OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Narek

Narek (Armenian: Նարեկ), alternatively Nareg in Western Armenian, is an Armenian given name. It may refer to:

## People

* St. Gregory of Narek, knowns also as Grigor Narekatsi (951–1003), Armenian monk, poet, philosopher, theologian, Doctor of the church
** Narek, the name commonly given to the "Book of Lamentations" by Gregory of Narek
* Narek (given name), an Armenian given name

## Places

* Narek, Ararat, a village in Ararat province, Armenia
* Nareg Schools, a series of Armenian Cypriot schools
** Nicosia Armenian school
** Larnaca Armenian school
** Limassol Armenian school
* Narekavank, a tenth-century Armenian monastery in present-day Yemişlik, Turkey
# Hyperthecosis

Hyperthecosis, or ovarian hyperthecosis, is hyperplasia of the theca interna of the ovary. Hyperthecosis occurs when an area of luteinization occurs along with stromal hyperplasia. The luteinized cells produce androgens, which may lead to hirsutism and virilization (or masculinization) in affected women.
The term hyperthecosis refers to the presence of nests of luteinized theca cells in the ovarian stroma due to differentiation of the ovarian interstitial cells into steroidogenically active luteinized stromal cells. These nests or islands of luteinized theca cells are scattered throughout the stroma of the ovary, rather than being confined to areas around cystic follicles as in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). These luteinized theca cells result in greater production of androgens.
Seen as a severe form of PCOS, the clinical features of hyperthecosis are similar to those of PCOS. Women with hyperthecosis often have more markedly elevated testosterone, more hirsutism, and are much more likely to be virilized. While elevated androgens in postmenopausal women is rare, hyperthecosis can present in both premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Women with hyperthecosis may or may not have always had underlying PCOS.

## Cause

The etiology of hyperthecosis is unknown, however evidence suggests a possibility of genetic transmission. Hyperthecosis has been documented in familiar patterns. Insulin resistance may also play a role in the pathogenesis of hyperthecosis. Women with hyperthecosis have a significant degree of insulin resistance and insulin may stimulate the ovarian stromal androgen synthesis.

## Prognosis

Although no large studies showing the long term outcomes for women with hyperthecosis exist, a diagnosis of hyperthecosis may suggest an increased risk for metabolic complications of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes . In postmenopausal women, hyperthecosis may also contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma due to the association of hyperestrinism (excess estrins in the body) and hyperthecosis. Treatment for hyperthecosis is based upon each case, but may range from pharmacological interventions to surgical.
# Ornaşbaş

Ornaşbaş (Tatar: Орнашбаш, romanized: Ornaşbaş) is a rural locality (a selo) in Arça District, Tatarstan. The population was 263 as of 2010. Ornaşbaş is located 20 km from Аrça, district's administrative centre, and 66 km from Ԛazаn, republic's capital, by road. The village was established in 18th century. There are 7 streets in the village.
# Phil Beal

Phil Beal (born 8 January 1945) is an English former footballer who played as a central defender.

## Career
### Tottenham Hotspur

Beal was born in Godstone, Surrey. He played for Surrey boys and England Youth before signing as an amateur for Tottenham Hotspur in 1960 and became a professional at the club in 1962.
He made his debut as a defender against Aston Villa in 1963, and went on to make 16 appearances in that season.
By the start of the following season Danny Blanchflower had retired with Beal taking on the former captain's right half position. With the team in transition, he only made eight appearances that season.
The versatile player filled a variety of defensive positions and featured in 21 matches in 1965–66, started in 26 games in 1966–67, but did not feature in the 1967 FA Cup Final because of an injury. By the late 1960s he had fully established himself in the side and consistently showed his calm, authoritative and composed style.
Beal played in both League Cup winning sides against Aston Villa in 1970-71 and Norwich City in 1972-73. He played in both matches against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 1972 UEFA Cup Final in which he collected a winners' medal, and in both legs of the 1974 UEFA Cup Final against Feyenoord.
Beal finished his career with Spurs in 1975 and made 420 appearances including three as substitute in all competitions, and scoring just one goal.

### Later career

After leaving Spurs he played for Brighton & Hove Albion, Crewe Alexandra, Los Angeles Aztecs and Memphis Rogues.

## After football

Today, Beal is a match day host at White Hart Lane.

## Honours

Tottenham Hotspur
* UEFA Cup: 1972; runner up 1974
* Football League Cup: 1971, 1973
# Tom Fletcher (vaudeville)

Thomas Fletcher (May 16, 1873 – October 13, 1954) was an African-American vaudeville entertainer, actor, and writer.

## Career

Fletcher was born in Portsmouth, Ohio, and started a career on the stage after performing in Uncle Tom's Cabin in his teens. He sang in local talent contests before touring with minstrel shows, and by 1900 was performing regularly in vaudeville with Al Bailey as "Bailey and Fletcher, the Minstrel Boys". With Bailey, he appeared in films made in New York in the early 1900s by Edwin S. Porter.
In 1908, he replaced the group's founder Ernest Hogan as a member of the Memphis Students, an ensemble of singers and dancers who were neither students nor from Memphis. The group, comprising about twenty musicians and dancers, performed regularly on Broadway, and were "the first to perform syncopated music on a public concert stage." In 1919, Fletcher joined the New York Syncopated Orchestra led by Will Marion Cook, and performed in Chicago, Milwaukee and Pittsburgh. Throughout his career he also worked as an entertainer for "the who's who of white America".
His autobiography, 100 Years of the Negro in Show Business: the Tom Fletcher Story, was published in 1954. It "gives the only eyewitness account from a black insider of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century theatrical players, personalities and pioneers," including Hogan and Scott Joplin, and has been used as a source by many historians of musical theatre.
Fletcher died in New York in 1954, aged 81.
# Qaleh-ye Gareh

Qaleh-ye Gareh (Persian: قلعه گره, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Gareh and Qal‘eh Garreh) is a village in Shahid Modarres Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 6 families.
# Madeira Natural Park

The Madeira Natural Park (Portuguese: Parque Natural da Madeira) is a large biological reserve in Madeira with a unique endemic flora and fauna. It was created in 1982 to safeguard the natural heritage of the archipelago, and contains a number of endangered species including global rarities such as Zino's petrel. This nature park encompasses nearly two-thirds of the territory of the island of Madeira, and within it are nature reserves, protected landscapes and leisure zones. Its key habitat is the laurel forest.
# Indian egg-eating snake

The Indian egg-eating snake or Indian egg-eater (Elachistodon westermanni) is a rare species of egg-eating snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. It is also called Westermann's snake, reflecting its scientific name. The snake belongs to the monotypic genus Elachistodon.

## Etymology

The specific name, westermanni, is in honor of Dutch zoologist Geraldus Frederick Westermann (1807–1890).

## Geographic range

The Indian egg-eating snake is found in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Recent discoveries of the species come from Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of E. westermanni are forest and shrubland, at altitudes of 40–1,000 m (130–3,280 ft).

## Description

E. westermanni is glossy brown to black, with bluish white flecks posteriorly and a middorsal creamy stripe from neck to tail tip. The head is brown with a black arrow mark. The ventrals are white with brown dots. Adults may attain a total length of 78 cm (31 inches), with a tail 11 cm (4+1⁄4 inches) long.

## Behaviour

The Indian egg-eating snake is a diurnal or nocturnal, terrestrial species that shows remarkable dexterity in scaling vegetation. When provoked, it raises the anterior portion of the body, forming S-shaped coils as a defensive strategy.

## Diet

E. westermanni exclusively feeds on bird eggs that lack embryonic growth. It has special adaptations such as vertebral hypapophyses, projections of the cervical vertebrae, that jut into the oesophagus, are enamel-capped, and help in cracking eggs. The only other snakes that share these egg-eating adaptations are in the genus Dasypeltis found in Africa.

## Reproduction

E. westermanni is oviparous.
# Dahaneh-ye Bagh

Dahaneh-ye Bagh (Persian: دهنه باغ, also Romanized as Dahaneh-ye Bāgh and Dahaneh-e Bāgh) is a village in Gavkan Rural District, in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 9 families.
# Thomas Walter Warnes

Thomas Walter Warnes FRCP (1938 – 25 December 2023) was an English gastroenterologist.

## Life and career

Thomas Walter Warnes was born in 1938. He graduated from the University of Manchester in 1962 and took the MD in 1975. He had a particular interest in liver disease. The major contributions in his M.D Thesis included 1) The development of new techniques to separate and identify Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes in blood and duodenal juice; 2) The first demonstration of a hormonal action on an enzyme from the same tissue (small intestine); 3) The first demonstration of an entero-hepatic circulation of a glycoprotein enzyme. He became Senior Physician in the University Department of Gastroenterology at Manchester Royal Infirmary where he founded the Liver Unit. He was president of the North of England Gastroenterology Society; Deputy Director of The British Liver Trust and visiting professor in the Department of Biomolecular Sciences at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST).
Over his career, he contributed to numerous publications on hepatic fibrosis; Oxidant stress in chronic liver disease; Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); Portal hypertension; Development of new drug treatments for chronic liver disease (incl. the first trial of colchicine in PBC); Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes; Hepatitis B & C; Tumour markers of primary liver cancer; Occupational liver disease. He published in prestigious peer reviewed journals including: Journal of Hepatology; Hepatology (journal); Gut (journal); The American Journal of Human Genetics; The European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; The Lancet; British Medical Journal; Gastroenterology (journal); The New England Journal of Medicine,...).
Warnes died at home on 25 December 2023.
# Serge Avédikian

Serge Avédikian (Armenian: Սերժ Ավետիքյան; born 1 December 1955), sometimes credited as Serje Avétikian, is an Armenian-French film and theatre actor, director, writer and producer, winner of Cannes Festival prize.

## Early life

Avédikian was born in Yerevan, Armenian SSR. His parents were born in France, children of survivors of the Armenian genocide. In 1947, influenced by Joseph Stalin's and Maurice Thorez's propaganda, they left to rejoin the motherland, where Avédikian attended the French school of Yerevan. At the age of fifteen along with his family, he returned to France. He had his stage debut in college, in his professor's amateur theater company.

## Professional practice

After studies at the Conservatory of Dramatic Arts in Meudon (France), he arrived in Paris in 1971 where he worked with the students of the Paris Conservatory. In 1976, he created a theater company and produced several plays. At the same time, he pursued a career as a theater, movie and television actor. In 1988, he founded his own production company but continues to direct films.

## Filmography

* "Anatolian History" (2020)
* Don't Tell Me the Boy Was Mad (2015)
* Paradjanov (2013, director) as Sergei Parajanov
* The Army of Crime (2009) as Micha Aznavourian
* Bonded Parallels (2007) as Arakel
* Le Voyage en Arménie (Armenia) (2006) as Vanig
* Angkor : la forêt de pierre (2002) as voice-over narrator
* La Terre des Peaux-Rouges [fr] (2002) as voice-over narrator
* Aram (2002) as Talaat
* Mayrig (1991) as Vasken Papasian
* Dawn (1985)
* Dangerous Moves (1984)
* Toutes griffes dehors (1982)
* Nous étions un seul homme (We Were One Man) (1979) as Guy Rouveron
* Le Pull-over rouge (1979) as Christian Ranucci
# CUS Milano

CUS Milano (Italian: Centro Universitario Sportivo di Milano, "University Sports Centre of Milan") is a university sports centre founded in 1947, promoting the practice and the expansion of sport and physical education for students of all universities of Milan. CUS has 11 division teams, athletics, rugby, tennis, sailing, swimming and water polo, ice hockey, rowing, canoeing, volleyball, softball and basketball, and a number of fitness courses that are open to any student at any level.

## Universities

* Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
* Bocconi University
* University of Milan
* University of Milan Bicocca
* IULM
* Politecnico di Milano

## Cup of universities in Milan

The universities who have won the cup in several years:
* 2011/2012 Politecnico di Milano
* 2010/2011 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
* 2009/2010 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
* 2008/2009 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
* 2007/2008 Politecnico di Milano
* 2006/2007 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
* 2005/2006 University of Milan
# Vila Velha State Park

Vila Velha State Park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual de Vila Velha) is a state park in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. It covers 3,803 hectares (9,400 acres). It is located at one hundred kilometers from Curitiba, capital of the State of Paraná. The set of formations resembles a medieval city with its castles and towers in ruins, hence its name. The average height of the stone columns and walls is twenty meters and can reach thirty meters or more at some points, depending on the uneven terrain.
# Taquari Extractive Reserve

The Taquari Extractive Reserve (Portuguese: Reserva Extrativista Taquari) is an extractive reserve in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It protects a coastal area of mangroves.

## Location

The Taquari Extractive Reserve is in the municipality of Cananéia, São Paulo. It has an area of 1,662 hectares (4,110 acres). The reserve covers an area of mangroves and salt water at the mouth of the Taquari River.

## History

The Taquari Extractive Reserve was created by state law 12.810 of 21 February 2008. This law broke up the old Jacupiranga State Park and created the Jacupiranga Mosaic with 14 conservation units.
# Isahak Isahakyan

Isahak Isahakyan (Armenian: Իսահակ Իսահակյան; 10 August 1933 – 16 February 2017) was the Vice Chairman of the Yerevan Office of the State Bank of the Armenian SSR from 1978 to 1986. After Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union, he became the first Chairman of the Central Bank of Armenia until 1994. Subsequently, he was an advisor to the Chairman of the Central Bank of Armenia.
# Subreption

Subreption (Latin: subreptio, "the act of stealing", from surripere, "to take away secretly"; German: Erschleichung) is a legal concept in Roman law, in the canon law of the Catholic Church, and in Scots law, as well as a philosophical concept.

## Roman law

The term "subreption" originates from Roman law; it was "a late Roman juridical term describing the introduction of false evidence into a legal proceeding".

## Philosophy

In German philosophy, the concept of subreption was used by Christian Wolff and Immanuel Kant.

### Christian Wolff and other German philosophers

During the early modern period in Europe, the meaning of "subreption" changed. "[W]riters began to speak of the error of subreption in a more general sense, as opposed to the [Ancient Roman] legal concept of a crime of subreption. Among the German rationalist philosophers who continued to circulate, refine, and redefine the term in the eighteenth century, Christian Wolff stands out as particularly significant for Kant's interest in subreption. Wolff defines the vitium subreptionis as a confusion of 'knowing' (erkennen) with 'experiencing' (erfahren), which we commit whenever we think ourselves to be experiencing something that is merely a product of the intellect. This was the main meaning attached to the term as it was adopted into general scholarly usage in Germany by the middle of the eighteenth century."

### Kant

Kant adopted the term "subreption" in his early work. According to Kant in his Inaugural dissertation, "[w]hen we attach a predicate involving sensible conditions to a concept of the understanding, we must bear in mind that it merely denotes conditions 'in the absence of which a given concept would not be sensitively cognizable'. If we deceive ourselves into thinking the predication has some objective force (that is, that it has anything to say about the conditions of possibility of the object itself), we cross over into subreption. For Kant, the error of subreption is the conflation of a 'sensitive condition, under which alone the intuition of an object is possible' and 'a condition of the possibility itself of the object'". In the same dissertation, an example of subreption for Kant is the axiom "every actual multiplicity can be given numerically, and thus every magnitude is finite"; Kant considers this axiom to be subreptive because the concept of time is introduced surreptitiously as the "means for giving form to the concept of the predicate". This axiom implies the infinity is impossible in itself. Kant argues infinity is not impossible in itself but that infinity is only impossible to imagine for the human mind because the mind relies on sensitive conditions.

## Catholic canon law

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, subreption has a specific meaning. Subreption in Catholic Canon law is "a concealment of the pertinent facts in a petition, as for dispensation or favor, that in certain cases nullifies the grant", "the obtainment of a dispensation or gift by concealment of the truth".

## Scots law

In Scots law, subreption is "the obtainment of a dispensation or gift by concealment of the truth".
# Baghcheh-ye Shomali

Baghcheh-ye Shomali (Persian: باغچه شمالي, also Romanized as Bāghcheh-ye Shomālī) is a village in Baghak Rural District, in the Central District of Tangestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 14 families.
# Ash Sharqiyah Region (Oman)

Ash-Sharqiyyah Region (Arabic: ٱلْمِنْطَقَة ٱلشَّرْقِيَّة, romanized: Al-Minṭaqah Ash-Sharqiyyah, lit. 'The Eastern Region') was the eastern minṭaqah (region) of the Sultanate of Oman. The capital of Ash-Sharqiyyah is Sur. On 28 October 2011 Ash Sharqiyah Region was split into Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate and Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate.
Ash Sharqiyah Region consisted of eleven provinces (Wilāyāt): Sur, Ibra, Al-Mudhaibi, Al-Kamil Wal-Wafi, Jalan Bani Bu Hassan, Jalan Bani Bu Ali, Wadi Bani Khalid, Dema Wa Thaieen, Bidiya, Al Qabil, and Massirah. The main cities are Sur and Ibra.

## History
### Archaeology

In November 2019, 45 well-preserved tombs covering a 50-80 square metre area and a settlement, dating back to beginning of the Iron Age, were discovered in Al-Mudhaibi by archaeologists from Oman and Heidelberg University. Archaeologists believed that the site belonged to the miners who were working in copper mining.

## Ecology

Of particular touristic interest is the coast, which includes the headlands of Raʾs al-Ḥadd and Raʾs al-Ghaimah (Arabic: رَأْس ٱلْغَيْمَة). The stretch of beach (42 kilometres (26 miles)) between these two places is the most significant nesting ground in the Indian Ocean for green turtles. An estimated 13,000 turtles lay their individual clutches of 80 to 100 eggs annually. Oman's Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water administers the site, which is one of the Sultanate's most important nature reserves.
In addition, there is Wadi Bani Khalid. Located in the Hajar Mountains, and what is now the northern governorate, it is one of the most well-known wadis in the country.
# Ad Halom

31°46′00″N 34°39′58″E﻿ / ﻿31.76667°N 34.66611°E﻿ / 31.76667; 34.66611
Ad Halom (Hebrew: עַד הֲלוֹם) is a site at the eastern entrance to the city of Ashdod, Israel, where three bridges cross the Lakhish River.

## Battle

Ad Halom (lit. "no further" or "up to here") refers to the northernmost point reached by the Egyptian army in Operation Pleshet, one of the battles of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Since then, the term is used in Hebrew to emphasize the last line of defense that must not be defeated. The term was also used in the name of the company "Adallom".
On May 29, 1948, Israel dispatched four Avia S-199 aircraft. It was the first combat operation of the Israeli/Machal Air Force. The mission was flown by Lou Lenart, U.S.A., Ezer Weizman, Modi Alon, Israel, and Eddie Cohen, South Africa, to attack the Egyptians between the Arab village of Isdud and the bridge over the Lachish River. Cohen was shot down by anti-aircraft fire, becoming the first casualty of the fledgling IAF. The Givati Brigade blew up the bridge and defended the river bank from a pillbox during Operation Barak. The Egyptian Army later took up positions at the site, which saw two battles in mid-1948.
The Egyptian forces were later defeated in Operation Yoav; the pillbox and defensive wall remain as memorials of the events.

## Egyptian monument

At the Camp David Accords, Israel and Egypt convened for a monument dedicated to the fallen Egyptian soldiers to be erected at the site, in exchange for the Israeli memorials to fallen Israeli soldiers from the Sinai Peninsula being protected and preserved by the Egyptian authorities. The inscriptions on the four edges are in Arabic, Hebrew, English and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

## Bridges

Jisr Isdud, one of the three bridges at Ad Halom and sometimes known as Ad Halom Bridge, was built over the Lakhish River (Wadi Sukrir/Wadi Fakhira) during the Mamluk period in the 13th century. After numerous armed raids in the area during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, the British authorities set up a series of pillboxes in the area, one of them next to the bridges. After its destruction in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the bridge was reconstructed and upgraded.
A railway bridge was added to the west of Jisr Isdud when the coastal railway (Lebanon–Egypt) was laid.
The four-lane Highway 4 required the addition of another parallel bridge, to the east of Jisr Isdud, and also known as Ad Halom bridge.

## Railway station

The Israel Railways started to operate a passenger line to Ashdod in the mid-1990s.
The new railway station was established in 2004. In 2005 the line was extended to Ashkelon.
The short distance between the railway and poor planning of the Ad Halom junction on Highway 4 cause traffic jams. The first stage of new Ashdod Interchange, intended to solve the problem, was opened in October 2008.
* Jisr Isdud after a winter storm
* Ad Halom commemoration wall
* British Mandate-era pillbox
* The Egyptian monument