OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Circumscribed sphere

In geometry, a circumscribed sphere of a polyhedron is a sphere that contains the polyhedron and touches each of the polyhedron's vertices. The word circumsphere is sometimes used to mean the same thing, by analogy with the term circumcircle. As in the case of two-dimensional circumscribed circles (circumcircles), the radius of a sphere circumscribed around a polyhedron P is called the circumradius of P, and the center point of this sphere is called the circumcenter of P.

## Existence and optimality

When it exists, a circumscribed sphere need not be the smallest sphere containing the polyhedron; for instance, the tetrahedron formed by a vertex of a cube and its three neighbors has the same circumsphere as the cube itself, but can be contained within a smaller sphere having the three neighboring vertices on its equator. However, the smallest sphere containing a given polyhedron is always the circumsphere of the convex hull of a subset of the vertices of the polyhedron.
In De solidorum elementis (circa 1630), René Descartes observed that, for a polyhedron with a circumscribed sphere, all faces have circumscribed circles, the circles where the plane of the face meets the circumscribed sphere. Descartes suggested that this necessary condition for the existence of a circumscribed sphere is sufficient, but it is not true: some bipyramids, for instance, can have circumscribed circles for their faces (all of which are triangles) but still have no circumscribed sphere for the whole polyhedron. However, whenever a simple polyhedron has a circumscribed circle for each of its faces, it also has a circumscribed sphere.

## Related concepts

The circumscribed sphere is the three-dimensional analogue of the circumscribed circle. All regular polyhedra have circumscribed spheres, but most irregular polyhedra do not have one, since in general not all vertices lie on a common sphere. The circumscribed sphere (when it exists) is an example of a bounding sphere, a sphere that contains a given shape. It is possible to define the smallest bounding sphere for any polyhedron, and compute it in linear time.
Other spheres defined for some but not all polyhedra include a midsphere, a sphere tangent to all edges of a polyhedron, and an inscribed sphere, a sphere tangent to all faces of a polyhedron. In the regular polyhedra, the inscribed sphere, midsphere, and circumscribed sphere all exist and are concentric.
When the circumscribed sphere is the set of infinite limiting points of hyperbolic space, a polyhedron that it circumscribes is known as an ideal polyhedron.

## Point on the circumscribed sphere

There are five convex regular polyhedra, known as the Platonic solids. All Platonic solids have circumscribed spheres. For an arbitrary point $M$ on the circumscribed sphere of each Platonic solid with number of the vertices $n$, if $MA_{i}$ are the distances to the vertices $A_{i}$, then
    $4(MA_{1}^{2}+MA_{2}^{2}+...+MA_{n}^{2})^{2}=3n(MA_{1}^{4}+MA_{2}^{4}+...+MA_{n}^{4}).$
# Harding, Iran

Harding (Persian: هردينگ, also Romanized as Hardīng; also known as Hardeng and Hardang) is a village in Jolgeh-e Mazhan Rural District, Jolgeh-e Mazhan District, Khusf County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 14 families.
# Tasuku Hiraoka

Tasuku Hiraoka (平岡 翼, Hiraoka Tasuku, born February 23, 1996 in Nara) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi SC.

## Playing career

Tasuku Hiraoka joined to J1 League club FC Tokyo in 2014.

## Career statistics

Updated to 23 February 2018.
| Club | Season | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J. League Cup | J. League Cup | AFC | AFC | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| FC Tokyo | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| FC Tokyo | 2015 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| FC Tokyo | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FC Tokyo U-23 | 2016 | 28 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 28 | 1 |
| FC Tokyo | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| FC Tokyo U-23 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | 28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 1 |
# International Portuguese Language Institute

The International Portuguese Language Institute (Portuguese: Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa, IILP) is the Community of Portuguese Language Countries's institute supporting the spread and popularity of the Portuguese language in the world. The institute's headquarters is located in Praia, Cabo Verde.

## History

The institute is recent, and its statutes are still not well regulated. However, its history starts in 1989 when the countries of Portuguese language gathered in São Luís do Maranhão in Brazil to create a base for a Portuguese language community. The Brazilian president, José Sarney, proposed the idea of an international institute to promote the language. Only 10 years later in a meeting in São Tomé and Príncipe, a small island-nation in the Gulf of Guinea, the institute's objectives, implementation and location (Cape Verde) were set.
The IILP's fundamental objectives are "the promotion, the defence, the enrichment and the spread of the Portuguese language as a vehicle of culture, education, information and access to scientific and technologic knowledge and of official use in international forums".
The members of the IILP are the member states of the Lusophone Commonwealth – the CPLP: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, and since 2014 Equatorial Guinea.
# Mateusz Rudkowski

Mateusz (or Mieczysław) Rudkowski (also Ukrainian: Матвій Рудковський; c. 1809 — c. 1887) was a Polish composer of choral and piano music.
He received his musical education in Lviv and Vienna. In 1850-1860 he was kapellmeister of the choir of Greek Catholic seminary in Lviv, and directed the Ukrainian choir of Stauropegion Institute.
Rudkowski was a member of the Galician Music Society in Lviv, and taught its members choral and especially church singing. Some of his compositions were published at his own expense and by Żupański in Poznań, and others by Wild and Kallenbach in Lviv. He composed a mass performed in Lviv in 1855 or 1856.
Rudkowski's compositions were regularly reviewed in Ruch Muzyczny: Opp. 2 and 3 in 1860, Opp. 4 and 5 in 1861.

## Sources

* Albert Sowiński (1874). Słownik muzyków polskich dawnych i nowoczesnych. p. 326.
* Karol Estreicher (1876). Bibliografia polska XIX stólecia. T. 4 (R–U). p. 139.
* Енциклопедія українознавства: Словникова частина: [в 11 т.] / Наукове товариство імені Шевченка; гол. ред. проф., д-р Володимир Кубійович. Париж; Нью-Йорк: Молоде життя; Львів; Київ: Глобус, 1955—2003.
* Муха Антон. Композитори України та української діаспори. К.: 2004. ISBN 966-8259-08-4
# Krasny Vostok

Krasny Vostok (Russian: Красный Восток) is a rural locality (a selo) in Korshunovsky Selsoviet of Mikhaylovsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 81 as of 2018. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Krasny Vostok is located on the right bank of the Zavitaya River, 15 km north of Poyarkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Cheremisino is the nearest rural locality.
# Rabeh Saqer

Rabeh Saqer (Arabic: رابح صقر) is a Saudi Arabian singer.
# Supur

Supur (Hungarian: Alsószopor; Hungarian pronunciation:) is a commune of 3,990 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Crișana, Romania. Its administrative centre is Supuru de Jos, and the commune is composed of seven villages: Dobra (Dobra), Giorocuta (Girókuta), Hurezu Mare (Nántű), Racova (Rákosterebes), Sechereșa (Szekerestanya), Supuru de Jos (Alsószopor), and Supuru de Sus (Felsőszopor).

## Geography

The commune is located in the southern part of the county, on the border with Sălaj County. It lies at an altitude of 154 m (505 ft), on the banks of the river Crasna, and its right tributary, the river Maja.
The national road DN19A [ro] (part of European route E81) connects Supur to the county seat, Satu Mare, about 50 km (31 mi) to the north.

## Demographics

At the 2002 census, the commune had a population of 4,677, of which 63.99% were Romanians, 28.65% Hungarians and 7.01% Roma; according to mother tongue, 71.01% of the population spoke Romanian, while 28.60% spoke Hungarian as their first language. At the 2011 census, there were 4,231 inhabitants, of which 60.74% Romanians, 25.74% Hungarians, and 10.66% Roma. At the 2021 census, Supur had a population of 3,990, of which 69.27% were Romanians, 22.38% Hungarians, and 3.51% Roma.

## Natives

* János Szily (1735-1799), Hungarian Catholic bishop
# Divertissement

Divertissement (from the French 'diversion' or 'amusement') is used, in a similar sense to the Italian 'divertimento', for a light piece of music for a small group of players, however the French term has additional meanings.
During the 17th and 18th century, the term implied incidental aspects of an entertainment (usually involving singing and dancing) that might be inserted in an opera or ballet or other stage performance. In the operas produced by the Académie Royale de Musique, both tragédies lyriques and comédies lyriques, these 'divertissements' were sometimes linked to the main plot, or performed at the close of the performance. (Similar examples during the 19th century include Charles Gounod's opera Faust and Delibes's ballet Coppélia.)
Special entertainments of a similar kind given between the acts of an opera were called 'intermèdes'.
The term is also sometimes used for a suite of loosely connected dances. One 20th-century example is Jacques Ibert's Divertissement (1930). Jean Françaix named four of his compositions Divertissement:
* for string trio and piano (1933)
* for string trio and orchestra (1935)
* for bassoon and string quintet (or orchestra, 1942)
* for oboe, clarinet and bassoon (1945).
# Mandu-guk

Mandu-guk (만두국, 饅頭-) or dumpling soup is a variety of Korean soup (guk) made by boiling mandu (dumplings) in a beef broth or anchovy broth mixed with beaten egg.

## History

According to the 14th century records of Goryeosa (고려사), mandu had already been introduced via Central Asia during the Goryeo era. Mandu was called sanghwa (쌍화) or gyoja (교자) until the mid-Joseon Dynasty and became a local specialty of the Pyongan and Hamgyong regions, as both wheat and buckwheat — the main ingredients for flour — were mainly cultivated in the north.
Mandu was made and cooked in various ways, including manduguk. In the Korean royal court, the dish was called byeongsi (병시) while in Eumsik dimibang, a Joseon Dynasty cookbook, it was called seokryutang (석류탕). The exact era when manduguk got its modern name is unknown.

## Preparation and serving

Dumplings are made by rolling out thin circles of dough, creating a half-moon shape and filling them with a mixture of minced meat, vegetables, tofu and sometimes kimchi. The dumplings are then boiled in a broth traditionally made by boiling anchovies, shiitake mushroom stems and onions.
Some variations make the broth from beef stock. The addition of tteok, a cylindrical rice cake, is common as well, changing the dish's name into tteok-mandu-guk.
# Dar Ben Achour

Dar Ben Achour (Arabic: دار بن عاشور), previously known as Dar Bouattour is a palace in the medina of Tunis, built in the 17th century and located in the Pasha Street. Nowadays, it houses the library of the city of Tunis.
It was occupied by Mohammed Aziz Bouattour, the Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1882 to 1907 and grandfather of Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur. He bequeathed the house to the latter before it returned to Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour.
The house was acquired in 1970 by the municipality of Tunis. After a restoration, it is transformed in 1983 into a library whose mission is to collect and preserve historical documents related to the city of Tunis and Tunisians. In 1990, it also became the headquarters of the Tunisian Association of Monuments and Sites.
* Dar Ben Achour's corridors
* Dar Ben Achour's corridors 2
* Entrance of Dar Ben Achour
* Photo of Tahar Ben Achour
* Dar ben Achour's balcony
* Dar ben Achour's arches
# Everdale

Everdale was a free-to-play village-building mobile game from Supercell that was in beta from 23 August 2021 to 31 October 2022. It was available in Canada, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Nordics, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines and Malaysia.

## Gameplay

Everdale was a fantasy village-building and farming co-operative multiplayer game based on player cooperation. Each player had their own "village" in which they could build and upgrade buildings, and their village was in a "valley" that was unlocked after reaching level four. Each valley had up to ten other player's villagers and, similar to the village, buildings could be built or upgraded. Every player had "villagers" that they could assign to either collect resources from the village or the valley, or level up villager skills. Harvesting resources or exchanging them for other resources to further upgrade resource production was the main gameplay loop.
Each villager had a home; the player started with two villagers and had to research any further homes in the research tree to unlock more villagers. After a home was researched and built the player could choose one of three villagers to inhabit it. Each villager could only work on one task at a time, so unlocking more villagers always allows for faster resource production. Villager working speed could be boosted temporarily by potions or nectar, or boosted permanently by upgrading them at guilds.

### Resources

Different resources could be researched through the research tree. Resources were divided into two types: primary and secondary resources. Primary resources were required to progress in the game, and were either needed for construction in the village or for the production of other primary resources. Primary resources included soup, wood, clay, stone, planks and bricks. Secondary resources were not required to progress in the game. They may be needed for valley construction, but as players contributed to valley tasks together no individual player needed them unlocked to progress.

## Development

Everdale was initially released in late 2020 as Valleys & Villages under the developer name "Osmium Interactive" as an alpha test. It was later released as beta in certain regions on August 23, 2021. On 3 October 2022 it was announced that the game was being shut down at the end of the month. On 31 October 2022 the game was closed on 10:00 (am) UTC. On January 26 2023, Supercell announced on Twitter that they will be transferring ownership of the game to Metacore, which will address the production and publishing in the future. In late 2024, Metacore ceased development on Everdale and returned the intellectual property back to Supercell.

## Reception

Sumant Meena of Pocket Gamer described Everdale as "simple, yet exciting."
# Swedish Miners' Union

The Swedish Miners' Union (Swedish: Svenska Gruvindustriarbetareförbundet, Gruv) was a trade union representing workers in the mining industry in Sweden.
The union was founded at a meeting in Grängesberg on 12 October 1895. It initially had 600 members, but grew steadily. It affiliated to the Swedish Trade Union Confederation in 1900, and had 4,504 members by 1908. Membership declined rapidly following that year's general strike, but was gradually rebuilt, and reached an all-time peak of 13,337 in 1958. In the winter of 1969/1970, there was a major unofficial strike in the industry, which prompted a brief rebound in membership, but the overall trend was downwards, along with employment in the industry. By 1993, the union had only 5,600 members. The following year, it merged into the Swedish Metalworkers' Union.

## Presidents

    1895: Karl-Erik Berg
    Edward Mattsson
    Vilhelm Isaksson
    1960s: Nils Lindell
    1970: John Näslund
    1979: Anders Stendalen
# Tsakalidis

Tsakalidis (Greek: Τσακαλίδης) is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:
# Verhnie Ozerki

Verhnie Ozerki (Russian: Верхние Озерки, meaning "Upper Ponds") is a village in Russia, in the Buturlinovsky District of Voronezh Oblast. It is part of the Karaychevskoe Rural Settlement.
The population (as of 2010) is one person.
# Bicaz

Bicaz (Hungarian: Békás) is a town in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania situated in the eastern Carpathian Mountains near the confluence of the Bicaz and Bistrița Rivers and near Lake Bicaz, an artificial lake formed by the Bicaz Dam on the Bistrița. Bicaz used to be a border town until 1918. Six villages are administered by the town: Capșa, Dodeni, Izvoru Alb, Izvoru Muntelui, Potoci, and Secu.

## Economy

Before the construction of the dam (1950–1960) the settlement was just a mountain village in Eastern Carpathians where the main economic activity was timber harvesting. By tradition, the tree trunks were linked together, forming a raft (pluta); a raftman (Romanian: plutaș) used to drive the raft on the Bistrița river downstream to wood processing facilities in Piatra Neamț.
Building the dam created also a horizontal industry: two cement and aggregate plants were built in Bicaz proper and nearby Tașca. This, together with the construction of the Bicaz-Stejaru Hydroelectric Power Station (10 km (6.2 mi) to the east) triggered a relative economic boom during the communist period.
The Bicaz cement plant was shut down after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and is slowly being taken apart. On the other hand, the Tașca cement plant was acquired by the German group HeidelbergCement and was completely overhauled. The town has also a few timber factories and wood processing facilities.

## Access

The town has access to two national roads: DN15 and DN12C while Bicaz railway station is the terminus station on CFR Line 509 with scheduled daily service to Bucharest North. The town served also as a port with scheduled ferry service with the villages on lake shore in the 1960s and 1970s. Today the facility offers only seasonal leisure cruises.

## Tourism

The town is located in the proximity of two important tourist destinations in Romania: the Ceahlău Massif (12 km (7.5 mi) north) and Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park (25 km (16 mi) to the west). The impressive Bicaz Dam built on the river Bistrița in the 1950s (one of the biggest in Romania) and the resulting Bicaz Lake are also popular tourist sights. Durău, the only ski resort in the Ceahlău Massif, is located about 30 km (19 mi) north.

## Natives

* Iuliana Paleu (born 1990), sprint canoeist

## Image gallery

* Bicaz Dam, 127 meters high, built between 1950 and 1960 on the Bistrița River
* Night view of the dam
* Bicaz Canyon, a narrow pass linking Romanian historical regions of Moldavia and Transylvania along DN12C national road
# Regional State Archives in Stavanger

The Regional State Archives in Stavanger (Norwegian: Statsarkivet i Stavanger) is a regional state archives situated in Stavanger, Norway. Part of the National Archival Services of Norway, it is responsible for archiving documents from state institutions in the county of Rogaland—the only regional state archive to cover only a single county. The facility is jointly located with the Intermunicipal Archives of Rogaland. The collection includes 15 shelf-kilometers of material.
State archive documents from Rogaland were originally stored at the Regional State Archives in Bergen. A branch of this opened at Stavanger Hospital in 1949, after which most of the material was moved. It moved from a basement office at the hospital to the new Norges Bank building in Stavanger in 1964. The division was made an independent regional state archive in 1970. The 700 shelf-meters was soon insufficient and the archives had to rent capacity at various locations throughout town. It moved to the current site at IMI-gården in 1987, where it received a capacity for 7,000 shelf-meters. This was increased to 12,000 in 2002 and 15,500 in 2008. IKA Rogaland has been co-located since 2002.
# Syed Abdul Salam Shah

Syed Abdul Salam Shah (born November, 1897) was an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress (INC), and a well-known freedom fighter. He belonged to Kaimganj, Farrukhabad. He served INC for more than 40 years till his death.

## Career

Syed Abdul Salam Shah was a soldier in Indian army and was posted in Iran. He was Minister of State of Food and Civil Supplies, Uttar Pradesh (1969–1971). Prior to this, he was elected as Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council (1958–1962).
Thereafter, he came out as a winner in Kamalganj Constituency Election for Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1969–1974) by defeating Babu Ram of Bhartiya Jana Sangh (BJS).
He served as President of District Board Farrukhabad. He was District President of INC, Farrukhabad for the longest term (more than 30 years).
He actively participated in Non-cooperation Movement (Asahiyog Andolan) led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1921–1922. He also participated in Quit India Movement in 1942.
He was awarded for his great contribution to Indian National Congress by the Government in 1992, just few days before his death. Syed Abdul Salam Shah died on 6 December 1992, the day when Babri Masjid was demolished.
# Tilo Frey

Tilo Frey (2 May 1923 – 27 June 2008)) was a Swiss politician. She was one of the first twelve women elected to the National Council in 1971 and was the first person of African descent elected to the National Council. Prior to her service at the federal level, she was a member of the municipal council of Neuchâtel and the Grand Council of Neuchâtel.

## Early life and education

Frey was born in Maroua, Cameroon, as the daughter of a Swiss father, Paul Frey of Brugg, and a Fula mother, Fatimatou Bibabadama. She was adopted by Katscha Frey. As a mixed-race child in Switzerland, Frey faced considerable racism. Even her father advised her to "act as white as a lily". She attended school in Canton Neuchatel and vocational school in Neuchatel from 1938 – 1941.

## Professional career

From 1943 to 1971 she taught business classes at the Ecole de commerce of Neuchâtel. After her political career came to an end, she returned to teaching and from 1976 to 1984, she was director of the Ecole professionnelle de jeunes filles.

## Political career

She became active in politics in 1959 once the Canton of Neuchâtel gave women the right to vote and run for public office. She joined the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (FDP) and was elected into the municipal council of Neuchâtel in 1964. When she was elected to the Grand Council of Neuchâtel 1969, she became the first person of color to serve in that body. In a referendum of 1971, Swiss voters approved giving women the right to vote and to stand for office. Frey entered the race for the National Council in the 1971 Swiss federal election and won a seat as a member of the FDP, joining nine other women who entered the council. Media coverage at the time was heavily focused on her race during the campaign. In 1974 she resigned from municipal council in Neuchâtel. She was not re-elected to the National Council in the 1975 election. Among her key issues were equal pay for woman and legalized abortion.
Frey died on 27 June 2008 in her hometown of Neuchâtel at the age of 85.

## Legacy

In June 2019, Neuchâtel changed the name of Espace Louis-Agassiz, near the Faculty of Letters of the University of Neuchâtel area, to Espace Tilo Frey. Louis Agassiz was a professor of natural history and glaciology at University of Neuchâtel. He is now recognized as having held and propagated racist views, having published work on polygenism that claimed a ranking of the races in which blacks were inferior to whites and defended racial segregation.