OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iltizam

An iltizam (Arabic: التزام, romanized: iltizām) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
Iltizams were sold off by the government to wealthy notables, who would then reap up to five times the amount they had paid by taxing the peasants and extracting agricultural production. It was a system that was very profitable and was of great benefit to the Egyptian aristocracy under the Mamluks, and helped create a large and powerful elite. In Egypt, it was abolished by Muhammad Ali as part of his centralization efforts in the early nineteenth century. After confiscating the iltizam lands of the ulema, Muhammad Ali imposed a tax on their significant (and previously tax-exempt) waqf revenues.
The holder of an iltizam was a mültezim (Ottoman Turkish: ملتزم)
An iltizam was typically an annual agreement. The malikâne (Ottoman Turkish: مالكانه), developed as a replacement for iltizam, was for life.
# Hamid Majid Mousa

Hamid Majid Mousa (Arabic: حميد مجيد موسى) is an Iraqi communist and former Secretary General of the Iraqi Communist Party. He was a member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council created following the United States's 2003 invasion of Iraq, and previously held a seat in the National Assembly.

## Early life

Mousa is an economist and petroleum researcher by training and studied at the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics in Sofia from 1960 to 1965. He is of Shia background.

## Communist Party

Mousa joined the Iraqi Communist Party in October 1959, and remained a member during the suppression of the party between 1965 and 1968. He was arrested in May 1968 due to his links with the party, although was released as part of an amnesty at the end of the year following the Ba'athist coup. He worked as an economic researcher in the national oil company from 1970 until late 1978 when he left Iraq. He had been appointed to the Central Committee of the party at the National Conference in 1976. He returned to Iraq in 1983, where he lived in the Kurdish-controlled north of the country and was involved in activities against Saddam Hussein's regime. In 1993, he became Secretary General of the Iraqi Communist Party and held this office for 23 years.

## Post-Saddam Iraq

Mousa was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of Iraq and was one of two candidates elected to the Iraqi National Assembly in the January 2005 elections as part of the People's Union list. He was again elected in the December 2005 elections as part of the Iraqi National List. The party ran as part of the People's Union electoral coalition for the 2010 parliamentary election, but failed to gain any seats.
# Qareh Khan-e Sofla

Qareh Khan-e Sofla (Persian: قره خان سفلي, also Romanized as Qareh Khān-e Soflá; also known as Qareh Khān-e Pā’īn) is a village in Buzi Rural District, in the Central District of Shadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 5 families.
# Furnadjiev

Furnadjiev or Furnadzhiev (Bulgarian: Фурнаджиев), feminine: Furnadjieva or Furnadzhieva is a Bulgarian surname literally meaning "son of furnaji" (of baker). Notable people with the surname include:
* Atanas Furnajiev [bg], Bulgarian anti-Osman revolutionary
* Dimitar Furnadjiev, Bulgarian cellist
* Nikola Furnadzhiev, Bulgarian poet and translator
* Stefan Furnajiev [bg], Bulgarian poet
# Oborczyska

Oborczyska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Baranowo, 25 km (16 mi) north-west of Ostrołęka, and 113 km (70 mi) north of Warsaw.
# Vasily Lebedev-Kumach

Vasily Ivanovich Lebedev-Kumach (Russian: Васи́лий Ива́нович Ле́бедев-Кума́ч); 5 August [O.S. 24 July] 1898 — 20 February 1949) was a Soviet poet and lyricist.

## Biography

Vasily was born August 5, 1898, to a shoe maker. He went on to work in the printing department of the Revolutionary Military Council, moving on to ROSTO. He attended Moscow State University. He adopted the nickname Kumach, a Turkish name for a variety of red cloth used to symbolize revolution. In time the nickname was added to his surname.
Vasily's satirical verses published in such papers as Rabochaia gazeta, Krest’ianskaia gazeta, Gudok, and Krokodil led to his growing popularity. He also wrote songs for the film Late for a Date (1936).
Vasily wrote numerous songs, the most famous being probably Священная война (Svyaschennaya Voyna, 'The Sacred War'), Песня о Родине (A Song About the Motherland), Гимн партии большевиков (Hymn of the Bolshevik Party) and Как много девушек хороших (Such a lot of nice girls!), later immortalized as the Argentine Tango song Serdtse (Сердце-Heart) by Pyotr Leshchenko. He worked closely with the composer Isaak Dunayevsky. Composer Lyubov Streicher used Lebediv-Kumach‘s text for her song "A Simple Soviet Man", which was recorded commercially by pianist Maria Yudina in 1937. He was also one of the first persons to use the term blat (блат) in print, when Krokodil published the poem Blat-not.
# Sleaford, Hampshire

Sleaford in Hampshire, England is a hamlet of Headley Civil Parish and the Northanger Ecclesiastical Benefice. It is in the civil parish of Whitehill
It lies on the A325 and B3004 roads where they cross the small River Slea, a tributary of the Wey. Since the road junction has been re-aligned, there are now three bridges across the river.
Sleaford is at the edge of Broxhead Common, a part of the belt of heathland on the Surrey-Hampshire border from Berkshire to West Sussex, which the British Army found attractive for training. There are numerous military colleges, camps and training grounds in the region which extends in a zone southwards from Windsor, through Camberley, Frimley and Aldershot to Bordon (near Sleaford), Woolmer and Longmoor Military Camp (grid reference SU795310). The last two were set up to train engineers to run railways, a very important skill in the Great War period.
# Portuguese Settlement, Malacca

The Portuguese Settlement (Saint John's Village; Portuguese: Aldeia de São João; Malay: Kampung St. John, Kampung Portugis) is a settlement area of Ujong Pasir in Malacca City, Melaka Tengah District, Malacca, Malaysia, which serves as a home for the Kristang people. The Kristang people are a Malaysian ethnic group with mixed Portuguese and Malay heritage, originating from the time of the Portuguese rule in Malacca (16th to 17th century).
In 1933, 11 hectares of land at Malacca were purchased with the purpose of creating a haven for the scattered Kristang people. The swampy land was cleared and 10 wooden houses with earth floors and attap roofs were built. Saint John's village, as that simple fishing village was originally known, soon attracted additional Kristang from other areas of Malacca, and grew to become one of Malacca's main tourist attractions, improving the standard of living of its villagers.
Like many other Portuguese-speaking communities around the world, the Portuguese Settlement holds a yearly "June festival" that opens with Festa de São João ("Feast of Saint John", June 23) and closes with Festa de São Pedro ("Feast of Saint Peter", the fishermen's patron saint, June 29). This festival is attended by about 100,000 visitors from Malaysia and abroad. At the festival one can hear Kristang folk songs and watch dancers in colourful costumes perform to the rhythm of branyu music. An important event in the festival is the blessing of the local fishermen's boats, specially decorated for the occasion, to assure good catch.
# Callisthenes (Seleucid)

Callisthenes (/kəˈlɪsθəˌniːz/; Koinē Greek: Καλλισθένης, Kallisthenēs) was a Syrian who was believed to have been involved in the burning of the gates of the Second Temple during the persecution to which the Jews were subjected in the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes. When the Jews were celebrating their subsequent victory over Nicanor (135 BC), they captured Callisthenes, who had taken refuge in a little house, and burned him to death. "And so he received a reward meet for his wickedness" (2 Maccabees 8:33). Callisthenes is mentioned in 2 Maccabees, which is part of the Catholic deuterocanon, and considered non-canonical by Protestants.
# Like a Love Story

Like a Love Story is a historical, young adult romance novel by Abdi Nazemian, published June 4, 2019 by Balzer + Bray. The story follows Reza, an Iranian boy, as he grapples with his homosexuality amid the AIDS crisis in New York City.

## Plot

Like a Love Story follows three main characters: Reza, Judy, and Art.
At the beginning of the story, Reza, an Iranian boy, moves to New York City from Toronto with his mother to live with his stepfather and stepbrother. Living amidst the AIDS crisis, Reza fears coming out as homosexual.
Reza quickly befriends Judy, an aspiring fashion designer, and her best friend, Art, the high school's only out and proud homosexual person. Despite Reza's immediate attraction toward Art, he begins dating Judy. Eventually, Art and Reza address their attraction, forcing Reza to come out to his family before they can become a couple.
Beyond the burgeoning romance, Like a Love Story considers the AIDS epidemic in New York City as Judy's Uncle Steven dies from the disease, Art photographs people with AIDS, and the characters participate in ACT UP demonstrations.

## Reception

Like a Love Story received positive reviews from Common Sense Media and Kirkus Reviews, including starred reviews from Publishers Weekly, Quill & Quire, BookPage, and Booklist. Time magazine named it one of the best young adult novels of all time. The book also received the following accolades:
* American Library Association Best Fiction for Young Adults Top Ten (2020)
* Stonewall Book Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature Honor Book (2019)
# Khoveynes

Khoveynes (Persian: خوينس; also known as Khovnes and Khūnes) is a village in Buzi Rural District, in the Central District of Shadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 186, in 35 families.
# Obory, Sochaczew County

Obory is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Iłów, within Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# 4.5-Inch Beach Barrage Rocket

The 4.5-Inch Beach Barrage Rocket, also known as "Old Faithful", was a 4.5-inch (110 mm) rocket developed and used by the United States Navy during World War II. Originally developed from the "Mousetrap" anti-submarine rocket, it saw widespread use during the war, being replaced by more powerful rockets toward the end of the conflict.

## Development

Developed during 1942 by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), under the direction of Charles Christian Lauritsen, in response to a requirement by the United States Navy for a rocket capable of being launched from landing craft to provide fire support during amphibious landings, the 4.5-Inch BBR was an improved version of the Mousetrap anti-submarine rocket system, using the Mousetrap's Mk 3 rocket motor mated to a 20-pound (9.1 kg) general purpose aerial bomb. An impact fuse was mounted in the nose of the rocket, with an annular fin assembly providing stability. A modified, larger version of the Beach Barrage Rocket, using the Mk 9 rocket motor, was also produced, being introduced into service in late 1944.

## Operational history

First test fired on 24 June 1942, further tests in August proved sufficiently successful for the Navy Bureau of Ordnance to place an initial order for 3,000 Beach Barrage Rockets; the weapon was introduced into combat service that November, during the invasion of northern Africa. Fired from 12-round launchers and capable of being fitted with either the standard high explosive or a white phosphorus warhead, approximately 1,600,000 examples of the BBR were built; although the rocket proved inaccurate in service, it was widely used, and was highly regarded by members of the amphibious forces. The effect on the target of the Beach Barrage Rocket was described as being equivalent to that of a barrage from heavy mortars.
The 4.5-Inch BBR also saw use as an improvised ship-to-ship weapon, as well as being launched from ground-based launchers; it is credited with the first ship to be sunk by another purely by rocket attack, occurring near Ormoc in December 1944. Toward the end of the war, the Beach Barrage Rocket was replaced in service by the 5 in (130 mm) High Velocity Spinner Rocket.
# Mustafa Dirani

Mustafa Dirani (Arabic: مصطفى الديراني; born 1951) is a former head of security in the Amal Movement in Lebanon. In 1987, he started reaching out to pro-Iran sources, and eventually established contact between them and the rest of the Amal leadership. He was eventually expelled from Amal and established his own organization, the "Believing Resistance".
Captured by Israeli forces in 1994, Dirani was held until a 2004 prisoner swap.

## Biography

Dirani was taken from his home in Kasarnaba in the eastern Beqaa by Israeli airborne commandos on 27 May 1994. He was held in administrative detention and was offered in exchange for Israeli servicemen held by Hezbollah. At the time, Israeli forces were in control of the southern-Lebanon security buffer, in order to prevent the region from being used as a launching ground for attacks on Israel's Galilee region.
Israel believed that Dirani had exclusive knowledge concerning the whereabouts of Israel Air Force navigator Ron Arad, who was captured by Dirani's armed men in 1986, and has been unheard of since then. During his interrogation by military officers, Dirani reportedly disclosed that Arad had been turned over first to a Hezbollah's unit and then to Iranian Revolutionary Guards, who were in Lebanon at the time aiding Hezbollah guerrillas. Neither Iran nor any guerrilla group has ever offered any useful information about Arad's fate. Allegedly, Dirani received $300,000 for transferring Ron Arad to the Iranians.
Dirani alleges that he was sodomized and tortured by his Israeli captors. He testified in an Israeli court to this abuse. The allegations were reported by the Associated Press, Al Jazeera, and The Jerusalem Post. Initially, the International Red Cross was denied permission to see Dirani, but a court order forced Israeli prison authorities to comply with legal rules. In 2015, it was reported that in a 4-3 decision, the Israeli supreme court ruled that Dirani could not continue with his lawsuit against the nation, after a lengthy court battle.
In January 2004, in a German-mediated prisoner swap, Dirani, along with 22 other Lebanese detainees, about 400 Palestinians, and 12 Israeli-Arab prisoners, was released in exchange for the bodies of three Israeli soldiers and abducted Israeli businessman Elchanan Tannenbaum.
# Fibriani Ratna Marita

Fibriani Ratna Marita (born February 24, 1994) is an Indonesian swimmer, who specialized in individual medley events. She represented her nation Indonesia at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, and has also set two Indonesian records in both 200 and 400 m individual medley at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games.
At age fourteen, Marita became one of the youngest swimmers to mark their official debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, competing in the women's 200 m individual medley. Swimming on the outside in heat one, Marita closed out the field with a slowest time of 2:28.18, just five seconds behind Chinese Taipei's Lin Man-hsu. Marita, however, failed to advance into the semi-finals, as she placed thirty-eighth in the overall rankings.
Marita set two national records in the medley double at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane, Laos. She also missed out of the medal contention, when she finished fourth in the 200 m individual medley, with her personal best time of 2:21.00.
In 2010, Marita had a greater opportunity to participate in the first-ever Youth Olympic Games in Singapore, after securing her ticket from the Singapore National Age Group Championships, with a time of 2:23.98. She swam in the girls' 200 m individual medley, finishing fifth and sixteenth overall in the preliminary heats, outside her personal best of 2:23.92, six hundredths of a second ahead of her qualifying time.
# Les Rudman

Major General Les Rudman PVD SD SM MMM SAStC was a General Officer in the South African Army from the infantry.

## Military career

General Rudman was an honorary Special Forces Operator, Pathfinder and parachutist instructor. He was appointed to the post of Deputy Chief of the South African Army on 1 October 2011. He was awarded the Sword of Honour at the South African Military Academy in 1976. He retired at the end of 2014 and was succeeded by Maj Gen Lawrence Smith. He served at 31 Battalion as Company Commander, 32 Battalion with the Pathfinders and for this he was awarded the Pro Virtute Decoration, 1 Parachute Battalion and Brigade Commander 44 Parachute Brigade while still based in Wallmansthall. He was Army attaché to Washington, DC where he was replaced by Col Chris Gildenhuys from the Armoured corps. He was appointed as Commanding General of the Special Forces Brigade reporting to Lt Gen Deon Ferreira and Lt Gen Godfrey Ngwenya, taking over from Brig Gen Borries Bornman. After this prestigious posting, he was promoted to the rank of major general as Chief Director Corporate Services in the Army Headquarters successively under Lt Gen Gilbert Ramano and Lt Gen Solly Shoke. His last appointment was as Deputy Chief of the South African Army.

## Honours and awards

* Pro Virtute Decoration (PVD)
* Southern Cross Decoration (SD)
* Southern Cross Medal (1975) (SM)
* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Pro Patria Medal
* Southern Africa Medal
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Medalje vir Troue Diens (Medal for Loyal Service) (40 Year Clasp)
* Good Service Medal (Gold (30 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))
* Legion of Merit (Officer) (LOM)
* Peacemaker Medal (Brazil)
SA Special Forces Operator's Badge (Qualification) :
* Black on Thatch beige, Embossed Dagger enclosed with a laurel wreath
Pathfinder Badge (Qualification) :
* Black on Thatch beige, Embossed
Free Fall Paratrooper (Qualification) :
* Advanced, Freefall Black on Thatch beige Small Black wings
61 Mech Operational Service Badge (Service) :
* Black on Thatch beige, Embossed Rectangular bar (upright) with a black dagger and three black lightning flashes angled diagonally across the blade
# Haelen

Haelen (Dutch: ; Limburgish: Hale) is a town in the south-eastern Netherlands.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1224 as "Gregorio (de) Haele", and means "bend of the highland". Haelen developed along the Haelense Beek. It used to belong to the County of Horne, and later became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. In 1679, it became an independent heerlijkheid.
Aldengoor Castle was first mentioned in 1212. One tower from 15th century remains, the other three towers were destroyed during a siege in 1598 by the Dutch Republic. During the 17th and 18th century, it was enlarged with two wings. In 1903, it was used as a monastery. In 1977, a museum was housed in the castle, and it has become private property since 1996. In 2006, a bed and breakfast opened in the castle.
The Catholic St Lambertus Church is a three aisled church built between 1953 and 1955 to replace the church which was destroyed in 1944.
Haelen was home to 374 people in 1840. Until it became a part of Leudal on 1 January 2007 Haelen was a separate municipality, and included the villages of Buggenum, Horn, and Nunhem.

## Gallery

* St Lambertus Church
* House in Haelen
* Groot Buggenum
* Farm in Haelen
# Akhkinchu-Borzoy

43°08′02″N 46°11′46″E﻿ / ﻿43.13389°N 46.19611°E﻿ / 43.13389; 46.19611
Akhkinchu-Borzoy (Russian: Ахкинчу-Борзой, Chechen: Аьхкинчу-Борзе, Äxkinçu-Borze), also spelled as Akhkinchu-Borzoi, is a rural locality (a selo) in Kurchaloyevsky District, Chechnya.

## Administrative and municipal status

Municipally, Akhkinchu-Borzoy is incorporated as Akhkinchu-Borzoyskoye rural settlement. It is the administrative center of the municipality and the only settlement included in it.

## Geography

Akhkinchu-Borzoy is located on the left bank of the Gums River in a mountainous area. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south-east of the city of Kurchaloy and 57 kilometres (35 mi) south-east of the city of Grozny.
The nearest settlements to Akhkinchu-Borzoy are Dzhigurty in the north, Gansolchu in the east, Yalkhoy-Mokhk in the south, and Khidi-Khutor in the south-west.

## History

In 1944, after the genocide and deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was abolished, the village of Akhkinchu-Borzoy was renamed to Novo-Ritlyab, and was settled by Avar people from the village of Ritlyab in the neighboring republic of Dagestan.
In 1957, when the Vaynakh people returned and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, the village regained its old Chechen name, Akhkinchu-Borze.
On 12 January 2002, during a special operation, Salman Basayev, the father of Shamil Basayev, was apparently killed in the village.

## Population

* 1990 Census: 858
* 2002 Census: 1,282
* 2010 Census: 1,889
* 2019 estimate: 2,046
According to the results of the 2010 Census, the majority of residents of Akhkinchu-Borzoy (1,887) were ethnic Chechens, with 2 people from other ethnic backgrounds.

## Infrastructure

Akhkinchu-Borzoy hosts a mosque and one secondary school.
# Maarten Schalekamp

Col Maarten Schalekamp SM, MMM was an officer in the South African Army from the artillery.

## Military career

He joined the South African Defence Force in 1973 and graduated from the South African Military Academy in 1976 with a Bachelor's degree awarded by Stellenbosch University. He saw action during the Border War in the Angolan theatre of operations with 61 Mechanised Battalion Group, 14 Field Regiment and 4 Artillery Regiment. He served as Locating Battery Commander at 4 Artillery Regiment, Chief Instructor at the School of Artillery, OC School of Artillery, OC HQ Group 30 from 1995 to 1996and finally the last Director of Artillery from 1996–1998. He retired from the SANDF in 1998.

## Honours and awards
### Medals

* Southern Cross Medal (1975) (SM)
* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Pro Patria Medal
* Southern Africa Medal
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))

### Proficiency badges

Master Gunner: 71 :
| Colonel Maarten A. Schalekamp ||
| Year: 1996 ||
| ←70: Unknown | Brigadier General Chris H. Roux :72→ |
# Obręb, Piaseczno County

Obręb is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Góra Kalwaria, within Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Góra Kalwaria, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Piaseczno, and 31 km (19 mi) south of Warsaw.
# Brazil women's national ice hockey team

The Brazilian women's national ice hockey team (Portuguese: Seleção Brasileira Feminina de Hóquei no Gelo) is the national women's ice hockey team of Brazil. The team is controlled by the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation and as an associate member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Brazil is currently not ranked in the IIHF World Ranking and has still not actively competing in any World Championship.