OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sholom Noach Berezovsky

Sholom Noach Berezovsky (Hebrew: שלום נח ברזובסקי; August 18, 1911 – August 8, 2000) was the rebbe (hereditary rabbinic leader) of the Slonim dynasty of hasidim from 1981 until his death. His teachings were published as a series of books entitled Nesivos Sholom.

## Early life

Berezovsky was born on August 18, 1911 (4 Av 5671 in the Hebrew calendar) in Baranavichy (today in Belarus), to Rabbi Moshe Avrohom Berezovsky and Tzvia Berezovsky. His father was the head of the local Jewish community and his mother was a granddaughter of Hillel Weinberg, a brother of the first Slonimer rebbe Rabbi Avraham Weinberg.
Berezovsky studied in the Slonimer yeshiva Toras Chessed in Baranovitsh, which combined the Lithuanian Talmudic style of the non-Hasidic yeshivas with the Hasidic approach. Starting in about 1930, the Slonimer rebbe Avraham Weinberg had him write notes on the discourses which Weinberg delivered every Shabbos (sabbath). These notes were subsequently published under the name Beis Avrohom.
By 1933 he had moved to Israel and in that year married a daughter of Rabbi Avrohom Weinberg of Tiberias (who would later become Slonimer Rebbe).

## Rabbinic career

In 1940 he was appointed rosh yeshiva of Achei Temimim, the Lubavitcher yeshiva in Tel Aviv. In 1941 he opened the Slonimer yeshiva in Jerusalem with five students.
In 1954, Berezovsky's father-in-law became the Slonimer rebbe (hereditary dynastic leader).
He succeeded his father-in-law as rebbe on the latter's death in 1981.$^{:p.15}$ He was succeeded by his son Shmuel.

## Works

Rabbi Berezovsky is best known for his seven-volume Nesivos Sholom (נתיבות שלום, "Paths of Peace"; see Hebrew article), a work which enjoys enormous popularity across the Orthodox world. It is described as "a mix of passionate and inspiring Chassidus, and Mussar that speaks directly to the individual", providing a "roadmap that leads inevitably to a higher place for the person seeking it". It is arranged around the Weekly Torah portion and the special days of the year. It was published in 1982.
Rabbi Berezovsky also published the works of other Slonimer rebbes. The Slonim Hasidic dynasty was almost wiped out in the Holocaust, and Berezovsky collected the oral traditions ascribed to previous Slonimer rebbes (who did not commit their teachings to writing) in works such as Divrei Shmuel and Toras Ovos. He also wrote up his father-in-law's discourses which were subsequently published as Birkas Avrohom.
Finally, he also wrote books of his own teachings, including several smaller works on educational issues, marital harmony and other issues.
# Dash Kasan, Chaldoran

Dash Kasan (Persian: داشكسن, also Romanized as Dāsh Kasan) is a village in Baba Jik Rural District, in the Central District of Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 6 families.
# Ošupe Parish

Ošupe Parish (Latvian: Ošupes pagasts) is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

## Towns, villages and settlements of Ošupe parish

* This Vidzeme location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* ↑ "Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
* ↑ "Iedzīvotāju skaits pēc tautības reģionos, pilsētās, novados, pagastos, apkaimēs un blīvi apdzīvotās teritorijās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
# The Hours of the Day

The Hours of the Day (Spanish: Las horas del día) is a 2003 Spanish drama film directed by Jaime Rosales (in his feature film debut) from a screenplay by Rosales and Enric Rufas which stars Alex Brendemühl.

## Plot

The plot follows the daily life of a killer living with his mother in El Prat de Llobregat.

## Cast

* Alex Brendemühl as Abel
* Àgata Roca [es] as Tere
* María Antonia Martínez as madre de Abel
* Vicente Romero as Marcos
* Pape Monsoriu as Trini
* Irene Belza as Carmen
* Anna Sahun [es] as María
* Isabel Rocatti [es] as taxista
* Armando Aguirre as señor mayor

## Production

The film is a Fresdeval Films and In Vitro Films production. Shooting locations included El Prat de Llobregat.

## Release

The film premiered in the Directors' Fortnight independent section of the 56th Cannes Film Festival's in May 2003. Distributed by Nirvana Films, it was released theatrically in Spain on 6 June 2003, grossing €191,967 (38,821 admissions).

## Reception

Lisa Nesselson of Variety assessed that the film "boasts a crisp sense of observation in the service of a story many will judge aimless".
Nuria Vidal of Fotogramas rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, considering that instead of "good" and "bad" characters, intrigue or investigation or psychology and explanations, "there is a good dose of pure cinema" within.

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| 2004 | 18th Goya Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Jaime Rosales, Enric Rufas | Nominated | |
| 2004 | 18th Goya Awards | Best New Director | Jaime Rosales | Nominated | |
# Eyragues

Eyragues (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Airaga en Provença) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. Located 14 km (8.7 mi) south of Avignon, and 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, it has a weekly market on Fridays in the large village square.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,389 | — |
| 1800 | 2,388 | −0.01% |
| 1806 | 2,060 | −2.43% |
| 1821 | 2,206 | +0.46% |
| 1831 | 2,227 | +0.09% |
| 1836 | 2,272 | +0.40% |
| 1841 | 2,290 | +0.16% |
| 1846 | 2,319 | +0.25% |
| 1851 | 2,368 | +0.42% |
| 1856 | 2,527 | +1.31% |
| 1861 | 2,554 | +0.21% |
| 1866 | 2,583 | +0.23% |
| 1872 | 2,461 | −0.80% |
| 1876 | 2,361 | −1.03% |
| 1881 | 2,191 | −1.48% |
| 1886 | 2,069 | −1.14% |
| 1891 | 2,008 | −0.60% |
| 1896 | 1,946 | −0.63% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 1,957 | +0.11% |
| 1906 | 1,937 | −0.21% |
| 1911 | 1,935 | −0.02% |
| 1921 | 1,575 | −2.04% |
| 1926 | 1,745 | +2.07% |
| 1931 | 1,767 | +0.25% |
| 1936 | 1,878 | +1.23% |
| 1946 | 1,864 | −0.07% |
| 1954 | 2,015 | +0.98% |
| 1962 | 2,092 | +0.47% |
| 1968 | 2,288 | +1.50% |
| 1975 | 2,512 | +1.34% |
| 1982 | 2,968 | +2.41% |
| 1990 | 3,504 | +2.10% |
| 1999 | 3,941 | +1.31% |
| 2007 | 4,258 | +0.97% |
| 2012 | 4,178 | −0.38% |
| 2017 | 4,468 | +1.35% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Halberstam

Halberstam (Yiddish: האלבערשטאם‎‎, Hebrew: הלברשטם‎‎) is a Jewish surname, used by several branches of the Halberstadt family.
Halberstam, meaningless in its current form, is altered from an older name, Halberstadt, used by many descendants of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh (died 1748), the rabbi of Halberstadt.
The change of Halberstadt to Halberstam is often thought to have been implemented by Rabbi Chaim Halberstam of Sanz (Nowy Sącz), as implied by Rabbi Yechezkel Michelsohn of Płońsk, in his biography of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh Halberstadt and his descendants, who records the rabbi of Sanz's displeasure at bearing the name of a non-Jewish settlement as his motive. However, even first and second cousins of the rabbi of Sanz are known to have borne the modified name, implying that the change was made at least two generations before him. Joseph Kwadrat believes that Halberstadt was modified to Halberstam (or, in one branch, to Halberthal) by members of the family then residing in Galicia to conform with the surname adoption laws of the Austrian Empire.

## Notable people with the surname

* Ari Halberstam (1977–1994), Yeshiva student killed in the 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting
* Ben Zion Halberstam (1874–1941), Grand Rebbe of Bobov (1905–1941)
* Ben Zion Aryeh Leibish Halberstam (born 1954), Bobover Rebbe
* Chaim Halberstam (1793–1876), of Sanz, founder of the Sanz dynasty. Known commonly as the Divrei Chaim
* Chaim Halberstam, descendant of the 'Divrei Chaim' of Sanz, Congregational Rabbi and clinical psychologist
* David Halberstam (1934–2007), American journalist and author
* David J. Halberstam (born 1951), American sports announcer
* Devorah Halberstam, American anti-terrorism and gun control activist
* Dovid Halberstam (1821–1894), founder of the Chrzanow Hasidic dynasty
* Heini Halberstam (1926–2014), mathematician, Elliott–Halberstam conjecture is named
* Judith Halberstam (born 1961), Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California
* Michael J. Halberstam (1932–1980), American cardiologist and author
* Moshe Halberstam (1932–2006), member of the Edah Charedis Rabbinical court of Jerusalem
* Naftali Halberstam (1931–2005), Grand Rebbe of Bobov (2000–2005)
* Samuel David Halberstam, Klausenberg Rebbe of Borough Park, Brooklyn
* Shlomo Halberstam (first Bobover rebbe) (1847–1905), founder of the Bobov Hasidic dynasty
* Shlomo Halberstam (third Bobover rebbe) (1907–2000), Grand Rebbe of Bobov (1941–2000)
* Solomon Joachim Halberstam (1832–1900), Austrian Jewish scholar
* Yechezkel Shraga Halberstam (1813–1899), Polish rabbi
* Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam (1905–1994), Orthodox rabbi and founding rebbe of the Klausenberger dynasty
* Zvi Elimelech Halberstam (born 1952), Klausenberg Rebbe of Netanya
# Havigan

Havigan (Persian: هويگان, also Romanized as Havīgān, Havījān, and Havīgūn) is a village in Barakuh Rural District, Jolgeh-e Mazhan District, Khusf County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 11 families.
# Swiss Typographers' Union

The Swiss Typographers' Union (German: Schweizerischer Typographenbund, STB; French: Fédération Suisse des Typographes) was a trade union representing printers, based in Switzerland.
The union was founded in 1858 in Olten, becoming the first enduring trade union in Switzerland. It achieved early success by negotiating wage increases, leading many strikes, and in 1912 it achieved a closed shop agreement, in co-ordination with its Christian and liberal rivals. It was an early member of the Swiss Trade Union Federation, while in 1892, it led the formation of the International Typographers' Secretariat, thereafter hosting its headquarters.
By the end of World War I, the union had a national presence, although until 1926 it did not admit women or workers it considered to be less skilled. By 1954, the union had 10,560 members, and this rose to 15,466 by 1979. The following year, it merged with the Swiss Bookbinders' and Carton Makers' Union to form the Union of Printing and Paper.

## Central Presidents

    1858: Ed. Albrecht
    1862: U. Müller
    1863: Fr. Niklaus
    1864: J. Kleinert
    1865: J. Boß
    1866: F. Wittmer
    1867: K. Ehrensberger
    1868: H. Schweizer
    1870: J. Rüegg
    1872: Fabian Lack
    1874: K. Ehrensberger
    1876: H. Schweizer
    1880: J. Kummer
    1886: Friedrich Siebenmann
    1888: F. Käser
    1889: J. Frank
    1892: J. Leisinger
    1893: H. Unteregger
    1895: A. Ammann
    1898: A. Hagmann
    1900: E. Pfister
    1904: E. Blaser
    1905: F. Brosi
    1906: Fritz Verdan
    1917: Hans Grundbacher
    1922: H. Bräuchi
    1924:
    1927: Hans Huber
    1946: Karl Aeschbacher
    1950s: Eduard Harsch
    1967: Erwin Gerster
# Department of Cuzco (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)

The Department of Cuzco (Spanish: Departamento de Cuzco) was a department of South Peru, a constituent country of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which existed from 1836 to 1839. Created alongside the confederate state, its capital was Cuzco.

## History

Cuzco sent deputies to the Sicuani Assembly of March 1836, where the Constitution of the Southern Peruvian State was drafted under the guidance of the then rebel politician Nicolás Fernández de Piérola y Flores [es] in the midst of the Peruvian civil war since 1835. The constitution proclaimed the state of South Peru and the alliance with the Bolivian occupation forces for the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
With Piérola's victory, the Fundamental Law of 1837 in Tacna, with approval of the self-proclaimed supreme protector Andrés de Santa Cruz, recognized Cuzco as a founding department of the Confederation. The General Government of the Confederation minimized the territorial dispute between the then Peruvian Republic and Bolivia.
Cuzco was subject to the General Government, which minimised its territorial disputes. Its governor was appointed by the president of the State, and this in turn was appointed by the supreme protector on duty. The governor was obliged to elect representatives of his department to participate in the assemblies of Sicuani, which were ordered by the president of the South Peruvian State.
# Chip White

Alan White (21 December 1946 – 5 August 2020), known as Chip White, was an American jazz drummer who has performed and/or recorded with a variety of artists, including Carmen McRae, Jaki Byard, the Jazzmobile CETA Big Band, Candido, John Abercrombie, Frank Wess, and many others.
White died on August 5, 2020, in Harlem, New York City.

## Early life

White was born on December 21, 1946, in New York City to Algernon White and Norma White. He began studying percussion and music with his father at the age of nine and studied theory and harmony with Vincent Corzine while in high school. White then continued his formal education at Ithaca College and later at the Berklee School of Music in Boston, MA, where he studied with Alan Dawson, Charlie Marino, and Herb Pomeroy. He also studied privately with Freddie Buda of the Boston Symphony. Later, he studied orchestration and arranging with Frank Foster.

## Discography

Source:
* Harlem Sunset (Postcards, 1994)
* Music and Lyrics (Dark Colors, 2004)
* Double Dedication (Dark Colors, 2008)
* More Dedications (Dark Colors, 2009)
* Personal Dedications & Percussive Tributes (Dark Colors, 2011)
* Family Dedications and More (Dark Colors, 2014)

### As sideman

With Teddy Edwards
* Midnight Creeper (HighNote, 1997)
* Ladies Man (HighNote, 2000)
* Smooth Sailing (HighNote, 2001 [2003])
With Etta Jones
* Easy Living (HighNote, 2000)
* The Way We Were: Live in Concert (Highnote, 2000 [2011]) with Houston Person
* Etta Jones Sings Lady Day (HighNote, 2001)
With Houston Person
* Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse, 1994)
* In a Sentimental Mood (HighNote, 2000)
* Social Call (HighNote, 2003)
* To Etta with Love (HighNote, 2004)
* All Soul (HighNote, 2005)
With Enrico Rava
* Il Giro Del Giorno in 80 Mondi (International, 1972)
With Irene Reid
* One Monkey Don't Stop No Show (Savant, 2002)
With Tom Waits
* Blue Valentine (Asylum, 1978)
# Jacob Barsimson

Jacob Barsimson (Hebrew: יעקב ברסימסון) was one of the earliest Jewish settlers at New Amsterdam (New York City), and the earliest identified Jewish settler within the present limits of the state of New York. He was an Ashkenazi Jew of Central European background.
Barsimson had been sent out by the Jewish leaders of Amsterdam, Dutch Republic to determine the possibilities of an extensive Jewish immigration to New Amsterdam. With the fall of Dutch Brazil, it was imperative for Jews planning to leave Europe to find other new homes.
He arrived at that port on the ship Peartree (or de Pereboom) on August 22, 1654, having left the Netherlands on July 8. Barsimson used a passport issued to him by the Dutch West India Company. Another Jew named Jacob Aboaf also left the Netherlands on the ship, but departed at England. Barsimson was succeeded by a party of 23 Jews, who arrived at New Amsterdam in September from Brazil. They established Congregation Shearith Israel, the first Jewish synagogue in what would become the United States. Most of these Jewish settlers were Sephardim.

## Jewish rights

Governor Peter Stuyvesant initially discriminated against the Jews present in New Amsterdam in a variety of ways. They were barred from serving in the militia or practicing the Jewish religion in a synagogue. In a letter to the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce, Stuyvesant said that they were committing blasphemy. He also accused them of engaging in "their customary usury" and "deceitful trading". He restricted their ability to purchase land or trade.
In November 1655, Barsimson and another early Jewish settler, Asser Levy, petitioned the government of New Netherland for permission to stand guard to the colony like other burghers, or else to be relieved from the special monthly tax imposed on Jews in the colony, as a penance for not standing in the guard. Their request was refused with a statement that they may go elsewhere if they liked. However, Levy began serving in the militia in 1657.
In 1656, they successfully lobbied for approval to construct a Jewish cemetery, after initially being denied this request.
Barsimson and other early American Jews succeeded before long in obtaining instructions to Governor Peter Stuyvesant from his superiors, the Dutch West India Company of Holland, overruling his discrimination against Jews in the colony.
In June 1658, Barsimson was summoned to court as defendant on a Saturday, but the court decided that "Though [defendant] is absent, yet no default is entered against him, as he was summoned on his Sabbath." Therefore he was officially excused twice that month from appearing in court, due to religious reasons.
# Sayn Castle

The ruins of Sayn Castle (German: Burg Sayn), the 12th century family castle of the counts of Sayn and Sayn-Wittgenstein, are in Sayn, part of the borough of Bendorf on the Rhine, between Koblenz and Neuwied in the county of Mayen-Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

## Location

The ruins of the spur castle lie on the Kehrberg, a hill ridge about 110 metres long and 40 metres wide, in the foothills of the Westerwald, between the valleys of the Brexbach and Saynbach. Below the ruins, the village of Sayn stretches away to the south. At the foot of the castle hill is Schloss Sayn, a Baroque building dating to 1757.
Between the schloss and Sayn Castle there are two former castellan residences: the 15th century Mittlere Burghaus, which is joined to the castle by a wall, and the 14th century Von Steinschen Sitz (Stein Castle) of the lords of Stein from Nassau. Further east along the ridge there is the predecessor of Sayn Castle, the Alte Burg (“Old Castle”) from the 10th or 11th century, of which only a few remnants have survived.
Sayn Castle may be reached on the B 413 federal highway and Landesstraße L 306 which branches off in Sayn. At the castle is a large car park and another one just in front of the castle wall.

## Description

Whilst the southern, western and northern flanks of Sayn drop steeply into the valley, the flat hill ridge on the eastern side, from where the castle is accessed, is protected by a deep and wide artificial neck ditch. In order to provide additional protection a mighty shield wall with a wall walk was built above the moat. In the northeastern area of the site stands a well preserved, roughly 20-metre-high bergfried, which dominates the appearance of Sayn Castle. The construction period of the bergfried, whose walls are 2.4 metres thick in the middle, dates to the late 12th century. A wall running south from the bergfried, also guarded by an allure, divides the inner bailey into two courtyards.
Excavations in recent times have revealed that the palas originally stood on the south side of the smaller eastern courtyard, but was later moved to the western spur of the site. Today nothing is left apart from a 25-metre-deep castle well and an octagonal staircase tower. These excavations also uncovered the foundation walls of a castle chapel at the southwestern corner in the form of a simultaneum with three apses and its well preserved, ornately decorated floor dating to about 1200.
In front of the southern enceinte is a 90-metre-long and 20-metre-wide zwinger, guarded to the east by a small defensive tower and to the west by a barbican. Here there is also a smaller gateway zwinger and, further down the hillside, the Mittlere Burghaus ("Middle Castle House"), which is joined to the inner ward by a wall. The excavations, carried out by the State Conservation Department, also exposed the original access track to the inner ward along the southern flank through the gate zwinger, which may now be used again.
# Razg, Torbat-e Heydarieh

Razg (Persian: رزگ; also known as Razak, Razk, Razq, Razzāq, and Razzīq) is a village in Bayg Rural District, Bayg District, Torbat-e Heydarieh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 463, in 117 families.
# Pespes

Pespes (Persian: پس پس, also Romanized as Pespes, Paspas, and Pas Pas) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sarpol Rural District, in the Central District of Sarpol-e Zahab County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 275, in 57 families.
# Aliabad-e Yalghuz Aghaj

Aliabad-e Yalghuz Aghaj (Persian: علي آباد يالغوز آغاج, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād-e Yālghūz Āghāj; also known as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Yalghuz Aghaj Rural District, Serishabad District, Qorveh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 270, in 62 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Fakhrabad, Khusf

Fakhrabad (Persian: فخراباد, also Romanized as Fakhrābād) is a village in Khusf Rural District, Central District, Khusf County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 145, in 48 families.
# Gazeo

Gazeo (Spanish: Gaceo) is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Iruraiz-Gauna, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain.