OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Congro Volcanic Fissural System

The Congro Volcanic Fissural System (Portuguese: Sistema Vulcânico Fissural do Congro) is a system of scoria cones that build up the central region of the island of São Miguel (between the Água de Pau and Furnas volcanoes). This volcano is very young with most of it only 5000 years old.

## History

The history of this volcanic system is dominated by basaltic, fissural, Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions aligned in a dominantly west-northwest to east-southeast direction. Many of the products of these eruptions are visible in systematic bands of thick bands of ash and pumice, resulting from many of the scoria cones located in the zone. In the last 5000 years there is evidence of episodic Phreatomagnetic eruptions from trachyte evidence, dated to 3.800± 400 years B.C., that originated the Lagoa do Congro maar.

## Geography

The Congro system is situated in the central-eastern portion of the island of São Miguel, separated the Água de Pau Massif and crater of the Furnas volcano, and includes scoria cones and lava flows associated with ancient volcanic eruptions. In addition, there are several examples of maars and lava domes.
Although it is the least eruptive of the systems forming the island of São Miguel, it has shown a higher frequency of important seismic activities associated with tectonic and volcano-related pressures.
# Tolophon

Tolophon (Ancient Greek: Τολοφών), also Tolphon (Τολφών), was a town of the Ozolian Locrians, possessing a large harbour according to Dicaearchus.
Its site is located near modern Agioi Pantes/Vidavi/Marmara.
# Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology

The Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Russian: Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В.М.Бехтерева) is a Russian peer-reviewed medical journal containing original research, systematic reviews, etc. relating to the areas of psychiatry, medical psychology and psychotherapy.

## History

In 1896 Vladimir Bekhterev, the great Russian neuropathologist, created a new Russian journal under the title Overview of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Russian: Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии). It was named after him in 1927. But after he had died, the journal ceased publication. In 1990, the USSR State Committee for Publishing made a resolution to reestablish the journal. Later on, the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation included the Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology in the list of leading journals and publications. Many issues are now available online through the website of Media Medica (consilium-medicum.com), the full-length papers being provided with summaries in both Russian and English.
The current editor-in-chief is Yury Popov, but submitted articles are arranged in three sections with particular editors according to the subject-matter of a material:
* “Medical psychology,” ed. by Ludvig Wasserman;
* “Psychiatry,” ed. by Alexander Kotsubinsky;
* “Psychotherapy and prevention”, ed. by Boris Karvasarsky (ru), chief psychotherapist of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
The chairman of the editorial board is Nikolay G. Neznanov, Director of the Bekhterev Research Institute and President of the World Association for Dynamic Psychiatry (WADP). The coordinating editor is Victor Makarov, one of the former Presidents of the European Association for Psychotherapy. The journal publishes articles in the following categories:
* Problem-solving articles
* Research reviews
* Investigations
* Guidelines for the practitioner
* Talking shop
* Psychiatric newspaper
# Jeanne Lombard

Jeanne Lombard (22 August 1865 in Le Grand-Saconnex – 6 December 1945 in Corcelles-Cormondrèche) was a Swiss painter, best remembered for her still life and portrait paintings about women's suffrage. Her works are part of the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire today.
# Greek corvette Nisos ton Spetson

Originally named Agamemnon (Greek: Αγαμέμνων), this corvette was the flagship of the fleet of Laskarina Bouboulina, a key figure in the 1821 Greek War of Independence. It was built in Spetses in 1820, was armed with 18 long range cannons, and became one of the most famous ships of the War.
After Greece's independence, it was incorporated in the country's navy with the name Nisos ton Spetson (Νήσος των Σπετσών, lit. 'Island of Spetsai').
# The Pine Tree in the Mountain

The Pine Tree in the Mountain (U gori raste zelen bor) is a Croatian film directed by Antun Vrdoljak. Set during World War II the film follows the exploits of a detachment of partisans, concentrating on the differences between a communist party commissar and the detachment commander. It was released in 1971.
# Athena Areia

Areia (Ancient Greek: Ἀρεία) was a cultic epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, under which she was worshipped at Athens.
Athena's statue, together with those of Ares, Aphrodite Areia, and Enyo, stood in the temple of Ares at Athens. There was also a colossal acrolithic statue of her, at a temple at Plataea, built with the spoils given to that city by the Athenians after the Battle of Marathon. This was supposedly created by the artist Pheidias, though there is some disagreement among modern scholars whether this was indeed created by that artist. Plutarch mentions a gilded statue in this temple, but does not specify the name of the deity it honors.
Athena's worship under this name was said to have been instituted by Orestes after he had been acquitted by the Areopagus of the murder of his mother. It was Athena Areia who gave her casting vote in cases where the Areopagites were equally divided. There is some epigraphic evidence of a distinct priesthood for this aspect of Athena, but all we have are incomplete fragments, primarily of an oath from this priesthood at Acharnae.
From these circumstances, it has been surmised by some scholars (primarily in the 19th century) that the name "Areia" ought not to be derived from Ares, but from "ara" (ἀρά), a prayer, or from "areo" (ἀρέω) or "aresko" (ἀρέσκω), to propitiate or atone for. This is not considered likely by modern scholars.
# Good Jesus Cathedral, Pouso Alegre

The Good Jesus Cathedral (Portuguese: Catedral Metropolitana Bom Jesus) Also Pouso Alegre Cathedral It is a religious building of the Catholic church located in the city of Pouso Alegre, in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Pouso Alegre.
In the place where the cathedral is, was built in 1802 a chapel dedicated to the Good Lord Jesus. With the rise of the city of Mandu, original nucleus of Pouso Alegre, to the status of freguesia the 6 of November 1810, was established the following year to the Parish of the Good Lord Jesus. The old chapel was demolished in 1849 and the following year began the construction of the Mother Church of the Good Lord Jesus, directed by Colonel José García Machado and finished in 1857. With the creation of the Pouso Alegre diocese in 1900, The structure was elevated to the status of cathedral.
# Arkady Chernyshev

Arkady Ivanovich Chernyshev (Russian: Аркадий Иванович Чернышёв; March 16, 1914 – April 17, 1992) was a Russian ice hockey, football and bandy player, who played in the Soviet Top Hockey League. As a coach, he led Dynamo Moscow and the Soviet Union national ice hockey team. Chernyshev was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1948, and the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1999.

## Career

Chernyshev served as Dynamo Moscow team head coach from 1946 until 1974.
Under his leadership, Dynamo Moscow won the USSR Championship title in the seasons 1946/1947 and 1953/1954.
They places second in the seasons 1949/1950, 1950/1951, 1958/1959, 1959/1960, 1961/1962, 1962/1963, 1963/1964, 1970/1971, 1971/1972.
They placed third in the seasons 1947/1948, 1948/1949, 1951/1952, 1952/1953, 1954/1955, 1955/1956, 1956/1957, 1957/1958, 1965/1966, 1966/1967, 1967/1968, 1968/1969, 1973/1974.
Soviet Cup of hockey:
Champions in the seasons 1952/1953 and 1971/1972.
Runner-up in the seasons 1954/1955, 1955/1956, 1965/1966, 1968/1969, 1969/1970, 1973/1974.
As the USSR national team head coach 1954–1957 and 1962–1972 guiding the team to:
Eleven World Championships titles (1954, 1956, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971).
Eleven European Championship titles (1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970).
Four Olympic titles (1956, 1964, 1968, 1972).
The Kontinental Hockey League, a Russia-based ice hockey league, has one of its four divisions named after Chernyshev.

## Honours

Chernyshev was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1948, and the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1999.
Chernyshev won three USSR football Championship titles (1937, 1940, 1947), as well as five USSR bandy Cup titles (1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1948).
The hockey part of VTB Arena stadium in Moscow is also named after Chernyshev.
# Al Suwaihliya

Al Suwaihliya (Arabic: السويحليه, romanized: As Suwayḩilīyah) is a village in northwest Qatar located in the municipality of Al-Shahaniya. According to the Ministry of Environment, there were eight households in the village in 2014.
It is accessible through Al Jemailiya Road. The village of Abu Sidrah is nearby to the south.

## Etymology

Al Suwaihliya's name originates from the Arabic word "sahil", which translates to coast. It earned this name from its geographic proximity to the Persian Gulf.

## History

Based on field work carried out by anthropologists in Qatar in the 1950s, the main tribe in the area of Al Suwaihliya were the Al Ramzan branch of the Al Naim tribe. The area served as a sort of summer camp for the Al Naim, containing stone dwellings that were occupied from February to October, before the tribespeople moved to Al Jemailiya at the start of fall. These structures, located near spring encampments and wells in the area, were constructed primarily of rough coral or limestone blocks bound by clay or earth mortar. Walls typically measured 40-55 cm in thickness, with heights ranging from 2.3 to 2.5 meters.
Characteristic features included air vents with flat stones for reinforcement. The exterior walls were coated with clay for protection against the elements, requiring annual maintenance due to exposure to wind and rain. Inside, walls were meticulously plastered, with shelves for storage. Roofs were fashioned from layers of palm ribs, bound together with ropes and supported by beams and planks. A final layer of clay and gravel provided insulation, allowing the rooms to be used for sleeping during hot summer nights. These houses were notably smaller than the winter tents typically used by the Al-Na'im, primarily accommodating the immediate family while guests were entertained in separate rooms or summer tents.
Notably, these dwellings were not used to shelter livestock, distinguishing them from the traditional tents used by the Bedouins. The Al-Na'im's summer houses were approximately 27 square meters in size, with additional space provided by nearby summer tents. Even during their temporary relocation, the family maintained separate living quarters, mirroring the layout of their winter tents.

## Geography

Al Suwaihliya is situated in Qatar's northwest region. It forms part of the eastern boundary of the southern section of the interior plain region. The area is characterized by relatively flat terrain with some undulations.
# Rochaliki

Rochaliki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Time's Makin' Changes – The Best of Tesla

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Time's Makin' Changes – The Best of Tesla is the first greatest hits album for the rock band Tesla. It includes songs from their first four studio albums, Mechanical Resonance, The Great Radio Controversy, Psychotic Supper, and Bust a Nut, as well as their first live album, Five Man Acoustical Jam as well as one new song, "Steppin' Over".

## Track listing

* "Modern Day Cowboy" – 5:18 (From Mechanical Resonance)
* "Gettin' Better" – 3:20 (From Mechanical Resonance)
* "Little Suzi" – 4:02 (From Mechanical Resonance)
* "Heaven's Trail (No Way Out)" – 4:33 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
* "The Way It Is" – 5:09 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
* "Love Song" – 5:21 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
* "Signs" – 3:14 (Live) (From Five Man Acoustical Jam)
* "Paradise" – 5:09 (Live) (From Five Man Acoustical Jam)
* "Edison's Medicine" – 4:48 (From Psychotic Supper)
* "Song & Emotion" – 5:55 (From Psychotic Supper)
* "What You Give" – 7:18 (From Psychotic Supper)
* "Mama's Fool" – 6:11 (From Bust a Nut)
* "A lot to Lose" – 5:11 (From Bust a Nut)
* "Steppin' Over" (Hannon, Keith, Luccketta, Wheat) – 4:22 (Previously unreleased)
* "Changes" – 5:03 (From Mechanical Resonance)

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 197 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Sunny Xie

Sunny Xie (Chinese: 谢容儿; pinyin: Xiè Róng'er; born November 28, 1990) is a female Mandarin Chinese singer and actress born in Wuhan, China. She has currently released five full-length albums.

## Discography
### Cat And Fish 2010

01. 你是貓兒我是魚 – Ni Shi Mao Er Wo Shi Yu
02. 瑪麗叔叔的冒險 – Ma Li Su Su De Gan Mao
03. 蘿蔔白菜各有所愛 – Luo Bo Bai Cai Ming You Suo Ai
04. 你知道我對你的好 – Ni Zhi Dao Wo Dui Ni De Hao
05. 愛情城堡 – Ai Qing Cheng Bao
06. 年華 – Nian Hua
07. 天使愛 – Tian Shi Ai
08. 少年 – Shao Nian
09. 淡藍色的夢想 – Dan Lan Se De Mong Xiang
10. 公主 – Gong Zhu
11. 吃不完的愛 – Chi Bu Wan De Ai

### You Do Not Deserve 2011

01.你不配 – Ni Bu Pei
02.你是貓兒我是魚 – Ni Shi Mao Er Wo Shi Yi
03.蘿蔔白菜各有所愛 – Luo Bo Bai Cai Min You Suo Ai
04.你知道我對你的好 – Ni Zhi Dao Wo Dui Ni De Hao
05.公主 – Gong Zhu
06.年華 – Nian Hua
07.天使愛 – Tian Shi Ai
08.少年 – Shao Nian
09.淡藍色的浪漫 – Dan Lan Se De Lang Man
10.瑪麗叔叔的冒險 – Ma Li Shu Shu De Mao Xian
11.愛情城堡 – Ai Qing Cheng Bao
12.吃不完的愛 – Chi Bu Wan De Ai
13.你不配 – Ni Bu Pei

### Sunny Xie (self-titled) 2011

1. 那又怎樣 Na You Zen Yang
2. 絨絨草 Rong Rong Cao
3. 偶像派 Ou Xiang Pai
4. Sweet
5. 無關幸福 Wu Guan Xing Fu
6. 學會堅強 Xue Hui Jian Qiang
7. 說好一起 Shou Hai Yi Qi
8. 你知道我對你的好 Ni Zhi Da0 Wo Dui Ni De Hao
9. 我的愛還在 Wo De Ai Hai Zai
10. 故事重播 Gu Shi Chong Bo
11. 你不配 Ni Bu Pei (Rap Version)
Lonely 2013
1. 寂寞
2. Double Face
3. 小白臉
4. 你的愛太囂張
5. Show Girl
6. 愛說話
7. 愛如甲骨文
8. 忘記你是誰
9. 末次見面
10. 不要裝熟
11. 等你
12. 彎月亮
13. 其實我很在乎你
14. Sweet
15. 我不做你娘娘
真爱我做主 2014
1. 谢谢你祝我生日快乐
2. 废纸
3. 真爱我做主
4. 爱情指南
5. 完美日出
6. 梦想
7. 我爱你时你不爱我
8. 加速爱
9. 错
10. 我想
11. 坏孩子
电视剧 我和我的他们 2014
1. 小草与树的对话
旁人 2019
1. 旁人
你得到了你想要的 2019
1. 你得到了你想要的
自以为师 2019
1. 自以为师
及时行乐 2019
1. 及时行乐
就此别过 2019
1. 就此别过
有疾而终(圣诞版) 2019
1. 有疾而终(圣诞版)
医能自医 2020
1. 医能自医
2. 倦怠
3. 热度
鹊桥会 2021
1. 鹊桥会
# Herbert Clark (footballer)

Herbert Clark (born 1896) was an English footballer who played for Rochdale when they joined the English Football League in 1921. He previously played non-league football for a number of other clubs.
# Sheykh Kanlu

Sheykh Kanlu (Persian: شيخكانلو, also Romanized as Sheykh Kānlū) is a village in Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 26 families.
# Neba, Nagano

Neba (根羽村, Neba-mura) is a village located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2018, the village had an estimated population of 890, and a population density of 9.9 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the village is 89.97 square kilometres (34.74 sq mi). Neba is known for its sweet corn, shiitake, and mountain trout.

## Geography

Neba is located mountainous far southern border of Nagano Prefecture with Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. Mount Chausuyama (1415 meters) is located in the southeast of the village. Part of the village is within the borders of the Tenryū-Okumikawa Quasi-National Park.

### Surrounding municipalities

* Aichi Prefecture
** Shitara
** Toyone
** Toyota
* Gifu Prefecture
** Ena
* Nagano Prefecture
** Hiraya
** Urugi

### Climate

The village has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Neba is 12.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2185 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.4 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Neba has declined by more than two-thirds from its peak around 1950.

## History

The village was once part of Mikawa Province until the 16th century, after which it became part of Shinano Province. Neba is also one of the many reported sites at which Takeda Shingen died. According to Koyo Gunkan, Takeda's strategy book, Neba is the place where he made camp and died in 1573 after the Siege of Noda Castle. The village of Neba was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.

## Education

Neba has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

## Transportation
### Railway

* The village does not have any passenger railway service

### Highway

* National Route 153

## Local attractions

* In Neba, there is a very old Japanese cedar. It is estimated as 1,800 years old, with a height of 40m and a width of 14m. It was designated a Japanese Natural Monument in 1944.
# Bereeda

Bereeda (Somali: Bareeda, Arabic: بارآدا, Italian: Bereda) is a coastal town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia. It is situated in the Alula District, which is in the autonomous Puntland region.

## Location

Bereeda is located at 11°52′14.52″N 51°3′29.17″E﻿ / ﻿11.8707000°N 51.0581028°E﻿ / 11.8707000; 51.0581028, facing the Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel. It lies 12 nautical miles (14 miles) west of Cape Guardafui and 20 nautical miles (23 miles) east of Alula.

## Administration

On April 8, 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region coextensive with Bereeda and Cape Guardafui, named Gardafuul. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Alula.

## Education

According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there is 1 primary school in Bereeda.
# Ragbeh

Ragbeh (Persian: رگبه; also known as Jeysh and Rogbā) is a village in Naseri Rural District, Khanafereh District, Shadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,131, in 161 families.
# Autonomous Socialist Party (Ticino)

The Autonomous Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Autonomo, PSA) was a far-left political party in Switzerland, based in the canton of Ticino.

## History

The PSA was established in 1966; its founders were former members from the Social Democratic Party who had been expelled for their far-left views. It failed to win a seat in the National Council in the 1971 federal elections, but in the 1975 elections it ran in Ticino in alliance with the Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH), with Werner Carobbio winning one seat. It continued its alliance with POCH for the 1979 elections, retaining its single seat. It retained the seat again in the 1983 and 1987. It was renamed Unitarian Socialist Party in 1988, The PSA was well represented in the Grand Council of Ticino, maintaining between six and nine seats in the legislature (of ninety) constantly between 1971 and 1991. After retaining its seat again in 1991, it merged back into the Social Democratic Party in 1992.

## Election history
### National Council

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Rank |
| 1971 | 5,271 | 0.3 | 0 / 200 | | 12th |
| 1975 | 6,706 | 0.3 | 1 / 200 | 1 | 13th |
| 1979 | 8,147 | 0.4 | 1 / 200 | | 13th |
| 1983 | 9,962 | 0.5 | 1 / 200 | | 14th |
| 1987 | 10,879 | 0.6 | 1 / 200 | | 14th |
| 1991 | 12,006 | 0.6 | 1 / 200 | | 15th |

### Grand Council of Ticino

| Election | % | Seats | +/– | Rank |
| 1971 | 6.7 | 6 / 90 | 6 | 4th |
| 1975 | 7.6 | 6 / 90 | | 4th |
| 1979 | 9.4 | 8 / 90 | 2 | 4th |
| 1983 | 10.6 | 8 / 90 | | 4th |
| 1987 | 11.0 | 7 / 90 | 1 | 4th |
| 1991 | 10.0 | 9 / 90 | 2 | 5th |

## Notable members

* Werner Carobbio
* Pietro Martinelli
# Tarlab

Tarlab (Persian: طرلاب, Romanized as Ţarlāb; also known as Ţollāb, Shūrāb Tarlāb, and Tālāb) is a village in Rahjerd-e Sharqi Rural District, Salafchegan District, Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 11 families.
# Mauro Méndez

Mauro Andrés Méndez Acosta (born 17 January 1999) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a forward for Argentine Primera División club Estudiantes de La Plata.

## Career

A former youth academy player of Defensor Sporting, Méndez joined Montevideo Wanderers in February 2017. He made his professional debut for the club on 2 June 2019 in a 0–3 league defeat against Cerro.
On July 28, 2022, Estudiantes de La Plata acquires the services of the 23-year-old striker from the Montevideo Wanderers club for 1,700,000 dollars for 70% of the record, signing a contract until June 2025.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 30 July 2022
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Montevideo Wanderers | 2019 | Uruguayan Primera División | 14 | 1 | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | 15 | 1 |
| Montevideo Wanderers | 2020 | Uruguayan Primera División | 29 | 7 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | 30 | 7 |
| Montevideo Wanderers | 2021 | Uruguayan Primera División | 22 | 4 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 4 |
| Montevideo Wanderers | 2022 | Uruguayan Primera División | 20 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4 | — | — | 28 | 15 |
| Montevideo Wanderers | Total | Total | 85 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 98 | 27 |
| Estudiantes | 2022 | Argentine Primera División | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 86 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 99 | 27 |
* 1 2 Appearance(s) in Copa Sudamericana.
* ↑ Appearance in Torneo Intermedio final.
* ↑ Appearances in Copa Libertadores.
* ↑ Appearance in Supercopa Uruguaya.

## Honours

Estudiantes
* Copa Argentina: 2023
* Copa de la Liga Profesional: 2024
# Yefferson Moreira

Yefferson Moreira Scaraffoni (born March 7, 1991) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays for C.A. Bella Vista.

## Career

Moreira began his career in 2009 with Peñarol.
# Shah Veysabad

Shah Veysabad (Persian: شاه ويس اباد, also Romanized as Shāh Veysābād) is a village in Horr Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 181, in 44 families.
# Georgi Damyanov

Georgi Purvanov Damyanov (Bulgarian: Георги Първанов Дамянов; 23 September 1892 – 27 November 1958) was a Bulgarian communist politician.
Damyanov was born in Lopushna, near Ferdinand (today Montana), Bulgaria and joined the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) in 1912, which later became the Bulgarian Communist Party. He served as Defence Minister during the first stage of Bulgaria's communist regime, from 1946 to 1950. On 27 May 1950 he was elected as the Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (nominal head of state of Bulgaria). He served in that position for 8 years, until his death. He died in Sofia, Bulgaria. During his time in office much of the power was held by the first secretaries of the party, first Vulko Chervenkov and then by Todor Zhivkov.