OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia

In pre-Islamic Arabia, a variety of different marriage practices existed. The most common and recognized types of marriage at this time consisted of: marriage by agreement, marriage by capture, marriage by mahr, marriage by inheritance and Mutah or temporary marriage.

## Marriage by agreement

The reason for intertribal marriages was to ensure the protection and possession of the children the couple would produce. Women in some intertribal marriages had more freedom and retained the right to dismiss or divorce their husbands at any time. The women had precise rituals they used to inform their husbands of their dismissal, such as this: "if they lived in a tent they turned it around, so that if the door faced east, it now faced west, and when the man saw this, he knew that he was dismissed and did not enter".

## Marriage by Mahr

Marriage by Mahr was the standard marriage practice. These marriages consisted of the groom or groom's father paying the bride an amount, indicating that he was capable of supporting her financially after the marriage. With the spread of Islam, Mahr became Fard, meaning "obligatory" in Islamic law. However, while pre-Islamic Arabia typically did not give the Mahr to the bride and instead her Wali (guardian), Islam decreed for it to be in possession of the wife (unless she trusts her Wali to keep it safe).

## Marriage by capture

Marriage by capture, often taking place during times of war, occurred when women were taken captive by men from other tribes and placed on the slave market of Mecca. From the slave market these women were sold into marriage or slavery. In captive marriages men bought their wives and therefore had complete control over them. Women in these marriages had no freedom and were subjected to following their husbands' orders and bearing their children. These women became their husbands' property and had no right to divorce.

## Beena

Beena is a form of marriage used in pre-Islamic Arabia, in which a wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retained complete independence from her husband, according to William Robertson Smith. The term was suggested by John Ferguson McLennan, who noted that in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) the marriage when a husband goes to live in the wife's village is called "beena marriage", and suggested "beena" as a general term for this kind of marriage.

## Other forms of marriage
### Nikah Istibdaa

In this kind of marriage, a man would refrain from having any sexual intercourse with his wife, and then send her off to a man of higher status, who would then impregnate her in the hopes of getting a child of stronger breed. After the pregnancy, the man would then have intercourse with his wife if she wanted him to; and the man would claim fatherhood of the foster child born from her relations with the other man. An example of this incident was described to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who replied that the child belongs to the one on whose bed it is born.
As with all other forms of pre-Islamic marriage, Nikah Istibdaa was largely abolished in Arabia during the 7th century CE.
# Kemberg

Kemberg (German: ) is a town in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The town lies on the north edge of the Düben Heath Nature Park.

## Subdivisions

The town Kemberg consists of the following Ortschaften or municipal districts:
* Ateritz
* Bergwitz
* Dabrun
* Dorna
* Eutzsch
* Globig-Bleddin
* Kemberg
* Rackith
* Radis
* Rotta
* Schleesen
* Selbitz
* Uthausen
* Wartenburg

## History

On 1 July 2005, the municipality of Bergwitz with its subdivision of Klitzschena, was amalgamated with Kemberg, as was the municipality of Ateritz (with its subdivisions of Gommlo and Lubast) on 1 January 2006 and Dorna on 1 January 2007. In 2009 The former municipality of Globig-Bleddin was also amalgamated into Kemberg. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities Dabrun, Eutzsch, Rackith, Radis, Rotta, Schleesen, Selbitz, Uthausen and Wartenburg were merged into Kemberg.

## Main sights

The town's most striking sight is the soaring Church of Our Lady ("Unser Lieben Frauen") which can be seen far away over the Elbaue (natural polder). It is a hall church with a nave and two aisles dating from the 15th century (or so it is believed) with an 86-m-tall tower built in the 19th century. There are things there such as remnants of wall paintings from the late Middle Ages, a sacrament house made of sandstone and a carved altar (both from the 15th century) and a very nice baptismal font. Also worth seeing are the late Gothic town hall with its Renaissance additions and the old town wall from the 14th century, parts of which are still well preserved.
Kemberg's well preserved town centre takes the visitor to bygone days and is always worth seeing on foot. The town is also well placed for outings to the nearby heath, and to Wittenberg.
* St. Mary church Kemberg
* Town hall
* Church in Bergwitz
* Bergwitz lake
* Radis castle
* Church in Klitzschena

## Transport

Kemberg lies on Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 2 to Bad Düben, on the state highway (Landesstraße) L129 from Bergwitz to Bad Schmiedeberg and on the district road (Kreisstraße) K2024 between Reuden and Trebitz.
Bergwitz lies on Bundesstraße B 100 from Wittenberg to Bitterfeld and on Landesstraße L129 from Selbitz to Kemberg.
Klitzschena lies on district road K2041 from Bergwitz to Seegrehna.
Bundesautobahn 9 (Munich - Berlin) can be reached by the Vockerode interchange 22 km away.
Bergwitz railway station lies on the Deutsche Bahn line between Wittenberg and Bitterfeld.
From 1903 to 1951, there was a railway connection between Bergwitz and Kemberg. The former station has been demolished. There is now a hypermarket there.

## Famous people

* Bartholomäus Bernhardi, Theologian
* Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, German diplomat and resistance fighter in the 20 July Plot
* Ernestine Christine Reiske, German translator of classical texts
# Fanny Navarro

Fanny Navarro (1 June 1920 - 18 March 1971) was an Argentine actress. She starred in films such as Melodías porteñas (1937), Doce mujeres (1939), Ambición (1939), El hijo del barrio (1940), Hogar, dulce hogar (1941), Dos ángeles y un pecador (1945), Marihuana (1950), Deshonra (1952), Marta Ferrari (1956) and La Calesita (1969). Navarro was the girlfriend of Eva Perón's brother, and she was selected by Perón to head the Peronist foundation for actresses. Navarro once lost the only copy of a script written for Leopoldo Marechal's play Antigona Verez; Marechal was ordered to rewrite the entire thing.

## Filmography

* Melodías porteñas (1937)
* Cantando llegó el amor (1938)
* Doce mujeres (1939)
* El solterón (1939)
* Ambición (1939)
* El susto que Pérez se llevó (1940)
* El hijo del barrio (1940)
* Hogar, dulce hogar (1941)
* Sinfonía argentina (1942)
* La suerte llama tres veces (1943)
* Dos ángeles y un pecador (1945)
* El capitán Pérez (1946)
* Mujeres que bailan(1949)
* Morir en su ley (1949)
* Marihuana (1950)
* Suburbio (1951)
* Soñemos (1951) (short documentary)
* Deshonra (1952)
* El grito sagrado (1954)
* Marta Ferrari (1956)
* Allá donde el viento brama (1963)
* La calesita (1963)
* Desnuda en la arena (1969)
# Louis Hamelin

Louis Hamelin (born June 9, 1959 in Saint-Séverin-de-Proulxville, Quebec) is a Canadian journalist and fiction writer. He won the Governor General's Award for French-language fiction in 1989 for his novel La Rage, and was nominated for the same award in 1995 for his novel Betsi Larousse, ou l'ineffable eccéité de la loutre and in 2006 for his short story collection Sauvages.
Having graduated from McGill University and the Université du Québec à Montréal, he has also worked as a journalist and literary critic for Le Devoir.
His 2010 novel La Constellation du Lynx, a fictionalized account of the 1970 October Crisis, won numerous literary awards in Quebec, including the Prix littéraire des collégiens, the Prix des libraires du Québec, the Grand Prix littéraire de la Presse québécoise and the Prix Ringuet. An English translation by Wayne Grady, titled October 1970, was published in 2013 and was named a longlisted nominee for that year's Scotiabank Giller Prize.

## Works
### Fiction

* La Rage (1989)
* Ces spectres agités (1991)
* Cowboy, 1992 (translated by Jean-Paul Murray as Cowboy, 2000)
* Betsi Larousse, ou l'ineffable eccéité de la loutre, 1994 (translated by Jean-Paul Murray as Betsi Larousse or the Ineffable Essence of the Otter, published by Ekstasis in 2015).
* Le Soleil des gouffres (1996)
* Le Joueur de flûte (2001)
* Sauvages (2006)
* La Constellation du Lynx, 2010 (translated by Wayne Grady as October 1970, 2013)
* Autour d'Éva. (2016)
* Les crépuscules de la Yellowstone (2020)
* Un lac le matin (2023)

### Non-fiction

* Les Étranges et édifiantes aventures d'un oniromane, 1994
* Le Voyage en pot, 1999
# Cambodian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area

Toronto's Cambodian population consists of 6,430 ethnic Cambodian people. In 1999, 98% of Cambodians in Toronto identified themselves as Khmer people.
Cambodians first arrived to Canada as a result of the 1970s' Cambodian genocide, a four-year period in which nearly 2 million Cambodians were murdered. Their community would originate in Jane and Finch, and as they diversified in profession and status, many relocated into other cities such as Vaughan, Newmarket, and Hamilton.

## Geography

In 1999 McLellan wrote that "In Toronto most live in one area which is characterized by low income and subsidized housing." As of 2010 the main areas of Cambodian settlement are the following intersections: Broadview Avenue and Gerrard Street, Finch Avenue and Jane Street, Jane street and Woolner Avenue; in addition many Cambodians live along Driftwood Avenue, Finch Avenue, Gosford Boulevard, London Green, and Regent Park.

## Institutions

In 1981 the Cambodian Association opened with the help of grants given from the federal and provincial government. The association did not cooperate with other Cambodian community groups, nor did it cooperate with the Khmer Buddhist groups. The Cambodian Association assisted newly arrived Cambodians to help them settle in Canada.

## Religion

As of 2010 the majority of the Cambodians in Toronto are Buddhist. Cambodians of Christian and Muslim faiths are the minorities in their community.
As of 1999 McLellan wrote that historically older men have performed "much of the Buddhist involvement in Toronto" and that for Cambodian women in Toronto "new concepts of self-expression, service to their community, or leadership opportunities in Buddhist contexts have not been developed." As of 1999 Cambodian Buddhist monks do not engage in conversation with women, or stay alone with them, or touch women in a casual manner due to prohibitions from their interpretation of the religion.
As of 1999 Cambodian Buddhism cultural activities are held in school auditoriums and halls. This is because the primary Cambodian temple is in a neighborhood that does not want activities from the Cambodian community to occur there; in previous occasions this was the case because the former temple was not large enough to hold such activities.
Some Cambodians are Christian. Denominations include Seventh-day Adventist, Catholicism, and Protestantism.
# Mayakovski, Armenia

40°15′08″N 44°38′18″E﻿ / ﻿40.25222°N 44.63833°E﻿ / 40.25222; 44.63833
Mayakovski (Armenian: Մայակովսկի, also Mayakawvsky) is a village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia.

## Etymology

The village was named in honor of the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. The village was previously known as Shaab or Shahab.
# Bourthes

Bourthes (French pronunciation:; West Flemish: Boorte) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

## Geography

A village situated some 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Boulogne-sur-Mer at the D128 and D131 crossroads. The source of the river Aa is found here.
# Enchanter (novel)

Enchanter is a 1996 fantasy novel by Australian writer Sara Douglass. It follows the first book in the series, Battleaxe, with Axis journeying to the Icarii stronghold to receive his heritage.

## Background

Enchanter was first published in Australia in 1996 by HarperCollins in paperback format. It was later released in the United States in hardback and paperback in 2001 and 2002 respectively. Enchanter won the 1996 Aurealis Award for best fantasy novel in a three-way tie with Douglass' other novel StarMan and Jack Dann's The Memory Cathedral.
# The Girl Who Played Go

The Girl Who Played Go, originally published as La Joueuse de Go, is a 2001 French novel by Shan Sa set during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. It tells the story of a 16-year-old Chinese girl who is exceptionally good at the game of Go, and her game with a young Japanese officer. It was translated into English in 2003 and has been translated into 32 languages in total.
The novel won a number of prizes, including the Prix Goncourt des Lycéens (Prix Goncourt of the High-school students) in 2001 and the Kiriyama Prize for fiction in 2004.
In 2004, the novel was adapted into a German stage production which premiered at Freies Werkstatt Theater.
# Zemidan-e Bala

Zemidan-e Bala (Persian: زميدان بالا, also Romanized as Zemīdān-e Bālā) is a village in Layl Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 11 families.
# Bas Belder

Bastiaan "Bas" Belder (born 25 October 1946) is a Dutch politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from the Netherlands. He is a member of the Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists.
He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture. Furthermore he was vice-chairman of the delegation for the relations between the European Parliament and Israel and chairman of the European Parliament Working Group on Human Dignity.
In the 2019 European Parliament election he was succeeded by Bert-Jan Ruissen.

## Education

* Higher degree in the history of Eastern Europe from Utrecht University

## Career

* 1969–1984: Secondary school teacher (Rotterdam)
* 1984–1999: Foreign editor/commentator Reformatorisch Dagblad (Apeldoorn)
* 1999–2019: Member of the European Parliament
* 1999–2004: First Chairman of the Delegation for relations with the United States
* 2009–2014: Chairman of the Delegation for the relations with Israel
* 2014–2019: Vice-Chairman of the Delegation for the relations with Israel

## Personal life

Bas Belder is married and has three children. He is a member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN).
# Ruslan Zanevskyi

Ruslan Volodymyrovych Zanevskyi (Ukrainian: Руслан Володимирович Заневський; born 27 November 1987 in Odesa, Ukrainian SSR) is a professional Ukrainian football offensive midfielder.

## Career

Tkachuk is the product of Junga Chorne More Odesa and FC Shakhtar Donetsk Youth Sportive School. Zanevsky began his career in 2004 for the Shakhtar Donetsk. In the end of 2005, by mutual consent he canceled the contract with Donetsk club and then training together with the reserve team players AC Milan, then in 2006 he was sent into Serie D farm club Nuorese Calcio. Then he played in clubs Ditton Daugavpils, R. Charleroi S.C., FF Jaro, Jakobstads BK and FC Poltava.

## International career

He played for the Ukraine national under-17 football team and Ukraine national under-19 football team.
# Trishchuky

Trishchuky (Ukrainian: Тріщуки) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Zabolottsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
From 1918 to 1939 the village was in Tarnopol Voivodeship in Poland.
Until 18 July 2020, Trishchuky belonged to Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.
# Tajerg

Tajerg (Persian: تجرگ, also Romanized as Tajarg and Tajark) is a village in Qaen Rural District, in the Central District of Qaen County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 10 families.
# Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations

The Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations (also known as the Donovan Commission) was an inquiry into the system of collective UK labour law, chaired by Lord Donovan and heavily influenced by the opinions of Hugh Clegg. Its report, known as the "Donovan Report", was issued in 1968 (Cmnd 3623).

## Overview

The Commission originally was inclined to recommend legal constraints on unions, (as presaged by Barbara Castle's White paper, In Place of Strife), in order to back up governmental prices and incomes policy. However Clegg, by threatening to issue a minority report, persuaded it instead to back improved collective bargaining.
The recommendations of the Commission on dismissal procedures were embodied in the Industrial Relations Act 1971. Exclusive jurisdiction to hear complaints and give remedies was conferred upon the newly created National Industrial Relations Court. The Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 soon replaced the unfair dismissal provisions, as was the National Industrial Relations Court with a system of Industrial Tribunals, since renamed Employment Tribunals. These have one legally qualified chairperson and two lay members, one representing unions and the other representing employers.
The present law on unfair dismissal is found in the Employment Rights Act 1996.

## Report chapters

* Introduction
* The Subject Matter of Our Report
* The System of Industrial Relations
* The Reform of Collective Bargaining
* The Extension of Collective Bargaining
* The Efficient Use of Manpower
* Strikes and Other Industrial Action
* The Enforcement of Collective Agreements
* Safeguards of Employees Against Unfair Dismissal
* Labour Tribunals
* Safeguards for Individuals in Relation to Trade Unions
* Trade Unions
* Employers' Associations
* Changes in the Law
* Workers' Participation in Management
* Summary of the Main Conclusions and Recommendations
# Razliv railway station

Razliv railway station (Russian: Ста́нция Разли́в) is a railway station in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built by the JSC Prinorskaya Saint Peterburg–Sestroretsk railway and opened on November 26, 1894, when the Primorskaya line was extended from Razdelnaya (now Lisy Nos) to Sestroretsk.
# John Richardson (Australian Army officer)

Major General John Dalyell Richardson, DSO, VD (23 April 1880 – 29 July 1954) was an Australian dairy farmer and a senior officer in the Australian Army during the Second World War.
# Less Than Human (novel)

Less Than Human is a 2004 science fiction novel by Maxine McArthur. It follows the story where a factory worker is killed by a robot in mysterious circumstances and a group of teenagers appear to have committed group suicide.

## Background

Less Than Human was first published in the United States on October 1, 2004, by Warner Aspect in paperback format. It won the 2004 Aurealis Award for best science fiction novel and was a short-listed nominee for the 2005 Ditmar Award for best novel, losing to Sean Williams' The Crooked Letter.
# Miroľa

Miroľa (Rusyn: Мироля; Hungarian: Mérfalva, until 1899: Mirolya) is a village and municipality in Svidník District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1572.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 367 metres and covers an area of 6.112 km². It has a population of about 73 people.
# Julie Mazzieri

Julie Mazzieri (born 1975 in Saint-Paul-de-Chester, Quebec) is a Canadian novelist and translator who currently lives in Corsica. She is most noted for her novel Le discours sur la tombe de l'idiot, which won the Governor General's Award for French-language fiction at the 2009 Governor General's Awards. The novel was also a finalist for the Prix Orange du livre and the Prix littéraire des collégiens.
In 2010, she published a French translation of Gail Scott's novel My Paris.
Mazzieri's second novel, La Bosco, was published in 2017. It was a finalist for the Prix Wepler in France.
# Qaleh-ye Reyhaneh

Qaleh-ye Reyhaneh (Persian: قلعه ريحانه, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Reyḩāneh and Qal‘eh-ye Reyhāneh) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 38 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Duties on East India Goods Act 1707

The Duties on East India Goods Act 1707 (6 Ann. c. 37) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
The Act was considered by a committee of the House of Lords on 15 December 1707, after which Lord Herbert reported that it was "fit to pass, without any Amendment", which was then done. It received royal assent on 18 December 1707.
The act extended the monopoly of the English East India Company across Scotland thus encompassing the whole of the new United Kingdom. Thus this corporation based in the City of London was able to enjoy a set of privileges which enabled it, rather than private British subjects, to dominate trade in half of the emerging British Empire.
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui (Latin: Archidioecesis Banguensis) is the Metropolitan See for the ecclesiastical province of Bangui in the Central African Republic.

## History

* 8 May 1909: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Oubangui-Chari from the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper French Congo
* 2 December 1937: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Oubangui Chari
* 28 May 1940: Renamed as Apostolic Vicariate of Bangui
* 14 September 1955: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bangui

## Special churches

The seat of the archbishop is the Cathédrale Notre-Dame in Bangui.

## Bishops
### Ordinaries

* Prefects Apostolic of Oubangui Chari (Roman rite)
** Fr. Pietro Cotel, C.S.Sp. 1909–1915
** Fr. Giovanni Calloch, C.S.Sp. 1915–1927
** Fr. Marcel-Auguste-Marie Grandin, C.S.Sp. 2 May 1928 – 2 December 1937; see below
* Vicars Apostolic of Bangui (Roman rite)
** Bishop Marcel-Auguste-Marie Grandin, C.S.Sp. 2 December 1937 – 4 August 1947; see above
** Bishop Joseph Cucherousset, C.S.Sp. 9 April 1948 – 14 September 1955; see below
* Metropolitan Archbishops of Bangui (Roman rite)
** Archbishop Joseph Cucherousset, C.S.Sp. 14 September 1955 – 16 September 1970; see above
** Archbishop Joachim N’Dayen 16 September 1970 – 26 July 2003
** Archbishop Paulin Pomodimo 26 July 2003 – 26 May 2009 (resigned)
** Archbishop Dieudonné Nzapalainga, C.S.Sp. 14 May 2012–present; elevated to Cardinal in 2016

### Coadjutor archbishop

* Joachim N’Dayen (1968–1970)

### Auxiliary bishop

* Edouard Mathos (1991–2004), appointed Bishop of Bambari

### Other priest of this diocese who became bishop

* François-Xavier Yombandje, appointed Bishop of Kaga-Bandoro in 1997

## Suffragan dioceses

* Alindao
* Bambari
* Bangassou
* Berbérati
* Bossangoa
* Bouar
* Kaga–Bandoro
* Mbaïki