OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Bye (footballer)

James Henry Bye (11 February 1920 – June 1995) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham. He played as a right half.

## Life and career

Bye was born in 1920 in the Aston district of Birmingham, the son of Arthur Bye and his wife Lillian née Featherstone, and attended St Peter's School in Harborne. He played youth football for Bournbrook Alliance, from where he signed amateur forms with Birmingham as a 14-year-old. He played for Shirley Juniors, a team "fostered" by Birmingham's vice-chairman, David Wiseman, before turning professional with Birmingham "immediately on reaching 17". He played for the youth team and for the Central League side before making his senior debut in the FA Cup third-round tie against Halifax Town on 7 January 1939, standing in at right half for the injured Don Dearson. Birmingham won 2–0. He made his first appearance in the First Division three weeks later, in a 5–0 defeat away to Preston North End, and played in the first three games of the 1939–40 Football League season, which was then abandoned when the Second World War started.
Bye was called up in January 1940. While not required by the Army, he played 36 games for Birmingham in the wartime competitions, and also made guest appearances for Nottingham Forest and West Bromwich Albion, before retiring from the game in 1944.
At the start of the war, Bye was living with his parents in Vivian Road, Harborne, and working in a tobacconist's shop. He married Margaret Moore in 1955. Bye's death was registered in June 1995 in the Blackpool and Fylde district.
# James Fletcher (footballer)

James Robert Fletcher (23 December 1926 – March 2014) was an English footballer who played as a forward in the Football League for Chester. He was on the books of Birmingham City without making a first-team appearance, and played non-league football for clubs including Bilston and Wellington Town.
# James Jackson (footballer, born 1900)

James Jackson (4 December 1900 – c. 1976) was a footballer who played for Liverpool. Between 1925 and 1933, he made 224 appearances, scoring twice.

## Early life and playing career

Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England to Scottish parents (although his father had grown up in Australia), Jackson played in the Scottish Football League for Queen's Park (one year in the first team), Motherwell (four years) and Aberdeen (two years) before being signed for Liverpool by manager Matt McQueen in May 1925.
He made his debut on 14 November 1925 in a Division 1 match against W.B.A at Anfield in a 2–0 win, and scored the first of his two goals for the club in a 3–1 defeat at the hands of Spurs at White Hart Lane on 17 December 1927.
Predominantly a defender, although he appeared in every outfield position for Liverpool, Jackson became a fixture of the side in the 1928–29 and only missed a couple of games over the next two seasons, racking up 124 appearances in doing so. He became club captain for the Reds and led them with great dignity. He was involved in some physical Merseyside derby matches coming up against the lethal Everton striker Dixie Dean.
Although Jackson was never selected by England (he was ineligible for Scotland under the rules of the time), he represented both the Scottish League and English League representative sides.

## Later and personal life

After playing for Liverpool until 1933, he decided to have a complete change of career, becoming a minister in the Presbyterian church; during his spell at Anfield he was nicknamed 'The Parson' because of his religious connections. Before he was ordained as a minister, Jackson found time to attend Cambridge where he read both Philosophy and Greek.
His father Jimmy (Newcastle United and Woolwich Arsenal), younger brother Archie (Sunderland and Tranmere Rovers), uncle Andrew (Cambuslang and Scotland) and cousin Andy (Middlesbrough) were all also footballers. His cousin, also named Archie, was a leading Australian Test cricketer, playing in the same side as Don Bradman.
In his time at Aberdeen there were four Jacksons in the team for a short period (the best known being 'Wembley Wizard' Alex, plus Wattie and Willie) but none were related to James.
# James Johnson (British politician)

James Johnson (16 September 1908 – 31 January 1995) was a British Labour Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP).
He was born to the family of a Northumberland miner and was educated at Duke's School, Alnwick, and Leeds University. He played football for the English Universities XI and the Corinthians. Johnson was a lecturer in social studies at Coventry Technical College and an official for the National Union of General and Municipal Workers in Kenya. He served as a councillor on Coventry City Council.
Johnson was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1950 general election, as MP for Rugby. He was re-elected at the 1951 and 1955 elections, but at the 1959 general election, he lost his seat to the Conservative Party candidate Roy Wise by a margin of only 470 votes.
He returned to Parliament five years later, at the 1964 general election, when he succeeded Mark Hewitson in the safe Labour seat of Kingston upon Hull West. He retired at the 1983 general election, when his seat was held for Labour by Stuart Randall.
Johnson never reached ministerial office, but he served as a parliamentary private secretary from 1964 to 66.
# James Mangham

James Mangham (1 March 1907 – 23 October 1995) was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played two matches in the Football League with Nelson, conceding 10 goals during that time. He was born in Cliviger and lived in the Burnley area throughout his life.

## Career

As a youth, Mangham played local league football with Worsthorne before moving into senior football with Portsmouth Rovers in September 1924, at the age of 17. After three years with Portsmouth Rovers, he was signed by Football League Third Division North side Nelson at the start of the 1927–28 season. He spent most of the campaign as backup for regular goalkeeper Sam Warhurst, but eventually made his league debut for the club on 17 March 1928 in an away match against Hartlepools United. Despite conceding four goals, including an own goal by defender Clement Rigg, Nelson won the game 5–4 to claim only their second away victory of the season. Warhurst returned to the starting line-up for the following game, and Mangham reverted to his regular place in the reserve team.
Mangham had to wait until 4 September 1929 to make another first team appearance for Nelson, when he was selected to play in the away fixture at Darlington. Nelson were beaten 1–6, the team's heaviest defeat for seven months, and he was replaced by new signing Lewis Botto for the next match against Crewe Alexandra. Mangham did not play another first team match for Nelson, and his contract was subsequently cancelled in November 1929 as the club already had three more senior goalkeepers on their books. After leaving Nelson, he did not play for another club.
# James Phizacklea

James Robert Phizacklea (29 September 1898 – 28 May 1971) was an English professional footballer who played as a left back. Hailing from Barrow-in-Furness, he began his senior career in the Football League Third Division North with hometown club Barrow in June 1921. Phizacklea scored three goals in 71 League appearances for the Holker Street club before moving to fellow Third Division North outfit Nelson on a free transfer in the summer of 1924. He made his Nelson debut in the first match of the 1924–25 season, a 0–1 defeat away at Southport, and went on to play 21 competitive matches for the club. In January 1925, Phizacklea joined Football League First Division side Preston North End for a fee of £1,000.
After making 22 appearances for Preston, Phizacklea moved to South Shields, where he played 68 League games during two years with the club. Between 1928 and 1930 he played in the Southern Football League with Thames Association. He returned north in August 1930 to sign for Stockport County, but failed to make a first-team appearance for the side and subsequently had spells with Guildford City and as an amateur player with Roneo Sports in Romford. Phizacklea died in the village of Ardleigh, Essex, in 1971 at the age of 72.
# James Rankin (footballer)

James Rankin (8 September 1927 – 1985) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger.
# Jeff Birch

Jeffrey "Jeff" Birch (21 October 1927 – June 2005) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for York City, in non-League football for Selby Town and Scarborough, and was on the books of Sheffield United without making a league appearance.
# Kolonica

Kolonica (Hungarian: Kiskolon, Rusyn: Колоніця) is a village and municipality in the Snina District of the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia. It has a population of about 600 people.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1567. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Kolonica was part of Zemplén County within the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1939, it was for a short time part of the Slovak Republic. From 1939 to 1944, as a result of the Slovak–Hungarian War of 1939, it was again part of Hungary. In 1944, the Red Army entered Kolonica and it was once again part of Czechoslovakia.

## Observatory

Just east of the village is a Soviet-manufactured one-metre telescope, the biggest telescope in Slovakia, used for observing variable stars.

## Geography

Kolonica is around 80 km east of Košice, lies at a height of 360 metres and covers an area of 27.181 km².
# Artashes Minasian

Artashes Minasian (also transliterated as Minasyan; Armenian: Արտաշես Մինասյան; born 21 January 1967) is an Armenian chess grandmaster. He tied for first in the 1991 USSR Chess Championship and is a six-time Armenian Chess Champion.

## Chess career

He participated in eight Chess Olympiads with a record of +23 −12 =28. In 2006 the Armenian team took the first place at the 37th Chess Olympiad. Along with himself, the team consisted of Levon Aronian, Vladimir Akopian, Karen Asrian, Smbat Lputian, Gabriel Sargissian). Minasian won the Armenian Chess Championship six times, in 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2004 and 2006. He also won the final USSR Chess Championship in 1991 and New York open championship in 1998.
He achieved a peak rating of 2620 in July 1998.
In December 2009, he was awarded the title of Honoured Master of Sport of the Republic of Armenia.
# Ernie Bell

Ernie Bell (22 July 1918 – 1968) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Hull City and Mansfield Town.
# Gudrun Ure

Gudrun Henderson Ure (12 March 1926 – 14 May 2024), also known as Ann Gudrun, was a Scottish actress, best known for her portrayal of the title character in the children's television series Super Gran. Ure's career encompassed stage, film, television, and radio, with notable performances including Desdemona in Orson Welles's 1951 stage production of Othello and a role in the 1953 film noir 36 Hours. Her portrayal of the title character in Super Gran, a show that aired from 1985 to 1987, gained international recognition and was exported to sixty countries, winning an International Emmy in 1985.

## Early life

Ure was born in Milton of Campsie, Stirlingshire, in 1926, the oldest of three children. She grew up in the Hyndland district of Glasgow, where she was educated at the Laurel Bank School for Girls. Ure began an acting career at Citizens Theatre in Glasgow, including a role as Cleopatra.

## Career

In her teens, Ure performed on BBC Radio Scotland's Children's Hour. She first worked as a teacher after leaving school and then acted in repertory theatres in Scotland.
Ure's first major acting part was starring as Desdemona opposite Orson Welles in his 1951 stage production of Othello at St James's Theatre in London. She also appeared in the 1953 film noir 36 Hours under the name Ann Gudrun, due to Orson Welles's inability to pronounce her surname correctly. She played Sergeant Smith in the 1954 film The Diamond. Both 36 Hours and The Diamond were directed by Montgomery Tully.

### Super Gran

Ure's best known role was as the titular Super Gran in the children's TV series produced by Tyne Tees Television for Children's ITV, which originally ran from 1985 to 1987 and was based on a series of books by Forrest Wilson. Twenty-seven episodes were produced; the show was exported to sixty other countries, and won an International Emmy in 1985.

### Other work

Ure also starred in the pilot of a series called Life After Life, written by Yes Minister creator Jonathan Lynn; no further episodes were produced. She also appeared in The 10th Kingdom as Mrs Murray, the mother of Tony Lewis's tyrannical boss and owner of their apartment building, T-Bag and the Pearls of Wisdom, Midsomer Murders, Casualty and The Crow Road. Her final screen credit was a 2009 episode of Casualty.
Ure was in many radio plays in from the 1950s onwards. These included in The Snow Goose with Laurence Olivier and the part of Joan Danbury, the mother of Inspector Gwen Danbury, in the first series of the police drama An Odd Body by Sue Rodwell, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 2008 and 2010. She also portrayed the secretary of the central detective in the series Destination Fire (1962–66) on BBC Radio.
In a set of Encyclopædia Britannica-produced educational films about the works of Shakespeare, Ure played the role of Lady Macbeth.

## Personal life and death

Ure married John Ramsay in 1964; he died in 2008. She had a stepson, Gordon. Ure died at her home in London on 14 May 2024, at the age of 98.
# Post-encephalitic parkinsonism

Post-encephalitic parkinsonism is a disease believed to be caused by a viral illness that triggers degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra. Overall, this degeneration leads to clinical parkinsonism.
Historically, starting in 1917 an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica, also called von Economo's encephalitis or "sleepy-disease" occurred, possibly related to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic; however, even with the use of modern molecular diagnostic tests on appropriate corpses, no firm link between encephalitis lethargica and influenza has been made. Although parkinsonism was occasionally seen during the acute encephalitic phase of encephalitis lethargica, it was often encountered in the post-encephalitic phase. The onset of post-encephalitic parkinsonism may occur several years after the resolution of encephalitis lethargica. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was thought to have suffered from this ailment.
The brain regions affected contain neurofibrillary tangles, similar to those seen in Alzheimer's disease. In post-encephalitic parkinsonism patients, however, the senile plaques common in Alzheimer's disease are not found.
# Alexei Klimov

Alexey Vasilyevich Klimov (Russian: Алексей Васильевич Климов; born 27 August 1975 in Tomsk) is a Russian sport shooter. He set a world record at the 2006 World Cup in the 25 metre rapid fire pistol, the event in which he specializes.
He has competed at two Olympics, finishing 8th in 2008, and 4th in 2012.
# Ann Wintle

Ann Grace Wintle is a British geophysicist and is the pioneer of luminescence dating, by increasing the precision of existing methods and maximum age of fossil the method is able to reliably date. She also set up the NERC luminescence dating facility in Aberystwyth, Wales.

## Early life and education

Wintle was born in 1948 in Hampshire. She studied physics at the University of Sussex in 1969, however she also had a fondness for archaeology, which she credits her mother and Sir Mortimer Wheeler’s TV and radio programmes. She combined both of these interests in her PhD from the University of Oxford.

## Career and research

After completing her studies, she completed a post-doc at Oxford and then spent two years at Simon Fraser University. In 1979, she moved to Cambridge, and in 1987 was a lecturer at Royal Holloway. She moved to Aberystwyth in 1989 where she was appointed to a personal chair in 1998. In 2000, she spent time at Uppsala University in Sweden as a guest professor.
Wintle became an Emeritus Professor at Aberystwyth University in the Department of Geography and Earth Sciences in 2001.
Her work focuses on luminescence dating, a field at the intersection of archaeology, geology and physics. She studies and applies techniques to date samples from sedimentary deposits containing minerals such as quartz or feldspars. This process is used in archaeology, to date traces of human activity or fossils, and in geology, to trace changes in climate conditions.

## Awards and honours

Wintle is an Honorary Member of the Quaternary Research Association and a Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research in Cambridge University.
In 2008, she won the Institute of Physics Edward Appleton Medal and Prize for her outstanding contribution in the development and application of luminescence properties of minerals as a geological dating tool applicable to the past one million years.
In 2015, she was awarded the Liu Tungsheng Distinguished Career Medal For Distinguished Service To The International Community In Quaternary Science.
In 2018, she received the James Croll Medal from the Quaternary Research Association.
She has received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Uppsala in 2001, the University of Wollongong, Australia, in 2016 as well as the University of Sussex in 2019. She is recognised for her contributions to the development of the field of luminescence dating, for her collaborative work in establishing luminescence dating research laboratories around the world, and for her mentorship.
# District of Utah

During the American Civil War in the early 1860s, the District of Utah was a subordinate district of the U.S. Army's Department of the Pacific. The district was composed of territorial areas that later became parts of the modern U.S. states of Idaho, Nevada, and Utah.

## History

On August 6, 1862, the Department of the Pacific absorbed the District of Utah, the territory of the former Department of Utah which had been discontinued on July 3, 1861; the remaining troops had marched out August 9. The District of Utah was composed of the Territory of Nevada and the Territory of Utah. General Connor established its headquarters at Fort Ruby on August 6, 1862. After a visit to Salt Lake City he returned and on October 20, moved his headquarters to Camp Douglas, about three miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah where his forces could overlook and intimidate the Mormon leadership who he regarded as traitors to the Union. On August 20, 1863, the area of Soda Springs, Idaho Territory was added to the district. His District also provided a garrison for Fort Bridger. The Territory of Nevada became the State of Nevada and was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864.

## Commanders

* Colonel Patrick Edward Connor August 6, 1862 - February 17, 1865 (Department of the Pacific)
* Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor February 17, 1865 - March 28, 1865 (Department of the Missouri)
On February 17, 1865, the District of Utah was transferred from the Department of the Pacific into the Department of the Missouri. On March 28, 1865, the district was merged into the Department of the Plains, under Connor's command. On June 27, 1865, the State of Nevada and Territory of Utah became part of the expanded Department of California that also consisted of the State of California and the Territory of New Mexico and Territory of Arizona.

## Posts

* Mormon Station, Nevada 1849–1910
* Camp Floyd, Utah, 1858–1861; Fort Crittenden, 1861–1862
* Fort Churchill, Nevada 1860–1869
* Camp Schell, Nevada, 1860–1862
** Fort Schellbourne, Nevada, 1862–1869
* Camp Nye, Nevada 1861–1865
* Camp Douglas, Utah 1862–1878
* Fort Ruby, Nevada 1862–1869
* Camp Smoke Creek, Nevada, 1862–1864
* Camp Cedar Swamps, Utah, 1863
* Camp Connor, Idaho Territory, 1863–1865
* Camp Dun Glen (1863, 1865–1866)
* Fort Trinity, Nevada, 1863 - 1864
* Antelope Station, Nevada, 1864
* Fort Baker, Nevada 1864
* Camp Bingham Creek, Utah, 1864
* Camp Relief, Utah, 1864
* Deep Creek Station, Nevada, 1864
* Quinn River Camp 1865
** Fort McDermitt, Nevada 1865–1889
* Camp McGarry, Nevada 1865–1868
* Camp McKee, Nevada 1865–1866
* Camp Overend, Nevada, 1865
* Salt Lake City Post, Utah, 1865–1866
# Dilithium

Dilithium, Li$_2$, is a strongly electrophilic, diatomic molecule comprising two lithium atoms covalently bonded together. Li$_2$ has been observed in the gas phase. It has a bond order of 1, an internuclear separation of 267.3 pm and a bond energy of 102 kJ/mol or 1.06 eV in each bond. The electron configuration of Li$_2$ may be written as σ$^2$.
Being the third-lightest stable neutral homonuclear diatomic molecule (after dihydrogen and dihelium), dilithium is an extremely important model system for studying fundamentals of physics, chemistry, and electronic structure theory.
It is the most thoroughly characterized compound in terms of the accuracy and completeness of the empirical potential energy curves of its electronic states. Analytic empirical potential energy curves have been constructed for the X-state, a-state, A-state, c-state, B-state, 2d-state, l-state, E-state, and the F-state. The most reliable of these potential energy curves are of the Morse/Long-range variety (see entries in the table below).
Li$_2$ potentials are often used to extract atomic properties. For example, the C$_3$ value for atomic lithium extracted from the A-state potential of Li$_2$ by Le Roy et al. in is more precise than any previously measured atomic oscillator strength. This lithium oscillator strength is related to the radiative lifetime of atomic lithium and is used as a benchmark for atomic clocks and measurements of fundamental constants.
| Electronic state | Spectroscopic symbol | Term symbol | Bond length (pm) | Bond length (pm) | Dissociation energy (cm$^{−1}$) | Dissociation energy (cm$^{−1}$) | Bound vibrational levels |
| 1 (Ground) | X | 1$^1$Σ$_g$$^+$ | 267 | .298 74(19) | 8 516 | .780 0(23) | 39 |
| 2 | a | 1$^3$Σ$_u$$^+$ | 417 | .000 6(32) | 333 | .779 5(62) | 11 |
| 3 | b | 1$^3$Π$_u$ | | | | | |
| 4 | A | 1$^1$Σ$_g$$^+$ | 310 | .792 88(36) | 9 353 | .179 5 (28) | 118 |
| 5 | c | 1$^3$Σ$_g$$^+$ | 306 | .543 6(16) | 7 093 | .492 6(86) | 104 |
| 6 | B | 1$^1$Π$_u$ | 293 | .617 142(310) | 2 984 | .444 | 118 |
| 7 | E | 3(?)$^1$Σ$_g$$^+$ | | | | | |