OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Particle mass density

The particle mass density or particle density of a material (such as particulate solid or powder) is the mass density of the particles that make up the powder. Particle density is in contrast to the bulk density, which measures the average density of a large volume of the powder in a specific medium (usually air).
The particle density is a relatively well-defined quantity, as it is not dependent on the degree of compaction of the solid, whereas the bulk density has different values depending on whether it is measured in the freely settled or compacted state (tap density).
However, a variety of definitions of particle density are available, which differ in terms of whether pores are included in the particle volume, and whether voids are included.

## Measurement

The measurement of particle density can be done in a number of ways:

### Archimedes' principle

The powder is placed inside a pycnometer of known volume, and weighed. The pycnometer is then filled with a fluid of known density, in which the powder is not soluble. The volume of the powder is determined by the difference between the volume as shown by the pycnometer, and the volume of liquid added (i.e. the volume of air displaced). A similar method, which does not include pore volume, is to suspend a known mass of particles in molten wax of known density, allow any bubbles to escape, allow the wax to solidify, and then measure the volume and mass of the wax/particulate brick.
A slurry of the powder in a liquid of known density can also be used with a hydrometer to measure particle density by buoyancy.
Another method based on buoyancy is to measure the weight of the sample in air, and also in a liquid of known density.
A column of liquid with a density gradient can also be prepared: The column should contain a liquid of continuously varying composition, so that the maximum density (at the bottom) is higher than that of the solid, and the minimum density is lower. If a small sample of powder is allowed to settle in this column, it will come to rest at the point where the liquid density is equal to the particle density.

### Volumetric measurement

A gas pycnometer can be used to measure the volume of a powder sample. A sample of known mass is loaded into a chamber of known volume that is connected by a closed valve to a gas reservoir, also of known volume, at a higher pressure than the chamber. After the valve is opened, the final pressure in the system allows the total gas volume to be determined by application of Boyle's law.
A mercury porosimeter is an instrument that allows the total volume of a powder to be determined, as well as the volume of pores of different sizes: A known mass of powder is submerged in mercury. At ambient pressure, the mercury does not invade the interparticle spaces or the pores of the sample. At increasing pressure, the mercury invades smaller and smaller pores, with the relationship between pore diameter and pressure being known. A continuous trace of pressure versus volume can then be generated, which allows for a complete characterization of the sample's porosity.
# Monoisotopic

* Monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the most abundant isotope for each element
* Monoisotopic element is one of the 26 chemical elements which have only one stable isotope
# Michael Tierney (Gaelic footballer)

Michael John (MJ) Tierney is a Gaelic football player from Laois in Ireland.
He usually plays in attack for Laois and in 2003 was part of the Laois team that won the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship title for the first time since 1997.
In the same year he played at full forward for his school team St. Marys C.B.S Portlaoise who won the South Leinster and Leinster schools titles and went on to be defeated in the All Ireland Final by St Louis, Kilkeel, County Down.
He was crowned junior footballer of the year and sportsman of the year in his time at C.B.S Portlaoise.
In 2004, he was part of the minor team which won the Leinster Minor Football Championship.
In 2006 and 2007, Michael was part of the Laois team that won the Leinster U21 Football Championship.
At club level, Michael usually lines out as a forward with Ballyroan Abbey and in 2006 he was named as Laois Senior Footballer of the Year after inspiring the Ballyroan/Abbeyleix combination, Ballyroan Gaels to the Laois Senior Football Championship title. He has also played for Hong Kong, starring in their 2008 Asian finals victory over Singapore where he received the finals MVP award. He then returned to play with his club in the Laois Intermediate Football Championship final in October.
In 2010 he joined follow Laois team mates Colm Begley, Colm Parkinson and Darren Rooney at Dublin side Parnells but in early 2013 he made the return trip to rejoin his home club, Ballyroan Abbey.
# Hunter Passage 42

The Hunter Passage 42 is an American sailboat that was designed by the Hunter Design Team as a cruiser and first built in 1989.
The Passage 42 may be confused with the unrelated 2016 42-foot sailboat design, the Marlow-Hunter 42SS.

## Production

The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States from 1989 to 1997, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Hunter Passage 42 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a B&R masthead sloop rig, a center cockpit, a raked stem, a walk-through reverse transom with a swimming platform and folding ladder, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed wing keel. It displaces 24,000 lb (10,886 kg) and carries 7,700 lb (3,493 kg) of ballast.
The boat has a draft of 4.93 ft (1.50 m) with the standard wing keel fitted.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 4JH2TE diesel engine of 62 hp (46 kW). The fuel tank holds 70 U.S. gallons (260 L; 58 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 150 U.S. gallons (570 L; 120 imp gal).
Factory standard equipment included a 130% roller furling genoa, dual two-speed self tailing winches, marine VHF radio, knotmeter, depth sounder, AM/FM radio and CD player with eight speakers, anchor teak and holly cabin sole, fully enclosed head with shower, private forward and aft cabins, with bedding, a dinette table that converts to a berth, microwave oven, dual sinks, three-burner gimbaled liquid petroleum gas stove and oven and life jackets. Factory options included in mast mainsail furling, air conditioning, electric halyard winch and leather cushions. It has 78 in (198 cm) of below-decks headroom.
The design has a hull speed of 8.08 kn (14.96 km/h).

## Operational history

In a 2010 review, yacht broker Richard Jordan noted the design and space below decks, "down below showcases the strengths of Hunter. The interior layout with centerline queen aft and a saloon you could yoga in is what every cruiser lusts for." In addressing detractors, he stated, "some stuffy sailors will without thought disparage these yachts despite their advantages."
# Carbon-Thompson coalfield

The Carbon-Thompson is a large coal field located in the western part of Canada in Alberta. Carbon-Thompson represents one of the largest coal reserve in Canada having estimated reserves of 183 billion tonnes of coal.
# Huangshan Morning Post

The Huangshan Morning Post (Chinese: 黄山晨刊), whose full name was Huangshan Daily - Huangshan Morning Post (黄山日报·黄山晨刊), was a Huangshan City-based Chinese-language morning newspaper published in China. The Post was founded on December 28, 2004, and officially launched on January 1, 2005.

## Profile & History

The Huangshan Morning Post was a sub-publication of Huangshan Daily (黄山日报). On December 29, 2018, Huangshan Morning Post stopped publication.
# Molmanatti

Molmanatti is a village in Belagavi district of Karnataka, India.

## Demographics

Per the 2011 Census of India, Molmanatti has a total population of 4345; of whom 2167 are male and 2178 female.
# Mary Rolleston

Elizabeth Mary Rolleston (30 March 1845 – 4 June 1940), known as Mary Rolleston, was a New Zealand homemaker, political hostess and community leader.
She was born as Elizabeth Mary Brittan in Castleton, Dorset, England in 1845. Her parents were Joseph Brittan, a surgeon and newspaper proprietor, and Elizabeth Mary Brittan (née Chandler). She had five siblings, two of whom died in infancy and a fortnight after the birth and then death of the last child in 1849, her mother herself died. The surviving siblings were Joseph (Joe), Arthur, and Frances (Frank). She attended Mrs Thomson's School for Young Ladies in Christchurch.
Mary Brittan married William Rolleston on 24 May 1865 at Holy Trinity Avonside. She died in Christchurch on 4 June 1940.
# Particle mass analyser

A Particle mass analyser (PMA) is an instrument for classifying aerosol particles according to their mass-to-charge ratio using opposing electrical and centrifugal forces. This allows the classifier to select particles of a specified mass-to-charge ratio independent of particle shape.
It one of the three types of monodisperse aerosol classifier, the others being the differential mobility analyser (DMA, for electrical mobility size), and the aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC, for relaxation time, or aerodynamic diameter). The corresponding three quantities are related by the expression τ = mB, where τ is relaxation time, m is mass and B is mobility.
Further work improved the technique by engineering the centrifugal force to match the electrostatic force across the whole classification region, thus increasing the throughput.
# Mordella sicardi

Mordella sicardi is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1942.
# Henry Miles

Henry Miles, FRS (2 June 1698 – 10 February 1763) was an English Dissenting minister and scientific writer; a Fellow of the Royal Society known for experiments on electricity.

## Life

He was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, on 2 June 1698. He was educated for the dissenting ministry, probably in London. His first settlement was at Lower Tooting, Surrey, where he succeeded Francis Freeman (died 17 November 1726), a Presbyterian. Miles was at this time an Independent (congregationalist). He was ordained in 1731. In 1737, still retaining his Tooting charge, he became assistant to Samuel Chandler, at the Old Jewry meeting-house. From this time he was counted as a Presbyterian.
He held the double appointment till 1744, and for the rest of his life was minister at Tooting only, having John Beesley as his assistant from 1756. In 1743, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1744 he received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen. To his pulpit work, for thirty years, he devoted two days a week, rising between two and three in the morning to write his sermons.
He was a friend of Daniel Neal, and Nathaniel Lardner, and a correspondent of Philip Doddridge, to whom he sent some criticisms of his Family Expositor. He died on 10 February 1763. His funeral sermon was preached by Philip Furneaux.

## Legacy

His widow, Emma Miles (died 1790), by deeds of 6 October 1763 and 15 February 1766, settled an endowment of £500 on the ministry at Tooting, and conveyed the meeting-house to trustees for the use of Dissenters of "the presbyterian or independent denomination." In 1880, the property became the subject of a chancery suit, which was decided on 1 March 1888 in favour of the Independents.

## Works

His communications to the Philosophical Transactions extend from 1741 to 1753, and relate to natural history, meteorology, and electricity, in which he made new experiments. He gave assistance to Thomas Birch in his edition (1744) of the works of Robert Boyle.
# Paul Merton's Palladium Story

Paul Merton's Palladium Story is a two-part British television series first broadcast on BBC1 on 18 and 25 September 1994. It is presented by Paul Merton who celebrates the history of the London Palladium, in each episode celebrity guests contribute to talking about the history of the venue. On 10 March 2011, just under 17 years after their original broadcast, both episodes were repeated on BBC Four back-to-back.

## Episode list

| # | Title | Director | Writers | Original air date |
| 1 | "Act One: The Variety Years" | Paul Kirrage | John Fisher Paul Merton | 18 September 1994 (1994-09-18) |
| 2 | "Act Two: The Television Years" | Paul Kirrage | John Fisher Paul Merton | 25 September 1994 (1994-09-25) |
# Handes Amsorya

Handes Amsorya (Հանդէս Ամսօրեայ, Monthly Review) is an academic journal that publishes research papers and articles on Armenian studies, especially history, art, social sciences, linguistics, and philology. It was established in 1887 by the Mechitarian order in Vienna.
# Hungerford Town Hall

Hungerford Town Hall is a municipal building in the High Street, Hungerford, Berkshire, England. The town hall, which is the meeting place of Hungerford Town Council, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The first town hall in Hungerford, known at the time as the "Courte House", was a medieval structure which was probably arcaded on the ground floor with an assembly room on the first floor: located in the middle of the High Street, it was completed in the mid-13th century. When this building became dilapidated, it was replaced by the second town hall which was designed in the Elizabethan style and completed in 1573. After a while this building also deteriorated and it was replaced by a Georgian style structure with an octagonal cupola in 1786. In 1830, during the Swing Riots, William Oakley harangued the magistrates in this town hall.
In the 1860s civic leaders decided to procure a fourth structure: the site selected this time, on the west site of the High Street, had previously been occupied by an unused property known as "Church House". The foundation stone for the new building was laid by George Charles Cherry of Denford Park on 7 September 1870. It was designed by John Money in the Italianate style, was built by a local contactor, a Mr Hoskins, at a cost of £4,000 and was opened without ceremony on 11 October 1871.
The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage with four bays facing onto the High Street; the left-hand section of three bays formed a loggia, with a balustraded balcony and three rounded headed windows on the first floor and a parapet above. The right-hand bay, which slightly projected forwards, contained an arched doorway on the ground floor, a balcony and a double-arched window with an elaborate carving in the tympanum on the first floor and a clock tower with a lead cupola and weather vane above. Internally, the principal meeting rooms were at the front (the magistrates' room on the ground floor and the upper hall on the first floor), and there was a corn exchange, with a vaulted ceiling, at the rear. The chiming clock, made by J. Moore & Sons of Clerkenwell, had been presented by the magistrate's clerk, Mr W. R. Hall, in 1866; it had initially been housed in a newly-built clock tower atop the Georgian town hall, before being transferred (along with the bells) to the new building in 1871.
The corn exchange was converted for use as a large meeting hall in 1923 and it served as a British Restaurant during the Second World War. The building served as the meeting place of Hungerford Rural District Council for much of the 20th century but ceased to be local seat of government when the enlarged West Berkshire Council was formed in 1974. However, meetings of Hungerford Town Council continued to take place in the building. The constable i.e. mayor and other officers of the town continued to be elected in the town hall each Hocktide (second Tuesday after Easter).
# Paul Towndrow

Paul Towndrow (born 13 December 1978) is a Scottish saxophonist, composer, arranger and educator. He won the Audience Prize at The 2003 World Saxophone Competition and is a member of Scotland’s flagship jazz orchestra, the Scotland National Jazz Orchestra.
His 2009 album, Newology, attracted a four star review in The Guardian.

## Discography
### Solo

* Paul Towndrow: Colours - 2003 FMR Records
* Paul Towndrow: Out Of Town - 2005 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow: Six By Six - 2007 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow: Newology - 2009 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow Trio: EP1 - 2013 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow & Steve Hamilton Duo: We Shine The Sun - 2016 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow: Deepening The River - 2020 Keywork Records
* Paul Towndrow: Outwith The Circle - 2023 Keywork Records
# Gürün

Gürün is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Gürün District. Its population is 10,657 (2022). The mayor is Nami Çiftçi (MHP).

## History
### Ancient history

The city was inhabited during the Old Assyrian Kingdom and Hittite Empire. Ancient rock caves dating to 2000 BC are located in the district. The caves would have been in use, possibly as a kind of apartment complex, during the Hittite period. The caves were also "used as a cold storage area, woodshed and animal feed storage area by local people until a short time ago", and are now open to visitors. Nami Çiftçi, the town's mayor, told Daily Sabah that they "don't have a precise date determined by expert engineers or by people who are well-versed in this field, so I invite our historians to Gürün. Come, bring your knowledge and your tools, study these caves so that we can have the data regarding their age, and we can announce it to the world".

### Modern history

During the Armenian Genocide, a sizable portion of the city's Armenian population was deported and killed. According to the memoir Goodbye, Antoura, during the pre-genocide years the Armenian population had achieved a level of stability in Gürün, with at least one Armenian family owning large swathes of land and orchards. In 1915, the Ottoman government appropriated these lands, and the Armenian population was deported southward and westward into the Syrian desert, eventually reaching the cities of Homs and Hama.
A student association of Armenians from Gürün was founded in Boston in 1899, which later became the Compatriotic Union of Gurin. The union's initial purpose was to assist survivors of the genocide and their families, and it established chapters across the world. The compatriotic union published two periodicals, one from 1930 to 1933 in New York and another from 1976 to 1981 in New Jersey, as well as a book titled Badmakirk' Gurini ("History Book of Gurin", 1974, Beirut). The union cooperated with Armenians from Gürün in Yerevan to found the village of Nor Kyurin in Soviet Armenia. The organization was dissolved in the late 20th century, as the last Armenians born in Gürün died of old age.
In September 2018, it was announced that a dilapidated Armenian church in Gürün would be renovated.

## Demographics

In his Seyahatname, Evliya Çelebi claimed that the town's population then was wholly made up of Turkomans. In 1914, there were 13,874 Armenians living in the kaza of Gürün, which contained five villages that were exclusively Armenian and a few scattered settlements. Gürün, the kaza's seat, had 12,168 residents, 8,406 of whom were Armenian.

## Notable people

* Antranig Dzarugian (1913–1989), Armenian writer, poet, educator and journalist
* Haroutiun Galentz (1910–1967), Armenian painter
* Abdüllatif Şener (born 1954), Turkish politician
* Vahe Vahian (1909–1998), Armenian poet, writer, editor, pedagogue and orator
* İsmet Yılmaz (born 1961), Turkish politician
* Cem Yılmaz (born 1973), Turkish comedian
# Mirja Turestedt

Mirja Viveka Turestedt (born 24 September 1972 in Borås (grew up in Malmö and Gothenburg)) is a Swedish actress.
Turestedt studied at Gothenburg Theatre Academy 1998–2002. She appeared in Slott i Sverige at the Royal Dramatic Theatre until November 2010 and in 2011 she appeared in Tartuffe at Stockholm City Theatre.

## Selected filmography

* 2023 - Barracuda Queens (TV)
* 2019 - Arctic Crimes
* 2009 - The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (Luftslottet som sprängdes) as Monica Figuerola
* 2009 - A Midsummer Night’s Party
* 2008 - Les Grandes Personnes
* 2008 - Oskyldigt dömd (TV)
* 2007 - The Truth About Marika (TV)
* 2007 - Labyrint (TV)
* 2007 - Arn – The Knight Templar
* 2003 - Kvinnor emellan (TV)
* 2003 - Lejontämjaren
* 2003 - Kommissarie Winter (TV)
* 2003 - De drabbade (TV)
* 2002 - Pepparrotslandet (TV)
# Mordella sinuata

Mordella sinuata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1897.
# Huo Da

Huo Da (simplified Chinese: 霍达; traditional Chinese: 霍達; pinyin: Huò Dá; born 26 November 1945) is a Chinese writer of Hui ethnicity. She is also a film editor. Her Hui name is Fa Tumai (Chinese: 法图迈; pinyin: Fǎ Túmài). One of her works, The Jade King, won the Mao Dun Literature Prize in 1991. It has been translated into English, French, Arabic and Urdu.
Her most famous novel, and the only one to be translated into English, was the 1988 The Jade King, which chronicled the history of three generations of a family of Muslim jade carvers in Beijing; it provoked controversy for its positive attitude towards market entrepreneurialism and its suggestion that the Han in Beijing negatively stereotype the Hui for their poverty and lack of education, while they do not have the same attitude towards the Manchu.

## Biography

Huo Da was born into a family of scholars on 26 November 1945 in Beijing. She graduated from Beijing Construction College in 1966. And then she engaged in translation work for many years. In 1976, she became a film editor at Beijing Film Studio. In 1978, she was transferred to Beijing television art center and started her professional writing career.

## Works

* The Jade King (穆斯林的葬礼) (1982)
* I'm not a Hunter (我不是猎人) (1982)
* Red (红尘) (1985)
* War (国殇) (1988)
* The split Sky (补天裂) (1997)
** 霍达文集 (Collected Works of Huo Da). Beijing October Literature and Arts Publishing House, August 1999. ISBN 7530205951.
* 红尘 (Red Dust). Beijing October Literature and Arts Publishing House, April 2005. ISBN 7530207873.
* 万家忧乐 (The Worry and Joy of Thousands of Households)
* 龙驹 (Dragon Foal)
* Magpie Bridge
# Hamel, Nord

Hamel (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Hamel | The arms of Hamel are blazoned : Vert, a chief ermine. |
# Pentagonal orthobicupola

In geometry, the pentagonal orthobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (J$_{30}$). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by joining two pentagonal cupolae (J$_5$) along their decagonal bases, matching like faces. A 36-degree rotation of one cupola before the joining yields a pentagonal gyrobicupola (J$_{31}$).
The pentagonal orthobicupola is the third in an infinite set of orthobicupolae.
A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

## Formulae

The following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a:
    $V={\frac {1}{3}}\left(5+4{\sqrt {5}}\right)a^{3}\approx 4.64809...a^{3}$
    $A=\left(10+{\sqrt {{\frac {5}{2}}\left(10+{\sqrt {5}}+{\sqrt {75+30{\sqrt {5}}}}\right)}}\right)a^{2}\approx 17.7711...a^{2}$
# Mohamed Serghini

Mohamed Serghini (born 1930) is a famous Moroccan poet.

## Books

* Wa Yakoun Ihraqou Asmaehi Alatiya (And people burn the following words) Casablanca 1987
* Bahhar Jabal Qaf (The sailor of Jabal Qaf) 1991
* Al-Kaen Assibaey 1992
* Wajadtouka Fi hada Alarkhabil (I have found you in this archipel) (novel)
* Fes, from the Highest Peak of Cunning (Fes de la Plus Haute Cime des Ruses) 2003, excerpts on Arte East
# Gürçubuk, Alacakaya

Gürçubuk is a village in the Alacakaya District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 302 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds.
# Henry Hibbs

Henry Hibbs may refer to:
* Harry Hibbs (footballer) (1906–1984), English football goalkeeper
* Henry C. Hibbs (1882–1949), American architect