# List of media during the Turkish War of Independence

Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

## Background

After the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente. The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi [BMM]) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement. Initially, because of the occupation of city, the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Kuva-yi Milliye, War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist. There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs".

## List
### Media that was in support of the Turkish National Movement
#### Constantinople

| Name | Center | Type | Frequency | Notes |
| Ahvâl | Constantinople | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Akbaba | Constantinople | Newspaper | Twice per week | |
| Akşam | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | Formed by Necmettin Sadak and Ali Naci |
| Alay | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | Formed by Ercüment Ekrem Talu and Aka Gündüz |
| Asildar | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Asker Hocası | Constantinople | Newspaper | Biweekly | |
| Aydede | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Âyine | Constantinople | Magazine | | |
| Aydınlık | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Beşer ve Tabiat | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Bugün | Constantinople | Newspaper | Monthly | |
| Büyük Mecmua | Constantinople | Magazine | Biweekly | |
| Cadı | Constantinople | Newspaper | Twice per week | |
| Ceride-i Havadis | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Ceride-i Şikâyât | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Dergâh | Constantinople | Magazine | Biweekly | |
| Dersaadet | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Diken | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Edebî Mecmua | Constantinople | Magazine | Weekly | |
| Efkâr-ı Umumiye | Constantinople | Newspaper | Biweekly | |
| Fırtına | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Güleryüz | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | Launched by Sedat Simavi |
| Habl-i Metin | Constantinople | Magazine | |
| Hâdisât | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Halk Sadâsı | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Hukuk-ı Beşer | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| İdrâk | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| İfhâm | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| İkdam | Constantinople | Newspaper | Everyday | Established by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) and Hüseyin Rahmi |
| İleri | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | Established by Celal Nuri İleri |
| İstiklâl | Constantinople | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Karagöz | Constantinople | Magazine | Biweekly | It published 4785 issues between the Second Constitutional Era and 1955 and supported the Turkish National Movement. |
| Memleket | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Millî Mecmua | Constantinople | Magazine | Biweekly | |
| Minber | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Müşterek Newspaper | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Resimli Newspaper | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Sebilürreşad | Istanbul-Kayseri-Ankara | Constantinople | Irregular | Established by Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) |
| Servet-i Fünun | Constantinople | Newspaper-Magazine | Weekly | |
| Tanin | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | Formed by Hüseyin Cahit |
| Tercüman-ı Hakikat | Constantinople | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Tevhid-i Efkâr (Tasvîr-i Efkâr) | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Türk Dünyası | Constantinople | Newspaper | Weekly | |
| Vakit | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | Established by Ahmet Emin Yalman and Mehmet Asım Us |
| Vatan | Constantinople | Newspaper | Daily | |
| Yarın | Constantinople | Magazine | Weekly | |
| Yeni Mecmua | Constantinople | Magazine | Weekly | |

#### Anatolia

| Name | Center | Type | Frequency | Notes |
| Ferda | Adana | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Hayat | Adana | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| Millî Mefkure | Adana | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Tok Söz | Adana | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Adapazarı | Adapazarı | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Afyon'da Nur | Afyonkarahisar | Magazine | Once every month | |
| İkâz | Afyonkarahisar | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Söz Birliği | Afyonkarahisar | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Amasya'da Emel | Amasya | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Ana Türk Yurdu | Ankara | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Anadolu Duygusu | Ankara | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Anadolu Terbiye Mecmuası | Ankara | Magazine | Once every month | |
| Anadolu'da Peyâm-ı Sabah | Ankara | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Anadolu'da Yeni Gün | Ankara | Newspaper | Everyday | It was later renamed to Cumhuriyet |
| Anavatan Mecmuası | Ankara | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Bozkurt | Ankara | Magazine | Once every week | |
| Hakimiyet-i Milliye | Ankara | Newspaper | Everyday | Established by Atatürk in 1920. It was the semi-official newspaper of TBMM. It was renamed Ulus in 1934. The first editor was Ahmet Ağaoğlu. |
| Kavânîn Mecmuası | Ankara | Magazine | Irregular | |
| Mefkure | Ankara | Magazine | Once every week | |
| Millî Ordu | Ankara | Magazine | Once every month | |
| Şark'ın Sesi | Ankara | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Anadolu'da Kalem | Ankara | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Yeşil Yuva | Ardahan | Magazine | Once every month | |
| Aydın İli | Aydın | Newspaper | Once every two days | |
| Doğru Söz | Balıkesir | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| İzmir'e Doğru | Balıkesir | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Zafer-i Millî | Balıkesir | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| Dertli | Bolu | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Gamlı | Bolu | Magazine | Once every week | |
| Millî Gaye | Bolu | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Türkoğlu | Bolu | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Arkadaş | Bursa | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Bursa Mecmuası | Bursa | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Ertuğrul | Bursa | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Hakikat | Bursa | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| İntibah | Bursa | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Kardeş | Bursa | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Millet Yolu | Bursa | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Peyâm-ı Sabah | Bursa | | | Published a single issue |
| Halk Yolu | Çankırı | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Nazikter | Daday | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Küçük Mecmua | Diyarbakır | Magazine | Once every week | |
| Arda | Edirne | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| İtilâf | Edirne | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Paşaeli-Trakya | Edirne | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Satvet-i Milliyye | Elazığ | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Albayrak | Erzurum | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Ahrar | Eskişehir | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Hatif | Eskişehir | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| İmdad | Eskişehir | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| İstiklâl | Eskişehir | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Metanet | Eskişehir | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Gedikkaya | Giresun | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Işık | Giresun | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Karadeniz | Giresun | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Yeni Giresun | Giresun | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| Güzel İnebolu | İnebolu | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| | İnebolu | | | |
| Ahenk | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Akdeniz | İzmir | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Anadolu | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Antalya'da Anadolu | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Cumartesi | İzmir | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Efe | İzmir | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Halka Doğru Mecmuası | İzmir | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Hilâl | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Hukuk-ı Beşer | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Islahat | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Sulh ve Selâmet | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Şark | İzmir | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Yeni İzmir | İzmir | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Açıksöz | Kastamonu | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Gençlik | Kastamonu | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Kastamonu | Kastamonu | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Kayseri Gazetesi | Kayseri | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Misâk-ı Millî | Kayseri | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Babalık | Konya | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Hak Yolu | Konya | Magazine | Once every 10 days | |
| Halk | Konya | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| İntibah | Konya | Newspaper | 6 times every week | |
| Öğüt | Konya | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Wilson | Manisa | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Amâl-i Milliye | Kahramanmaraş | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Tecelli | Merzifon | Newspaper | Once every 15 days | |
| Menteşe | Muğla | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Azim | Ordu | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Güneş | Ordu | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Muvaffakiyet-i Milliyye | Ordu | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Ordu Bucak | Ordu | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Yeni Adana | Pozantı | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Ahâli | Samsun | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| Aks-i Sadâ | Samsun | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| Fırtına | Samsun | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Hayat | Samsun | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Samsun'da Hilâl | Samsun | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Varlık | Sarıkamış | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Birlik | Sivas | Newspaper | Once every week | |
| Dilek | Sivas | Newspaper | Once every 15 days | |
| Gaye-i Milliye | Sivas | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| İrâde-i Milliye | Sivas | Newspaper | Everyday | |
| Fecir | Trabzon | Magazine | Once every 15 days | |
| Güzel Trabzon | Trabzon | Newspaper | Thrice every week | |
| Hak | Trabzon | Newspaper | Irregular | |
| İkbâl | Trabzon | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| İstikbal | Trabzon | Newspaper | Twice every week | |
| Zafer | Trabzon | Magazine | Once every week | |

#### Other

| Name | Center | Type | Frequency |
| Azerbaycan | Baku | Newspaper | Irregular |
| Sadâ-i Millet | Batumi | Newspaper | Thrice every week |
| Kızıl Şark | Moscow | Magazine | Once every month |
| Nefir | Thessaloniki | Newspaper | Once every week |
| Ahâli | Sofia | Newspaper | Once every other day |

### Media that opposed the Turkish National Movement
#### Constantinople

| Name | Center | Type | Notes |
| Alemdar | Constantinople | Newspaper | It was published between 1909 and 1922. Supported British occupation. It was formed by Refi Cevat Ulunay and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı |
| Peyam-ı Sabah | Constantinople | Newspaper | It was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal, and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation. |
| Istanbul | Constantinople | Newspaper | |
| Ümit | Constantinople | Magazine | Formed by Refik Halit Karay |

#### Anatolia

| Name | Center | Type | Frequency | Notes |
| Ferda | Adana | | | It was published between 1918 and 1921. Supported the French occupation. |
| Adana Postası | Adana | Newspaper | Everyday | The newspaper was abolished when the French left the region. |
| Rehber | Adana | Newspaper | Once every week | Financed by the French. |
| Selamet | Trabzon | | | |
| İrşat | Balıkesir | | | |
| Köylü | İzmir | | | Supported the Greek occupation |
| Zafer | Kastamonu | | | Supported the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul |

### Minorities
#### Constantinople

| Name | Center | Type | Notes |
| Pontos | Constantinople | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. Supported an independent Pontus. |
| Rönesans | Constantinople | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs" |
| Journal d'Orient | Constantinople | Newspaper | Jewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights. |

#### Anatolia

| Name | Center | Type | Notes |
| Telgrafos | İzmir | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet. |
| Patris | İzmir | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet. |
| Amolthia Kozmoz | İzmir | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet. |
| Estia | İzmir | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet. |
| Epota | Trabzon | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. |
| Pharos İanadolis | Trabzon | Newspaper | Greek newspaper. |
| Toros | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Kilikya | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Hayistan | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Azadamard | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Adana | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet. |
| Davros | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Haygagan Tsayn | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Art | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Sakank | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Ararat | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Nor Aşharn | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Kilikya Surhantay | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |
| Nor Serunt | Adana | Newspaper | Armenian newspaper. |