OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chief of the General Staff (Moldova)

The Chief of the General Staff of the Moldovan National Army (Romanian: Șef al Marelui Stat Major al Armatei Republicii Moldova) also known as the Commander of National Army is the professional head of the Moldovan National Army and the larger Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova. The position was established on 26 April 1994, two days after the general staff of the national army was established.
The purpose of the Chief of the General Staff is to assist the Minister of Defense and the President of Moldova in commanding the Moldovan National Army. The Chief of the General Staff is also the superior to the Commander of the Moldovan Ground Forces and the Commander of the Moldovan Air Force. During wartime, the Chief of the General Staff becomes the First Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces should the Minister of Defense be a civilian.

## List of Chiefs of the General Staff

| No. | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Ref. |
| 1 | Chirău, PavelColonel Pavel Chirău (1952–2008) | 26 April 1994 | 20 March 1997 | 2 years, 328 days | |
| 2 | Donțul, VladimirColonel Vladimir Donțul [ro] | 20 March 1997 | 24 December 1997 | 279 days | . |
| 3 | Coropcean, IonBrigadier general Ion Coropcean [ro] (born 1960) | 16 June 1998 | 25 September 2009 | 11 years, 101 days | . |
| 4 | Marinuța, VitalieBrigadier general Vitalie Marinuța (born 1970) (while serving as defense minister) | 25 September 2009 | 27 May 2010 | 244 days | . |
| 5 | Dominic, IurieBrigadier general Iurie Dominic (born 1970) | 27 May 2010 | 18 November 2011 | 1 year, 175 days | [4][5] [6] |
| 6 | Stoian, VitalieBrigadier general Vitalie Stoian (born 1970) | 18 November 2011 | 7 August 2013 | 1 year, 262 days | |
| 7 | Gorgan, IgorBrigadier general Igor Gorgan (born 1969) | 19 August 2013 | 18 March 2016 | 2 years, 212 days | |
| 8 | Cutie, IgorBrigadier general Igor Cutie (born 1968) | 18 March 2016 | 1 July 2019 | 3 years, 105 days | |
| (7) | Gorgan, IgorBrigader general Igor Gorgan (born 1969) | 1 July 2019 | 14 September 2021 | 2 years, 75 days | [9][11] [12] |
| 9 | Ohladciuc, EduardBrigader general Eduard Ohladciuc (born 1969) | 6 October 2021 | 26 September 2024 | 2 years, 356 days |
| 10 | Micov, VitalieColonel Vitalie Micov (born 1981) | 11 October 2024 | Incumbent | 21 days |
# Khatanga (river)

The Khatanga (Russian: Хатанга) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. The river is navigable. The river port of Khatanga is located on the river.

## Course

It begins at the confluence of the rivers Kotuy and Kheta. The Khatanga is 227 km (141 mi) long (1,636 km (1,017 mi) including its headwater Kotuy); the area of its basin is 364,000 km$^2$ (141,000 sq mi). It flows into the Khatanga Gulf of the Laptev Sea, forming an estuary. There are more than 112,000 lakes, with a total surface area of 11,600 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi), in the basin of the river.
The Khatanga freezes up in late September–early October and breaks up in early June. Its main tributaries are the Nizhnyaya, Bludnaya, Popigay, Novaya, and Malaya Balakhnya.

## Fauna

The Khatanga teems with different kinds of fish, including ryapushka, omul, muksun, white salmon, taimen, loach, among others.

## History

Russian fur traders first reached the Khatanga about 1611.
# Nurit Galron

Nurit Galron (Hebrew: נורית גלרון Hebrew pronunciation:, born March 21, 1951) is an Israeli singer. She is married to Israeli TV and radio journalist Rafi Reshef [he].

## Biography
### Early life

Nurit Galron was born as Nurit Klimburd. Her mother, Leah Sitin, retired from the stage after being a singer in the Jewish Brigade band "Ma'ayan Zahav", founded by director Eliyahu Goldinberg. Her father, Moshe, was a cashier who had been a soldier in Anders' Army, and after losing his wife and child in the Holocaust, preferred, like many other Jews, to desert the army and come to the Land of Israel as an illegal immigrant. She grew up in the Neve Amal neighborhood in Herzliya. She was a member of HaMahanot HaOlim youth movement.

## Discography

* What the Heavens Give (2006)
* Greatest Hits (2005)
* Goodbye Honey (2000)
* That Place (1996)
* Classic (1995)
* Within The Storms (1992)
* Après Nous Le Déluge (1989)
* Soul Bird (1988)
* Hearfelt [he] (1986)
* A Gentle Touch (1984)
* Sympathy (1982)
* I Saw Beauty [he] (1982)
* Songs In The Middle Of The Night [he] (1981)
* Nurit Galron (1978)
# Ghurazai railway station

Ghjrazai railway station (Urdu: غرزئی ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located on Jand-Kohat branch line in Pakistan.
# Centule

Centule (Catalan: Centoll; French: Centulle; Latin: Centullo, Centullus, or Centulus; Occitan: Centolh; Spanish: Céntulo) is a masculine given name common in southern France and northern Spain during the Middle Ages.
* Centule I, Count of Astarac (fl. 1212–33)
* Centule II, Count of Astarac (fl. 1244)
* Centule III, Count of Astarac (fl. 1269–1300)
* Centule IV, Count of Astarac (fl. 1331–63)
* Centule I, Count of Bigorre (died 1088)
* Centule II, Count of Bigorre (died 1129)
* Centule III, Count of Bigorre (died 1185)
* Centule I, Viscount of Béarn (fl. c. 860s)
* Centule II, Viscount of Béarn (died c. 940)
* Centule III, Viscount of Béarn (died c. 1004)
* Centule IV, Viscount of Béarn (died c. 1058)
* Centule V, Viscount of Béarn (died 1090)
* Centule VI, Viscount of Béarn (died 1134)
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Kroonstad

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kroonstad (Latin: Kroonstaden(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Kroonstad in the ecclesiastical province of Bloemfontein in South Africa. The last ordinary was Bishop Peter Holiday whose resignation for health reasons was accepted on 12 December 2022.

## History

* 26 November 1923: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Kroonstad from the Apostolic Vicariate of Kimberley in South Africa
* 8 April 1935: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Kroonstad
* 11 January 1951: Promoted as Diocese of Kroonstad

## Leadership

* Prefects Apostolic of Kroonstad (Roman rite)
** Fr. Guglielmo Herting, C.S.Sp. (1923 – 1924)
** Fr. Léon Klerlein, C.S.Sp. (1924.03.24 – 1935.04.08 see below)
* Vicars Apostolic of Kroonstad (Roman rite)
** Bishop Léon Klerlein, C.S.Sp. (see above 1935.04.08 – 1948.02.12), appointed Vicar Apostolic of Bethlehem
** Bishop Gerard Marie Franciskus van Velsen, O.P. (1950.05.31 – 1951.01.11 see below)
* Bishops of Kroonstad (Roman rite)
** Bishop Gerard Marie Franciskus van Velsen, O.P. (see above 1951.01.11 – 1975.11.15)
** Bishop Johannes Ludgerus Bonaventure Brenninkmeijer, O.P. (1977.04.15 – 2003.07.02)
** Bishop Stephen Brislin (2006.10.17 – 2009.12.18), appointed Archbishop of Cape Town
** Bishop Peter Holiday (2011.04.01 - 2022.12.12)
# Burgeis

Burgeis (Italian: Burgusio, Romansh: Barbusch) is the largest frazione of the comune of Mals, Italy, and sits at an altitude of 1216m in Vinschgau in South Tyrol beneath the mountain Watles (2557) on the upper reaches of the Adige. The name goes all the way back to a Roman founding, as a fort on the "Via Claudia Augusta", which runs through the village. This fort later gave the name of the Edelfreien von Burgus-Wanga, whose arms the village bears today.
Burgeis has 828 inhabitants (March 2007) . It lies 2.5 Kilometer from Mals.

## International relations
### Twin towns – Sister cities

Burgeis is twinned with:
* Lohr am Main, Germany
* Beilngries, Bayern, Germany
* Weingarten, Germany

## History

The oldest account mentioning Burgeis is the Chronicle of the Benedictine Father, Goswin, who lived between 1320 and 1395 or so. This gives a wide reaching sketch of the place, of the history of Marienberg and of Obervischgau in the high Middle Ages. So we know more about Burgeis in the 12th century than many other, more important places.

### Marienberg Abbey

Above Burgeis lies Europe's highest Benedictine abbey Marienberg (at 1340 m). Its impressive Baroque church and the Romanesque crypt (1160) belong to the most beautiful ?school of art? in Vinschgau. The Frescos in the crypt date from between 1175 and 1180. They were partly discovered in 1887 and in 1980 completely freed. Burgeis is the birthplace of the famous Baroque painter Johann Evangelist Holzer.
* Marienberg Abbey and Fürstenburg
* Marienberg Abbey in the fall
* Marienberg Abbey
* church: die Maria Empfängniskirche
* panorama between Burgeis and Sankt Valentin

### St. Stefan

The close of the Abbey contains a small church St. Stefan, which dates back to the early days of Christianity in the 5th century, according to archaeological dig, although it got its current form in the 9th and 10th centuries.

## Economy

There are many Hotels, Pensions and Guesthouses (Gasthöfe) in and around Burgeis, which today form the basis of a flourishing tourism industry, especially in the winter.

## Neighboring Places

St. Valentin auf der Haide, Mals, Schlinig, Schleis, Planeil, Plawenn

## Literature

* Hubert Walder / Helmut Stampfer: Romanische Wandmalerei im Vinschgau, 2002, ISBN 88-8266-127-X
* Alfred Reichling: Orgellandschaft Südtirol, Bozen 1982, S. 11f., 60-63.
# Suli Pir

Suli Pir (Persian: سولي پير, also Romanized as Sūlī Pīr) is a village in Keyvan Rural District, in the Central District of Khoda Afarin County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 4 families. The village is populated by the Kurdish Mohammad Khanlu tribe.
# Antony Turner (cricketer)

Antony James Dillon Turner DSO MC (19 September 1907 – 4 October 1959) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.

## Life and military career

The son of the cricketer Walter Turner, he was born in British India at Abbottabad in September 1907. He attended the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, graduating from there into the Suffolk Regiment as a second lieutenant in February 1928, with promotion to lieutenant following in February 1931. In September 1932, he was seconded for service with the Colonial Office and proceeded to serve in the Sierra Leone Battalion of the Royal West African Frontier Force. He was restored to the Suffolk Regiment in February 1935, before being seconded to serve on the staff in India in February 1936. In India, Turner made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians at Madras in the 1936–37 Madras Presidency Match. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 42 runs in the Europeans first innings by M. J. Gopalan, while in their second innings he was dismissed for a single run by A. G. Ram Singh. With the ball, he bowled 18 wicketless overs.
Turner was promoted to captain in May 1936, before returning to England to attend the Staff College in January 1938. Prior to the Second World War, he was appointed a staff captain at Aldershot Garrison in February 1939. He served in the war and was awarded the Military Cross in August 1940. He later commanded the 6th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment during the Normandy campaign, but was relieved from his command after requesting that his battalion rest and refit. He was promoted to major in February 1945, having previously held the war substantive rank. Later in the same month, he was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. Turner remained in the military following the war, with a further promotion to lieutenant colonel following in November 1949. He was promoted to colonel in January 1951, and was made commanding officer of the 151st Infantry Brigade. He was later promoted to brigadier in January 1957, while serving as a deputy adjutant general with the Middle East Land Forces.
Turner retired from active service in May 1958. He was resident between Worth in Sussex and Accra in Ghana. He died in Accra in October 1959. His uncles, Arthur and John Turner, were both first-class cricketers.
# Tahira Safdar

Syeda Tahira Safdar (Urdu: سیدہ طاہرہ صفدر; born 5 October 1957) is a Pakistani jurist served as the Chief Justice of Balochistan High Court.
She is the first female chief justice of any court in the history of Pakistan. Her nomination as chief justice of Balochistan High Court was confirmed by Chief Justice of Pakistan, Mian Saqib Nisar on 23 July 2018. On the provincial level, she has the honor of being the first lady in all posts she served in her life including being the first female civil judge in Balochistan in 1982.

## Early life and education

She was born on 5 October 1957 in Quetta, Pakistan. Her father, Syed Imtiaz Hussain Baqri Hanafi, was a lawyer by profession. She completed her primary education from Cantonment Public School, Quetta, bachelor's degree from Government Girls College, Quetta, masters in Urdu literature from University of Balochistan and in 1980, a law degree from University Law College, Quetta.

## Judicial career

In 1982, she became the first female civil judge of Balochistan. She passed the Balochistan Public Service Commission examination and was promoted to senior civil judge on 29 June 1987. She went on to become an additional district and sessions judge on 27 February 1991 and then as a full-fledged district and sessions judge on 1 March 1996. She also presided the Labor Court. She first became the member on 22 October 1998 and then the chairperson on 10 July 2009 of Balochistan Services Tribunal. She was elevated as an additional judge of Balochistan High Court on 7 September 2009. She became the judge of Balochistan High Court on 11 May 2011. In 2012, she attended a training in The Hague, Netherlands on the topic of International Law for Justice on Meeting International Human Rights Standards in Criminal Proceedings. She has been part of numerous other international conferences on topic of law throughout her judicial career. She has been serving as a member of the Administration Committee, the Promotion Committee and the Committee which drafts and examines the rules and their particulars and which also drafts regulations, circulars and notifications. She was confirmed to be the Chief Justice of Balochistan High Court on 23 July 2018 and took charge as such on 1 September 2018. In her capacity in this post, she became the first female chief justice of any court in Pakistan.
She is hearing the high treason case against former dictator Pervez Musharraf as part of a three-member special court which was approved by former prime minister Nawaz Sharif on 19 November 2013.
# Gowran Park Champion Chase

The Gowran Park Champion Chase is a Grade 2 National Hunt chase in Ireland which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run at Gowran Park over a distance of about 2 miles and 4 furlongs (4,023 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late September or early October.
The race was first run in 1998.

## Records

Most successful horse (4 wins):
* Sizing Europe – 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Most successful jockey (4 wins):
* Barry Geraghty – Ferbet Junior (1999), Barrow Drive (2002), Kicking King (2004), Cailin Annamh (2015)
Most successful trainer (5 wins):
* Jessica Harrington – Ferbet Junior (1999), Slaney Native (2000), Knight Legend (2008), Cailin Annamh (2015), Woodland Opera (2018)
* Willie Mullins - Ballycasey (2016), Easy Game (2020,2022,2023), Royal Rendezvous (2021)
# Francis Brenton

Francis Brenton (17 January 1927 – 1971?) was a British adventurer. He gained international reputation as a writer, photographer and explorer.

## Early life

Francis Brenton was born in the family home, Adair Road, West Derby. His father Victor Brenton, was a house painter, and his mother Mary Ellen, formerly Flattery, was apparently taking care of the kids. He was "the youngest offspring of a hardworking family of four sons and four daughters" as he is introducing himself in one of the books.
He joined the British Army in February 1945 and was transferred to the Royal Corps of Signals in March 1945. He was discharged on 16 June 1948, after having received the War Medal. From March 1952 to April 1954 he served in the Australian Regular Army including overseas service in Japan and Korea.

## Adventures

With no sailing experience, single handed, in 1961, Francis Brenton crossed the ocean first time from Tenerife to Haiti where he was considered a spy, arrested and his boat destroyed. He provided a detailed account of this adventure in his first book Long Sail to Haiti.
After this trip he established himself in Chicago. The Field Museum asked him if he could get a South American canoe for their collection. So in 1966 he purchased two dugout canoes, rigged them as a catamaran and sailed all the way to Chicago. After exhibiting the whole boat on the main floor, the Field Museum kept only one canoe. Francis built a new second canoe out of plywood and the very next year he sailed from Chicago North to Lake Huron, St. Lawrence River. Then, via Newfoundland across The Atlantic with destination Africa. In this trip all his rudimentary navigation instruments failed, he was lost and ran out of water.
Off-course by almost 800 miles he was saved by a German freighter and finally after 106 days he reached his destination. From Africa he wanted to get back to the US in a combination balloon-boat. Unfortunately everything that could go wrong did and the whole balloon project was abandoned. Finally he sailed the "Sierra Sagrada" back to Chicago, this time in only 46 days. This adventure is described in The Voyage of the Sierra Sagrada: Across the Atlantic in a Canoe.
The last documents and information from Francis Brenton are dated 1971 when he tried to sail again to England, and he was lost at sea.

## Works

* Francis Brenton (1965). Long sail to Haiti. [With a portrait and maps.] OCLC 3087041.
* Francis Brenton (1969). The voyage of the Sierra Sagrada; across the Atlantic in a canoe. Regnery. OCLC 46142.
# Biarticular muscle

Biarticular muscles are muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings which cross both the hip and the knee. The function of these muscles is complex and often depends upon both their anatomy and the activity of other muscles at the joints in question. Their role in movement is poorly understood.

## Anatomy

Biarticular muscles cross two joints in series, usually in a limb. The details of the origin (proximal attachment) and insertion (distal attachment) can play a large role in determining muscle function. For instance, the human gastrocnemius technically spans both the knee and ankle joints. However, the origin point of the muscle is so close to the axis of rotation of the knee joint that the muscle's effective lever arm would be very small, especially compared to its large lever arm at the ankle. As a result, even though it spans two joints, the strong bias in lever arms allows it to function primarily as an ankle plantar flexor. Other muscles, such as the hamstrings, do not display such biases, so their function is not immediately evident from anatomy alone. Another important concept of biarticular muscles (consider the rectus femoris muscle for this example) is the change in muscle length when motion at the proximal and distal ends of the muscle is happening. For example, in the propulsive phase of a jump, the thigh is extended at the coxal joint, and the shank (lower leg) is extended at the tibiofemoral joint. These joint positions cause the rectus femoris muscle to remain unchanged in net length, because the proximal (Eccentric action) and distal (concentric action) attachments are contradicting one another.

## Function

Biarticular muscles can fulfill a range of functions during movement. By contracting isometrically (without changing length), they put the joint into a four-bar linkage, allowing the contraction of muscles at one joint to move the other by a fixed amount. Unlike four-bar linkages in which all elements are bone and angle relationships are fixed by the relative bone lengths, the biarticular muscle can hold the joint at many different lengths, creating a range of four-bar properties as needed.
Biarticular muscles can also transfer mechanical power between distal and proximal joints, though the direction and magnitude of this transfer varies with anatomy, muscle activity level, and joint angles. This is a crucial consideration when analyzing an organism's movement using inverse dynamics.
# Karmia

Karmia (Hebrew: כַּרְמִיָּה) is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located between Ashkelon and the Gaza Strip, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof Ashkelon Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 656.

## History

The kibbutz was established on 20 May 1950 by a Nahal gar'in of Hashomer Hatzair members from France and Tunisia who had been trained in Beit Zera. It was established on land that had belonged to the Palestinian village of Hiribya, which had been depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Its name is derived from the Hebrew for vineyard (Hebrew: כרם, Kerem), which were common in the area.
In 1972 a blanket factory was established in the kibbutz.
The kibbutz absorbed 54 families from the Elei Sinai and Nisanit Israeli settlements, which were evacuated as part of the disengagement plan. Since 2006 it has been repeatedly hit by Qassam rockets fired from the Gaza Strip, including one that landed on its football pitch, and another Qassam rocket that landed inside a house and injured 3 people severely in 2005.
# Chitkan

Chitkan (Russian: Читкан; Buryat: Шидхан, Shidkhan) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Chitkanskoye Rural Settlement, Barguzinsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 957 as of 2017. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Chitkan is located 28 km southeast of Barguzin (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maloye Uro is the nearest rural locality.
# Gezi Party

The Gezi Party (Turkish: Gezi Partisi) was an environmentalist political party in Turkey founded on 1 October 2013 and became defunct as of 23 October 2017. The party was named after 2013 protests in Turkey, since the protests usually named as "Gezi Protests" in Turkish media. The founder Reşit Cem Köksal is an ex-heavy metal guitarist from İstanbul.
The logo of the party is a tree with a man figure on its trunk and roots.
# Les Gateys National Cemetery

Les Gateys National Cemetery (also called Les Gateys National Necropolis (French: Nécropole Nationale des Gateys)) is a Second World War French military war grave cemetery, located close to the village of Saint-Nicolas-des-Bois and 5.5 km (3.4 mi) north-west of Alençon in the Orne, Normandy, France. It contains the graves of 19 French soldiers from the 2nd Armoured Division that died during the Battle of Alençon in August 1944.

## History

The soldiers interred in this small cemetery were part of General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque's French 2nd Armoured Division. The division had landed on 1 August 1944 at Saint-Martin-de-Varreville, close to Utah Beach. The division was involved in the encirclement of German forces in what became known as the Falaise Pocket. The soldiers here were killed during the Battle of Alençon in August 1944. The division later played a major part in the liberation of Paris.

## Formation

The site, located in the forest of Écouves, was originally a battlefield cemetery created in August 1944 for five fallen French soldiers. In 1968 and 1969 the remains of 14 soldiers, previously buried in communal cemeteries in the Orne department, were reburied at Les Gateys. The cemetery also has a memorial plaque naming 69 soldiers of 2nd French Armoured Division who died fighting in the Orne department. The inauguration of the national cemetery took place on 15 March 1970, in the presence of General Leclerc's widow Madame la Maréchale Leclerc and General Jacques Massu and the site is maintained by the French state (Ministere des Anciens Combattants et Victimes de Guerre).
# Manhush, Khuzestan province

Manhush (Persian: منحوش, also Romanized as Manḩūsh; also known as Dowlatābād, Manhūs, and Mankhūsh) is a village in Miyan Ab Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 357, in 50 families.
# Mount Barbas

Mount Barbas (Greek: Όρος Μπαρμπάς) is a peak in the mountain range of Panachaiko in Peloponnese, Greece.