomensis) says that at the time when William the Good was captured, probably by Vikings, Hugh's uncle, Duke William of Gascony, made a donation to the Abbey of Condom, which Hugh had founded.
There were conflicting traditions in the 12th century over whether the Abbey of Sainte-Croix in Bordeaux, which had been destroyed by Vikings, was restored by William the Good before 977 or by Duke William V of Aquitaine in 1027. Since William V certainly had non influence in Bordeaux in 1027, it seems likely that the two Williams were confused and that the actual founder was the obscure Count of Bordeaux. This is supported by a papal bull issued by Urban II on 27 April 1099, which states that "William of good memory, the count of Bordeaux, by his right granted" the abbey an endowment and the right to rebuild.
According to documents from Sainte-Croix, William's father was Raymond and his mother was Entregodis (Andregoto), probably the daughter of that name of Duke García II Sánchez of Gascony. The name Raymond may indicate a family connection to the Counts of Toulouse. If this genealogy is correct, William was the first cousin of William Sánchez, and the latter was his heir. William was succeeded as count sometime between 977 and 988.
# Bishehgah

Bishehgah (Persian: بيشه گاه) is a village in, and the capital of, Baham Bar Rural District of Ziabar District, Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 349 in 79 households, when it was in Ziabar Rural District of the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 308 people in 85 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 270 people in 90 households.
After the census, the rural district was separated from the district in the formation of Ziabar District. Bishehgah was transferred to Baham Bar Rural District created in the new district.
# Kasegan-e Sofla

Kasegan-e Sofla (Persian: كاسگان سفلي, also Romanized as Kāsegān-e Soflá; also known as Kāsegān-e Pā’īn) is a village in Vardasht Rural District, in the Central District of Semirom County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 203, in 38 families.
# Trift Bridge

The Trift Bridge (German: Triftbrücke) is a pedestrian-only suspension bridge in the Swiss Alps. The bridge is a simple suspension bridge design spanning 170 metres (560 ft) at a height of 100 metres (330 ft).
The Trift Bridge spans the lake, Triftsee, near Gadmen, Switzerland, an area that receives approximately 20,000 visitors per year to see the Trift Glacier. An earlier bridge was built in 2004, as the glacier was no longer high enough to take visitors to the Trift Hut of the Swiss Alpine Club. A replacement bridge was opened on 12 June 2009. It is one of the longest and highest pedestrian bridges in the Alps. The old bridge stands today in the canton of Uri with the name Salbitbrücke.
Reaching the bridge requires taking a cable car in Meiringen, followed by a gondola. Finally, a difficult 1.5 hour uphill hike leads to the bridge.
# Jameh Shuran

Jameh Shuran (Persian: جامه شوران, also Romanized as Jāmeh Shūrān; also known as Jamaishūrāu and Jameh Shūrā’ū) is a village in Panjeh Ali Rural District, in the Central District of Qorveh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 320, in 77 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Integrated Transport System

The Integrated Transport System for Lima and Callao (Spanish: Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Lima y Callao; SIT) is an urban public transportation system that operates in the Lima metropolitan area, made up of the Peruvian cities of Lima and Callao. Its administration is in charge of the Urban Transport Authority (ATU).

## History

Its origins date back to June 2011, when municipal ordinance No. 1538 was issued, which froze the public transportation vehicle registry. With this measure, it was achieved that no other smaller vehicle, van or minibus, was registered for passenger transportation in the Urban Transportation Management (GTU), of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima.
A year later, in June 2012, the creation of the first SIT was established by municipal ordinance No. 1613. At that time, the focus of the system was the implementation of the current complementary corridors, whose jurisdiction was limited to Lima Province. Many public transportation companies authorized by the GTU formed a consortium to be able to participate in route bidding under the requirements established by Protransporte (currently ATU), the municipal entity in charge of this process.
The implementation of the corridors was not without problems, since several of the routes authorized by the municipality of Callao circulated along Lima avenues and had to be shortened or diverted. Given this, the public demand of the transporters from Callao to the then mayor of Lima Susana Villarán became evident. In 2014, Mayor Villarán announced that the road corridor would be built to begin the transportation reform.
Its definition as such appears for the first time in article 4 of Law No. 30900, promulgated in December 2018. In 2023, only 11 districts of the 43 that make up Metropolitan Lima were connected to the fast bus line known as the Metropolitan Corridor.
# West Indian Political Congress Movement

The West Indian Political Congress Movement was a political party in Trinidad and Tobago. It contested the 1981 general elections, but received just 130 votes and failed to win a seat. The party did not contest any further national elections.
# Khalaj, Ardabil

Khalaj (Persian: خلج) is a village in Arshaq Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 4 families.
# AD 17 Lydia earthquake

The AD 17 Lydia earthquake caused the destruction of at least twelve cities in the region of Lydia in the Roman province of Asia in Asia Minor (now part of Turkey). The earthquake was recorded by the Roman historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder, and the Greek historians Strabo and Eusebius. Pliny called it "the greatest earthquake in human memory" (Nat. Hist. 2:86 §200). The city of Sardis, the former capital of the Lydian Empire, was the most affected and never completely recovered from the destruction.

## Damage

Historical records list up to fifteen towns and cities that were destroyed or damaged by the earthquake: Sardis, Magnesia, Temnos, Philadelphia, Aegae, Apollonis, Mostene, Hyrkanis, Hierapolis, Myrina, Cyme, Tmolus, Pergamon, Ephesus and Kibyra. Of these, Pergamon, Ephesus and Kibyra are not mentioned by Tacitus. The record of damage at both Ephesus and Kibyra may refer instead to an earthquake in AD 23. In Pergamon the Heroon of Diodoros Pasparos was remodelled after the earthquake.

## Earthquake

There are very few extant details for this earthquake. It is known that it occurred during the night, in AD 17 and that it affected a series of cities. A variety of epicenters have been used in catalogues, near Ephesus in the NGDC database, at Sardis in the CFTI4MED database and near Magnesia in the IISEE catalogue.

## Aftermath

The Roman Emperor, Tiberius, agreed to waive all taxes due from Sardis and the other cities for a period of five years after the earthquake. He further sent Sardis ten million sesterces and appointed Marcus Ateius, an ex-Praetor, to assess their needs. In recognition of the aid received and the tributes that were waived, twelve of the cities raised a colossal statue in Tiberius' honour in Julius Caesar's Forum in Rome, with each of the cities represented by a recognisable figure. Two additional figures were added later, representing Kibyra and Ephesus as they had also received aid from Tiberius. A copy of this statue, with the figures transferred to a frieze around the base, was erected in Puteoli where it can still be seen.
A statue was raised in Tiberius' honour at Sardis in AD 43, with an inscription calling him the "founder of the city". Another incomplete inscription, found at Sardis, is thought to have been a copy of a formal document from the cities to the emperor expressing their gratitude. The surviving part includes signatories from representatives of eight of the cities.
Commemorative coins were struck in AD 22–23 in Rome, showing Tiberius with the inscription "CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS" (RPC I.2.48) or "to the cities of Asia restored". Provincial coins were also struck, including one from the city of Magnesia, bearing the inscription "ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΝ" or "Tiberius Augustus Founder".
Some of the restored cities changed their names in honour of the emperor. Hieracome became Hierocaesarea, Kibyra added Caesarea after its name, Philadelphia was renamed Neocaesarea, and Sardis added "Caesarea" briefly to its name.
# War Babies (2002 film)

War Babies (French: War Babies, nés de la haine) is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Raymonde Provencher and released in 2002. Centred on the prevalence of rape as a tool of war, the film focuses in large part on Ryan, an adopted Canadian man who is travelling back to his birthplace in Bangladesh to learn more about his history as the product of a Pakistani soldier raping a Bangladeshi woman during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
The film also highlights the stories of Savera, a mother of seven children who were all murdered during the Rwandan genocide, who was then raped repeatedly when she tried to find safety; Nusreta, a Bosnian woman who was raped during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s; Mrs. Chung, a Korean woman who became pregnant when the Japanese army forced her into serving as a comfort woman during World War II. She had a son, who recently discovered his father's true Japanese identity; and Hailing, a young woman who was the product of her mother being raped by guerrillas during the Nicaraguan Revolution.
The film premiered in November 2002 at the Montreal International Documentary Festival, and had a brief theatrical run in Montreal in December, before being broadcast by Télé-Québec in February 2003 as an episode of the documentary series L'Œil ouvert.

## Awards

It was subsequently screened at the 2003 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, where it was named the winner of the Hot Docs Audience Award.
It won four Gémeaux Awards in 2003, for Best Documentary, Best Research, Best Editing and Best Sound.

## Legacy

The film was slated to be screened in a retrospective of Provencher's films at Hot Docs in 2020. When the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the retrospective was postponed instead of taking place as part of the online program, and instead was staged at the 2022 festival.
# Nansen (disambiguation)

Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) was a Norwegian polar explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate.
Nansen may also refer to:

## People

* Nansen (surname)
* Nansen Fugan, the Japanese name for the Tang dynasty Chan (Zen) Buddhist master Nanquan Puyuan

## Ships

* Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate, the main surface combatant units of the Royal Norwegian Navy
* HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (1930), a Norwegian coast guard ship
* HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310), a 2004 frigate of the Royal Norwegian Navy

## Places

* Cape Nansen, headland in the Greenland Sea, east Greenland
* Mount Nansen (Antarctica)
* Mount Fridtjof Nansen, Antarctica
* Mount Nansen (Yukon) in Yukon, Canada
* Nansen Island (disambiguation)
* Nansen Land, Greenland
* Nansen (lunar crater)
* Nansen (Martian crater)
* Nansen Sound, a strait in Nunavut, Canada, between Ellesmere Island and Axel Heiberg Island
* Fridtjof Nansen Peninsula, SE Greenland

## Organisations

* Nansen International Office for Refugees (French: Office international Nansen pour les réfugiés), a 1930–1939 League of Nations organization
* Nansen Institute, an independent research foundation in Norway
* Nansenhjelpen, also known as Nansen Relief in English, a Norwegian humanitarian organisation

## Other

* The Nansen Refugee Award
* Nansen (biography), a 1940 children's biography of the explorer by Anna Gertrude Hall
* Nansen (cat), ship's cat on Belgica during the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in 1897–98
* Nansen passport, internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees
* Nansen bottle, an oceanographic sampling device
# Bani Bid

Bani Bid (Persian: باني بيد, also Romanized as Bānī Bīd; also known as Bān Bīd and Bānbīl) is a village in Qalkhani Rural District, Gahvareh District, Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 295, in 65 families.
# Estudiantil Porteño

Club Atlético Estudiantil Porteño, mostly known as Estudiantil Porteño is an Argentine sports club, located in the Ramos Mejía district of Greater Buenos Aires.
The institution hosts many activities such as artistic roller skating, basketball, football, futsal, gymnastics, handball, karate roller hockey, swimming, tennis and volleyball.

## History

The football team gained relevance during the years it played in the top division of Argentine football, the Primera División, having made its debut in the 1913 season.
When in 1931 football became professional in Argentina with the creation of dissident Liga Argentina de Football, Estudiantil Porteño stayed in the official league that had remained amateur. The club won the 1931 (defeating Almagro 3–1 at the final) and 1934 (played in a round-robin format) titles, just before both leagues merged and all the amateur league teams were relegated to the Second Division because of the merging.
Estudiantil Porteño played at the second division only 4 seasons, disaffiliating from the Association at the end of the 1938 tournament. Since then, the club has not played any football championship organised by the Argentine Association.

## Honours
### National

* Primera División (2): 1931, 1934
# Sirnach railway station

Sirnach railway station (German: Bahnhof Sirnach) is a railway station in the municipality of Sirnach, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge St. Gallen–Winterthur line of Swiss Federal Railways.

## Services

The following services stop at Sirnach:
* Zürich S-Bahn: S12/S35: half-hourly service between Winterthur and Wil; the S12 continues from Winterthur to Brugg AG.
# Philip Aldridge

Philip Brendan Aldridge ONZM (born 28 February 1960) is a British-born actor and arts leader who has been the chief executive of New Zealand's Arts Centre te Matatiki Toi Ora in Christchurch since mid-2018. Prior to this he was the chief executive of New Zealand's largest theatre company, the Court Theatre in Christchurch, and chairman of the Bank of New Zealand in Canterbury. In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, Aldridge was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to theatre, particularly after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. He was born in St Andrews, Scotland and raised in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire in England.
# Church of St. Joseph the Betrothed, Vilnius

Church of St. Joseph the Betrothed (Lithuanian: Vilniaus Šv. Juozapo sužadėtinio bažnyčia, Polish: Kościół św. Józefa Oblubieńca) is a demolished Roman Catholic church in Vilnius' Old Town, which previously was located in Arklių St. The church was established in 1638 by the Vice-Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Stefan Pac and was used by the Carmelites. In 1877 the Church of St. Joseph the Betrothed was demolished by the tsar's order, to be replaced by a market (presently it is a square).

## Gallery

* Painting of the Church of St. Joseph the Betrothed
* Church of St. Joseph the Betrothed
* Demolition of the church in 1877
# Roman Catholic Theological Institute of Iași

The Sf. Iosif Roman Catholic Theological Institute is a private university, with a Catholic character and liturgical tradition, in Iaşi, Romania, founded in 1886.

## Structure

* Faculty of Catholic Theology
# Monts-de-Puvirnituq National Park Reserve

The réserve de parc national des Monts-de-Puvirnituq is a protected area located in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada. The 3,159 kilometres (1,962.91 mi) territory is located northwest of Akulivik.
The Puvirnituq Mountains are a chain of parallel hills formed by the successive folding of the Earth's crust.

## Fauna and flora

The national park reserve is one of few areas in Quebec where polar bears give birth to their young. It is also the only whistling swan nesting area in Quebec. The park is also frequented by a herd of caribou from the Rivière aux Feuilles.
Being more than 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of the treeline, and having a growing season of only 70 days per year, vegetation is mostly shrub in the valleys, with the top of the hills dominated by mosses and lichen.