# Abbey of St Caesarius, Arles

The Abbey of St Caesarius (French: Abbaye Saint-Césaire), at first called the abbey or monastery of St John (French: monastère Saint-Jean), was a nunnery in the city of Arles in the south-eastern corner of the rampart. It was founded in 512 AD by Saint Caesarius of Arles, after whom it is now named. The abbey was suppressed in the French Revolution. Those that remained of the buildings were later used as a hospice; they are now adandoned.

## History
### Early Middle Ages

The abbey of Saint-Jean was founded on 26 August 512 by the Archbishop of Arles, Caesarius, who appointed his sister Caesaria as first abbess. This foundation followed a first attempt to settle outside the walls in the years 506–507 that was destroyed by Frankish and Burgundian troops during the siege of Arles in 507–508. Around 567 a wife of Guntram, King of Burgundy, probably Marcatrude or Teutéchilde, was locked up in the convent.
The influence of the monastery and its first abbesses allowed the Rule of St Caesarius to spread widely in the kingdom of the Franks, starting with the monastery created in Poitiers by Radegund, the former wife of King Chlothar I, who stayed in Arles. and in this monastery around 568–569 under the abbacy of Liliole, the third abbess, who died shortly after. She was accompanied by Agnes, her spiritual sister whom she chose as future abbess and Venantius Fortunatus, an Italian poet who later became her biographer.
The Vie de Rusticule, a text dedicated to the fourth abbess of this nunnery, identifies several churches inside the abbey: a church dedicated to the Holy Cross then to the Archangel Saint Michael and another larger one built to receive the relics of the Holy Cross in better conditions. The presence of these relics in Arles is probably linked to the stay of Queen Radegund. This document also mentions a Basilica of Saint Peter which still existed in the tenth century and specifies the saints who were venerated there. Strangely enough, they are characters of oriental origin with names not widely used in Gaul, such as the archangels Gabriel and Raphael, Saint Thomas, Saint Maurice, Saint Sebastian and Saint Pons. On 12 August 632, the Archbishop Theodosius of Arles took part in the funeral of this abbess considered later as a saint.
The abbey seems to have ceased to exist from the 7th to the 9th century. Towards the end of the 860s, the Archbishop Rotland of Arles wrested authority over it from Emperor Louis II. The historian Jean-Pierre Poly, for his part, specifies and traces this property back to the year 869. In 883, Archbishop Rostang of Arles, the successor of Rotlang, restored the tomb of Saint Caesarius there, which had been violated shortly before during the capture and looting of the city by the Saracens. In 887, in his will, the same Rostang gave a new start to the abbey, which had at that time three groups of estates: one near Arles, in Trébon and Gallignan, and especially in the Camargue including in particular Gimeaux, Malmissane, Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer, Ulmet, Agon, Saint-Césaire de Bozaringue; another in the county of Vaison to the north with Nyons, Vinsobres and Visan; and the last in the county of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux. The abbey then went through a period of subjection to the archbishop and of independence.

### High Middle Ages

In 972 the abbey regained its autonomy under the leadership of Abbess Ermengarde, appointed by the Archbishop Ithier of Arles. Twenty years later, William I of Provence returned important estates to it. In 1194, Pope Celestine III placed it under his direct authority.
From the sixth to the thirteenth century, the Abbey of Saint-Jean appears as a large landowner endowed initially by Caesaria then by Rostan in their wills, and enriched by purchases as well as numerous donations. For example, in 972 the villa of Niomes is mentioned in a deed of gift from the churches of Saint-Vincent and Saint-Ferréol de Nions to the Abbey of Saint-Césaire. Shortly after 1060 Enaurs, widow of Hugues I of Baux, and her sons returned the Albergues they saw on the villa of Agon in the Camargue. The abbey also had one of the three cemeteries of Alyscamps, as mentioned in an arbitration award of 1121 fixing the respective burial rights with those of Saint-Honorat (i.e., Lérins Abbey).

### Late Middle Ages

In the fourteenth century, the abbey was transformed into a fermier in its Camargue estates (Agon, Granouillet); initially it practiced direct exploitation there, then in the fifteenth century, taking into account the insecurity and the increase in labor costs, the form of sharecropping or renting like the Hospitallers.
A demographic crisis was linked in large part to the epidemics of plague, which caused the loss of more than half of the population of Arles between 1320 and 1430. It severely affected the community of nuns, who mainly originated from the Arles nobility, and whose numbers sank from 108 in 1343 to 22 in 1428.
At that time, the abbey ran up against the archbishop on several occasions and was shaken by internal conflicts linked to the personality of the nuns as well as to monastic discipline, which was slackened significantly. The problem still did not seem to be resolved at the end of the fifteenth century, when a nun decided to leave the monastery to join another community in Aix, because of the looseness of the abbey's mores.

### Ancien Régime

In 1559, Abbess Marguerite de Clermont asked the authorities to block the passage between the nunnery and the city wall due to untimely intrusions by young people coming to cause scandals even within the confines of the nunnery itself.
In 1628, Archbishop Mgr du Laurens visited the abbey. His prosecutor considered it necessary to establish a prison in order to put the disobedient nuns back on the right path.
In the mid-1630s the Archbishop of Arles Jean Jaubert de Barrault introduced the Benedictine reform of the Congregation of Saint Maur into the nunnery.

### After the Revolution

Under the French Revolution the abbey was closed and then sold in 1792 as national property. It was then largely destroyed.
In 1877 the Congregation of the Sisters of Notre-Dame des Douleurs [fr] moved into what remained of the buildings under the leadership of Berthilde Bertrand from Nancy, who financed the start of the project. The first two sisters, Sister Bernard and Sister Zacharie, left the mother congregation of Tarbes and arrived in Arles on Sunday, 22 October 1877. They established a hospice for the elderly which required major building redevelopments entrusted to the Arles architect Auguste Véran. Inaugurated on 16 October 1898, the site became the Hospice of Saint-Césaire (l'hospice Saint-Césaire.
In 1995, the buildings were permanently abandoned.

## Gallery

* Reliquary of Saint Rusticule exhibited at the Church of the Major in Arles
* Chapelle Saint-Jean-du-Moustiers
* Église Saint-Blaise, north face
* Église Saint-Blaise, west window mullion detail
* Saint-Césaire Convent, vestiges of vaulted room
* Hospice building transformed into a residence

## Abbesses

* 512–527: Caesaria, sister of Bishop Caesarius of Arles
* 527–559: Caesaria II
* 562–569: Liliola Local saint, feast on 6 August
* 569–632: Rusticula or Marcia (551–632)
* 632–?: Celsa
* 6??–6??: Sainte Eulalie.
* 6??–7??: Sainte Léocadie.
* 7??–7??: Sainte Suzanne.
* 7??–8??: Sainte Julienne.
* 8??–8??: Sainte Eugènie.
* 8??–9??: Sainte Victoire.
* 9??–9??: Sainte Euphémie.
* 9??–970: Sainte Préminole.
* 972– : Ermengarde, named abbess by Archbishop Ithier of Arles
* 992–993: Eloïse.
* 993–997: Gillette I.
* 997–10??: Adèle.
* 10??–1026: Gillette II.
* 1026–1059: Galburge.
* 1059–11??: Anceline I.
* 11??–1170: Anceline II.
* 1170 c.: Jourdane.
* 1176–1196 c.: Aldiarde.
* 1208 c. : Audiarde
* 1221 c. : Audiarda
* 1233 c. : Florence
* 1259 c. : Ermessinde
* 1270 c. : Hermessinde
* 1273 c. : Audiarda
* 1296–1314 : Alasacia de Lambisco or Azalaïs de Lambesc
* 1314–1317 : Rixendis de Sancto–Cannato
* 1317–1319 : Rixendis de landa
* 1319–1326 : Margarita de Benevento
* 1326–1329 : Elixendis de Vicinis
* 1329–1345 : Suriana de Arenis, d'une famille de Beaucaire
* 1345–1350 : Dionisa de Ripe Digna
* 1351–1366 : Guillelma de Remolonis
* 1366–1385 : Jauseranda de Cadella
* 1385–1391 : Maria de Crosio, of a family from Limousin; relative of Pierre de Cros, Archbishop of Arles.
* 1391–1416 : Galiena de Pugeto, de Puget–Théniers; sister of Manuel de Puget, Viguier d'Arles killed by the Tuschins during the capture of Arles in July.
* 1416–1433 : Dulcia Gantelme, daughter of Johan Gantelme, founder of the monastery of Notre–Dame et Saint–Honorat in Tarascon.
* 1433–1468 : Esmengarda Stephani.
* 1468–1501 : Catherina de Sancto Michaele
* 1501–1521 : Jeanne Adhémar de La Garde
* 1521–1540 : Madeleine de Grille de Robiac
* 1540–1549 : Jeanne de Grille de Robiac
* 1549–1549 : Jehanne Reynaude d'Alen
* 1549–1569 : Marguerite de Clermont
* 1569–1591 : Madeleine de Grille de Robiac
* 1591–1622 : Anne d’Autric
* 1622–1625 : Jeanne de Vincens de Mauléon de Causans
* 1625–1631 : Marie de Vincens de Mauléon de Causans
* 1631–1671 : Catherine de Grille de Robiac
* 1671–1705 : Marguerite de Poilloüe de Saint–Mars
* 1705–1706 : Claudine Charpin des Halles du Vernet
* 1706–1708 : Angélique Roses
* 1709–1754 : Marguerite Amat de Gravaison
* 1754–1775 : Françoise de Viguier (1716 – 11 January 1775); abbess from 10 December 1754
* 1775–1792 : Marguerite de Moreton de Chabrillan