OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra

The Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Murmansk, Russia. It is currently the largest full professional orchestra in the Barents region. It is funded by the regional government of Murmansk.

## History

The Murmansk Regional Philharmonic Society was founded in 1975, when the concert and variety bureau was reformed into a philharmonic. The Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra has its own hall built in 1994, which was revamped in 2016 as part of a large plan for the centennial of Murmansk. In 1999, the main orchestra of the philharmonic society was formed under its current name, the Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra, and performed under the baton of English conductor Damian Iorio.
It has been decorated with the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II class, Russia's highest civilian honor.

## Concerts

The orchestra performs in its own concert hall in the centre of the city. It has performed around the region such as in St. Petersburg, Norway, Sweden, and often go on concert tours in the Kola Peninsula. The orchestra also performs regularly with the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet.

## Repertoire

The orchestra repertoire ranges from Baroque to Contemporary music, with the core Russian repertoire at its centre. It has performed the operas Tosca, La Traviata, Eugene Onegin, La bohème, and Madama Butterfly together with the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet.

## Conductors

Chief Conductors
* Damian Iorio (1999–2005)
* Terje Boye Hanson (2005–2008)
* Jukka-Pekka Kuusela (2008–2011)
The post of Chief Conductor has been vacant since 2011, and the orchestra has been led by guest conductors hired for each concert.
# Gamendazole

Gamendazole is a drug candidate for male contraception. It is an indazole carboxylic acid derived from lonidamine (LND). It has been shown to reduce fertility in male rats without affecting testosterone levels, but human clinical trials have not been started.

## Rat studies

Gamendazole produced 100% antispermatogenic effects at 25 mg/kg i.p. in rats, whereas 200 mg/kg was fatal for 60% of rats tested. Since gamendazole produced 100% efficacy, it was tested orally. At a dose of 6 mg/kg, 100% of rats were infertile 4 weeks after a single administration. Complete infertility was maintained for 2 weeks, followed by complete recovery in 4 of 7 rats. The other 3 never recovered fertility. Upon dosing 6 mg/kg orally for 7 days, it produced similar infertility results, but only 2 of 7 rats recovered fertility. There were no abnormalities in rates of conception or abnormal conception in rats who recovered fertility.
Pathology reports were conducted on gamendazole treated rats. At 25 mg/kg i.p., 6 mg/kg oral, and in animals that survived 200 mg/kg i.p., there were no remarkable findings, with no evidence of inflammation, necrosis, tumors, or hemorrhage. There was also a lack of observable behavioral effects at 25 mg/kg i.p., 6 mg/kg oral, and in animals that survived 200 mg/kg i.p. Gamendazole treatment had no effect on testosterone levels, and was reported to affect Sertoli cell function, leading to decreased levels of inhibin B. Low levels of inhibin B were correlated to the infertility of the rat.
# Gandhidham–Samakhiali section

The Gandhidham–Samakhiali section is a rail line belonging to the Western Railway of Kutch district in Gujarat state, India. It passes through Bhimasar, Chirai and Bhachau.

## History

The railway was financed by the Maharao Khengarji Bawa of Cutch, and the initial section to Anjar was opened in 1905. An extension from Anjar to the state capital of Bhuj was later made and lines opened in 1908.
Varshamedi to Bhachau was opened in 1910. 15 miles from Anjar to Kandla was opened in 1930. After the formation of Gandhidham, Kandla station was renamed in 1947. Another line was laid from Kandla to Disa in 1950. Cutch State Railway was merged into the Western Railway on 5 November 1951.

## Route

Gandhidham–Samakhiali section connects Samakhiali–Palanpur section and Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section.

## Freight

More freight traffic passes through this section. First Python goods train of Western Railway plied on this section on 12 April 2011. Later in October 2011, a goods train with 120 wagons plied on this section.
# Gangster (novel)

Gangster is a novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra, published in 2001, narrating the life of Angelo Vestieri from the early 20th Century until his death, and his rise to power in the New York City underworld.

## Plot summary

The novel opens in 1996 as Gabe, now middle-aged, keeps watch over an old Angelo Vestieri on his hospital deathbed. Slipping back in time to the Depression, the narrative tracks the rise of the famed mob boss from a simple Italian immigrant to the most powerful man of Manhattan's underworld, when a ten-year-old Gabe, by chance, walks into Vestieri's bar. Vestieri takes the boy under his wing and ushers him into the world of organized crime. Gabe learns what it takes to rule an empire with his mentor, yet when the time comes for Gabe to take over Angelo's operation, he refuses, choosing a normal life despite his deep love for Vestieri.
# Gangster Chronicle

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Yahoo.com | (8/10) |
| rapreviews | (8.5/10) |
| NME | (6/10) |
| UKhh | (favourable) |
Gangster Chronicle is the debut album by UK hip hop group London Posse. Sparkii (Jus Badd Cru) produced six of the tracks (as well as remixing and re-recording "Money Mad"), Twilight Firm (DJ Devastate and Brian B) produced two tracks and the London Posse produced "Tell Me Something". It was originally released as an LP on Mango Records in 1990, but was re-released in 2001 on Wordplay, and was re-released again in 2013 by Tru Thoughts Records as a double CD set. This features previously unreleased tracks and a selection of remixes. The album is regarded as a classic UK hip hop album.

## Original release track listing

* "Money Mad (remix)" - 6:49
* "Livin' Pancoot" (produced by Sparkii) - 6:24
* "Original London Style" (produced by Sparkii) - 3:11
* "Remedy for the Black Ash Blues" (produced by Sparkii) - 0:47
* "Jump Around" (produced by Twilight Firm) - 6:11
* "Sexy Gal" (produced by Twilight Firm) - 5:32
* "Gangster Chronicle" (produced by Sparkii) - 3:49
* "Live Like the Other Half Do" (produced by Sparkii) - 5:53
* "Oversized Idiot" (produced by Sparkii) - 4:19
* "Tell Me Something" (produced by London Posse) - 5:48
* "Money Mad Bonus Beats" - 1:46

## 2001 reissue bonus tracks

* "Jump Around (Censored Mix)" (produced by Nomad Soul) - 5:37
* "How's Life in London?" (produced by Dobie) - 3:45
* "Funky Rhyme, Funky Style" (produced by PD3) - 5:28
* "Pass Me the Rizla" (produced by Kicks Like a Mule) - 5:14

## Singles

* "Live Like the Other Half Do/Money Mad (Remix)" (Mango, 1989)
* "Tell Me Something/Original London Style" (Mango, 1990)
* "Jump Around (Nomad Soul)/Gangster Chronicle (remix)/Jump Around" (Mango, 1991)

## Samples

* "Pass Me the Rizla"
** "Stoned Is the Way of the Walk" by Cypress Hill
* "Funky Rhyme, Funky Style"
** "Different Strokes" by Syl Johnson
# Gaobeidian station

Gaobeidian Station (Chinese: 高碑店站; pinyin: Gāobēidiàn Zhàn) is a station on the Batong line (through operation to Line 1) of the Beijing Subway. It is located in the Gaobeidian area of Chaoyang District. There are entry points on either side of the Gaobeidian Bridge.

## Station layout

The station has 2 elevated side platforms.

## Exits

There are 6 exits, lettered A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, and B2. Exits B1 and B2 are accessible.
# 1895 San Jose State Spartans football team

The 1895 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1895 college football season. In their third year of play, the Spartans achieved their first tie, a 6–6 decision against nearby College of the Pacific (this was also the first football game for Pacific). The contest was played in late January 1896, but as was done in 1892, their game was counted in the 1895 academic year.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| January 25, 1896 | Pacific (CA) | San Jose, CA | T 6–6 | |
# 1895 Sewanee Tigers football team

The 1895 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1895 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the inaugural season of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). Led by William Ayres Reynolds in his first and only season as head coach, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 2–2–1 with a mark of 0–2 in conference play.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 29 | North Carolina* | Hardee FieldSewanee, TN | T 0–0 |
| November 2 | Cumberland (TN)* | Hardee FieldSewanee, TN | W 16–6 |
| November 9 | Nashville* | Hardee FieldSewanee, TN | W 16–0 |
| November 16 | at Auburn | Drill FieldAuburn, AL | Canceled |
| November 18 | at Georgia | Piedmont ParkAtlanta, GA | L 0–22 |
| November 28 | at Vanderbilt | Dudley FieldNashville, TN (rivalry) | L 6–18 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# Gannes (beetle)

Gannes is a genus of beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, containing the following species:
* Gannes ambiguus Grouvelle
* Gannes immoderatus Lefkovitch
# Longtang Dam

The Longtang Dam (龙塘大坝), also known as Longtang Reservoir and Nandu River Dam, is located on the Nandu River at Longtang, Hainan, China.
When the water level is low enough this concrete dam serves as a river crossing for vehicles and pedestrians. The dam has a normal water level of 7.7 metres. At 11.5 metres, an alert is issued. When the dam is closed, large metal doors are lowered at each end to prevent access.
The dam also has hydro electric stations on both banks.

## Nandu River Hydro Station

The Nandu River Hydro Station consists of a power generation station on the east and west bank, both operational.

### West Hydro Station

The west station's head race is essentially a concrete wall within the river that diverts some water to the station. The station has five, small generators.

### East Hydro Station

Planning for the East Hydro Station started in 1998. Work began in 2001, and in November 2011, it began operating.
The station receives water from a head race that runs along the east side of the river for approximately 200 metres. Water enters the turbine, which is the Chongqing-made GZ SK115-WP-275. The SFG2500-40/2860 generator can receive a 5.5-metre intake of head water at a rate of 54.8 cubic metres per second. It is attached to speed monitor model PWST-100-4. This system is mostly automated and can be managed and monitored from the central control office located on the western bank of the Nandu. The generator's output capacity is 5,000 kW (2 x 2,400 kW / 6.3 kV).
This station is a Haikou Water project, and is under the supervision of the Haikou Nandu River Water Diversion Project.

## 2016 high water level

At 12:00, August 19, 2016, after Tropical Storm Dianmu brought heavy rains, the water level at the dam reached 13.35 metres, a ten-year high. This prompted a yellow alert indicating that water levels for the Nandu River downstream of the dam would be around two metres higher than normal.
# Garde-Meuble de la Couronne

The Garde-Meuble de la Couronne was, in the organisation of the French royal household under the Ancien Régime, the department of the Maison du Roi responsible for the order, upkeep, storage and repair of all the furniture, art, and other movable objects in the royal palaces.
It oversaw the administration of the Beauvais Manufactory and Gobelins Manufactory.
Since 1870, the organisation is called the Mobilier National.
# Lois Hire

Lois Hire (1916-2006) was a television writer known for her work on My Three Sons, The Brady Bunch, Bonanza, and The Beverly Hillbillies. She also wrote the 1975 comedy Half a House.
Born Lois Elkins in Selma, Alabama. After graduating from high school, she moved west, first to Reno, Nevada, where she had a brief relationship with Judson Stevens. They had one daughter, who was born in San Francisco in 1936. She moved to Los Angeles during World War II and worked on an aircraft assembly line, where she met her future husband, Argyl F. (Jack) Hire. They had two children, a son and a daughter, both born in Los Angeles. They resided in first Van Nuys (San Fernando Valley), and later in the Encino hills.
She enrolled in a script-writing extension course at Hollywood High School at the age of 44, and one of her instructors passed one of her assignments along to a friend who worked on The Loretta Young Show, where it was accepted and produced in 1960.
Despite reservations from one TV show's sponsors (who told executives they "can't buy a script from some housewife in Van Nuys"), Hire began to get more work, eventually going on to become one of the most prolific female TV writers of the '60s and '70s. She wrote over a dozen episodes of My Three Sons, four episodes of Bonanza, two episodes of The Brady Bunch, and more.

## Writing credits

* Young Maverick (TV) (episode "Half-Past Noon) (1980)
* Hello, Larry (TV) (episodes "Ruthie Grows Up: Part 2" and "Peer Pressure") (1979)
* Half a House (1975)
* The Brady Bunch (TV) (episodes "You Can't Win 'Em All" and "Dear Libby") (1969–73)
* My Three Sons (TV) (18 episodes) (1967–1972)
* The Virginian (TV) (episodes "Experiment at New Life" and "You Can Lead a Horse to Water" (1970)
* The Beverly Hillbillies (TV) (episode "Jethro the Flesh Peddler") (1969)
* Family Affair (TV) (episode "Mr. French's Holiday") (1968)
* Pistols 'n' Petticoats (TV) (episodes "The Golden Fleece" and "Bitter Blossom O'Brian") (1966–67)
* The Rounders (TV) (episode "The Moonshine Still Shines") (1966)
* Bonanza (TV) (4 episodes) (1963–65)
* The United States Steel Hour (TV) (episode "The Go-Between) (1962)
* The Loretta Young Show (TV) (episode "Unconditional Surrender") (1960)
# Garraway's Coffee House

Garraways Coffee House was a London coffee house in Exchange Alley from the period when such houses served as important places where other business was performed. Its original proprietor, Thomas Garway, was already said to be the first person in England to sell tea prior to the house's founding, and when he began to sell it here in 1657 it became the first place in England to do so. The Hudson's Bay Company conducted its first sale of furs at the coffee house in 1671.
Different kinds of merchants patronised different coffee houses, with tea merchants patronising Garraway's, as well as many investors in the South Sea Bubble of the 1710s. The establishment became famous as a sandwich and drinking room, it being said that the sandwich-maker spent two hours preparing each day's food.
The works of Charles Dickens include multiple references to Garraway's, and Daniel Defoe wrote of it being frequented by wealthy traders from the City.
# Global motion compensation

Global motion compensation (GMC) is a motion compensation technique used in video compression to reduce the bitrate required to encode video. It is most commonly used in MPEG-4 ASP, such as with the DivX and Xvid codecs.

## Operation

Global motion compensation describes the motion in a scene based on a single affine transform instruction. The reference frame is panned, rotated and zoomed in accordance to GMC warp points to create a prediction of how the following frame will look. Since this operation works on individual pixels (rather than blocks), it is capable of creating predictions that are not possible using block-based approaches.
Each macroblock in such a frame can be compensated using global motion (no further motion information is then signalled) or, alternatively, local motion (as if GMC were off). This choice, while costing an additional bit per macroblock, can improve prediction quality and therefore reduce residual.
Because the transforms used in global motion compensation are only added to the encoding stream when used, they do not have a constant bitrate overhead. A predicted frame which uses GMC is called an S-frame (sprite frame) while a predicted frame encoded without GMC is called either a P-frame, if it was predicted purely by previous (past) frames, or a B-frame if it was predicted jointly with past and future frames (an unpredicted frame encoded as a whole image is referred to as an I-frame).

## Implementations

DivX offers 1 warp-point GMC encoding: This enables easier hardware support in DivX certified and non-certified devices. But as 1 warp-point GMC limits the global transform to panning operation only (since panning can be described using blocks), this implementation rarely improves video quality.
Xvid offers 3 warp-point GMC encoding: As a result, it currently has no hardware support.

## Criticism

GMC failed to meet expectations of dramatic improvements in motion compensation, and as a result it was omitted from the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC specification - designed as a successor to MPEG-4 ASP. Most of GMC's benefits could be obtained via better motion vector prediction. GMC also represents a large computational cost during encoding which yields relatively minor quality improvements.
Due to the extra decoding CPU cost of global motion compensation, most hardware players do not support global motion compensation.
# Gayan de Silva (Bahraini cricketer)

Kariyawasam Thantrige Gayan Thilanka de Silva (born 23 February 1988), known as Gayan de Silva, is a professional cricketer who made his debut in Sri Lankan domestic cricket during the 2012–13 season. His early cricket was played in Bahrain, the country of his birth, and he played at senior level for the Bahraini national side between 2004 and 2006, having earlier represented Bahrain at various underage levels.
Born in Adliya, Manama, de Silva represented Bahrain at the 2000 Under-17 Asia Cup in Pakistan, despite being only 12 years old at the time. At his next major tournament, the 2004 ACC Under-17 Trophy, he captained Bahrain, and finished with 165 runs from five matches, the most of any Bahraini. His highest score was 72 from 68 balls against Thailand. Following his under-17s performance, de Silva was selected in the Bahraini senior squad for the 2004 ACC Trophy in Malaysia, still aged only 16. Although he did not take a wicket at the tournament, his two appearances, against Hong Kong and Oman, saw him become the youngest man to play senior cricket for Bahrain. In his only tournament for the Bahrain under-19s, the 2005 ACC Under-19 Cup in Nepal, de Silva set an ACC Under-19 Cup record, scoring 200 not out from 140 balls against Brunei. As of May 2015, his innings remains the only double century scored at an ACC under-19 tournament.
The last tournament de Silva played for a Bahraini side was the 2006 ACC Trophy in Malaysia. His school sport, which included both cricket and basketball, had been played for Colombo's Elizabeth Moir School. de Silva spent the 2012 English season playing club cricket as a professional for Lindum in the Lincolnshire Premier League. Signing with Galle Cricket Club for the 2012–13 Sri Lankan season, he made his first-class debut in February 2013, against Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club in the Premier Trophy. The following season, he appeared in two fixtures for Colts Cricket Club against touring international sides, Hong Kong and Nigeria, with the match against Hong Kong having full Twenty20 status. de Silva signed with Chilaw Marians for the 2014–15 season, and went on to make three Premier Trophy appearances and a single Premier Limited Overs appearance. In his first Premier Trophy appearance for Chilaw Marians, he took 4/51 in the first innings against Colombo CC, his best first-class figures to date. Unlike in Bahrain, where he was touted as a "genuine all-rounder" and often batted in the top order, in Sri Lanka de Silva has played almost exclusively as a bowler. He now is the head of sports at Elizabeth Moir School, Colombo where he coaches the football and cricket teams.
# Namyang Seo clan

Namyang Seo clan (Korean: 남양 서씨; Hanja: 南陽 徐氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province. According to the research held in 2000, the number of the Namyang Seo clan was 2246. Their founder was Seo Gan [ja] who was naturalized from China during Goryeo period. Seo Gan [ja] was dispatched Goryeo as one of Hanlin Academy, and got two positions named "grandmaster" (태사님 TaeSaNim 太師님) and Count of Namyang. His descendant officially began Namyang Hong clan, and designated Bon-gwan as Namyang.
# Spruce Cliff, Calgary

Spruce Cliff is a residential neighbourhood in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is bounded to the north by the CPR tracks and the Bow River, to the east by the Shaganappi golf course and 33 Street W, to the south by Bow Trail and to the west by 38 Street W.
The land was annexed in 1910, and Spruce Cliff was established in 1950. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 6 councillor.

## Demographics

In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, Spruce Cliff had a population of 4,285 living in 2,344 dwellings, a 7.3% increase from its 2011 population of 3,992. With a land area of 1.1 km$^2$ (0.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 3,900/km$^2$ (10,100/sq mi) in 2012.
Residents in this community had a median household income of $42,025 in 2000, and there were 31.8% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. As of 2000, 28% of the residents were immigrants. A proportion of 53.8% of the buildings were condominiums or apartments, and 65.1% of the housing was used for renting.

## Education

The community is served by Spruce Cliff Elementary public school.
# Lucy Griffiths

Lucy Griffiths is the name of:
* Lucy Griffiths (actress, born 1919) (1919–1982), English actress
* Lucy Griffiths (actress, born 1986), English actress
# Oshika District, Miyagi

* List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Rikuzen Province > Oshika District
* Japan > Tōhoku region > Miyagi Prefecture > Oshika District
Oshika (牡鹿郡, Oshika-gun) is a rural district located in Miyagi Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan.
Most of the city of Ishinomaki was formerly within the district. From 2006, the district has consisted only of the town of Onagawa. As of 2021, the district has an estimated population of 5,636 and a population density of 86.2 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 65.35 km$^2$.

## History

During the Edo period under the Tokugawa shogunate, the district was within Mutsu Province and was under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain. In 1869, following the Meiji restoration, Mutsu Province was divided, with the area of Oshika District becoming part of Rikuzen Province, and from 1872, part of Miyagi Prefecture.
In 1889, with the establishment of the municipalities, Oshika District was administratively divided into 2 towns (Ishinomaki and Watanoha) and 6 villages.

### Timeline

* April 1, 1923 : The village of Onagawa gained town status. (3 towns, 5 villages)
* April 1, 1933 : Ishinomaki annexes part of Hebita and is raised to city status. (2 towns, 5 villages)
* December 1, 1940 : The village of Ayukawa is raised to town status. (3 towns, 4 villages)
* January 1, 1955 : Ishinomaki annexes the remainder of Hebita village. (3 towns, 3 villages)
* March 26, 1955 : The town of Ayukawa and village of Ohara merge to form the town of Oshika. (3 towns, 2 villages)
* April 10, 1955 : The village of Oginohama is merged into Ishinomaki (3 towns, 1 village)
* April 1, 1959 -:The village of Inai is raised to town status (4 towns)
* May 15, 1959 : Oginohama is divided between Ishinomaki and Inai (3 towns)
* March 23, 1967: The town of Inai is annexed by Ishinomaki. (2 towns)
* On April 1, 2005 : the town of Oshika merged with the towns of Kahoku, Kanan, Kitakami, Monou, and Ogatsu, all from Monou District, and Ishinomaki City to form a larger new Ishinomaki City. (1 town)
38°27′11″N 141°26′42″E﻿ / ﻿38.45306°N 141.44500°E﻿ / 38.45306; 141.44500