OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chancery Regulation Act 1862

The Chancery Regulation Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 42), also known as Rolt's Act was an act of the United Kingdom Parliament that was an important step in the fusion of law and equity.

## Background

From the 13th century in England and Wales, equity developed as a system of justice in parallel with and complementary to the common law. By the 19th century, with the rise of capitalism in Victorian Britain, equity had become very important. The remedies available to the common law were limited to damages and those disputes demanding an injunction or specific performance of a contract needed to be heard in equity which was administered in Courts of Chancery, separate from the common law courts. Moreover, procedure in equity was better able to handle complex disputes involving the relationship between several parties such as partnerships and trusts.
However, the dual jurisdiction of law and equity caused problems for litigants. In equity, all parties had to be represented at all hearings and if one died or married complex procedures were needed to maintain the action. The rate of progress of the action was in the hands of the parties and would tend to be determined by the slowest. Many uncontroversial administrative actions, such as appointing a new trustee, were dealt with as though they were contentious, adding further delay. There were many inefficiencies in procedure with high costs and a certain amount of corruption. Further, cases that involved questions of both law and equity would be hampered, shuttling between the courts of Chancery and common law courts for years, as in Wood v. Scarth.
The Chancery commission (1824–26) made recommendations on streamlining procedure but the commissioners concluded that the Chancery courts themselves had the powers to improve matters. Over the following decades there was much debate leading to legislation including the Improvement of the Jurisdiction of Equity Act 1852 which allowed Chancery judges to decide questions of fact rather than remitting them to the common law courts. However, by 1862, Chancery judges were still reluctant to make use of these powers so the MP Sir John Rolt introduced a bill to make determination of facts by Chancery judges mandatory.

## The act

The purpose of the act was to require the Court of Chancery to determine every issue of fact or law necessary for the final resolution of the case, and thus to end the practice of sending particular issues in cases pending in Chancery, to be determined in the common law courts. In the end, the Act was weakened from its initial intentions, allowing matters of fact to referred by a Chancery Judge to be decided by the assizes.
The act applied to the High Court of Chancery of England and Wales and also to the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster which had an independent jurisdiction in equity. A further act, the Chancery Regulation (Ireland) Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 46), brought a similar reform to Ireland.

## Subsequent developments

The fusion of the administration of law and equity was finally effected in the 1870s by the Judicature Acts.
# Selaginella rupestris

Selaginella rupestris, the northern selaginella sometimes locally known as ledge spike-moss or rock spike-moss, is a species of spike-moss occurring in dry rocky places in eastern North America, including one locality in Greenland. It has a wide but sporadic range. In the absence of water, it rolls into a ball for which, it is also known as bird nest moss. Again, when it comes in contact with water, it opens up.
It is listed as imperiled and threatened in the State of Indiana.
# Bzovytsia

Bzovytsia (Ukrainian: Бзовиця) is a village in the Zboriv urban hromada of the Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast in Ukraine.

## History

The first written mention of the village was in 1523.
After the liquidation of the Zboriv Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Ternopil Raion.

## Religion

* Two churches of the Assumption (1701, wooden, rebuilt in 1924; 2011, brick).

## Notable residents

* Volodymyr Stakhiv (1910–1971), Ukrainian nationalist politician and journalist
# Darkhei Moshe (book)

Darkhei Moshe (Hebrew: דרכי משה) is a commentary of the book Arba'ah Turim and the Beit Yosef, which is also a commentary on the Tur. Darkhei Moshe was written by the Polish Ashkenazi Rabbi Moses Isserles (1530–1572, both in Kraków).
The Arba Turim is one of the sources that Rabbi Joseph Karo used to write the Shulchan Aruch, the code of the Jewish law (the halacha), a book accepted and studied worldwide by the majority of orthodox Jews. Isserles initially wanted that his book served as a base for latter legal rabbinical decisions.
His work evaluate the regulations of the Tur, a book that was widely accepted for both ashkenazi and sephardic Jews, and he compared these regulations with the rulings of the rabbinical authorities in the matters related with halacha.
The Beit Yossef was published while Rabbi Isserles was working yet in his work, the Darkhei Moshe. Knowing that the work of Rabbi Karo had reached widely its goals, Isserles published his work in a new modified format.
When he published his book, Rabbi Isserles offered a service to Ashkenazi jewry, for he relied on the rulings of the Ashkenazi rabbinical authorities. A summary of the original work was published together with the Tur; the complete version of the Darkhei Moshe was published separately.
# Ahmed Ali Qasem

Ahmed Ali Qasem Al-Dhrab (Arabic: أحمد علي قاسم; born 1 October 1961) is a Yemeni former footballer and manager.

## Playing career

During his playing career, Qasem played for hometown club Shaab Ibb.

## Managerial career

In 2003, Qasem managed Yemen for a total of nine games. From 2014 to 2015, Qasem managed the Yemen under-19 team. Between January and April 2016, Qasem managed Yemen.
Domestically, Qasem managed Shaab Ibb, Al-Ittihad SCC, Najm Saba, Al Rasheed Ta'izz, Al-Shaab Hadramaut and Al-Oruba.
In May 2021, Qasem was re-appointed as manager of Yemen for a third time.
# Panaeolus bisporus

Panaeolus bisporus, also known as Copelandia bisporus is a rare and widely distributed little brown mushroom that bruises blue and contains the psychedelic compound psilocybin.
This mushroom is similar macroscopically to Panaeolus tropicalis, Panaeolus cambodginiensis and Panaeolus cyanescens, but can be differentiated using a microscope by its two spored basidia.

## Description

This is a little brown mushroom that grows on dung and has black spores. It has been found in Hawaii, Southern California, North Africa, Spain and Switzerland.
The cap is 15-30 mm tan to gray fading to black sometimes when covered with spores and with a defined ring zone somewhat globe shaped or bell shaped to convex, hardly expanding, margin often torn and pedaled, smooth not viscid, and slightly wrinkled and pitted with age. Dark grey-brown drying whitish. The gills are adnexed or narrowly attachedtightly packed, mottled gray to jet black, white edges. The stem is white, fibrous, 65-120 mm long 2-3 mm thick, hollow, translucent gray, bruising heavily blue where bruised. It produces spores that are jet black, elliptical, 12-14 x 8-10 x 6-7.5 μm smooth and opaque, elongated with germ pore straight off the end. Microscopic features are 2 spored basidia 18 - 23 × 8-10 μm, cheilocystidia are bottle shaped and clear 20-30 μm, metuloids with yellow brown walls 40-55 × 12-15 μm some with excreted crystals.
Its habitat are saprotrophic on grasses.
# German Volcano Route

The German Volcano Route or, less commonly, German Volcano Road (German: Deutsche Vulkanstraße) is a 280-kilometre-long tourist route from the River Rhine to the mountains of the High Eifel. It links 39 sites within the Geopark Vulkanland Eifel in the Volcanic Eifel (Vulkaneifel), at which geological, cultural-historical and industrial-historical nature and cultural monuments on the subject of volcanicity in the Eifel are located.
The project was carried out in 2008 in cooperation between the counties of Ahrweiler, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Cochem-Zell, Mayen-Koblenz and Vulkaneifel. The choice of the 39 stations was made by the German Vulcanology Society (Deutsche Vulkanologische Gesellschaft, DVG).

## Route

| Station | Name |
| Station 1 | Car park at Erntekreuz with a view of the Laacher See |
| Station 2 | Maria Laach Abbey, Glees |
| Station 3 | Eppelsberg, cinder cone |
| Station 4 | Roman mine, Meurin, near Kruft |
| Station 5 | Rauschermühle information centre |
| Station 6 | German Volcano Museum, Mendig – Lava Dome, Mendig |
| Station 7 | Wingertsbergwand |
| Station 8 | Mayener Grubenfeld |
| Station 9 | Slip fold, Dachsbusch, Glees |
| Station 10 | Devonian Terrace, Kurfürstenbrunnen well and Angelika Spring |
| Station 11 | Trasshöhlen (caves) |
| Station 12 | Bausenberg, horseshoe crater near Niederzissen |
| Station 13 | Brohltal/Laacher See Volcano Park (Vulkanpark Brohltal/Laacher See) information centre in Niederzissen |
| Station 14 | Tuff Rock Centre (Tuffsteinzentrum), Weibern |
| Station 15 | Hohe Acht (746,9 m), highest mountain in the Eifel |
| Station 16 | Stone quarry at Raustert |
| Station 17 | Mosbrucher Weiher (pond) |
| Station 18 | Ulmener Maar |
| Station 19 | Volcano Platform, Steineberg |
| Station 20 | Thermal springs and Käse Grotto (Käsegrotte), Bad Bertrich |
| Station 21 | Immerather Maar (maar lake) |
| Station 22 | Pulvermaar |
| Station 23 | Volcano House, Strohn (Vulkanhaus Strohn) |
| Station 24 | Holzmaar (maar lake) |
| Station 25 | Dürres Maar and Hitsche Maar |
| Station 26 | Weinfelder Maar |
| Station 27 | Gemündener Maar |
| Station 28 | Volcano Museum, Daun (Vulkanmuseum Daun) |
| Station 29 | Dreiser Weiher |
| Station 30 | Basalt intrusion, Arensberg |
| Station 31 | Palagonite tuff ring and volcano garden, Steffeln |
| Station 32 | Mühlstein Caves in the Rother Kopf (Eis) |
| Station 33 | Papenkaule and Hagelskaule near Gerolstein |
| Station 34 | Stone runs, Hundsbach valley |
| Station 35 | Kaltwasser Geyser Wallender Born in Wallenborn |
| Station 36 | Meerfelder Maar |
| Station 37 | Mosenberg Reihenvulkan and Hinkelsmaar |
| Station 38 | Maar Museum, Manderscheid |
| Station 39 | Rock folds in the basement near Manderscheid |

## Literature

* Overview map 1:100,000 series, State Office for Survey and Geobasis Information (Landesamt für Vermessung and Geobasisinformation) Rheinland-Pfalz, ISBN 3-89637-368-4
* d´Hein: Nationaler Geopark Vulkanland Eifel. Ein Natur- and Kulturführer. Gaasterland-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2006, ISBN 3-935873-15-8
* Wolfgang Blum, Wilhelm Meyer: Deutsche Vulkanstraße. Görres Verlag, Koblenz, 2006, ISBN 3-935690-53-3
# Pavlice, Trnava District

Pavlice (Hungarian: Páld) is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
# Cosău

The Cosău (Hungarian: Kaszó) is a right tributary of the river Mara in Romania. It discharges into the Mara near Ferești. Its length is 25 km (16 mi) and its basin size is 116 km$^2$ (45 sq mi).
# Ivan Ivanov (triathlete)

Ivan Oleksiyovych Ivanov (Ukrainian: Іван Олексійович Іванов; born 8 January 1989) is a Ukrainian professional triathlete. In 2013 he finished second at the ITU Aquathlon World Championships. He earned a bronze medal at the ITU World Cup event in Edmonton.
Ivanov competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics, finishing 49th. Initially he had not qualified.
# Cayoosh Range

The Cayoosh Range is the northernmost section of the Lillooet Ranges, which are a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. The range covers an area of c. 1,000 km$^2$ (390 sq mi) and is approximately 65 km (40 mi) SW to NE and about 20 km (12 mi) SE to NW.
In some classification systems the Lillooet Ranges are considered to form their own group, rather than being a subdivision of the Pacific Ranges, although the Bendor Range, north of the Cayoosh Range across Anderson Lake, is classified as part of the Pacific Ranges which would tend to imply that the Cayoosh and Lillooet Ranges are as well.
The Cayoosh Range is defined by the valley of Cayoosh Creek on the south, which is followed by the Duffey Lake Road section of Highway 99, from Pemberton-Mount Currie to Lillooet, which are at the respective western and eastern ends of the range. Cayoosh Pass, between the head of Duffey Lake and the descent to the Pemberton Valley at Lillooet Lake, was first traversed by a non-native by Sapper James Duffey of the Royal Engineers in 1860, who investigated (then dismissed it) as a possible overland alternative to the Douglas Road. The north flank of the range is the valley of Seton and Anderson Lakes and the Gates River's divide via Pemberton Pass with the lower valley of the Birkenhead River, which is the far western perimeter of the range.
Named peaks in the range are confined the western end of the range, but the higher summits, mostly officially unnamed but well known to climbers and hikers, are in the eastern part of the range. The western part of the range is coastal-alpine in character, with small glaciers and heavy snowfall. The eastern, higher part of the range verges on the semi-arid climate typical of the Fraser Canyon and the rest of the Interior and has no permanent snowfields or ice, and is known for its beautiful alpine meadows and stunning vistas of the surrounding ranges to the north, south and east.
The highest summit is Goat Mountain, a largely unseen peak with an elevation of 2,855 m (9,367 ft) between the head of Seton Lake and the head of Downton Creek, which is a tributary of Cayoosh Creek. It is the third-highest summit in the Lillooet Ranges after Skihist Mountain and Petlushkwohap Mountain, which are in the Cantilever Range west of Lytton.
The second-highest peak in the Cayoosh Range is Mount Marriott at 2,735 m (8,973 ft), due south of D'Arcy (N'quatqua); it is not named for the hotel-empire family of the same name but for an RCAF officer who was killed in action in World War II. Other summits include Cayoosh Mountain at 2,561 m (8,402 ft), Cirque Peak at 2,531 m (8,304 ft), Mount Gardiner at 2,406 m (7,894 ft), Mount Oleg at 2,587 m (8,488 ft), Saxifrage Mountain at 2,501 m (8,205 ft), and Mount Rohr at 2,423 m (7,949 ft).
# Dzhurynska Slobidka

Dzhurynska Slobidka (Ukrainian: Джуринська Слобідка) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Chortkiv Raion, Bilobozhnytsia rural hromada.

## History

The village was founded in the late 16th century.

## Religion

* Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1761, OCU, brick, rebuilt from the RCC church in 1992)

## People

* Yaroslava Mosiichuk (before marriage Kurtiak, born 1960), Ukrainian actress, People's Artist of Ukraine
# Šarišské Dravce

Šarišské Dravce (Hungarian: Daróc) is a village and municipality in Sabinov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1295.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 467 metres and covers an area of 9.928 km$^2$. It has a population of about 1244 people.
# Eduard Aghayan

Eduard Aghayan (Armenian: Էդուարդ Աղայան; March 16, 1913 – December 29, 1991) was an Armenian linguist and philologist.

## Career

Aghayan was born in Meghri and studied at a local primary school before working at a kolkhoz as an accountant. In 1933 he was admitted to Yerevan State University (YSU), which he graduated in 1938 and completed his post-graduate studies in 1939. In 1941 he defended his kandidat nauk thesis and his doctoral thesis in 1945. He was named professor in 1946.
He worked at YSU from 1932 until his death. In 1948-50 he was dean of the philology faculty. Between 1956 and 1985 he was head of General Linguistics department, while in 1968-91 he served the head of the Center for Armenian Studies. He also worked at the Institute of Linguistics of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. In 1950-53 he served as its vice-director and from 1963 to 1993 he was head of the department of general and comparative linguistics at the institute. Since 1953 he was a corresponding member of the academy and became a full member (academician) in 1982.
He died in Yerevan.

## Research

Aghayan's research focused on general linguistics, the history of Armenian language and linguistics, comparative grammar, and Armenian dialects. He is best known for his Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Armenian (Արդի հայերենի բացատրական բառարան), published in two volumes in 1976. It contains 136,000 words. It is the most comprehensive Eastern Armenian dictionary written in the reformed Armenian orthography.
His Introduction to Linguistics (Լեզվաբանության ներածություն) was originally published in Armenian in 1952 and was approved by Soviet Ministry of Education as a university textbook and was published in Russian (Введение в языкознание) in 1959. Aghayan also authored books on the grammar of Classical Armenian (1964) and dialects (1984). He also edited the works of Hrachia Acharian, his mentor.
# Belgian Military Field of Honour 1914–1918

The Belgian Military Field of Honour 1914–1918 (Dutch: Belgisch Militair Ereveld 1914–1918; French: Cimetière d'honneur militaire belge 1914–1918), is a burial site located at the Oostergaarde Cemetery of the Dutch city Harderwijk in Gelderland. Originally, thirty-six soldiers were buried at the site. Nowadays, 349 Belgian soldiers from the First World War are commemorated. These include 124 individuals whose names feature on a monument because their remains could not be retrieved anymore. The cemetery was inaugurated on 28 September 1963 by the Belgian ambassador. The gravestones are similar to the ones used by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and are varying from the official Belgian gravestones. The burial site is administered by the Dutch Oorlogsgravenstichting ("war graves foundation").
During the First World War, around 33,000 Belgian soldiers fled to the neutral Netherlands after the Belgian city of Antwerp fell to the German troops in 1914. In compliance with the 1907 Hague Convention, the military refugees were disarmed and interned by the Dutch. Through the influx of refugees, Harderwijk, where a refugee camp was located, tripled its population. Most of the victims buried at the Belgian Military Field of Honour died of tuberculosis, or the 1918–1919 outbreak of the Spanish flu. Therefore, many of the 349 soldiers died in 1918 or 1919. Other buried refugees include six victims of the uprising at camp Zeist in Soesterberg on 3 December 1914, when the interned refugees revolted against the bad living conditions in the camp, provoking the Dutch guards to violently suppress the uprising.
A six-year-old girl named Woutje van de Velde is buried not far from the field of honour. She was sexually assaulted and murdered by an interned Belgian corporal in 1917. As a gesture, the Belgian government financed a grave for the girl, which represents a young tree.
Almost all Belgian soldiers who died during their internment in the Netherlands and were not repatriated, are buried or commemorated at the cemetery.
# Kniazhychi

Kniazhychi (Ukrainian: Княжичі; Russian: Княжичи; Polish: Kniażyci) is a village in the Kyiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. The village has a population of 5202. The total area of land within the administrative boundaries of Kniazhychi village council is 3669.3 hectares.

## History

The origins of the village can be traced to the son of one of the ruling Kniaz i.e. Duke or King, Prince (Kniazhych) had land with little palace built on it. Soon a little village was grown around the palace and got its present name Kniazhychi.
The first known record of the name Kniazhychi can be found in a letter written by the Polish king Kazimierz to the Kyiv governor Yuriy Pats on July 7, 1489.

## Geography

The village is located in the southwest of Brovarsky district. From the west the village has a common border with the city of Kyiv. 50°27′45″N 30°47′01″E﻿ / ﻿50.46250°N 30.78361°E﻿ / 50.46250; 30.78361
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# Amar Hodzić

Amar Hodžić (born 12 July 1999) is an Austrian football player. He plays for WSC Hertha Wels.

## Career
### Club career

He made his Austrian Football Bundesliga debut for Wolfsberger AC on 19 August 2017 in a game against FC Admira Wacker Mödling. On 9 January 2020, Hodžić joined SK Vorwärts Steyr on loan for the rest of the season.
# Leonid Romanov

Leonid Romanov (Russian: Леонид Михайлович Романов; born 13 February 1947) is a Soviet fencer. He won a silver medal in the team foil event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Gottlieb Gerhard Titius

Gottlieb Gerhard Titius (5 June 1661 – 10 April 1714) was a German jurist.
Gottlieb Gerhard Titius was born on 5 June 1661 in Nordhausen, Thuringia, and died on 10 April 1714 in Leipzig.
Titius taught Roman law at Leipzig University, where he was on the faculty from 1688. He edited De jure naturae et gentium, a treatise by Samuel von Pufendorf, and wrote a commentary on De officio by Pufendorf.
Christian Thomasius was his teacher.
Titius's work influenced Jean Barbeyrac.

## Works

* Specimen juris publici Romano-Germanici (1698)
* Observationes in Pufendorfii libros de officiis hominis et civis (1703)
* Jus privatum Romano German (1709)

## Citations

* ↑ "Titius, Gottlieb Gerhard". Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon. Vol. 44. Leipzig. 1745. pp. 460–461.
* 1 2 Hutcheson, Francis (1993). Mautner, Thomas (ed.). On Human Nature. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-521-43089-5. OCLC 26216869.
* ↑ Landsberg, Ernst (1894). "Titius, Gottlieb Gerhard". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
* ↑ Vierhaus, Rudolf, ed. (2011). "Titius, Gottlieb Gerhard". Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie (in German). K. G. Saur Verlag. doi:10.1515/dbe. ISSN 2193-2832. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Fitzmaurice 2014, p. 127.
* ↑ Hope, Nicholas (1995). German and Scandinavian Protestantism, 1700–1918. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-19-152057-0. OCLC 343836518.
* 1 2 Walker, David M. (1980). The Oxford Companion to Law. Oxford University Press. p. 1221. ISBN 0-19-866110-X. OCLC 5447396.

## Works cited

* Fitzmaurice, Andrew (2014). Sovereignty, Property and Empire, 1500–2000. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–170. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139924306.005. ISBN 978-1-139-92430-6.
* This German law related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Krasnaya Orlovka

Krasnaya Orlovka (Russian: Красная Орловка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Chesnokovsky Selsoviet of Mikhaylovsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 129 as of 2018. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Krasnaya Orlovka is located on the left bank of the Amur River, 10 km southeast of Poyarkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shadrino is the nearest rural locality.
# A Soldier's Legacy

A Soldier's Legacy (German: Das Vermächtnis) is a novel by German author Heinrich Böll, published in 1982 (translator: Leila Vennewitz).
Written in 1948, the narrator writes about his dead friend Schelling, revealing his murder by the hated captain Schnecker.