OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Old Wolfstein Castle

Old Wolfstein Castle (German: Burg Alt-Wolfstein, also called the Altes Schloß), is a ruined hillside castle on the eastern slopes of the Königsberg at the narrowest point in the Lauter valley near Wolfstein in the county of Kusel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

## History

Old Wolfstein was probably built under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa around 1160/70 to guard and administer the Imperial Estate around Kaiserslautern.
The castle is first recorded in 1275 as Woluistein. At that time it was occupied by imperial ministeriales.
In the 14th century the castle acted as security (Pfandobjekt), and, as an imperial pledge (Reichspfand), ended up in the possession of the counts of Sponheim and counts of Veldenz. Baldwin of Luxembourg made several unsuccessful attempts to acquire the castle through an imperial mortgage (Reichspfandschaft).
Repeated raids on the castle defenders, who came from Sponheim ministeriales families, led to armed conflicts. In 1362 the Bishop of Speyer occupied the castle; in 1400 the Archbishops of Mainz and Trier, the Duke of Lorraine and Count Palatine Rupert III besieged the castle. As a consequence, Electoral Palatinate received a quarter of the castle.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Electoral Palatinate and the Duchy of Zweibrücken fought for possession of the castle. The dispute ended in 1504 with its destruction by Prince-Elector Philip of the Palatinate. After that, Old Wolfstein was allowed to fall into ruin.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the ruins came into the possession of the Kingdom of Bavaria and, since 1963, have been managed by the Castle Authorities of Rhineland-Palatinate (Schlösserverwaltung von Rheinland-Pfalz). The latter carried out safety work on the walls in the years 1979 to 1981 and 1985 to 1986. The remains of the castle ruins include a 20-metre-high bergfried.

## Site

From the platform of the pentangular bergfried there is a very good view of the surrounding area. The walls of the small cast are a well preserved example of High Hohenstaufen architecture. Another feature of this design is the elongated tip of the side of the bergfried facing the likely direction of attack. To the north of the ruins on a steep hillside is rubble from an old wall, which is evidence of the formerly, lower lying outer ward of the castle. From 1961 to 1975 remains of a castle residence (Burghaus), a gate tower and a water well were uncovered.

## Accident

A close observation of the interior wall of the ruined bergfried reveals at a certain height the handle and rear part of a trowel. This tool was probably embedded there by workmen in memory of a colleague who fell and was killed during restoration work. This trowel is supposed to have been worked into the wall at the exact height from which the man fell (the exact date must be before 1970, but cannot be more precisely estimated).
# Bienvenue Basala-Mazana

Bienvenue Basala-Mazana (born 2 January 1992) is a German former professional footballer who played as a right-back.

## Club career

Basala-Mazana won the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship with the Germany U17 national team.
In January 2020, he returned to the pitch after three years without a club, signing with German amateur club FC 08 Viktoria Arnoldsweiler.

## Honours

Germany U17
* UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2009
# Max Gottwald

Max Gottwald (born 13 September 2000) is a German footballer who most recently played in the United States for South Florida Bulls.
# Stephan Gusche

Stephan Gusche (born 13 February 1990) is a German former footballer.
# Leon Hammel

Leon Hammel (born 24 April 1996) is a German footballer who plays as a right-back for SC Hessen Dreieich.
# Michael Heinloth

Michael Heinloth (born 9 February 1992) is a German professional footballer who plays as a right-back.

## Club career

Heinloth joined SC Paderborn 07 in 2014 from 1. FC Nürnberg. He made his Bundesliga debut at 20 September 2014 against Hannover 96 in a 2–0 home win. He played the first 71 minutes, before being substituted by Stefan Kutschke.
On 18 July 2016, he signed a two-year contract at NEC Nijmegen.
On 20 July 2018, he signed a year contract at Zagłębie Sosnowiec. He made his debut in an Ekstraklasa match against Zagłębie Lubin on 3 October 2018.
# Marco Kaffenberger

Marco Kaffenberger (born 9 July 1996) is a German footballer who plays as a defender for Hessenliga club SV Unter-Flockenbach.
# Tommy Kind

Tommy Kind (born 2 March 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a centre-back for SpVgg Erlangen.

## Career

Kind made his professional debut for Rot-Weiß Erfurt in the 3. Liga on 3 November 2012, coming on as a substitute in the 90th minute for Nils Pfingsten-Reddig in the 2–3 away loss against Preußen Münster.
# Pascal Itter

Pascal Itter (born 3 April 1995) is a German professional footballer who most recently played as a right-back for FC Kray.

## Career

Itter has played for 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Schalke 04, SV Grödig, SC Paderborn and Chemnitzer FC.

## Honours

Individual
* Fritz Walter Medal U17 Bronze: 2012
# Noah Korczowski

Noah Korczowski (born 8 January 1994) is a German footballer who plays as a defender for Oberliga Niederrhein club TSV Meerbusch.

## Career

In 1998 Korczowski started playing soccer in his home town at TSV Marl-Hüls, and in 2003 he moved to another district at VfL Drewer. After two years, he went to the neighboring town Herten in the SG Langenbochum. In 2006, he finally switched to FC Schalke 04. From there, he was nominated for various youth national teams of the DFB and also made four appearances at the U-17 World Cup 2011 in Mexico, most recently in the match for third place, which Germany won against Brazil. He won the German U-19 championship with Schalke 04. After finishing first in Group West with Schalke, he played against Bayern Munich in the final. For the 2012–13 season, Korczowski was defeated by Bundesliga club 1. FC Nürnberg. He made his first appearance there on 21 July 2021 in the farewell game for Marek Mintál, when he came on in the 85th minute.
From then on, he played with the second team in the Regionalliga Bayern. On November 3, 2012, he finally made his first professional appearance in a home win against VfL Wolfsburg; he was substituted in the 87th minute. On 30 January 2014, Korczowski moved to the Second Team (U-23) of VfL Wolfsburg. His contract ran until 30 June 2016. For the 2016–17 season he moved to 1. FSV Mainz 05 II in the 3rd league. With the Mainz reserve team, he was relegated to the Regionalliga Südwest. For the 2018–19 season, he moved to SG Wattenscheid 09 in the Regionalliga West. During the winter break, he switched to league rivals Rot-Weiss Essen. After half a year, he also left RWE again and joined the regional league TuS Haltern.
# Dictyna saepei

Dicktina saenpai is a species of mesh web weaver in the spider family Dictynidae. It is found in the United States.
# Arno Trail

The Arno Trail (German: Arnoweg) is an approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) long-distance trail through the Austrian Alps. The highest point is atop the Sonnblick (3,106 metres [10,190 ft]) near Bad Gastein, and in total the trail has over 57,000 metres (35 mi) of elevation gain. The highest elevations are in the western portion of the trail, in the Kalkberge, Pinzgauer Grasberge and Keesberge. The Arno Trail forms a loop which passes through such towns as Salzburg, Neukirchen, Bad Gastein and Nußdorf. It runs predominantly through Austria, although two stages pass through Germany's Berchtesgaden Alps and by the Königssee. The trail can be completed in just over 60 stages, many of which end at alpine huts run by the Austrian Alpine Club. It can be shortened by just under a week by crossing from Fuschl immediately to Salzburg in two stages and thus avoiding seven stages in the relatively low-lying foothills.
# Bottom

Bottom may refer to:

## Anatomy and sex

* Bottom (BDSM), the partner in a BDSM who takes the passive, receiving, or obedient role, to that of the top or dominant
* Bottom (sex), a term used by gay couples and BDSM
* Buttocks or bottom, part of the anatomy on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans, and many other bipeds or quadrupeds

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Bottom (TV series), a British sitcom and stage show
* "Bottom", a song by Puddle of Mudd from Life on Display
* "Bottom", a song by Tool from Undertow
* Bottom, a 2011 film by Todd Verow
* Nick Bottom, a character from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
* The Bottoms (novel), a 2000 novel by Joe R. Lansdale
* Bottoms, a 1966 film by Yoko Ono
* Bottoms (film), a 2023 film by Emma Seligman

## Geography

* Bottom (valley), the floor of a valley
** List of geographical bottoms, list of geographical features called "bottom"
* Bottomland (freshwater ecology), low-lying alluvial land adjacent to a river
* Foggy Bottom, a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.
* Lower Bottoms, Oakland, California or The Bottoms, a neighborhood in Oakland, California, U.S.
* St. Paul's Bottoms or The Bottoms, a neighborhood in Shreveport, Louisiana
* Seabed, the floor of the ocean or ocean bottom
* Stream bed, the channel bottom of a stream, river or creek
* The Bottom, capital of the island of Saba
* The Bottom (neighborhood in Dallas, Texas), a neighborhood in the Tenth Street Freedman's Town in Dallas, Texas, U.S.
* The Bottom, a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
* The Bottoms, a neighborhood in Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio), U.S.

## Mathematics

* Bottom, or falsum, a contradiction in logic and Boolean algebra
* Bottom element, in lattice theory and related branches of mathematics
* Bottom type, in type theory (the bottom element in the subtype relation)
* The symbol up tack (⊥), used to represent these concepts

## People

* Bottom (surname), people with the surname Bottom
* Bottoms (surname), people with the surname Bottoms

## Other uses

* Bottom (technical analysis), a chart pattern in the technical analysis of securities
* Bottom quark, a subatomic particle
* Trousers, Shorts and other "bottom wear", pieces of clothing to cover the lower portion of the body, particularly the legs.
# Jackie McGugan

John Hannah "Jackie" McGugan (12 June 1939 – 15 November 2015) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Pollok, St Mirren, Leeds United, Tranmere Rovers, Ayr United, Greenock Morton and Cambridge City.
McGugan was part of the St Mirren team that won the 1959 Scottish Cup Final, when he was aged 19. He was then selected for a Scotland squad that toured Denmark, Netherlands and Portugal. McGugan played in one unofficial match for Scotland during the tour, against a Jutland representative team. After being dropped from the St Mirren team in 1960, McGugan requested a transfer and subsequently moved to Leeds. He suffered injuries during his time there and was unable to displace Jack Charlton from their first XI. McGugan later played for Tranmere Rovers, Ayr United, Greenock Morton and Cambridge City.
Having played for Cambridge City for six years, McGugan continued to live in the city after he retired from playing football.
# Novoberezovka

Novoberezovka (Russian: Новоберёзовка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Novoberezovsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 421 as of 2013. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Novoberezovka is located 70 km northeast of Novoaltaysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malaya Povalikha is the nearest rural locality.
# Dadiani Palace

Dadiani Palaces History and Architectural Museum (Georgian: დადიანების სასახლეთა ისტორიულ-არქიტექტურული მუზეუმი) is a Georgian national museum located in Zugdidi, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, Georgia. The museum – the preserved former palace of the House of Dadiani – is considered to be one of the most eminent palaces in the Caucasus. Constructed in the 17th century and renovated in the 19th, the palace is a Neo Gothic building.

## History

The first exhibition, of archaeological excavations of the ancient city of Nakalakevi was prepared by Megrelian prince David Dadiani and took place in 1840. Three palaces form the modern museum complex, parts of which are also Blachernae Virgin Church and Zugdidi Botanical Garden. The Dadiani Palaces History and Architecture Museum houses some exhibits of natural cultural heritage of Georgia – Tagiloni treasure materials, Mother of God holy vesture, the icon of queen Bordokhan – mother of queen Tamar of Georgia, manuscripts from 13th – 14th centuries, miniatures, memorial relics of Dadiani dynasty, and objects connected to emperor of France Napoleon Bonaparte – brought to the palace by the husband of David Dadiani's daughter Salome Dadiani, prince Prince Charles Louise Napoléon Achille Murat (1847-1895), grandson of Napoleon's sister Caroline Bonaparte.
The palace was fully transformed into a museum on May 1, 1921, at the initiative of Georgian ethnographer and geologist Akaki Chanturia.

## Archaeological collection

In early 1848, the prince of Samegrelo, David Dadiani, showed guests the archaeological and numismatic collection from Nokalakevi, an archaeological site in Samegrelo. Some of the exhibits were found by Dadiani himself, and some were purchased by him from settlers in his domain. The most important archaeological dig by David Dadiani was at Nokalakevi – known in antiquity as Archeopolis.
# Matsoukas

Matsoukas (Greek: Ματσούκας) is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Lefteris Matsoukas (born 1990), Greek footballer
* Melina Matsoukas (born 1981), American music video director
# Bhodwal Majri

Bhodwal Majri is a village in Panipat district of Haryana, India. It is situated between the Grand Trunk Road and the Ambala-Delhi main railway line, near the town of Samalkha.

## Nirankari adopted village

In accordance with the vision of Satguru Baba Hardev Singh Ji Maharaj Ji Village Bhodwal Majri (Samalkha Dist) was adopted on February 23, 2017.

## Education

Schools
* GHSS Bhodwal Majri
* GPS Bhodwal Majri
* Geeta Sr. Sec. School
Colleges near Bhodwal Majri
* Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET)

## Religious sites in the village

* Shiv Mandir
* Baba Kali Singh
* Mata Mandir
* Hanumaan Ji Mandir
* Pathri Wali Mata
* Baba Kali Singh
* Baba Bhuri Singh
* Goga Medhi Mandir

## Rail

Bhodwal Majri village has a railway station named Bhodwal Majri whose station code is BDMJ.

## Gallery

* Bhodwal Majri Railway Station
* Tomb of freedom fighter Dalbir Singh Smadhi
* Shiv Mandir Bhodwal Majri
* Mata Mandir
* Baba Kali Singh
* Baba Bumiha Khera
# Ivan Bokyi

Ivan Bokyi (Ukrainian: Іван Бокий; February 20, 1942 – March 24, 2020) was a Ukrainian journalist and politician, who served as a Deputy of the Verkhovna Rada between 1998 and 2007.
Bokyi was born in Hlobyne Raion, Poltava Oblast, and graduated from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Bokyi worked as a journalist prior to his election to the Verkhovna Rada in 1998 on the party list of the Socialist Party – Peasant Party. He later formally joined the Socialist Party of Ukraine, and represented the party in the parliament through 2007.
Bokyi died on 24 March 2020, aged 78.
# Apostolou

Apostolou (Greek: Αποστόλου) is a Greek surname. It is the surname of:
* Evangelos Apostolou (born 1949), Greek politician and government minister
* Georgia Apostolou (born 1966), Greek actress
* Ilektra Apostolou (1912–1944), Greek feminist and member of the Greek resistance
* Jenny Apostolou, Greek-Australian actress
# Burjuc

Burjuc (Hungarian: Burzsuk) is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Brădățel (Bradacel), Burjuc, Glodghilești (Glodgilesd), Petrești (Petresd), Tătărăști (Tataresd), and Tisa (Tisza).
The commune lies on the banks of the Mureș River and its right tributary, the river Zam. It is located in the northwestern part of Hunedoara County, 41 km (25 mi) west of the county seat, Deva, near the border with Timiș County.
Burjuc is crossed by the national road DN7, part of European route E68. The train station serves the CFR Line 200, which runs from Brașov to Timișoara and on to the Hungarian border.
# Verkh-Kamyshenka

Verkh-Kamyshenka (Russian: Верх-Камышенка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Verkh-Kamyshensky Selsoviet, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 705 as of 2013. There are 16 streets.

## Geography

Verkh-Kamyshenka is located 20 km southwest of Zarinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Grishino is the nearest rural locality.
# Sânnicolau Român

Sânnicolau Român (Hungarian: Oláhszentmiklós) is a commune located in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Berechiu (Felsőbarakony), Roit (Rojt), and Sânnicolau Român. These were part of Cefa Commune until 2003, when they were split off.
The commune is located in the western part of Bihor County, 29 km (18 mi) from the county seat, Oradea, on the border with Hungary. It lies on the banks of the Criș Collector Canal.

## Natives

* Claudiu Petrila (born 2000), footballer
# Marusyne, Vinnytsia Oblast

Marusyne (Ukrainian: Марусине) is a village in Tulchyn Raion, Vinnytsia Oblast of Ukraine. As of 2010, there were 5 inhabitants. The village's postal code is 23608. Although many of the Slavic-language equivalents to this template equate this template to the borders of the old Tulchyn Raion prior to the 2020 administrative reform, this is linked with the modern borders, as the English wikipedia has integrated all 2020 Raion reformation into the modern-day raion articles given that the raion article depicts a Raion that was expanded and not integrated into another. Given that, this template contains far more villages than many of the other languages have, as it includes the acquired territory post-2020.
* This article about a location in Vinnytsia Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Andriy Hrinchenko

Andriy Hrinchenko (Ukrainian: Андрій Гринченко; born 23 January 1986) is a Ukrainian former professional football defender.
# Sandi Russell

Sandi Russell (January 16, 1946 – June 23, 2017) was an American jazz singer and writer who later settled in England. Her book Render Me My Song: African-American Women Writers from Slavery to the Present was influential in efforts to bring women into the African American literary canon.

## Early life and education

Sandi Russell was born in New York City in 1946, to a mother with Native American descent and a father descended from enslaved African Americans, and she grew up in the city's Harlem neighborhood. She was accepted into the High School of Music & Art, where she worked with Leonard Bernstein and performed at Lincoln Center. She then earned a scholarship to attend Syracuse University, where she became part of the first class of Black students to integrate the school.
After graduating from Syracuse, Russell pursued postgraduate studies at Hunter College and worked as a teacher in the South Bronx.

## Jazz singing

Russell had an interest in music from a young age, which was supported by her family. Her love of jazz was influenced by Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Carmen McRae, and others. She eventually, at age 30, began singing jazz professionally. She toured throughout the United States, including with a mixed-race band in the South.
After moving to England in 1984, she continued to perform in London and beyond. In the early 2010s, she helped launch the first jazz festival in her new home city of Durham.
Russell recorded two major albums: Incandescent (2001) and Sweet Thunder (2007).

## Writing

As a young woman, Russell worked on weekends at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, which introduced her to the world of literature. After moving to England, she began working as a writer, starting as a journalist for the Women's Review, an alternative publication in London. As a journalist, she interviewed various significant figures including Toni Morrison and Maya Angelou. Her writing appeared in the anthologies Glancing Fires: An Investigation into Women's Creativity (1985) and Daughters of Africa (1992).
In 1991, she published the nonfiction book Render Me My Song: African-American Women Writers from Slavery to the Present, considered a key feminist intervention in the African American literary canon; she later published the novel Color in 2013. She turned Render Me My Song into a one-woman show, followed by the touring stage show ELLA!, which told the story of Ella Fitzgerald.
Her writing was noted for its orality, owing in part to her ear for music.

## Personal life, death, and legacy

Russell suffered from congenital kidney disease beginning in her 40s, but she continued to tour as a musician despite significant difficulty.
She died in 2017 at age 71. A scholarship at Durham University was named in her memory.
# Beskydy Tunnel

The Beskydy Tunnel (Ukrainian: Бескидський тунель) is a railway tunnel of the Lviv Railways between the towns of Beskid and Skotarske and passes through the Carpathian Mountains under the Volovets Pass. As the second-longest tunnel in the Ukrainian rail network, it is part of Europe's Corridor V (Italy-Slovenia-Hungary-Slovakia-Ukraine), thus linking Lviv in western Ukraine to cities such as Venice and Trieste in northern Italy, as well as various other locations along the route in Slovenia and Hungary.

## History

The first Beskydy Tunnel, built in 1886, was 1,750 m (5,740 ft) long. In time, its capacity no longer met increasing demand, thus it was decided to make a new bore parallel to the existing one. Discussions began in 1998 and construction started in 2014, using the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Breakthrough was achieved in January 2016 and it was inaugurated in a ceremony by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko in late May 2018.
The new tunnel has a length of 1,822 m and is covered by up to 180 m of rock. The internal dimensions of 8.5 m height and 10.5 m width allows for a double track railway to be accommodated. The two tubes are connected by three lugs, while the old tunnel is being used as a rescue route for the new one.
The maximum speed was increased from 40 km/h to 70 km/h. As a result, the tunnel can now handle 50 to 100 trains daily, nearly 60% of all rail traffic between Ukraine and the European Union, and it will reduce journey times between Lviv and Ukrainian border town Chop, in a bid to facilitate exports of domestic products to neighbouring countries.
The project was financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the European Investment Bank (EIB); the EBRD invested $40 million, while the EIB contributed €55 million ($64.5 million) for construction. In addition to providing financing, technical expertise was bought in from the EU, especially from Austria, to support the development of the tunnel. The construction process reportedly required 130,000 tonnes of concrete and 8,000 tonnes of steel.

### 2022 Russian attack

On the night of 1-2 June 2022, Russia targeted a section of the tunnel with at least two Kalibr cruise missiles to disrupt weapon and fuel supplies from the West to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The attack was confirmed by governor of Lviv Oblast Maksym Kozytskyy.