OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William of Nottingham II

William of Nottingham, OFM (Latin: Guilelmus de Nottingham or Nothingham; d. 1330 x 1336) was an English Franciscan friar who served as the seventeenth Minister Provincial of England (c. 1316–1330).

## Life

From 1312 to 1314, William served as the 39th reader (Latin: lector) at the Franciscan college at Oxford. He later succeeded Richard of Conington, becoming the 17th Minister Provincial of England (c. 1316–1330). William attended the Franciscan General Chapter in 1322 and had royal permission to travel abroad in 1324 and 1325. In 1330, he was ordered by Pope John XXII to extradite the friars Peter de Saxlingham, John de Hequinton, Henry de Costeseye, and Thomas de Helmedon. They were all arrested at Cambridge on charges of heresy.
William died in Leicester sometime between 1330 and 1336 and was buried in the same Greyfriars cemetery that later held Richard III. For a time, it was thought that his body may have been the one discovered in a double stone-and-lead coffin near Richard III's remains. However, continued investigation established that tomb belonged to an as-yet-unknown elderly woman.
He was succeeded as Minister Provincial by Roger of Denemed.

## Works

William was the actual author of the Commentary on the Gospels that was formerly attributed to the earlier William of Nottingham. Based on Clement of Llanthony's One from Four, the postill was well known for centuries and survives in numerous manuscripts.
His Sentences (Latin: Sententiae) survives in a single copy and preserves various statements made by John Duns Scotus and his classmates while at Oxford, where they immediately preceded William. One section thoroughly and temperately covers the scholastic opinions on the eternity of the world prior to the 1316 disputation, reaching the conservative conclusion that nothing truly infinite exists within God's Creation.
In his capacity as the Franciscan lector at Oxford, he was responsible for copying five large volumes of postills for Sir Hugh of Nottingham, who was a clerk at the Royal Exchequer.
# Christa Köhler

Christa Köhler (later Kinast, born 18 August 1951) is a retired East German diver who specialized in the 3 m springboard event. She won a silver medal at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, placing 11th in 1972, and a gold medal at the 1977 European Championships.
# Georgia at the 2006 Winter Olympics

Georgia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.

## Alpine skiing

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Total | Rank |
| Iason Abramashvili | Men's giant slalom | 1:27.59 | 1:27.27 | n/a | 2:54.86 | 29 |
| Iason Abramashvili | Men's slalom | 1:01.84 | 56.83 | n/a | 1:58.67 | 32 |
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.

## Figure skating

| Athlete | Event | CD | CD | SP/OD | SP/OD | FS/FD | FS/FD | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Elene Gedevanishvili | Ladies' | n/a | n/a | 57.90 | 6 Q | 93.56 | 13 | 151.46 | 10 |
| Vakhtang Murvanidze | Men's | n/a | n/a | 49.68 | 28 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 28 |
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
# Canton of Tremblay-en-France

The Canton of Tremblay-en-France (French: canton de Tremblay-en-France) is a French administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Le Raincy, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Tremblay-en-France.

## Composition

It consists of the following communes:
* Coubron
* Montfermeil
* Tremblay-en-France
* Vaujours

## Adjacent cantons

* Canton of Sevran (west)
* Canton of Livry-Gargan (southwest)
* Canton of Gagny (south)
# Nikulitsa

Nikulitsa (Bulgarian: Никулица; Greek: Νικουλίτσας) was a noble from Larissa and governor of Servia during the reign of Samuil (r. 997–1014). Nikulitzas belonged to a prominent family in the city. In 980, Emperor Basil II had appointed his grandfather as leader (archon) of the Vlachs; a local ethnic group that was also at the center of the rebellion of 1066–1067. The leaders of that rebellion were all prominent men of Larissa, two of whom are specifically mentioned by Kekaumenos as being Vlachs; Slavota Karmalakis and a certain Beriboes (Berivoi).

## Biography

Nikulitsa received his name ("little Nicholas") because of his short height. In 1001, the Byzantines led by Basil II (r. 976–1025) besieged the city of Servia and after a long siege they managed to break through despite the garrison's desperate defence. To secure the fortress, the entire Bulgarian population was deported in the area called Boleron between the rivers Nestos and (Hebros).
Nikulitsa was taken to Constantinople and given the title patrikios. Soon, however, he fled Constantinople and rejoined Samuel's forces, who were trying to take back Servia. Basil II reacted quickly, heading to the town with an army and repulsing the Bulgarians. Samuel and Nikulitsa retreated but soon after the latter was ambushed and captured again. He was taken back to the Byzantine capital where he was imprisoned.
He managed to escape once more and continued to fight. Nikulitsa was among the few nobles who continued the resistance in the mountainous areas of the country after the death of Emperor Ivan Vladislav in 1018. After his troops were surrounded by a Byzantine army, he understood that further resistance was pointless and surrendered to Basil II with the rest of his troops. Basil II sent him in Thessalonica under arrest. In an effort to defend the political legacy of his relative (Nikulitsa), Kekaumenos placed the blame entirely on the Vlachs.
Nikulitsa's grandson, Nikoulitzas Delphinas, led an unsuccessful Vlach (Aromanian) rebellion in Thessaly in 1066.
# Lebyazhye, Amur Oblast

Lebyazhye (Russian: Лебяжье) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lebyazhyevsky Selsoviet of Seryshevsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 365 as of 2018. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Lebyazhye is located on the Tom River, 26 km southwest of Seryshevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Belousovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Eduardo Couto

Eduardo Couto (born 18 March 1985) is a Brazilian former sailor, who specialized in the Laser Radial and Finn classes. He won a gold medal in the Laser Radial boat at the class-associated 2005 Worlds in Fortaleza, before switching to a heavyweight division on his only Olympic trip to Beijing 2008. Couto is a member of the Rio de Janeiro Yacht Club (Portuguese: Iate Clube do Rio de Janeiro).
Couto competed for the Brazilian sailing squad in the Finn class at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Nearly six months earlier, he was selected over the teenager Jorge Zarif to lock the country's top Finn berth for the Games, based on his aggregate scores in a lineup of international regattas approved by the Brazilian Sailing Confederation. Couto enjoyed the series comfortably with a blistering runner-up finish and a couple of top ten marks attained in the initial half (first to fifth legs). A false-start penalty in the eighth race and an unforeseen cancellation due to lack of wind, however, faded Couto's chances to enter the final round, landing him to thirteenth overall with 89 net points.
# Surak, Iran

Surak (Persian: سورك is a city in the Central District of Miandorud County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. As a village, it was the capital of Kuhdasht Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Jam Khaneh.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 8,817 in 2,377 households, when it was capital of the former Miandorud District of Sari County. The following census in 2011 counted 8,930 people in 2,712 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Miandorud County. Surak was transferred to the new Central District as the county's capital. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 9,208 people in 4,087 households.
Surak is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Sari, stretching from Sari in the west to Neka in the east, north to the Caspian Sea and south to the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains.

## Economy

Agricultural products include rice, citrus and tobacco.
# Vozokany, Galanta District

Vozokany (Hungarian: Pozsonyvezekény) is a village and municipality in Galanta District of the Trnava Region of south-west Slovakia.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an elevation of 119 metres and covers an area of 12.893 km$^2$. It has a population of about 1,103 people.

## History

In the 9th century, the territory of Vozokany became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1240. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, it was part of Pozsony County. After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Vozokany once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.

## Population

It has a population of about 1,103 people.
# I Am Not Him

I Am Not Him (Turkish: Ben O Değilim) is a 2013 Turkish crime film directed by Tayfun Pirselimoğlu.

## Awards

* Best Turkish film at IFF (2014)
# Fronte Nuovo delle Arti

Fronte Nuovo delle Arti was an Italian artistic movement active in Venice, Rome and Milan in the years following WWII (1946 to 1950). It is considered to be part of the post-cubism movement.

## History

"Fronte Nuovo delle Arti" was founded in September–October 1946 with the name New Italian Artistic Secession (Italian: Nuova Secessione Artistica Italiana). The first manifesto was published on 1 October 1946 in Venice. It was written by Giuseppe Marchiori and signed by Emilio Vedova, Renato Birolli, Ennio Morlotti, Armando Pizzinato, Giuseppe Santomaso, Alberto Viani, Bruno Cassinari, Renato Guttuso, Leoncillo Leonardi, and Carlo Levi. Later on, Guttuso proposed to change the name of the movement to Fronte Nuovo delle Arti.
The reasoning for this group of artists and critics to develop the ideas leading to the formation of the Fronte was to go beyond the positions of the movement Novecento italiano, who were deemed as outdated in light of the most recent artistic developments in Europe.
Fronte Nuovo delle Arti had a number of exhibitions in Italy but it disbanded after an intense internal debate about abstraction and realism. Pizzinato and Guttuso rejected abstractionism and announced their decision to quit. The movement was officially dissolved on 3 September 1950 in Venice.
# Women's Varsity Cup

Women's Varsity Cup, also known as FNB Varsity Cup Women, is a South African women's university rugby union competition. It is one of seven sports in the Varsity Sports series. The annual tournament involves the top women's rugby playing universities in the country, which belong to the University Sports Company. The tournament is managed by Advent Sport Entertainment and Media (ASEM) on behalf of the University Sports Company (USC), and is endorsed by University Sport South Africa.

## History

The inaugural tournament was held in 2023 with six universities taking part namely: Maties Women, UJ Women, UFH Baby Blues, Tuks Women, UKZN Women, and UWC Women. Maties Women won the first edition with a 63–9 win over UJ Women in the final.
In 2024 the UFH Baby Blues defeated the defending champions Maties Women 37–31 to win the title.

## Champions

A list of past champions and runners-ups.
| Year | Champion | Runners-up |
| 2023 | Maties Women | UJ Women |
| 2024 | UFH Baby Blues | Maties Women |
# Defendens

Defendens of Thebes (Italian: San Defendente di Tebe) is venerated as a martyr by the Catholic Church. Venerated as a soldier-saint, Defendens was, according to Christian tradition, a member of the Theban Legion, and thus martyred at Agaunum.

## Veneration

Particular veneration for Defendens was widespread in Northern Italy; evidence for this cult dates from as early as 1328. His feast day was celebrated in the cities of Chivasso, Casale Monferrato, Novara, and Lodi on January 2, and oratories, altars, and confraternities were dedicated to him. He also enjoyed veneration in Marseilles; the Catholic Encyclopedia states that “several saints belong in a particular way to Marseilles: the soldier St. Victor, martyr under Maximian; the soldier St. Defendens and his companions, martyrs at the same time...” But as Antonio Borrelli writes, some scholars believe that the Defendens venerated in Italy is different from the martyr who was a member of the Theban Legion.
There is an oratory dedicated to him at Solto Collina. There is also a church dedicated to him at Clusone, the church of San Defendente, and another at Invorio.
Until 1476 his relics, according to the 1578 Martyrologium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae of Pietro Galesino, were kept in the church of Santa Croce in Casale Monferrato, which suggested that his martyrdom may have taken place in that region.
The painter Defendente Ferrari, born at Chivasso, where Defendens was venerated, carries the baptismal name of this martyr.

## Gallery

* Cristoforo Martinolio, "il Rocca", Madonna Enthroned with the Infant Christ and St Peter , Saint Paul, St John the Baptist, St Defendens (far right).
* Saint Defendens, attributed to the "Maestro del 1388". Chiesa di San Giorgio in Lemine.
* Oratorio di San Defendente, Solto Collina.
* Image of Saint Defendens. Church of San Defendente at Clusone.
# Chafariz da Colher

The Fountain of Colher (Portuguese: Fonte da Colher), is a fountain in the civil parish of Miragaia, in the municipality of Porto, under the level of the Rua Nova da Alfândega.

## History

Although it had an inscription from 1629, it is likely the construction dates earlier, because in the District Archive of Porto, a registry document in Sé (Livro LXXIX das Sentenças, 1491, p. 151) referred to a conditional contract for 300 réis, imposed on all homes in Miragaia.
The name of the fountain came from the imposed collection of payment for the waters. Colher is Portuguese for spoon, which was the measure of payment for all goods sold in Porto (bread, flour, walnuts, etc.), which arrived by land or river. The products that arrived by land were paid as tribute at the gate of the Sé to the bishop. Those that arrived by river and normally sold at the fair near the Miragaia shipyards were paid at the fountain. The merchants, for each alqueire of product, was required to pay on colher (spoon) of tribute.
The waters of the fountain was considered one of the better quality sources. It is believed that the fountain was one of the oldest, still functioning, structures in the city of Porto. The municipal council tried to appropriate the water from this fountain, ordering the inscription in granite: "A água desta Fonte é somente da Sidade" (The water of this fountain is solely of the city).
With the opening-up of the Rua Nova da Alfândega around 1871, the fountain began to exist under the level of the road, and almost lost in a corner of the buildings. This was done to facilitate the access to building and new customhouse in Porto.
In 1940, there were efforts by the municipality of Porto to restore and recuperate the fountain.

## Architecture

The fountain abuts the main floor of a residence, underneath a verandah, which also doubled as covering/awning. It is alongside the western wall of the Largo da Alfândega and oriented towards the support wall of the Rua Nova da Alfândega.
On either side of the fountain are two ribbed pilasters that extend into the corbels of the veranda. Between these pilasters are five granite slabs, with the iron waterspout located in the second slab. Another exit point is along the pavement in granite, which takes the form of a small semi-circular pillar. The pavement of the fountain, in granite, is relative to the Rua de Miragaia, three steps above the fountain.
Between the corbels, and below the veranda, is an inscription slab, with the words "Loubado seja o Santíssimo Sacramento e a Puríssima Conceição da Virgem Nossa Senhora, concebida sem pecado original - 1629" (Exalted is the Holy Sacrament and Pure Conception of the Our Virgin Lady, conceived without original sin (1629)).
# Charan (disambiguation)

Charan may refer to:
* Charan, a caste in India
* Charan, Iran (disambiguation) - any of several places in Iran
* The Charan subgroup of the Banjara people
* Brohi Charan, a social group in Pakistan
* The biblical place Haran
# Sang Dar Meydan-e Sofla

Sang Dar Meydan-e Sofla (Persian: سنگ درميان سفلي, also Romanized as Sang Dar Meydān-e Soflá) is a village in Direh Rural District, in the Central District of Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 97, in 21 families.
# Deh Sorkheh, Borujerd

Deh Sorkheh (Persian: ده سرخه, also Romanized as Deh Sorkheh and Darreh Sorkheh) is a village in Shirvan Rural District, in the Central District of Borujerd County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 88, in 17 families.
# Golchehran

Golchehran (Persian: گلچهران, also Romanized as Golchehrān; also known as Kucharān and Kulcharān) is a village in Gudarzi Rural District, Oshtorinan District, Borujerd County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2017 census, its population was 1200, in 200 families.
# Komatevo

Komatevo (Bulgarian: Коматево) is a neighbourhood of the city of Plovdiv, southern Bulgaria. It has 6,500 inhabitants.
Komatevo was a village up to 1969 when it was incorporated into Plovdiv together with Proslav. The neighbourhood is connected to the city center through the Komatevo highway. There are also roads to the villages of Markovo and Parvenets.

## History

The first sources for the existence of Komatevo are from 1477. The settlement was formed by Christian soldiers enjoying special privileges in the Ottoman Empire. Every year for a six months period (from 1 April to 2 October) they took care of the sultan's stables near Plovdiv or participated in the convoy of the imperial army during campaigns. According to one of the legends, when the sultan passed through the village for the first time, he was impressed by how small it was and said: "It's as small as a loaf of bread!"("Комат" in Bulgarian). Hence the name Komatevo. At the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912, four people from Komatevo were volunteers in the Macedonian-Edirne militia.
# Iskouhi Minas

Iskouhi Minas (Armenian: Իսկուհի Մինաս; 2 October 1884 – 7 September 1951) also known as Iskuhi Minas, and Iskouhi Minasyan, was a French novelist and poet.

## Biography

Iskouhi Minas was born on 2 October 1884, in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). She studied at K. Polis and Kertz schools in Italy. Minas married Zhan Minasyan, the editor of the French periodical "Patri", together they had son Leone Minassian.
She spoke French, Italian, and Latin languages. Minas wrote only in French, and was published by the French press; however many of her books were later translated to Armenian by Daniel Varoujan, Krikor Zohrab, and Zabel Yesayan and published by the Armenian press. The Minas book "Aprel" (1930) depicts the life of writer Krikor Zohrab.
Minas died on 7 September 1951 in Paris.

## Publications

* "Riding", 1913
* "Inward Hours", 1914
* "Pearls of Venice", 1914
* "Novels and Tales", 1918, Paris
* "Night Voices", 1925
* "Antique flowers", 1925
* "The Italian lampshade", 1928.
* "Whatever Dies", novel, 1928
* "Live", 1930
* "Proud Tribes", 1933
# Niso Fumagalli Rose Garden

Niso Fumagalli Rose Garden, in Italian: Roseto Niso Fumagalli, is a public garden in Monza, Italy, located within the complex of the Palace of Monza, in front of the Orangerie. The garden was established in 1964. Over 4000 varieties of roses are grown there, many of them gifts from countries around the world. On 21 May 2004, on the occasion of the 40th edition of the International Competitions for New Roses in Monza, the Monza Rose Garden was awarded by the then Vice President for Europe of the World Federation of Rose Societies, Maurice Jay, of the highly coveted "Award of Garden Excellence". The rose garden also has an experimental section where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Italy.

## History

Monza Rose Garden was established in 1964 by decision of Niso Fumagalli, industrialist and owner of Candy, who the previous year had founded the Italian Rose Association, of which he was president until his death in 1990. The land, within the domain of the Royal Villa of Monza, was made available by the municipality. Already in September 1965, during the construction phase, the first competitions were announced to elect, including "rose of the year", that of the "most beautiful Italian rose" and the most important, that of the "scented rose ", which was won by the Dutch Jan Leenders, who named his flower "Monza". In the early 90s, thanks to the collaboration with Anna Furlani Pedoja, landscape designer and advisor to the Italian Rose Association, other landscape elements were introduced into the rose garden in order to further enhance the rose garden.

## Description

Niso Fumagalli Rose Garden was designed by the famous architects Francesco Clerici and Vittorio Faglia, who, through slightly undulating terrain, a pond, and paths designed for the public, tried to harmoniously insert it into the surrounding context. It consists largely of modern roses, but there is also a collection of ancient varieties, arranged along the gate, on the arch of the gazebo, on the walkway that crosses the pond and along the privet hedges. There is also a section dedicated to Domenico Aicardi and Febo Giuseppe Cazzaniga, among the oldest and most famous Italian rose growers, with a collection of some of their most famous roses, kindly donated to the Monza Rose Garden by Professor Gianfranco Fineschi. In a specially dedicated area of the rose garden, a collection called "Queens of Europe" was created more recently, of the rose varieties most awarded each year in numerous European competitions.
The rose garden is open free of charge in conjunction with the exhibitions that are organized at the Orangerie of the Royal Villa of Monza.
# Piorini River

The Piorini River (Portuguese: Rio Piorini) is a river in Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It ends in the Badajos River.
# Grupo Petrópolis

Cervejaria Petrópolis is a Brazilian brewery (cervejaria) company headquartered in Petrópolis. The company has 6 industrial plants located in Petrópolis, Boituva, Teresópolis, Rondonópolis, Alagoinhas and Itapissuma, and operates in Brazil, Germany and Paraguay.
The company competes with AmBev, Brasil Kirin, Heineken and others. In September 2011, the beers produced by the company took second place in the Brazilian ranking.

## Products

The brewery produces a range of beers and other beverages under the brand names Itaipava (Brazil's second-largest selling brand), Crystal, Lokal, Black Princess, Petra and others.
The company produces Nordka vodka, the TNT and Magneto brands of energy drinks and Petra bottled water.

## Sponsorships

The company has a number of sports related promotions, supporting its largest selling product, Itaipava beer:
* Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova
* Itaipava São Paulo Indy 300
* Itaipava Arena Pernambuco
The company also has sponsored Itaipava for Brawn GP at the 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix.