OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Planar laser-induced fluorescence

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical diagnostic technique widely used for flow visualization and quantitative measurements. PLIF has been shown to be used for velocity, concentration, temperature and pressure measurements.

## Working

A PLIF setup consists of a source of light (usually a laser), an arrangement of lenses to form a sheet, fluorescent medium, collection optics and a detector. The light from the source, illuminates the medium, which then fluoresces. This signal is captured by the detector and can be related to the various properties of the medium.
The typical lasers used as light sources are pulsed, which provide a higher peak power than the continuous-wave lasers. Also the short pulse time is useful for good temporal resolution. Some of the widely used laser sources are Nd:YAG laser, dye lasers, excimer lasers, and ion lasers. The light from the laser (usually a beam) is passed through a set of lenses and/or mirrors to form a sheet, which is then used to illuminate the medium. This medium is either made up of fluorescent material or can be seeded with a fluorescent substance. The signal is usually captured by a CCD or CMOS camera (sometimes intensified cameras are also used). Timing electronics are often used to synchronize pulsed light sources with intensified cameras.

## Comparison with other techniques
### Advantages

- Unlike several other flow imaging techniques, PLIF may be combined with particle image velocimetry (PIV). This allows for the simultaneous measurement of a fluid velocity field and species concentration.

### Limitations

* flowfield must contain molecular species with an optical resonance wavelength that can be accessed by laser
* temperature measurements typically require two laser sources
* velocity measurements typically practical only for high Mach number flows (near sonic or supersonic)
* signal-to-noise ratio often limited by detector shot-noise
* fluorescence interferences from other species, especially from hydrocarbons in high pressure reacting flows
* attenuation of laser sheet across flow field or reabsorption of fluorescence before it reaches detector can lead to systematic errors
# Pochette

Pochette is a French word for "little pocket", it may refer to:
* Pochette (musical instrument), a small bowed lute box
* A type of small handbag
# Pecchia

Pecchia is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fabio Pecchia (born 1973), Italian footballer and manager
* Joseph Pecchia (1889–1974), French sport shooter
* Lorenzo Pecchia (born 2002), Italian footballer
# 7 (Part 1)

7 (Part 1) (Russian:  «7 (Часть 1)») is the debut mini-album (EP) of Ukrainian group Artik & Asti, released on 29 March 2019 by the label Self Made. According to ТНТ Music, the title, like how many songs are on the album, was meant to coincide with seven years of the beginning of their music activity.

## History

The concert presentation of the album occurred on 30 March 2019. The venue was decided as "Главклуб Green Concert". In December of that year album placed 6th out of the top-10 albums on VK, and 3rd place on Yandex Music.
On 14 February 2019, the first song of the album was released. The song, «Грустный дэнс» written and sung with Артём Качер was the only pre-released song of the album. On 29 March, the day the album was released, a music video for the song the released. The director of it was Visnu. On 30 August, a music video for the song «Под гипнозом» was released, with the director being Alan Badoev.

## List of songs

According to Apple Music:

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Highest Position |
| Russia (Apple Music) | 2 |
# Ihitai 'Avei'a - Star Navigator

The opera Ihitai 'Avei'a – Star Navigator was composed by Tim Finn and co-composed by Tom McLeod, with monologues from Tahitian novelist Célestine Hitiura Vaite, and is the first opera to be performed in Tahitian and English. It premiered to full houses in March 2021 in a production by New Zealand Opera, with Paul Whelan as Captain James Cook and Amitai Pati as Tahitian priest Tupaia.

## Origin

The opera was composed by ex-Split Enz and Crowded House musician Tim Finn, who had had a fascination with the sea and astronomy since childhood. Working with composer and orchestrator Tom McLeod, Finn approached Tahitian writer Célestine Hitiura Vaite to collaborate in 2018 after reading her novel Breadfruit; Vaite wrote monologues in Tahitian to accompany Finn's songs. Additional lyrics were written by Gary Henderson. Finn twice visited Raiatea and the sacred marae of Taputapuatea as part of the composition process. The opera is the first to be performed in both English and Tahitian. It was co-commissioned by New Zealand Opera and West Australian Opera.

## Plot

The opera tells the story of Tahitian high priest and navigator Tupaia (sung by Amitai Pati) and British naval captain James Cook (sung by Paul Whelan) on the maiden voyage of the Endeavour in 1769. A central theme is the cultural clash between the traditional Polynesian navigation lore of Tupaia and the Western scientific knowledge of Cook. The plot encompasses the meeting of Cook and the Tahitians, and the Endeavour's voyage to Batavia, but does not include first contact between Tupaia and the people of Aotearoa.

## Performance

New Zealand Opera opened its 2021 season with the premiere of Ihitai 'Avei'a at the Vodafone Events Centre in Manukau, Auckland, directed by John G. Davies. All three performances over 19 and 20 March sold out. The opera was staged as a concert performance with the Manukau Symphony Orchestra, Auckland Choral Society, and the Graduate Choir New Zealand conducted by Uwe Grodd. Finn accompanied on piano and acoustic guitar.
Amitai Pati sang the role of Tupaia and Paul Whelan sang James Cook. Natasha Wilson as Purea, the apparition of Tupaia's former love, was praised as "one of Aotearoa’s most glorious sopranos." The Tahitian monologues were performed by Aiolupotea Norah Stevenson-Tuuga, and the child acolyte Teata was played by H'zel Hetaraka.
A second production was scheduled for 28 March 2021 by West Australian Opera at the Perth Concert Hall, with James Clayton singing the role of Cook and Ta'u Pupu'a as Tupaia. The COVID-19 pandemic and the closing of the travel bubble between New Zealand and Australia led to the production being postponed until 13 August, and then cancelled.

## Performers

* Choir
* Tupaia and Purea
* Tupaia and Teata
* James Cook
* The Orator
# NBA InfoCenter

NBA InfoCenter is a professional social media outlet that reports news, trades and scores for the National Basketball Association. Since January 2016, NBA InfoCenter has given NBA fans the coverage of news on social media app Instagram, and has since expanded to Snapchat and Facebook. On December 4, 2016, the account reached 10,000 followers on Instagram
# Ice surge

* Surge (glacier), an event where a glacier can advance substantially,
* Ice shove, a surge of ice from an ocean or large lake onto the shore.
# 2016 NCAA Rifle Championships

The 2016 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the 37th annual NCAA-sanctioned competition to determine the team and individual national champions of co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States.
The championships were held at the Stile Athletics Field House at the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio.
Three-time defending champions West Virginia again won the team championship, the Mountaineers' eighteenth NCAA national title in rifle.
West Virginia's Ginny Thrasher became the fifth person to win both individual championships and the first since 2013.

## Qualification

With only one national collegiate championship for rifle shooting, all NCAA rifle programs (whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III) were eligible. A total of eight teams contested this championship.

## Results

* Scoring: The championship consisted of 60 shots for both smallbore and air rifle per team.

### Team title

* (DC) = Defending champions
* Italics = Inaugural championship
* † = Team won center shot tiebreaker
| Rank | Team | Points |
| | West Virginia (DC) | 4,703 |
| | TCU | 4,694 |
| | Murray State | 4,690 |
| 4 | Air Force | 4,669† |
| 5 | Kentucky | 4,669 |
| 6 | Alaska | 4,664 |
| 7 | Ohio State | 4,659 |
| 8 | Nebraska | 4,650 |

### Individual events

| Event | Winner | Score |
| Smallbore | Ginny Thrasher, West Virginia | 461.5 |
| Air rifle | Ginny Thrasher, West Virginia | 208.8 |
# AH17

Asian Highway 17 (AH17) is a road in the Asian Highway Network that runs entirely in Vietnam. The route starts in Da Nang, follows the National Routes 14B, 14, 13, 51 and ends in Vũng Tàu.
In future, (Tuý Loan - Chơn Thành), (Chơn Thành - Thuận An) and will become to AH17 instead from National Highway 13, 14, 14B and 51 in today.
# My Year of Meats

My Year of Meats is the 1998 debut novel by Ruth Ozeki. The book takes advantage of the differences between Japanese and American culture to comment on both.

## Overview

Jane Takagi-Little is a Japanese-American documentary filmmaker who is hired to work for a Japanese production company, where she uncovers some unsavory truths about love, fertility, and a dangerous hormone called DES. The company works with BEEF-EX to promote the use of American beef in Japan by creating a Japanese television show called My American Wife!.
Parallel to Jane's story is the life of Akiko Ueno, a former manga artist who specialized in horror scenes and is reluctantly married to Joichi "John" Ueno, who works for BEEF-EX. John cares only that Akiko has a baby and forces her to watch My American Wife and cook the recipes, believing that it will allow her to conceive. However, as Akiko's independence and sense of self grows from watching the show and cooking for John, her relationship with John becomes violent.
The book switches point of view from Jane Takagi-Little and Akiko Ueno.

## Awards

* Kiriyama Prize
* Imus/Barnes and Noble American Book Award

## Reviews

* Newsweek
* Chicago Tribune
* Publishers Weekly
# N. K. Ekambaram

N. K. Ekhambram is an Indian cinematographer who works in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi film industries. He studied Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu. He worked as an assistant cinematographer to Jeeva.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Language | Notes |
| 2002 | Thamizhan | Tamil | |
| 2003 | Iyarkai | Tamil | |
| 2003 | Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu | Telugu | |
| 2004 | Vettam | Malayalam | |
| 2006 | Kalvanin Kadhali | Tamil | |
| 2006 | E | Tamil | |
| 2007 | Pori | Tamil | |
| 2009 | Kanthaswamy | Tamil | |
| 2009 | De Dana Dan | Hindi | |
| 2010 | Drona | Malayalam | |
| 2010 | Sura | Tamil | |
| 2011 | Kaavalan | Tamil | |
| 2013 | Zila Ghaziabad | Hindi | |
| 2013 | Shortcut Romeo | Hindi | |
| 2013 | Policegiri | Hindi | |
| 2015 | Kaaval | Tamil | |
| 2015 | Purampokku | Tamil | |
| 2016 | Oppam | Malayalam | |
| 2017 | Thondan | Tamil | |
| 2017 | Villain | Malayalam | |
| 2018 | Nimir | Tamil | |
| 2019 | Pettikadai | Tamil | |
| 2019 | Aruvam | Tamil | |
| 2020 | Naadodigal 2 | Tamil | |
| 2020 | Ka Pae Ranasingam | Tamil | |
| 2021 | Hungama 2 | Hindi | |
| 2021 | Navarasa | Tamil | Web series on Netflix |
| 2021 | Vinodhaya Sitham | Tamil | |
| 2021 | Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum | Tamil | |
| 2022 | Kombu Vatcha Singamda | Tamil | |
| 2023 | Karumegangal Kalaigindrana | Tamil | |
| 2024 | Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai | Tamil | |
| 2024 | Singappenney | Tamil | |
# P. Vallalperuman

Dr.P. Vallalperuman was an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. Professionally He is a physician, He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Chidambaram constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1984, 1989 and 1991 elections. He died at the age of 67 in November 2017 from a heart illness.
# Ibn Bajja (crater)

Ibn Bajja is a small lunar impact crater located about 199k km (62 mi) from the south pole of the Moon. The ridge north of Ibn Bajja is part of the elevated rim encircling the depressed area containing Cabeus.
Previously unnamed, this crater, along with 18 others, was named in 2009 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It was named for Ibn Bajja (c. 1095–1138), a Spanish-Arab astronomer and philosopher.
# 2016 NCAA football bowl games

In college football, 2016 NCAA football bowl games may refer to:
* 2015–16 NCAA football bowl games, for games played in January 2016 as part of the 2015 season.
* 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games, for games played in December 2016 as part of the 2016 season.
# AH13

Asian Highway 13 (AH13) is a road in the Asian Highway Network running 1,409 kilometres (876 mi) from Hanoi, Vietnam to Nakhon Sawan, Thailand. The route is as follows:

## Vietnam

* : Hanoi ( AH1 and AH14) - Dien Bien
* : Dien Bien - Thai Trang border crossing
In future, will become to AH13 instead of National Highway 6 and 279 in today.

## Laos

* Route 2E: Thai Chang border crossing - Muang May - Muang Khoua - Oudomxay ( AH12)
* Route 2W: Oudomxay - Muang Ngeun - Ngeun border checkpoint

## Thailand

* Hwy 101: Huai Kon border checkpoint - Huai Kon - Den Chai
* Hwy 129: Phrae bypass
* Hwy 11: Den Chai - Uttaradit - Phitsanulok ( AH16)
* Hwy 117: Phitsanulok ( AH16) - Nakhon Sawan ( AH2)
* This article related to a road in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ilex promecophylla

Ilex promecophylla is a tree in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to Borneo. The specific epithet promecophylla means 'oblong leaves'.

## Description

Ilex promecophylla grows up to 25 metres (80 ft) tall. The bark is smooth. The leathery leaves are obovate to oblong and measure up to 17 cm (7 in) long, occasionally to 24 cm (9 in) long. The inflorescences, in cymes, feature greenish to white flowers. The roundish fruits are red.

## Distribution and habitat

Ilex promecophylla is endemic to Borneo. It is present in some protected areas, including Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak. Its habitat is forests on hills and ridges, at elevations to around 1,500 m (5,000 ft).
# Plegadis

Plegadis is a bird genus in the family Threskiornithidae. The genus name derives from Ancient Greek plegados, "sickle", referring to the distinctive shape of the bill. Member species are found on every continent except Antarctica as well as a number of islands.

## Species

The glossy ibis is easily the most widespread of the three species. Plegadis contains the following three species:
Genus Plegadis – Kaup, 1829 – three species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| Glossy ibis | Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) | regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Caribbean regions of the Americas | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| White-faced ibis | Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) | western United States south through Mexico, as well as from southeastern Brazil and southeastern Bolivia south to central Argentina, and along the coast of central Chile. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Puna ibis | Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen, 1876) | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
A further two fossil species have been placed in the genus:
* Plegadis paganus from the Early Miocene deposits in France; however, it is now placed in Gerandibis pagana.
* Plegadis pharangites
# Pillars of Freedom

Pillars of Freedom is a children's series created by Smiley Guy Studios Inc. and Nexus Media Inc. for TVO to teach children the importance of civics and voting. The plot follows two young dragons called Spirit and Imm who are trying to restore freedom to their kingdom of Moltonia from the reign of the oppressive Mayor Crag. As Spirit and Imm stand up for their rights based on the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms they unlock the seven forgotten Pillars of Freedom and defeat the mayor in the coming election.
The seven pillars of freedom are Freedom of conscience, Freedom of expression, Freedom of speech, Freedom of assembly, Freedom of association, Freedom of the press, and the Freedom to protest. The online quest game explores the concepts introduced in the television shorts in greater detail regarding the Charter freedoms and topics of municipal civics and allows kids to vote on what they think the characters should do next and receive feedback on these choices. In season 2, which was announced in 2011, the issues of municipal civics and civil planning are explored in greater detail.
# George Bagby (author)

Aaron Marc Stein (November 15 1906 – August 29, 1985), who used the pen name George Bagby, was an American novelist who specialized in mystery fiction. Bagby's focus was on police investigators, especially the fictional Inspector Schmidt, Chief of Homicide for the New York Police Department. In the Schmidt novels, mystery-writer Bagby himself appears as "the Watson to Schmidt's Holmes, following him on cases, and acting as biographer." A number of his novels have been translated into other languages, including German, French, and Spanish.

## Biography

Stein was born on November 15, 1906 in New York City. He attended Princeton University, graduating with a degree in archaeology and also summa cum laude. His early avant-garde novels came to the attention of Theodore Dreiser and were published, but he did not gain much fame till he moved into writing mysteries. In addition to Bagby, he also published mystery novels under his own name, and under the pseudonym Hampton Stone.
He held a position as a radio critic for a New York newspaper in the 1930s, and then went to work for Time magazine. During World War II he worked with the US Army.
Over 100 novels by Stein eventually saw publication, and for his lifetime achievements the Mystery Writers of America named him a Grand Master at the 1979 Edgar Awards. His final book, The Garbage Collector, was published in 1984. Stein died of cancer in 1985, at the age of 79, in Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan.

## Primary works

In addition to the hero of most of the Bagby novels, Inspector Schmidt, Stein also created a New York City Assistant District Attorney named Jeremiah Gibson for the books published under the Stone pseudonym, and archaeologist detectives Tim Mulligan and Elsie Mae Hunt, as well as engineer Matt Herridge, for the mysteries published under his own name.
Stein's first novel was published in 1930. His first mystery, Murder at the Piano, was published in 1935. The first novel written as Stone was titled The Corpse in the Corner Saloon. It was reviewed in the New York Times in 1948.

## Selected list of novels

* The Most Wanted (1983)
* My Dead Body (1976)
* Two in the Bush (1976)
* Killer Boy Was Here
* Cop Killer
* Dead Storage
* A Dirty Way to Die
* Dead Drunk
* Dead on Arrival (1946)
* Scared to Death (1952)
* Drop Dead
* In Cold Blood
* Red Is for Killing
* Murder on the Nose
* Murder at the Piano
* Bachelors' Wife
* Give the Little Corpse a Great Big Hand
* Bird Walking Weather (published in French under the title Purée de Pois, Paris, Librairie des Champs-Élysées, Le Masque No. 410, 1952)
# 77 Field Regiment (India)

77 Field Regiment is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.

## Formation and history

The regiment was raised on 1 July 1966 at Jhansi as 77 Medium Regiment. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Harish Bahl.The batteries were christened as 771, 772 and 773 medium batteries. The regiment received its 130 mm field guns on 2 September 1966 and went on to use it during its first field exercise on 17 April 1967 and was declared Fit for War. The regiment has subsequently been converted to a field regiment.

## Class Composition

The regiment at formation had a fixed class composition of Brahmins, Rajputs and South Indian Classes. In 1999, the regiment was converted to a mixed class unit.

## Operations

The regiment has taken part in the following operations –
* Operation Cactus Lily – It took part in operations in Shakargarh sector and a battery, which was part of the divisional artillery of 39 Infantry Division saw action.
* Operation Trident
* Operation Rakshak I
* Operation Rakshak II
* Operation Meghdoot - Siachen Glacier
* Operation Snow Leopard

## Gallantry awards

The regiment has won the following gallantry awards–
* Sena Medal – 02
** Havidar D Ramesh
** Lance Naik Kausender Singh
* Chief of the Army staff Commendation cards – 07
* Vice Chief of the Army staff Commendation cards – 01
* General Officer Commanding-in-chief Commendation cards – 15
# Ovie Scurlock

Ovie Scurlock (November 11, 1918 – June 14, 2016) was an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing.
Born in Paintsville, Kentucky, Scurlock began his professional riding career in 1938 at Fairmount Park Racetrack in Collinsville, Illinois. A year later, on August 26, 1939, at Ellis Park Racecourse in Henderson, Kentucky, he rode a three-year-old colt, Mr. Ambassador, to a world record time of 1:39 2/5 for a mile and 40 yards.
His career was interrupted during World War II when he served his country in the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II.
During his career, Scurlock rode for prominent owners such as George D. Widener Jr., Harry Guggenheim, Ada L. Rice, and Herbert M. Woolf. He was also a regular rider during the early 1950s for the Brandywine Stable of Donald P. Ross as well as one of the riders for Calumet Farm.
On June 11, 1949, he rode Coaltown, Calumet's Handicap Horse of the Year of 1949, to victory in the Roger Williams Handicap at Narragansett Park.
Scurlock won a number of important races of his era, such as the Lawrence Realization Stakes in New York, the Arlington Classic in Chicago, and the Pimlico Special in Baltimore. He competed in the Kentucky Derby three times and the Preakness Stakes once with his best result a seventh in both races in 1949 aboard Model Cadet.
When his riding days were over, Scurlock worked as an assistant trainer for Warren A. Croll Jr.
Ovie Scurlock died June 14, 2016, at St. Mary's Medical Center in Evansville, Indiana, USA.
# Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 may refer to:
* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 (2012), aircraft accident in September 2012
* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 (2021), aircraft accident in July 2021
# Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787

Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787, or Memoranda, is a text by Thomas Jefferson, written during a trip beginning February 28, 1787 from France to Italy.
Jefferson produced the work as a guide for two young American friends, Thomas Lee Shippen and John Rutledge, following a wine tour of Europe. It consists largely of an extensive discussion of the wine grown throughout southern France and northern Italy. Jefferson excerpted the material from his general travel journals.

## Summary

In February 1787, Thomas Jefferson went on a journey which led him through southern France and northern parts of Italy. In his memorandums, Jefferson begins by proposing a route through Italy, France, and Germany. Jefferson also recommends some places for accommodation and describes the finest wines of each area. Some areas mentioned include Nice, Lyons, Tende, Burgundy, Milan, Cassino, Rozzano, Genoa, Noli, Albenga, Languedoc, and Bordeaux. The letter takes on a more serious tone towards its end, where Thomas Jefferson outlines “Objects of Attention for an American.” This part covers French mechanical arts, manufacturing, and agriculture. He, for example, notes that Americans should learn from the French architecture, as the U.S. population was rapidly expanding, it needed longer-lasting houses. He also describes paintings and sculptures as “too expensive for the state of wealth among us. It would be useless, therefore, and preposterous, for us to make ourselves connoisseurs in those arts. They are worth seeing, but not studying.”