OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Makasib

Kitab al-Makasib or Makasib (Arabic:كتاب المكاسب,lit.'Transactions') is a two-volume Twelver Shi'ah legal manual of Islamic commercial law written on Fiqh by Morteza Ansari. It remains a key textbook in the modern Hawza and has been the subject of numerous commentaries. Makasib and the notable work of Akhund Khorasani, Kefayah al-osul, are taught in advanced classes at the seminaries. This book is one of the resources for the examination of the Assembly of Experts.

## Author

Sheikh Morteza Ansari (1781, Dezful – 1864, Najaf) was one of the most influential Shia scholars of the 19th century. He trained more than a thousand students. He was the leading Shia scholar in the late Qajar period. After Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi, Ansari became the general Marja' of Shia. Two of his most significant works are Makasib and Faraed al-Osul, which are both used as textbooks on Shia law.

## Concept of the book

This book has three sections. The first section is about forbidden transactions (Arabic: مکاسب المحرمه), the second is about sale (Arabic: بیع), and the third is about options in the sale (Arabic: خیارات). The end of the book is devoted to other issues, such as Taqiya, inheritance, and rada.

## Commentaries

Makasib has been the subject of commentaries by Sheikh Abbas Qomi, Akhund Khorasani, Muhammad Hossein Naini, Agha Zia Addin Araghi, Mirza Abu'l-Hassan Azarbaijani Meshkini, and Sheikh Mousavi Khansari.

## Editions

The first edition of the book was completed in Tehran, 1886–7. The second edition was completed in Qom, and the last and popular (incomplete) edition was written by Muḥammad Kalāntar in five volumes in Najaf, 1972–5.

### Corrected editions

There are numerous corrected editions of Makasib. One of the editions was done by the Shaykh Ansari Congress; the first volume was published by 1415 AH and other volumes, namely, volumes 2–6, were gradually published until 1420 AH. The corrected edition was produced using one manuscript version and six printed ones. Another corrected edition was done by Hossein Amr Allahi and Muhammad Reza Fakir and issued by the institute of Islamic publication in Qom.
# Ling Chengxing

Ling Chengxing (Chinese: 凌成兴; born October 1957) is a former Chinese politician who spent most of his career in his home-province Jiangxi. He was investigated by China's top anti-graft agency in October 2023. He has been retired for 5 years. Previously he served as director of China Tobacco.
He was a representative of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 12th National People's Congress.

## Career

Ling was born in Shanggao County, Jiangxi, in October 1957. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in January 1977, and entered the workforce in December 1980.
He was appointed vice magistrate of Shanggao County in February 1984 and was admitted to member of the CCP Shanggao County Committee, the county's top authority. He was elevated to deputy party secretary and mayor of Fengcheng in March 1987.
He was made deputy director of the Jiangxi Provincial Economic Commission (later was reshuffled as Jiangxi Provincial Economic and Trade Commission) in August 1990 and subsequently director of the Jiangxi Provincial Tobacco Monopoly Bureau in August 1992. He became assistant to the governor of Jiangxi in July 1995, in addition to serving as director of the Jiangxi Provincial Economic Commission. He rose to become vice governor in December 2001, concurrently serving as director of Jiangxi Provincial State owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. He was promoted again to become executive vice governor in December that same year and was admitted to member of the CCP Jiangxi Provincial Committee, the province's top authority.
In May 2013, he was transferred to Beijing and appointed director and party group secretary of China Tobacco and general manager of China National Tobacco Corporation. He was also admitted to a member of the Party Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

## Downfall

On 23 October 2023, he was suspected of "serious violations of laws and regulations" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China. His deputies He Zehua (何泽华) and Zhao Hongshun (赵洪顺) were sacked for graft. Zhao was sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2020.
On 22 April 2024, he was expelled from the CCP and dismissed from public office.
On 7 May 2024, the Supreme People's Procuratorate announced that it had arrested Ling Chengxing on suspicion of bribery and abuse of power.
# Losevo, Leningrad Oblast

Losevo (Russian: Лосево; Finnish: Kiviniemi) is a rural locality (a station settlement) in Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast, located at the junction of Vuoksi River and Lake Sukhodolskoye on Karelian Isthmus. It is a railway station of the Saint Petersburg–Khiytola railroad. Before the Winter War and Continuation War, it was a village of the Sakkola municipality of Finland known as Kiviniemi.
Originally waters of Lake Sukhodolskoye quietly flowed into Vuoksi, but in 1818, as Burnaya River had emerged and started draining Sukhodolskoye into Lake Ladoga, the level of the former decreased dramatically by 7 meters (23 ft) and the waterway connecting it to Vuoksi dried out. In 1857, the channel was dug, but the stream reversed direction, revealed rapids, and rendered navigation impossible. Since 1857 Lake Sukhodolskoye and Burnaya River have constituted the southern armlet of Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet by 4 meters (13 ft).
Before the construction of Saint Petersburg-Khiytola railroad, Kiviniemi was an important river port connected to Antrea (Kamennogorsk), Käkisalmi (Priozersk), and Taipale (Solovyovo). In 1917, the railroad was constructed, and a railway bridge passed over the rapids.
# Mokrý Háj

Mokrý Háj (Hungarian: Horvátberek) is a village and municipality in Skalica District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1569.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 261 metres and covers an area of 6.871 km². It has a population of about 623 people.
# Al-Jaish

Al Jaish (Arabic: الجيش, lit. 'army') may refer to:
* Tala'ea El Gaish SC, a football club in Cairo, Egypt
* Al-Jaish SC (Iraq), a sports club in Baghdad, Iraq
* Al-Jaish SC (Syria), a sports club in Damascus, Syria
* El Jaish SC, a former sports club that represented the Qatar Armed Forces
** El Jaish SC (handball)
** El Jaish SC (volleyball)
# Rise of Flight: The First Great Air War

Rise of Flight: The First Great Air War (Russian: Война в небе – 1917) is a World War I combat flight simulation video game by Russian developer 777 Studios and released on May 7, 2009.

## Development

Rise of Flight premiered at Games Convention 2008 in Leipzig, and at CIS Igromir 2008. Closed beta testing of the game began in April 2008. On May 7, 2009, Rise of Flight was officially released in Russia with Russian publisher ND Games. In the US, Rise of Flight: The First Great Air War was premiered at the 2009 E3 and was officially released on June 25, 2009 in the US by its publisher 777 Studios. Aerosoft gained publishing rights in Europe, with the game also being offered for download from Direct2Drive. In June 2010, 777 Studios acquired the rights to the Rise of Flight brand.
In 2017, IL-2 Sturmovik: Flying Circus, the spiritual successor of Rise of Flight, was announced by 1C Game Studios, a studio which emerged from a partnership with 777 studios. The first volume was released in 2019. Two additional volumes have been released since and one more volume is currently under development.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| IGN | 7.9 |
| GameStar | 77 |

### Accolades

Rise of Flight: The First Great Air War won the award for "Judges' Choice" at Intel Level Up 2009.
# Georgii Chornyi

Geόrgii Chόrnyi (Ukrainian: Чорний Георгій Петрович; born September 14, 1937, in Ukraine) is a Ukrainian aeronautical engineer who was awarded a State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology in 2018. He has also written a history of early Ukraine, and received the Mykhailo Chabanivskyi Ukrainian literary Prize in 2015.

## Early life

Geόrgii Chόrnyi (uk:Чорний Георгій Петрович) was born in a peasant family on September 14, 1937, in the Dubόvi Hriády village, on territory of the former Orilian palanka (uk:Орільська паланка) - one of 10 regions of the Сossack State of Zaporizhzhya. Evidently, his nearest ancestors were Zaporozhian Cossacks, among which the last name Chόrnyi was most common.

## Engineering and scientific activity

Since 1965, he has worked at the State Kyiv design bureau "Luch" (uk:Луч (конструкторське бюро)), and has written a book about it. He was awarded order "The Badge of Honour" (1982) and honorary title "Honoured Worker of Ukraine in Science and Technology" (1993) and a State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology (2018) for his work at the design bureau on rockets and defensive hardware. At the same time, he was associate professor in the National Aviation University (2002-2012), and published a textbook Автоматизовані системи контролю літальних апаратів, with the recommendation of Department of Education and Science of Ukraine.

## Literary and public activity

He has at the same time studied sources on the language, genetics, history, and culture of Ukrainians. The results of his research on linguistic-historical themes were printed in newspapers: Holos Ukrayiny, Evening Kyiv, Khreshchatyk, Ukrayina Moloda, Literary Ukraine, and others. Against the resistance of the Kyiv municipal administration, but with public support, he brought about the naming of a new metro station by the annalistic name "Dorohόzhichy", and as a result of that got from journalists the honorary title: "godfather" of the name "Dorohόzhichy". His research about early prehistoric Kyiv and the historical way of the Ukrainians became the basis for his book Київ досвітній (2014), for which he was awarded the title of laureate of the Mykhajlo Chabanivskyi Ukrainian literary Prize. The publishing house "Glagoslav Publications" (Great Britain) published his e-book Ancient Ukraine and Early Kyiv in 2016, intended for the readers in the Ukrainian diaspora.
# Spermezeu

Spermezeu (Hungarian: Ispánmező) is a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Dobricel (Kisdebrek), Dumbrăvița (Dögmező), Hălmăsău (Helmesaljavölgy), Lunca Borlesei, Păltineasa (Jávorvölgy), Sita (Szita), Spermezeu, and Șesuri Spermezeu-Vale (Síktelep). Dobricel and Dumbrăvița were part of Căianu Mic Commune until 2004.
The commune is situated in a hilly area at the northern edge of the Transylvanian Plateau, on the banks of the river Ilișua. It is located in the western part of Bistrița-Năsăud County, about 21 km (13 mi) from the town of Beclean and 46 km (29 mi) from the county seat, Bistrița.
# Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property

The Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property (Korean: 친일반민족행위자재산의국가귀속에관한특별법) is a policy passed by the South Korean National Assembly on December 8, 2005, and enacted on December 29, 2005. Under this law, the South Korean government is able to seize land and other properties owned by Korean collaborators (chinilpa) and their descendants who collaborated with the Empire of Japan during Japan's takeover and annexation of the country. The bill defines as collaborators people who took part in Japan’s annexation of Korea in 1910, received titles from the Japanese colonial government, or served as parliamentarians in Japanese Korea. The confiscated assets are allegedly used to compensate pro-independence activists and their offspring.
# Glauber Ramos

Glauber Ramos da Silva (born 10 November 1974) is a Brazilian football coach, currently the head coach of Gama.

## Career

Born in Gama, Federal District, Ramos had a short career as a player, and notably represented the reserve team of Palmeiras in 1993. After retiring, he worked at Brasiliense and Pires do Rio before meeting Augusto César at Brasília in 2009. The duo then worked together at Botafogo-DF, before Ramos became Marcos Soares' assistant at Brasiliense in 2011.
Ramos rejoined Augusto's staff at Gama in 2012, being later named coach of Goiás' under-18 squad while Augusto was in charge of the under-20s; as the under-18 category was not official, he became Augusto's assistant in the under-20s. In 2016, Ramos returned to Gama, being an assistant coach of Arthur Bernardes and Reinaldo Gueldini before being named interim coach for the last match of the 2017 Campeonato Brasiliense.
In September 2017, Ramos returned to Goiás, and was again Augusto's assistant. In August 2020, he was named interim coach of the main squad after the dismissal of Ney Franco.
After being interim for one match, Ramos returned to his previous role after the appointment of Thiago Larghi. In November, after Enderson Moreira was sacked, he was named Augusto's assistant in the main squad, but was the one who signed the match reports as head coach as Augusto did not have the Brazilian Football Confederation's A license to manage.
On 12 April 2021, Ramos was again named interim after Augusto was sacked. He was also an interim on two more occasions during the campaign, after the dismissals of Pintado and Marcelo Cabo, and led the side back to the Série A in December.
Ramos remained an interim for the start of the 2022 season, before returning to his previous role in late February after the appointment of Bruno Pivetti. In March, he was again interim after Pivetti sacked, but left the Esmeraldino on 14 April, shortly after the appointment of Jair Ventura as head coach. On 16 January 2023, he was named in head coach of Grêmio Anápolis.

## Coaching statistics

    As of 23 February 2023.
Coaching record by team and tenure :
| Team | Nat | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Ref |
| Team | Nat | From | To | G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | Ref |
| Gama (interim) | | 10 April 2017 | 17 April 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | +1 | 100.00 | |
| Goiás (interim) | | 20 August 2020 | 22 August 2020 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 100.00 | |
| Goiás (interim) | | 12 April 2021 | 29 April 2021 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | −5 | 000.00 | |
| Goiás (interim) | | 18 July 2021 | 20 July 2021 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 100.00 | |
| Goiás (interim) | | 29 October 2021 | 24 February 2022 | 15 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 27 | 13 | +14 | 060.00 | |
| Goiás (interim) | | 25 March 2022 | 14 April 2022 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 7 | −6 | 000.00 | |
| Grêmio Anápolis | | 16 January 2023 | 16 February 2023 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 16 | −6 | 011.11 | |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 34 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 46 | 44 | +2 | 038.24 | — |
# Samokhodnaya Ustanovka

Samohodnaya Ustanovka (SU; Russian: самоходная установка, СУ, lit. "Self-propelled installation") may refer to any of these Soviet casemate self-propelled guns:
* SU-5-1, an SPG based on the T-26 tank.
* SU-8, an experimental SPG on the chassis of the T-28 tank.
* SU-14, a prototype heavy self-propelled gun built on a T-35 chassis.
* SU-18, a self-propelled gun based on the T-18 tank.
* SU-26, a self-propelled gun of an open-top design over a T-26 light tank chassis.
* SU-57, the Soviet designation for lend-leased T48 Gun Motor Carriages.
* SU-76, a self-propelled gun used during and after World War II based to a modified T-70 chassis.
* SU-85A, a SU-76 with an 85mm D-5S-85A gun.
* SU-85, a tank destroyer used during World War II, based on the chassis of the T-34 medium tank.
* SU-100, a tank destroyer armed with a powerful 100 mm anti-tank gun in a casemate superstructure over the chassis of the T-34 tank.
* SU-100P, an experimental self-propelled gun.
* SU-100Y, a prototype tank destroyer armed with a 130 mm naval gun mounted on the chassis of a T-100 tank.
* SU-101 (Uralmash), experimental self-propelled gun.
* SU-122, a SPG based on T-34 chassis armed with a 122mm M-30S howitzer.
* SU-122P, an SU-100 with a 122mm D-2-5S gun.
* SU-122-44, a Cold War-era tank destroyer over the T-44 chassis.
* SU-122-54, a Cold War-era tank destroyer over the T-54 chassis.
* SU-152, a self-propelled heavy howitzer used during World War II over the KV-1S heavy tank chassis.
* SU-152G, an experimental self-propelled howitzer based on the chassis of the SU-100P.
* SU-152P, an experimental SPG.
* ISU-122, an assault gun based on the IS-2 chassis equipped with an A-19 122mm gun.
* ISU-130, a tank destroyer based on the IS-2 chassis armed with an 130mm S-26 gun.
* ISU-152, another heavy howitzer of World War II over the IS-2 heavy tank chassis.
* Object 704, a modernized ISU-152 made in 1945.
* ISU-152-10, another name for Object 268, an experimental self-propelled heavy howitzer over the T-10 heavy tank chassis
* Object 120 "SU-152 Taran", a prototype tank destroyer armed with a 152mm M69 cannon.
* ASU-57, a small, lightly constructed airborne assault gun of the Cold War Era
* ASU-76, an experimental airborne assault gun
* ASU-85, a Soviet-designed airborne self-propelled gun of the Cold War Era over the PT-76 light tank chassis.
Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka (Russian: зенитная самоходная установка - ЗСУ, lit. Zenithal (anti-aircraft) self-propelled installation), a subcategory of SU, May refer to any of these SPAAWs:
* ZSU-23-4 Shilka, a radar-guided self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon over the GM chassis.
* ZSU-37, a World War II-era SPAAG on a modified SU-76 chassis.
* ZSU-37-2 Yenisei, a self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon developed in tandem with the Shilka
* ZSU-57-2, a self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon, and later light tank, over the T-54 medium tank chassis.
# Khalil Mardam Bey

Khalil Mardam Bey (1895–1959) (Arabic: خليل مردم بك Turkish: Halil Mardam Bey) was a Syrian poet and critic who is most notable for composing the lyrics of the Syrian National Anthem.

## Early life and career

Mardam Bey was born in Ottoman Damascus to a well-known family of Turkish origin. His father was Ahmed Mukhtar Mardam Bey and his mother was Fatima Mahmoud Hamzaoui; they had six children - of which Mardam Bey was the only son. He was one of the descendants of the Ottoman general, statesman, and Grand Vizier Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha. He was chosen as the leader of the Syrian Literature Association, which was founded in 1926 and annulled by the French. He studied English literature in London and taught Arabic literature in the National Science College in Syria. Some of his notable works include Al-Diwan (الديوان) and A’imat al-Adab (أئمة الأدب). He was the chairman of the Arab Scientific Assemblage from 1953 until his death in 1959.

## Personal life

Mardam Bey was married and had three daughters and two sons. His oldest son Adnan Mardam Bey was also a poet.
He was cousins with the former Syrian Prime Minister Jamil Mardam Bey.
# Tira

Tira may refer to:

## Places

Place names derived from the word in Hebrew or Aramaic for 'fort' or 'castle' (Hebrew: טירה, romanized: Tira), often confounded with the Arabic for tair (bird).
* Tira, Israel, a city in Israel
* Al-Tira, Haifa, a village in the Haifa District, depopulated in 1948
* Al-Tira, Baysan, a village in the Beisan District, depopulated in 1948
* Al-Tira (Ramla), a village in the Ramla District, depopulated in 1948
* at-Tira (Ramallah), a Palestinian village in Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
* At Tiri, a village in Lebanon

### Other places

* Tira, Texas, a town in Texas, United States
* Tira Sujanpur, a town in India
* Ţîra and Ţîra station, villages in Ghindeşti, Floreşti, Moldova

## Ethnic group and language

* Tira people, an ethnic group in Sudan
* Tira language, a Niger-Congo language in the Heiban family

## People with the surname

* Olia Tira, an East German-born Moldovan singer

## Other

* Tira (Soulcalibur), a fictional character in the Soul series of fighting games
* TIRA (System), a radar in Germany
* Traditional IRA, an individual retirement account
* PS TIRA, an Indonesian football club
# German destroyer Hamburg

Hamburg (D181) was the lead ship of the Hamburg-class destroyer of the German Navy.

## Background

The Type 101 Hamburg class was the only class of destroyers built during post-war Germany. They were specifically designed to operate in the Baltic Sea, where armament and speed is more important than seaworthiness. They were named after Bundesländer (states of Germany) of West Germany.
The German shipyard Stülcken was contracted to design and build the ships. Stülcken was rather inexperienced with naval shipbuilding, but got the order, since the shipyards traditionally building warships for the German navies like Blohm + Voss, Howaldtswerke or Lürssen were all occupied constructing commercial vessels.

## Construction and career

Hamburg was laid down on 29 January 1959 and launched on 26 March 1960 in Hamburg. She was commissioned on 23 March 1964 and decommissioned on 24 February 1994. Finally towed to Spain and scrapped in 1998.
In 1969, the ships of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Standing Naval Force Atlantic steam into Boston, Massachusetts. The leading ship is the USS McCaffery. The other STANAVFORLANT ships at that time were HMS Dido, Almirante Pereira da Silva, Hamburg, HNLMS Isaac Sweers and HMCS Assiniboine.
In July 1981, Hamburg participated in the 25th anniversary celebration of German naval aviation training in Pensacola, United States.

## Gallery

* Hamburg Gallery
* View of Hamburg’s bow in 1965.
* Hamburg underway in the Atlantic during Operation Peacekeeper on 24 September 1969.
* Hamburg underway in the Atlantic during Operation Peacekeeper on 24 September 1969.
* Hamburg (3rd ship) coming into Boston Harbor in 1969.
* Hamburg at Pensacola on 6 July 1981.
* Hamburg underway with other NATO ships off Long Island, New York in the 1980s.
# Yuriy Fedosenko

Yuriy Fedosenko (born 10 May 1989) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Biography

Fedosenko was born in Kovel, Volyn region in 1989. A pupil of Volyn Lutsk, he used to play for Dynamo Kyiv, Izotop Kuznetsovsk and Obriy Nikopol at youth level.
He started his senior career with Volyn Lutsk, but did not play a single official match for the first team. In 2007, he joined Helios Kharkiv, where he played 13 league matches, scoring once, and 1 match in the Ukrainian Cup. He joined Desna Chernihiv in 2008. In 2009, Yuriy joined Feniks-Illichovets Kalinine. In the first league for the team with Kalinine, he made 11 league appearances, scoring once, as well as three cup outings. In the following season, he played three matches in the first league for Nyva Ternopil. In 2010, he moved to Polish fourth-tier club Radomiak Radom. Then he returned to Ukraine, went through a training camp with Volyn Lutsk, but the head coach Anatoly Demyanenko refused to take Yuriy with the first team. In 2013, he signed a contract with Sumy, but he played only 2 matches in the first league. At the end of season, he left Sumy.
From 2013 to 2014, he played for ODEK Orzhiv. In the Ukrainian Amateur Championship, he played 6 matches. In 2014, he joined FC Malinsk, where he played until 2018.