OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sigurd (name)

Sigurd or Sigur (Pronounced the same) is a Scandinavian male name used in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland derived from the Old Norse Sigurðr (from sigr "victory" and varðr "guardian"). Other forms of this name are Sigvard and Siward. A short form of the name is Sjur.
Sigurd may refer to:
Several figures from Norse mythology and legend:
* Sigurd, a hero from the Völsunga Saga
* Sigurd Hring, the legendary Danish king and father of Ragnar Lodbrok
* Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, the Viking warlord and son of Ragnar Lodbrok
Several Norwegian monarchs:
* Sigurd Hart, a king of Ringarike and contemporary of Halfdan the Black
* Sigurd Syr, petty king of Ringarike and father of Harald III of Norway
* King Sigurd I of Norway, also known as Sigurd Jorsalfar (the Crusader).
* King Sigurd II of Norway
Several Jarls of Orkney:
* Sigurd Eysteinsson, Jarl in the late 9th century
* Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Jarl of Orkney (circa 991-1014), killed at the Battle of Clontarf
A number of pretenders to the Norwegian throne:
* Sigurd Slembe
* Sigurd Markusfostre
* Sigurd Magnusson
Other figures from Scandinavian history:
* Sigurd Haakonsson (circa 895-962), Earl of Lade
* Saint Sigurd of Växjö, also known as Sigfrid
* Siward, Earl of Northumbria, whose Danish name was Sigurd
* Sigurd Jonsson of Sudreim, Regent of Norway on two occasions in the 15th century. Offered the throne in 1448, but declined.
* Sigurd Ibsen, the eight prime minister of Norway in Stockholm, and son of playwright Henrik Ibsen.
In music:
* Sigurd, one of the two guitarists and founding members of the blackened death metal band Belphegor
* Sigurd Køhn, Norwegian jazz musician
* Sigurd Wongraven, better known as Satyr, lead singer and guitarist of Norwegian black metal band Satyricon
In science:
In military:
* Sigurd Kihlstedt, Swedish military surgeon
* Sigurd Lagerman, Swedish Navy vice admiral
In politics:

## Fictionals Sigurds

* Sigurd, character in the 1996 video game Fire Emblem: Genealogy of the Holy War.
* Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, character in the 2013 television series Vikings, based on the historical Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye.
* Sigurd Styrbjornsson, character in the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed: Valhalla.
* Sigurd, writer of logs in the 2023 video game Lethal Company.
# Bemposta Dam

Bemposta Dam (Portuguese: Barragem de Bemposta) is a concrete arch dam on the Douro, where the river forms the national border line between Spain and Portugal. It is located in the municipality Mogadouro, in Bragança District, Portugal.
Construction of the dam began in 1957. The dam was completed in 1964. It is owned by Companhia Portuguesa de Produção de Electricidade (CPPE).

## Dam

Bemposta Dam is an 87-metre-tall (285 ft) (height above foundation) and 297-metre-long (974 ft) arch dam with a crest altitude of 408 m. The volume of the dam is 316,000 m³. The dam contains four crest spillways (maximum discharge 11,500 m³/s) and one bottom outlet (maximum discharge 200 m³/s).

## Reservoir

At full reservoir level of 402 metres the reservoir of the dam (Portuguese: Albufeira da Barragem de Bemposta) has a surface area of 4.05 km$^2$ and its total capacity is 129 mio. m³ (active capacity 20 mio. m³).

## Power plant

The power plant is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station. It is owned by CPPE, but operated by EDP.

### Bemposta I

Bemposta I has a nameplate capacity of 240 (210)MW. Its average annual generation is 924.1 (918, 1,034 or 1,086) GWh.
The power station contains three Francis turbine-generators with 79.5 (70) MW each in an underground powerhouse. The turbine rotation is 150 rpm. The minimum hydraulic head is 59 m, the maximum 71 m. Maximum flow per turbine is 152 m³/s.

### Bemposta II

In January 2008 construction began on the Bemposta II power plant. In December 2011 work on an additional underground powerhouse was completed and a further Francis turbine with a 191 MW capacity went online. Its average annual generation is 134 GWh.
# Opus Theatre

The Opus Theatre was founded by British-Argentine composer and concert pianist Polo Piatti and officially opened on 7 July 2017 in Hastings, in the United Kingdom.
The inaugural performance featured Gwyneth Herbert and Ned Cartwright and Harmony One Choir; live bands The Moors, Loose Ends, and Notes From Underground, poet Pete Donohue, pianist Mike Hatchard, organist Stephen Page and cellist Jonathan Bruce with many other performers.
Since its opening the venue has staged diverse public events including classical concerts, theatre pieces, lectures, etc. The venue's current artists in residence are the London Mozart Players, who opened their year of residence with a performance featuring BBC Young Musician winner (2018) Lauren Zhang and flutist Daisy Noton. The venue's patron is Oliver Poole. Performers appearing at the venue include Carly Paoli, Sunny Li, the London Mozart Players, the London Piano Trio, Nicholas McCarthy and many others.
The venue makes use of shared space in the Robertson Street United Reformed Church, where the horseshoe shaped auditorium provides excellent acoustics. Access to the theatre is via the entrance on Cambridge Road, Hastings, whilst the church utilises the lower entrance in Robertson Street. One of the outstanding features of the venue is the bespoke 9 foot Phoenix Opus grand piano, based upon a 1925 Blüthner Style XI piano body fitted with a carbon-fibre soundboard, the instrument being donated by an anonymous benefactor in 2017 to the theatre.
# Pyrota tenuicostatis

Pyrota tenuicostatis, the red-margined blister beetle, is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# Raffles City Hangzhou

Raffles City Hangzhou (Chinese: 杭州来福士广场, 杭州来福士中心) is a large-scale commercial center including office buildings, star-rated hotels, serviced apartments and shopping centers located in the core area of Qianjiang New City in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. It is CapitaLand's sixth Raffles City after Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu and Bahrain. In 2019, Raffles City Hangzhou won the 2019 FIABCI World Prix d'Excellence Awards Retail World Gold Award.
# Dirk Thys van den Audenaerde

Dirk Frans Elisabeth Thys van den Audenaerde (born 14 March 1934 in Mechelen) is a Belgian ichthyologist. He is an honorary director of the Royal Museum for Central Africa and professor emeritus at the KU Leuven.
# Full Rate

Full Rate (FR), also known as GSM-FR or GSM 06.10 (sometimes simply GSM), was the first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system. It uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s, or 1.625 bits/audio sample (often padded out to 33 bytes/20 ms or 13.2 kbit/s). The quality of the coded speech is quite poor by modern standards, but at the time of development (early 1990s) it was a good compromise between computational complexity and quality, requiring only on the order of a million additions and multiplications per second. The codec is still widely used in networks around the world. Gradually FR will be replaced by Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) standards, which provide much higher speech quality with lower bit rate.

## Technology

GSM-FR is specified in ETSI 06.10 (ETS 300 961) and is based on RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term Prediction) speech coding paradigm. Like many other linear predictive coding (LPC) speech codecs, linear prediction is used in the synthesis filter. However, unlike most modern speech codecs, the order of the linear prediction is only 8. In modern narrowband speech codecs the order is usually 10 and in wideband speech codecs the order is usually 16.
The speech encoder accepts 13 bit linear PCM at an 8 kHz sample rate. This can be direct from an analog-to-digital converter in a phone or computer, or converted from G.711 8-bit nonlinear A-law or μ-law PCM from the PSTN with a lookup table. In GSM, the encoded speech is passed to the channel encoder specified in GSM 05.03. In the receive direction, the inverse operations take place.
The codec operates on 160 sample frames that span 20 ms, so this is the minimum transcoder delay possible even with infinitely fast CPUs and zero network latency. The operational requirement is that the transcoder delay should be less than 30 ms. The transcoder delay is defined as the time interval between the instant a speech frame of 160 samples has been received at the encoder input and the instant the corresponding 160 reconstructed speech samples have been out-put by the speech decoder at an 8 kHz sample rate.

## Implementations

The free libgsm codec can encode and decode GSM Full Rate audio. "libgsm" was developed 1992–1994 by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann, then at Technische Universität Berlin. Since a GSM speech frame is 32.5 bytes, this implementation also defined a 33-byte nibble-padded representation of a GSM frame (which, at a frame rate of 50/s, is the basis for the incorrect claim that the GSM bit rate is 13.2 kbit/s). This codec can also be compiled into Wine to provide GSM audio support.
There is also a Winamp plugin for raw GSM 06.10 based on the libgsm.
The GSM 06.10 is also used in VoIP software, for example in Ekiga, QuteCom, Linphone, Asterisk (PBX), Ventrilo and others.
# Squire E. Howard

Squire Edward Howard (May 15, 1840 – November 26, 1912) was a Medal of Honor recipient who served for the United States Army during the American Civil War.

## Civil War

Howard enlisted into in Company H of the 8th Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment. a three-year infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Union Army at Townshend, Vermont, as a sergeant. Shortly after arrival in New Orleans, he was promoted to First Sergeant of his company. First Sergeant Howard was wounded in his regiment's baptism of fire in the ambush at Bayou Des Allemands train station on September 22, 1862 where despite his wounds he helped conduct the defensive fire in response to the attack. After this combat he contracted malaria causing him to spend six weeks recovering at the home of a local Unionist. He recovered to continue service in Louisiana and later in Virginia. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1863. He saw action at the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Cedar Creek and was discharged as a captain in December 1864.

## Medal of Honor citation

   "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to First Sergeant Squire Edward Howard, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 14 January 1863, while serving with Company H, 8th Vermont Infantry, in action at Bayou Teche, Louisiana. First Sergeant Howard voluntarily carried an important message through the heavy fire of the enemy to bring aid and save the gunboat Calhoun."

## Postwar

Howard was active in veterans affairs after the war and served on the committee that commissioned George Carpenter's regimental history in 1886. He also wrote the introductory narrative for Adjutant General Theodore S. Peck's Revised Roster of Vermont Volunteers and lists of Vermonters Who Served in the Army and Navy of the United States During the War of the Rebellion, 1861-66 which was published in 1892.
Howard was awarded the Medal of Honor on January 29, 1894 for his actions on January 14, 1863, during the Bayou Teche Campaign.
# Origins of the Fifth Amendment

Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right Against Self-Incrimination by American historian Leonard W. Levy (Oxford University Press, 1968) won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for History. It followed in the wake of the 1966 United States Supreme Court Opinion Miranda v. Arizona. The book was reissued in 1986 and 1999.
# Spectrin, alpha 1

Spectrin alpha chain, erythrocyte is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPTA1 gene.
Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein that links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and functions in the determination of cell shape, arrangement of transmembrane proteins, and organization of organelles. It is a tetramer made up of alpha-beta dimers linked in a head-to-head arrangement. This gene is one member of a family of alpha-spectrin genes. The encoded protein is primarily composed of 22 spectrin repeats which are involved in dimer formation. It forms weaker tetramer interactions than non-erythrocytic alpha spectrin, which may increase the plasma membrane elasticity and deformability of red blood cells. Mutations in this gene result in a variety of hereditary red blood cell disorders, including elliptocytosis type 2, pyropoikilocytosis, and spherocytic hemolytic anemia.

## Interactions

Spectrin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Abl gene.
# Collingswood Boys

The Collingswood Boys are four boys who were starved by their adoptive parents, Raymond and Vanessa Jackson, while living in Collingswood, New Jersey. The Jacksons were arrested in October 2003 and indicted by a grand jury on 8 counts of aggravated assault and 20 counts of endangerment for failing to provide adequate nutrition, medical and dental care, and a clean environment for the four boys, who ranged in age from 10 to 19 as of May 2004.
The case came to public attention after a neighbor found the Jacksons' 19-year-old adoptive son, Bruce, rummaging through their garbage cans for food at three o'clock in the morning on October 10, 2003, and called 911. The Collingswood Police Department responded to the call and found Bruce, who weighed approximately 45 pounds (20 kg) at the time and stood only 4 feet (1.2 m) tall; he was disoriented, shoeless, covered in bruises, cold, and extremely malnourished, and the police believed him to be about seven years old. They then went to the Jackson home, where they found his adoptive brothers, who also appeared malnourished: Michael, age 9 and 23 pounds (10 kg); Terrell, age 10 and 28 pounds (13 kg); and Tre'Shawn, age 14 and 40 pounds (18 kg).
The adoptive father, Raymond Jackson, 51, died of complications from a stroke on November 14, 2004, before the case went to trial. In an interview with a New York magazine shortly before his death, Jackson claimed that 45-pound Bruce Jackson had often gorged himself on food and had lied about conditions in the home.
Until the 911 call, no one had reported concerns about the children, although they were often seen in public, including at the Come Alive New Testament Church in Medford, New Jersey, where Raymond and Vanessa Jackson and their adoptive and foster children, including the four boys, always sat in the front row for services. They also attended church picnics and the boys sang gospel on stage. The Jacksons blamed the emaciated conditions of the four boys on medical problems.
The Jacksons had six adopted children: Bruce; Tre'Shawn, 14; Terrell, 10; Michael, 9; Keziah, 12, and Jacee, 5. They also planned to adopt a 10-year-old foster child, Breanna. They received an annual subsidy of approximately $30,000 to care for their foster and adopted children.
Dozens of friends and acquaintances thought that the Jacksons were model parents who adopted troubled children with a host of medical problems – children no one else wanted. They believed that it was their duty and that Jesus would guide them.
Vanessa Jackson, the adoptive mother, eventually pleaded guilty and was sentenced to seven years in prison, but only served one year. Bruce gained 100 pounds (45 kg) within a year after his removal from the Jacksons' home.
# Tsovinar, Armenia

Tsovinar (Armenian: Ծովինար) is a village in the Martuni Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia, located to the south of Lake Sevan.

## Etymology

The name "Tsovinar" is derived from Tsovinar, the Armenian goddess of water, sea, and rain.

## Historical heritage

East of the village is the Urartian site of Teyseba (Odzaberd) founded by Rusa I around 735-713 BC, with a lengthy but worn cuneiform inscription nearby recounting his conquest of twenty-three nations. It is considered to be the best-preserved Urartian fortification in the Sevan Basin. Below the hill of Teyseba is the point where the Arpa-Sevan Tunnel empties into Lake Sevan. On the hill south of the road that is adjacent to the fortress, are boulders that form walls that are especially visible along the southern boundary.
Just outside the village headed southeast are numerous stones scattered across the side of one of the hills. It is all that remains of an old village destroyed during by war long ago. Some human bones and old coins have been found in this area by villagers from Tsovinar, attesting to the story of what had once taken place there. In close proximity are two small single-nave churches. The church of Topi Galugh sits on a hill southeast between Tsovinar and Artsvanist, while the church of Surb Sarkis (1100-1200) sits south of the village of Tsovinar on a promontory overlooking a small gorge. Next to Surb Sarkis is a small cemetery, and just below the church in the gorge is a small spring and cave. Further south are the remains of the ancient village of Karmrashen, which contains the church of Hnevank, the monument of Yot Verk Matur, numerous khachkars, and some tombs.

## Gallery

* Overlooking Teyseba and Lake Sevan. Tsovinar is located in the distance to the left.
* Cuneiform inscription of Rusa I at the base of the hill of Teyseba, near the road leading towards Artsvanist.
* Ruins of Khrbeh
* Medieval grave outside of St. Sarkis of Tsovinar
* St. Sarkis of Tsovinar
* St. Astvatsatsin Church in Tsovinar, from 1900
# Kolchug

Kolchug (Russian: Кольчуг) is a rural locality (a selo) in Cherdynsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 223 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Kolchug is located 19 km west of Cherdyn (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kushmangort is the nearest rural locality.
# Peter Ellson

Peter Edward Ellson (21 August 1925 – 14 April 2014) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

After playing for Crewe Railway Police, Ellson joined Crewe Alexandra in May 1949. He made 219 appearances in the Football League for Crewe, and 234 appearances in all competitions. He left Crewe in April 1956, and played non-league football for Runcorn.
# Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament

Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament is an annual international women's polo tournament in Imphal, Manipur. It is organized in the Imphal Polo Ground (Meitei: Mapal Kangjeibung), the oldest pologround in the world. It is the first and the only international women's polo tournament ever organized in India. Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2016 is the first event. The first tournament event marked the 60th Anniversary of the All Manipur Polo Association (AMPA). The polo association was established in 1955 by Ningthou Bodhachandra, His Highness, the then King of Manipur.

## Past Tournament Results

| Year | Host | Winner | Score | Runners-up |
| 2020 Details | India | United Kingdom | 5-2 | United States |
| 2019 Details | India | Argentina | 3-1 | United States |
| 2018 Details | India | Kenya | 5-4 | United States |
| 2017 Details | India | United States | 9-3 | United Kingdom |
| 2016 Details | India | India | | United States |
# Talda, Ust-Koksinsky District, Altai Republic

Talda (Russian: Талда; Altay: Талду, Taldu) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Taldinskoye Rural Settlement, Ust-Koksinsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 706 as of 2016. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Talda is located 61 km northwest of Ust-Koksa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Abay and Sugash are the nearest rural localities.
# Morgongiori

Morgongiori (Sardinian: Mragaxòri) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Oristano on the southern slopes of Monte Arci.
Morgongiori borders the following municipalities: Ales, Curcuris, Marrubiu, Masullas, Pompu, Santa Giusta, Siris, Uras.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Irecê

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Irecê (Latin: Dioecesis Irecensis) is a diocese located in the city of Irecê in the ecclesiastical province of Feira de Santana in Brazil.

## History

* April 28, 1979: Established as Diocese of Irecê from the Diocese of Barra and the Diocese of Ruy Barbosa

## Leadership

* Bishops of Irecê (Roman rite), in reverse chronological order
** Bishop Tommaso Cascianelli, C.P. (2000.07.05 – present)
** Bishop João Maria Messi, O.S.M. (1995.03.22 – 1999.11.17), appointed Bishop of Barra do Piraí-Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro
** Bishop Edgar Carício de Gouvêa (1983.06.13 – 1994.03.02)
** Bishop Homero Leite Meira (1980.09.24 – 1983.06.13)
# Merriman Colbert Harris

Merriman Colbert Harris (July 9, 1846 – May 8, 1921) was a Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1904, who was active in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Japan.

## Birth and family

Merriman was born July 9, 1846, in Beallsville, Ohio, the son of Colbert and Catherine Elizabeth (Crupper) Harris. Merriman married Flora L. Best on October 23, 1873, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. They had two daughters, Florence and Elizabeth.

## Military service and education

Merriman served for three years as a soldier in the 12th Ohio Cavalry in the American Civil War (1863–65), attaining the rank of corporal. Following the end of the war, he attended the Washington Academy in Ohio, and the Harlem Springs Seminary. He then attended Scio College, earning the B.A. degree (1873) and the M.A. degree (1877) from Allegheny College.

## Ordained ministry and missionary service

Merriman entered the ministry of the Pittsburgh Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1869, serving as a pastor and a missionary. He was sent to Japan in 1873 and was stationed at Hakodate on the northern island of Hokkaido. During his first stay in Japan, his converts included Kanzo Uchimura, Inazo Nitobe, and Akira Sato.
Flora Harris helped to found the Iai Joshi Women's Academy in Hakodate. She also carried out translation work, as well as writing over 30 hymns.
He left Japan in 1892, and established Japanese missions on the Pacific Coast of the United States and in Hawaii in areas with large numbers of Japanese emigrants. He became the Superintendent of Japanese missions in San Francisco, California, in 1886. He also served as Superintendent of all Pacific Coast Methodist Japanese missions, including the Hawaiian Islands, in 1890. During this period, Yosuke Matsuoka was one of his converts.

## Episcopal ministry

Merriman Colbert Harris was elected a Missionary Bishop by the 1904 General Conference of the M.E. Church. He was assigned Korea and Japan, where he remained until his death. As a Missionary Bishop he served with distinction. He was twice decorated with the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the Emperor of Japan.
In 1919, ten years after the death of his first wife, Flora, he remarried his late wife's first cousin, Elizabeth Best, and lived within the grounds of Aoyama Gakuin, in a home given to him by his Japanese converts. He died May 8, 1921, in Aoyama, Tokyo and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery.

## Selected writings

* Address: Japanese Buddhism, San Francisco, 1887. Typed, in Methodist Bishops' Collection.
* Christianity in Japan, 1907.
* Save Korea, Quarterly-Centennial Documents, 1910.
* Contributor, Japan Proverbs.
* Statement in Competent Witnesses on Korea as a Mission Field, Korea Documents, with others.