OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Rat (novel)

The Rat (German: Die Rättin, literally The Ratess) is a 1986 novel by the German writer Günter Grass.

## Structure and content

The plot is composed of many narrative strands and oscillates between fairytale, travelogue and surreal novel. It also contains cinematic perspectives and some poems. Grass incorporates some narrative threads of his success novels The Tin Drum as well as the Butt; further passages on maritime disasters, the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff, anticipate aspects of his book Crabwalk.
Grass has conceived the novel as a counter-image to Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's picture of the education of the human race: Humanity (Grass used deliberately old-fashioned word "mankind") have indeed learned "the virtue to eat with spoons, diligently the subjunctive and practice tolerance", all enlightenment but not their tendency to get their violence under control.
In the dreams of the narrator, who seems to be in a spaceship orbiting the devastated earth, a speaking female rat compels the narrator to review the destruction of humanity, and follow their dominant position by rats. Rats build accordingly, in a world destroyed through deforestation, pollution, and nuclear warfare, a new civilization based on solidarity.
Against this vision, the narrator developed his own stories leading up to the nuclear apocalypse, partly as film scripts for the including by porn series to Medienzar Oskar Matzerath, the painter Lothar Malskat and the restoration of the 50s, from the dead forests and the dying power of Fairy Tales and five beloved women who make up the Baltic officially investigating the local jellyfish population and secretly in search of the legendary Vineta as a place of female utopia. In addition, among other things, the Smurfs are in the German forest road and the Grimm brothers temporarily take over the government.
He lived through the (alleged) downfall of mankind once again based on the fates of different people. In a final conversation between the Rats and the narrator, the foregoing is in jeopardy. The two can not agree whether the She-rat is just a dream of the narrator, or whether this is - along with the rest of humanity - merely a figment of the imagination of remaining on earth rat. The first third initially original, imaginatively laid possibilities of his polyphonic narrative concept is not further developed and used in the other part.

## Background and references

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster, a few months after the book, gave the author a certain daily topicality. Grass took, among others, the inclusion of genetically modified rat-men, the "Watsoncricks" further controversies about the genetic engineering terms. The name alludes to the Watson Crick Nobel Prize in Medicine, and the discoverers of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Francis Crick and James Watson.

## Reception

Janette Turner Hospital of The New York Times called the book an "exhilarating, exhausting, maddening, brilliant, funny and profoundly disturbing novel".
# Alexopoulos

Alexopoulos (Greek: Αλεξόπουλος) is a Greek patronymic surname meaning "son of Alexios". The female form of the surname is Alexopoulou (Αλεξοπούλου). Notable people with the surname include:

## Alexopoulos

* Alexios Alexopoulos (born 1971), Greek sprinter
* Athina-Theodora Alexopoulou (born 1983), Greek sprint canoeist
* Constantine John Alexopoulos (1907–1986), Greek-American mycologist
* Georgios Alexopoulos (born 1977), Greek footballer
* Heléne Alexopoulos, American ballet dancer

## Alexopoulou

* Athina-Theodora Alexopoulou (born 1983), Greek sprint canoer
* Christina Alexopoulou, Greek politician
# List of samuhakalahom

The samuhakalahom (Thai: สมุหกลาโหม) was one of the two chief ministers in the historical Chatusadom government system of Siam (now Thailand) in use from the Ayutthaya through early Rattanakosin periods. The post was originally charged with military affairs but later oversaw both civil and military affairs in southern cities. Officials who held the post usually received the noble title of Mahasena (Thai: มหาเสนา).

## List of samuhakalahom
### Rattanakosin

* Chaophraya Mahasena (Pli): Served King Rama I, from 1782.
* Chaophraya Mahasena (Bunnag): Served Rama I until he died in 1805. He was the progenitor of the Bunnag family, which would become one of the most powerful noble families, with multiple descendants also holding the post.
* Chaophraya Mahasena (Pin): Served during the reign of Rama I.
* Chaophraya Mahasena (Bunma): Served until his death during the reign of Rama II.
* Chaophraya Wongsasurasak (Saeng): Served until he died in 1822.
* Chaophraya Mahasena (Sang): Served kings Rama II and Rama III.
* Chaophraya Mahasena (Noi): Served until he died in 1830.
* Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Prayurawong (Dis Bunnag): 1851–1855. He served both as kalahom and phra khlang, and held an especially esteemed position, with a sakdina of 30,000.
* Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Si Suriwong (Chuang Bunnag): 1855–1882. He was one of the most powerful men in the kingdom and would become regent during the early years of Chulalongkorn's reign. He had a sakdina of 30,000.
* Chaophraya Surawongwaiwat (Won Bunnag): Served until he died in 1888.
* Chaophraya Rattanathibet (Phum): Held the position until its abolition.
# Ahmad of Shirvan

Ahmad of Shirvan (Arabic: احمد) was the eighth Shah of Shirvan.

## Reign

He was born to Muhammad III while he was still governor of Layzan and had a younger brother called Haytham. Upon his father's accession to throne in September 948, he was appointed as Layzanshah with his younger brother being Tabasaranshah until his father's murder on 4 June 956. The murderer, vizier Ibn al-Maraghi tried to poison Ahmad too, only to be prevented by shah's mother who fed the food to cat before. The vizier was later beaten to death at his own home.
As soon as he solidified rule, his brother Tabarsaranshah Haytham fled Shirvan and left for Lakz (modern Southern Dagestan) while his cousin Abul-Haytham fled to Barda. His uncle Abul Badr died sometime later too, leaving Ahmad as undisputed leader of Shirvan.
Meanwhile Haytham returned to Shirvan with reinforcemends from Sallarid ruler Ibrahim I in 968, in order to reaffirm Sallarid authority over Shirvan. While Ahmad managed to pacify Sallarids with submission and tribute, Haytham - who was supposed to return to Barda with Ibrahim - escaped to al-Masqat (modern Müşkür, Azerbaijan). He was supported by Ahmad b. Abd al-Malik I, emir of Derbent. While emir tried to negotiate a division of Shirvan on behalf of Haytham, Ahmad chose to march on Derbent instead. Ahmad on his turn captured and burnt Shabaran with support from Sarir.
According to Ibn Hawqal, following the sack of Samandar by Sviatoslav, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. Ahmad reportedly supported return of refugee Khazars return to Itil after 969.
He died in June 981. He had at least three sons called Muhammad, Yazid and Haytham. While Muhammad and Yazid rose to throne successively, Haytham died in 1025 in Tabasaran.
# Nong Kathao

Nong Kathao (Thai: หนองกะท้าว) is a subdistrict in the Nakhon Thai District of Phitsanulok Province, Thailand.

## Geography

Nong Kathao is bordered to the north by Tha Sakae, to the east by Noen Phoem, to the south by Huai Hia and to the west by Kaeng Sopha.
Nong Kathao lies in the Nan Basin, which is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed.

## Administration

The following is a list of the subdistrict's mubans (villages):
| No. | English | Thai |
| 1 | Ban Na Pho | บ้านนาโพธิ์ |
| 2 | Ban Na Chan | บ้านนาจาน |
| 3 - 4 | Ban Nong Kathao | บ้านหนองกะท้าว |
| 5 | Ban Non | บ้านโนน |
| 6 | Ban Nanong | บ้านนาหนอง |
| 7 | Ban Lang Kao | บ้านหลังเขา |
| 8 | Ban Kaeng Hwa | บ้านแก่งหว้า |
| 9 | Ban Non Tha Phon | บ้านโนนตาโพน |
| 10 | Ban Pho Set | บ้านโพธิ์เสด็จ |
| 11 | Ban Kaeng Hai | บ้านแก่งไฮ |
| 12 | Ban Non Nagam | บ้านโนนนาก่าม |
| 13 | Ban Non Magluea | บ้านโนนมะเกลือ |
| 14 | Ban Glang | บ้านกลาง |
| 15 | Ban Pasak | บ้านป่าสัก |
| 16 | Ban Bang Yang Phattana | บ้านบางยางพัฒนา |
| 17 | Ban Nam Thak | บ้านน้ำตาก |
| 18 | Ban Bung | บ้านบุ่ง |
| 19 | Ban Huai Gaeo | บ้านห้วยแก้ว |
| 20 | Ban Noen Glang | บ้านเนินกลาง |
| 21 | Ban Nam Dan | บ้านน้ำดั้น |
| 22 | Ban Noen Phluang | บ้านเนินพลวง |
| 23 | Ban Pho Jayrin | บ้านโพธ์เจริญ |
| 24 | Ban Rai Wang Jian | บ้านไร่วังเงิน |
| 25 | Ban Huai Soem | บ้านห้วยเซิม |
| 26 | Ban Bong Din Dam | บ้านโป่งดินดำ |
| 27 | Ban Chai Thung | บ้านชายทุ่ง |

## Points of interest

The following points of interest are located within the subdistrict:
* Ruins of an ancient temple ป่าแดงเขาวัด
* Huai Roo Lake
* Nakhon Thai Office of Primary Education
* Nakhon Thai Department of Public Health
* Phitsanulok Animal Species Conservation Center
# Tha Pho Si

Tha Pho Si (Thai: ท่าโพธิ์ศรี) is a tambon (subdistrict) located in the central region of Det Udom District, in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. In 2021, it had a population of 7,056 people. Neighbouring subdistricts are (clockwise from the south) Top Hu, Non Sombun, Na Charoen, Mueang Det, and Klang.

## History

The area was first settled in the late 1800s, with the first village, Bak Waeng (บักแหว่ง), governed by Mueang Det, the district capital. The settlement was eventually renamed "Tha Pho Si" in 1902, after the giant sandbox tree (Thai: โพธิ์ศรี; Pho Si) that was founded near the waterfront pavilion on the bank of the Lam Dom Yai River.
The Tha Pho Si subdistrict was formed in 1976 by combining two areas splitting from Mueang Det and Klang, which consisted of five and one villages, respectively.

## Geography

The tambon is located in the central region of the Det Udom district, on the low river plain of the Lam Dom Yai River.

## Administration

The Tha Pho Si subdistrict is divided into eight administrative villages (mubans; หมู่บ้าน), one of which, Tha Pho Si village, was further divided into four community groups (Mu; หมู่). The entire area is governed by the Subdistrict Administrative Organization of Tha Pho Si (องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลท่าโพธิ์ศรี; Tha Pho Si SAO).
As of the 2021 census, it had a population of 7,056 people with 2,550 households. The following is a list of the subdistrict's mubans, which roughly correspond to the villages.
| Village | Village | Group (Mu) | Household | Population |
| Romanized name | Thai name | Group (Mu) | Household | Population |
| Tha Pho Si | ท่าโพธิ์ศรี | 1 | 229 | 652 |
| Tha Pho Si | ท่าโพธิ์ศรี | 2 | 220 | 743 |
| Tha Pho Si | ท่าโพธิ์ศรี | 7 | 290 | 693 |
| Tha Pho Si | ท่าโพธิ์ศรี | 10 | 234 | 706 |
| Pho Sa-nga | โพธิ์สง่า | 3 | 426 | 973 |
| Non Li | โนนหลี่ | 4 | 105 | 318 |
| Non That | โนนธาตุ | 5 | 179 | 662 |
| Waree Udom | วารีอุดม | 6 | 242 | 812 |
| Non Swang | โนนสว่าง | 8 | 177 | 405 |
| Na Dong | นาดง | 9 | 178 | 415 |
| Thong Lang | ทองหลาง | 11 | 270 | 677 |
| Total | Total | Total | 2,550 | 7,056 |
# Achlada, Crete

Achlada (Greek: Αχλάδα) is a village and a community in the Cretan municipality of Malevizi, and belongs to the municipal unit of Gazi, in Heraklion regional unit.
The inhabitants are shepherds and farmers who cultivate mostly fruits and vegetables in the surrounding hills and landscape, which are few kilometres from the sea shore. In the village is the church of Saint John the Prodrome and Saint Triphon with a wooden carved iconostasis. There is also the old elementary school that serves nowadays as a feast hall, and a newly built hotel on ecotourism that enhances rural cultural tourism. In recent years, local people, politicians and other interested parties have been discussing the restoration of parts of the village.

## Community of Achlada

The community of Achlada consists of the following seven settlements whose total population is 921 inhabitants, based on the 2021 census.
* Achlada – the district’s seat.
* Agia Pelagia
* Ammoudi
* Lygaria
* Mades
* Mononaftis
* Xirokampos

## History

The origin of the name is from the tree (αχλάδα ή αχράς – wild pear tree). In the Venetian archives the village is mentioned as Aclada with 63 inhabitants, at which time it belonged to the Mylopotamos region. Achlada used to belong, as a feudal estate, to the brothers Giorgios and Franciscos Mondinos having 35 houses and 2 churches (Gerola Monumenti veneti, III.).

## Sources

* 1 2 "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
* Heraklion and its Prefecture, Heraklion Prefecture’s Edition (Το Ηράκλειο και ο Νομός του. Έκδοση Νομαρχίας Ηρακλείου).
* ΜΝΗΜΕΙΑ & ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΕΣ ΣΤΟ ΔΗΜΟ ΓΑΖΙΟΥ (ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΣ ΦΟΔΕΛΕ 2001).
* Το Μαλέβιζι, από τα προΐστορικά χρόνια μέχρι σήμερα. ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗΣ ΜΑΛΕΒΙΖΙΟΥ (ΟΡ.Α.ΜΑ) 1998.
# Pichenettes (Lapinot)

Pichenettes is a comic strip in the series The Spiffy Adventures of McConey (Les formidables aventures de Lapinot), by the popular French cartoonist Lewis Trondheim. It was first released in 1996 as volume 2 in the series.
An English translation, titled The Hoodoodad, was also released in 1998.
This volume is often regarded by fans as one of the funniest and strongest entries in the series. It contains several of Richard's most popular quotes.

## Plot

The adventure takes place in modern France. While walking on the street, Lapinot and Richard accidentally bumped into a bum who is about to commit suicide. They are able to prevent him from doing so. The man told them that despite his repeated attempts, he was always unsuccessful to end his life. He eventually agrees to stop trying to kill himself as long as they agree to take his little stone which, according to him, is cursed and brings terrible luck to its bearer. Lapinot accepted the stone, and most people around him started to be plagued with bad luck without him noticing, because he did not take the warning seriously. Up until the end of the book, it is not clear whether the curse is real or just a product of the characters’ imagination.
* This Bandes dessinées–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ruslan Strilets

Ruslan Strilets (Ukrainian: Руслан Олександрович Стрілець; born 30 June 1984) is a Ukrainian statesman and politician. On 14 April 2022, he was appointed as the Minister of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine.

## Biography

In 2000, he graduated from the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, majoring in “International Economics”. In 2007–2012, he held the positions of chief specialist, deputy head of department in the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration.
In 2011, he graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, majoring in “Jurisprudence”. From 2012 to 2014, he was the deputy head of the State Department of Environmental Protection in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, and in 2014–2015, he was the acting head director of the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration.
In 2016, he graduated from the Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, majoring in “Ecology and Environmental Protection”. From 2015 to 2019, he held the position of director of the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration.
In 2019, he graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy of Public Administration under the President of Ukraine with a degree in “Public Management and Administration”, in the same year he was appointed to the position of Deputy Director of the Department for Waste Management, Environmental Safety and Transition to Circular Economy economy in the Ministry of Energy and Environmental Protection of Ukraine.
Since July 2020, he has been the Deputy Minister of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine in the government of Denys Shmyhal. He supervises issues of digital development, digital transformations and digitalization. After Roman Abramovsky resigned from the post of minister, from November 2021, he temporarily performs the duties of the Minister of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources. In October 2021, he presented the National Register of Emissions and Transfer of Pollutants — a digital service on the EcoSystem electronic portal.
Since December 2020, he is a member of the Commission for Biosafety and Biological Protection under the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.
On 14 April 2022 Ruslan Strilets was appointed as the Minister of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine.
# Novomykolaivka Raion

Novomykolaivka Raion (Ukrainian: Новомикола́ївський райо́н, Novomykoláïvs’kyj rajón) was one of raions (districts) of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine. The administrative center of the raion was the urban-type settlement of Novomykolaivka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast to five. The area of Novomykolaivka Raion was merged into Zaporizhzhia Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 15,068 (2020 est.)
# Chedi Phukhao Thong

Chedi Phukhao Thong (Thai: เจดีย์ภูเขาทอง) is a 50-metre
chedi, or Buddhist tower, in the village of Phukhao Thong near Ayutthaya in central Thailand. Visitors can climb as far a landing halfway up the chedi, from which the surrounding rice fields and the town of Ayutthaya can be seen. In 2014 it was possible for the public to visit the shrine inside the central tower.

## History

In 1569, having taken Ayutthaya, King Bayinnaung of Bago (now part of Myanmar) built a large chedi, next to the Buddhist temple of Wat Phukhao Thong, to commemorate his victory. The chedi was never completed, only the base was ever constructed when in 1587, Prince Naresuan, to commemorate his victory over the Burmese in 1584 following Ayutthaya's liberation from Burma, decided to build a Thai-style chedi over the base of the still-unfinished Burmese-style chedi. Over the next two centuries the chedi fell into disrepair. In a restoration during the reign of King Boromakot (ruled 1733–1758) a new chedi in Thai style, having a square plan with indented corners, was built on the base of the ruin.
The adjacent temple, founded by King Ramesuan in 1387, is still in use.
# Fraser River (disambiguation)

The Fraser River is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada
Fraser River may also refer to:
* Fraser River (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River in Colorado in the United States
* Fraser River (rivière du Sud tributary), Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec, Canada
* Fraser River (Le Val-Saint-François), a tributary of the Ulverton River in Quebec, Canada
* Fraser River (Newfoundland and Labrador), a river in Labrador, Canada
* Fraser River (Western Australia), a river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
* Earnscleugh River, also known as Fraser River, in New Zealand
# John Vatatzes (megas stratopedarches)

John Vatatzes or Batatzes (Greek: Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης, died 1345) was a Byzantine official and magnate active in the second quarter of the 14th century, playing a prominent role in the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347.

## Biography

Born to a lowly family, Vatatzes had managed to accumulate great riches through his position of apographeus (chief tax official), which he exercised in Thessalonica and eastern Macedonia (Serres, Boleron, Strymon, and Mosynopolis) from 1333 to 1341, as attested in a series of official acts bearing his name. These acts also testify to his bearing the court office of protokynegos (head huntsman). His wealth enabled him to attach his family to some of the leading men in the state: his son married a daughter of Patriarch John XIV Kalekas, and one of his daughters married a son of the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos.
At the outbreak of the civil war in 1341, he initially sided with John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–1354), commanding troops around Didymoteicho, but in early 1342 he switched to the regency under Empress-dowager Anna of Savoy. He was appointed to the post of megas chartoularios in 1342 and appointed briefly governor of Thessalonica in 1343. Despite the familial ties to the leaders of the anti-Kantakouzenos faction, however, in summer 1343, he defected back to Kantakouzenos, surrendering several fortresses to him. In gratitude, Kantakouzenos named him megas stratopedarches.
Soon after, Vatatzes defeated a loyalist army under a certain Aplesphares. One of his daughters married Suleyman, the Emir of Karasi, one of Kantakouzenos's Turkish allies. Following the death of Apokaukos in June 1345, however, he tried to re-approach the regency, by promising to turn the Turks against Kantakouzenos. According to the account provided in Kantakouzenos's own memoirs, Kantakouzenos twice sent envoys bidding him to abandon his treasonous designs, offering him pardon and more honours. Vatatzes refused, crossed into Thrace with a Turkish army, and tried to have them attack the towns held by Kantakouzenos. The Turks refused and killed him at Garella, taking his son and the other Byzantines of Vatatzes's entourage as slaves.
# Evangelos Papastratos

Evangelos Papastratos (Greek: Ευάγγελος Παπαστράτος, 1910 – 1998) was a Greek businessman born in the city of Agrinio in Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece.
Although the youngest of his brothers, he was the first in his family to become involved with the tobacco trade. Along with his brother Sotirios he founded the Papastratiou Brothers firm, one of the biggest tobacco companies in Greece until the rise in foreign cigarette imports in the 1970s and the 1980s. Papastratos also wrote a book called I douleia kai o kopos tis (Η δουλειά και ο κόπος της).