OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Energy level splitting

In quantum physics, energy level splitting or a split in an energy level of a quantum system occurs when a perturbation changes the system. The perturbation changes the corresponding Hamiltonian and the outcome is change in eigenvalues; several distinct energy levels emerge in place of the former degenerate (multi-state) level. This may occur because of external fields, quantum tunnelling between states, or other effects. The term is most commonly used in reference to the electron configuration in atoms or molecules.
The simplest case of level splitting is a quantum system with two states whose unperturbed Hamiltonian is a diagonal operator: Ĥ$_0$ = E$_0$ I, where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Eigenstates and eigenvalues (energy levels) of a perturbed Hamiltonian
    ${\hat {H}}_{\varepsilon }={\hat {H}}_{0}+\varepsilon \sigma _{3}={\begin{pmatrix}E_{0}+\varepsilon &0\\0&E_{0}-\varepsilon \end{pmatrix}}$
will be:
    |0⟩: the E$_0$ + ε  level, and
    |1⟩: the E$_0$ − ε  level,
so this degenerate E$_0$ eigenvalue splits in two whenever ε ≠ 0. Though, if a perturbed Hamiltonian is not diagonal for this quantum states basis {|0⟩, |1⟩} , then Hamiltonian's eigenstates are linear combinations of these two states.
For a physical implementation such as a charged spin-½ particle in an external magnetic field, the z-axis of the coordinate system is required to be collinear with the magnetic field to obtain a Hamiltonian in the form above (the σ$_3$ Pauli matrix corresponds to z-axis). These basis states, referred to as spin-up and spin-down, are hence eigenvectors of the perturbed Hamiltonian, so this level splitting is both easy to demonstrate mathematically and intuitively evident.
But in cases where the choice of state basis is not determined by a coordinate system, and the perturbed Hamiltonian is not diagonal, a level splitting may appear counter-intuitive, as in examples from chemistry below.

## Examples

In atomic physics:
* The Zeeman effect – the splitting of electronic levels in an atom because of an external magnetic field.
* The Stark effect – splitting because of an external electric field.
In physical chemistry:
* The Jahn–Teller effect – splitting of electronic levels in a molecule because breaking the symmetry lowers the energy when the degenerate orbitals are partially filled.
* Resonance (chemistry) leads to creation of delocalized electron states. (Feynman 1965, chapter 10, § 4)
* Nitrogen inversion leads to level splitting in ammonia (Feynman 1965, chapter 8, § 6), which is used in an ammonia maser. (Feynman 1965, chapter 9)
# Maslarov Nunatak

Maslarov Nunatak (Bulgarian: Масларов нунатак, romanized: Maslarov nunatak, IPA:) is the rocky ridge 1.9 km long in northwest–southeast direction and 1.3 km wide, rising to 697 m at the northwest coast of Larsen Inlet on Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.
The feature is named after Iliya Maslarov, cook at St. Kliment Ohridski base during the 1993/94 summer season, member of the team that repaired and inaugurated the base facilities, and set the practice of annual national Antarctic campaigns.

## Location

Maslarov Nunatak's summit is located at 64°20′17″S 59°40′45″W﻿ / ﻿64.33806°S 59.67917°W﻿ / -64.33806; -59.67917, which is 2.8 km southwest of Dolen Peak, 4.05 km north of Cletrac Peak, 5.7 km northeast of Skidoo Nunatak, 5.14 km east of Nodwell Peaks and 8.2 km southeast of Chipev Nunatak.

## Maps

* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated
# Starshel (magazine)

Starshel (Bulgarian: "Стършел", "hornet") is a satirical magazine published in the Bulgaria. Founded in 1886 and published without interruption since 1946, it is the oldest Bulgarian periodical in continuous circulation. The magazines is based in Sofia and is published on a weekly basis.
# Montefiascone Cathedral

Montefiascone Cathedral or the Basilica of Santa Margherita (Italian: Duomo di Montefiascone; Basilica Cattedrale di Santa Margherita) is a former Roman Catholic cathedral in Montefiascone in the province of Viterbo, Italy, dedicated to Saint Margaret of Antioch, the patron saint of the town. It was formerly the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Montefiascone (suppressed and incorporated into the Diocese of Viterbo in 1986) and is now a basilica minor (status bestowed in 1943).
It is one of the most important churches in the area, and has one of the largest domes in Italy (27 m of diameter), which is visible from most of the towns of the Viterbo area.

## History

When Pope Urban V established the Diocese of Montefiascone in 1396, the church that was the most popular and most central was chosen to be the cathedral of the new diocese, after which major reconstruction began.
The building from the crypt up to the base of the dome dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was undertaken by the Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli, probably with the help of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. At this time the lower church was created, and the plans for the upper church drawn up, although for economic reasons this phase of building stopped at the level of the roof, and the cathedral remained open to the elements until 1602.
After a fire during the night of Good Friday in 1670 destroyed the roof and part of the interior of the cathedral, the repair and completion of the construction was entrusted to Carlo Fontana, who amended Sanmicheli's plans to produce a dome more in keeping with contemporary taste which was to impact decisively on the landscape of the surrounding countryside. The new dome was opened on 16 December 1674.
The bell towers and west front were designed and added in 1840 by the architect Paul Gazola, using very simple elements of decoration: the statues of Saint Flavian of Montefiascone and Saint Margaret of Antioch, the principal saints worshipped in Montefiascone, and a classical tympanum supported by Ionic columns and surmounted by the arms of Cardinal Macchi.
The cathedral was created a basilica minor on 26 February 1943. In 1986 the Diocese of Montefiascone was amalgamated with a number of others to form the Diocese of Viterbo, Acquapendente, Bagnoregio, Montefiascone, Tuscania e San Martino al Monte Cimino, and the church ceased to be an episcopal seat.

## Contents

Besides a marble statue and some relics of Saint Margaret of Antioch, the cathedral contains the relics of Saint Lucia Filippini and the tomb of Cardinal Marco Antonio Barbarigo, and also a well-known wooden cross.
# Bert Cartman

Herbert Redvers Cartman (28 February 1900 – 5 April 1955) was an English footballer who played as a forward. Born in Bolton, he played for Waterloo Temperance, Bolton Wanderers, Manchester United and Tranmere Rovers.
# Saint-Job railway station

Saint-Job railway station (French: Gare de Saint-Job) or Sint-Job railway station (Dutch: Station Sint-Job) is a railway station in the municipality of Uccle in Brussels, Belgium. The station, operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), is located on line 26, between Boondael and Moensberg railway stations. The station is named after the nearby Place de Saint-Job/Sint-Jobsplein.

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):
* Intercity services (IC-27) (Leuven) - Brussels Airport - Brussels-Luxembourg - St Job - Braine L'alleud - (Nivelles - Charleroi)
* Brussels RER services (S5) Mechelen - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek- St Job - Halle - Enghien (- Geraardsbergen) (weekdays)
* Brussels RER services (S7) Mechelen - Merode - St Job - Halle (weekdays)
* Brussels RER services (S9) Leuven - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek- St Job - Braine-l'Alleud (weekdays, peak hours only)
| Preceding station | NMBS/SNCB | Following station |
| Vivier d'Oietowards Brussels National Airport | IC 27 | Linkebeektowards Charleroi-Sud |
| Vivier d'Oietowards Mechelen | S 5weekdays | Moensbergtowards Enghien |
| Vivier d'Oietowards Vilvoorde | S 7weekdays | Moensbergtowards Halle |
| Vivier d'Oietowards Leuven | S 9weekdays | Moensbergtowards Braine-l'Alleud |

## Connections

The station offers a connection with Brussels tram route 92, as well as bus routes 60 and 37. Buses of the Walloon transport company TEC also stop there.
# Free Men

"Free Men" (1966) is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was his only short story known to have been published after "All You Zombies". It originally appeared in his collection The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein (1966) and was later collected in Expanded Universe. It is copyrighted by Heinlein in 1966, but was probably written between 1947 and 1950, judging from the foreword to it in Expanded Universe, which mentions that it was written after Rocket Ship Galileo.
In the story, America has been invaded and occupied after the "20 Minute War". There is a dramatic change in the situation of Barclay Free Company, a small band of resisters.
The story is action-filled, but does pause at moments for a few polemics, the main thrust of which is that free people are free within themselves regardless of outward circumstances. The fierce defense of freedom and American ideals is typical of Heinlein and the period immediately after World War II.
# Bangkok Knockout

Bangkok Knockout (Thai: โคตรสู้ โคตรโส) is a 2010 Thai martial arts film directed by Panna Rittikrai and written by Jonathon Siminoe. The film stars Chatchapol Kulsiriwuthichai, Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul, Gitabak Agohjit, Supaksorn Chaimongkol, Sorapong Chatree, Virat Kemgrad, Speedy Arnold and Sarawoot Kumsorn.

## Premise

After winning a contest to star in a Hollywood film, a group of martial arts students celebrate by hosting a party, but they all get drugged and passed out while celebrating. When they wake up, they are attacked and soon some of their friends have been kidnapped. They quickly learn that a group of assassins are after them and that the contest may not have been what it seemed. The only way to survive is to fight their way out and rescue their friends.

## Cast

* Chatchapol Kulsiriwuthichai as Pod
* Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul as Bai-Fern
* Speedy Arnod as Mr Snead
* Gitabak Agohjit as Git
* Supaksorn Chaimongkol as Joy
* Sorapong Chatree as Sergeant Ram Former Border Patrol Police
* Virat Kemgrad as Jao
* Sarawoot Kumsorn as U-Go
* Krittiya Lardphanna as Kuk Yai
* Sumret Muengput as Ao
* Deka Partum as Jame
* Panna Rittikrai as Suthep Sisai
* Puchong Sarthorn as Eddo
* Poonyapat Soonkunchanon as Lerm
* Tanavit Wongsuwan as Pom
* Vinai Weangyanogoong as Black Men
* Kiattisak Udomnak

## Production

Magnolia Pictures has gained the U.S. distributional rights.

## Reception

The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics.
# Anson Stager

Anson Stager (April 20, 1825 - March 26, 1885) was the co-founder of Western Union, the first president of Western Electric Manufacturing Company and a Union Army officer, where he was head of the Military Telegraph Department during the American Civil War.

## Biography

He was born in Ontario County, New York. At age sixteen, Stager began working as an apprentice on the Rochester Daily Advertiser for a printer and telegraph builder named Henry O'Reilly of Rochester, New York. After the latter had a telegraph line constructed from Philadelphia to Harrisburg he placed Stager in operator positions in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and then at age 21 he was put in charge of the first Lancaster, Pennsylvania, office in 1846. In the spring of 1848, he was made chief operator of the "National lines" at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he made several improvements in battery and wire arrangement. In 1852 Stager was promoted to superintendent, and also served as the first general superintendent of Western Union Company, newly consolidated in 1856.
After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Stager was requested by Ohio governor William Dennison, Jr. to manage the telegraphs in southern Ohio and along the Virginia Line. Stager obliged and immediately prepared a cipher by which he could securely communicate with those who had the key (notably the governors of Illinois and Indiana). In October he was called to Washington and appointed head of the Military Telegraph Department, which oversaw government telegraphs in all departments. He remained in service until 1866, continuing to lead the department as civilian until September 1868; and was made a brevet brigadier general of volunteers for his war service.
In 1869 Stager moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he served as president of Western Electric. He was also president of the Chicago Telephone Company and president of the Western Edison Company, and secured a consolidation of the two.
Anson Stager died in Chicago, Illinois, on March 26, 1885, and was survived by three daughters. His daughter Ellen Stager would marry Arthur Butler, 4th Marquess of Ormonde in 1887 and had four children.
# Musa Bagh

Musa Bagh (Hindi: मूसा बाग़, Urdu: موسى باغ, translation: Garden of Moses), also known as Monsieur Bagh, is an extensive garden complex in the city of Lucknow of the Awadh region of India.
# Veľké Bierovce

Veľké Bierovce ( Hungarian: Nagybiróc ) is a village and municipality in Trenčín District in the Trenčín Region of northwestern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an elevation of 202 metres and covers an area of 4.909 km$^2$. It has a population of about 604 people.
# David Safaryan

David Safaryan (Armenian: Դավիթ Սաֆարյան; born 1 August 1989) is an Armenian and Russian Freestyle wrestler and World and European Champion.

## Biography

Safaryan was born on 1 August 1989 in Cherkessk, Russia. He began wrestling since childhood in his father's initiative, who had the title of Master of Sports in wrestling. Since 2003, he trained in Krasnodar under Abdulla Magomedov. From 2006 to 2009, he was a member of the cadet and junior national team of Russia, becoming a Cadet European Champion in 2006 and 2007 and a Junior World Championships silver medalist in 2009.
Later, Safaryan decided to compete for Armenia, where he began to train under the head coach of the Armenian freestyle wrestling team Araik Baghdadyan. His first success at the senior international level came when he won a bronze medal at the 2012 European Wrestling Championships. Shortly thereafter, he competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, but was unable to win a medal due to controversial refereeing while facing Kazakh Akzhurek Tanatarov in the quarterfinals, amid a number of other controversial Kazakhstan victories.
He won a gold medal at the 2013 European Wrestling Championships in Tbilisi. Safaryan is the first Armenian to become a European Champion in freestyle wrestling in nine years. Prime Minister of Georgia Bidzina Ivanishvili came up and congratulated David afterwards. At the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, he won a silver medal. Later that year Safaryan also won the gold medal at the 2013 World Wrestling Championships in Budapest, taking revenge on Tanatarov in the quarterfinals and defeating Cuban Liván López, another 2012 Olympic medalist, in the finals. Safaryan was named the Armenian Athlete of the Year for 2013 by vote conducted by the Republican Federation of Sports Journalists of Armenia.
He also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
# Mischarytera

Mischarytera is a genus of rainforest trees, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. Four species are known to science as of December 2013, found growing naturally in eastern Queensland, Australia, and in New Guinea. Formerly until 1995, they had names within the genus Arytera, subgenus Mischarytera.
In 2006 botanist Paul I. Forster formally scientifically described Mischarytera megaphylla P.I.Forst. based on specimens collected from trees of a restricted area (endemic) of the lowland Daintree Rainforest region, part of the larger Wet Tropics region of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. Before the formal description these trees were known and informally described as Mischarytera sp. Oliver Creek (L.J.Webb+ 10903) Qld Herbarium and Sapindaceae sp. (Noah Creek BG 6026).

## Species

* Mischarytera bullata (H.Turner) H.Turner – New Guinea endemic
    – synonym: base name: Arytera bullata H.Turner
* Mischarytera lautereriana (F.M.Bailey) H.Turner; Corduroy Tamarind – NE. to SE. Qld endemic
    – synonyms: base name: Nephelium lautererianum F.M.Bailey; nomenclatural: Arytera lautereriana (F.M.Bailey) Radlk.
* Mischarytera macrobotrys (Merr. & L.M.Perry) H.Turner – Cape York Peninsula, Qld and New Guinea
    – synonyms: base name: Mischocarpus macrobotrys Merr. & L.M.Perry; nomenclatural: Arytera macrobotrys (Merr. & L.M.Perry) R.W.Ham
* Mischarytera megaphylla P.I.Forst. – NE. Qld endemic
    – synonyms: Mischarytera sp. Oliver Creek (L.J.Webb + 10903) Qld Herbarium; Sapindaceae sp. (Noah Creek BG 6026)
# Georgi Ananiev

Georgi Gervanov Ananiev (Bulgarian: Георги Герванов Ананиев; 12 April 1950 – 26 January 2021) was a Bulgarian politician who served as Minister of Defence in the Kostov government between 1997 and 1999.

## Life

Born in the village of Kosacha, near Radomir, Ananiev studied in a technical school of metallurgy and mechanotechnics in Pernik and graduated from the Mining and Geological Institute (Bulgarian: Минно-геоложки институт) in Sofia in 1974. He subsequently worked as an engineer for various companies. In the 1990s, he became a member of the UDF. In February 1997, Ananiev was appointed Minister of Defence in the caretaker government of Stefan Sofiyanski and retained his position following the formation of the Kostov cabinet. He is the first Bulgarian Minister of Defence to visit the Pentagon.
In 1999, he was replaced by Boyko Noev as a government minister, but was appointed secretary of defense (an occupation in the presidency which had not existed before) of then President Petar Stoyanov.
He died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria.
# Arkina

Arkina (Armenian: Արկինա) was a small village in Medieval Armenia within the Shirak district and near the city of Ani.
Arkina is best known for being the temporary seat of the Catholicosate after Ananias I of Armenia moved it from Vaspurakan in 959. His predecessors lived on Agtamar Island but he found it better to seek protection under Ani's king and to establish himself on the mainland. He lived in Arkina until a cathedral and palace were built in Ani.
Arkina had a fortress and perhaps a cathedral, whose ruins are just west of the Tiknis border in present-day Turkey. It would likely have been built by Katholikos Khatchik between 972 and 992; its remaining wall was damaged in a 1966 earthquake.
# Khordzor

Khordzor (Armenian: Խորձոր) is a village in the Kapan Municipality of the Syunik Province in Armenia.
# II-34 road (Bulgaria)

Republican Road II-34 (Bulgarian: Републикански път II-34) is a 2nd class road in northwestern Bulgaria, running in general direction southwest–northeast entirely through the territory of Pleven Province. Its length is 44.5 km.
The road starts at Km 80.1 of the first class I-3 road north of the village of Grivitsa, and heads northeast through the central Danubian Plain. It passes through the villages of Koilovtsi, Mechka, Asenovo and Debovo, where it turns northwest along the left bank of the river Osam. Before the village of Muselievo the road turns north, crosses the river and continues along its right bank until its confluence with the Danube, where it heads east until the town of Nikopol, where it reaches its terminus at Km 115 of the second class II-52 road.
# National Investigative Service (Bulgaria)

The National Investigative Service (Bulgarian: Национална следствена служба) is the national investigation agency of Bulgaria for serious crimes and cooperation in international investigations. It was established in 2002, replacing the Specialized Investigation Service, which was founded in 1998. The National Investigative Service is currently headed by Borislav Sarafov, a former head of the Specialized Prosecutor's Offices of Appeals.

## Director of the service

The director of the Service is appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council for a five-year term with the possibility of being selected again. He is the deputy of the Prosecutor General of Bulgaria in investigations by law.
The director is also deputy chief prosecutor.
# Bangestan

Bangestan (Persian: بنگستان, also Romanized as Bangestān; also known as Bangestān-e Bālā and Tangestān) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Ramhormoz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 264, in 53 families.
# Venchan Bluff

Venchan Bluff (Bulgarian: рид Венчан, romanized: rid Venchan, IPA:) is the mostly ice-covered bluff rising to 1283 m at the end of a side ridge extending towards Lanusse Bay from Mount Parry in Stribog Mountains on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It has steep and partly ice-free southwest, northwest and northeast slopes, and surmounts Djerassi Glacier to the north.
Venchan Bluff was first ascended by the French mountaineers Mathieu Cortial, Lionel Daudet and Patrick Wagnon on 21 January 2010, as a part of their route to the island's summit Mount Parry following its northwestern spur and called Nouvelle vague (New Wave).
The peak is named after the settlement of Venchan in Northeastern Bulgaria.

## Location

Venchan Bluff is located at 64°14′54″S 62°26′45″W﻿ / ﻿64.24833°S 62.44583°W﻿ / -64.24833; -62.44583, which is 2.46 km northwest of Mount Parry, 3.85 km east-northeast of Minot Point and 6.3 km southeast of Driencourt Point. British mapping in 1980 and 2008.

## Maps

* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1980.
* Brabant Island to Argentine Islands. Scale 1:250000 topographic map. British Antarctic Survey, 2008.
# Who Killed the Prosecutor and Why?

Who Killed the Prosecutor and Why? (Italian: Terza ipotesi su un caso di perfetta strategia criminale) is a 1972 Italian thriller film directed by Giuseppe Vari and starring Lou Castel. The hardcore inserts were edited for some foreign markets.

## Cast

* Lou Castel as Carlo
* Beba Lončar as Olga
* Adolfo Celi as Inspector Vezzi
* Massimo Serato as Uncle Fifi
* Umberto D'Orsi as Romano, Don Salvatore's lawyer
* Renato Baldini as Marshal Notarantonio
* Consalvo Dell'Arti as Superintendent Portella
* Antonio La Raina as Mauri
* Carlo Landa as Roversi
* Carla Mancini as Nightclub employee
* Renato Malavasi
* Fortunato Arena as Don Salvatore Aniello
* Domenico Maggio as Garrù

## Plot

A young and reckless photographer captures accidentally in his photos the murder of a judge: he decides to blackmail the perpetrator.
# Agama etoshae

Agama etoshae, known as the Etosha agama, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. It is a small lizard endemic to northern Namibia and sometimes found in southern Angola. The species is believed to use sandy substrate for the construction of burrows.
# Microphotography (literature)

Microphotography is a writing style that emerged in the early 1990s in science journalism. The style is named after micrographs and is distinctive for its highly detailed, worm's eye or microscopic view of the macroscopic world.
One of the flagship works in this style was David Bodanis's commercially prominent The Secret House: 24 hours in the strange & wonderful world in which we spend our nights and days. This book followed daily life in a typical enclosed human habitat in minute detail, featuring detailed physical and biological explanations.