OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quartz inversion

The room-temperature form of quartz, α-quartz, undergoes a reversible change in crystal structure at 573 °C to form β-quartz. This phenomenon is called an inversion, and for the α to β quartz inversion is accompanied by a linear expansion of 0.45%. This inversion can lead to cracking of ceramic ware if cooling occurs too quickly through the inversion temperature. This is called dunting, and the resultant faults are known as dunts. To avoid such thermal shock faults, cooling rates not exceeding 50 °C/hour have been recommended.
At 870 °C quartz ceases to be stable but, in the absence of fluxes, does not alter until a much higher temperature is reached, when, depending on the temperature and nature of the fluxes present, it is converted into the polymorphs of cristobalite and / or tridymite. These polymorphs also experience temperature-induced inversions. The inversion of cristobalite at 220 °C can be advantageous to achieve the cristobalite squeeze. This puts the glazes into compression and so helps prevent crazing.
The size of the silica particles influences inversions, conversions and other properties of the ceramic body. The presence of other ceramic raw materials can influence the thermal behaviour of quartz, including:
* Talc promotes the conversion of quartz to cristobalite, and if sufficient alumina is available the formation of cordierite.
* Nepheline syenite increases the dissolution of silica.
* Petalite promotes the formation of cristobalite.
* Alumina can react with silica to form mullite.
# Johann Friedrich Krause

Johann Friedrich Krause (26 October 1770 in Reichenbach im Vogtland – 31 May 1820 in Weimar) was a German theologian.
He was the son of clergyman Christian Friedrich Krause (1740–1783); Johann's sister, Erdmuthe Dorothea Krause (1778–1856), was the grandmother of Friedrich Nietzsche. He studied theology at the University of Wittenberg, and later on, returned to his hometown of Reichenbach im Vogtland as a deacon (1793). In 1802 he became a preacher at the cathedral in Naumburg, then from 1810 to 1819, he served as a professor of theology at the University of Königsberg. Afterwards, he worked as a preacher in Weimar.
His writings on the Epistle to the Philippians, the First Epistle of Peter and Second Epistle to the Corinthians as well as some theological and philosophical discussions were collected and published under the title Opuscula Theologica (1818). His collection of sermons were issued with the title Predigten über die gewöhnlichen Sonn- und Festtags-Evangelien des ganzen Jahres.
# Proserpinus vega

Proserpinus vega, the vega sphinx moth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1903. It is found from southern Arizona, New Mexico and Texas south into Mexico.
The wingspan is 61–67 mm. The forewing upperside is similar to Proserpinus terlooii but with an additional dark green basal band. The hindwing upperside is as in Proserpinus juanita.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing in August. Adults fly during the afternoon, nectaring from flowers.
The larvae feed on Onagraceae species, including Oenothera, Gaura and Epilobium species.
# Janeži

Janeži (pronounced) is a small settlement in the hills west of Sodražica in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Together with the villages of Betonovo, Kračali, Petrinci, and Kržeti it comprises the community and Parish of Gora nad Sodražico, also known as Gora.
There is a small chapel in the village dedicated to Our Lady of the Snows. It was built in the first quarter of the 20th century.
# Indiana State Teachers College

Indiana State Teachers College may refer to former names of:
* Indiana University of Pennsylvania from 1927 to 1959
* Indiana State University from 1929 to 1965
# 2022 Leeds and Grenville United Counties municipal elections

Elections were held in Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario on October 24, 2022, in conjunction with municipal elections across the province.

## Leeds and Grenville United Counties Council

The Leeds and Grenville United Counties Council consists of the mayors of the constituent municipalities.
| Position | Elected |
| Athens Mayor | Herb Scott |
| Augusta Mayor | Jeff Shaver |
| Edwardsburgh/Cardinal Mayor | Tory Deschamps |
| Elizabethtown-Kitley Mayor | Brant Burrow |
| Front of Yonge Mayor | Roger Haley (acclaimed) |
| Leeds and the Thousand Islands Mayor | Corinna Smith-Gatcke (acclaimed) |
| Merrickville-Wolford Mayor | Michael Cameron |
| North Grenville Mayor | Nancy Peckford |
| Rideau Lakes Mayor | Arie Hoogenboom |
| Westport Mayor | Robin Jones |

## Athens

The following were the results for mayor of Athens.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Herb Scott (X) | 421 | 67.58 |
| John Bouwers | 202 | 32.42 |

## Augusta

Incumbent mayor Doug Malankar was challenged by deputy mayor Jeff Shaver.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Jeff Shaver | 1,172 | 51.72 |
| Doug Malanka (X) | 1,094 | 48.28 |

## Edwardsburgh/Cardinal

Incumbent mayor Pat Sayeau was challenged by deputy mayor Tory Deschamps.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Tory Deschamps | 1,585 | 59.90 |
| Pat Sayeau (X) | 1,061 | 40.10 |

## Elizabethtown-Kitley

The following were the results for mayor of Elizabethtown-Kitley.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Brant Burrow (X) | 1,529 | 56.46 |
| Dan Downey | 1,179 | 43.54 |

## Front of Yonge

Roger Haley was re-elected as mayor of Front of Yonge by acclamation.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Roger Haley (X) | Acclaimed | Acclaimed |

## Leeds and the Thousand Islands

Incumbent mayor Corinna Smith-Gatcke was re-elected by acclamation.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Corinna Smith-Gatcke (X) | Acclaimed | Acclaimed |

## Merrickville-Wolford

Incumbent mayor Doug Struthers was challenged by former deputy mayor Anne Barr and incumbent deputy mayor Michael Cameron.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Michael Cameron | 680 | 44.27 |
| Anne Barr | 621 | 40.43 |
| Doug Struthers (X) | 235 | 15.30 |

## North Grenville

The following were the results for mayor of North Grenville.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Nancy Peckford (X) | 4,410 | 75.31 |
| Colleen Lynas | 1,446 | 24.69 |

## Rideau Lakes

The following were the results for mayor of Rideau Lakes.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Arie Hoogenboom (X) | 2,995 | 71.74 |
| Carolyn Bresee | 1,180 | 28.26 |

## Westport

The following were the results for mayor of Westport.
| Mayoral Candidate | Vote | % |
| Robin Jones (X) | 291 | 64.10 |
| Frank Huth | 163 | 35.90 |
# IPH

IPH may refer to:

## Airport

* Sultan Azlan Shah Airport

## Institutes

* Institute of Public Health (Bangladesh)
* Addis Continental Institute of Public Health
* Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover

## Companies

* Iowa Pacific Holdings
* Islamic Publishing House

## Chemical compounds

* Isopropylphenidate

## Medical conditions

* Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
* Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
* Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
# Ngizim language

Ngizim (also known as Ngizmawa, Ngezzim, Ngódṣin) is a Chadic language spoken by the Ngizim people in Yobe State, Nigeria.

## Writing System

Ngizim alphabet :
| Uppercase | Ǝ | A | B | Ɓ | C | D | Ɗ | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L |
| Lowercase | ǝ | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ɗ | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l |
| Uppercase | M | N | O | P | R | R̃ | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ʼY | Z | Z |
| Lowercase | m | n | o | p | r | r̃ | s | t | u | v | w | y | ʼy | z | z |
The digraphs dl, sh, tl, zh are also used.
# Paxtachi District

Paxtachi District is a district of Samarqand Region in Uzbekistan. The capital lies at the town Ziyovuddin. It has an area of 1,380 km$^2$ (530 sq mi) and its population is 146,000 (2021 est.).
The district consists of 7 urban-type settlements (Ziyovuddin, Qodirist, Past Burkut, Sanchiqul, Suluvqoʻrgʻon, Urgich, Xumor) and 8 rural communities.
# Quartzburg, California

Quartzburg, California may refer to:
* Quartzburg, former name of Nashville, California
* Quartzburg, Kern County, California
* Quartzburg, Mariposa County, California
# Johann Friedrich König

Johann Friedrich König (also: Köning; 16 October 1619 – 15 September 1664) was a German Lutheran theologian, born in Dresden. From 1656 he was a professor at the university of Rostock. He died in Rostock, aged 44.
# Niello (disambiguation)

Niello may refer to:
* Niello, a black mixture of metallic alloys, used as an inlay on engraved or etched metal.
* Roger Niello (born 1948), American politician, representative in California State Assembly
* Niello (rapper), Swedish rap and electronic hip hop artist
# Quadram Institute

The Quadram Institute is a centre for food and health research, combining Quadram Institute Bioscience (formerly the Institute of Food Research), the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals' endoscopy centre and aspects of the University of East Anglia's Norwich Medical School and the Faculty of Science. It is located on the outskirts of Norwich, England, and is a member of the Norwich Research Park.
The institute is housed in a purpose-built facility on the Norwich Research Park that opened in 2018. Its founding partners are Quadram Institute Bioscience, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. The institute combines research teams from the partners with a regional gastrointestinal endoscopy unit and a clinical trials facility. The first patients were treated in the endoscopy unit in December 2018.

## History

The Institute of Food Research was created in 1968, spread over four sites; the Meat Research Institute at Langford near Bristol, the Food Research Institute (FRI) at Colney in Norwich, the National Institute for Research in Dairying (NIRD) in Shinfield near Reading, and the Long Ashton Research Station. At the end of 1990, the Meat Research Institute Bristol laboratory was closed, and in 1992 the National Institute for Research in Dairying Reading laboratory was moved to the campus of the University of Reading. In 1999, the institute's activities were consolidated in one location: Norwich. On 28 April 2017, the Institute of Food Research transitioned into Quadram Institute Bioscience, ahead of a full opening of the Quadram Institute in 2018. The founding director is Ian Charles, who was appointed in 2015.

## Research focus

The Quadram Institute has a research programme that covers:
* Food innovation and health
* Gut microbes and health
* Microbes in the food chain
* Food, microbes and public health.

## Building

Construction of the Quadram Institute building began in February 2016, and the building opened in September 2018. Wates Construction is the main contractor. It was designed by the London office of architects NBBJ. The building can house 300 scientists and 100 staff supporting the endoscopy centre with capacity for 40,000 endoscopy outpatient visits each year.
# AXe Spectral Extraction

The aXe Spectral Extraction and visualization software is designed to process large format astronomical slitless spectroscopic images such as those obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). aXe is distributed as a subpackage for IRAF (Image Reduction and Analysis Facility - a general purpose software system for the reduction and analysis of astronomical data). The various aXe task can be executed within PyRAF, a command language that runs IRAF tasks and is based on the Python programming language.
The aXe package consists of several tasks, each of which performs a specific reduction step on the data to produce the final, extracted spectra. aXe is semiautomatic reduction system. After preparing all necessary input, the spectral reduction is done automatically. The user can then analyse and control the spectra and, if necessary, re-run aXe with slightly changed parameters until a satisfactory result is achieved.
A deep ACS WFC grism image can contain detectable spectra of several thousands objects. Checking each individual spectrum is very tedious. To help users analyzing the full wealth of their data, the additional aXe task aXe2web was developed. This tool produces browsable web pages from reduced spectral data to enable many hundreds of spectra to be examined quickly and discerningly. This tool can be used for a quick look or as preview facilities in data pipelines, databases or even for virtual observatories.
# Perini Journal

The Perini Journal is the main trade journal in the world completely dedicated to the tissue paper industry.
It is published in two yearly issues and in two different editions: the western, in Italian/English language, with an average printed copies of 17,500; and the eastern, in English/Chinese language, with an average printed copies of 2,500. The illustrations are made by Italian painter Guido Scarabottolo.

## History

Published by Fabio Perini S.p.A., the first issue of the publication (dated back to 1979, printed under the name Perini News Sheet) represented a house organ for the company, and was aimed at supplying useful information on the tissue market. It was published in bilingual form (Italian and English) and delivered to recipients on a worldwide scale.
Growth of the tissue industry in the 1980s led the company in 1989 to transform its original publication into the first trade magazine dedicated exclusively to the tissue and related fields: the Perini Journal – PJL. Today the magazine, published twice a year in 20,000 copies, is an independent trade publication.

## Distribution

The Perini Journal is sent directly to over 17,500 contacts contained in a mailing list covering a distribution network that reaches Europe, Canada, USA, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. It is also available online through the official website or an iPhone app.

## Perini Journal's TidBits

PJL's Tidbits is a new editorial initiative by Perini Journal – PJL with the scope of supplying "bits" of news & curiosities on and around the world of paper.
# Rangecourt

Rangecourt is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Nicholas Bosanquet

Nicholas Bosanquet (born 17 January 1942) is a British health economist and former political activist.
Bosanquet was educated at Winchester College, then studied history at Clare College, Cambridge. He attended Yale University as a Mellon Fellow, and returned to England to study economics at the London School of Economics (LSE), before he became an economic advisor to the National Board of Prices and Incomes. From 1969, Bosanquet lectured in economics at the LSE. Focusing on health economics, he was at the King's Fund College from 1973 until 1986, then moved to the University of York, before becoming a professor at the University of London. From 1993 to 2022, Bosanquet was Professor of Health Policy at Imperial College London.
Bosanquet served on the executive of the Fabian Society from 1968 until 1977. He chaired the Young Fabians in 1968–69, and was chair of the Fabian Society in 1974–75. He stood for the Labour Party in the 1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, taking third place, with 14.6% of the vote.
In 1971, Bosanquet was unsuccessful in standing to be a Labour councillor for the Adelaide ward on Camden Council. He stood in 1974 and was elected, as Labour councillor, for the Camden ward, and was re-elected in 1978 for the Caversham ward. In 1982 he stood again, unsuccessfully, for the same ward, this time for the Social Democratic Party, having joined the party in 1981. Bosanquet stood in Slough at the 1983 UK general election, and in Stockton North at the 1987 UK general election. He also served on the party's housing and urban policy working parties.
Bosanquet has also served as an advisor to the World Health Organization and to the World Bank, as a special advisor to the Health Committee of the House of Commons, and as an arbitrator for ACAS. In addition to works on health economics, he has authored Our Land at War: Britain's key First World War sites.
Bosanquet married Anne Connolly in 1974, and they had two daughters; the pair divorced in 1993. In 1996, he married Anna Zarzecka; they divorced in 2016. Bosanquet lives in York and states his recreations as "visiting battlefields, brainstorming with Americans and others about military history".
# Paydown, Missouri

Paydown is an unincorporated community in northeastern Maries County, Missouri, United States.
The community is located along Missouri Route N approximately 2.5 miles northeast of Bend and five miles southwest of Belle. The Gasconade River flows past one-half mile west of the community.

## History

Paydown got its start circa 1830 when a large gristmill was built there. According to tradition, the proprietor of the mill required all customers to "pay down" promptly, hence the name. A post office called Pay Down was in operation from 1856 until 1932.
# Nilanga Taluka

Nilanga Taluka is a taluka of the Latur district in Maharashtra, India. The administrative center for the taluka is the town of Nilanga. In the 2011 census, there were 116 panchayat villages in Nilanga Taluka.
# Jarlskog

Jarlskog is a Swedish surname, where 'skog' means a forest. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cecilia Jarlskog (born 1941), Swedish theoretical physicist
* Ida Jarlskog (born 1998), Swedish tennis player
# Jack Crabtree

Jack Crabtree may refer to:
* Jack Crabtree (American football)
* Jack Crabtree (artist)
# Jarlsberg Manor

Jarlsberg Manor (Norwegian: Jarlsberg Hovedgård) is a manor located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest of the centre of the town of Tønsberg in Tønsberg Municipality, Vestfold county, Norway. It has traditionally been the residence of members of the Wedel-Jarlsberg family and the Count and Countess of Jarlsberg who led the County of Jarlsberg.

## History

In September 1683, Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve, the illegitimate son of the King, sold the manor to Danish officer Gustav Wilhelm Wedel Jarlsberg (1641–1717), who was made Commanding General in Norway in 1681. Field Marshal von Wedel received the name Wedel af Jarlsberg in 1684, at which time he was created a feudal count by letters patent.
After a fire in 1699, the manor house was rebuilt. In 1812, Feudal Count Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg again rebuilt the manor, in the Empire style. Around the manor house, large but simple garden and park areas were arranged.
The manor house is mainly from 1812, but with various improvements. The first floor of the main building is the column hall that has been used for concerts. Knight's hall, on the second floor, is used for private companies. There are other public trails over the property along the shoreline and through woodland, which is also a private cemetery. Jarlsberg Estate is today one of Norway's largest farms, with about 750 acres (3.0 km$^2$) cultivated land.

## Archaeology

In June 2024, archaeologists announced the discovery of the remains a Viking ship with numerous rivets and two horse crampons using a penetrating radar.
# AXX

AXX may refer to:
* the ticker symbol of the Axia NetMedia company
* Axx, a group of Toyota transmissions
* the ISO 639-3 code of the Xârâgurè language
* Angel Fire Airport, in Angel Fire, New Mexico (Federal Aviation Administration Location Identifier)
* F/A-XX program (aka A-XX), a 21st-century U.S. Navy project to replace the F/A-18E/F
* Sound BlasterAxx, the AXX line of computer speakers sold under the brand name Sound Blaster from Creative Labs
# Jinder

Jinder is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Åsa Jinder (born 1963), Swedish folk musician
* Little Jinder (born 1988), Swedish singer-songwriter, daughter of above
Given name:
* Jinder (musician) (born 1981), English singer/songwriter and guitarist
* Jinder Mahal (born 1986), Indo-Canadian professional wrestler
# Purple parchment

Purple parchment or purple vellum refers to parchment dyed purple; codex purpureus refers to manuscripts written entirely or mostly on such parchment. The lettering may be in gold or silver. Later the practice was revived for some especially grand illuminated manuscripts produced for the emperors in Carolingian art and Ottonian art, in Anglo-Saxon England and elsewhere. Some just use purple parchment for sections of the work; the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon Stockholm Codex Aureus alternates dyed and un-dyed pages.
It was at one point supposedly restricted for the use of Roman or Byzantine emperors, although in a letter of Saint Jerome of 384, he "writes scornfully of the wealthy Christian women whose books are written in gold on purple vellum, and clothed with gems".

## Examples

The Purple Uncials or the Purple Codices is a well-known group of these manuscripts, all 6th-century New Testament Greek manuscripts:
* Codex Purpureus Petropolitanus N (022)
* Sinope Gospels O (023) (illuminated)
* Rossano Gospels Σ (042) (illuminated)
* Codex Beratinus Φ (043) (illuminated)
* Uncial 080
Two other purple New Testament Greek manuscripts are minuscules:
* Minuscule 565 known as the Empress Theodora's Codex
* Minuscule 1143 known as Beratinus 2
There is a 9th-century lectionary:
* Codex Neapolitanus, former Codex Vindobonensis 2
Another six New Testament purple manuscripts are in Latin (with corresponding sigla a, b, e, f, i, j). Besides some scattered fragments, they are held mainly in: Brescia, Naples, Sarezzano, Trent and Vienna. Three of these use Vetus Latina texts:
* Codex Vercellensis
* Codex Veronensis
* Codex Palatinus
* Codex Brixianus
* Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis
* Codex Vindobonensis Lat. 1235
There is also one Gothic purple codex – the Codex Argenteus (illuminated).
There is a purple manuscript of part of the Septuagint:
* Vienna Genesis (illuminated)
Other illuminated manuscripts include the Godescalc Evangelistary of 781–3, the Vienna Coronation Gospels (early 9th century) and a few pages of the 9th-century La Cava Bible from the Kingdom of Asturias. Anglo-Saxon examples include a lost 7th-century Gospels commissioned by Saint Wilfrid.
# Mole Attack

Mole Attack is a video game clone of the mechanical arcade game Whac-A-Mole. It was published by Commodore in 1981 for the VIC-20. HAL Laboratory later published a version for the PC-8001.

## Gameplay

Mole Attack is a game in which moles pop up from nine holes, and the player has 60 seconds to send them back underground by bopping them on the head with a hammer, which is controlled with the joystick or the keyboard.

## Reception

In a 1983 review for Electronic Games, Charlene Komar commented, "Mole Attack will probably be a favorite among younger arcaders. Even though the eye-catching graphics combine well with the time-limit excitement, adults will probably find the game too simple and repetitive to get too many repeat plays."
# Ninja Gaiden (1991 video game)

There are several video games in the Ninja Gaiden franchise that were released in 1991.
* Ninja Gaiden (arcade game) had a version re-released in 1991 for DOS
* Ninja Gaiden (NES video game) was released in 1991 in Europe for NES
** Its sequel Ninja Gaiden II: The Dark Sword of Chaos was released in 1991 for MS-DOS and Amiga
** Its second sequel Ninja Gaiden III: The Ancient Ship of Doom was released in 1991 for NES
* Ninja Gaiden (Game Gear) was released in 1991 for Game Gear
* Ninja Gaiden Shadow was released in 1991 in Japan and North America for Game Boy