OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sandanska Bistritsa

The Sandanska Bistritsa (Bulgarian: Санданска Бистрица) is a river in south-western Bulgaria, a left tributary of the Struma. The river is 33 km long and drains the south-western sections of the Pirin mountain range.
The Sandanska Bistritsa takes its source from the south-eastern corner of the Tevnoto Lake in Northern Pirin at an altitude of 2,512 m. It flows in southern direction through another four lakes of the Malokamenishki Lakes group and then turns westwards. After the confluence with the first significant right tributary, the Bashliytsa, the turns to the south-west and flows in a deep sparsely forested valley. In the upper course of the river is located the Popinolashki waterfall, one of Pirin's largest. Near the town of Sandanski the river enters the Sandanski–Petrich Valley forming a large mucous cone. It flows into the Struma at an altitude of 104 m near the Sandanski industrial zone.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 139 km$^2$ or 0.8% of Struma's total.
The Sandanska Bistritsa River has predominantly snow-rain feed with high water in late spring (May) and low water in late summer (September). The average annual flow is 3.35 m$^3$/s at the village of Lilyanovo and 2.9 m$^3$/s at the confluence with the Struma.
There are 3 settlements along the river, all of them situated in Sandanski Municipality: one town, Sandanski, and two villages, Lilyanovo and Stozha, as well as the resorts of Popina Luka and Tremoshnitsa. The river's waters are utilised for electrical power generation with three hydropower plants at Popina Luka, Lilyanovo and Sandanski I with a total installed capacity of 56 MW, as well as for irrigation.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 48
* 1 2 Dushkov 1972, p. 145
* ↑ Dushkov 1972, pp. 131–132
# Norman Sidey

Norman William Sidey (31 May 1907 – 1969) was an English footballer who played for Arsenal. He was part of the Arsenal sides that won the FA Charity Shield in 1933 and 1934.
# Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos

The Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos (Arabic: طائفة قسطنطينة وفرنجلوش) was a medieval taifa kingdom that existed, in what is now southern Spain, from around 1143 to 1150 when it was conquered by the Almohads.

## List of emirs

** To Morocco: 1091–c. 1143

### Marwanid dynasty

* Ibn Marwan: fl. mid-12th century
** To Morocco: c. 1150–1248
* This article about Al-Andalus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# William P. Hogarty

William Patrick Hogarty (February 16, 1840 - October 23, 1914) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Hogarty received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Hogarty's medal was won for his actions during two battles, in the Battle of Antietam, Maryland on September 17, 1862, and the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia on December 13, 1862. He was honored with the award on June 22, 1891.
Hogarty born in New York City, and joined the 23rd New York Infantry from Elmira, New York in May 1861. He was discharged in January 1863, but was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the Veteran Reserve Corps two years later. Despite his disability, he continued serving in the Army until retiring in December 1870.

## Medal of Honor citation

   The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private William P. Hogarty, United States Army, for distinguished gallantry in actions September 17 to 13 December 1862, while attached to Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery. Private Hogarty lost his left arm at Fredericksburg.
# Chain smoking

Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finishing cigarette to light the next. The term chain smoker often also refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, though not necessarily chaining each cigarette. The term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well as vaping. It is a common indicator of addiction.

## Causes

Many people chain-smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages, because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization, hence inducing a craving.
The extent to which chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor, as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption.

## Clinical use

Chain smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behavior in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It may be used as a form of aversion therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether.

## Ventilation

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) professionals claim that an airflow of about 30 cubic meters per minute per smoker is required to maintain satisfactory air quality when the smokers are chain smoking. However, research confirms that current HVAC systems, while important for general air quality, cannot control exposure to secondhand smoke.
# Aleksandr Nikitin (environmentalist)

Alexander Konstantinovich Nikitin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Константи́нович Ники́тин; born 16 May 1952) is a Russian former submarine officer and nuclear safety inspector turned environmentalist. In 1996 he was accused of espionage for revealing the perils of decaying nuclear submarines, and in 2000 he became the first Russian to be completely acquitted of a charge of treason in the Soviet or post-Soviet era.

## Whistleblower and espionage accusations

Nikitin started to co-operate with Norwegian environmental Bellona Foundation in 1994. He was arrested in February 1996 by Russian FSB and charged with treason through espionage for his contributions to a Bellona report on the nuclear safety within the Russian Northern Fleet. On 30 August, Amnesty International declared him a prisoner of conscience and began an international campaign for his release. After having spent ten months in pre-trial detention in Saint Petersburg he was released on the order of Mikhail Katushev, the then deputy Russian Prosecutor General, in December 1996.
The charges were however, not dropped. Nikitin first stood trial in October 1998, when the Saint Petersburg City Court rejected the evidence against him. But rather than acquitting him, the Court sent the case back to the FSB for additional investigation. The Supreme Court of Russia confirmed this decision in February 1999, and the FSB filed new charges in July 1999.
The second trial started at the Saint Petersburg City Court in November 1999, and ended on 29 December with a full acquittal. The prosecution appealed to the Supreme Court, but the acquittal was confirmed and reached legal force on 17 April 2000. Nikitin was defended by a group of attorneys in law, including Yury Schmidt, Ivan Pavlov, Victor Drozdov, Henri Reznik and others.
The prosecution was, however, not willing to call it a day. On 30 May 2000 the Prosecutor General requested the governing body of the Russian Supreme Court, the Presidium, to re-open the case. The basis for the request was that “Nikitin's rights had been violated throughout the proceedings against him, and that these violations had to be repaired” (sic). The Presidium rejected the request on 13 September 2000.
Nikitin is still engaged in environmental and human rights issues in Russia. He is the head of Bellona Foundation’s Saint Petersburg branch, and is engaged in environmental and nuclear safety projects, as well as in human rights cases.
In 1997, Nikitin was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize from the Goldman Environmental Foundation, but as a result of treason charges against him, he was prevented from attending the Prize ceremony.
# Dobrianychi

Dobrianychi, also written as Dobryanichi or Dobrjanici (Ukrainian: Добряничі; German: Dobzau, Polish: Dobrzanica), is a village in Lviv Oblast near the town of Peremyshliany in Ukraine. Dobrianychi is formed from the village of Dobrianychi and the villages of Ploska (Плоска) and Tutschne (Тучне).

## Famous natives

* Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psychoanalyst
# Chidambara Rahasya

Chidambara Rahasya is a novel written by Poornachandra Tejaswi. This novel depicts the state of a small Indian village in humorous manner. This book has murder investigation, caste system, communal riots, blind beliefs, love story, cardamom plants, friendship, youth rebels, land lords, untouchables, politics of the village. In 2006, Girish Karnad made a teleserial based on the novel This book won the Sahitya Academy Award for Kannada in 1987. It was translated into English by P. P. Giridhar as The Inscrutable Mystery. The translation was published by Sahitya Akademi.
# Kanchana Sita (play)

Kanchana Sita is a 1961 play by Malayalam playwright C. N. Sreekantan Nair. The author took inspiration for this play from the Uttara Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana. The play is the first of Sreekantan Nair's dramatic trilogy based on the Ramayana, the other two are Saketham and Lankalakshmi.
Kanchana Sita won the Kendra Sahitya Academy Award for the year 1962.
In 1977, G. Aravindan adapted the play into a film with same title. The film went on to become a great critical success and is regarded one of the best Indian films ever made.
# Emil Spannocchi

Emil Spannocchi (1 September 1916 – 29 August 1992) was an Austrian military officer and military theorist. He reached the apex of his career as a general in the Austrian Armed Forces.

## Biography

Emil Spannocchi was born into a noble family on 1 September 1916 in Salzburg.
He joined the military of the First Austrian Republic in 1934 and started to attend the Theresian Military Academy in 1935. Following the Anschluss, he was transferred to the Wehrmacht and received his commission as a second lieutenant. At the beginning of World War II, Spannocchi commanded a platoon that took part in the Invasion of Poland, in the course of which he was promoted to a first lieutenant. After various positions at both Eastern and Western Front and being wounded twice, he was captured by American forces in late April and became prisoner of war until June 1945.
After the war, Spannocchi worked in the private sector for several years, until he decided to join the proto-military of Allied-occupied Austria, the B-Gendarmerie. Therein, he assisted the re-establishment of the Bundesheer as the successor of the B-Gendarmerie. In 1956, by then having reached the rank of a lieutenant colonel, he worked in the central office of the Austrian ministry of defense in Vienna. In 1957, he was appointed commander of the Armored Troops School, 1960 as commander of the 9th Armored Brigade and from 1963 until 1973 head of the National Defense Academy of Austria.

## Military theory

Spannocchi developed what was known as the doctrine of Raumverteidigung (lit. "space defense"), a variant of partisan warfare, inspired by Clausewitz and akin to the concept of Protracted People's War, developed by Mao Zedong, and the strategy of the Yugoslav Partisans, albeit missing their specific political contents. Utilizing partisan tactics of a war of attrition or popular resistance, but also mobilizing scare-tactics, a small, neutral Austria could defend its sovereignty against both NATO and the Eastern bloc. Spannocchi's doctrine was the leading military doctrine of the Austrian Armed Forces for more than 20 years, until the end of the cold war made armed conflict in Europe very unlikely, and resulted in the construction of expansive bunker complexes and fortifications throughout most of Austria, particularly its Alpine part.
# Morning Face

Morning Face is a novel by Mulk Raj Anand and was first published in 1968. The book won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971. The book features Anand's autobiographical narrative that was first used by him in Seven Summers. He delivers the story through a personalized telling of the late independence era politics and history. Anand himself considered the book to be on the structural lines of Raja Rao's The Serpent and the Rope, but separated by the values espoused.

## Translations

This novel was translated into Telugu language by Revuri Anantha Padmanabha Rao entitled Prabhata Vadanam in 1992 and published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.
# Sagar Theke Phera

Sagar Theke Phera is a Bengali language poetry book written by Premendra Mitra. The book was first published in 1956. Mitra received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1957 for this work. The book also received Rabindra Puraskar in 1958.
# Those Days (novel)

Those Days (Bengali: সেই সময়) is a historical novel by Indian writer Sunil Gangopadhyay. It was first published as a serialized novel in the Bengali literary magazine Desh. Gangopadhyay won the Sahitya Akademi Award for the novel in 1985.
The story centers around the life of Nabinkumar (character based on Kaliprasanna Singha), along with legendary historical figures including Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the reformer; Michael Madhusudan Dutt, the poet; the father and son duo of Dwarkanath Tagore and Debendranath Tagore; Harish Mukherjee, the journalist; Keshab Chandra Sen, the Brahmo Samaj radical; David Hare and John Bethune, the English educationists; Dinabandhu Mitra, the playwright; Radhanath Sikdar, the mathematician; Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, the novelist; and others.
Yugantar, an Indian television series that aired on DD National in the 1980s, was based on Sei Somoy. The novel was translated into Gujarati by Uma Randeria as Nava Yugnu Parodh (2002).
# Alazia

Alazia (Ancient Greek: Ἀλαζία) was a city of ancient Mysia near the River Odrysses, which flows out of Lake Dascylitis from the west through the plain of Mygdonia and empties into the Rhyndacus. Demetrius of Scepsis calls the town Alazonia (Ἀλαζονία) and places it along with Argyria on the right bank of the Aesepus River near Scepsis. The tribe associated with the town was called Alazones based on the writings of Hekataios, Menekrates, and Palaiphatos. This tribe, which was also mentioned by Homer in the Iliad, persisted after the city of Alazia was abandoned, living in villages along the Odrysses. Strabo further clarifies its location as at the foot of Mount Ida near the source of the Aesepus.
Its site is unlocated.
# Oleh Lutsenko

Oleh Oleksandrovych Lutsenko (Ukrainian: Олег Олександрович Луценко; born 14 February 1993) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender.
Lutsenko is а product of youth team system of FC Molod Poltava. Made his debut for FC Chornomorets in the game against FC Dynamo Kyiv on 4 April 2015 in the Ukrainian Premier League.
# Prithviraj Chauhan (epic)

Prithiviraj Chauhan (Nepali: पृथ्वीराज चौहान) is a Nepali-language epic (mahakavya) by Mahakavi Laxmi Prasad Devkota. It was written in 1946 and was published in 2049 BS (c. 1992- 1993) by Sajha Prakashan. It is based on the life of Prithviraj Chauhan. It is one of the six mahakavya composed by the poet. It is written in Jhyaure chhanda (folk Nepali metre).

## Background

It is estimated that Devkota wrote this epic in 1946 when he was a lecturer at Tri-Chandra College. It was published posthumously by the publication itself. The manuscript was kept away in some place for many years. There were lots of scribbling in the manuscript. The publishing housed contacted the copyeditor, Shyam Das Vaishnav and Devkota's son Padma Devkota for their help. In the manuscript among the 16 cantos, the 15th canto was missing. According to copyeditor, Devkota had planned to write the 15th canto but did not and he copied the manuscript as it was. The publishing house itself took care of the situation and realigned the epic into 21 cantos.

## Synopsis

The epic consists of 21 cantos. It is based on the life of Prithviraj Chauhan, a North Indian king of Chauhan dynasty who reigned from c. 1178 to c. 1192 CE. The epic was written to illustrate the medieval Indian feudal society.

## Reception

The book won the prestigious Sajha Puraskar for the year 2049 BS (c. 1992- 1993) which is awarded annually by the publication for the best book published within the publication house.
# Derek Mann

Derek Mann (1944–2007) was a football coach, player and manager.

## Career

As a player, Mann was an apprentice with Shrewsbury Town. However, injury prevented him from progressing to the first-team. He later joined the backroom staff at Shrewsbury, as well as Watford, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Huddersfield Town. He also had a spell in charge of Telford United.
Mann managed Chester City Football Club from January 1995 to April 1995. His appointment was something of a surprise as he had only joined the club as physio four months before. After a poor start to the season under predecessor Mike Pejic, Chester were deep in the relegation zone at the time of Mann's arrival, and during his reign they managed only one league win.
# Final Summer

Final Summer is the eighth studio album by American rock band Cloud Nothings.

## Background

The album was recorded and tracked in Philadelphia by Jeff Ziegler, mixed by Sarah Tudzin and mastered by Jack Callahan.

## Release

Final Summer was released on April 19, 2024, on Pure Noise Records.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 78/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| PopMatters | 8/10 |
| Exclaim! | 7/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.5/10 |
Final Summer was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 78 based on 9 reviews.
Pitchfork awarded the album a 7.5 while noting "With spruced-up production highlighting new subtleties in their sound, yet never abandoning their melodic fundamentals, the Cleveland indie rockers' latest radiates a renewed sense of purpose." adding "Cloud Nothings have never sounded so committed to going the distance." Writing for Flood, Jeff Terich wrote "The sentiments are warmer, perhaps, but Cloud Nothings haven't softened. The band's energy level never slackens throughout Final Summer, and the entirety of the record's half-hour run time sounds massive, even at its most deceptively simple. But in moments like "I'd Get Along," a towering anthem in which Baldi wrings every last ounce of power from only two lines, Cloud Nothings reveal how much artistic growth they've undergone." Errick Easterday of PopMatters rates the album 8/10 and declares "Cloud Nothings' 'Final Summer' is a masterclass in indie rock. Cloud Nothings have delivered record after record of catchy, energetic songs without getting stale or repetitive. Final Summer continues that streak."

## Personnel

Adapted from Allmusic.

### Cloud Nothings

* Dylan Baldi – vocals, guitar
* Chris Brown – bass
* Jayson Gerycz – drums

### Additional personnel

* Jack Callahan - mastering
* Sarah Tudzin - mixing
* Jeff Zeigler - tracking
* Chris Madak - slide guitar (1)
# Ivan Mahal

Ivan Mahal (Belarusian: Іван Магаль; Russian: Иван Магаль; born 7 January 1990) is a Belarusian former professional football player.
# Oswald Bowden

Oswald "Ossie" Bowden (7 September 1912 – 20 May 1977) was an English footballer who played as an inside-forward for various clubs in the 1930s.

## Football career

Bowden was born in Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne and was a trainee at Newcastle United. Failing to obtain a professional contract on Tyneside, he joined Derby County in May 1930, where he made his first-team debut in the 1932–33 season at inside-right. In his five years at Derby he spent most of his career in the reserves, managing only ten appearances in the Football League First Division.
He moved to East Midlands rivals, Nottingham Forest in June 1935, where he spent a further two seasons of reserve-team football, making only 14 first-team appearances in the Second Division. He then spent a season with Brighton & Hove Albion, making only one appearance before moving along the south coast to return to the Second Division with Southampton.
He made his "Saints" debut in the opening match of the 1938–39 season, playing at inside-left in a 2–1 defeat at home to Tottenham Hotspur, before giving way to Arthur Holt. Bowden made only one further appearance in the first team, plus 25 for the reserves, before being released at the end of the season.
Following the outbreak of World War II, Bowden never played League football again.
# Oksana Yakovyshyn

Oksana Yakovyshyn is a Ukrainian football striker, currently playing for Mordovochka Saransk in the Russian Championship. She previously played for Lehenda Chernihiv and Rossiyanka.
She is a member of the Ukrainian national team. She made her debut in the 2009 European Championship, where she replaced injured Svitlana Vanyushkina.
# Melnishka reka

The Melnishka reka (Bulgarian: Мелнишка река) is a river in south-western Bulgaria, a left tributary of the Struma. The river is 30 km long and drains part of the south-western sections of the Pirin mountain range.
The river takes at an altitude of 2,409 m, at about 300 m from the summit of Kelyo (2,484 m). It flows in southeastern direction through most of its course. In its upper stretches Melnishka reka flows through a densely forested valley. Downstream of the village of Doleni, the river enters en eroded valley, where along with its tributary the Sugarevska reka, it runs along the Melnik Earth Pyramids. Near the village of Zornitsa the river enters the Sandanski–Petrich Valley, at the village of Kromidovo it turns westwards and then southwards at the village of Novo Konomladi. It flows into the Struma at an altitude of 85 m at 1.8 km west of the village of Marikostinovo.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 97 km$^2$ or 0.56% of Struma's total.
The Sandanska Bistritsa River has predominantly snow-rain feed with high water in late spring (April–May) and low water in late summer (August–September). The average annual flow is 0.75 m$^3$/s.
There are six settlements along the river: Doleni, Melnik, Lozenitsa and Zornitsa in Sandanski Municipality, as well as Kromidovo, Kapatovo and Novo Konomladi in Petrich Municipality, all in Blagoevgrad Province. The river's waters are utilised for irrigation.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 312
* ↑ Dushkov 1972, p. 111
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Nova Iguaçu

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Nova Iguaçu (Latin: Dioecesis Neo–Iguassuensis) is a diocese located in the city of Nova Iguaçu in the ecclesiastical province of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

## History

* 26 March 1960: Established as Diocese of Nova Iguaçu from the Diocese of Campos, Diocese of Niterói and Diocese of Valença

## Bishops

* Bishops of Nova Iguaçu (Roman rite), in reverse chronological order
** Bishop Gilson Andrade da Silva (2019.05.15 - present)
** Bishop Luciano Bergamin, C.R.L. (2002.07.24 – 2019.05.15)
** Bishop Werner Franz Siebenbrock, S.V.D. (1994.11.09 – 2001.12.19), appointed Bishop of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais
** Bishop Adriano Mandarino Hypólito, O.F.M. (1966.08.29 – 1994.11.09)
** Bishop Honorato Piazera, S.C.I. (1961.12.14 – 1966.02.12), appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Lages, Santa Catarina
** Bishop Walmor Battú Wichrowski (1960.04.23 – 1961.05.31)

### Coadjutor bishop

* Gilson Andrade da Silva (2018-2019)