OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Sewall Reed

James "J" Sewall Reed (1832-1864) is best remembered as an organizer of a few hundred Californians who fought in the eastern battlefields of the American Civil War as part of the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry while most soldiers from California were assigned to Union Army outposts west of the Mississippi River.

## Early years

James was the eldest of three sons of John Reed and Miranda Barker. He was born in Milton, Massachusetts on 3 April 1832. At the age of 17, James and his younger brother George left Boston for the California Gold Rush. The teen-agers arrived in San Francisco Bay in March, 1850, and mined gold in Nevada City, California, until 1852. James became a member of the 1856 San Francisco Committee of Vigilance, and traveled Central America and South America before joining the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858. He returned to Boston in 1859 where he met and married Hattie L. Wales. James returned to San Francisco with his bride in September, 1859; and their son Walter Sewall Reed was born there on 25 January 1861.

## Civil War

Reed joined the California State Militia First Light Dragoons of San Francisco in November, 1861. The Dragoons' patrols of the Central Overland Route seemed unexciting in comparison to the newspaper accounts of civil war battles in the east. In the fall of 1862, a group of Californians from the northeastern United States approached Massachusetts governor John Albion Andrew proposing to supply a company of 100 cavalry volunteers. The governor accepted the volunteers with the stipulation the men would pay for their uniforms, equipment, and ship passage east. A Massachusetts enlistment bounty defrayed part of those costs, and citizens of San Francisco donated some equipment. Reed resigned his commission with the 1st Dragoons to become captain of the California Hundred.
The California Hundred sailed from San Francisco aboard the steamship Golden Age on 10 December 1862. After traveling across the isthmus of Panama and arriving in New York aboard the Ocean Queen, the California Hundred were designated company A of the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry commanded by Colonel Charles Russell Lowell. Reed and his men went into combat in Virginia in April, 1863. Subsequent California volunteers were designated companies E, F, L, and M of the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry. Men from Massachusetts formed seven more companies. Reed's company participated in a series of engagements with the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry commanded by John S. Mosby. Reed was one of five Californians killed at the Second Dranesville battle on 22 February 1864.
# Mohammadabad, Kuh Hamayi

Mohammadabad (Persian: محمداباد, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād) is a village in Kuh Hamayi Rural District, Rud Ab District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 20 families.
# Mazhgeh

Mazhgeh (Persian: ماژگه, also Romanized as Māzhgeh) is a village in Kani Bazar Rural District, Khalifan District, Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 491, in 70 families.
# Len Browning

Leonard James Browning (30 March 1928 – 27 September 2008) was an English footballer. He played as a striker for Leeds United and Sheffield United. Browning joined Leeds as an 18-year-old in 1946, and moved to Sheffield United in 1951. He scored more than 70 goals in a career that lasted only eight years. Browning was forced to retire in 1954 after developing tuberculosis. He died on 27 September 2008 of prostate cancer.
# Arkadiy Kiselyov

Arkady Leontiiovych Kiselev (Ukrainian: Аркадій Леонтійович Кисельов; 1880 in Kiev – 22 September 1938, in Kyiv) was a politician of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, serving as its Prosecutor General from 1935 to 1936.

## Biography

He was born into a family of workers. He graduated from a city school and received a secondary education. A member of the RSDLP(B) since 1902, he took part in the revolutionary movement, was arrested in 1902 and 1904, and went abroad in 1904. He was born Aaron Kesler Lazarevic and early in his life lived in the United States of America. He returned with his family to Russia in 1917.
Since 1921, he has been working in the party and economic spheres in the Chelyabinsk province and the Donetsk basin. In 1929–1930, he was the head of the Stalinist District Control Commission of the CP(B)U-RSU in Donbas. Until January 1934, he was the secretary of the Party Board of the Central Control Commission of the CP(B)U. From May 26, 1934, to January 1935, he was People's Commissar of Supply of the Ukrainian SSR.

## Sources

* http://www.history.org.ua/?encyclop&termin=Kyselov_A
* This biographical article about a Ukrainian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Cuza Vodă, Constanța

Cuza Vodă is a commune in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.
The commune includes one village: Cuza Vodă (historical name: Docuzol, Turkish: Dokuz Oğul) - named after the Romanian Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

## Demographics

At the 2011 census, Cuza Vodă had 2,557 Romanians (76.10%), 800 Roma (23.81%), 3 others (0.09%).
# Lebedyata

Lebedyata (Russian: Лебедята) is a rural locality (a village) in Osintsevskoye Rural Settlement, Kishertsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 13 as of 2010.

## Geography

Lebedyata is located 32 km southeast of Ust-Kishert (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yevdokino is the nearest rural locality.
# The Lost Shrine of Kasar-Khan

The Lost Shrine of Kasar-Khan is an adventure published by Integrated Games in 1985 for fantasy role-playing games.

## Plot summary

The Lost Shrine of Kasar-Khan is a role-playing scenario and gamemaster's aid written for any role-playing game system — conversion rules for Dungeons & Dragons, Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, and RuneQuest are included. The setting is an ancient dwarven shrine that is guarded by a demon. The players must overcome the demon, other creatures, and a war party that is also exploring the dungeon.

## Publication history

Between 1984 and 1986, Simon Forrest and Basil Barrett wrote a series of four fantasy role-playing adventures that were published by Integrated Games as The Complete Dungeon Master Series. The second adventure, published in 1985, was The Lost Shrine of Kasar-Khan, written by Forrest and Barrett, with interior art by Jon Baker, Selina Goodman, and Brendan Hickling, cartography by Justin Gregory and Allen Hickling, and cover art by Jez Goodwin. It was published by Integrated Games in 1985 as a boxed set containing
* a 16-page booklet with a complete adventure
* the book's cardstock cover also doubled as a gamemaster's screen
* six sheets of color cardstock floor plans
* four sheets of NPC statistics
* four sheets of player handouts
This scenario is the sequel to the adventure The Halls of the Dwarven Kings and is the precursor to the adventures The Watchers of the Sacred Flame and The Feathered Priests. Integrated Games went out of business before a planned fifth adventure, Deep Water, Shallow Graves, was published.
In 1992, Flame Publications, an imprint of Games Workshop, bought the rights to The Complete Dungeon Master Series, and Simon Forrest, Brad Freeman and Graeme Davis revised all four adventures to conform to the Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay rules, releasing them as the Doomstone Campaign Book Series. The Lost Shrine of Kasar-Khan was retitled Blood in Darkness.

## Reception

In the October 1985 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #70), Megan C Robertson warned that "this is not a module that can be run with minimal presentation." Robertson called the presentation of the adventure "well done", and also liked the NPC and monster stats printed on separate cardstock, "eliminating wild thumbing through the module at a critical moment." She lauded the player handouts such as a map, fragments from a prayer book, and the page of a diary, calling them "the most striking of the 'extras'." However, she found the overall dungeon "lacking in originality until the later stages." She concluded by giving the module an above average rating of 8 out of 10, calling it "a module which overall pays much attention to those little details that make an adventure just that little bit special for DM and players alike; a worthy effort that bodes fair to set new standards in scenario presentation."

## Other reviews

* The V.I.P. of Gaming Magazine #3 (April/May, 1986)
* Warpstone #16 (Summer 2001 - "Who Are the Feathered Priests?")
# Chenar, Golbahar

Chenar (Persian: چنار) is a village in, and the capital of, Cheshmeh Sabz Rural District of Golmakan District, Golbahar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 161 in 52 households, when it was in Golmakan Rural District of the former Golbahar District of Chenaran County. The following census in 2011 counted 205 people in 70 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 350 people in 111 households.
In 2019, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Golbahar County. Chenar was transferred to Cheshmeh Sabz Rural District created in the new Golmakan District.
# St. Nicholas Cove

St. Nicholas Cove (Bulgarian: залив Св. Никола, ‘Zaliv Sv. Nikola’ \'za-liv sve-'ti ni-'ko-la\) is the 920 m wide cove indenting for 800 m the south coast of Coronation Island in the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. It is entered southeast of Tophet Point, and surmounted by Tophet Bastion to the north-northwest and Mount Sladen to the north.
The cove is “named after St. Nicholas, the patron saint of fishermen, in connection with the St. Nicholas Professional School of Maritime Shipping and Fishing in Burgas, Bulgaria, a number of whose alumni worked on fishing ships of the company Ocean Fisheries – Burgas in Antarctic waters from 1970 to the early 1990s. The Bulgarian fishermen, along with those of the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany are the pioneers of modern Antarctic fishing industry.”

## Location

St. Nicholas Cove is centred at 60°42′00″S 45°15′50″W﻿ / ﻿60.70000°S 45.26389°W﻿ / -60.70000; -45.26389. British mapping in 1963.
# Teodor Balș

Teodor Balș (August 1805 – 1 March 1857) was a caimacam (temporary replacement of Prince; from Turkish: kaymakam) who ruled Moldavia between 20 July 1856 and 1 March 1857. The Porte appointed him replacing the previous domnitor Grigore Alexandru Ghica, whose mandate finished after seven years. He closed institutions created by Grigore Alexandru Ghica, like the seminar and the gymnasium from Mănăstirea Neamț, the Law school from Iași, National bank and abolished the law press. He was against the unification of Moldavia with Walachia.
# Antonio Grimani (patriarch)

Antonio Grimani (Latin: Antonius Grimanus; 1557 – 26 January 1628) was bishop of Torcello from 1587 to 1622, Apostolic Nuncio to Florence from 1605 to 1616, and Patriarch of Aquileia from 1622 to his death in 1628.

## Life

Antonio Grimani was born in Venice in 1557 to the noble Grimani family, nephew of Patriarch Giovanni Grimani.
He was appointed bishop of Torcello on 26 October 1587. He received the episcopal consecration in Rome on 12 April 1610 by the hands of Cardinal Giovanni Battista Castrucci. He was Nuncio of the Republic of Venice in France and in Belgium
From 2 July 1605 to 27 June 1616 he was sent by Pope Paul V to Florence as Nuncio.
On 22 May 1618 he was appointed coadjutor bishop with the right of succession to the Patriarch of Aquileia. Shortly later, in September 1618, he resigned as bishop of Torcello. Antonio Grimani became Patriarch at the death of the previous Patriarch, Ermolao Barbero, on 22 December 1622. He entered in Udine about three years later.
Antonio Grimani died in Venice on 26 January 1628 and was buried in the family chapel in the church of San Francesco della Vigna.
# Azad Jammu and Kashmir cricket team

The Azad Jammu and Kashmir cricket team is a Pakistani cricket team based in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Beginning with the 2024–25 season, it participates in Pakistan's first-class, List A and Twenty20 competitions.
Captained by Hasan Raza, Azad Jammu & Kashmir played Bahawalpur in their inaugural first-class match in the 2024–25 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, losing by three wickets. Raza made the team's first century, top-scoring with 105 in the first innings. Taj Wali took the team's first five-wicket haul, with 5 for 41 in the first innings; Faizan Saleem, on his first-class debut, took 2 for 49 and 6 for 63.
# Tux, of Math Command

Tux, of Math Command (TuxMath, for short) is an open source arcade-style video game for learning arithmetic, initially created for Linux.

## History

The first alpha of the game was released by its initial developer, Bill Kendrick, in September 2001. The game contains arctic theme of Tux, the Linux penguin, who stars in the game.
Since 1.7.0 the game also includes a multiplayer mode and Factor-fraction activity called Factoroids.

## Gameplay

The game-play mechanic is based loosely on that of the arcade game Missile Command, but with comets falling on cities, rather than missiles. Like Missile Command, players attempt to protect their cities, but rather than using a trackball-controlled targeting cross-hair, players solve math problems that label each comet, which causes a laser to destroy it.

### Features

The game has multiple user support (useful for schools), LAN multiplayer mode, on-screen tutorials and a training mode - over 50 bundled lessons ranging from simple number typing up through all four basic arithmetic operations with negative numbers and "missing number" questions (e.g. "3 x ? = 12"). Being an open source project, multi-platform support for Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS and others is available. Localization to over thirty (human) languages was created by the games' community. Included is also "Factoroids", a clone of classic Atari video game Asteroids, modified to be an activity to train factorization.

## JavaScript version

Originally written in C language and based on the SDL library, TuxMath has been rewritten in JavaScript in 2022, allowing it to be played from a web browser or from a smartphone.
The web version of TuxMath allows playing the game where the player has to solve operations to shoot comet TuxMath, but not the "factoroid" game. It adds an "autolevel" option which adjusts the operations to the level of the player, levels with operations involving 3 numbers or more, a penalty (igloo destroyed) in the event of too many wrong answers.

## Reception and impact
### Distribution

TuxMath is included in numerous Linux distributions, including the Edubuntu flavor of Ubuntu. It is included as a game on the ASUS Eee PC. It was also included on the Dish Network 721 PVR.

### Use in schools

Numerous schools use TuxMath, and school newsletters, educational, software websites and publications mention it, often together with other open-source educational software.
# Urex de Medinaceli

Urex de Medinaceli is a village under the local government of the municipality of Arcos de Jalón, in Soria, Spain.
# Undermining (chess)

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
Undermining (also known as removal of the guard, or removing the defender) is a chess tactic in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or under-defended. The opponent has the unpalatable choice of recapturing or saving the undefended piece. A possible response is to sacrifice the piece whose defense was undermined before capturing the piece which just took the defender.

## Example

Kramnik–Topalov in the seventh round of the 2004 Linares chess tournament reached the diagrammed position with White to play. The black knight on a4 is defended only by the black pawn on b5. White undermined the knight with 1. Bxb5. The game continued 1... Rxb5 2. Rxa4, with a net material gain of a pawn for White.
Black may attempt 1...Nxb2?, disposing of the unguarded knight and hoping for 2.Kxb2 Rxb5+ to regain the lost pawn. After 2.Rb3, however, Black can only save the knight with 2...Rxb5 3.Rxb5, leaving White an exchange up instead of just a pawn.
# Usun-Kyuyol, Churapchinsky District, Sakha Republic

Usun-Kyuyol (Russian: Усун-Кюёль; Yakut: Уһун Күөл, Uhun Küöl) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Sylansky Rural Okrug in Churapchinsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) from Churapcha, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 751; down from 863 recorded in the 2002 Census.
# Jijil

Jijil (Persian: جيجيل, also Romanized as Jījīl; also known as Jījel) is a village in Shahid Modarres Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 19, in 5 families.
# Sheldrake Island

Sheldrake Island (French: l'Île aux Becs-Scies) is an island in New Brunswick, Canada, known for being the site of New Brunswick's first lazaretto. It is located only 8 miles from Chatham, on the Miramichi River.

## History

The lazaretto was established in 1844, on the site of a cholera quarantine station from 1832. 44 lepers were landed on July 19, 1844, the majority being Acadians, from the Tracadie-Neguac area.
The island also contained housing for typhus patients, but the lepers objected to this. The arrival of a ship from Ireland with many typhus and smallpox patients forced them to be moved to Middle Island.
Dr. Alexander Key, Secretary to the Board of Health for Northumberland and Gloucester, was the official in charge. The buildings were filthy with vermin. Soon the lepers lost faith in Dr. Key's remedies and began escaping. By December 18, there were only 20 left.
The board recommended punishment and locking them up. The escaped lepers were hunted down and brought back in handcuffs. The lazaretto was soon surrounded by a spiked palisade 12 ft high.
The inmates burned the buildings in October 1845. The quarantine station was reopened after 1847.
The remaining inmates were moved to a new lazaretto in Tracadie in 1849.
A temporary quarantine station was ordered to be erected on the island in March 1848. Disagreements over the matter meant that the buildings were not moved from Middle Island until April 3. A brawl erupted on the island between representatives of the Board of Health and Justices of the Peace over the matter. As a result, the buildings stayed on the ice until the order was cancelled and the buildings were moved back.

## Current uses

The island is mostly uninhabited, except for an historic lighthouse, known as Sheldrake Island Front Range Light.
A leper's cemetery is on the island, containing 15 graves.

## In fiction

* Kathy Reichs' novel Bones to Ashes involves Sheldrake Island and its history as a plot point.
# Doğan

Doğan is both a masculine Turkish given name and a Turkish surname meaning Falcon. Notable people with the name include:

## Given name

* Doğan Abukay, Turkish experimental physicist and academic
* Doğan Akhanlı (1957–2021) Turkish-German writer
* Doğan Babacan (1930–2018), Turkish football referee
* Doğan Cüceloğlu (1938–2021), Turkish psychologist and nonfiction writer
* Doğan Hancı (born 1970), Turkish para-archer
* Doğan Kuban (1926–2021), Turkish architecture historian and academic
* Dogan Mehmet (born 1990), British folk singer of Turkish Cypriot descent
* Doğan Öz (1934–1978), Turkish prosecutor assassinated during his investigation of the Turkish deep state
* Doğan Türkmen, Turkish diplomat

## Middle name

* Gürbüz Doğan Ekşioğlu (born 1954), Turkish cartoonist and graphics designer
* Hasan Doğan Piker (born 1991), Turkish-American political commentator and Twitch streamer
* Turgut Doğan Şahin (born 1988), Turkish footballer

## Surname

* Ahmed Dogan (born 1954), Bulgarian politician of Turkish ethnicity
* Aydın Doğan (born 1936), Turkish billionaire media tycoon
* Aynur Doğan (born 1975), Kurdish singer and musician from Turkey
* Bahar Doğan (born 1974), Turkish long-distance runner
* Çetin Doğan (born 1940), Turkish general
* Deniz Doğan (born 1979), German footballer of Turkish descent
* Duygu Doğan (born 2000), Turkish female rhythmic gymnast
* Fidan Doğan (1982–2013), Kurdish activist
* Furkan Doğan (1991–2010), Turkish-American civil activist
* Harun Doğan (born 1976), Turkish sport wrestler
* Hasan Doğan (1956–2008), 37th president of the Turkish Football Federation
* Hüseyin Doğan (born 1994), Dutch footballer of Turkish descent
* Hüzeyfe Doğan (born 1981), Turkish-German football player
* Lütfi Doğan (1930–2023), Turkish theologian and politician
* Lütfi Doğan (politician) (1927–2018), Turkish academic, theologian and politician
* Mazlum Doğan (1956–1982), Kurdish separatist politician in Turkey
* Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz (born 1978), Turkish female long-distance runner
* Mesut Doğan (born 1984), Turkish-Austrian futsal player
* Mustafa Doğan (born 1976), German footballer of Turkish descent
* Nedim Doğan (born 1943), Turkish football player
* Orhan Doğan (1955-2007), Turkish politician of Kurdish origin
* Selina Özuzun Doğan (born 1977), Armenian Turkish female lawyer and politician
* Vildan Doğan, Turkish female karateka
* Ziya Doğan (born 1961), Turkish football manager

## Fictional characters

* Doğan Alp, fictional character in the Turkish TV series Diriliş: Ertuğrul
# Nevola

The Nevola (Latin: Sena) is a river in the Marche region of Italy. Its source is near Arcevia in the province of Ancona. The river flows northeast near Ostra Vetere and Corinaldo before entering the Misa north of Ostra.
# Louis-Pierre Anquetil

Louis-Pierre Anquetil (21 February 1723 – 6 September 1808) was a French historian.

## Biography

He was born in Paris on 21 February 1723. In 1741, he joined the religious community of the Génofévains, where he took holy orders and became professor of theology and literature. Later, he became rector of the seminary at Reims, where he published the 3-volume "Civil and Political History of Reims" (French: Histoire civile et politique de Reims), in 1756 and 1757. In 1759, he was appointed prior of the abbey de la Roe in Anjou; shortly thereafter he became director of the college of Senlis. While there, he composed a history of France in the 16th and 17th centuries (Esprit de la Ligue, ou histoire politique des troubles de France pendant les XVI$^e$ et XVII$^e$ siècles) published in 1767. The year before, he had obtained the curacy or priory of Chateau-Renard near Montargis. He also became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
At the beginning of the French Revolution, he moved to the curacy of La Villette near Paris but, during the Reign of Terror, he was imprisoned at St-Lazare. While there, he began his summary of world history (Précis de l'histoire universelle), afterwards published in nine volumes. On the establishment of the National Institute, he was elected as a 2nd-class member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science. He was also employed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, an experience which informed his treatment of the last three kings of the Ancient Regime (Motifs des guerres et des traités de paix sous Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI).
He is said to have been asked by Napoleon to write his 14-volume "History of France" (Histoire de France, 1805). Augustin Thierry criticized the work as "cold and colourless", and mentioned that Anquetil compared unfavorably to other noted French historians. The work was compiled at second or third hand and censurable in many respects but went through numerous editions and made Anquetil famous. It was continued by Adolphe Bouillet in 6 more volumes. He died on 6 September 1808.
His younger brother Abraham was a famous orientalist.
# Polányi

Polányi, Polanyi is a surname. There have been a number of prominent individuals in the Polanyi family, illustrated in the following family tree:

## Other

The name is also referenced in:
* Michael Polanyi Center (MPC), Baylor University
* The Eyring-Polanyi equation
* Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle