OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mark Blumenthal

Mark Blumenthal (July 11, 1831 – January 11, 1921) was a German-born Jewish-American physician.

## Life

Blumenthal was born on July 11, 1831, in Altenstadt, Kingdom of Bavaria, the son of Lawrence Blumenthal and Rebecka Mayer. Lawrence had been a disciple of Sekl Loeb Wormser, the Baal Shem of Michelstadt, and Rebecka was the daughter of Rabbi Josef ben Maÿer.
Blumenthal immigrated to America with his parents in 1839. He attended the academy in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, as well as public and high schools in Philadelphia. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University in New York City, New York, as a doctor of medicine in 1852. He served as assistant physician in Blackwell's Island Hospital from 1851 to 1852 and as deputy coroner of New York City in 1853. He then visited Europe in 1854 and worked as an attending physician in London, Paris, and Munich. When he returned to America, he was appointed resident and attending physician at the Jews' Hospital (later known as Mount Sinai Hospital). He held that position from 1854 to 1859, organizing the hospital's medical administration and formulating its records and monthly reports that were still in use decades later.
During the American Civil War, Blumenthal served in the Third Regiment of the New York National Guard with the rank of surgeon-major. From 1862 to 1894, he was president and chief physician of the Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, a Jewish institution that worked with deaf mutes regardless of their religion. There, he introduced a new system of teaching almost unheard of in America at the time, teaching the patients to read lips and not rely on dactylology. He served as chairman of the obstetrics department at the New York Academy of Medicine and as president of the Medical Union, the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Society, the New York Physicians' Mutual Association, and the Medical Board of the United Hebrew Charities. He also wrote a number of scientific articles for various medical journals. He practiced medicine in New York City for a total of 47 years.
Blumenthal was a founder of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, founder and president of the Sabbath Observance Society of New York, and president of the Jewish Chautauqua from 1901 to 1902. He was a trustee of Congregation Shearith Israel. He was married (1) 1863 in Philadelphia, with Rabbi Isaac Leeser officiating, Selina Asch. She died 1899 in Rome. In 1906, in London, in the presence of Moses Gaster, he married Emilie Adler.
Blumenthal died at home on January 11, 1921.
# Harvey E. Brown Jr.

Dr. Harvey E. Brown Jr. (1840 – August 20, 1889) was an American military officer and army surgeon. The son of Major General Harvey Brown, he entered the U.S. Army shortly after graduation from the University of New York and had a distinguished career as an army surgeon with the 17th New York Volunteers, part of the famed "Excelsior Brigade", under General Daniel Sickles during the American Civil War. He was surgeon of volunteers for three years before transferring to the Regular Army on April 13, 1863.
He also saw extensive service during several major yellow fever epidemics in the southeastern United States during Reconstruction and later wrote an important research report on the subject, "More Efficient System of Quarantine on the Southern and Gulf Coasts", in 1873. He was considered one of the foremost experts in the field during his 25-year career. A member of the Surgeon General's office in later years, he became a military historian detailing the history of the U.S. Army Medical Department in "The Medical Department of the United States Army from 1775 to 1873". He was promoted to major in 1881. Brown died from consumption at the Jackson Barracks near New Orleans, Louisiana on August 20, 1889, and buried at the Chalmette National Cemetery two days later.
# 3 Supermen Against the Godfather

3 Supermen Against the Godfather (Italian: 3 supermen contro il padrino, Turkish: Süpermenler) is a superhero film directed by Italo Martinenghi.

## Plot

A German professor (Ali Şen) constructs a time machine and decides to experiment with it in Turkey. He discovers where the Byzantines hid their treasury during the Fall of Constantinople. After this success becomes known, the mafia and world powers fight for the ownership of the time machine. The boss of the mafia wants to find his lost heroin and the world powers want to rule their enemies via the machine. Murat (Cüneyt Arkın) and the other "Süpermenler", a band of three detective superheroes, come to the aid of the German scientist and manage to save the world in the end.

## Cast

* Aldo Canti as Atak
* Sal Borgese as Matrak
* Cüneyt Arkın as Detective Murat/Agent Brad
* Aldo Sambrell as Baba Jackson
* Güngör Bayrak as Agata
* Übsak Emre as Agata's lover

## Production

The time between when Italo Martinenghi directed The 3 Supermen in the West and 3 Supermen Against the Godfather was a time of backlash within the Italian film industry. With the rising popularity of television in Italy ticket, box office fell from 455 million to 374 million from 1976 and 1977. In 1979, this had diminished further to 276 million. This led to some filmmakers in Italy to move their productions to Turkey where they could create b-movies for less demanding and more enthusiastic audiences.
Through Martinenghi's friend Guido Zurli, Martinenghi collaborated with Turkish film producer Türker İnanoğlu to start his second entry in the Three Supermen film series. Superhero films were popular in Turkey, a country which had produced its own renditions of superhero films such as The Phantom (Kizil Maske (1968)) Superman (Süpermen Fantom'ya Karst (1969)) and 3 Dev Adam featuring El Santo, Captain America, and Spider-Man.
The film cast Aldo Canti who had starred in previous 3 Supermen films, Turkish actor Cüneyt Arkın, and Aldo Sambrell as the godfather who also co-produced the film with his Spanish company Asbrell.

## Release

3 Supermen Against the Godfather was released in Turkey in 1979 and in Italy in 1980. Italian film historian described its release as "practically never distributed" and that it was a film that only surfaced on home video about a quarter of a century later. The film was followed by two sequels: Three Supermen at the Olympic Games (1984) and Three Supermen in S. Domingo (1986).
# Shlomo Sztencl

Shlomo Sztencl (Hebrew: שלמה שטנצל, pronounced; August 16, 1884 – August 31, 1919) was a Polish Orthodox Jewish rabbi. He served as Chief Rabbi of Czeladź, Poland and Rav, dayan, and rosh yeshiva of Sosnowiec, Poland. He is the author of Koheles Shlomo and Beis Shlomo, the former published posthumously.

## Family background

Sztencl was born on 16 August 1884 (25 Av 5644) in Czeladź, Poland to Chaim Dov (Berish) Sztencl of Czeladź, a Radomsker hasidic rabbi.
Sztencl had one brother, the Yiddish poet Avraham Nochum, and two sisters, Esther and Tsime.

## Biography

In 1897, several months before his bar mitzvah, Shlomo traveled to Berzeznitz to study with its Chief Rabbi, Yaakov Yosef HaCohen Rabinovitch, author of Emes LeYaakov. Several months later, when Rabinovitch was appointed Chief Rabbi of Klabotsk, he took Sztencl with him. After for a year and a half, Shlomo returned to the yeshiva of Amstov to study for another year. In the winter of 5661 (1900–1901), he studied with Avrohom Bornsztain for six months. In the summer of 1901 he returned home to Czeladź.
Several days after his eighteenth birthday in 1902, Sztencl married Miriam Bayla, daughter of Rabbi Efraim Mordechai Mottel Zweigenhaft. Following his marriage, Sztencl began writing a diary, in which he kept a cheshbon hanefesh (lit. "soul-reckoning"), which was discovered only after his death.
At the age of 21 Sztencl became rabbi of Czeladź. Four years later he moved to Sosnowiec and was appointed rabbi and dayan (religious judge). He also led a yeshiva.
Sztencl died on August 31, 1919 (5 Elul 5679) at the age of 35.

## Family

Sztencl is the father of Yonah Sztencl and of Ester (1913-1943), the wife of Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft.

## Works

Sztencl's father collected and prepared his son's writings for publication. The manuscript was then divided into two books: Koheles Shlomo and Beis Shlomo. The former was published in 1932 and reprinted in 1973 by his Israeli descendants. In 2013 Beis Shlomo was published for the first time in one volume together with Koheles Shlomo in Jerusalem. The book was entitled Chidushei Hagaon M'sosnovitz (Novelle of the Genius of Sosnowiec).
* Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinski's approval of Kohelet Shlomo
* Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer's approval of one of Sztencl's books
# Tom Liddle

Thomas Blenkarn Liddle (22 April 1921 – 28 October 1994) was an English professional footballer who made one appearance in the Football League for Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic as a full back.
# At the Top (Burj Khalifa)

At The Top, Burj Khalifa is a series of observation decks on the 124th and 125th floors of the Burj Khalifa which opened to the public on 5 January 2010. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it boasted the highest manmade observation deck in the world at the time This record was subsequently broken and regained twice with the respective openings of the At The Top, Burj Khalifa SKY and The Lounge, Burj Khalifa levels.
The 124th floor observation deck features augmented reality telescopes developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day, under different weather conditions, and a historical view taken by helicopter from before the tower's completion. To moderate the amount of crowding, entrance tickets are sold in limited quantities by specific dates and times. Once inside, there is no limit to the length of stay, but there is also no reentry privilege.
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.
When the tide is low and visibility is high, it may be possible to see the shores of Iran from the top of the skyscraper.

## At The Top SKY and The Lounge

In 2014, At The Top opened its premium SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft) on the 148th floor, allowing Burj Khalifa to recover its title for highest observation deck in the world, which it had lost in 2011 to Cloud Top 488 in the Canton Tower, Guangzhou. SKY held this record until the Top of Shanghai in Shanghai Tower opened in 2016 at a height of 562 m (1,844 ft). Burj Khalifa then regained the title of highest observation deck in 2019 at 585 m (1,919 ft) upon opening of The Lounge in the tower's topmost habitable floors 152 through 154.
Both SKY and The Lounge offer a more luxurious experience with light refreshments, additional seating, and an outdoor deck of their own, with The Lounge further offering complimentary canapés and cocktails for purchase. Entry into either level is likewise one-time, but also includes entry to the levels below on the way out.
# Rasa (literary form)

Rasa (Gujarati: રાસ) or Raso is a certain didactic literary form in Apabhramsa. It is a genre of poetry in Old Gujarati language popular during early period of Gujarati literature. Sometimes the term is used interchangeably with Prabandha of medieval literature.

## History

Rasa developed during the period of Gurjar Apbhramsa. It is a period between Hemachandra and Narsinh Mehta. They are mostly written by Jain monks and were performed in Jain temples on certain occasions. Early examples are Updeshrasayan Rasa (1143) by Jinadattasuri, Bharateshwar-Bahubali Raso (1184) by Shilabhadrasuri, Jeevdaya Raso (1200) by Asigu. Sandesa Rasak (15th century) by Abdul Rahman is one example of non-Jain composition. The literary tradition till 19th century. Gajsinh-Raja-no-Rasa (1851) is one late example.

## Form

During its earliest form, it was a musical Roopaka (theatrical performance). Vagbhatta describes Rasaka as a soft and vigorous musical Roopaka with a variety of Tala (beat or measure) and Laya (rhythm). Rasaka was played by female dancers. The number of pairs participating can increase up to 64.
There were two types of Rasas; Tala Rasa and Lakuta Rasa. In Tala Rasa the beats of time were matched by claps of hands while in Lakuta Rasa it was matched by clashing of wooden sticks in the hands of performers. So the Rasa was a type of literature intended to be performed by pairs of females dancing and singing in a circle. Tala Rasas were mostly played by females while Lakuta Rasas were mostly played by males. The form is somewhat similar to Rasa dance played in Rasa lila.
As the early Rasas were intended to be performed, they were not lengthy. But over the years, they became lengthy and narrative with elements of story. So the performance aspect may have been diminished. It is doubtful that the Rasas written in 17th and 18th centuries were actually performed. It is most likely that they were only recited.
The Rasas were written in a variety of metres like Doha, Chaupai or Deshi. Rasas were divided into Khanda and different parts were called Bhasha, Thavani, Kadavaka.
They had historical as well as mythological themes. Due to their basic composition meant to be didactic, the early Rasa like the Buddhi Rasa includes only words of advice. In late compositions of 16th to 18th century, they reads heavy and artificial due to incorporation of elements of narration, description, moral instructions and sectarian principles.
# Greece at the 1936 Winter Olympics

Greece competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. It was the first time that the nation sent athletes to compete in the Winter Olympic Games. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games.

## Alpine skiing
### Men

| Athlete | Event | Downhill | Downhill | Slalom | Slalom | Slalom | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time 1 | Time 2 | Rank | Total points | Rank |
| Dimitrios Negrepontis | Combined | 6:58.6 | 43 | 2:15.3 | DSQ | – | DNF | – |

## Cross-country skiing
### Men

| Event | Athlete | Race | Race |
| Event | Athlete | Time | Rank |
| 18 km | Dimitrios Negrepontis | DNF | – |
# Lysica

Lysica (Hungarian: Trencsénladány) is a village and municipality in Žilina District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1475.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 500 metres and covers an area of 15.527 km$^2$. It has a population of about 859 people.
# Przejazd, Masovian Voivodeship

Przejazd is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głowaczów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Głowaczów, 12 km (7 mi) west of Kozienice, and 80 km (50 mi) south of Warsaw.
# Przejma, Masovian Voivodeship

Przejma is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Iłów, within Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# George Chance (footballer)

George Harold Chance (25 December 1896 – 11 July 1952) was an English professional footballer of the 1920s. Born in Stourbridge, he joined Gillingham from Bristol Rovers in 1924 and went on to make 40 appearances for the club in The Football League, scoring four goals. He joined Millwall in 1925, making 191 appearances and scoring 24 goals.
# Abbasabad-e Bahrami

Abbasabad-e Bahrami (Persian: عباس ابادبهرامي, also Romanized as Abbāsābād-e Bahrāmī; also known as ‘Abbāsābād) is a village in Rigan Rural District, in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 648, in 157 families.
# Listopadovka

Listopadovka (Russian: Листопа́довка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Listopadovskoye Rural Settlement, Gribanovsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,286 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.

## Geography

Listopadovka is located 44 km west of Gribanovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Ottana

Ottana (Sardinian: Otzàna) is a comune (municipality), former bishopric and Latin titular see in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Nuoro.
The town is known for its traditional carnival costumes, including distinctive masks worn by the Boes, Merdules and Filonzana.
Ottana borders the following municipalities: Bolotana, Noragugume, Olzai, Orani, Sarule, Sedilo.
It is home to the Romanesque church of San Nicola.

## Ecclesiastical history

In 1110 was established a bishopric of Ottana (Italiano) or Othana in Latin. On 1503.12.08 it was suppressed and its territory reassigned to establish the Diocese of Alghero.

### Residential Ordinaries

(all Roman Rite)

#### Bishops of Ottana

* Giovanni (1116? – ?)
* Ugo (1139? – ?)
* Zaccaria (1170? – ?)
* Ugo (1176? – ?)
* Gregorio (1205? – ?)
* Gonario (1231.06.16 – ?)
* Costantino (1237? – ?)
* Silvestro (1340? – ?)
* Francesco (1344.06.13 – ?)
* Pietro (1349.01.14 – ?)
* Arnaldo Simone (1355.02.13 – ?), previously Bishop of Butrinto (? – 1355.02.13)
* uncanonical Giovanni Lavoratore, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1386.04.16 – ? without papal mandate)
* Domenico (1386.05.26 – ?)
* Giovanni (1388.06.26 – ?)
* Nicola (1389.09.03 – 1400.06.14), later Bishop of Sorres (1400.06.14 – ?)
* uncanonical Gerardo di Bisarchio (Gérard de Gisors), Carmelite Order (O. Carm.) (1390.11.21 – 1402.08.28), later Bishop of Bethléem à Clamecy (Burgundy, France) (1402.08.28 – death 1403), neither see under papal mandate
* Biagio (1400.06.14 – ?)
* Simone Mancha, Vallombrosan Benedictines (O.S.B. Vall.) (1429.02.11 – death 1454)
* Giovanni de Sallinis, O.F.M. (1454.05.31 – 1471.06.17), later Bishop of Bosa (Italy) (1471.06.17 – death 1484)
* Antonio di Alcala (1472.08.25 – death 1472)
* Gerolamo di Setgi, O.F.M. (1474.09.08 – death 1475)
* Ludovico Camagni, O.F.M. (1481.02.07 – death 1483)
* Domenico di Milia (1483.09.11 – ?)
* Giovanni Perez (1501.07.23 – death 1503)

### Titular see

Only in October 2004 it was nominally restored as Latin Titular bishopric of the lowest (Episcopal) rank, named Ottana (in Curiate Italian) or Othana in Latin.
It has had the following incumbents :
* Titular Bishop Lorenzo Ghizzoni (2006.02.17 – 2012.11.17) as Auxiliary Bishop of Reggio Emilia–Guastalla (Italy) (2006.02.17 – 2012.11.17), later Metropolitan Archbishop of Ravenna–Cervia (Italy) (2012.11.17 – ...)
* Titular Bishop Piotr Sawczuk (2013.01.19 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of Siedlce (Poland)
# Podgornoye

Podgornoye (Russian: Подгорное; Altay: Бабырган, Babırgan) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mayminskoye Rural Settlement of Mayminsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 546 as of 2016. There are 18 streets.

## Geography

Podgornoye is located on the left bank of the Katun River, 15 km north of Mayma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Platovo is the nearest rural locality.
# John James McCook

John James McCook (February 21, 1806 – October 11, 1865), was a patriarch of the Fighting McCooks, one of the most prolific families in United States Army history. Five of his sons became prominent soldiers, chaplains, or sailors, as well as eight of his nephews.

## Biography

McCook was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on February 21, 1806, to George and Mary McCormack McCook. He attended Jefferson College's medical school. His older brother Daniel, a local attorney, moved to eastern Ohio in 1826, settling in Carrollton. Not long afterward, John McCook also moved to the Buckeye State and established a practice in New Lisbon and later in Steubenville. He was married to Catherine Julia Sheldon, a native of Hartford, Connecticut. He was superintendent for several years of the Sunday School of the First Church of Steubenville.
He served as a volunteer surgeon in the Union Army during the Civil War. He died just after its close at the headquarters of his son, General Anson G. McCook, in Washington, D.C., during a visit. McCook was buried at Union Cemetery in Steubenville beside his wife, who had preceded him in death by just seven months.
# David Nevin Rankin

David Nevin Rankin (October 27, 1834 – January 1, 1900) was an American medical doctor.

## Biography

He born in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania on October 27, 1834. After graduation at Jefferson Medical College in 1854, he practiced with his father in his native town until the beginning of the United States Civil War, in which he served as acting assistant surgeon, and aided in opening many of the largest United States army hospitals during the war, among which were the Mansion-house hospital in Alexandria, Virginia, and the Douglas Hospital in Washington, D.C. Afterward he was made one of the thirty surgeons in the volunteer aid corps of surgeons of Pennsylvania, which rendered efficient service. From 1864 to 1966 he was medical examiner of the Pension Bureau, and from 1865 on he was chief physician of the Penitentiary of Western Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dr. Rankin was a member of the British medical association in 1884, a delegate to the 8th and 9th International Medical Congresses, and was a member of various medical societies. He contributed numerous articles to medical journals.
He died on January 1, 1900.
# Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer

Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer or Shimon Fritz Bodenheimer (Hebrew: שמעון פריץ בודנהיימר; 6 June 1897 – 4 October 1959) was a German-born Israeli entomologist. He wrote two major works on the history of biology and is considered the founder of entomology in Israel.

## Early life

Friedrich, Frederick, or Fritz was born in Cologne to a wealthy Jewish family: his father, Max Bodenheimer, was a prominent lawyer who, together with Theodor Hertzl, was a co-founder of the World Zionist Organization. He was educated in Greek, Latin, literature, arts, mathematics, natural history, and calligraphy. At 17 he wrote a study of Sappho. In 1914 he joined the University of Munich to study medicine but was interrupted by World War I where he served on the Eastern Front. He was influenced into entomology after coming across the works of Karl Escherich. He went to the University of Bonn for his Ph.D. on Tipula under Richard Hesse.

## Israel

A staunch Zionist, Bodenheimer emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1922. Having graduated as a student of Richard Hesse at Bonn University, he took up the first post in entomology at an agricultural experimental station near Tel Aviv, and, from 1928, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was appointed head of the Institute of Zoology and Entomology.
In 1923 he married Rachel, daughter of a Russian Zionist Menahem Ussishkin, and along with her examined pre-Linnean entomological works and wrote a history of entomology. In 1927 he researched Tamarisk manna in the Sinai desert, a possible source for the Biblical version, produced from insect honeydew. In 1936, Bodenheimer published The Biological Background of the Human Population Theory based on university lectures he gave in Tel Aviv.
In his career as a professor of zoology over the next 25 years, he wrote more than 420 works. Three of his major works include Insects as Human Food (1951), The History of Biology, An Introduction (1958) and Animal and Man in Bible Lands (1956). His Materialien zur Geschichte der Entomologie bis Linné ("Materials for the History of Entomology until Linne") was published by Wilhelm Junk in Berlin and copies of the book were burned by the Nazis. His manuscript on Citrus Entomology was saved and published after the war. He published an autobiography A Biologist in Israel in 1959. In the same year, he died in London from complications following an eye operation.

## Awards

In 1954, Bodenheimer was awarded the Israel Prize, in agriculture.