OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Five species of grain

In Judaism, the five species of grain (Hebrew: חמשת מיני דגן, romanized: hameshet minei dagan) refer to five varieties of grain which have special status for a number of rituals. These species are commonly considered to be wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt. However, some of these identifications are disputed.

## Identity

The five species, with their Mishnaic Hebrew names, are as follows:
* Hitah (חִיטָּה ḥīṭṭā) – wheat
* Kusmin (כּוּסְמִין kūsmīn) – spelt, but modernly taken to refer to emmer wheat
* Seorah (שְׂעוֹרָה śəʿōrā) – barley
* Shibolet shual (שִׁיבּוֹלֶת שׁוּעָל šībōleṯ šūʿāl) – oats or two-rowed barley. The name literally means "fox ear". Rashi holds this to be oats, and Maimonides holds it to be a type of "wild barley," while Rabbi Nathan ben Abraham called it by its Arabic name sunbulat al-tha'alib (Fox's spike).
* Shifon (שִׁיפוֹן šīfōn) – rye, oats, or spelt. Its Arabic cognate, šūfān (شُوفَان) refers to oats. Rabbi Nathan ben Abraham I translated shifon into Judeo-Arabic as sāʾfeh (סאפה), which Zohar Amar claimed is synonymous with an archaic Arabic word for oat, dowsir (دوسر). Rashi translated shifon as seigle (שיגלא), indicating rye (Secale cereale), which is not endemic to Israel, but was grown nearby. According to Dr Yehudah Felix, shifon is spelt.
The Talmud groups them into two varieties of wheat (hitah, kusmin) and three varieties of barley (seorah, shibolet shual, shifon).
Since European medieval times, Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewry accepts the five grains as wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt.
Other than the traditional translation, some researchers today propose that only the grain species native to the Land of Israel can become chametz. This would rule out not only oats, but also rye (Secale) which grows in colder, wetter climates. They offer other translations to the 5 grains.

## Laws

A number of laws apply only to these five grains:
* Only bread made with these grains requires the blessing of hamotzi before eating, and birkat hamazon after eating.
* Only bread made from these grains is obligated in challah.
* Matzah can only be made from these grains, and conversely only these grains can become chametz and seor (sourdough).
* The prohibitions of eating and harvesting chadash only apply to these grains.

### Oat matza

Oats are generally accepted in Ashkenazi Jewish tradition as one of the five species, but modern research suggests that what has been traditionally translated as "oats" is in fact a wild species of barley or other grains. This debate is practically significant because of the candidates for the five species, oats are the only one which is gluten-free. Although there have been no changes to normative Jewish law to reflect the debate, some rabbis take a stringent view and discourage the use of oat matzo to fulfill the biblical obligation of eating matzo at the Passover Seder.

## Additional species

According to Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri, rice and millet are also included among the "species of grain", and thus can become chametz and matza and are obligated in challah. This opinion was not accepted as halacha.
# Jowkan, Fars

Jowkan (Persian: جوكان) is a village in, and the capital of, Khvajehei Rural District of Meymand District, Firuzabad County, Fars province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 293 in 72 households. The following census in 2011 counted 282 people in 79 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 365 people in 106 households.
# Benthalbella linguidens

Benthalbella linguidens, the longfin pearleye, is a species of ray-finned fish that can be found in the North Pacific from Japan to California. It is a member of Benthalbella, a genus of pearleyes.

## Size

This species reaches a max length in excess of 30 cm (12 in).

## Biology

Most often found between 50 and 300 m (160 and 980 ft) during both day and night. They exhibit diel vertical migration, and individuals commonly migrate to 50 m (160 ft) or shallower during nighttime. Diet depends on life stage, with juveniles feeding on crustaceans while adults mainly feeding on other fish.
# Aleksandra Korukovets

Aleksandra Petrovna Korukovets (Russian: Александра Петровна Коруковец; born October 1, 1976), née Sorokina (Russian: Сорокина), is a Russian former volleyball player. She was a member of the national team that won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
# Vladimir Shmelyov

Vladimir Konstantinovich Shmelyov (Russian: Владимир Константинович Шмелёв31 August 1946 – 14 June 2023) was a Soviet modern pentathlete and Olympic Champion. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, where he won a gold medal in the team competition (together with Boris Onishchenko and Pavel Lednyov), and placed fifth in the individual competition.
Shmelyov died on 14 June 2023, at the age of 76.
# Montes de Oro Protected Zone

Montes de Oro Protected Zone (Spanish: Zona Protectora Montes de Oro), is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Central Pacific Conservation Area, it was created in 1994 by decree 23142-MIRENEM.
# Pastuchov

Pastuchov (Hungarian: Nyitrapásztó) is a village and municipality in Hlohovec District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1275.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 200 metres and covers an area of 15.235 km$^2$. It has a population of about 975 people.
# Qalaça

Qalaça (Qalacha) is a village in the Lachin District of Azerbaijan.

## History

The village was located in the Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh, coming under the control of ethnic Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in the early 1990s. The village subsequently became part of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province, referred to as Berdik (Armenian: Բերդիկ). It was returned to Azerbaijan as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.
# Tatyana Lesovaya

Tatyana Dmitryevna Lesovaya (Russian: Татьяна Дмитриевна Лесовая, née Starodubtseva (Стародубцева), born April 24, 1956, in Taldykorgan) is a retired athlete who represented Soviet Union (until 1991) and later Kazakhstan. Competing in the discus throw, her greatest achievement was a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Her personal best throw was 68.18 metres, achieved in 1982.
# Eline Koster

Eline Koster (born 14 January 1997) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a midfielder for the ADO Den Haag women's team for three seasons in the Eredivisie women's league. She also played for two seasons with Excelsior (Barendrecht).

## Early life and training

Koster was born in Heinenoord. At the age of 10, she was scouted by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), while playing in a school football tournament. She went on to play with boys at regional football club SV Heinenoord for six years, because there were no girls' teams. In November 2011, she was pre-selected for the Netherlands U15 team.

## Club career

Koster trained at the Centrum voor Topsport in Amsterdam, and joined ADO Den Haag in 2016. After playing for the ADO women's team for two seasons, she transferred to Excelsior (Barendrecht) to gain more playing time. Her success as an all-rounder at Excelsior led ADO to recruit her back in 2020.
During her final season with ADO, Koster scored three times in the Eredivisie Cup. Her final match as a footballer was in ADO's cup final against PSV Einhoven in June 2021.

## International career

On 27 July 2013, Koster made her international debut as a substitute in a Netherlands U17 match against Belgium. She went on to play for the Netherlands women's national U19 team.

## Personal life

In 2020, Koster completed her studies as a physiotherapist, and started working part-time. In 2021, she decided to retire from football at the age of 24 to work full-time for financial reasons.
# Sătmărel

Sătmărel (Hungarian: Szatmárzsadány) is a residential district of Satu Mare in Romania. Legally a village administered by the city, it was a separate commune until the 1980s. It has a population of 1,136 Inhabitants
# Romos (river)

The Romos or Romoșel (Hungarian: Romosz, Romosz-patak) is a left tributary of the river Mureș in Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in Gelmar near Geoagiu. Its length is 26 km (16 mi) and its basin size is 66 km$^2$ (25 sq mi).
# Ed Mioduszewski

Edward Thomas Mioduszewski (October 28, 1931 – September 8, 2010) was an American professional football player for the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played quarterback in 12 games, starting one, during the 1953 NFL season. Mioduszewski played college football at William & Mary, where as a senior in 1952 he was named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press.
Mioduszewski died on September 8, 2010, at the age of 78.
# Bad Ashian

Bad Ashian (Persian: باداشيان, also Romanized as Bād Āshīān) is a village in Beyhaq Rural District, Sheshtomad District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 251, in 94 families.
# Cranzahl Dam

Cranzahl Dam (German: Talsperre Cranzahl) is a dam in the Free State of Saxony in East Germany. It was built from 1949 to 1952 near Sehmatal–Cranzahl and the Bärenstein mountain in the Ore Mountains to supply drinking water to Annaberg-Buchholz and the surrounding area. Together with the Sosa Dam it was one of the two biggest dam construction projects of the newly created GDR. In keeping with the time it was called the Dam of Friendship (Talsperre der Freundschaft).
The actual dam itself is a crooked earth-fill dam with a sloping inner seal of loam. It is a large dam based on ICOLD criteria. The streams impounded by it are the Lampertsbach and the Moritzbach.
A trafficable track runs along the dam crest (500 metres). Bathing and water sports in the reservoir are not permitted. However, there is a circular path of 3.5 kilometres for walkers, mountain-bikers and skiers.
# Chalelu Chelbianlu

Chalelu Chelbianlu (Persian: چاللوچلبيانلو, also Romanized as Chālelū Chelbīānlū; also known as Chālelū Bārlānlū and Chāllū Bārānlū) is a village in Quri Chay-ye Gharbi Rural District, Saraju District, Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 161, in 20 families.
# Euterpe (magazine)

Euterpe was a weekly music, theatre and literary magazine which appeared in Helsinki between 1900 and 1905. It was the first Swedish-language music-oriented magazine published in Finland. Its subtitle was Veckotidskrift for musik, teater och skönlitteratur (Swedish: A weekly magazine for music, theatre and literature).

## History and profile

Euterpe was first published in 1900 to report the recent developments in European art and philosophy to the readers living in Finland and Sweden. The magazine was headquartered in Helsinki. It was a publication of the Swedish-speaking Finnish intellectuals such as Emil Hasselblatt, Werner Söderhjelm and Jean Sibelius. The magazine had a European orientation, being close to the French thought.
Euterpe came out weekly and featured articles on music, theatre and literature written in Swedish. However, in the first two years the magazine exclusively contained articles on music with a special reference to romanticism and introduced the new generation of Nordic composers, including Carl Nielsen. Later its focus on music decreased, and in its last year the magazine did not cover any music-related article. It was one of rare publications in Finland which included articles on the Dreyfus affair.
The last issue of Euterpe appeared on 31 December 1905. It was succeeded by another Swedish magazine entitled Finsk Musikrevy (Swedish: Finnish Music Review).
# Grafsky Bereg

Grafsky Bereg (Russian: Гра́фский Бе́рег; Yakut: Граф Биэрэгэ, Graf Bierege) is a rural locality (a selo) in Namsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) from Namtsy, the administrative center of the district. It used to be a part of Khatyn-Arynsky Rural Okrug, but had since then been separated from it and incorporated as the Selo of Grafsky Bereg, an administrative division equivalent to rural okrugs. Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is a part of Khatyn-Arynsky Rural Settlement in Namsky Municipal District. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 855.
# Siege of Tripoli (1705)

The siege of Tripoli was initiated by the Tunisian bey, Ibrahim al-Sharif, who attempted to "wreak his wrath" on the population of Tripoli. The siege proved unsuccessful as Tunisian troops withdrew from Tripoli.

## Prelude

The conflict was triggered by the capture of a ship that was transporting gifts from the governor of Egypt to the Bey of Tunisia by Tripolitania pirates. This incident deeply offended Ibrahim Al-Sharif, a deeply unpopular bey who had risen to power after assassinating Murad III Bey and his family in 1702.

## Siege

In response to this perceived slight, Ibrahim Al-Sharif directed his forces towards Tripoli, specifically targeting Khalil Bey, the son-in-law of the ruler of Tripolitania. The siege was characterized by Ibrahim's intention to unleash his fury upon the entire population of Tripoli, causing fear to spread among the inhabitants, including the French, whose consul fled the city in the face of the advancing threat.

## Conclusion

In an effort to defend the city, the Jewish community actively participated in fortifying Tripoli's defenses, while Ibrahim's soldiers simultaneously pillaged several nearby villages. Despite the initial aggression, the defenders managed to repel Ibrahim's troops, leading to his eventual retreat and the lifting of the siege.
# Sturdza family

The House of Sturdza, Sturza or Stourdza (Greek: Στούρτζα) is the name of an old Moldavian noble family whose origins can be traced back to the 1540s. Members of the family played important political role in the history of Moldavia, Russia and later Romania.

## Origin

The Sturdza were a family of Phanariote Greek origin and devoted much energy to the restoration of Greek independence.

## Political family

The Sturdza family, a Moldavian princely family, has been long and intimately associated with the government first of Moldavia and afterwards of Romania. Its members belong to two main branches, which trace their descent from either Ioan Sturdza or Alexandru Sturdza, the sons of Chiriac Sturdza, who lived in the 17th century, and may be regarded as the founder of the family. Members active in government:
* Ioan Sturdza (1762 – 1842), prince of Moldavia from 1822 to 1828
* Mihail Sturdza (1795 – 1884), Prince of Moldavia from 1834 to 1849, modernizer of Moldavia
* Alexandru Sturdza, also known as Alexandre Stourdza (1791–1854), Russian publicist and diplomatist
* Grigore Sturdza (1821 – 1901), son of Mihail, army general and politician
* Dimitrie Sturdza (1833 – 1914), Romanian statesman
* Dimitrie C. Sturdza-Scheianu (1839 – 1920), Romanian historian
* Alexandru D. Sturdza [ro] (1869 – 1939), Romanian Army, colonel, German spy
* Mihail R. Sturdza (1886 – 1980), Romanian minister of Foreign Affairs
* Mihai Dimitrie Sturdza [ro] (1934 – 2020), Romanian historian
* Șerban-Dimitrie Sturdza (born 1967), Romanian politician

## Others

* Roxandra Sturdza (1786 – 1844), philanthropist and writer
* Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra (1873 – 1961), actress and theater director
* Marina Sturdza (1944 – 2017), former Romanian Princess and humanitarian activist
* Constantin Sturdza (born 1989), tennis player
* Dimitri Sturdza (born 1938), tennis player
# Funerals in Russia

* This article about Russian culture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
Cremation was forbidden by the Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1905 the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that ” the burial of dead bodies in cemeteries in the major populated centres represents a serious financial burden for the public authorities”.
Cemeteries and coffin-making businesses were nationalised by the Bolshevik government in December 1918. It was decided that “distinction by rank whether they apply to the place of burial or to the style of the funeral will be annihilated”. Under the New Economic Policy from 1922 there was some re-privatisation of cemeteries and funerals.
Gravediggers, as public employees, were required to dig two full size graves or four smaller ones each day. There were now 3 sizes for coffins, one style and fixed prices. There were sometimes considerable delays in burials. In Petrograd there were 241 unburied bodies found by inspectors in 1920.
A cremation subcommittee was formed in 1919 and the first cremations (of the unclaimed dead) in Petrograd began in 1920. The first crematorium opened in Moscow in 1927.
# Union of Printing and Paper

The Union of Printing and Paper (German: Gewerkschaft Druck und Papier, GDP; French: Syndicat du livre et du papier) was a trade union representing most printing industry workers in Switzerland.
The union was founded in 1980, when the Swiss Typographers' Union merged with the Swiss Bookbinders' and Carton Makers' Union. Like both its predecessors, it affiliated to the Swiss Trade Union Federation. The union was led by president Erwin Gerster, and in 1981 he faced competition for re-election from the president of the union's Zurich branch. During the count, the Zurich candidate was suspected of electoral fraud, and a criminal investigation led the union to announce that the election would be re-run. However, before it could do so, the Zurich candidate withdrew, and Gerster remained in office until 1989.
The 1980s was a difficult time for the union, which found itself in a weakening position with regard to both employers and unskilled workers in the industry. By 1995, it had 13,876 members. With professional boundaries in the industry less important, in 1998 it merged with the Swiss Lithographers' Union, the Employees' Union of the Swiss Book Trade, and the Swiss Union of Journalists, to form Comedia.

## Central Presidents

    1980: Erwin Gerster
    1989: Christian Tirefort
# Mădălina Diana Ghenea

Mădălina Diana Ghenea (Romanian:; born 8 August 1987) is a Romanian actress and model. Ghenea started her career in modelling when she was 15 years old, and started presenting for Gattinoni in Milan, Italy. She is best known for her role as Nahomi in the thriller Deep Fear and her cameo as Sophia Loren in House of Gucci.

## Biography

During her career, Ghenea did fashion shows in Romania, Italy, Germany, Japan, Austria, Spain, France and South Africa, and appeared in several advertisements including Peroni, New Yorker and Quelle. She was also selected for the international calendar along with two other models from MRA agency, Catrinel Menghia and Carmen Prodan.
In 2007, she appeared in a video for Eros Ramazzotti's album The New Best of Eros Ramazzotti – Il tempo tra di noi where she appeared as Ramazotti's girlfriend. In 2010, Ghenea appeared in the sixth edition of the Italian talent show Ballando con le Stelle, her partner becoming dancer Simone Di Pasquale. In 2011, she became the brand ambassador of TRE-Italy mobile company, of the dance clothing brand DEHA, and of vintage racing cars Mille Miglia.
In 2011, she also made her debut as an actress in the role of Irina in the Italian film I solitie idioti. In 2013 she appeared in Dom Hemingway alongside Jude Law. In 2015, Ghenea appeared as Miss Universe in Paolo Sorrentino's drama film Youth. With the Italian actor Gabriel Garko, Ghenea co-hosted and supported Carlo Conti for the 2016 edition of Sanremo Music Festival. She replaced Belén Rodríguez in September 2016 as the face of the luxury brand Vanitas.

## Personal life

Ghenea is fluent in Romanian, Italian, Spanish and English. She has joined the organisation "Artists for Peace and Justice" for Haiti relief. Ghenea donated money for the renovation of the Maternity section of the main hospital in her hometown Slatina.
In late 2011, she was romantically involved with actor Leonardo DiCaprio.
In 2012-2013, she was in a relationship with actor Gerard Butler. In 2014 she was in a brief relationship with Michael Fassbender.
In March 2017, she announced on social networks she was pregnant with her first child with the Romanian millionaire Matei Stratan.
In 2023, she was in a relationship with tennis player Grigor Dimitrov.

## Filmography
### Cinema

| Year | Title | Genre | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | I soliti idioti: Il film | Comedy | Smutandissima | |
| 2012 | The Mongrel | Drama | Dorina | |
| 2013 | Dom Hemingway | Comedy, crime, drama | Paolina | |
| 2015 | Youth | Drama | Miss Universe | |
| 2016 | Zoolander 2 | Comedy | Exotic woman | Cameo |
| 2016 | Smitten! | Comedy | | |
| 2019 | All You Ever Wished For | Romantic Comedy | Rosalia Drago | |
| 2021 | House of Gucci | Drama | Sophia Loren | Cameo |
| 2023 | Deep Fear | Thriller | Naomi | Protagonist |

### Television

* 2011 Ballando con le Stelle (series 7)
* 2011 I soliti idioti
* 2013 Borgia

### Music Videos

* 2007 Il tempo tra di noi – Eros Ramazzotti
* 2012 Turn Up the Radio – Madonna
* 2006 High School Musical – Gabriella Montez (Romanian voice)
* 2007 High School Musical 2 – Gabriella Montez (Romanian voice)
# House Calls (2006 film)

House Calls is 2006 Canadian documentary film about Mark Nowaczynski, a Toronto physician and photographer who makes house calls to elderly patients unable to travel to a clinic or doctor's office. Written and directed by Ian McLeod, this National Film Board of Canada production received the Donald Brittain Award for Best Social/Political Documentary Program at the 2006 Gemini Awards.
In addition to being one of the few doctors who perform house calls, "Dr. Mark" began taking black and white photographs to document the lives of his patients, in an effort "to open doors, to open eyes and hopefully to open people's hearts" to the plight of the elderly. The film focuses on three of Nowaczynski's patients: Connie, aged 93 and partially blind, who longs to go back to her cat Oscar; Joe, aged 86, whose arthritis makes getting on a streetcar or bus impossible; and Ria, who at 90, had been a patient of Dr. Nowaczynski for 20 years and had just accepted his offer to have him come to her house. For Ria, it was a point of pride that she was able to come to his office.
An Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Nowaczynski was inspired by the work of documentary photographer Lewis W. Hine, a teacher who turned to photography as a way to document the plight of child labourers at the turn of the 19th century.