OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raticosa pass

The Raticosa pass (Italian: Passo della Raticosa) is a mountain pass in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines with an elevation of 968 m (3,176 ft) above sea level. It is located close to the small town of Pietramala in the municipality of Firenzuola, which forms part of the Metropolitan City of Florence (Tuscany). Surrounding peaks include the Canda hill (901 m), Mount Canda [it] (1158 m), Mount Beni [it] (1264 m), and Mount Oggioli [it] (1290 m), the source of the Idice, a river that runs into Emilia-Romagna where it feeds the Reno.
The Raticosa is traversed by the strada statale (SS) 65 [it] at a point about 12 km north of the Futa pass. Before the advent of the Autostrada del Sole in 1964, the strada della Futa – as the road is commonly known in Italian – was for two centuries the main thoroughfare connecting Florence and Bologna. Fully viable from 1762, it was a key component of a major road-building project initiated and overseen by the new Grand Duke of Tuscany, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, following his investiture in 1739. Until it opened, the ascent to the Raticosa had been prohibitively steep, and the two cities had been poorly connected by the Giogo pass [it] (heading in the direction of Imola). The new road, which was capable of carrying wheeled vehicles, cut the journey time by horseback or mule from 2–3 days to a single day. Although the economic benefits for Tuscany turned out to be less favorable than expected, it remained for many years one of two principal thoroughfares connecting central Italy with the Po Valley.
Towards the end of World War II, the stretch of the road around the Futa and Raticosa passes became a focus of heavy fighting. As part of their advance towards northern Italy in 1944, the Allies were determined to penetrate through the Futa and Raticosa passes, which had been identified as one of the two most vulnerable zones of the Gothic Line in the upper Apennines (the other being the Giogo pass).
The Raticosa featured prominently in many editions of the Mille Miglia open-road motorsport endurance race (1927–1957). Since 1977, the pass has marked the finish line for the Bologna-Raticosa time trial, a competition for classic cars, which by 2024 had reached its thirty-fifth edition.
Road cycling races have been held along the Bologna-Raticosa route since 1931. The pass also provides a popular climb for cyclists more generally. The Raticosa also features in hiking trails around Pietramala. Motorcyclists often meet up at the pass, where they frequent the 'chalet' bar.

## Gallery

* A public bus crossing the Raticosa pass in the 1920s.
* The eventual winners of the 1927 Mille Miglia crossing the Raticosa.
* The 1931 Mille Miglia at the Raticosa.
* Map showing the planned Allied assault on the Gothic Line in 1944: one of the two main spearheads through the upper Apennines was along the SS 65 towards the Futa and 'Radicosa' passes in the direction of Bologna.
* Motorcycles parked alongside the 'chalet' bar.
# Chkalovka

Chkalovka (Armenian: Չկալովկա) is a village in the Sevan Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia.

## Etymology

The village was known as Aleksandrovka and Zeynalagali until 1946.

## History

The village was founded by Russians who emigrated from the Volga, Saratov and Tambov regions of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. On April 26, 1946, it was renamed in honour of test pilot Valeri Chkalov. Until 1926 it was inhabited by Russians. In 1831 it had 45 inhabitants, while in 1989 - 455 inhabitants.

## Gallery

* Lake Sevan near Chkalovka
# Marcus Mokaké

Marcus Nwambo Mokaké (born 30 November 1981) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays for RUS Ethe Belmont in Belgium.

## Career
### RUS Ethe Belmont

Mokaké joined RUS Ethe Belmont in Belgium on 1 January 2019.

## Personal life

Mokaké acquired French nationality by naturalization in May 2009.
# Athinaikos women's basketball

Departments of Athinaikos :
| Football | Women's Basketball | Handball |
Athinaikos women's basketball is the women's professional basketball team of the Athens-based multi-sports club Athinaikos, that was founded in 1917. The team competes in the Greek Women's Basketball League.

## History

Athinaikos has starred in the women's Greek League championship during recent years, winning four consecutive championships, and three consecutive women's Greek Cups. From 2008 to 2012, Athinaikos dominated exclusively, breaking the record of consecutive wins in the Greek League (105 wins). The success of Athinaikos entered the Guinness book of records. The club's most important moment was the conquest of the EuroCup during the 2009-10 season, which was the first cup won by any Greek club in women's basketball, in European-wide competitions.

## Notable players

* Polymnia Saregkou
* Dimitra Kalentzou
* Olga Chatzinikolaou
* Chantelle Handy
* Vera Perostiyska

## Honours

* EuroCup
** Winner (1): 2010
* Greek League
** Winner (4): 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
* Greek Cup
** Winner (3): 2010, 2011, 2012
* Greek A2 Division: Champion (2007)
* ESKA Division Champion: (2006)
# Moses Amarillo

(Ḥayyim) Moses Amarillo (Hebrew: (חיים) משה אמריליו), was a rabbi at Thessaloniki during the first half of the eighteenth century.

## Works

He edited, and often annotated, the works of his father, Solomon Amarillo, and is the author of a collection of hiddushim (novellæ) on legal questions treated of by Maimonides. To this are added two separate collections of opinions and comments on criminal law, the first dealing with the payment of indemnities, the second with the laws concerning the sale, loss, and robbery of property. The three parts appeared together, under the title "Halakah le-Mosheh" (The Decision of Moses), Thessaloniki, 1756. To a collection of his responsa which he had previously published, he gave the title "Debar Mosheh" (The Word of Moses), Thessaloniki, 1742–50.
# Halilehi

Halilehi (Persian: حليله اي, also Romanized as Ḩalīlehī and Ḩalīlehee) is a village in Gonbaki Rural District, in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 42 families.
# Harry Moody (footballer)

James Henry Moody (12 March 1896 – 21 February 1968) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Grimsby Town and Rochdale. His playing career came to an abrupt end in January 1928 after he suffered a head injury whilst playing for Rochdale against Stockport County.
# Pavel Savov

Pavel Savov (Bulgarian: Па́вел Са́вов; born (1971-12-25)December 25, 1971) is a Bulgarian wheelchair curler.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 2003–04 | Ivan Shopov | Pavel Savov | Svetozar Kirov | Neli Sabeva | Rumen Panayotov | Dimitar Dimitrov | WWhCC 2004 (10th) |
| 2014–15 | Ivan Shopov | Svetozar Kirov | Pavel Savov | Joanna Koldova | Neli Sabeva | Nikolay Runtov | WWhCQ 2014 (11th) |
# Wallington, Hampshire

Wallington is a village in Hampshire, part of the borough of Fareham. It is situated between Portsmouth and Southampton near where the River Wallington enters Portsmouth Harbour.
The name Wallington probably means 'settlement of the Welsh' (or Britons) – Weala-tun / Walintone (Old English) and not 'walled town' as might be inferred.

## Industry

The village is now an affluent residential suburb of Fareham, but was once a separate entity with a brewery and tannery as its main industries. Wallington was also important in brickmaking and pottery. The bricks known as "Fareham reds" were made locally – the most famous use of which is the Royal Albert Hall. Wallington also boasts the largest collection of Fareham pots – chimney pots.

## Fort Wallington

In the 1860s the Royal Commission on the Defences of the United Kingdom recommended that a line of forts be built along Portsdown Hill. The western end of this line was Fort Wallington. Building of the fort was started in 1861 and completed in 1874. Following its sale to Mr J. Sullivan of the Southern Counties Trading Company the fort has been used as an industrial depot, and much of the old fort has been demolished – little now remains. What remains is now a Grade II Listed Building.

## Wallington Village Community Association

The WVCA is an organisation based in the Village Hall. It is involved in many areas of village life. It began in the late 1970s initially in response to the threat of demolition to the bridge over River Wallington as it was seen as the cause of flooding.

## 2012 River Wallington Flood

In December 2012, Wallington made national headlines after residents were ordered to evacuate by the Environment Agency due to potential heavy flooding from a breakdown in flood defences. The breakdown of flood defences (according to the BBC) has led to heavy flooding in the area leading to six people so far having to be rescued by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service from submerged vehicles in addition to two persons who had to be rescued by a Police Community Support Officer (PCSO) from their submerged car which had become stranded in a ford in Sway, Hampshire.

## Noted Person

Jerold Wells
# Jewish poll tax

The Jewish poll tax (Polish: pogłówne żydowskie) was a poll tax imposed on Jews in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was later absorbed into the hiberna tax.
The Jews were exempt from other state and municipal taxes, which often caused protests from Polish city dwellers.
Initially the collection of the tax was a duty of Jewish Councils (Council of Four Lands, Council of the Land of Lithuania). Sometimes it was paid to the royal treasury, other times it was paid directly to the military units funded from this tax.
The Jewish councils divide the tax into smaller internal divisions called "portions" (Hebrew: skhumot, Polish: sympla). The sum of the portions was always larger than the state-imposed amount, and the council used the surplus for the needs of Jewish community and the council apparatus. This practice was common for non-Jewish taxes as well, and the Crown was aware of it.
By early 17th century the duty of Jewish poll tax was transferred to sejmiks, later to Polish military, and by mid-17th century it was absorbed into the hiberna.
# Pays d'Aix Basket 13

Pays d'Aix Basket 13 is a French women's basketball club from Aix-en-Provence, currently playing in the LFB. Originally established in 1952 as ASPTT Aix-en-Provence, it took its current name in 2004.
The club's first major success was reaching the 1998 Ronchetti Cup's final, lost to Gysev Sopron. Two years later it won its first title, the 2000 national cup, and in 2003 it won the new FIBA Eurocup, which succeeded the Ronchetti Cup, beating CB Islas Canarias in the final. It again reached the Eurocup's final in 2006, but lost to Spartak Moscow Region.

## Titles

* FIBA Eurocup (1)
** 2003
* Coupe de France (1)
** 2000

## 2012-13 roster

* (1.96) Marianna Tolo
* (1.92) Cayla Francis
* (1.85) Viviane Adjutor
* (1.85) Natty Chambertin
* (1.85) Lizanne Murphy
* (1.80) Kelly Corre
* (1.78) Adja Konteh
* (1.78) Shona Thorburn
* (1.76) Sylvie Gruszczynski
* (1.69) Lisa Lefevre
# Danan, Iran

Danan (Persian: دانان, also Romanized as Dānān; also known as Sā‘edābād) is a village in Avalan Rural District, Muchesh District, Kamyaran County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 298, in 69 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Assisted areas (United Kingdom)

Assisted areas in the United Kingdom are those areas selected for the application of regional policy to support employment. They date back to depressed special areas identified before WWII for specific assistance. Over time the support systems have changed, as have the designated areas. While the UK was a member of the European Union, the coverage and schemes were regulated as part of the EU's regional policy.
During Brexit negotiation much new grant support was suspended. From 2021 a new UK Levelling-up policy of the British government was developed.

## 2007-2013 map

The assisted areas of Great Britain are based upon a map drawn up and agreed with the European Commission in October 2006. The map was approved by the European Commission in December 2006 and will run from 2007 until 2013.
Under new EU guidelines, the proportion of the UK population covered by Assisted Areas has been reduced from 30.9% in the period from 2000 to 2006, to 23.9%. This reduction is a result of recent EU enlargement and the success of the UK economy leading to 2016.
The basis of the map is to provide Tier 1 and Tier 2 areas for Regional Selective Assistance grants (RSA), recently re-titled as Selective Finance for Investment in the English Regions (SFI), but remaining as RSA in Wales and Scotland, and additionally large areas of the UK, where a lower level of grant aid can also be made available to small and medium-sized enterprises. These areas are classified as Tier 3 (see tab England Tier 3), - this grant scheme is known as Enterprise Grant Scheme (EGS) for English companies, Assembly Investment Grant (AIG) for Welsh companies and Invest for Growth Scheme (IFG) for Scottish companies.
However, government aid can be only be provided by these current grant scheme within the constricts set out the European Commission, which among other constraints require a degree of proof that a project will not proceed without the requested grant aid.

## England

Responsibility for delivery of the schemes in England is mainly from 1 April that of the regional development agencies for RSA grants, whilst the Small Business Service handles both EGS and SMART, although larger RSA applications still have a direct involvement in the decision taking process by the DTI (over £2M).

## Scotland

Scotland has its own variant schemes of RSA and the smaller grant, IFG scheme, both administered by the Scottish Executive. Again, this is a devolved department, directly under the auspices of the Scottish Parliament.

## Wales

In Wales, both RSA and the new AIG, small grant scheme, are administered by the Welsh Government from offices in Cardiff, Swansea for South Wales, and Colwyn Bay for North Wales areas.
# Ritten (mountain)

The Ritten (Italian: Renon) is a mountain ridge in the southeast of the Sarntal Alps in South Tyrol. It is bordered in the west by Sarntal, in the east by Eisacktal and in the south by the Bozner basin. In the north, it is dominated by the Rittner Horn (2,260 m). The approximately 900 to 1,300 m high settlements on the mountain ridge belong to the municipality of the same name Ritten.

## Geography

The Ritten belongs together with the Tschögglberg and the Regglberg to the mountain ranges around Bozen of Etschtal volcanic rock (Bozner Quarzporphyr). The present relief of the Ritten was essentially shaped by glacial activity during the Ice Age, which left behind numerous glacial troughs and erratic blocks. The mountain ridge is known for its earth pyramids (e.g. on the Rivelaunbach), slender earth pillars formed by erosion with a capstone.
The Ritten is relatively poor in water due to its geological conditions. Nevertheless, there are a number of ponds (including Wolfsgrubner See) and marshes. The Ritten is characterized by diverse vegetation. In the lower areas of the southern slope above Bozen, sub-Mediterranean mixed coniferous forests dominate, which are characterized by warmth-loving hop-hornbeam and downy oak. At altitudes between 800 and 1,000 m, pine forests adjoin, followed by forests of spruce and stone pine. Prostrate shrubs grow at the highest areas of the ridge near the treeline.

## Settlements

The largest villages on the approximately 900 to 1300 m high plateau-like area of the Ritten are Klobenstein, Lengstein, Oberbozen, Oberinn, Unterinn and Wangen, all of which belong to the municipality of Ritten. In addition, numerous smaller hamlets and farmsteads are scattered over the mountain ridge. The settlements of St. Magdalena and St. Justina are considerably lower on the steep slopes above the Bozner valley and lie within the city limits of Bozen.

## Sources

* Fritz Dörrenhaus, Hans Becker: Der Ritten und seine Erdpyramiden. Vergleichende Betrachtung der Entstehung von Erdpyramiden in verschiedenen Klimagebieten der Erde. (Kölner geographische Arbeiten 17). Wiesbaden 1966.
* Bruno Mahlknecht: Ritten. Berühmtes Mittelgebirge im Anblick der Dolomiten. Athesia, Bozen 1998, 5. Auflage
# Spandaryan, Syunik

Spandaryan (Armenian: Սպանդարյան) is a village in the Sisian Municipality of the Syunik Province in Armenia. The area around the village contains the Spandaryan Hydro Power Plant, one of Armenia's largest hydro power plants and the Spandaryan Reservoir to the northwest of the village itself.

## Toponymy

The village was previously known as Meliklar, Maliklar, Meliklu and Kalachik.

## Demographics

The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 486 in 2010, up from 446 at the 2001 census.

## Gallery

* Spandaryan Reservoir in Winter
* Bridge in Spandaryan
* Spandaryan Hydro Power Plant
* Spandaryan Reservoir
# Nikolayevka, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai

Nikolayevka (Russian: Николаевка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Nikolayevsky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 618 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Nikolayevka is located 28 km northeast of Blagoveshchenka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tatyanovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Paraíba Valley and North Coast metropolitan area

The Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte (Portuguese: Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte) is an administrative division of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It was created in 2012. It takes its name from the Paraíba Valley and the northern coast of São Paulo state. Its seat is in São José dos Campos, the most populous municipality in the region. It consists of the following municipalities:
* Aparecida
* Arapeí
* Areias
* Bananal
* Caçapava
* Cachoeira Paulista
* Campos do Jordão
* Canas
* Caraguatatuba
* Cruzeiro
* Cunha
* Guaratinguetá
* Igaratá
* Ilhabela
* Jacareí
* Jambeiro
* Lagoinha
* Lavrinhas
* Miguela
* Monteiro Lobato
* Natividade da Serra
* Paraibuna
* Pindamonhangaba
* Piquete
* Potim
* Queluz
* Redenção da Serra
* Roseira
* Santa Branca
* Santo Antônio do Pinhal
* São Bento do Sapucaí
* São José do Barreiro
* São José dos Campos
* São Luiz do Paraitinga
* São Sebastião
* Silveiras
* Taubaté
* Tremembé
* Ubatuba
# 1988 Spanish Open

The 1988 Spanish Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona in Barcelona, Catalonia in Spain and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 25 April to 1 May 1988. Fifth-seeded Neige Dias won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Neige Dias defeated Bettina Fulco 6–3, 6–3
* It was Dias' only singles title of the year and the 2nd and last of her career.

### Doubles

Iva Budařová / Sandra Wasserman defeated Anna-Karin Olsson / María José Llorca 1–6, 6–3, 6–2
* It was Budařová's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career. It was Wasserman's only title of the year and the 1st of her career.
# Alexander Tadevosyan

Alexander Yurai Tadevosyan (Armenian: Ալեքսանդր Յուրայի Թադևոսյան, born 9 August 1980) is a retired Armenian football defender. He was a member of the Armenia national team, and has participated in 40 international matches since his debut in an away friendly match against Andorra on 7 June 2002.

## National team statistics

Armenia national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2002 | 1 | 0 |
| 2003 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004 | 6 | 0 |
| 2005 | 8 | 0 |
| 2006 | 3 | 0 |
| 2007 | 9 | 0 |
| 2008 | 9 | 0 |
| 2009 | 3 | 0 |
| 2010 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 40 | 0 |
# Zangi Bon

Zangi Bon (Persian: زنگي بان, also Romanized as Zangī Bon; also known as Zangīn Bon and Zangīn) is a village in Kashkan Rural District, Shahivand District, Dowreh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in seven families.
# Tasuku Okada

Tasuku Okada (岡田 資, Okada Tasuku, April 14, 1890 – September 17, 1949) was a Japanese officer during World War II. After the war he was put on trial during the Yokohama War Crimes Trials for ordering executions of captured American aircrew in 1945. Okada was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in 1949. Okada took responsibility for ordering the execution of 38 captured U.S. POWs, after he considered them to be war criminals for the firebombings of Japan.

## In popular culture

The war crimes trial of Okada was depicted in the 2007 film, Best Wishes for Tomorrow. He was played by Makoto Fujita.
# Yaroshchuk

Yaroshchuk or Yaroschuk (Ukrainian: Ярощук) is a gender-neutral Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hanna Ryzhykova (born Yaroshchuk in 1989), Ukrainian sprinter
* Vadim Yaroshchuk (born 1966), Soviet swimmer
# Marichini Lakes

Marichini Lakes (Bulgarian: Маричини езера) are a group of four glacial lakes situated in the eastern part of Rila mountain range of southwestern Bulgaria at an altitude between 2,301 m and 2,508 m. They are situated in the Marichin cirque between the summits of Blizantsite (2,779 m) to the west, Marishki Chal (2,765 m) to the south and Mancho (2,771 m) to the southeast. They are the source of the Tiha Maritsa, one of the two main stems of one of the longest rivers in the Balkans, the Maritsa. Two of the lakes are permanent; the other two dry up in summer.
The first lake is the highest, situated at an altitude of 2,508 m in a small cirque in the northern foothills of Marishki Chal. It is of variable area and dries up in summer. The second lake is located at 300 m to the northeast of the first one at an altitude of 2,374 m. It is the largest and deepest in the group with an area of 2.2 ha, length of 240 m, width of 140 m and depth of 11 m. In its south corner flows a small stream from the first lake and from its north corner flows the Tiha Maritsa. The third lake is located at 130 m to the north of the second at an altitude of 2,367 m. Its shape is roughly triangular; it has an area of 1.1 ha and depth of 5 m. The Tiha Maritsa flows in from the south and flows out to the north. The fourth lake is situated at 800 m from the third at an altitude of 2,301 m; it dries up in summer.
The area around the lakes falls in the alpine zone of the mountain range with glacial landforms and alpine climate. The vegetation consists mainly of scrubs and meadows, with smaller area of coniferous forests; there are rare and endemic species, including significant populations of Rila primrose (Primula deorum) which is restricted to Rila. The area around the lakes is inhabited by chamois and brown bears. To protect the habitats and the wildlife, the Marichini Lakes Reserve was declared in 1951 with a total area of 1,500 ha. In 1992, it was absorbed in the larger Central Rila Reserve.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 308
* ↑ Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 307
# Shah Firuz

Shah Firuz (Persian: شاه فيروز, also Romanized as Shāh Fīrūz or Shah Firooz) is a village in Shabankareh Rural District, Shabankareh District, Dashtestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 254, in 48 families.
# Afghanistan Group of Newspapers

The Afghanistan Group of Newspapers is a group of print media in Afghanistan which includes The Daily Afghanistan (launched in 2006) and prominent English-language paper The Daily Outlook Afghanistan.
Its newspapers, in English, Dari, and Pashto, are published in print form in Kabul and distributed to most provinces of Afghanistan. The contents are also published online.
# Zavarqan

Zavarqan (Persian: زورقان, also Romanized as Zavarqān; also known as Zavarbān) is a village in Salehan Rural District, in the Central District of Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 137, in 47 families.
# Thomas Hamer

Thomas Hamer may refer to:
* Thomas L. Hamer (1800–1846), United States congressman and soldier
* Thomas Ray Hamer (1864–1950), United States Representative from Idaho
* Thomas Hamer (swimmer) (born 1998), British swimmer
* Tom Hamer (born 1999), English footballer for Lincoln City