OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nawaminthrachinuthit Bodindecha School

Nawaminthrachinuthit Bodindecha School is a public school in downtown Bangkok, Thailand. The school admits students grades 7 to 12.
Nawaminthrachinuthit Bodindecha School is one of nine schools founded to honour Her Majesty the Queen on her sixtieth anniversary. The school is the third of the Bodindecha school group.

## About the school
### History

Nawaminthrachinuthit Bodindecha School (Thai: โรงเรียนนวมินทราชินูทิศ บดินทรเดชา)is one of the nine schools founded to honour Her Majesty the Queen on her sixtieth birthday. It was founded on July 31, 1992. At the beginning, the school was managed by Khunying Lakkana Saengsanit (คุณหญิงลักขณา แสงสนิท), the then director of Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School (โรงเรียนบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)). Nawaminthrachinuthit means devotion to the queen of the 9th King. Bodindecha is taken from the name of Army General Chao Phraya Bodindecha, who is also known as Singh(สิงห์), or simply Sing, from his family name of Singhaseni (สิงหเสนี). During the reign of Chakri dynasty King Rama III (พระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว 1824–1851), General Singh led an army from Bangkok to put down the rebellion of Lord Anouvong of Vientiane (ปราบกบฎ เจ้าอนุวงศ์ เวียงจันทน์) (1826–1828).
The school received the 'Outstanding Secondary School Award' from the Department of General Education in 1996.
The school is an ISO 9002 standard organization and received its certificate in 1999.

### The school

* Tree (flora): Nine Gullapraphruks (9 Wishing Trees)
* Area: 6 Acres (15 ไร่)
* Number of classes: 62
* Number of students: 2000+

## English Program (EP)

The program equips the students with literacy and numeracy through the study of English, Science, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Health Science and Phvsical Education(PE).

### School facilities

* Audio
* Visual
* Computer and LAN system
* Video
* Science labs
* Books
* Printing
* Photocopying
* Cd’s
* Library
* Computer room (120 computers for students study)
* Internet Room (25 computers for students use)
* E-learning center (60 computers)
* Overhead projector and ceiling electric fan in every classroom
* Learning center with LCD projector in every department
* Canteen
* Assembly Hall
* Mini theater and music room
* Herbs and botanical garden
* Sports fields for soccer, basketball, volleyball, badminton and table tennis

## Directors

* Mr. Amornrat Pin-ngern, first director, 1992 - 1998
* Mr. Palongyoot Indhapan, second director, 1998 - 2002
* Mrs. Pornpat Sitthiwong, third director, 2002 - 2005
* Mr. Jamlong Chey-Aksorn, fourth director, 2006 - 2008
* Mr. Chonan Maroottawong, fifth director, 2008 - 2011
* Dr. Salinee Meecharoen, sixth director, 2011-2013
* Mrs. Pornpimol Pornchanarak, seventh director, 2013 - 2015
* Mrs. Suchada Phuttanimon, eight director, 2015 - 2017
* Mr. Manus Pinnikorn, ninth director, 2017 - 2020
* Mr. Surasit Charoenwai, tenth director, 2020 - 2021
* Mr. Midchai Somsumrankoon, eleventh director, 2021-present
# Ukrainians in Estonia

Ukrainians in Estonia (Ukrainian: Українці в Естонії, romanized: Ukrayintsi v Estoniyi; Estonian: Eesti ukrainlased) are the third largest ethnic group in Estonia after Estonians and Russians and number 28,000. 4,000 out of them are citizens of Ukraine.
Most of the Ukrainians in Estonia live in Tallinn (2,92% of the whole population) and Harjumaa; some live in Tartu and Pärnu. The representatives of the Ukrainian ethnic minority have formed over 20 national-cultural organizations. Most of the Ukrainians in Estonia support the integration of non-Estonians into Estonian society, while retaining their own cultural and ethnic particularities. For the Estonian population of Estonia, on Saturdays the fourth channel of the Estonian Radio (the Russian language channel) broadcasts Ukrainian language radio broadcast «Червона калина» ('Chervona kalina' - "Red Viburnum").

## 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

The Police and Border Guard Board (PPA) reported that more than 34,000 refugees have arrived in Estonia since February 24 seeking refuge from war in Ukraine.
# Kokoriči

Kokoriči (pronounced, German: Kokoritschen) is a village in the Municipality of Križevci in northeastern Slovenia. The municipality is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Mura Statistical Region.
A small Neo-Gothic chapel in the settlement was built in 1891.
# Varsi

Varsi (Parmigiano: Värz) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of Bologna and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Parma.
# Maqtal al-Husayn

Maqtal al-Husayn (Arabic: مقتل الحسين, lit. 'The Murder Place of Husayn') is the title of various books written by different authors throughout the centuries which narrate the story of the battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn ibn Ali. They were first written in the eighth century.

## Maqtal

Books recounting the death of revered Muslim individuals were composed in large numbers during the eighth and ninth centuries and even today among Muslims are defined as Maqtal.

## List of famous Maqtals

* Maqtal al-Husayn, Ibn Sa'd died in 230 AH (845CE)
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Baladhuri died in 283 AH (892 CE)
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Dinawari
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Ibn A'tham died in 314AH (926-27 CE)
Maqtals that have not survived:
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abi Mikhnaf died in 157 AH (774 CE)
* Maqtal al-Husayn of Muhammad bin Amr Waqidi (d. 207 or 209 AH), a mention of which book has been made by Ibn Nadim and Yaqut al-Hamawi
* Maqtal al-Husayn that was written by Abu ‘Ubaydah Mu‘mmar bin Muthannà (d. 209 AH) and which was in the possession of Ibn Tawus (d. 664 AH)
* Maqtal al-Husayn written by Nasr bin Muzaham Manqari (d. 212 AH). This maqtal has been mentioned in the works of Ibn Nadím and al-Najashi.
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abi Ubayd Qasim bin Salim Hirawi (d. 224 AH)
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abi al- Hasan Ali bin Muhammad Madaini (d. 224/225 AH) a mention of which has been made by Ibn Shahr Àshêb.
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abdullah ibn Muhammad, known by his epithet of Ibn Abi al-Dunya (d. 281 AH)
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Ya'qubi who has made a brief reference to battle of Karbala in his book Tarikh had also written a separate book under the name Maqtal al-Husayn.
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abi Abdullah Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Ghalabi (d. 298 AH)
* Maqtal al-Husayn, Abi Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Shahanshah Baghawi Baghdadi (d. 317 AH) had also written a book called Maqtal al-Husayn
# William McCraney

William McCraney (15 December 1831 – 21 June 1911) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Halton in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1875 to 1878 and from 1882 to 1887.

## Biography

He was born in Trafalgar Township, Upper Canada in 1831, the son of Hiram McCraney and Louisa English. From 1852 to 1855, he was involved in lumbering and mining in California. He owned several large farms near Oakville and several sawmills in Halton County. McCraney helped build several Methodist churches and supported temperance. In 1857, he married Elizabeth Coote. In 1868, he sold his farm land and settled in Oakville. He served on the town council, serving as mayor in 1871 and 1872, and also served on the county council. McCraney was also president of the county agricultural society. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Halton in a by-election in 1875. He was defeated by William McDougall for the Halton seat in 1878 and reelected in 1882.
His brother Daniel was a member of the Ontario assembly. His daughter Susan married Alexander Henderson.

## Electoral record

1882 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | William McCraney | 1,822 | 51.2 |
| | Unknown | Geo. C. McKindsey | 1,739 | 48.8 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,561 | 100.0 |
1878 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal–Conservative | William McDougall | 1,708 | 50.3 | +2.3 |
| | Liberal | William McCraney | 1,690 | 49.7 | -2.3 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,398 | 100.0 |
On Daniel Black Chisholm being unseated, on petition, 8 December 1874:
By-election on 25 January 1875 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | William McCraney | 1,704 | 52.1 | +2.5 |
| | Liberal–Conservative | Daniel Black Chisholm | 1,569 | 47.9 | -2.5 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,273 | 100.0 |
# Spooks in Thailand

Spooks in Thailand (Thai: มันเปลี่ยวมาก or Mun plaiw mak literally: "What a lonely") is a 2014 Thai fantasy-comedy film created by Kittikorn Liasirikun.

## Plot

Four short stories from four directors told under one main concept; "ghost is anything".
* (GPS มัน…จะพาไปไหน ??) "Ghost Positioning System": Po took Gong his grandfather, who had a stomachache, to the hospital with the GPS system installed in the car. It turned out to be haunted navigation and lead them to unexpected places.
* (จ่าเฉย มัน…สิงอยู่ที่ไหน): "Sgt Choey & the Zebra": A young biker is chased by a traffic cop figure riding a zebra, even though he was already in the hospital. But it still didn't stop.
* (ตุ๊กตา มัน…เกินตอนไหน) "Buy Two Get One Free": A young married couple travel to China to pray for a child from the god. He also bought the lucky doll back in hopes that it would inspire him to have children. Anomalies occur when they multiply spontaneously.
* (มันจูนเจอตอนไหน… ?) "Mun Plaiw Mak": The last story is a about a man who has just been released from prison, only to find all of the sequel ghosts coming at him.

## Cast

* Segment "Ghost Positioning System"
** Thana Chatborirak as Po
** Suthep Po-ngam as Gong (grandpa)
** Prachayanan Suwanmanee as GPS (voice)
* Segment "Sgt Choey & the Zebra"
** Suporn Sangkaphibal as Ms Thank You
** Thana Chatborirak as Jack
** Kriengsak Hrientong as Sgt Choey (voice)
* Segment "Buy Two Get One Free"
** Thana Chatborirak as Tue
** Chollatorn Pratyarungroj as Jom
** Sineenat Bodhivesa as Ma (grandma)
* Segment "Mun Plaiw Mak"
** Thana Chatborirak as Pae
** Pongpant Phetbuntoon as Pup
** Yasuhiko Miyauchi as Yasu
** Sakarin Suthamsamai as Internee
* Special Segment (Overture) "Bua Loi"
** Pornpong Piboonthanakiat as Ed
** Naiyana Thipsri as Bua Loi Ghost Trader (voice)

## Production & reception

Spooks in Thailand or Mun plaiw mak in Thai title is a film in cult genre that born from the idea of filmmaker Kittikorn Liasirikun. It is divided into four segments. All starring by the same actor Thana Chatborirak, a younger brother of famed Pakorn Chatborirak, by playing differently composed roles.
The film was criticized for mocking the political situation at the time.
# El Kayal Mosque

El Kayal Mosque (Arabic: جامع الكيال) is a Tunisian mosque in the north of the Medina of Tunis, in Bab Souika suburb.

## Localization

The mosque can be found in 4 El Mehrzi Street.

## Etymology

According to the historian Mohamed Belkhodja, the mosque got its name from the founder, a grains measurer called Kayal (Arabic: كيال) in Tunisian dialect.
* Marble plaque with the name of the mosque
* Main entrance of the mosque
# Thuringian Railway Company

The Thuringian Railway Company (German: Thüringische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) was a company that existed from 1844 to 1886 for the construction of railways in the Thuringian states.

## History

The Thuringian Railway Company was founded in 1844 at Erfurt. From the beginning a quarter of its share capital was held by the Kingdom of Prussia; the Grand Duchy of Sachsen-Weimar and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg were also involved. Later the states of Saxe-Meiningen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Reuss Younger Line and the city of Mühlhausen and the city and district of Langensalza also participated in the company.
Its first line was the 189-kilometre Thuringian Railway—still a very important east-west link between Halle and Gerstungen—which was built in sections and put into operation as follows:
* 6 June 1846: Halle–Weißenfels,
* 19 December 1846: Weißenfels–Weimar,
* 1 April 1847: Weimar–Erfurt,
* 10 May 1847: Erfurt–Gotha,
* 24 June 1847: Gotha–Eisenach
* 25 September 1849: Eisenach–Gerstungen, where the line connects with the Frederick William Northern Railway, which continued towards Kassel.
In the following years the network expanded with the following additional lines, reaching a total length of 505 kilometres:
* 22 March 1856: Leipzig–Markranstädt–Großkorbetha, 32 km,
* 9 February/19 March 1859: Weißenfels–Zeitz–Gera, 60 km,
* 1 October 1864: Erfurt–Ilversgehofen freight railway, 4 km,
* 16 May 1867: Neudietendorf–Arnstadt, 10 km,
* 11 April 1870: Gotha–Mühlhausen, 40 km,
* 3 October 1870: Mühlhausen–Leinefelde, 27 km,
* 20 December 1871: Gera–Saalfeld–Eichicht, 77 km,
* 20 October 1873: Leipzig-Leutzsch–Zeitz, 38 km,
* 6 August 1879: Arnstadt–Ilmenau, 27 km.
The Thuringian Railway had a contract with the Werra Railway Company between 1856 and 1874 to build, operate and maintain its lines, including its main line. The Thuringian Railway also managed the operation of the Gotha-Ohrdrufer Railway Company, opened on 8 May 1876.
Due to the importance of its lines, the Prussian government sought to take over the Thuringia Railway Company. It took over operation and management on 1 January 1882 and ownership on 1 July 1886.
# Jamie Soule

Jamie Soule (born 26 November 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for National League South club Weston-super-Mare. He has also represented England at youth level.

## Career
### West Bromwich Albion

Soule joined West Bromwich Albion as an eight-year-old and progressed throughout Albion's youth system withholding bundles of interest from top clubs in England and Europe. The baggies finally secured Soule's signature as he signed his first professional contract at the age of 17 before continuing to progress at Premier League 2 level. He then agreed a further 2+1⁄2-year contract 2 years later in the winter of 2019 which came after a significant display in the FA Youth Cup in which he rallied a total of 6 goals and 1 assists in 5 games. Soule was assigned the 32 jersey for the Baggies' 2020-21 season. In June 2022, Soule was released by West Bromwich Albion.

#### Barrow A.F.C. (loan)

On 12 February 2020, Soule joined Barrow A.F.C. on a one-month loan deal, making two substitute appearances for the Cumbrian side. Soule was spoken highly of by manager Ian Evatt. Due to the COVID pandemic, Soule had to return to the Hawthorns and was unable to rejoin Barrow due to the season ending early.

#### Lincoln City (loan)

On 6 October 2020, it was announced that he had joined Lincoln City on a short-term loan deal. He made his debut the same evening in an EFL Trophy game against Mansfield, and scored the opening goal on his official debut. Due to the teams momentum in the league he had to endure patience and would finally make his first league appearance coming off the bench against Doncaster Rovers on 31 October 2020. He would only make the two outings for Lincoln City before suffering a muscle injury keeping him out until the new year.

#### Cheltenham Town (loan)

On 31 January 2022, Soule joined League One side Cheltenham Town on loan until the end of the 2021–22 season.

#### Alvechurch

After his release by West Bromwich Albion in the summer of 2022, Soule had some setbacks and did not sign anywhere until February 2023. He has now agreed terms with Alvechurch FC and once again scored on his full debut

## Statistics

    As of 31 October 2020
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | EFL Cup | EFL Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| West Bromwich Albion | 2019–20 | Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| West Bromwich Albion | 2020–21 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| West Bromwich Albion | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Barrow (loan) | 2019-20 | National League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Lincoln City (loan) | 2020–21 | League One | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
* ↑ Appearances in EFL Trophy
# Jamie Stevens

Jamie Stevens (born 25 February 1989) is an English professional footballer currently at Wisbech Town. His versatility enables him to operate in any defensive position, however his most natural position is centre back.

## Career

Born in Holbeach, Lincolnshire, Stevens started his career in the youth team at Rushden & Diamonds, before joining Boston United on a two-year scholarship. Stevens scored on his professional début against Notts County on 4 November 2006.
Stevens was a consistent performer in Boston United's first team in 2007. He scored the only goal against Chester City on the 21 April 2007, a win that kept alive Boston's chances of survival in the Football League.
But, Boston suffered a double relegation to the Conference North and Stevens left the club to join his former manager at Boston - Steve Evans at Conference National side Crawley Town.
Stevens performed consistently well in his first season at the Broadfield Stadium, making 43 league appearances and getting on the scoresheet twice. His first goal in Crawley Town colours came in their 5-0 thrashing of Droylsden in September 2007.
In January 2008, he spent time on trial with Championship side Ipswich Town, however a deal could not be reached between the two clubs, and he returned to Crawley Town. In the summer of 2008 he agreed a deal to stay with the West Sussex club for the 2008–09 season.
However, Stevens struggled with injury through the 2008–09 season and was then unable to regain his place in the team and signed an 18-month contract with Northwich Victoria on 27 January 2009. In March 2009 he joined Ebbsfleet United on loan until the end of the season.
After his loan with Ebbsfleet expired and Northwich were relegated to the Conference North in 2008–09 season, Stevens linked up with previous Northwich boss Steve King at Farnborough. Stevens made thirty-four appearances as Farnborough were promoted as champions from the Southern Football League Premier Division.
Jamie signed for United Counties League side Holbeach United in 2011 before signing for local rivals Spalding United in 2013. After winning the United Counties League two consecutive seasons with both Holbeach United and Spalding United, Stevens transferred back to his hometown club Holbeach United.
In May 2017, Stevens agreed to join Holbeach's local United Counties League Premier Division rivals Wisbech Town along with teammate Josh Ford.
# Nang Phaya

Nang Phaya (Thai: นางพญา, pronounced) is a village and tambon (sub-district) of Tha Pla District, in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 2,593 people. The tambon contains six villages.
# Southern Stars Club

Southern Stars Club (Arabic: نادي نجوم الجنوب), also known as Stars of South or Noujoum Al Janoub, is a women's association football club based in Tayr Debba, Lebanon. Founded in 2018 as Terdeba Stars, they compete in the Lebanese Women's Football League.

## History

Southern Stars were founded on 1 August 2018 as Terdeba Stars (Arabic: نجوم طير دبّا, romanized: Noujoum Terdeba), and first competed in the 2018–19 Lebanese Women's Football League; they finished in fourth place in Group A in their debut season. The following season, the club changed its name to Southern Stars (Arabic: نجوم الجنوب, romanized: Noujoum Al Janoub), to appeal to a larger fanbase. They finished third in Group B, qualifying to the Final Eight where they finished sixth.

## Players
### Current squad

    As of 20 July 2020
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | LBN | Aya Kobaissi |
| 2 | DF | LBN | Aya Massarah |
| 3 | DF | LBN | Raneem Nabulsi |
| 4 | DF | LBN | Kinda Maarouf |
| 5 | DF | LBN | Banin Mazeh |
| 6 | DF | LBN | Rana Kaawar |
| 7 | FW | LBN | Fidaa Fakih |
| 8 | MF | LBN | Maria Sleem |
| 9 | FW | LBN | Israa Tfaily |
| 10 | MF | LBN | Sherin Khalil |
| 11 | FW | LBN | Rim Kawtharani |
| 12 | DF | LBN | Darin Khalil |
| 13 | MF | LBN | Aya Roumie |
| 14 | DF | LBN | Nour Awada |
| 15 | MF | LBN | Sarah Roumani |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 16 | DF | LBN | Sandra Al Youssef |
| 17 | FW | LBN | Léa Hachem |
| 18 | MF | LBN | Batoul Badran |
| 19 | MF | LBN | Zainab Fakih |
| 20 | FW | LBN | Doaa Kobaissi |
| 21 | MF | LBN | Aya Hamzeh |
| 22 | FW | LBN | Natalie Hallal |
| 23 | MF | LBN | Carla Hussein |
| 30 | DF | LBN | Fatima Hallal |
| 40 | GK | LBN | Rawan Ayash |
| 44 | DF | LBN | Sarah Atwi |
| 70 | FW | LBN | Mariana Bdeir |
| 77 | MF | LBN | Aya K Assi |
| 99 | GK | LBN | Mariana Charafieh |
# Aloe albiflora

Aloe albiflora is a species of aloe indigenous to Madagascar with narrow, muricate leaves and widely campanulate, snow-white flowers that are 10mm long and 14mm across the mouth. Its nearest affinity, based on leaf characters only, is Aloe bellatula.
Aloe albiflora is cultivated typically as a potted plant in greenhouses or outdoors in mostly frost-free regions.
# Jovan the Serb

Jovan or John the Serb (Serbian: Јован Србин, Србин Јован/Jovan Srbin, Srbin Jovan, Greek: Ἱωάννης ό Σἐρβος) may refer to:
* Jovan the Serb of Kratovo (1526–1583), Serbian Orthodox priest and scribe
* Jovan II, Patriarch of the Serbs (1592–1613)
* Jovan Monasterlija (fl. 1683–1706), Austrian-Serbian commander of the Serbian Militia
# Jason Griffiths

Jason Griffiths (born 22 March 1987 in Bracknell) is an English footballer.

## Career

Griffiths played college soccer at University of Kentucky from 2006 to 2009, where he appeared in 65 games with 64 starts in his Kentucky career, earning all-region honors as a senior. Griffiths finished his career with 12 goals and 10 assists, netting two game-winning goals. Griffiths was also a perfect 8-for-8 in penalty-kick goals in the regular season in his decorated four-year career. During the 2009 season, Griffiths ranked second on the team with three goals, adding one assist. Before his college career, Griffiths had spent three seasons playing for Southern Football League club Beaconsfield SYCOB.
During his college years Griffiths also played for Des Moines Menace in the USL Premier Development League.
Prior to College, Jason was part of the Pass4Soccer Network Program that organised the trials he was spotted at in the UK.

### Professional

Griffiths was drafted in the third round (48th overall) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by New England Revolution.
He didn't sign with the club immediately, but after training with the club over the months was eventually signed by New England Revolution on 24 June 2010. He was released by the club in January 2011 during their pre-season camp.

### Coaching

Griffiths returned to the University of Kentucky as a student assistant coach in August 2011.
# Chwałowice, Rybnik

Chwałowice (German: Chwallowitz) is a district of Rybnik, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. On December 31, 2013 it had 7,700 inhabitants.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1228 as Falevich, and later in the Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (ca. 1305) as Quelowicz.
After World War I in the Upper Silesia plebiscite 986 out of 1,593 voters in Chwałowice voted in favour of joining Poland, against 607 opting for staying in Germany. In 1922 it became a part of Silesian Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic. They were then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland.
In years 1945-1954 it was a seat of a gmina. On November 13, 1954 it gained the status of urban-type settlement. and on August 18, 1962 of a town. On May 27, 1975 it was amalgamated with Rybnik.

## Gallery

* Coal mine
* Familoks
* Post office
* Elementary school
* Commie blocks at Pukowca Street
# Loverdos

Loverdos (Greek: Λοβέρδος) is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include: