OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance

The Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance (EIEF) (Italian: Istituto Einaudi per l'Economia e la Finanza), is an Italian based institution devoted to teaching and research in Economics, funded by the Bank of Italy based in Rome.
It runs two graduate programs, an MSc in Economics (Rome Masters in Economics/RoME) and a PhD in Economics (Rome Economics Doctorate/RED). Both are taught in English. The official degree for RoME is granted by LUISS, while the official degree for RED is granted by LUISS and University of Rome Tor Vergata jointly.
The Institute builds on the tradition of its predecessor, the Ente Luigi Einaudi, that has fostered economic research in Italy for the past fifty years.
The Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance, named after Italian politician and economist Luigi Einaudi, produces research, with an emphasis on policy relevant topics. It also seeks to influence public thinking and to train the next generation of scholars by running seminar series, graduate level courses and conferences.
# Callum Botchar

Callum Botchar (born October 3, 1997) is a Canadian rugby union player.
Botchar, born in Ottawa, grew up in Vancouver and attended Magee Secondary School.
A back-row forward, Botchar came through the Pacific Pride academy. He had a season in New Zealand with New Plymouth Old Boys in 2023 and the following year was signed by NOLA Gold to play Major League Rugby.
Botchar was capped twice for Canada in 2022, playing matches against Belgium and Netherlands.
# Cliff Rodgers

Clifford Frederick "Cliff" Rodgers (3 October 1921 – 1990) was an English professional footballer who played as a full back in the Football League for York City, in non-League football for RAF Pocklington, Scarborough and Goole Town and was on the books of Crystal Palace without making a league appearance.
# ZSU

ZSU may refer to:
* Armed Forces of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Збройні сили України, romanized: Zbroini syly Ukrainy)
* Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon (Russian: зенитная самоходная установка, romanized: zenitnaya samokhodnaya ustanovka)
** ZSU-37, based on the chassis of the SU-76M and developed by the end of 1943
** ZSU-57-2, developed by the 1950s, twin 57mm autocannon
** ZSU-23-4, successor of the ZSU-57-2, four barrel 23mm autocannon
** ZSU-23-4MP Biała, Polish modification of the ZSU-23-4
* Sun Yat-sen University (Zhong Shan University, in Chinese)
* Z Special Unit, a World War II unit
# Sang-e Sefid, Sabzevar

Sang-e Sefid (Persian: سنگ سفيد, also Romanized as Sang-e Sefīd, Sang-i-Sefīd, and Sang Sefid) is a village in Qasabeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 390, in 129 families.
# Armwrestling Federation of Armenia

The Armwrestling Federation of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի բազկամարտի ֆեդերացիա), is the regulating body of arm wrestling in Armenia, governed by the Armenian Olympic Committee. The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan.

## History

The Federation is currently led by president Arsen Gabrielyan. In an interview, Gabrielyan stated that, "The encouraging thing is that armwrestling is becoming more and more popular, the interest in arm wrestling is growing." The Federation often participates in the World Armwrestling Championship and the European Armwrestling Championship competitions. The Federation is a full member of the World Armwrestling Federation.
In 2012, Arsen Gabrielyan stated that the Federation seeks to grow the popularity of the sport across the country and that Armenian Armwrestlers have won gold medals at the European Championship level.
In 2017, the World Armwrestling Federation President Mr Assen Hadjitodorov had an official meeting with the Armwrestling Federation of Armenia. Both parties discussed cooperation and avenues to expand the sport in Armenia.
In January 2021, Armenia participated in the 42nd World Armwrestling Championships in Bucharest, winning 6 medals.
# Reverse connection

A reverse connection is usually used to bypass firewall restrictions on open ports. A firewall usually blocks incoming connections on closed ports, but does not block outgoing traffic. In a normal forward connection, a client connects to a server through the server's open port, but in the case of a reverse connection, the client opens the port that the server connects to. The most common way a reverse connection is used is to bypass firewall and router security restrictions.
For example, a backdoor running on a computer behind a firewall that blocks incoming connections can easily open an outbound connection to a remote host on the Internet. Once the connection is established, the remote host can send commands to the backdoor. Remote administration tools (RAT) that use a reverse connection usually send SYN packets to the client's IP address. The client listens for these SYN packets and accepts the desired connections.
If a computer is sending SYN packets or is connected to the client's computer, the connections can be discovered by using the netstat command or a common port listener like “Active Ports”. If the Internet connection is closed down and an application still tries to connect to remote hosts it may be infected with malware. Keyloggers and other malicious programs are harder to detect once installed, because they connect only once per session. Note that SYN packets by themselves are not necessarily a cause for alarm, as they are a standard part of all TCP connections.
There are honest uses for using reverse connections, for example to allow hosts behind a NAT firewall to be administered remotely. These hosts do not normally have public IP addresses, and so must either have ports forwarded at the firewall, or open reverse connections to a central administration server.
# William Makeham

William Matthew Makeham (11 September 1826 – 17 November 1891) was an English actuary and mathematician.
Makeham was responsible for proposing the age-independent Makeham term in the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality that, together with the exponentially age-dependent Gompertz term, was one of the most effective theories to describe human mortality.
Makeham was responsible for two important studies on human mortality:
* Makeham (1860). "On the Law of Mortality and the Construction of Annuity Tables". The Assurance Magazine, and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 8 (6): 301–310. doi:10.1017/S204616580000126X.
* Makeham (1874). "On an Application of the Theory of the Composition of Decremental Forces". Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 18: 317–322.
He had one wife, Hepzibah Reed, and seven children, William, Amy, Elizabeth, Thomas, Frederick, Emily, and George.
# Denys Babliuk

Denys Babliuk (Ukrainian: Денис Баблюк; born 9 May 2001 in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian male sport shooter. He is the 2022 World Championships silver medalist.

## Career

Babliuk's first international success came in 2018 when he became European junior champion in 10m running target. In 2020, he won two European Junior Championships medals: one gold and one bronze. He also competed at the 2018 World Championships in junior competitions but did not manage to win an individual medal.
Babliuk clinched his first senior medal at the 2022 World Championships in French Châteauroux where he finished second behind his teammate Ihor Kizyma in the 10 metre running target mixed competition.
# Marmara Region

The Marmara Region (Turkish: Marmara Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey.
Located in East Thrace, it is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to the east, and the Aegean Region to the south. At the center of the region is the Sea of Marmara, which gives the region its name. The largest city in the region is Istanbul. Other big cities are Bursa, İzmit, Balıkesir, Tekirdağ, Çanakkale and Edirne.
Among the seven geographical regions, the Marmara Region has the second-smallest area, yet the largest population; it is the most densely populated region in the country.

## Etymology

The name of the region comes from the Marmara Sea which is named after the Marmaros island, now connected to Balıkesir. "Marmaros" means "marble" in Greek. This name was given to the island because of the significant amount of marble found there. Over time, this name also came to be used for the sea itself.
The Greeks named the Marmara Sea "Propontis" by combining two words: "pro" and "pontis". In Greek, "pro" means "before" and "pontis" means "sea." They chose this name because they used to sail on the Sea of Marmara to reach the Black Sea.

## Subdivision

* Çatalca - Kocaeli Section (Turkish: Çatalca - Kocaeli Bölümü)
** Adapazarı Area (Turkish: Adapazarı Yöresi)
** Istanbul Area (Turkish: Istanbul Yöresi)
* Ergene Section (Turkish: Ergene Yöresi)
* Southern Marmara Section (Turkish: Güney Marmara Bölümü)
** Biga - Gallipoli Area (Turkish: Biga - Gelibolu Yöresi)
** Bursa Area (Turkish: Bursa Yöresi)
** Karesi Area (Turkish: Karesi Yöresi)
** Samanlı Area (Turkish: Samanlı Yöresi)
* Yıldız Section (Turkish: Yıldız Bölümü)

## Ecoregions
### Terrestrial
#### Palearctic
##### Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

* Balkan mixed forests
* Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests

##### Temperate coniferous forests

* Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests (Turkey)

##### Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

* Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests

## Provinces

Provinces that are entirely in the Marmara Region:
* Edirne
* İstanbul
* Kırklareli
* Kocaeli
* Tekirdağ
* Yalova
Provinces that are mostly in the Marmara Region:
* Balıkesir
* Bilecik
* Bursa
* Çanakkale
* Sakarya

## Geography

The Yıldız Mountains and Uludağ are in the Marmara Region. Islands in the Aegean Sea are Gökçeada and Bozcaada, and in the Sea of Marmara are Marmara Island, Avşa, Paşalimanı, İmralı and the Princes' Islands of Istanbul.

### Climate

The Marmara region has a borderline Mediterranean and humid subtropical climate on the Aegean Sea and south Marmara Sea coasts, and an oceanic climate on the Black Sea coast. Summers are warm to hot and moderately dry whereas winters are cool, wet and sometimes snowy. The coastal climate keeps the temperatures relatively mild.
# Cliff Stroud

Cliff R. Stroud (7 November 1920 – 23 April 2015) was an English international lawn and indoor bowler.

## Bowls career

Stroud started bowling in 1954 for the Trowbridge Westbourne club in Wiltshire (outdoors) and the Christie Miller club (indoors).
He was an England international from 1967 to 1972 and won the gold medal in the fours at the 1972 World Outdoor Bowls Championship with Peter Line, Ted Hayward and Norman King.
He also represented England at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in the fours event.

## Personal life

He took up bowls aged 12 for the Tottenham Somerford BC. Stroud was a company director and general manager by trade and in 2015.
Stroud died in April 2015 at the age of 94.
# Congress for the Republic (Niger)

The Congress for the Republic (French: Congrès Pour la République, CPR-Inganci) is a political party in Niger.

## History

The party was established in September 2014 by former mayor of Maradi Kassoum Moctar.
Moctar was the party's presidential candidate in the 2016 general elections, but failed to advance to the second round. However, the CPR won three seats in the National Assembly.
In the 2020–21 general elections the party did not nominate a presidential candidate, but received 4% of the vote in the parliamentary elections, winning eight seats in the National Assembly.

## Election results
### President

| Election | Candidate | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Result |
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Votes | % | Result |
| 2016 | Kassoum Moctar | 135,176 | 2.9 (#6) | - | - | Lost N |
| 2020–21 | Did not nominate a candidate | Did not nominate a candidate | Did not nominate a candidate | Did not nominate a candidate | Did not nominate a candidate | Did not nominate a candidate |

### National Assembly

| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position |
| 2016 | Kassoum Moctar | 122,573 | 2.6 (#10) | 3 / 171 | New | 9th |
| 2020 | Kassoum Moctar | 195,704 | 4.2 (#6) | 8 / 171 | 5 | 5th |
# Hem Church

Hem Church (Norwegian: Hem kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Larvik Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is located in the village of Hem. It is one of the churches for the Lardal parish which is part of the Larvik prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Tunsberg. The white, stone church was built in a long church design during the 12th century using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 90 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1392, but the church was not necessarily built that year. The original part of the building was possibly built sometime around the year 1200, although the church presently uses 1392 as the year of its founding (celebrating its 600th anniversary in 1992). In 1992, dendrochronological dating was carried out to determine the age of the church, but it was inconclusive. The stone church was initially built with a rectangular nave and a smaller, rectangular chancel with a lower roofline. It was built in a Romanesque style, typically seen in churches built in the 12th and early 13th centuries in Norway. The building is constructed of stone, with the walls measuring about 120 centimetres (47 in) thick. Later, a wooden church porch was built at the main entrance. Extensive repairs were carried out in 1686 (a wall and a new tower on top of the nave, and second floor seating galleries in the nave). In 1932, a sacristy was built on the south side of the chancel. In 1951, the sacristy was taken down and rebuilt on the east end of the chancel.
The church was owned by the county of Jarlsberg from 1673 to 1766, when it was bought by some farmers in the village of Hem. In 1913, ownership of the church was transferred to the parish.
# Sondos

Sondos (Persian: سندس, also Romanized as Sandas and Sendes, is a village in the Rudbar Countu, of the Gilan Province of Iran.
# Koekelare

Koekelare (Dutch:; West Flemish: Kookloare) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Bovekerke, Koekelare proper and Zande. On 1 January 2006 Koekelare had a total population of 8,291. The total area is 39.19 km² which gives a population density of 212 inhabitants per km².
Koekelare was formerly written as Couckelaere.

## Towns

The municipality comprises Koekelare proper, but also contains the villages Bovekerke, Zande and De Mokker. Bovekerke and Zande are "deelgemeentes", who were independent municipalities until the 70s; De Mokker is part of Koekelare proper.
| # | Name | Population (1999) |
| I (IV) | Koekelare - Koekelare - De Mokker | 6.879 |
| II | Bovekerke | 1.000 |
| III | Zande | 302 |
Source :Streekplatform Westhoek. Socio-economische beleidsvisie & hefboomprojecten voor de Westhoek
Koekelare borders the following villages:
* a. Handzame (more specifically Edewalle) (Kortemark)
* b. Werken (Kortemark)
* c. Vladslo (Diksmuide)
* d. Leke (Diksmuide)
* e. Sint-Pieters-Kapelle (Middelkerke)
* f. Zevekote (Gistel)
* g. Moere (Gistel)
* h. Eernegem (Ichtegem)
* i. Ichtegem (Ichtegem)

## Sights
### Museums

* Lange Max Museum, located on Site Lange Max (World War I)
* Käthe Kollwitz Museum (World War I)
* Fransmansmuseum

### Buildings, monuments and structures

* Hovaeremolen, a windmill used as German observation post during World War I.
* Batterie Pommern
# Sir Edward Scott, 2nd Baronet

Sir Edward Dolman Scott, 2nd Baronet (22 October 1793 – 27 December 1852) was an English landowner and a Whig politician.
He succeeded to the Baronetcy of Scott of Great Barr and inherited the estate at Great Barr Hall on the death of his father in 1828.
He was Member of Parliament for Lichfield 1831–1837. He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1847. He was also Deputy Lieutenant of Staffordshire and Sussex.
He married twice, firstly in 1815 to Catherine Juliana Bateman by whom he had three sons, and secondly in 1848 to Lydia Gisborne. He was succeeded by his son Francis Edward, who had, at birth in 1824, succeeded to the Baronetcy of Bateman of Hartington (see Bateman baronets).
# National Movement Party (Libya)

The National Movement Party (Arabic: حزب الحركة الوطنية) is a political party in Libya founded by Libyan journalist and human rights activist Leila bin Khalifa inspired by the 1940s Bashir El Saadawi movement and the defunct National Congress Party.
In 2021, the National Movement Party nominated Leila bin Khalifa as their presidential candidate in the first Libyan presidential election since the independence of this country.
# Parlichev Ridge

Parlichev Ridge (Bulgarian: Пърличев хребет, ‘Parlichev Hrebet’ \p&r-'li-chev 'hre-bet\) is the narrow rocky ridge extending 33.9 km from the foothills of Madrid Dome to the west to Kalina Point to the east, 3.8 km wide, and rising to 1323 m (Vrelo Peak) in Aristotle Mountains on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land. It surmounts Melville Glacier to the north, Domlyan Bay to the northeast, and Pequod Glacier to the south, and is intersected by a branch of Pequod Glacier flowing northwards to join Melville Glacier. The feature is named after the Bulgarian poet Grigor Parlichev (1830-1893), in connection with the settlement of Parlichevo in Northwestern Bulgaria.

## Location

Parlichev Ridge is centred at 65°30′14″S 62°25′52″W﻿ / ﻿65.50389°S 62.43111°W﻿ / -65.50389; -62.43111. British mapping in 1976.

## Maps

* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 65 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1976.
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
# Aegean Region

The Aegean Region (Turkish: Ege Bölgesi) is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey. The largest city in the region is İzmir. Other big cities are Manisa, Aydın, Denizli, Muğla, Afyonkarahisar and Kütahya.
Located in western Turkey, it is bordered by the Aegean Sea to the west, the Marmara Region to the north, the Central Anatolia Region to the east, and the Mediterranean Region to the south.
Among the four coastal regions, the Aegean Region has the longest coastline.

## Subdivision

* Aegean Section (Turkish: Ege Bölümü)
** Edremit Area (Turkish: Edremit Yöresi)
** Bakırçay Area (Turkish: Bakırçay Yöresi)
** Gediz Area (Turkish: Gediz Yöresi)
** İzmir Area (Turkish: İzmir Yöresi)
** Küçük Menderes Area (Turkish: Küçük Menderes Yöresi)
** Büyük Menderes Area (Turkish: Büyük Menderes Yöresi)
** Menteşe Area (Turkish: Menteşe Yöresi)
* Inner Western Anatolia Section (Turkish: İç Batı Anadolu Bölümü)

## Ecoregions

The ecoregions of this region are all Terrestrial, more specifically Palearctic, and still more so, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. Different parts are within the following classifications:
* Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
* Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests

## Provinces

Provinces that are entirely in the Aegean Region:
* Aydın
* İzmir
* Manisa
* Uşak
Provinces that are mostly in the Aegean Region:
* Afyonkarahisar
* Denizli
* Kütahya
* Muğla
Provinces that are partially in the Aegean Region:
* Balıkesir
* Bilecik
* Bursa
* Çanakkale
* Eskişehir

## Climate

The climate of the Aegean Region has a Mediterranean climate at the coast, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters and a semi-arid continental climate in the interior with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

## Gallery

* Cove in Muğla, Akbük beach between Muğla - Milas
* Nature's wonder Denizli, Pamukkale
* View of Kuşadası, Aydın
* Bodrum's cityscape is dominated by white buildings.
* Sehir Island in Marmaris
* Afyonkarahisar Castle
# Clifford Heap

Clifford Heap (14 December 1906 – 1984) was an English professional association footballer who played as a full back in the Football League for Burnley, Thames and Accrington Stanley.
# Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor

Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Şeref Madalyası) is the highest medal that can be bestowed upon an individual by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and was first created on July 27, 1967.

## Technical specifications
### General

Five large and five small gold stars on dark blue background circling an insignia of a crescent moon and a star on red background, the symbol of the Turkish flag, pointing upwards.

### Decoration (regular size)

Made of eight pieces
* Metal: Bronze
* Minting: 0.2 micrometre polished gold-plating
* Weight: 54 grams
* Diameter: 6 cm

### Decoration (miniature size)

Made of three pieces
* Metal: Bronze
* Minting: 0.2 micrometre polished gold-plating
* Weight: 14 grams
* Diameter: 1 cm

### Ribbon

* Color: Red

## Criteria

During wartime, it is bestowed on individuals who, through their actions, have contributed to success in battle but whose valor would not be adequately compensated by the State War Medal.
During peacetime, it is bestowed upon the Commanders of the Turkish Army, the Turkish Navy, the Turkish Air Force and the Turkish Gendarmerie who have successfully completed at least a year in their posts.
The medal can be given to civilians or soldiers, regardless of nationality. Its bestowment is proposed and approved by any of the four Commanders mentioned above.

## Recipients

* Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
# Tarek Majzoub

Tarek Mohammed al-Majzoub (Arabic: طارق محمد المجذوب; born 21 January 1960) is a Lebanese judge and academic who served as Minister of Education from January 2020 to September 2021.

## Early years

Majzoub was born in Sidon, South Lebanon for a Sunni Muslim family. He finished his Secondary education in Beirut, then attended Lebanese University and got a degree in Law, and a Baccalaureus in engineering from the American University in Beirut. He later moved to France, where he finished his doctorate in Public Law, at University of Rennes 1.

## Career

He worked as a university professor and taught administrative law at the Faculty of Law at Al-Hikma University. He is an expert in international water affairs and has published articles in which he has studied water issues in the region, as well as other research and studies in several languages and fields. He is a consultant to a group of institutions, committees, and organizations, such as the League of the Arab States, the International Labor Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. He served as a judge in the State Council.

## Minister of Education

In 2020, Majzoub was endorsed by Prime Minister Hassan Diab to be appointed as the minister of education in his cabinet. On 10 August 2020, the entire cabinet resigned and served in a caretaker capacity until a new government was formed.
On 5 July 2021, Tarek Majzoub canceled the Grade 9 (Brevet) official exams for the scholastic year 2020/2021 after canceling both Grade 9 (Brevet) and 12 (Terminale) exams the previous scholastic year 2019/2020.

## Publications

* History of Legal and Social Systems
* Public Administration: Administrative Process, Public Function and Administrative Reform
# Gerd Geraf

Gerd Geraf (Persian: گردگرف; also known as Jirfidreh) is a village in Layl Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 21 families.