OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gonagas

A gonagas (or konagas) (Pite Sami: gånågas), bird man, was a shaman ranking level in Northern Scandinavia amongst noayddes. Gonagas possessed a special level of spiritual knowledge and claimed to have the ability to transform into a bird figure to "fly" over mountains. Because of this spiritual ability, Lundius states they were treated more respectfully or had a higher position than other people. According to the myth they could "spiritually communicate," i.e., travel to trading ports and see who would come to trade. In the witchcrafting period, the figure could not be burned on the stake because the fire would be smothered in the same way water cannot be ignited.
The word ultimately derives from a Germanic word for "king" (Compare to Finnish Kuningas and Lithuanian Kunigas, both from Proto-Germanic *Kuningaz; in archaic contex the Finnish word simply had the meaning of "leader" or "high-ranked person" instead of monarch).

## Sources

* "Descriptio Lapponiae", Nicolaus Lundius Lappo (1905)
* Suomen sanojen alkuperä, Finnish Literature Society (2000)
# Ivan Minekov

Ivan Minekov (Bulgarian: Иван Минеков) is one of the most appreciated contemporary Bulgarian sculptors. He lives and works in Sofia.
A graduate of the Academy for Fine Arts "Nicolae Grigorescu" in Bucharest, Romania (1970–1975), under Professor Paul Vasilescu's beneficial guidance, Ivan Minekov's striking talent quickly attracted the attention of the Bulgarian artistic society.
In the early years of his career, Ivan Minekov participated in all common exhibitions in Bulgaria, as well as in representative exhibitions in Europe. In the period between 1975 and 1990 he completed a number of large monumental works in many Bulgarian cities, among which his native Pazardzhik, Burgas (1978), Rousse, Lovech, Dorkovo and others.
In the same period he was included in the Encyclopedia of Bulgarian Fine Arts. The Bulgarian National Television produced a short film about his monumental work Levski (1987) and a documentary about the artist (1988), which is now included in BNT's golden fund. Also in 1988, Minekov's work was chosen as a symbol of the second allied space journey of Bulgaria and Russia.
The portrait of Professor Denton Cooley (1990), founder of the Texas Heart Institute, owned and deeply appreciated by Mr. Cooley, as well as Georges Ecly's interest towards Minekov's art, opened the doors to a rewarding international artistic career. In 1993-94 the Harada Collection in Tokyo commissioned Ivan Minekov to create the portrait of Peter Michailov and in the year of 2000, Minekov's inclination towards mythology and history brought to life Dimitar Peshev's portrait, honoring the great politician for saving the Bulgarian Jews in World War II. The bust has proudly found its place in the Palace of Europe in Strasbourg.
Today Minekov's works are owned by private collectors throughout Europe, USA, Israel and Japan. In the last few years the artist has participated in two exhibitions in the Netherlands (2005, 2007) and in a joint exhibition with painter Branimir Tzakov in the Seasons Gallery in Sofia (2006). He has also completed two portraits commissioned by private collectors from New York, USA. In 2007 Ivan Minekov was chosen as one of Bulgaria's leading artists to be represented on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs official website.
# Lake Tetzitz, Liddow Peninsula and Banzelvitz Hills Nature Reserve

54°32′28″N 13°22′05″E﻿ / ﻿54.541°N 13.36796°E﻿ / 54.541; 13.36796
The Lake Tetzitz, Liddow Peninsula and Banzelvitz Hills Nature Reserve (German: Naturschutzgebiet Tetzitzer See mit Halbinsel Liddow und Banzelvitzer Berge) is a nature reserve, 1,088 hectares in area, on the German island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It was officially designated as such on 5 November 1990 and expanded in 1994. Nearby villages are Neuenkirchen and Rappin. The area under protection is a section of the North Rügen Bodden (bodden are shallow lagoons typical of the region) which has a great variety of habitats and is an important roosting and breeding area for the bird world. The elements that give the reserve its name are Lake Tetzitz (Tetzitzer See) in the west, the peninsula of Liddow in the centre and the Banzelvitz Hills (Banzelvitzer Berge) in the eastern part of the nature reserve. Lake Tetzitz is linked to the Großer Jasmunder Bodden by the channel of the Liddow Strom.
The reserve is generally in a good condition. The grazed salt meadows are classified as very good. Lake Tetzitz is affected by fertiliser pollution. The nature reserve is protected by EU law as part of the North Rügen Bodden Landscape Special Area of Conservation (FFH-Gebiet Nordrügensche Boddenlandschaft and the Inland Bodden of Rügen Special Protection Area (Vogelschutzgebiet Binnenbodden von Rügen).
The footpath from Liddow to Banzelvitz passes through the reserve in places.

## Literature

* Umweltministerium Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ed. (2003), "Tetzitzer See mit Halbinsel Liddow und Banzelvitzer Berge 254", Die Naturschutzgebiete in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German), Schwerin: Demmler-Verlag, pp. 114f, ISBN 3-91-015052-7
# Vlasyevskaya, Verkhnetoyemsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast

Vlasyevskaya (Russian: Власьевская) is a rural locality (a village) in Afanasyevskoye Rural Settlement of Verkhnetoyemsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 57 as of 2010.

## Geography

Vlasyevskaya is located on the Yumizh River, 46 km northwest of Verkhnyaya Toyma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexeyevskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Matt Cohen (writer)

Matthew Cohen (30 December 1942 – 2 December 1999) was a Canadian writer who published both mainstream literature under his own name and children's literature under the pseudonym Teddy Jam.

## History

Matt Cohen was born in Montreal, son of Morris Cohen and Beatrice Sohn, and was raised in Kingston and Ottawa. He studied political economy at the University of Toronto and taught political philosophy and religion at McMaster University in the late 1960s before publishing his first novel Korsoniloff in 1969.
His fiction was translated into German, Dutch, French, Greek, Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish Doctor, his biggest international success, continues to sell well in the French and Spanish markets.
His greatest critical success as a writer was his final novel Elizabeth and After which won the 1999 Governor General's Award for English-language Fiction only a few weeks before his death. He had been nominated twice previously, but had not won, in 1979 for The Sweet Second Summer of Kitty Malone and in 1997 for Last Seen.
A founding member of the Writers' Union of Canada, he served on the executive board for many years and as president in 1986. During his presidency, the Writer's Union was finally able to persuade the government of Canada to form a commission and establish a Public Lending Right program. He also served on the Toronto Arts Council as chair of the Literary Division and was able to obtain increased funding for writers. In recognition of this work, he was awarded a Toronto Arts Award and the Harbourfront Prize.
He also published a number of children's books under the pseudonym Teddy Jam. Cohen's authorship of the Teddy Jam books was not revealed until after his death. Dr. Kiss, illustrated by Joanne Fitzgerald won the Governor General's Award in 1991 and Fishing Summer was also nominated for a Governor General's Award for children's literature in 1997, making Cohen one of the few writers ever to be nominated for Governor General's Awards in two different categories in the same year.
He was married three times; first to Arden Ford, next to Susan Bricker and then to Patsy Aldana.
Cohen died at home in Toronto after a battle with lung cancer. His final book of short stories, Getting Lucky, and his final Teddy Jam title, The Kid's Line, were posthumously published in 2001. A Canadian literary award, the Matt Cohen Award, is presented in Cohen's memory by the Writers' Trust of Canada.
A film adaptation of his 1990 novel Emotional Arithmetic has been produced by Triptych films starring Max von Sydow, Christopher Plummer, Gabriel Byrne and Susan Sarandon. It was the closing gala at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival.
# Lozno-Oleksandrivka

Lozno-Oleksandrivka (Ukrainian: Лозно-Олександрівка) is a rural settlement in Svatove Raion (district) in Luhansk Oblast of eastern Ukraine. Population: 829 (2022 estimate)
Until 18 July 2020, Lozno-Oleksandrivka was located in Bilokurakyne Raion. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Luhansk Oblast to eight, of which only four were controlled by the government. The area of Bilokurakyne Raion was merged into Svatove Raion.

## Demographics

Native language distribution as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
* Ukrainian: 93.65%
* Russian: 6.27%
# Simon Shnoll

Simon El'evich Shnol (Russian: Симон Эльевич Шноль; 21 March 1930 – 11 September 2021) was a biophysicist, and a historian of Soviet science. He was a professor at Physics Department of Moscow State University and a member of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. His fields of interest were the oscillatory processes in biology, the theory of evolution, chronobiology, and the history of science. He had mentored many successful scientists, including Anatoly Zhabotinsky.

## Biography

Simon Shnoll was born in Moscow in 1930. His father was Eli Gershevich Shnol, a linguist and philosopher. His mother was Faina Yakovlevna Yudovich, a teacher of Russian language and literature. In 1946, he was enrolled to Moscow State University (MSU). After graduation, he was engaged in developing new methods for using radioactive isotopes in medicine, in the Central Institute for Improvement of Medicine in Moscow, where he worked until 1959. In 1960 he went to work at MSU. Since 1975 he taught as a Professor of Biophysics. Since 1963, he was the head of Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry at the Institute of Biophysics in Pushchino. The first scientific papers were devoted to ATPases and the use of radioactive isotopes in experimental and clinical studies. He was married and has a son, Alexey Kondrashov.

## Research

From 1954 to 1957, Shnoll demonstrated a high probability of oscillatory modes in biochemical reactions. Study of chemical oscillating reactions conducted under his direction gained prominence to his graduate student Anatoly Zhabotinsky, who investigated in detail the reaction previously discovered by Boris Belousov. He later worked in the fields of Chronobiology and Astrobiology.
He was the author of over 200 scientific papers. He was also author of the books "Physico-chemical factors of biological evolution" (1979) and "Heroes, villains, and conformists of Russian Science" (2001). He mentored 70 successful PhD students. A minor planet «Shnollia» was named after him.
During many years, Simon Shnoll was a jury chairman on Biology Olympiads conducted at Moscow State University. He was a member of editorial board of Russian journal "Priroda" ("Nature").

## Selected publications

* S. Shnoll Physico-chemical factors of biological evolution. - Moscow: Nauka, 1979. - 263.
* S. Shnoll Cosmophysical factors in random processes . - Stockholm (Sweden): Svenska fysikarkivat, 2009. - 388. - ISBN 978-91-85917-06-8
# Timon Theuer

Timon Theuer (born 5 March 1994) is an Austrian long-distance runner. In 2020, he competed in the men's race at the 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland.
# Madagascar Institute of Political Studies

Madagascar Institute of Political Studies (French: Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Madagascar) is a department of the Reformed University of Madagascar (Université Reformée de Madagascar). It is based in Antananarivo, Madagascar. The university was opened in 2010. The president is Davida Rajaon.
The branches of the university are: Territorial Management and Development, Management of CSOs and Associations, Political Science, Marketing Communications and Journalism.
# Sergey Skobun

Serhiy Sergiovich Skobun (Ukrainian: Сергій Сергійович Скобун; born 4 March 1973) is a Ukrainian film director.
For the first time, he tried his hand in cinema on the Canary Islands, where he worked on creating the entertainment-psychological show “Status Quo.”
In 2015, he began filming the historical movie The Legend of the Carpathians, starring Valeriy Kharchyshyn and Maria Yaremchuk.
He also directed the music video for the song While I Haven’t Left by the band Druha Rika, which became the soundtrack for The Legend of the Carpathians.
In 2018, he was invited to serve on the jury of the international film festival “Brukivka.”
In 2020, he received the “Heroes of Today” award from the Ukrainian TV channel Ukraine.
At the beginning of 2022, he directed the short film Yellow Star: A Story of Two Families, Jewish and Ukrainian, During World War II, Film Yellow Star received numerous international film awards.
He is also the organizer of the international film festival “Bukovina” and international film festival BUC-TEN on Canary Island, Spain.
In 2024, participated in the film Under the Volcano by Damian Kochur. The film was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival and was selected as Poland’s nominee for the 97th Academy Awards.

## List of awards and nominations

| Award | Ceremony date | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| Coronation of the word | 2016 | Odesa International Film Festival Special Award | Legends of Carpathians | Won |
| Marbella International Film Festival | 2017 | Best feature film | Legends of Carpathians | Nominated |
| Marbella International Film Festival | 2019 | Best short film | Angel | Won |

## Gratitudes

| Gratitude | Date |
| Gratitude from the leadership of SSU in Chernivtsi region for a significant contribution to the revival of national spirituality and the preservation of the historical heritage of the Ukrainian people | 2018 |
| Gratitude from the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain | 2018 |
| Gratitude from the Ukrainian Institute of America in New York | 2018 |
| Gratitude from the Association of Ukrainians in the Canary Islands 2018 | 2018 |
| Gratitude from the Ukrainian Canadian Congress | 2018 |
| Gratitude from Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2018 |
| Acknowledgments from the chairman of the Committee on Culture and Spirituality of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Mykola Knyazhitsky for a significant contribution to the development of culture and art. | 2018 |
| Heroes Today Award from Ukraine TV Channel for contribution to the development of the hometown. | 2020 |
# Franconian Line

The Franconian Line (German: Fränkische Linie) is a geological fault in south-eastern Germany that forms the border between the South German Scarplands in the west and the Fichtel Mountains in the east.
The Franconian Line was formed as part of the Variscan orogenesis and was most active between 100 and 50 million years ago, when the Fichtel, with its blocks of Hercynian granite, pre-Hercynian gneissess and Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks were uplifted above its forelands that were later filled with Mesozoic-Tertiary sediments. The vertical displacement is as least 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) near Wirsberg and in some cases maybe close to 10,000 metres (33,000 ft).
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# Holmi (Phrygia)

Holmi or Holmoi (Ancient Greek: Ὅλμοι) was a town of ancient Phrygia. It is mention by Strabo as lying on the main road from Carura to Lycaonia near that road's entry into the mountainous region.
Its site is unlocated.
# Nampong Air Force Base

Nampong Air Force Base (ICAO: VYNP) is a Myanmar Air Force base in Myitkyina, Myanmar (Burma).
Formerly known as Myikyina West, it is located several miles to the west of Myitkyina. It is in current military use and home to a fighter squadron and an attack squadron.

## History

Built by the Allies during World War II as Namponmao Airfield, the airfield was used primarily as a transport facility during the Burma Campaign 1944-1945 by the Tenth Air Force 4th Combat Cargo Group beginning in June 1945 flying C-46 Commandos as a combat resupply airfield, air-dropping pallets of supplies and ammunition to the advancing Allied forces on the ground.
With the defeat of the Japanese forces in Burma, the group began cargo and passenger flights over "the Hump" (Himalayan Mountains) to and from China, assisting the movement of the 3d Combat Cargo Group to Shanghai.
The Americans left in November 1945 at the end of the war.
# Master of Crossbowmen

The Master of Crossbowmen (French: Maître des Arbalétriers) or more precisely, Master of Arbalesters or Master of Archers was the title of a commander of the Infantry of the French army (the "host") in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The position was an honorific title, not a military rank, created by Louis IX. The position existed until the reign of François I, when its duties were transferred to the Grand Master of Artillery.
The Master of the Crossbowmen commanded all archers (longbow, arbalest, crossbow, etc.), engineers and workers on siege engines, sappers ("sapeurs") and miners for mining fortifications during siege warfare. He was under the command of the Constable of France and the Marshals. Under his command was the Master of Artillery, who would come to more prominence in the reign of Louis XI, with the increased use of artillery.
The office is often considered one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France.
# Sogge Bridge

The Sogge Bridge (Norwegian: Sogge bru) is a truss bridge crossing the river Rauma in Rauma Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The bridge carries County Road 63. The intersection between E136 and County Road 63 is located on the north side of the bridge. The first bridge was built in 1877, but was washed away in 1895 or 1896. A new, wooden bridge was then built in 1903 or 1904. The current bridge was built between 1934 and 1937.
# Nýrovce

Nýrovce (Hungarian: Nyírágó or Ágónyír) is an old village and municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1247.

## Geography

The village lies at an altitude of 153 metres and covers an area of 13.49 km$^2$. It has a population of about 565 people.

## Ethnicity

The village is approximately 73% Magyar and 27% Slovak.

## Facilities

The village has a public library and football pitch.
# Benjamin Kagan

Veniamin Fyodorovich Kagan (Russian: Вениами́н Фёдорович Ка́ган; 10 March 1869 – 8 May 1953) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician and expert in geometry. He is the maternal grandfather of mathematicians Yakov Sinai and Grigory Barenblatt.

## Biography

Kagan was born in Shavli, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Šiauliai, Lithuania) in 1869, to a poor Lithuanian Jewish family. In 1871 his family moved to Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro), where he grew up. Kagan entered the Imperial Novorossiya University in Odesa in 1887, but was expelled for revolutionary activities in 1889. He was put on probation and sent back to Yekaterinoslav. He studied mathematics on his own and in 1892 passed the state exam at Kyiv University.
In 1894 Kagan moved to Saint Petersburg where he continued his studies with Andrey Markov and Konstantin Posse. They tried to help him to obtain an academic position, but Kagan's Jewish background was an obstacle. Only in 1897 was he allowed to become a dozent at the Imperial Novorossiya University, where he continued to work until 1923. His students in the theory of relativity class he taught in 1921-22 included Nikolai Papaleksi, Alexander Frumkin and Igor Tamm.
Kagan worked at Moscow State University where he held the Geometry Chair from 1923 till 1952.
In 1924 he joined Otto Schmidt in drawing up plans for the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

## Mathematical work

He published over 100 mathematical papers in different parts of geometry, particularly on hyperbolic geometry and on Riemannian geometry. He received the Stalin Prize in 1943. He founded the science publisher Mathesis in Odesa. He was a director of the mathematics and natural sciences department of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. He wrote a definitive biography of Nikolai Lobachevsky and edited his collected works (5 volumes, 1946–1951).
Kagan's doctoral students include Viktor Wagner and Isaak Yaglom.

## Trivia

* He's a minor character in The Fourth Prose (1930) by Osip Mandelstam.
# Friesach/Hirt Airfield

Friesach/Hirt Airfield (German: Flugplatz Friesach/Hirt, ICAO: LOKH) is a private use aerodrome located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south-southeast of Friesach, Kärnten, Austria.
# Córrego do Veado Biological Reserve

Córrego do Veado Biological Reserve (Portuguese: Reserva Biológica do Córrego do Veado) is a biological reserve in the municipality of Pinheiros, Espírito Santo, Brazil.

## Location

The reserve of 2,357 hectares (5,820 acres) was created by decree 87.590 of 20 September 1982 and decree 89.569 of 23 April 1984. It is managed by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002. It is named after the river of the same name, the Veado River, which flows through the reserve from west to east. It lies in the Pinheiros municipality of Espírito Santo. The vegetation is semi-deciduous tropical rain forest, with very tall trees and sparse undergrowth. Although in the tropical zone, the climate is greatly influenced by the mountains.

## Conservation

The Biological Reserve is a "strict nature reserve" under IUCN protected area category Ia. The reserve was created to preserve a remnant of Atlantic forest in the northern part of the state.
In January 2014 the Federal Public Ministry in Espírito Santo gained a court ruling that ICMBio had 180 days to delimit buffer zones around the Córrego do Veado Biological Reserve as well as the nearby 2,830 hectares (7,000 acres) Rio Preto National Forest and the 1,504 hectares (3,720 acres) Córrego Grande Biological Reserve. A buffer zone is an area around a conservation unit where human activity is subject to various rules and restrictions.
Protected species in the Atlantic Forest biome are northern brown howler (Alouatta guariba guariba), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), red-browed amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha), scalloped antbird (Myrmeciza ruficauda), white-eared parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis) and ochre-marked parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata).
# Dashtak-e Sofla, North Khorasan

Dashtak-e Sofla (Persian: دشتك سفلي, also Romanized as Dashtak-e Soflá; also known as Dashtak, Dashtak-e Pā’īn, Dashtak Kalāsi, and Dashtak Qal”ehsi) is a village in Atrak Rural District, Maneh District, Maneh and Samalqan County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 519, in 117 families.
# Hesar Dar

Hesar Dar (Persian: حصاردار, also Romanized as Ḩeşār Dār and Hassārdār) is a village in Qaleh Zari Rural District, Jolgeh-e Mazhan District, Khusf County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 9 families.