OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Veendam

Veendam (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a town and municipality with a population of 27,752 in the province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. Veendam was established in 1648 as a peat colony by Adriaan Geerts Wildervanck.
Holland America Line has named four ships Veendam after the town.
The municipality includes Westerdiepsterdallen, the smallest town in the Netherlands.

## Geography

The population centres in the municipality are:
* Bareveld
* Borgercompagnie
* Kibbelgaarn
* Korte Akkers
* Numero Dertien
* Ommelanderwijk
* Tripscompagnie
* Veendam
* Wildervank
* Wildervanksterdallen
* Zuidwending

## International relations

Veendam has two sister cities:
* Gniezno, Poland
* Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada

## Sports
### Cycling

Veendam was the start place of stage 4b at the 2012 Energiewacht Tour and the finish place of stage 2 at the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.

### Sport clubs

* SC Veendam, former soccer club
* Flash Veendam, volleyball club
* NNZC Veendam, gliding club

## Notable residents

* Hendrik de Cock (1801–1842) a Dutch minister responsible for the 1834 Dutch Reformed Church split
* Anthony Winkler Prins (1817 in Voorst – 1908) a Dutch writer, chief editor of the Winkler Prins encyclopedia.
* Herman Mees (1880–1964) was a Dutch artist, portrait painter, watercolorist and academic
* Herman Johannes Lam (1892–1977) a Dutch botanist
* Addeke Hendrik Boerma (1912–1992) the first Executive Director of the World Food Programme 1962-1967
* Gerda Geertens (born 1955 in Wildervank) a Dutch composer

### Sport

* Bert Romp (1958–2018) a Dutch equestrian, gold medallist at the 1992 Summer Olympics
* Janette Bouman (born 1964) a Dutch-born Kazakhstani dressage rider
* Rick Slor (born 1971) a retired professional footballer with 509 club caps
* Anneke Venema (born 1971) a retired rower, silver medallist at the 2000 Summer Olympics
* Linda Moes (born 1971) a former breaststroke swimmer, competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics
* Peter Windt (born 1973) a Dutch former field hockey player
* Renate Groenewold (born 1976) a Dutch former long track speed skater, silver medallist at both the 2002 and the 2006 Winter Olympics
* Henk Grol (born 1985 in Winschoten) a Dutch judoka, bronze medallist at both the 2008 and the 2012 Summer Olympics
* Jeroen Zoet (born 1991) a Dutch professional football goalkeeper with over 250 club caps
# Lake Kadı

Kadıgölü (Turkish: Kadıgölü) is a fresh water creek located in Kemaliye district of Erzincan Province, Turkey.
The source of the river is the outlet of groundwater (that comes from mountains) between Taşdibi and Orta mosques. Source water of the river is a rapid cold stream, which rises particularly in April. Kadıgölü is used for the needs of tap water and irrigation in Kemaliye district. In the past, Kadıgölü was used to supply electric power to the town. There are many watermills with some restored ones on the banks of the creek. Fish hatcheries around the lake offer also fish food.
Access to the creek from the district center is available only by private car.
# Ruvumera Market

The Ruvumera Market (French: Marché de Ruvumera) is a public market in the Commune of Buyenzi, Bujumbura, Burundi.

## Events and issues

In July 2017 Pascal Barandagiye, Minister of the Interior, said the government planned to take over management of markets still run by private individuals. He noted that the Ruvumera market now paid three times more to Bujumbura Mairie than it had when private. The European Union provided funds to renovate seven markets in Bujumbura, which reopened on 30 May 2018. In the interim, some traders moved to the temporary Jade Market, but others chose to move permanently to Ruvumera market.
An October 2019 report said that the Ruvumera market no longer had spaces to hold waste, since kiosks had been erected on these spaces. Many of the nearby restaurants did not have toilets. The result was unsanitary conditions and risk of disease.
In March 2023 Bujumbura Mairie warned traders who had built stalls around the Ruvemera market that they had a deadline to demolish their stalls, after which the city would demolish them, charging the owners, but not returning the materials to the owners. The stall owners had been paying monthly rent to the city and an annual tax go the commune for years. The mayor said he was looking into the issue.
In July 2023 traders at the Ruvumera Market closed down in protest against the new rental prices of stands, which they considered exorbitant. Where the rents had before been collected by officials who passed very little to the state, they would now be collected in full by Burundian Revenue Office (OBR) in Bujumbura Mairie.
On 26 July 2023 the mayor of Bujumbura, Jimmy Hatungimana, led a raid on Ruvumera market to obtained rental contract signatures from the stand occupants. Standard rents would be paid in each part of the market for each stand. The OBR would collect the rents and pay 10% to the city hall as owner of the market, responsible for maintenance. When the rental contracts were renewed in June 2024 the fees were far more reasonable. A stand whose rent had been increased to 600,000 FBU per month now cost just 28,000 FBU per month (about US$10), still twice the rent paid before July 2023.
There was a fire at the market in May 2024, which caused a power outage. As of August 2024 the electricity had not been restored. Some generators had been set up to serve bank branches in the market, but they were not sufficient for the traders. Butchers had to move their refrigerators outside the market, and transport meat back and forward. Customers of clothing vendors could scarcely see the clothes to make a selection.
# Agriculture Act 1947

The Agriculture Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 48) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government.

## Background

The government wanted a positive balance of payments, to lower the amount of food imported into Britain from dollar countries and to promote the maximum agricultural productivity.

## Content

The Act gave farmers an assured market and guaranteed prices for their produce, the objective of this being, in the words of the Minister of Agriculture Tom Williams, "to promote a healthy and efficient agriculture capable of producing that part of the nation's food which is required from home sources at the lowest price consistent with the provision of adequate remuneration and decent living conditions for farmers and workers, with a reasonable return on capital invested".

## Significance

The Act was a success: in 1938–1939 the output of agricultural machinery in Britain was valued at £2,500,000 (£1,400,000 of this was exports); in 1951 output was over £100,000,000, half of which was exported. In addition, the legislation provided farmers with a degree of prosperity and security not known since the mid-nineteenth century, and they benefited from the guaranteed price and annual price review introduced under the Act. Guaranteed markets also absorbed agriculture "into an effective system of economic planning".
# Vinograd, Bulgaria

Vinograd (Bulgarian: Виноград) is a village in Strazhitsa Municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province, Bulgaria.
* This Veliko Tarnovo Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Viktor Flessl

Viktor Flessl (6 November 1898 – 18 December 1943) was an Austrian rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1928 he won the bronze medal in the double sculls event with his partner Leo Losert.
He was killed in action during World War II.
# Hoseynabad, Dashtestan

Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād) is a village in Bushkan Rural District, Bushkan District, Dashtestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 68, in 14 families.
# Champclause

Champclause (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Chalmclausa) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
# Grawand

The Grawand is a mountain in the Ötztal Alps in South Tyrol, Italy.
# Chester Friends Meetinghouse

Chester Friends Meetinghouse is a Quaker meeting house at 520 East 24th Street in Chester, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.
The first recorded meeting of Friends in the province of Pennsylvania was in Chester at the house of Robert Wade in 1675. William Edmundson, the founder of Quakerism in Ireland was present at the first meeting.
In 1682, the Chester Friends agreed to hold their meeting at the Chester Court House, also known at the time as the House of Defense.
On January 7, 1687, a lot was purchased on the west side of present-day Edgemont Avenue and construction began on the meetinghouse.
The first Chester Friends Meetinghouse was completed in 1693.
William Penn was known to speak at the original Chester Friends meetinghouse.
In 1735, after forty-three years of worship at the original building, a larger meetinghouse was built on the same property.
The existing buildings have 1829 and 1954 represented on them indicating the date of construction of the current buildings.
The Chester Friends meetinghouse is an active worship center.

## Notable burials

* John Chew Thomas (1764-1836) - U.S. Congressman from Maryland
# Kalak Jafar

Kalak Jafar (Persian: كلك جعفر, also Romanized as Kalak Ja‘far) is a village in Mansuri Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 10 families.
# Neuilly-lès-Dijon station

Neuilly-lès-Dijon station (French: Gare de Neuilly-lès-Dijon) is a railway station in the commune of Neuilly-Crimolois, in the French department of Côte-d'Or, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is an intermediate stop on the Dijon–Vallorbe line of SNCF.

## Services

The following services stop at Neuilly-lès-Dijon:
* TER Bourgogne-Franche-Comté: regional service between Dijon-Ville and Besançon-Viotte.
# Isle, Haute-Vienne

Isle (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Isla) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west-central France.
As of 2019, Isle is the fifth commune of the department (by population), after Limoges, Saint-Junien, Panazol and Couzeix.

## Population

Inhabitants are known as Islois in French.
# Federation of Private Services

The Federation of Private Services (Spanish: Federación de Servicios Privados, FSP) was a trade union representing workers in various service industries in Spain.
The union was established in 1984, as the Federation of Diverse Activities, and it affiliated to the Workers' Commissions. At its first conference, the following year, it established sectors for workers in the following industries:
* Cleaning
* Private security
* Urban sanitation
* Home care services
* Domestic work
* Dry cleaning and laundries
* Disinfection and extermination
* Recycling
* Phone booth maintenance
* Maintenance of markets
* Porters
* Hairdressing
* Other ancillary industries
By 1994, the union had 31,681 members. It adopted its final name in 2013, and the following year, it merged with the Federation of Construction, Wood and Related Industries, to form the Federation of Construction and Services.
# Shulam

Shulam (Persian: شولم, also Romanized as Shūlam; also known as Shulen) is a village in Gasht Rural District, in the Central District of Fuman County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,270, in 361 families.
# Belgian League for the Rights of Women

The Belgian League for the Rights of Women (French: Ligue belge du droit des femmes) was a political association founded in Belgium in 1892. Established by Marie Popelin and her lawyer Louis Frank, it was created in response to the refusal to allow Popelin, a law graduate, to practice at the Bar. Based on the French Ligue française pour le droit des femmes, it immediately attracted 300 members. The organization was initially concerned with equal rights rather than women's suffrage but prioritized voting rights in 1912.
While she was in Europe in 1892 promoting the International Council of Women (ICW), May Wright Sewall contacted the members of the League with a view to inviting Belgian participants to the World's Congress of Representative Women to be held in Chicago in 1893. But it was not until 1905 that the League finally led to the establishment of the Conseil national des femmes belges, the Belgian chapter of the ICW.
From the start, the League published a journal, also titled Ligue belge du droit des femmes. It continued publication until the outbreak of the First World War, keeping Belgians informed of developments in feminism at home and abroad. The League experienced internal difficulties in the late 1890s when Isabelle Gatti encouraged a number of members to give political support to the socialists while Popelin continued to pursue an apolitical approach. Gatti and her friends finally left the League in 1899 when she joined the Belgian Labour Party.
In the early 20th century, the League was successful in obtaining the right for shop assistants to sit down in the absence of clients, in limiting requirements for them to work at night, and in preventing actions inciting them into debauchery and prostitution. Suffrage did not become a priority for the League until fairly late. It was only at the Congrès Féministe International held in Brussels in April 1912 that the League adopted voting rights for women as its top priority. The following year, Jane Brigode, the League's secretary called on all women's organizations to coordinate efforts on women's suffrage.
Efforts to revive the League after the First World War led to a few conferences in the 1920s but little more. By the 1930s, Belgian women increasingly devoted time and effort to their interest in pacifism.
# Requiem for a Lost Empire

Requiem for a Lost Empire (French: Requiem pour l'Est) is a 2000 novel by the French-Russian writer Andreï Makine.

## Plot

The novel follows a Russian family over three generations. It begins during the Stalin era and centres on the farmer Pavel who is in conflict with the regime during the collectivisation. Later in the 20th century, Pavel's son is involved in KGB espionage and goes to the United States to seek out the murderers of his lover. Pavel's father is introduced and was a deserter from the Red Army.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly wrote that the book is beautifully and lyrically written, praising Makine's treatment of memories and repetitions over the generations. Kirkus Reviews called the book moving and resonant, but wrote that "geopolitical conflict is analyzed with a tad too much discursive insistence", comparing it to The English Patient and calling it "a lesser work".
# Vidaillat

Vidaillat (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vidalhac) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

## Geography

A forestry and farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated in the valley of the Thaurion river, some 15 miles (24 km) south of Guéret at the junction of the D34, D36 and the D45 roads.

## Sights

* The church, dating from the fourteenth century.
* Remains of a motte and bailey castle at Creux-du-Renard.
* Two memorials to members of the French Resistance.
# Royal College of the University of San Marcos

The Royal College of the University of San Marcos (Spanish: Colegio Real de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, CRSM), also known by its former name of Royal College of San Felipe (Spanish: Colegio Real San Felipe), is a historic building in the Barrios Altos neighbourhood of Lima, Peru. It's one of two cultural centres operated by the University of San Marcos.
The premises of the Royal College date back to the colonial period, and are located next to the Congress of Peru. It is made up of three departments of the university: The Institute of Applied Linguistics "CILA", the "Domingo Angulo" Historical Archive, and the Andean Rural History Seminar. Exhibitions and displays are held regularly, which mainly take place in the exhibition hall of the building.

## History

The Royal College of San Felipe and San Marcos was inaugurated on June 28, 1592, by Viceroy García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the building was used as a military barracks from 1781 to the early republican era. In 1860, it became the School of Arts and Crafts (Spanish: Escuela de Artes y Oficios), and in 1960, under the rectorship of Luis Alberto Sánchez, it became property of the university. It was declared part of the Cultural heritage of Peru in 1972. The School of Arts and Crafts later moved to Grau Avenue.
# Cecil Alec Mace

Cecil Alec Mace (22 July 1894 – 7 June 1971) usually cited as C.A. Mace, was a British philosopher and industrial psychologist. He is best known for his work on monetary incentives and goal setting theory.

## Life

Mace was born on 22 July 1894 to Mary and Walter Mace in Norwich, England. He left home at 18 for Cambridge University, intending to study for holy orders. However, instead he chose to read Moral Sciences at Queens' College, Cambridge. He studied under the philosopher G.E. Moore. The British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers, who started the first experimental psychology laboratory in Cambridge, was another mentor.
At Cambridge Mace became a pacifist and as a conscientious objector during World War I, spent time at Wormwood Scrubs and Dartmoor.
Following the war, he was appointed Lecturer in Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Nottingham. He married Marjorie Lebus in 1922 and they had two sons.
In 1925, he joined St Andrews University to start an experimental psychology laboratory. He introduced the first courses in experimental psychology and set up a laboratory in 1927.
In 1932, he became a Reader a Bedford College, London. He worked under the direction of Professor Beatrice Edgell, the first woman President of the British Psychological Society.
During World War II, Mace was appointed a Head of Psychology at King's College, London. The department was transferred to Birkbeck in 1944 and Mace became the first Birkbeck Chair of Psychology, a position he retired from in 1961. Mace died on 9 June 1971.

## Influence

Mace's work on Incentives: Some Experimental Studies (1935) discredited the notion that workers are primarily incentivized by money. He also stated that people have a "will to work." In 1935, he conducted the first empirical studies of goal setting. His most influential books were Sibylla; or the Revival of Prophecy and The Psychology of Study.

## Awards and honours

* President of the Aristotelian Society, 1948-9
* President of the Psychological Section, British Association, 1951
* President of the British Psychological Society, 1952–53

## Literary works

* (1926) Sibylla; or, the Revival of Prophecy.
* (1929) A Manual of Psychology.
* (1932) The psychology of study. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. viii, 96. LCCN 33024188. OCLC 6654937.
* (1933) The Principles of Logic. An introductory survey.
* (1937) Supernormal Faculty and the Structure of the Mind.
* (1953) Current Trends in British Psychology. Edited by C. A. Mace and P. E. Vernon.
* (1954) The Psychological Approach to Scientific Management - can this be applied in the home?
* (1957) British Philosophy in the Mid-Century. A Cambridge symposium. Edited by C. A. Mace.
* (1973) Selected papers.
# Land of Eupen

50°40′00″N 6°04′40″E﻿ / ﻿50.6667°N 6.0778°E﻿ / 50.6667; 6.0778
The Land of Eupen or Eupen Land (Luxembourgish and German: Eupener Land, French: Pays d'Eupen, Dutch: Land van Eupen), corresponding to the Canton of Eupen (see Cantons of Belgium), is the northern part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, lying on the border with Germany. Eupen is the capital of this region. To the south lies the Canton of Sankt Vith, which makes up the rest of the German-speaking Community.
In the Land of Eupen, the spoken languages are German and the dialect Ripuarian, which is also spoken in the neighbouring part of Germany and a couple of municipalities in Dutch Limburg, like Kerkrade and Vaals.

## Municipalities in the Land of Eupen

* Eupen (with Kettenis)
* Kelmis (La Calamine) (with Neu-Moresnet and Hergenrath)
* Lontzen (with Herbestal and Walhorn)
* Raeren (with Eynatten and Hauset)
# Porro–Abbe prism

A Porro–Abbe prism (sometimes called a Abbe–Porro prism), named for Ignazio Porro and Ernst Abbe, is a type of reflection prism used in some optical instruments to alter the orientation of an image. It is a variant of the more common double Porro prism configuration.
It is made from a piece of glass shaped like four right-angled reflecting prisms joined face-to-face in a twisted fashion. Light enters one flat face, is internally reflected four times (incident at an angle of 45º) from the sloping faces of the prism, and exits the second flat face offset from, but in the same direction as the entrance beam. The image is rotated 180° in the process, and for this reason the prism is used as an image erection system in some binoculars, and camera viewfinders. The Porro–Abbe system reduces the lateral beam axis offset by 23% compared to a traditional double Porro prism system in binoculars.
The prism is not dispersive since light enters and exits the prism only at normal incidence. Since the light is four times reflected, an even number of times, the image's handedness is not changed.
For ease of manufacture, the prism is often made as a pair of double-right-angled prisms and the two halves cemented together. A single half of the assembly is sometimes also called a Porro–Abbe prism.
# Hornberg Basin

The Hornberg Basin (German: Hornbergbecken) is the upper reservoir of the Wehr power station, whose lower reservoir is impounded by the Wehra Dam. It lies near Herrischried (Hornberg) and near the town of Wehr in the county of Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg on the dome of the Langer Eck, the highest hill in the Hotzenwald. It was opened in 1975, is only used to generate pumped-storage power and is operated by the Schluchseewerk.
An addition to the existing Hornberg Basin was planned as part of building the Atdorf Power Station, but the effort was cancelled in 2017 by the local operating company EnBW. With a length of almost one kilometre and storage capacity of 9 million m$^3$ it would have been considerably larger than the present Hornberg Basin.
# Kansas Department of Health and Environment

The Kansas Department of Health and Environment is a state agency in Kansas, responsible for the state's public health system, medical records, and environmental sustainability.
# Linden Lady on the Rhine

Linden Lady on the Rhine (German: Lindenwirtin am Rhein) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Rolf Randolf and starring Maly Delschaft, Carl de Vogt and Alfred Solm.
The film's art direction was by Gustav A. Knauer.

## Cast

In alphabetical order
* Iris Arlan as Kellnerin Toni
* Gerd Briese as Henning Schott
* Gertrud de Lalsky as Fürstin Liebingen von Hohrath
* Carl de Vogt as Dr. Allertag
* Maly Delschaft as Lindenwirtin
* Julius Falkenstein as Diener
* Oskar Marion as Graf Hasso von Aich
* Maria Matray
* Alexander Murski as Fürst Liebingen von Hohrath
* Fred Solm as Detlev Allertag
* Emmy Wyda as Miß Philpotts
# Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh

Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh or The Shahnameh of Abu-Mansur (Persian: شاهنامهٔ ابومنصوری) was a prose epic and history of Persian Empire before Muslim conquests. It was the main source for the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. The Shahnameh of Abu-Mansur is now lost, but its preface which consists of 15 pages, has survived and is one of the oldest examples of Persian prose and is considered one of the most valuable heritages of Persian literature. The Shahnameh of Abu-Mansur was composed at the order of Abu Mansur Muhammad in 346 AH (April 957 AD). It was composed by four mowbeds: Old Mākh from Herat, Yazdāndād son of Shāpur from Sistan, Shāhooy-e Khorshid son of Bahrām from Nishapur, Shādān son of Barzin from Tus. Before Ferdowsi, Abu-Mansur Daqiqi tried to versify the Shahnameh of Abu-Mansur, but he died after writing almost 1000 verses. Ferdowsi has included these 1000 verses in his Shahnameh.