OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# International Time Bureau

The International Time Bureau (French: Bureau International de l'Heure, abbreviated BIH), seated at the Paris Observatory, was the international bureau responsible for combining different measurements of Universal Time. The bureau also played an important role in the research of time keeping and related fields: Earth rotation, reference frames, and atomic time. In 1987 the responsibilities of the bureau were taken over by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).

## History

The creation of the BIH was decided upon during the 1912 Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique. The following year an attempt was made to regulate the international status of the bureau through the creation of an international convention. However, the convention wasn't ratified by its member countries due to the outbreak of World War I. In 1919, after the war, it was decided to make the bureau the executive body of the International Commission of Time, one of the commissions of the then newly founded International Astronomical Union (IAU), which had its headquarters in Paris.
Although international in its missions, the BIH was, throughout its history, essentially French in terms of its funding. Until 1966, the director of the Paris Observatory was also the BIH's director. In reality, the BIH's direction was entrusted to a directeur-adjoint (deputy director) or a chef des services du B.I.H. (head of B.I.H. services), i.e, a person in charge of BIH with a title that sometimes varied in the history of BIH. In January 1920, the director of the Paris Observatory, Benjamin Baillaud, delegated BIH's effective management to Guillaume Bigourdan who was in charge of BIH until 1928. Armand Lambert directed BIH from 1928 to 1942. Nicolas Stoyko was BIH's head from 1942 until he retired in 1964. Bernard Guinot, BIH's last director, was in charge from the 1st of October 1964 until the BIH ceased to exist in 1988.
From 1956 until 1987 the BIH was part of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services (FAGS). In 1987 the bureau's tasks of combining different measurements of Universal Time were taken over by the BIPM. Its tasks related to the correction of time with respect to the celestial reference frame and the Earth's rotation were taken over by the IERS.
# Volvo F85

The Volvo F84/F85/F86 was a series of medium size trucks produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1965 and 1979.

## Volvo F84/F85

Volvo presented the forward control Raske Tiptop with a tilting cab in 1962. When Volvo introduced its "System 8" in 1965 the truck got a new, bigger engine and was renamed F85. Between 1968 and 1974 Volvo offered a budget version called F84 without power steering and with reduced payload.
In 1976 Volvo upgraded the truck and renamed it F85S. The S-version had a bigger engine and a more comfortable cab.

## Volvo F86

In 1964 Volvo had mounted the forward control cab from Raske Tiptop on its Viking model. When Volvo introduced its "System 8" the following year, the truck was renamed F86. The changes, however, were more extensive than that and included a new engine, a new eight-speed gear box and a general updating of most of the components. The F86 was also assembled in Scotland, for sales in the British Isles.
Modernization of the truck in 1973 included a new plastic radiator grille. In 1976 the driver's work place was improved with a more comfortable cab.

## Engines

| Model | Year | Engine | Displacement | Power | Type |
| F84/F85 | 1965–76 | Volvo D50: I6 ohv | 5,130 cc (313 cu in) | 117 hp (86 kW) | Diesel engine |
| F84/F85 | 1965–76 | Volvo TD50: I6 ohv | 5,130 cc (313 cu in) | 165 hp (121 kW) | Turbo-diesel |
| F86 | 1965–79 | Volvo D70: I6 ohv | 6,724 cc (410.3 cu in) | 150 hp (110 kW) | Diesel engine |
| F86 | 1965–79 | Volvo TD70: I6 ohv | 6,724 cc (410.3 cu in) | 210 hp (154 kW) | Turbo-diesel |
| F85S | 1977–78 | Volvo TD60: I6 ohv | 5,479 cc (334.3 cu in) | 180 hp (132 kW) | Turbo-diesel |
# Avarskiy okrug

The Avarskiy okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Avarskiy okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Khunzakh.

## Administrative divisions

The prefectures (участки, uchastki) of the Avarskiy okrug in 1917 were:
| Name | 1912 population | Area |
| Khunzakhskiy prefecture (Хунзахский участок) | 19,026 | 524.32 square versts (596.71 km$^2$; 230.39 sq mi) |
| Koysubulinskiy prefecture (Койсубулинский участок) | 13,687 | 623.95 square versts (710.09 km$^2$; 274.17 sq mi) |

## Demographics
### Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Avarskiy okrug had a population of 37,639 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 18,890 men and 18,749 women. The majority of the population indicated Avar to be their mother tongue.
Linguistic composition of the Avarskiy okrug in 1897 :
| Language | Native speakers | % |
| Avar-Andean | 36,063 | 95.81 |
| Arabic | 912 | 2.42 |
| Russian | 428 | 1.14 |
| Ukrainian | 83 | 0.22 |
| Polish | 26 | 0.07 |
| Dargin | 18 | 0.05 |
| Kazi-Kumukh | 13 | 0.03 |
| Jewish | 12 | 0.03 |
| Georgian | 11 | 0.03 |
| German | 7 | 0.02 |
| Armenian | 6 | 0.02 |
| Kumyk | 5 | 0.01 |
| Kyurin | 4 | 0.01 |
| Tatar | 4 | 0.01 |
| Chechen | 1 | 0.00 |
| Persian | 1 | 0.00 |
| Other | 45 | 0.12 |
| TOTAL | 37,639 | 100.00 |

### Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Avarskiy okrug had a population of 35,749 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 17,956 men and 17,793 women, 34,935 of whom were the permanent population, and 814 were temporary residents:
| Nationality | Number | % |
| North Caucasians | 34,957 | 97.78 |
| Russians | 666 | 1.86 |
| Other Europeans | 91 | 0.25 |
| Jews | 31 | 0.09 |
| Armenians | 4 | 0.01 |
| TOTAL | 35,749 | 100.00 |
# Volvo Titan

The Volvo Titan was a heavy duty truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1951 and 1973.

## Volvo Titan

In the autumn of 1951 Volvo introduced its largest truck L395 Titan, with a payload capacity of up to 10 tonnes. The large VDF engine was replaced in 1953 with the further developed D96 engine. The following year, the Titan became the first Volvo truck to be offered with a turbodiesel. In 1956 the truck was equipped with air brakes.
1959 saw the introduction of the refined L495 Titan. In 1964 Volvo introduced the forward control L4951 Titan Tiptop with a tilting cab.

## Volvo N88

In 1965 Volvo introduced its "System 8". As part of the changes Volvo presented a successor to the Titan, called N88. The new truck retained the Titan's cab, but underneath it the conventional N88 sported all the new features of the forward control F88. These included a new engine, a fully synchronized eight-speed gear box and improved chassis and suspension.

## Engines

| Model | Year | Engine | Displacement | Power | Type |
| L395 | 1951–52 | Volvo VDF: I6 ohv | 9,602 cc (585.9 cu in) | 150 bhp (112 kW) | Diesel engine |
| L395-495 | 1953–65 | Volvo D96: I6 ohv | 9,602 cc (585.9 cu in) | 150 bhp (112 kW) | Diesel engine |
| L395-495 | 1954–65 | Volvo TD96: I6 ohv | 9,602 cc (585.9 cu in) | 185 bhp (138 kW) | Turbodiesel |
| N88 | 1965–73 | Volvo D100: I6 ohv | 9,602 cc (585.9 cu in) | 200 bhp (149 kW) | Diesel engine |
| N88 | 1965–73 | Volvo TD100: I6 ohv | 9,602 cc (585.9 cu in) | 260 bhp (194 kW) | Turbodiesel |

## Gallery

* 1965 Volvo Titan Tiptop
* 1973 Volvo N88
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Lolo

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lolo (Latin: Loloën(sis)) is a diocese located in the town of Bumba in the ecclesiastical province of Mbandaka-Bikoro in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## History

* 22 February 1937: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Lolo from the Apostolic Vicariate of Buta
* 2 July 1962: Promoted as Diocese of Lolo

## Bishops
### Ordinaries, in reverse chronological order

* Bishops of Lolo (Latin Rite)
** Bishop Jean-Bertin Nadonye Ndongo, O.F.M. Cap. (since 29 January 2015)
** Bishop Ferdinand Maemba Liwoke (28 August 1987 – 29 January 2015)
** Bishop Joseph Ignace Waterschoot, O. Praem. (2 July 1962 – 28 August 1987); see below
* Prefects Apostolic of Lolo (Latin Rite)
** Fr. Joseph Ignace Waterschoot, O. Praem. (21 November 1949 – 2 July 1962); see above
** Fr. Giacomo Jacobs, O. Praem. (1937 – 1948)

### Auxiliary bishop

* Ferdinand Maemba Liwoke (1983-1987), appointed Bishop here
# Koranit

Koranit (Hebrew: קוֹרָנִית, lit. Thyme) is a community settlement in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee on Mount Shekhanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Misgav Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 918.

## History

The village was established in 1978 as a moshav shitufi, and was later converted to a community settlement.
# Aghavni Papazian

Aghavni Papazian (fl. 1879), was an Ottoman Armenian actress. She is counted as one of the first professional female actors in the Ottoman Empire and thereby the Middle East.
In the 1850s, the modern theatre was founded in the Ottoman Empire by an Armenian theatre company, Arevelian Tatron. As Muslims did not consider acting a suitable profession, the first actors in the Ottoman Empire was Christian Armenians, and the stigma of the profession was especially the case for females, the actresses received a higher salary than their male colleagues, and they could also continue their careers undisturbed after the Armenian theater monopoly was abolished in the Ottoman Empire in 1879. After this point, male Armenian actors found competition from Muslim Turkish male actors, while no Muslim Turkish female actor ever performed on stage before the 1919-1920 season.
She and her college Arousyak Papazian are mentioned by the historian Mikael Nalbandian as two pioneers in defying prejudices by performing on stage. As such, they became publicly visible women in the Muslim Ottoman Empire in a period when the female members of the audience had to watch their plays behind screens.
Aghavni Papazian was also historical as the first actress to have performed in Iran, when she appeared on stage in Tabriz. This was, however, before a Christian Armenian audience: the Muslim audience in Tabriz and Iran did not see the performance of an actress until 1888, and in the case of Teheran, not until the performance of Madame Golofin and Madame Babian in 1897.
# Klaus Wiswe

Klaus Wiswe (born 1955) is a German politician, member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and full-time chief executive or Landrat of the North German district of Celle.
Wiswe was born on 30 October 1955 in Böddenstedt in Uelzen district, and grew up in the village of Unterlüß in Celle district. After completing his A levels he studied law in Berlin and Göttingen. He worked for a short time as a solicitor and then became an advisor (Referent) and department head (Dezernent) in the administration for the state of Lower Saxony. From 1991 as a department head in the district office of Celle he was responsible for the areas of social, youth, health, environmental and construction policy as well as regional planning. Klaus Wiswe is married to veterinarian, Dr. Birgit Wiswe, and has two children.
On 21 February 1999 Wiswe was elected as the first full-time chief executive (Landrat) for the district of Celle. In the local elections on 10 September 2006 he was confirmed in office in the first round with 54.3% of the vote. His term of office now runs to 31 October 2014.
Wiswe is the first chairman of the Lower Saxon District Committee (Niedersächsischer Landkreistag).
# Cumpăna

Cumpăna is a commune in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.

## Administration

The commune includes the village with the same name, Cumpăna (historical name: Hașiduluc, Turkish: Haşiduluk). The village was mentioned under the name Hașiduluc for the first time in 1870 by Ion Ionescu de la Brad in his work "Excursion agricole dans la plaine de la Dobroudja". It was renamed to Cumpăna in 1926.
Although still mentioned in the official documents as part of the Cumpăna commune, the village of Straja (historical name: Mahometcea, Turkish: Mehmedçay) was abandoned to make way for the Danube-Black Sea Canal and its population moved to Cumpăna.

## Demographics

At the 2021 census Cumpăna had a population of 14,757 with a majority of Romanians (81.89%) and minorities of Turks (2.57%), Roma (2.17%), Tatars (1%), Lipovans (0.05%), Hungarians (0.04%), Bulgarians (0.02%), others (0.23%) and unknown (12.03%).
At the 2011 census, Cumpăna had 10,732 Romanians (92.06%), 5 Hungarians (0.04%), 210 Roma (1.80%), 7 Germans (0.06%), 510 Turks (4.37%), 168 Tatars (1.44%), 5 Lipovans (0.04%), 21 others (0.18%).

## Latest developments

In the past few years, Cumpăna has become a favourite residential area for the people leaving the crowded city of Constanța. Recent developments like sewage, natural gas pipeline grid and proximity to new major hypermarkets accelerated that process. In Cumpăna there are two Orthodox churches, one of which was renovated in 2007, and one Pentecostal Christian church founded in 1991.
In 2007, Cumpăna was awarded the honorary title "European Village" by the European Union delegation in Romania.

## Natives

* Marcel Toader
# Augustin Călin (footballer)

Augustin Călin (born 5 August 1973) is a retired Romanian football player.

## Player career

As a player, he played for several Romanian clubs such as Universitatea Craiova, Steaua București, Dinamo București and Oțelul Galați. He also played in China for Liaoning and Henan Jianye and in Italy for lower league sides Trento Calcio and Maceratese. He retired in 2006.

## Honours

FC Universitatea Craiova
* Cupa României: 1992–93
Steaua București
* Divizia A: 1996–97
* Cupa României: 1996–97
# Dan Gillerman

Dan Gillerman (Hebrew: דן גילרמן, born 1944 in Tel Aviv) was Israel's 13th Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He was appointed in July 2002 and assumed his post on January 1, 2003, serving through 2008.

## Early life and education

Gillerman was born in 1944 in British run Mandatory Palestine. He was educated at Whittinghame College, a Jewish boarding school in Brighton, England, and studied politics, economics and law at Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

## Career

Gillerman served as the CEO of several Israeli companies, Chairman of the Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce, member of the board of the First International Bank of Israel and Director of Bank Leumi and the Bank of Israel. He also served on the Prime Minister's National Economic and Social Council, the President's Committee of the Coordinating Council of Israel's Economic Organizations, as Chairman of the Israel-British Business Council, and as member of the executive board of the International Chamber of Commerce of the World Business Organization.
Gillerman has played a prominent role in helping steer Israel towards economic liberalization and a free market economy. He is actively engaged in the economic aspects of the peace process and has engaged Palestinian and other Arab leaders in an attempt to further economic cooperation within the region.
On June 14, 2005, he was elected to the position of Vice-President of the 60th UN General Assembly. The last Israeli to hold this position was UN envoy Abba Eban in 1952. Israel's candidacy was put forward by the United Nations Western Europe and Others Group (WEOG). In this position, Gillerman played a central role during the initial negotiation stages of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.
On April 24, 2008, Gillerman referred to former US President Jimmy Carter as a bigot for his meeting in Syria with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal.
Since 2008, when he ceased to be Permanent Representative to the United Nations, he has been chairman and CEO of Gillerman Global, a global strategic consulting firm.
Since 2013, Gillerman has been an Israel based senior adviser to investment management company Blackstone Inc., and in 2021 when a new Israel office was established became chairman of Blackstone Israel.
In response to the massacres of Israelis in October 2023, Gillerman seemed to refer to the Palestinian people as "horrible, inhuman animals" in a televised interview with Sky News. He said:
   I am very puzzled by the constant concern which the world is showing for the Palestinian people, and is actually showing for these horrible inhuman animals who have done the worst atrocities that this century has seen, and the worst atrocities that the Jews have suffered since the holocaust.

## Private life

Gillerman first met his British wife, Janice, while at school in Brighton. They have two children.
# Tulata

Tulata (Russian: Тулата) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Solyansky Selsoviet, Narimanovsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 53 as of 2010.

## Geography

Tulata is located 115 km southwest of Narimanov (the district's administrative centre) by road. Solyony is the nearest rural locality.
# Institute (disambiguation)

An institute is a permanent organizational body created for a certain purpose.
Institute or institutes may also refer to:

## Places

* Institute, West Virginia, in the United States
* Institute, Wisconsin, in the United States
* İnstitut, Azerbaijan

## Culture and entertainment

* The French Institute (French: Institut de France), a French learned society
* Institute, a former alt rock band featuring Gavin Rossdale
* Institute F.C., an association football team in Northern Ireland
* The Institutes of Justinian (Latin: Institutiones Justiniani), part of the Justinian Code
# Khoytobeye

Khoytobeye (Russian: Хойтобэе; Buryat: Хойто Бэе, Khoito Beye) is a rural locality (an ulus) in Ivolginsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 2,754 as of 2010. There are 85 streets.

## Geography

Khoytobeye is located 14 km southwest of Ivolginsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnyaya Ivolga is the nearest rural locality.
# Wirdum, Friesland

Wirdum (West Frisian: Wurdum) is a village in Leeuwarden municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,060 in January 2017.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1335 as Weerdum, and means "settlement on the terp". Wirdum developed on the terp (artificial living mount) in the Middle Ages. It used to be only accessible by water until road connections in the middle of the 19th century.
St-Martin's village church was a tufa building in the 12th century. In the 13th century the nave was enlarged and since then it has been a brick building. In the 14th century a tower was added on the south side. The nave was altered in Baroque style, the tower in the 19th century.
In 1840, Wirdum was home to 665 people. In 1891, a dairy factory opened in Wirdum and remained open until 1964. In 2014, a treasure of 96 coins dating between 850 and 860 were discovered in the terp.

## Gallery

* Village view
* Farm in Wirdum
* Old Reformed Church turned into a car dealership
* Soldier on guard
# Aznar Sánchez of Gascony

Aznar (or Asnar) Sánchez (Basque: Aznar Antso, French: Aznard Sanche, Gascon: Aznar Sans) (died 836) was the Duke of Gascony from 820. He was the supposed son of Sancho I of Gascony, though he has been identified with Aznar Galíndez I, Count of Aragon.
In 824, according to the Vita Hludowici, the counts Aznar and Aeblus (Eblus atque Asenarius committees) led an army against rebellious Pamplona. According to the Annales regni Francorum of Einhard, they (Aeblus et Asinarius comites) brought a great deal of wealth with them. They were defeated in a "second Roncesvalles" and Pamplona gained its independence while the two counts were captured. Aznar, however, being a relative (consanguineus) of his captors, according to Astronomus, was released.
Aznar fell out with Berengar's successor in the March of Gothia, Bernard of Septimania. In 828, Gascony revolted again. In 836, Aznar was killed (a horrible death).
# Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital

The Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital (French: Maternité Grande-Duchesse Charlotte) is a maternity hospital, part of the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg in Luxembourg. The hospital is named after Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, who reigned from 1919 to 1964.

## History

In 1936 the development of a maternity hospital in Luxembourg went under the leadership of the Red Cross director Dr. M. Bohler and the school of the state of Pfaffenthal, under the control of the state, with the first director Dr. Richard.
During World War II the hospital was under control of the state, under the direction of Dr. M. Reile.
In 1951 the first incubator was introduced at the hospital. Between 1952 and 1966 the unit of medical gymnastics for childbirth and the gynecology department were opened.
On December 10, 1975, together with the Pediatric Clinic and the Municipal Hospital the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg was formed.

## Famous births

* 11 November 1981 - Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, son of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Theresa
* 3 June 1984 - Prince Félix, son of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Theresa
* 3 August 1986 - Prince Louis, son of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Theresa
* 16 February 1991 - Princess Alexandra, daughter of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Theresa
* 16 April 1992 - Prince Sébastien, son of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Theresa
* 21 September 2007 - Prince Noah, son of Prince Louis and Princess Tessy
* 15 June 2014 - Princess Amalia, daughter of Prince Félix and Princess Claire
* 10 May 2020 - Prince Charles, son of Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume and Hereditary Grand Duchess Stéphanie
* 27 March 2023 - Prince François, Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume and Hereditary Grand Duchess Stéphanie
* 7 January 2024 - Prince Balthasar, son of Prince Félix and Princess Claire
# Franz Hemer

Leutnant Franz Hemer was a World War I German flying ace credited with 18 aerial victories.

## Biography

Hemer was originally a talented concert cellist. His long curly blonde hair sparked his nickname of "Locken".
Hemer served with Flieger-Abteilung (Artillerie) 283 before he was posted to Jagdstaffel (Jasta) 6 on 10 September 1917. He scored his first victory on 27 October 1917, when he shot down an RE.8. He scored once more in 1917, on 12 November. He was then assigned a Fokker Dr. 1. He had a wavy yellow line painted the length of the fuselage, symbolizing the wavy locks of hair that gave him the nickname "Locken".
By the end of March 1918, he became an ace. He scored at least five more victories with the triplane before upgrading to a Fokker D.VII. He scored his last victory on 8 August 1918. The following day, he was wounded in action when his Fokker D.VII was shot down during a dogfight with RAF DH.9s of No. 49 Squadron RAF supported by Sopwith Camels. While convalescing, he was commissioned a Leutnant. However, he apparently did not return to flight duty before the war's end.
Later he became managing Director of König & Bruder in Leipzig, head office in Vienna, an old fur trading company.
Franz Hemer died on 18 October 1982 in Frankfurt.
# Enno Walther Huth

Enno Walther Huth (Altenburg, 8 October 1875 - Frankfurt am Main, 31 May 1964) was a German industrialist, pioneer of the Luftstreitkräfte.

## Biography

Huth was the son of Major Johann Ernst (1832-1897) and his wife Emilie (1838-1921) family with military traditions. In 1905 he married Elsa Bachstein (1878-1968), daughter of the railroad entrepreneur Hermann Bachstein. Left after 13 years as an officer in the military and from 1908 to 1912 he studied biology. He finished his studies and graduated in 1909, met in Berlin the French aviator Hubert Latham. Huth showed the desire to produce aircraft in Germany. Founded as the Albatros Flugzeugwerke in Johannisthal. Later aircraft produced under license by a French manufacturer. Later he worked with designers such as Ernst Heinkel or Hirth. The Albatros-Werke provided the first aircraft for the Luftstreitkräfte. During World War I many aircraft and components were manufactured by Albatros. Huth was an intelligence officer.

## Awards

Huth was president of the National Federation of the German Aerospace.