OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mexico and the United Nations

Mexico is one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations and was admitted into the organization in 1945. Since then, Mexico is a full member of all the UN agencies and participates actively within the organization and has diplomatic relations with most member states.

## Mexico's role in the UN

On 26 June 1945, Mexico was represented in San Francisco by Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza, Francisco Castillo Nájera and Manuel Tello Baurraud in the signing of the United Nations Charter. The country was formally admitted into the organization on 7 November 1945.
Since the beginning, Mexico has participated actively in the social and economic activities of the UN's various specialized agencies and other international organizations concerned with social, cultural, and economic improvement. However, due to restraints in the Mexican constitution, Mexico is prohibited from contributing troops for peacekeeping missions abroad unless Mexico has formally declared war on a country. Calls have been made from Mexican politicians to amend the constitution (mainly article 76) in order to partake in UN peacekeeping missions. This situation started to change after President Enrique Peña Nieto's address to the General Assembly on 24 September 2014, when he stated that "Mexico has taken the decision to participate in U.N. peacekeeping missions, taking part in humanitarian tasks that benefit civil society".

## Security Council

Mexico has been elected five times to the United Nations Security Council. The Mexican Government is vehemently opposed to adding new members to the Security Council. Mexico and eight other countries created a group called the "Uniting for Consensus" (also known as the Coffee Club), where they are opposed to new permanent members, however they would like to raise the number of more non-permanent members to 20.
List of terms as an elected member to the Security Council:
* 1946
* 1980–1981
* 2002–2003
* 2009–2010
* 2021–2022

## Representation

Mexico maintains permanent representation to the United Nations headquarters in New York City and to the other main UN agencies based in Geneva, Nairobi, Paris, Rome and Vienna.
# Friedrich von der Pahlen

Friedrich Alexander Graf von der Pahlen (Russian: Фёдор Петрович Пален, romanized: Fyodor Petrovich Palen; September 2, 1780 – January 8, 1863) was a Baltic German diplomat and administrator.

## Biography

Friedrich was the youngest son of Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, a prominent Russian courtier. He worked at Russian diplomatic missions in Sweden, France and Great Britain. In 1809–1811 he was Imperial Russia's Ambassador to the United States, in 1811–1815 he was the Ambassador to Brazil and in 1815–1822 he was the Ambassador to Bavaria.
Later, he became the General-Governor of Novorossiya and the namestnik (deputy) of Bessarabia (following the departure of Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov to the Caucasus). He was also a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia. In the context of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, Pahlen served as governor of the Danubian Principalities, which were administered by Russia pending the payment of war reparations by the Ottoman Empire (his official title was that of Plenipotentiary President of the Divans in Moldavia and Wallachia); he was replaced by Pyotr Zheltukhin on February 2, 1829.
In Jewish history, Pahlen is credited with opening of the first secular Jewish school in Odessa.
# Julița

The Julița (Hungarian: Gyulica-patak) is a right tributary of the river Mureș in Romania. It discharges into the Mureș near the village Vărădia de Mureș. Its length is 25 km (16 mi) and its basin size is 78 km$^2$ (30 sq mi).
# Fatmeh Sar

Fatmeh Sar (Persian: فتمه سر; also known as Fatmeh Sarā) is a village in Ziabar Rural District, in the Central District of Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 317, in 96 families.
# Mlanje Mountain chameleon

The Mlanje Mountain chameleon (Nadzikambia mlanjensis) is one of two species in the genus Nadzikambia (derived from the species' name in Chichewa). It is a plesiomorphic, small chameleon from the Ruo Gorge forest on Mount Mulanje in Malawi.
Initially placed into Chamaeleo, it was for some time moved to the South African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion) by some (Klaver & Böhme, 1986). This was criticized because plesiomorphies cannot be used to define clades, and eventually turned out to be in error.
# Kulsk

Kulsk (Russian: Кульск) is a rural locality (a selo) in Khorinsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 173 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Kulsk is located 16 km west of Khorinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kulsky Stanok is the nearest rural locality.
# Neelam Jaswant Singh

Neelam Jaswant Singh (born 8 January 1971 in Farmana) is an Indian discus thrower.
Her personal best throw is 64.55 metres, achieved at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan.
In the year 1998, Neelam Jaswant Singh won the bronze medal at the Bangkok Asian Games. In the Kosanova International Athlete Meet held at Almaty (Kazakhstan), Neelam J. Singh has to her credit a gold medal performance. In August 2000, she also won a gold medal at the ATF that took place in Jakarta. But with a throw of 55.26 metres, she failed to make a mark in the Sydney Olympics. She has been married to her coach Jaswant Singh. Neelam is employed with the Railway Coach Factory in Kapurthala and was awarded by the Punjab Government in the year 1996. Recognizing her talent the Indian Government conferred her Arjuna Award in the year 1998.
# Șicula

Șicula (Hungarian: Sikula) is a commune in Arad County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Chereluș (Kerülős), Gurba (Garba), and Șicula.
The commune is situated on the southern part of the Teuz Plateau, and is traversed by the Crișul Alb and Teuz rivers. Șicula stretches over 13,130 ha (50.7 sq mi). It is a significant road junction of Arad County, located 51 km (32 mi) from the county capital, Arad. The Crișul Alb Valley is well-known for its rich flora and fauna.

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, Șicula had a population of 4,002. At the 2011 census, the commune has 4,301 inhabitants, out of which 95.79% were Romanians and 1.35% were Roma.

## History

The first documentary records of Șicula and Chereluș date back to 1334, while Gurba was first mentioned in 1213.

## Natives

* Avram Bunaciu (1909–1983), communist politician and jurist
* Ioan Flueraș (1882–1953), social democratic politician and a victim of the communist regime
# Vekerd

Vekerd (Romanian: Vecherd) is a village in Hajdú-Bihar County, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 7.41 km$^2$ (3 sq mi) and has a population of 135 people (2015).
# Lucas Bundschuh

Lucas Bundschuh (born 9 April 1996) is an Austrian footballer who plays for Eliteliga Vorarlberg club SC Admira Dornbirn.

## Career

At the age of 16, Bundschuh joined the youth academy of German Bundesliga side Freiburg.
For the second half of 2016–17, he signed for Swarovski Tirol in the Austrian second division.
In 2017, he signed for German sixth division team Memmingen II.
In 2019, Bundschuh returned to Austria with Dornbirn 1913 .
# Government House, British Virgin Islands

Government House, located in Road Town, Tortola, is the official residence of the governor of the British Virgin Islands.
The original structure, dating back to 1899, was destroyed by a hurricane in 1924. The present structure was built on the same site in 1925-26 and was the home of commissioners, presidents, administrators and governors until 1999, when it was deemed unsuitable. The Island Sun published an editorial against the demolition of the historic building and members of the public expressed their disagreement with the official decision. In 2003, a new Government House was built on adjacent land while the old structure has been transformed into a museum.
In November 2003, Governor Thomas Macan moved into the new residence located at Tortola. The project included the construction of the new Government House and a reception hall, as well as the restoration of the old Government House, which is now a museum. The structure was built by Meridian Construction and designed by OBM and FCO Estates.
# Zaraqoli-ye Pain

Zaraqoli-ye Pain (Persian: زراقلي پايين, also Romanized as Zarāqolī-ye Pā’īn; also known as Zarāqolī-ye Soflá) is a village in Howmeh-ye Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Ramhormoz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 90 families.
# Echo to Delta

Echo to Delta (French: Écho à Delta) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Patrick Boivin and released in 2023. The film stars Isak Guinard Butt as Étienne, a young boy who struggles to accept his younger brother David (Elliot Cormier)'s death in a storm, and sets out to prove that David was actually abducted by aliens.
The cast also includes Maxim Gaudette, Ines Feghouli, Catherine De Léan, Martin Dubreuil, Baptiste Charest, Rosemay Lefebvre, Daniel Gadouas, Sylvain Giroux Jr., Cat Lemieux and Nicolas Paquin.
The film premiered in September 2023 at the 2023 Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival, before going into commercial release in March 2024.
# Senčak pri Juršincih

Senčak pri Juršincih (pronounced, German: Sentschak) is a settlement in the Slovene Hills (Slovene: Slovenske gorice) in the Municipality of Juršinci in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Senčak to Senčak pri Juršincih in 1955.

## Cultural heritage

A small chapel-shrine known as the Vrabel Shrine (Vrablova kapelica) was built in the village after the end of the First World War.
# Brezovec, Lendava

Brezovec (pronounced; Hungarian: Végfalva) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Lendava in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. The main part of the settlement lies on the opposite bank of the Mura River close to Sveti Martin na Muri in Croatia. In 2022 it became part of the settlement of Hotiza.
# General Theory of Everything

The General Theory of Everything (Polish: Ogólna Teoria Wszystkiego) is a sarcastic coinage of Stanisław Lem introduced in 1966. The biographical sketch of Ijon Tichy in "The Twenty-eighth Voyage" of Tychy's Star Diaries says that a grandfather of Ijon, Jeremiasz Tichy, "decided to create the General Theory of Everything, and nothing stopped him from doing this".
Apart from being a precursor of the term "Theory of Everything," the term GTE was used to characterize Lem's essays of fundamental character, such as The Philosophy of Chance and Science Fiction and Futurology, as well as the pseudoscientific work of Polish scifi writer Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg, Jednolita teoria czasoprzestrzeni ["The Uniform Theory of the Spacetime"] (1990)
# Marubi Academy of Film and Multimedia

The Marubi Academy of Film and Multimedia (Albanian: Akademia e Filmit dhe Multimedias Marubi) is a school that offers professional, creative, artistic and technical qualifications and education for students who aspire to get involved in the Film and Television Industry in the Republic of Albania. The academy was created per Government decree in 2004, and has students from Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania.
The founder and rector of AFMM is well known Albanian director Kujtim Çashku.
# Phalanthum

Phalanthum or Phalanthon (Ancient Greek: Φάλανθον), also known as Phalanthus or Phalanthos (Φάλανθος), was a town of ancient Arcadia, in the district Orchomenia, near Methydrium, situated upon a mountain of the same name. Its site is unlocated.
# Velyka Mykhailivka Raion

Velyka Mykhailivka Raion (Ukrainian: Великомихайлівський район) was a raion (district) in Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Velyka Mykhailivka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Velyka Mykhailivka Raion was merged into Rozdilna Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 30,166 (2020 est.).

## History

The area was settled after 1792, when the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia according to the Iasi Peace Treaty. In particular, the settlement of Hrosulove was founded in 1793. The area was included in Tiraspol Uyezd, which belonged to Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty until 1795, Voznesensk Viceroyalty until 1796, Novorossiya Governorate until 1803, and Kherson Governorate until 1920.
On 16 April 1920, Odesa Governorate split off, and Odessky Uyezd was moved to Odesa Governorate. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. Hrosulove was included into Odesa Okruha. On 7 March 1923 Hrosulove Raion with the administrative center in Hrosulove was established. In 1930, okruhas were abolished, and on 27 February 1932, Odesa Oblast was established, and Hrosulove Raion was included into Odesa Oblast. In 1946, Hrosulove was renamed Velyka Mykhailivka, and Hrosulove Raion was renamed Velyka Mykhailivka Raion.
On 7 March 1923 Tsebrykove Raion with the administrative center in Tsebrykove was established as well. On 30 December 1962 Tsebrykove Raion was abolished and merged into Velyka Mykhailivka Raion.

## Administrative divisions

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of four hromadas:
* Novoborysivka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Novoborysivka;
* Tsebrykove settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Tsebrykove;
* Velyka Mykhailivka settlement hromada with the administration in Velyka Mykhailivka;
* Velykoploske rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Velykoploske.
According to the 2001 census, the majority of the population of the Velîka Mîhailivka district was Ukrainian -speaking (80.36%), with Russian (15.36%) and Romanian (2.95%) speakers in the minority.
# Ian Samuel

Adrian Christopher Ian Samuel CMG CVO (20 August 1915 – 26 December 2010) was a Royal Air Force pilot, British diplomat, and director of chemical and agrochemical trade associations.

## Career

Ian Samuel was educated at Rugby School and St John's College, Oxford. He joined the Diplomatic Service in 1938 and served brief postings in Beirut, Tunis and Trieste before volunteering for the Royal Air Force in 1940. He served in 206 Squadron of Coastal Command, and was pilot of a Flying Fortress that sank German submarine U-169 in March 1943.
After the war Samuel returned to the Diplomatic Service with postings at Ankara, Cairo and Damascus. From 1959 to 1963 he was Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, Selwyn Lloyd, then briefly to Sir Alec Douglas-Home. In late 1963 he was appointed minister (second to the Ambassador) at Madrid. He left the Diplomatic Service in 1965 and was director of the British Chemical Engineering Contractors Association 1966–69 and of the British Agrochemicals Association 1972–78, then director-general of Groupement International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques (GIFAP, now CropLife International) 1978–79.
Samuel was appointed CMG in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1959 and CVO in the New Year Honours of 1963.

## Publications

* Plant Protection in Modern Agriculture (English edition, with Hans-Hermann Cramer), British Agrochemicals Association, 1979
* An Astonishing Fellow: The Life of General Sir Robert Wilson, Kensal Press, 1985, ISBN 0946041350
* A Mouthful of Ashes, The Spectator, 19 December 1987, Page 49
# New Altstadt Church

The New Altstadt Church (German: Neue Altstädtische Kirche), also known simply as Altstadt Church, was a Protestant church in the Altstadt quarter of Königsberg, Germany. It was built as a replacement for the dismantled medieval Altstadt Church.

## History

The original Altstadt Church, which dated from 1264 and was located south of Königsberg Castle, was dismantled from 1826 to 1828 because of cracks and sinking. Services were temporarily moved to Neurossgarten Church. The replacement church's site was chosen as the intersection of Kreytzenscher Platz and Junkerstraße north of the castle. Construction began in 1838 based on plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Although the original design had to be reduced in scale because of cost, the Brick Neo-Gothic church was praised for its columns. The New Altstadt Church was dedicated in 1845, with its pulpit, choir, and altar transferred from or based on its predecessor.
A highlight of the church was its 13 m tall high altar. It included a wooden carving from 1606 by an unknown master of the crucifixion of Jesus, John the Apostle, Mary of Nazareth, Mary Magdalene, and the thieves Dismas and Gesmas. The carving was moved to a massive barn near Arnau in 1943, but was subsequently lost during World War II. Also notable was a deer chandelier with Mother and Child from c. 1500. Its confessional was designed by Isaak Riga the Younger.
The church's exterior survived the war and was in a good shape, with only the interior destroyed by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg but it was not rebuilt by the Soviet administration in Kaliningrad after the 1945 Battle of Königsberg following a campaign to delete Königsberg's German element. The remnants of the outer walls were dismantled in 1959 and columns from its portico are included in the entrance of Kaliningrad's Baltika Stadium.

## Gallery

* Design by Karl Friedrich Schinkel
* Construction of the New Altstadt Church, 1844
* New Altstadt Church, 1845
* Lithograph depicting the red clinker brick church
* Postcard depicting the church from Junkerstraße
# Molecular encapsulation

In supramolecular chemistry, molecular encapsulation is the confinement of a guest molecule inside the cavity of a supramolecular host molecule (molecular capsule, molecular container or cage compounds). Examples of supramolecular host molecule include carcerands and endohedral fullerenes.

## Reactivity of guests

An important implication of encapsulation is that the guest behaves differently from the way it would when in solution. The guest molecule tends to be unreactive and often has distinctive spectroscopic signatures. Compounds normally highly unstable in solution, such as arynes or cycloheptatetraene, have been isolated at room temperature when molecularly encapsulated.

## Examples

One of the first examples of encapsulating a structure at the molecular level was demonstrated by Donald Cram and coworkers; they were able to isolate highly unstable, antiaromatic cyclobutadiene at room temperature by encapsulating it within a hemicarcerand. Isolation of cyclobutadiene allowed chemists to experimentally confirm one of the most fundamental predictions of the rules of aromaticity.
In another example the cage consists of a gallium tetrahedral cluster compound stabilized by 6 bidentate catechol amide ligands residing at the tetrahedron edges. The guest is a 16 electron and thus very reactive ruthenium metallocene (an organometallic catalyst) with a cyclopentadienyl ligand (red) and a 1,3,7-octatriene ligand (blue). The total charge for this anion is 11 and the counterions are 5 tetramethyl ammonium cations and 6 potassium cations. The ruthenium compound decomposes in water within minutes but encapsulated it survives in water for weeks.
Large metalla-assemblies, known as metallaprisms, contain a conformationally flexible cavity that allows them to host a variety of guest molecules. These assemblies have shown promise as agents of drug delivery to cancer cells.
An application of encapsulation is controlling reactivity, spectroscopy, and structure. For instance, excited state reactivity of free 1-phenyl-3-tolyl-2-proponanone (abbreviated A-CO-B) yields products A-A, B-B, and AB, which result from decarbonylation followed by random recombination of radicals A• and B•. Whereas, the same substrate upon encapsulation reacts to yield the controlled recombination product A-B, and rearranged products (isomers of A-CO-B).
Other applications:
* the encapsulation of filaments of a self-assembling bi-copper complex in polymer nanowires.

### Alcohol

According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be molecularly encapsulated in cyclodextrines, a sugar derivate. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrines can absorb an estimated 60 percent of their own weight in alcohol. A US patent has been registered for the process as early as 1974.
# Musaabad, Mazandaran

Musaabad (Persian: موسي اباد) is a village in, and the capital of, Kheyrud Kenar Rural District of the Central District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,705 in 458 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,906 people in 570 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,817 people in 602 households.
# Phylea

Phylea (Ancient Greek: Φυλέα) was a town of ancient Aetolia, near the border of Acarnania. It is known only through epigraphic testimony mentioning the appointment of a theorodokos of Phylea, about the year 356/5 BCE to welcome the theoroi of Epidaurus.
Its exact location is unknown, although by the order it occupies in the list of theorodokoi, after Therminea and before Proschium, it is considered to be in Aetolia rather than Acarnania.
# The Man on Horseback

The Man on Horseback (French: L'homme à cheval) is a 1943 novel by the French writer Pierre Drieu la Rochelle. It is set in Bolivia and tells the story of a dictator who tries to create an empire. The novel explores the author's ideas about political momentum and its origins. The allegorical narrative, complex plot and romantic verve make the novel stand out from Drieu's previous works, which are written in a realistic style and largely autobiographical.

## Publication

The first edition of The Man on Horseback was published in March 1943 and the second in July the same year. An English translation by Thomas M. Hines was published in 1978.

## Proposed film

In 1964 it was announced Harry Brown was writing a film version of the book to star Alain Delon and be directed by Sam Peckinpah. However no film resulted.