OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gilgai

A gilgai is a small, ephemeral lake formed from a surface depression in expanding clay soils. Gilgai is also used to refer to the overall micro-relief in such areas, consisting of mounds and depressions. The name comes from an Australian Aboriginal word meaning small water hole. The pools are commonly a few metres across and less than 30 cm (12 in) deep but, in some instances, they may be several metres deep and up to 100 m (330 ft) across. Gilgais are found worldwide wherever there are cracking clay soils and marked wet and dry seasons. Gilgais are also called melonholes, crabholes, hogwallows, or puff and shelf formations.

## Formation

Gilgais are thought to form in vertisols through repeated cycles of swelling when wet and subsequent shrinkage upon drying. That action, known as argillipedoturbation, causes the soil to crack when dry, allowing loose soil material to fill the cracks. When the soil swells upon subsequent re-wetting, the soil pressure cannot be dispersed into the now-full cracks and the soil is forced sideways causing a mound to form between cracks and a depression to form at the location of the crack. That process is then exaggerated as the depressions hold water and thus become wetter and swell more than the mounds, causing even greater shrinkage and cracking. In addition, the cracks channel water deeply into the soil, causing even greater swelling and subsequent cracking of the depression areas. Each cycle of swelling, shrinkage and cracking becomes more exaggerated and the landscape eventually becomes covered by a repeated pattern of mounds and depressions. The depressions hold surface water during wet seasons.

## Distribution

Australia has an abundance of cracking clay soils and large areas dominated by pronounced wet and dry seasons, providing ideal circumstances for gilgais to form. Central Russia and several parts of the United States, including South Dakota, Mississippi, and Texas also host the formations. Gilgais are structurally similar to the patterned ground of frigid regions, but periglacial soil polygons are formed instead, by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

## Relation to humans

Gilgais were an important water source for Indigenous Australians, enabling them to forage over areas that lacked permanent water. Similarly, they allowed the stock of early Australian pastoralists to graze those areas. The introduction of wells and pumps reduced the value of gilgais to humans as a source of water. Many farmers now generally regard them as a nuisance. The movement of soil associated with gilgai formation damages infrastructure, including building foundations, roads and railway lines, and the undulations interfere with crop harvesting. The presence of seasonal water in grazing land makes it more difficult to control stock and provides a water supply for feral animals and kangaroos.
Gilgais remain of great ecological significance as a source of water for animal and plant life. Crayfish burrow in the wet basins and ants build up the mounds, magnifying the formations through bioturbation.
# Artyom Mamin

Artyom Vitalyevich Mamin (Russian: Артём Витальевич Мамин; born 25 July 1997) is a Russian football player who plays as a centre-back for Ural Yekaterinburg.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for Spartak-2 Moscow on 1 April 2017 in a game against Zenit-2 St. Petersburg.
He made his Russian Premier League debut for Spartak Moscow on 5 May 2018 in a game against Rostov.
On 7 August 2019, he returned to his native city, signing a long-term contract with Ural Yekaterinburg. He made his debut for the main squad of Ural Yekaterinburg on 25 September 2019 in a Russian Cup game against Chernomorets Novorossiysk.
On 22 June 2021, he joined Chayka Peschanokopskoye on a season-long loan. Before the season started, Chayka was punished for match fixing and relegated, and on 8 July 2021, he moved on loan to Tom Tomsk instead. On 3 September 2021, he was recalled from loan and returned to Ural.
On 7 June 2023, Mamin extended his contract with Ural.

## Personal life

His younger brother Aleksei Mamin is also a football player.

## Career statistics

    As of 1 June 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Spartak-2 Moscow | 2015–16 | Russian First League | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Spartak-2 Moscow | 2016–17 | Russian First League | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Spartak-2 Moscow | 2017–18 | Russian First League | 35 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | 37 | 1 |
| Spartak-2 Moscow | 2018–19 | Russian First League | 23 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Spartak-2 Moscow | Total | Total | 59 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 70 | 1 |
| Spartak Moscow | 2017–18 | Russian Premier League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Spartak Moscow | 2018–19 | Russian Premier League | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Spartak Moscow | Total | Total | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Ural-2 Yekaterinburg | 2019–20 | Russian Second League | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2019–20 | Russian Premier League | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2020–21 | Russian Premier League | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2021–22 | Russian Premier League | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2022–23 | Russian Premier League | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2023–24 | Russian Premier League | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | Total | Total | 36 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
| Orenburg (loan) | 2020–21 | Russian First League | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 19 | 0 |
| Tom Tomsk (loan) | 2021–22 | Russian First League | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 8 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 127 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 154 | 1 |
* 1 2 3 4 5 Appearances in the FNL Cup
# Bhulepur

Bhulepur (Hindi: भुलेपुर Bhulēpur, Urdu: بھولے پور) is a census town in Ambedaker Nagar district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Bhulepur had a population of 5,413. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bhulepur has an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 56% and female literacy of 46%. 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Pir Baksh Junejo

Pir Baksh Junejo (Urdu: پیر بخش جونیجو; born 14 February 1956) is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, from June 2013 to May 2018.

## Early life

He was born on 14 February 1956.

## Political career

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-234 (Sanghar-I), Constituency NA-235 ( Sanghar-cum-Mirpurkhas-cum-Umerkot) and Constituency NA-236 (Sanghar-II) in 2008 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 15 votes from Constituency NA-234 (Sanghar-I) and lost the seat to Muhammad Jadam Mangrio, He received 16 votes from Constituency NA-235 ( Sanghar-cum-Mirpurkhas-cum-Umerkot) and lost the seat to Ghulam Dastgir Rajar, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (F) (PML-F). He received 5 votes from Constituency NA-236 (Sanghar-II) and lost the seat to Roshan Din Junejo. In the same election, he ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from Constituency PS-81 (Sanghar-IV) as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. He received 20 votes and lost the seat to Jam Madad Ali Khan.
He was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-F from Constituency NA-234 (Sanghar-I) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 90,787 votes and defeated Fida Hussain Dero, a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
# Democratic Front of the Comoros

The Democratic Front of the Comoros (French: Front Démocratique des Comores, FDC) was a political party in the Comoros.

## History

The FDC began its existence as an exile group, and was initially led by Mustapha Saïd Cheikh, who had been imprisoned for involvement in a coup attempt in 1985. The party was invited to join Said Mohamed Djohar's government in 1990, and campaigned for the proposed new constitution in the 1992 referendum.
The party finished third in the popular vote in the parliamentary elections later in the year, but won only two seats. Both seats were lost in the early elections in 1993.
Cheikh was the FDC candidate for the 2002 presidential elections, but finished last in a nine-candidate field. The party subsequently joined the Camp of the Autonomous Islands alliance prior to the 2004 parliamentary elections. The alliance won 12 of the 18 elected seats and all 15 of the indirectly elected seats.
# Anticapitalist Left (Belgium)

The Anticapitalist Left (French: Gauche anticapitaliste, GA), also known as Current for an Anticapitalist Project (Dutch: Stroming voor een Anticapitalistisch Project, SAP), is a Belgian Trotskyist political party. It is the Belgian section of the Fourth International. In the 2010 election, Front des gauches (CP, LCR, PSL and PH) received 1.15% of votes for the Senat.
The party was long led by Ernest Mandel. It publishes La Gauche and Rood.

## Electoral results
### Federal Parliament
#### Chamber of Representatives

| Election year | # of overall votes | % of overall vote | % of language group vote | # of overall seats won | # of language group seats won | +/- | Notes |
| 1987 | 31,446 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 / 212 | 0 / 212 | | |
| 1991 | 5,243 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 / 212 | 0 / 212 | 0 | |

#### Senate

| Election year | # of overall votes | % of overall vote | % of language group vote | # of overall seats won | # of language group seats won | +/- | Notes |
| 1987 | 32,187 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 70 | | |
| 1991 | 6,485 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 70 | 0 | |
# South Tulungagung Tunnel

The South Tulungagung Tunnel (Indonesian: Terowongan Tulungagung Selatan) or commonly referred to as the Neyama Tunnel (also spelt as Niyama Tunnel; Indonesian: Terowongan Neyama), is a drainage tunnel located in Besuki district [id], Tulungagung Regency, East Java. There are three individual tunnel under this name and each of those tunnel serves to drain some of the water from the Ngasinan River, Tawing River, and Dawir River to the Indian Ocean.

## Name

This tunnel common name, Neyama, was derived from Japanese word, 'Neyama' (根山) means 'root mountain'. The word 'Neyama' itself was coined by the Japanese army to refer to the hill penetrated by this tunnel. The said hill called as Tumpak Oyot by the local, which in Javanese means 'root hill', hence the name.

## History
### Background

During the Dutch colonial era of Indonesia, there were two swamps in the southern Tulungagung, Rawa Bening and Rawa Gesikan with total combined area exceeding 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres). In the rainy season, the area of these two swamps could reach over 25,000 hectares (62,000 acres) due to the overflowing of the Ngasinan, Tawing, and Dawir rivers. Due to the said area is relatively unflooded during dry season and became completely flooded in the rainy season, local people referred to it as Campurdarat or 'area of mixed land' in English. The overflow of the three rivers was partly caused because of sendimentation of Brantas River due to the eruption of Mount Kelud, so the water from the three rivers could not be accommodated by the Brantas River.
In 1916, there was an idea to drain the water from the three rivers into the Indian Ocean to alleviate flooding in southern Tulungagung. In 1939, a plan to overcome the flooding began to be drawn up by a Dutch engineer, H. Vlughter [id]. He came up with a plan to divert some of the water from the Ngasinan and Tawing rivers into Rawa Bening and Rawa Gesikan, so that the demand would not only flow into the Brantas River. By changing the flow of the two rivers, it was hoped that the flooding caused by the two rivers would be reduced, allowing new farmland to be cleared and the Gesikan Swamp to be drained naturally by utilising the sediment carried by the two rivers.
# Giuncaggio

Giuncaggio (French pronunciation:; Corsican: Ghjuncaghju) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica.
# Rillton, Pennsylvania

Rillton is an unincorporated community in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is 2.9 miles (4.7 km) southwest of Irwin. Rillton has a post office, with ZIP code 15678.

## Demographics

The population of Rillton is 549. The population density is 958 inhabitants per square kilometer. The median age at Rillton is 33.8 years, the American median age is 37.4 years. The number of people per household in Rillton is 2.1, the American average of people per household is 2.6.

## Notable person

* Pete Marcus, American football player.
# Altaf Hussain Unar

Haji Altaf Hussain Unar (Urdu: الطاف حسین انڑ , Sindhi: الطاف حسين انڙ) (1954 - 2014) was a politician from Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. He was elected from the constituency of PS-35 Larkana-I in 2003 as a member of Pakistan Muslim League (Q). He was defeated in 2008 elections by Ghulam Sarwar Khan of Pakistan Peoples Party. He won the 2013 elections on the ticket of Pakistan Peoples Party, but was disqualified by the court on 6 March 2014. Altaf Hussain Unar was arrested in 2008 for firing on the car of his political opponent Azra Pechoho, sister of Asif Zardari, in Nawabshah during the by-election of 2006. Altaf Unnar died at his residence in Karachi on 8 March 2014, two days after his disqualification. He was buried in his native village, Aliabad on Friday evening. He left behind six daughters and three sons.
# Supervillain (disambiguation)

A supervillain is a type of villain character.
Supervillain may also refer to:
* SuperVillain Studios, a video game development company
* The Supervillains, an American reggae band
* "Supervillain", a song by Nicole Scherzinger
* MF DOOM, singer, often referred to himself as the "Supervillain".
* "SuperVillain The Making Of Takashi 6ix9ine", a 3-part Docu-series by Showtime about American Rapper 6ix9ine
# Bronze Gate (Diocletian's Palace)

The Bronze Gate (Croatian: Mjedena vrata, Latin: Porta Meridionalis), or "the Southern Gate", is the smaller of the four principal Roman gates into the stari grad (old town) of Split. Built as part of Diocletian's Palace, it was originally a sea gate from which the Emperor entered the complex by boat. Today it is the main entry point from the promenade to the cathedral.

## History

Inhabitants of the palace accessed the gate through a complex of basement rooms, constructed just below the peristyle. There was no promenade; instead, the sea lapped up against the walls, allowing ships to dock at the palace. Known in late antiquity as the Porta Meridionalis ("Southern Gate"), it was probably used by Diocletian to travel to and from the docks. During the Middle Ages the gate offered a direct exit to the sea and escape in the event of an attack on the palace, and consequently became known as the "Security Gate". Today it is the most frequently used palace gate, and a starting point for many guided tours because of its access to the Riva.

## Description

The Bronze Gate was the main gate of Diocletian's palace (via the sea), located in the middle of the south wall; today this section of the outer walls is the best preserved.
The gate is built in a style described by one modern guidebook as "anonymous and functional", and differs completely from the other three gates of the palace. It is smaller in size, lacks decoration, and is not supported by gatehouses on either side.
# Siege of Centauri

Siege of Centauri is a tower defense video game by Stardock for Microsoft Windows. It takes place in the same universe as Ashes of the Singularity, a game developed by Oxide Games and published by Stardock. The game was released on September 12, 2019, earning mixed reviews as a standard implementation of the tower defense genre.

## Gameplay

Siege of Centauri is a tower defense video game where players must defend colonies from endless hordes of killer machines. The game takes place in the same universe as Ashes of the Singularity, a game developed by Oxide Games and published by Stardock. Different from most other tower defense games where players position their defenses on designated pedestals, players can drop turrets anywhere within a preset area. Different weapons have different advantages against different enemies, and defeating each level rewards the player with access to new weapons.

## Development

The was in Steam Early Access.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 68/100 |
Upon its release on September 12, 2019, Siege of Centauri received an average score of 68 on review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Kyle Hilliard of PC Gamer described the game as "a basic tower defense game with many concepts I have used before and it did little to get me excited about what was coming next." Ollie Toms of Rock Paper Shotgun found the game enjoyable, while calling it “one of the most uninspired games I’ve ever played”. While Jordan Boyrd of Screen Rant said that it "isn't a groundbreaking game," they also said it "does its job in doing justice to that niche despite a lackluster story and some technical issues". Tony Bae from COG Connected said that the game "felt dull after only a few hours of play", that they "didn’t feel a hint of passion in Siege of Centauri", and "[i]f there ever was a game that felt phoned-in, this is it."
# Khonkholoy

Khonkholoy (Russian: Хонхолой; Buryat: Хонхоло, Khonkholo) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Khonkholoyskoye Rural Settlement, Bichursky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 377 as of 2017.

## Geography

Khonkholoy is located 115 km northeast of Bichura (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nikolsk is the nearest rural locality.
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Windhoek

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Windhoek (Latin: Vindhoeken(sis)) is the Metropolitan See for the ecclesiastical province of Windhoek in Namibia. The predecessor to the current Archdiocese, the Prefecture Apostolic of Cimbebasia, was established in 1892 and the current archdiocese was fully erected in March 1994. The current archbishop is Liborius Ndumbukuti Nashenda.

## History

* August 1, 1892: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Lower Cimbebasia from the Apostolic Prefecture of Cimbebasia in Angola
* January 10, 1921: Renamed as Apostolic Prefecture of Cimbebasia
* May 11, 1926: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Windhoek
* March 14, 1994: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Windhoek

## Special churches

* The cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral in Windhoek.

## Bishops

* Prefect Apostolic of Lower Cimbebasia (Roman rite)
** Fr. Bernard Pierre Herrmann, O.M.I. (1892 – 1901)
** Fr. Augustine Nachtwey, O.M.I. (1901.12 – 1908)
** Fr. Joseph Schemmer, O.M.I. (1908.11.24 – 1909.12.17)
** Fr. Eugène Klaeylé, O.M.I. (1909.12.18 – 1921.01.10)
* Prefect Apostolic of Cimbebasia (Roman rite)
** Fr. Joseph Gotthardt, O.M.I. (1921.01.11 – 1926.05.11); see below''
* Vicars Apostolic of Windhoek (Roman rite)
** Bishop Joseph Gotthardt, O.M.I. (1926.05.11 – 1961.03.20); see above
** Bishop Rudolf Johannes Maria Koppmann, O.M.I. (1961.03.20 – 1980.11.29)
** Bishop Bonifatius Haushiku, I.C.P. (1980.11.29 – 1994.03.14): see below
* Archbishops of Windhoek (Roman rite)
** Archbishop Bonifatius Haushiku, I.C.P. (1994.03.14 – 2002.06.12); see above
** Archbishop Liborius Ndumbukuti Nashenda, O.M.I. (since 2004.09.21)

### Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic

* Rudolf Johannes Maria Koppmann, O.M.I. (1957-1961)

### Auxiliary Bishops

* Liborius Ndumbukuti Nashenda, O.M.I. (1998-2004), appointed Archbishop here
* Bonifatius Haushiku, I.C.P. (1978-1980), appointed Vicar Apostolic here

## Suffragan dioceses

* Keetmanshoop
* Rundu
# Mueang Trat River

Mueang Trat River (Thai: แม่น้ำเมืองตราด, pronounced), or just called Trat River (แม่น้ำตราด, pronounced) is the longest and largest river in Trat province, eastern Thailand.
It originated from the canals Khlong Sato and Khlong Ang, which receive water from the Banthat range, flowing together at the border Bo Rai and Khao Saming districts. Then flows south passing through Khao Saming district to the southeast entering Mueang Trat district passing through the downtown Trat before empties to Ao Trat, part of the Gulf of Thailand. It is approximately 55 km (34.2 mi) long.
As it flows through Khao Saming district, it is called Khao Saming River (แม่น้ำเขาสมิง, pronounced), otherwise known as Khlong Khao Saming (คลองเขาสมิง, pronounced) or Khlong Yai (คลองใหญ่, pronounced).
The water in the Trat river in the phase of the Khao Saming river is murky red and flows rapidly. In 1931, it was also recorded as the first place in Thailand where an Asian arowana, a rare species living fossil fish was caught for the first time by a local boy scout. The caught fish was 26 cm long and specimen were sent to Bangkok for species identification. Currently, believed to have been locally extinct.
Mueang Trat river is an important transportation route from the past to the present. In the area of Mueang Trat, there were junks that sailed in and docked to pick up and deliver goods. At present, there are many ports along the river where fishing boats congregate along the jetty.
# Nowe Borza

Nowe Borza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gzy, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# George Walker (footballer, born 1934)

George William Walker (30 May 1934 – 8 August 2012) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. He scored 58 goals from 179 appearances in the Football League for Bristol City and Carlisle United before injury ended his career.

## Life and career

Walker was born in Sunderland. While doing his National Service, he played non-league football for Chippenham Town before signing for Second Division club Bristol City in May 1956. He scored twice in 17 senior appearances, of which 15 were in the league, before returning to the north of England to join Carlisle United of the Fourth Division on 2 March 1959 for a £1500 fee.
He made his debut the following day, and scored twice as Carlisle beat Oldham Athletic 3–0. He continued as a regular in the first team, scoring 58 goals from 177 appearances in all competitions (53 from 164 in the league). Walker was the club's top scorer in both 1960–61 and 1961–62, when the team went into the last two matches of the season in sixth place, two points outside the promotion positions. He scored both goals in a 2–1 win at Doncaster Rovers and the first in a 2–0 win at home to Chester that gave Carlisle the four points they needed to overtake Bradford City and York City and make sure of their first ever promotion. His Carlisle career was ended when he broke his leg playing in a reserve match, although he was able to go back into non-league football with Morecambe.
Walker settled in the Carlisle area, where he and former teammate Ginger Thompson went into the building trade. They also founded a football club, Carlisle City, in 1975 "to give local lads somewhere to play". Walker was married to Val; the couple had three sons. He died of leukaemia in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, in 2012 at the age of 78.
# Albert Langford

Albert Edward Langford (16 October 1899 – 1965) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Charlton Athletic, Merthyr Town, Swansea Town and Walsall.