OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biltmore stick

The Biltmore stick is a tool used by foresters to estimate tree trunk diameter at breast height. The tool very often includes a hypsometer scale to estimate height as well. It looks much like an everyday yardstick. With practice a Biltmore stick is considered to be exceptionally accurate, often within half an inch on diameters. Some foresters use the tool regularly, however, many prefer to use more accurate tools such as a diameter tape to measure diameter at breast height (DBH) and a clinometer to measure height. On the other end of the spectrum, some foresters consider the use of a Biltmore stick to be no more accurate than their own visual estimates (based on experience estimating the height and DBH of trees), and make it practice for their surveys to be largely completed in this manner.
The Biltmore stick uses the principle of similar triangles. Similar triangles involve using identical angles but different side lengths.

## Use

Diameter at breast height (DBH) is measured by holding the stick a fixed distance, usually 25 inches (64 cm), from the eye, and at breast height, which in the United States is 4.5 feet (1.4 m) up the bole of the tree. The left side of the stick is flush with the left side of the tree. The number where the right side of the tree lines up with the stick is the approximate DBH of the tree.
To measure height, the user stands a fixed distance from the tree, usually 66 feet (20 m) in the United States. The stick is held upright, with the back edge of the stick facing the user. The back edge of the stick will be marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 log markings, indicating the number of 16-foot (4.9 m) logs in a tree. The bottom of the stick should line up with the bottom of the tree's trunk. The height of the tree is how high the tree goes up on the stick to a merchantable top.
Tree height is measured to a merchantable top, the point at which a tree can be accepted for use by a sawmill. This point can be reached either by defects (extreme sweep, crook, deviating branching, or other defects) or at a diameter limit for very straight trees. A common cutoff is 4 inches (10 cm) diameter, which is acceptable for pulpwood.

## History

The Biltmore stick is so named because it was developed at the Biltmore Estate, one of the first places in the United States where forestry was applied as a science. Gifford Pinchot, the future first chief of the United States Forest Service, and then Carl A. Schenck were hired in the 1890s to restore 125,000 acres (510 km$^2$) of land around the Biltmore estate to a healthy forest. Schenck was the developer of the Biltmore stick.
Ever since this time, the Biltmore stick has been used by foresters to quickly cruise timber.
# Koleh Jub, Eslamabad-e Gharb

Koleh Jub (Persian: كله جوب, also Romanized as Koleh Jūb and Kalah Jūb; also known as Goleh Jūb, Kaleh Jūb-e ‘Olyā, and Kulajūb) is a village in Howmeh-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 796, in 192 families.
# Hailuoto Church

The Hailuoto Church (Finnish: Hailuodon kirkko; Swedish: Karlö kyrka) is the 1972 church located on the Hailuoto island in North Ostrobothnia, Finland. The church was designed by architects Irma and Matti Aaltonen. It is built of reinforced concrete and has a capacity of about 200–300. The church was built to replace the former church from 1620, which was destroyed by fire in 1968. A natural forest cemetery is located near the church.
The church's 11-tone pipe organ was made by the Kangasala's organ factory in the year the church was completed.
# Bățani

Bățani (Hungarian: Nagybacon, Hungarian pronunciation:) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania.
The commune, with its center at Bățanii Mari, is composed of five villages: Aita Seacă (Szárazajta), Bățanii Mari (Nagybacon), Bățanii Mici (Kisbacon), Herculian (Magyarhermány), and Ozunca-Băi (Uzonkafürdő).

## Geography

The commune is located in the northwestern part of Covasna County, 39 km (24 mi) from the county seat, Sfântu Gheorghe, on the border with Harghita County. It lies at the foot of the Baraolt Mountains, on the banks of the Baraolt, Ozunca, and Aita rivers.

## Demographics

During the 2002 census, Bățani had a population of 4,501, of which 3,962 of its inhabitants, or 88.02%, were ethnic Hungarians. According to the 2011 census, the commune had a population of 4,403, of which 83.08% were ethnic Hungarians, 12.24% Roma, and 1.41% Romanians; for 3.27% of the population, the ethnicity was unknown. From a confessional point of view, most of the inhabitants were Reformed (75.15%), but there were also minorities of Pentecostals (11.83%), Roman Catholics (4.61%), and Orthodox (2.09%); for 3.5% of the population, the confessional affiliation was not known. At the 2021 census, there were 4,588 inhabitants; of those, 78.64% were Hungarians, 13.86% Roma, and 1.22% Romanians.

## History

The locality formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until the end of World War I, it belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919, it passed under Romanian administration, and after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania. From 1925, Bățani belonged to plasa Baraolt, in Trei Scaune County, and from 1938, to Ținutul Argeș.
After the Second Vienna Award in 1940 the commune with all of Northern Transylvania came under Hungarian control for four years. During World War II, ethnic conflicts took place in this area. After the Royal coup d'état of August 1944, Romania switched sides to the Allies; soon after, Romanian Vânători de munte troops entered Covasna County, but were stopped by the defending Hungarian and German Armies. On 4 September 1944, around 40 retreating Romanian soldiers were captured in Szárazajta (Aita Seacă) by the locals, and were tortured and killed. On 26 September 1944, members of the irregular paramilitary Maniu Guard led by Gavril Olteanu massacred thirteen Székelys in Aita Seacă village in a revenge attack.
Following the administrative reforms implemented by the communist regime in 1950, the commune became part of the Stalin Region, and from 1952, part of the Magyar Autonomous Region, while in 1968 it became part of Covasna County.

## Natives

* Elek Benedek (1859–1929), journalist and writer
# Lemon tart

A lemon tart (French: tarte au citron) is a dessert dish, a variety of tart. It has a pastry shell with a lemon flavored filling.
In the United Kingdom, lemon tart consists of a pastry case (often made in a fluted tart tin) containing a baked lemon custard (usually composed of eggs, sugar, lemon juice and cream). Usually recipes include blind-baking before adding the custard. Sometimes, the tart is dusted with icing sugar prior to serving.
Alternatively, the lemon filling can be cooked in a saucepan and then added to the baked pastry case.

## Similar desserts

A dessert very similar to the lemon tart is the Shaker lemon pie, usually served for dessert, made with a crust usually made of shortcrust pastry and lemon custard filling. The lemon pie is prepared with a bottom pie crust.
Distinct from the Shaker lemon pie is the lemon meringue pie, the latter which has no upper crust but meringue on top instead.
# English Park, Yerevan

The English Park (Armenian: Անգլիական այգի, Angliakan aygi) is a public park in Yerevan, Armenia, located on Italy Street. It occupies an area of 5.5 hectares in the central Kentron district of the city, just to the south of the Republic Square.

## History

The English Park is one of the oldest parks in the city of Yerevan, dating back to the 1860s. It was frequently renovated until World War I, with a major renovation in 1910. In 1920, the English Park hosted the first ever football match in the modern history of Armenia, when the teams of Yerevan and Alexandropol met each other. During the Soviet period the park was renamed after the 26 Baku Commissars. After the independence of Armenia, the original name of the park was restored.
In the early 2000s the park lost much of its territory. A new road, Italy Street, was sliced through its northern side, isolating part of the park from the remainder. Along one side of that new road a series of buildings were constructed on former park land, including the French embassy in Armenia, the Italian embassy in Armenia, and the Best Western Congress Hotel of Yerevan. The isolated part was later redeveloped as Yerevan 2800th Anniversary Park. The Sundukyan Academic Theatre is located on the periphery of the Park.
A monument to Gabriel Sundukyan's fictional character Pepo was erected in the park in 1976.
The central fountains are a popular location for wedding photographs.

## Gallery

* View from the park
* Fountain in the park
* Monument in the park
* The central fountain
# Hisahito Inaba

Hisahito Inaba (稲葉 久人, Inaba Hisahito, born May 26, 1985) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | Total | Total |
| 2008 | Tochigi SC | Football League | 20 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 21 | 4 |
| 2009 | Tochigi SC | J2 League | 26 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 4 |
| 2010 | Tochigi Uva FC | Football League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Country | Japan | Japan | 46 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 47 | 8 |
| Total | Total | Total | 46 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 47 | 8 |
# Akbarabad-e Chalus

Akbarabad-e Chalus (Persian: اكبرابادچالوس, also Romanized as Akbarābād-e Chālūs) is a village in Kelarestaq-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 232, in 66 families.
# Frederick Mappin

Sir Frederick Thorpe Mappin, 1st Baronet (16 May 1821 – 19 March 1910) was an English factory owner and Liberal politician.
Born in Sheffield, Mappin worked for his father's cutlery company from the age of thirteen, running it alone after his father's death in 1841. In 1851, he became the youngest ever Master Cutler, but after a dispute with his younger brother, he left the firm, which later became part of Mappin and Webb.
Mappin then bought a steelworks and implemented machine working, despite a strike by employees. In 1854, he was elected to Sheffield Town Council as a Liberal, stepping down in 1857. In the 1860s, Mappin became a director of the Sheffield Gas and Light Company, and of the Midland Railway. In 1865 Mappin moved into Thornbury, a new country house he had built in Ranmoor, now a Sheffield suburb.
In 1876, Mappin was re-elected to the Town Council, and served as the Mayor of Sheffield in 1877–78. In 1877 Mappin built the Highfield Cocoa and Coffee House to provide non-alcoholic entertainment to the city's working class. In 1878, he was a juror at the Paris Universal Exhibition, and was awarded the Légion d'honneur. At the 1880 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for East Retford, while remaining on Sheffield Town Council until 1883. Mappin was a major supporter of the creation of the Sheffield Central Technical School.
Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Mappin's Parliamentary seat was abolished, and he moved instead to represent Hallamshire, a post he held until 1905. That year, he supported the formation of the University of Sheffield, and was created its first Pro-Chancellor. The University's Sir Frederick Mappin Building is named after him.
He was appointed an honorary Freeman of the City of Sheffield in March 1900.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Frederick Mappin :
* CrestA boar Sable charged with a pale Or and resting the dexter fore-foot upon a spur fesswise also Or.
* EscutcheonAzure on a bend engrailed between two boars' heads erased Argent three lozenges of the field.
* MottoCor Forte Calcar Non Requirit
# Marino pole, Veliko Tarnovo

Marino pole (Bulgarian: Марино поле) is a district and neighbourhood of Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.

## History

According to legend, Tsar Ivan Shishman sister fled to the woods, where the present Marno Pole neighborhood is located, to escape from the Turkish troops and not become part of the Sultan's harem. During the National Revival in the area around this forest, the village of Marno Pole emerged. In 1850, the Church of St. Marina was built in the village by master architect Kolyu Ficheto. In 1896 the Culture center "Iskra" was established. In 1935 the village became a district of Veliko Tarnovo.
# Hanna Abrazhevich

Hanna Mikalayeuna Abrazhevich (Belarusian: Ганна Мікалаеўна Абражэвіч; born 1 August 2002) is a Belarusian pair skater. Competing for the Czech Republic with her former skating partner, Martin Bidař, she competed in the final segment at the 2019 World Championships.

## Programs

| Season | Short program | Free skating |
| 2018–2019 | Le Di a la Caza Alcance by Michael Nyman performed by Estrella Morente choreo. by Petr Bidař | The Hollywood Wiz (from Cirque du Soleil) by Andreas Carlsson, Brian Bacon choreo. by Dmitri Savin |

## Competitive highlights
### With Bidař for the Czech Republic

International :
| Event | 2018–19 |
| Worlds | 18th |
| Bavarian Open | 5th |
| Ice Mall Cup | 4th |

### Ladies' singles for Belarus

International: Adv. novice :
| Event | 2014–15 |
| Ice Star | 12th |
| Kaunas Cup | 5th |
| Toruń Cup | 9th |
| National |||
| Belarusian Junior | 5th |

## Detailed results

ISU Personal Best highlighted in bold.

### With Bidař

2018–19 season :
| Date | Event | SP | FS | Total |
| 18–24 March 2019 | 2019 World Championships | 19 48.66 | 18 91.36 | 19 140.02 |
| 20–23 February 2019 | 2019 Open Ice Mall Cup | 3 51.61 | 4 99.28 | 4 150.89 |
| 5–10 February 2019 | 2019 Bavarian Open | 5 47.96 | 5 90.22 | 5 138.18 |
# Valeryia Bohdan

Valeryia Bohdan (born 12 June 2000) is a Belarusian footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Minsk and the Belarus women's national team.
# Fred Ramscar

Frederick Thomas Ramscar (24 January 1919 – May 2003) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Queens Park Rangers, Preston North End, Northampton Town and Millwall.
Ramscar started the 1954/55 season with Northampton Town but after just four games moved on to Millwall. By June 1956, Ramscar was back in Northampton to take up an appointment as coach to the Colts team, for whom he also played when needed.
# Vitali Asetski

Vitali Asetski (Belarusian: Віталі Асецкі; born 9 August 2000) is a Belarusian sprint canoeist.
He won a medal at the 2019 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.

## Major results
### Olympic Games

| Year | C-1 200 |
| 2012 | |

### World championships

| Year | C-2 500 | C-2 1000 | C-4 500 | XC-2 200 | XC-4 500 |
| 2019 | | DNF SF | | — | — |
| 2021 | 6 SF | | 5 | 6 | — |
| 2024 | — | DSQ SF | — | — | |
# Oswald Chew

Oswald Chew (March 24, 1880 — December 6, 1949) was a noted author decorated Legion of honor and active in the US for de Gaulle against Vichy.
Oswald Chew was born on 24 May 1880, in Pennsylvania, to his father, Samuel Chew, aged 48 and his mother, Mary (Brown) Johnson, aged 41.
Around 1895, he married Ada Caroline Knowlton, in Upton, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Chew was awarded Croix de Guerre after WWI in 1917 and Legion of honor in 1925.
Chew served with Commission for Relief in Belgium, drove ambulance in France, and was liaison officer in France. He practiced law in Pennsylvania.
He authored: in 1925, France Courageous and Indomitable; in 1928: La question des dettes inter-alliées études réunies et publiées en Amerique en 1928, sous le titre The stroke of the moment. [The question of inter-allied debts studies collected and published in America in 1928, under the title The stroke of the moment]; in 1933: Now is the Time to Abolish the War Debts... and on June 16, 1932 wrote in the New York Times about the matter. In 1940 he authored: For a Better World Tomorrow.
Chew was a founding member of France Forever.
On May 15, 1944, he wrote in the New York Times on De Gaulle that his "Stand approved; his committee, it is held, should hear civil rehabilitation."
Chew died on 6 December 1949, in Radnor Township, Delaware, Pennsylvania.
# Sergey Mikayelyan

Sergey Mikayelyan (Armenian: Սերգեյ Միքայելյան; born April 27, 1992) is an Armenian cross-country skier who has competed since 2008. He finished 70th in the 15 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Mikayelyan finished 105th in the individual sprint while getting lapped in the 30 km mixed pursuit event.
He has four victories in lesser events since 2009.
# Fred Tomley

Frederick William Tomley (11 July 1931 – 13 February 1981) was an English footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Liverpool and Chester. He also played non-league football for Litherland and Witton Albion.
# Fred Webster (boxer)

Frederick Webster (18 June 1908 – 1971) was a British boxer who was a three time British amateur champion and competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. As a professional he held the British lightweight title between 1929 and 1930.

## Career

From Kentish Town, Fred Webster was a member of the St. Pancras Boxing Club. Webster was a British amateur champion in three different weight classifications (bantamweight, featherweight, and lightweight) in successive years from 1926 to 1928, a feat not matched until Joe Calzaghe won his third title in 1993. At the 1928 Summer Olympics he was eliminated in the second round of the lightweight class after losing his fight to David Baan of the Netherlands.
He subsequently turned professional, winning his first pro fight against Charles Ernst in October 1928. He went on to beat George Rose and British lightweight champion Sam Steward in January 1929. He drew with Jack Hyams in March before challenging for Steward's title in May, taking a points decision to become British champion in only his sixth pro fight. He defended the British title in May 1930 against Al Foreman, with the British Empire title also at stake; Foreman knocked him out in the first round to take both titles.
Webster had some notable wins in the years that followed, including victories over Harry Corbett, Len "Tiger" Smith, Harry Mason, Billy Bird, Rose again, and Pat Butler, but never again fought for a title. A defeat to Mason in July 1933 started a run of eight fights of which he won only two, and Webster retired from boxing after losing to Johnny Rust in September 1934.
Webster married Grace Lilian Hodgson in February 1932.
# Potkanna

Potkanna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przytyk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Przytyk, 24 km (15 mi) west of Radom, and 86 km (53 mi) south of Warsaw.
# Potworów, Masovian Voivodeship

Potworów is a village in Przysucha County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Potworów. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of Przysucha and 81 km (50 mi) south of Warsaw.
# Purity of Blood

Purity of Blood (Spanish: Limpieza de sangre) is a 1997 novel by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez-Reverte. It is the second book in the Captain Alatriste series.

## Plot

In 1623, the former soldier Diego Alatriste [es] is enlisted to resque a woman who is held at a corrupt convent against the will of her family. Intrigues ensue that have Alatriste's ward Iñigo captured by the Spanish Inquisition, prompting Alatriste to receive help from the poet Francisco de Quevedo.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly wrote that the book contains "seriously entertaining thrills" but is less engaging than the first entry in the series.
# Gede (Haitian Vodou)

The Gede (French: Guede) are the family of lwa, spirits or deities associated with Ancestor worship in Haitian Vodou, that represent the powers of death and fertility. They are often said to be found at burial sites, where they escort the deceased to their afterlife. Gede spirits include Gede Doub, Guede-Linto, Guede L'Orage, Guede Oussou, Guede Nibo and Guede Masaka, and Guede Ti Malice. All are known for the drum rhythm and dance called the "banda". In possession, they will drink or rub themselves with a mixture of clairin (raw rum) and twenty-one scotch bonnet or goat peppers. Fèt Gede is celebrated on 2 November, All Souls' Day ("Festival of the Dead"). Boons granted by the Gede not repaid by this date will be avenged afterwards.

## Marassa: The divine twins

The Guede lwa have their own versions of the Twins, which appear as gravediggers. Twins are seen as having divine insight and vision. They are also part of the material world and the spiritual world (in their case, the living and the dead). They usually wear contrasting colors.
Guede Masaka assists Guede Nibo. He is an androgynous male gravedigger and spirit of the dead, recognized by his black shirt, white jacket, and white headscarf.
Guede Oussou wears a black or mauve jacket marked on the back with a white cross and a black or mauve headscarf. His name means "tipsy" due to his love of white rum. Guede Oussou is sometimes also linked with the female Guede L'Oraille.

## Bawon Gede

The Gede are closely associated with the lwa, Bawon, whose aspects are Bawon Samdi (Baron Saturday) - ruler of the graveyard, Baron La Croix (Baron of the Cross) - guardian of the gravestone, and Baron Cimetière (Baron of the Cemetery) - guardian of the grave. Depending on the tradition followed, Bawon is:
* one of the Gede
* their spiritual protector, who has raised them from the dead with the help of Bawon Samdi's wife, Maman Brigitte.
* An aspect of the Gede gods.
In any of these configurations, Bawon, Maman Brigitte, and the Gede rule death, the cemetery, and the grave.
# Mollah Karamineh-e Shah Morad

Mollah Karamineh-e Shah Morad (Persian: مله كرمينه شاهمراد, also Romanized as Mollah Karamīneh-e Shāh Morād; also known as Mollā Karamīneh-e Shāh Mār) is a village in Ozgoleh Rural District, Ozgoleh District, Salas-e Babajani County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 11 families.