# Book of Rites

The Book of Rites, also known as the Liji, is a collection of texts describing the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty as they were understood in the Warring States and the early Han periods. The Book of Rites, along with the Rites of Zhou (Zhōulǐ) and the Book of Etiquette and Rites (Yílǐ), which are together known as the "Three Li (Sānlǐ)," constitute the ritual (lǐ) section of the Five Classics which lay at the core of the traditional Confucian canon (each of the "five" classics is a group of works rather than a single text). As a core text of the Confucian canon, it is also known as the Classic of Rites or Lijing, which some scholars believe was the original title before it was changed by Dai Sheng.

## History

The Book of Rites is a diverse collection of texts of uncertain origin and date that lacks the overall structure found in the other "rites" texts (the Rites of Zhou and the Etiquette and Ceremonial). Some sections consist of definitions of ritual terms, particularly those found in the Etiquette and Ceremonial, while others contain details of the life and teachings of Confucius. Parts of the text have been traced to such pre-Han works as the Xunzi and Lüshi Chunqiu, while others are believed to date from the Former Han period.
During the reign of Qin Shihuang, many of the Confucian classics were destroyed during the 213 BC "Burning of the Books." However, the Qin dynasty collapsed within the decade and Confucian scholars who had memorized the classics, or hid written copies recompiled them in the early Han dynasty. The Book of Rites was said to have been fully reconstructed, but the Classic of Music could not be recompiled and fragments principally survive in the "Record of Music" (Yueji) chapter of the Book of Rites.
Since then, other scholars have attempted to redact these first drafts. According to the Book of Sui, Dai De reworked the text in the 1st century BC, reducing the original 214 books to 85 in the "Ritual Records of Dai the Elder" (大戴禮記 Dà Dài Lǐjì), his nephew Dai Sheng further reduced this to 46 books in the "Ritual Records of Dai the Younger" (小戴禮記 Xiǎo Dài Lǐjì), and finally Ma Rong added three books to this bringing the total to 49. Later scholarship has disputed the Book of Sui's account as there is no reliable evidence to attribute these revisions to either Dai De or Dai Sheng, although both of them were Confucian scholars specialising in various texts concerning li.
At this time, these texts were still being edited, with new script and old script versions circulating, and the content not yet fixed. When Zheng Xuan, a student of Ma Rong, composed his annotated text of the Rites he combined all of the traditions of ritual learning to create a fixed edition of the 49 books which are the standard to this day. Zheng Xuan's annotated edition of the Rites became the basis of the "Right Meaning of the Ritual Records" (禮記正義 Lǐjì Zhèngyì) which was the imperially authorised text and commentary on the Rites established in 653 AD.
In 1993, a copy of the "Black Robes" chapter was found in Tomb 1 of the Guodian Tombs in Jingmen, Hubei. Since the tomb was sealed around 300 BCE, the find reactivated academic arguments about the dating of the other Liji chapters by the Warring States period.

## “Li”

Confucius described “Li” as all traditional forms that provided a standard of conduct. “Li” literally means "rites" but it can also be used to refer to "ceremonial" or "rules of conduct.” The term has come to generally be associated with "good form,” "decorum" or "politeness.” Confucius felt that “li” should emphasize the spirit of piety and respect for others through rules of conduct and ceremonies. As outlined in the “Book of Rites,” “li” is meant to restore the significance of traditional forms by looking at the simplicity of the past. Confucius insisted that a standard of conduct that focused on traditional forms would be a way to ease the turmoil of collapsing Zhou state. The absolute power of “li” is displayed in the “Book of Rites”: "Of all things to which the people owe their lives the rites are the most important..." The ideas of “li” were thought to become closely associated with human nature, ethics, and social order as the population integrated “li” into their lives. “Li” is beneficial to society because it guides people to recognize and fulfill their responsibilities toward others.

## Legacy

As a result of the Book of Rites' chapters, using a syncretic system later scholars formed both the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean. These two books were both believed to be written by two of Confucius' disciples; one specifically being his grandson. The Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi and his edited versions of the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean influenced the Chinese society to place much more attention on these and two other books creating the Four Books. Following the decision of the Yuan dynasty (followed by the Ming and Qing) to make the Five Classics and the Four Books the orthodox texts of the Confucian traditions, they were the standard textbooks for the state civil examination, from 1313 to 1905, which every educated person had to study intensively. Consequently, the Book of Rites and two of its by-products were large integral parts of the Chinese beliefs and industry for many centuries.

### Comparisons

The Han Feizi's editor (W.K. Liao 1939) contrasts the Han Feizi's chapter six with the Book of Rites (Li Ki), taking some of the chapter's content as "diametrically opposed to the Confucian spirit", and the "Great Community of Confucius." The Han Feizi has elements that would be compared with the Daodejing.

## Contents

Table of contents :
| ## | Chinese | Pinyin | Translation |
| 01-02 | 曲禮上下 | Qūlǐ | Summary of the Rules of Propriety Part 1 & 2 |
| 03-04 | 檀弓上下 | Tángōng | Tangong Part 1 & 2 |
| 05 | 王制 | Wángzhì | Royal Regulations |
| 06 | 月令 | Yuèlìng | Proceedings of Government in the Different Months |
| 07 | 曾子問 | Zēngzǐ Wèn | Questions of Zengzi |
| 08 | 文王世子 | Wénwáng Shìzǐ | King Wen as Son and Heir |
| 09 | 禮運 | Lǐyùn | The Conveyance of Rites |
| 10 | 禮器 | Lǐqì | Implements of Rites |
| 11 | 郊特牲 | Jiāotèshēng | Single Victim At The Border Sacrifices |
| 12 | 內則 | Nèizé | Pattern of the Family |
| 13 | 玉藻 | Yùzǎo | Jade-Bead Pendants of the Royal Cap |
| 14 | 明堂位 | Míngtángwèi | Places in the Hall of Distinction |
| 15 | 喪服小記 | Sāngfú Xiǎojì | Record of Smaller Matters in the Dress of Mourning |
| 16 | 大傳 | Dàzhuàn | Great Treatise |
| 17 | 少儀 | Shǎoyí | Smaller Rules of Demeanour |
| 18 | 學記 | Xuéjì | Record on the Subject of Education |
| 19 | 樂記 | Yuèjì | Record on the Subject of Music |
| 20-21 | 雜記上下 | Zájì | Miscellaneous Records Part 1 & 2 |
| 22 | 喪大記 | Sàng Dàjì | Greater Record of Mourning Rites |
| 23 | 祭法 | Jìfǎ | Law of Sacrifices |
| 24 | 祭義 | Jìyì | Meaning of Sacrifices |
| 25 | 祭統 | Jìtǒng | A Summary Account of Sacrifices |
| 26 | 經解 | Jīngjiě | Different Teaching of the Different Kings |
| 27 | 哀公問 | Āigōng Wèn | Questions of Duke Ai |
| 28 | 仲尼燕居 | Zhòngní Yànjū | Zhongni at Home at Ease |
| 29 | 孔子閒居 | Kǒngzǐ Xiánjū | Confucius at Home at Leisure |
| 30 | 坊記 | Fāngjì | Record of the Dykes |
| 31 | 中庸 | Zhōngyōng | Doctrine of the Mean |
| 32 | 表記 | Biǎojì | Record on Example |
| 33 | 緇衣 | Zīyī | Black Robes |
| 34 | 奔喪 | Běnsàng | Rules on Hurrying to Mourning Rites |
| 35 | 問喪 | Wènsāng | Questions About Mourning Rites |
| 36 | 服問 | Fúwèn | Subjects For Questioning About the Mourning Dress |
| 37 | 間傳 | Jiānzhuàn | Treatise on Subsidiary Points in Mourning Usages |
| 38 | 三年問 | Sānnián Wèn | Questions About the Mourning for Three Years |
| 39 | 深衣 | Shēnyī | Long Dress in One Piece |
| 40 | 投壺 | Tóuhú | Game of Pitch-Pot |
| 41 | 儒行 | Rúxíng | Conduct of the Scholar |
| 42 | 大學 | Dàxué | Great Learning |
| 43 | 冠義 | Guānyì | Meaning of the Ceremony of Capping |
| 44 | 昏義 | Hūnyì | Meaning of the Marriage Ceremony |
| 45 | 鄉飲酒義 | Xiāngyǐn Jiǔyì | Meaning of the Drinking Festivity in the Districts |
| 46 | 射義 | Shèyì | Meaning of the Ceremony of Archery |
| 47 | 燕義 | Yànyì | Meaning of the Banquet |
| 48 | 聘義 | Pìnyì | Meaning of Interchange of Missions twixt Different Courts |
| 49 | 喪服四制 | Sàngfú Sìzhì | Four Principles Underlying the Dress of Mourning |