OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timeline of explosives

This timeline lists the development of explosives and related events.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | Event |
| 1st millennium | Gunpowder, the first explosive, is developed. |
| 1040 - 1044 | The book Wujing Zongyao contains three formulas for gunpowder, the first such reference. |
| 1267 | Roger Bacon's Opus Majus contains the first European reference to gunpowder. |
| 1659 | Ammonium nitrate is first synthesized by Johann Rudolf Glauber; it wasn't used as an explosive until World War I. |
| 1745 | William Watson shows that an electric spark can ignite gunpowder, demonstrating the first detonator. |
| 1845 | Nitrocellulose is invented by Christian Schoenbein. |
| 1846 | Nitroglycerin is invented by Ascanio Sobrero. It is the first practical explosive stronger than gunpowder. |
| 1863 | TNT is invented by Julius Wilbrand, but used only as a yellow dye. |
| Sep 3, 1864 | A nitroglycerin explosion at Immanuel Nobel's factory kills Alfred Nobel's youngest brother Emil Oskar Nobel and five other factory workers. |
| Nov 28, 1864 | Alfred Nobel establishes his first company, Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget, the first commercial manufacturer of nitroglycerin. |
| 1865 | Alfred Nobel develops a detonator using mercury fulminate in a copper capsule to detonate nitroglycerin. |
| 1866 | Dynamite is invented by Alfred Nobel by mixing nitroglycerin with silica. It is the first safely manageable explosive stronger than gunpowder. |
| 1867 | The use of ammonium nitrate in explosives is patented in Sweden. |
| 1875 | Gelignite, the first plastic explosive, is invented by Alfred Nobel. |
| 1884 | Paul Marie Eugène Vieille creates Poudre B, the first practical smokeless powder. |
| 1891 | The explosive properties of TNT are discovered by Carl Häussermann. |
| 1894 | PETN is patented by the Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.G. [de] |
| 1898 | RDX is invented by Georg Friedrich Henning, but not used until World War II. |
| 1906 | Dunnite is invented by US Army Major Beverly W. Dunn. |
| 1908 | The first detonating cord, a lead tube filled with TNT, is patented in France. |
| Dec 6, 1917 | Halifax Explosion: A cargo of TNT, picric acid, benzol, and guncotton aboard aboard a ship explodes after a collision, killing at least 1,782 people. It was the largest artificial explosion at the time. |
| Apr 16, 1947 | Texas City disaster: 2,100 metric tons of ammonium nitrate aboard a docked ship explode, ultimately killing at least 581 people, the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history. |
| 1952 | Semtex, a general-purpose plastic explosive containing RDX and PETN, is invented by Stanislav Brebera. |
| 1955 | ANFO is developed, consisting of 94% ammonium nitrate. |
| 1956 | C-4 is developed as part of the Composition C family of plastic explosives; it contains 91% RDX. |
| Aug 4, 2020 | Beirut explosion: A large amount of ammonium nitrate explodes, causing at least 218 deaths. |
# Solnechny, Astrakhan Oblast

Solnechny (Russian: Солнечный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Zabuzansky Selsoviet, Krasnoyarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 217 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

It is located on the Buzan River, 9 km southwest of Krasny Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zabuzan is the nearest rural locality.
# Tatrapan

The Tatrapan is a 6x6 special military vehicle produced by the Slovak defence industry company VYVOJ Martin Developed for various utilization by Slovak armed forces as well as export purposes.

## Design

Tatrapan is an armoured off-road vehicle built on the military version of the Tatra 815 chassis. The vehicle has a cab for a driver and a commander of the vehicle and a superstructure body which can be modified and equipped for various applications. The superstructure body is designed as an autonomous unit and its crew can work independently also as a permanent autonomous station. Quick release clamps with centering pins provide a means for fastening the body, thus enabling application of various bodies on a single chassis. Maximum time required to replace a body is 60 minutes.
A specially constructed V-shaped bottom provides increased protection against mine explosions.

## Versions

* Tatrapan Zasa - Personnel carrier
* Tatrapan AMB - Ambulance version
* Tatrapan VSRV - Command post vehicle
* Tatrapan MOD - Version with Deutz engine and automatic transmission

## Service

The first Tatrapan prototype entered service in 1994. Until 2009, there were about 50 vehicles produced for the Slovak and Cypriot National Guard armies.

## Operators

* Slovakia: 70+
* Cyprus: small number
* Indonesia: Marine Corps
# Wambrechies

Wambrechies (French pronunciation:; West Flemish: Wemmersijs; Picard: Vamberchi) is a commune in the Nord department, in the region Hauts-de-France, in northern France. It is part of the European Metropolis of Lille. It has a population of around 10,600 (2019).

## Geography

Wambrechies is situated to the north of Lille, it is bordered by the neighbouring communes of Marquette-lez-Lille (to the southeast), Saint André-lez-Lille (to the south), Quesnoy-sur-Deûle (to the northwest) and Bondues (to the northeast). The Deûle canal runs from north to south through the town.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Wambrechies | The arms of Wambrechies are blazoned : Or, a cross engrailed gules. (Artres, Bettrechies, Cerfontaine, Denain, Eth, Lesquin, Obies, Quérénaing, Semousies, Wambrechies and Warlaing use the same arms.) |

## Twin towns

Kempen, Germany since 1972.
# Raphael Schifferl

Raphael Schifferl (born 29 July 1999) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for German 3. Liga club 1860 Munich.

## Career

Schifferl is a youth product of ATSV Wolfsberg, Wolfsberg and Sturm Graz. He began his senior career with the reserves of Wolfsberg in 2017. On 22 June 2021, he joined Austria Wien's reserves on loan for the 2021–22 season. On 5 July 2022, he returned to Wolfsberg and extended his professional contract with them until the summer of 2025. He made his senior and professional debut with Wolfsberg in a 1–1 Austrian Football Bundesliga tie with Sturm Graz on 23 July 2022.
On 28 July 2023, Schifferl joined SpVgg Unterhaching in the German 3. Liga on a season-long loan.
For the 2024–25 season, Shifferl moved to 1860 Munich.

## Honours

SpVgg Unterhaching
* Regionalliga Bayern: 2022–23
# Ozieri

Ozieri (Sardinian: Otieri) is a comune (municipality) of approximatively 11,000 inhabitants in the province of Sassari, in the Italian region of Sardinia, in the Logudoro historical region.
Its cathedral of the Immacolata is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ozieri. Ozieri is the centre of the earliest known archaeological culture on Sardinia (known as Ozieri culture).

## Main sights

* The Cathedral of the Immacolata dates from the 15th century and was restored from 1550 to 1571. It has a nave and two aisles and houses a polyptych of the Madonna di Loreto (16th century), the work of a local master.
* Basilica of Sant'Antioco di Bisarcio, one of the largest Romanesque churches in Sardinia.
* Grotte di San Michele (3500–2700 BC) - Ozieri gives its name to the Ozieri culture, a prehistoric civilization whose first findings were excavated in the local caves of San Michele starting from 1914.
* Pont'ezzu, a Roman bridge dating to the 2nd century AD and restored in the 3rd–4th century AD. It has six arcades for a total length of 87.50 metres (287 ft)
* Civic Archaeological Museum "Alle Clarisse", one of the most important museums in Northern Sardinia, with an archaeological, numismatic, and ethnographic collection that dates from prehistoric times to the modern age.

## Transportation

Ozieri can be reached from Sassari through the SS.597 National Road and by Olbia (SS.199).
The city has a railway station located in the frazione of Chilivani (lines to Olbia, Porto Torres and Cagliari).

## People

* Luca Sbisa (born 1990), professional ice hockey player
* Mariangela Demurtas, musician Tristania

## Twin towns

* Fiorano Modenese, Italy
* Maranello, Italy
# Xanlıq

Xanlıq (Khanlyg; Azerbaijani pronunciation:) is a village in the Qubadli District of Azerbaijan. It is situated along the Hakari river.

## History

Khanlyg was part of the Jebrail Uyezd of Elisabethpol Governorate during the Russian Empire. According to 1886 census data, there were 148 homes and 648 Azerbaijanis (classified as "Tatars" in the census) of the Sunni branch of Islam in Khanlyg. According to the 1912 "Caucasian Calendar", the village of Khanlyg was home to 797 people, the majority of whom were Azerbaijanis (classified as "Tatars" in the census).
Khanlyg was part of the village council of the same name in the Zangilan District of the Azerbaijan SSR during the early Soviet period in 1933. The village had 312 farms and a total population of 1,385 people. The population of the village council, which also included the villages of Alaqurşaq, Mahruzlu, and Muğanlı, was 97.7 percent Azerbaijani.
The village had 2,201 residents in 1986. Its residents' main occupations were tobacco cultivation, agriculture, animal husbandry, and sericulture. There was a secondary school, a vocational school, a cultural centre, a library, and a hospital in the village.
During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1993, Armenian forces occupied the village, forcing the Azerbaijani population to flee. It was later incorporated into the breakaway Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province, where it was known as Ishkhanadzor (Armenian: Իշխանաձոր). The village was eventually settled by Syrian Armenians fleeing the Syrian Civil War. According to Artur Aghabekyan, Deputy Prime Minister of Artsakh, the village of Xanlıq was purposefully chosen for settlement because it is at the crossroads of roads leading north to Lachin, east to Hadrut, and west to Armenia. In 2006 the village completed the construction of Ishkhanadzor Clinic with financial backing from the Tufenkian Foundation, while in 2014, it was reported that 34 additional homes had been built in the village using funds from the Artsakh Lottery. The village has served as a hub for 16 other smaller settlements in the surrounding areas. Azerbaijan described the settlement of Syrian Armenians on its internationally recognised territory as a violation of international law.
Azerbaijan recaptured the village on 26 October 2020, during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Demographics

| Year | Population | Ethnic composition | Source |
| 1886 | 648 | 100% Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) | Transcaucasian Statistical Committee |
| 1912 | 797 | Mostly Tatars | Caucasian Calendar |
| 1986 | 2,201 | | Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia |
| 1993: Occupation of Xanlıq. Expulsion of Azerbaijani population ||||
| 2015 | 204 | ~100% Armenians | NKR estimate |

## Notable natives

* Karam Mirzayev [az] (1960–1992) — National Hero of Azerbaijan.

## Gallery

* Ruins of Khanlyg
* Soviet-era bus stop
* Barracks in the village
* Entrance of the village
* Destroyed bridge in Khanlyg
# Goleminov Point

Goleminov Point (Bulgarian: Големинов нос, ‘Goleminov Nos’ \go-le-'mi-nov 'nos\) is the rocky point on the northwest coast of Alexander Island in Antarctica projecting 400 m westwards into Lazarev Bay southeast of the terminus of Manolov Glacier.
The feature is named after the Bulgarian composer, Marin Goleminov (1908-2000).

## Location

Goleminov Point is located at 69°20′37″S 71°56′58″W﻿ / ﻿69.34361°S 71.94944°W﻿ / -69.34361; -71.94944, which is 6.17 km southeast of Kamhi Point, 24.9 km south-southeast of Cape Vostok and 6 km northwest of Dint Island. British mapping in 1971.

## Maps

* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 – W 69 70. Tolworth, UK, 1971
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated
# Church of San Giovanni Battista, Mogno

The Church of San Giovanni Battista (Italian: Chiesa di San Giovanni Battista; German: Kirche San Giovanni Battista) is located in the alpine village of Mogno in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It was built between 1994 and 1996 on the site of an older church (from 1636), which was levelled by an avalanche in 1986. The church is named after St John the Baptist.
The new church was designed by the Swiss architect Mario Botta who used marble and granite from the valleys of the area.

## Description

The church has a structure with an elliptical plan, with an inclined circular glass surface that serves as a roof. It is enjoined by two outdoor spaces, a recessed seating area on its west side, and a small plaza on its north. With respect to a longitudinal plane it can be noted that the most significant element is the rampant arch, which, according to the will of the designer, symbolizes the arch of the ancient church that protected part of the village of Mogno from the avalanche of April 25, 1986 that completely overwhelmed and destroyed the old church. The two bells, dated back to 1746, are the only elements recovered after the avalanche. The interior set-up is very simple: it consists exclusively of two rows of wooden benches arranged in axis with respect to the altar: the altar, of white marble, consists exclusively of two blocks. On the left side there is a statue of the Madonna, that stands over a baptismal font in light marble. The construction materials are: the gneiss coming from Riveo quarries, the white marble of Peccia valley, iron for the supporting structure of the roof, and glass for the roof.
# Fantasía (Yolandita Monge album)

Fantasia is the eleventh (11th) studio album by Puerto Rican singer Yolandita Monge. It was the first release of the singer under her recording contract with the international label CBS Records, now Sony Music Latin. This album was released in 1980 and includes the radio hits "Tanto Amor", "Como Lo Hago Yo", and "Al Ritmo De la Fantasía".
It was re-issued on CD format in 1992 and is currently out of print in all formats. Several hits songs appear in various compilations of the singer available as digital downloads at iTunes and Amazon.

## Track listing

| Track | Title | Composer(s) | Arranger & Musical Director |
| 1 | "Cambiando La Rutina De Vivir" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 2 | "Te Digo Adiós" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 3 | "Tanto Amor" | Lou Briel | Héctor Garrido |
| 4 | "Al Ritmo De La Fantasía" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 5 | "Como Lo Hago Yo" | Héctor Garrido | Héctor Garrido |
| 6 | "El Mundo Al Revés" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 7 | "Y Yo Te Amaba" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 8 | "Espacio Negativo" | Roberto Barrera | Héctor Garrido |
| 9 | "Piensa Amor" | K. Mendoza | Héctor Garrido |

## Credits and personnel

* Vocals: Yolandita Monge
* Musical Direction & Arrangements: Héctor Garrido
* Recording Engineers: Eddie Trabanco, Vern Carlson, Jack Sherdel
* Mixing Engineer: Jack Sherdel
* Editorial: Costa Brava Music, Inc. (BMI)
* Photography: Joche Dávila
* Make-up: Gary Bernford
* Stylist: Max
* Art: Drago
# Jaf Bar-e Simin

Jaf Bar-e Simin (Persian: جاف برسيمين, also Romanized as Jāf Bar-e Sīmīn, Jāfbar-e Sīmīn, and Jāf Barsīmīn; also known as Jāf, Jafail, Jāf Bareh Samīn-e ‘Olyā, and Jāfbareh-ye Sīmīn) is a village in Howmeh-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 17 families.
# Qarah Qishah

Qarah Qishah (Persian: قره قيشه, also Romanized as Qarah Qīshah; also known as Qaraqeshteh and Qarqashah) is a village in Abbas-e Sharqi Rural District, Tekmeh Dash District, Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 260, in 66 families.
# Mimmo Cuticchio

Mimmo Cuticchio (born 30 March 1948) is an Italian cantastorie, puppeteer, actor and playwright.

## Life and career

Born in Gela, the son of Giacomo, a puppeteer who had a travelling theatre, Cuticchio inherited the family legacy and in 1973 founded the Teatro dei Pupi Santa Rosalia, an Opera dei Pupi in Palermo. The same year he wrote his first cantastoria play, Giuseppe Balsamo conte di Cagliostro. In 1977 he founded the association and stage company "Figli D'Arte Cuticchio".
During his career Cuticchio focused on renewing the arts of Opera dei Pupi and cantastoria, opening them to contemporary themes and to civil commitments. As an actor, he appeared in several films, notably playing a leading role in Emanuele Crialese's Terraferma. In 2022, he received a honorary degree from Roma Tre University.
In 2007, he won the Hystrio Award in the Teatro Festival Mantova.
In 2015 the collection of Sicilian puppets started by his father was acquired by the Sicily Foundation, and is now on display at Palazzo Branciforte, Palermo.

## Filmography

* One Hundred Days in Palermo (Italian: Cento giorni a Palermo), directed by Giuseppe Ferrara (1984)
* The Godfather - Part III, directed by Francis Ford Coppola (1990)
* Rehearsals for a Sicilian Tragedy, (Italian: Prove per una tragedia siciliana) directed by Roman Paska (2009)
* Baarìa, directed by Giuseppe Tornatore (2009)
* Mainland, Italian: Terraferma) directed by Emanuele Crialese (2011)
* Cha cha cha, directed by Marco Risi (2013)
* In the name of the Italian people, (Italian: Nel nome del popolo italiano) directed by Maurizio Sciarra - documentary film, episode Piersanti Mattarella (2017)
* Cùntami, directed by Giovanna Taviani - documentary film (2021)

## Theatrography

* Don Turi and Gano di Magonza, directed by Mimmo Cuticchio (1994)
# New Left (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)

The New Left (German: Neue Linke, Italian: Nuova Sinistra, NL-NS) was a list which contexted the 1978 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election. The list was led by Alexander Langer, a former member of Lotta Continua. NL-NS opposed the dominant ethnic division in South Tyrolean politics. NL-NS won 12,315 votes (4.38%) in Trentino and 9,753 votes (3.65%) in South Tyrol. In total, NL-NS obtained 4.03% of the votes cast in the election. The list won two seats, one from Trento (Alessandro Canestrini) and one from South Tyrol (Alexander Langer).
In the 1983 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election, Langer contested on the Alternative List for another South Tyrol.
# Dubravka Tomšič Srebotnjak

Dubravka Tomšič Srebotnjak (born 7 February 1940 in Dubrovnik, Croatia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian pianist and music teacher.

## Early life

Tomsic received private lessons at a very young age and continued with education at the Music High School in Ljubljana and later at the Slovene Academy of Music under professor Zora Zarnik. Following the advice of concert pianist Claudio Arrau, she went to the United States at age 12 and in 1957 graduated from Juilliard School of Music in New York. Her teachers were Katherine Bacon and Alexander Uninsky. Arthur Rubinstein heard her New York Town Hall recital and invited her to study with him privately in the late 1950s. Tomšič became one of Rubinstein's protégées.

## Career

Tomsic has been teaching piano at the Slovene Academy of music in Ljubljana since 1967. She has had a wide ranging concert career and is often invited to judge piano competitions including Van Cliburn, Leeds, L. v. Beethoven, Clara Haskil, and others. Dubravka Tomšič is very much sought after as a performer, making recital and concerto appearances all over Europe, Asia, North America, Mexico, Australia and Africa. She is credited with more than 3,500 performances and more than 20 records and 70 CD releases. For her artistic and pedagogic endeavours she has received numerous awards: 3rd prize at the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition (Bolzano, 1961), Prešeren Fund Award (1962), 1. award at Mozart's festival recital (Brussels, 1967), Župančič Award (1970), gold lyre SUMUJ Award (1974), Prešeren Award (1975), AVNOJ Award (1976), Golden Award of the University in Ljubljana for her pedagogic and artistic achievements (1989), etc. She is an honorary member of the Slovene Philharmonics since 1995.
Her students include: Majda Martinc, Sonja Pahor, Hinko Haas, Lidija Stanković, Tatjana Ognjanović, Tomaž Petrač, Anja German, Miha Haas, Slaven Kulenovic, Natalija Šaver, Tadej Horvat, Sara Rustja Turniški, Stanislav Krutilov and Fada Azzeh.

## Personal life

She was married to the late Slovenian composer Alojz Srebotnjak and has a son Martin Srebotnjak, who is a Slovenian film director.
# Dinakrushna College

Dinakrushna College is a college in Jaleswar, Odisha, India and is the oldest government-aided institution in the north of Balasore district. It was established in 1964 for the purpose of providing higher education in the rural area. It offers both intermediate (+2) & graduation (+3) courses. It is affiliated to Fakir Mohan University and accredited by the NAAC with a 'B' Grade.

## History

The institution was established in 1964 and named after the Odia poet Bhaktakavi Dinakrushna Das. Previously its graduation course was affiliated to Utkal University, but in the year of 2006 it became affiliated to Fakir Mohan University. Its +2 courses are affiliated to CHSE, Odisha.

## Courses

The institute offers courses in +2 Science & Arts as an intermediate qualification. It also offers degree courses in English, Economics, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Sanskrit, Oriya, Physics, chemistry, Botany and Zoology. It is also a local study centre of IGNOU since 2006.

## Admission procedure

The admission process of both +2 & +3 is done through e-admission administrated by CHSE, Odisha.
# Qarlujeh

Qarlujeh (Persian: قارلوجه, also Romanized as Qārlūjeh; also known as Qārūjeh) is a village in Garamduz Rural District, Garamduz District, Khoda Afarin County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 546, in 115 families.