OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi

Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi was an Islamic scholar who belonged to the Khalidiyya branch of the Naqshbandi tariqa in the 18th to 19th century. He hailed from today's Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. He is regarded as the pioneer of the tariqa in Minangkabau region, as well as the whole Indonesian archipelago. He was also known as a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence, kalam theology and tasawwuf (the science of Islamic mysticism).

## Biography
### Early life

Ismail was born in a religious family and environment. He received the religious education since childhood. After studying the Qur'an in several suraus in his village, he learned the basics of Islamic science through kitab kuning written in Arabic-Malay script. Fields of Islamic science he studied include the jurisprudence, tawhid (science of monotheism), tafsir, hadith, and the sciences of the Arabic language.

### Mecca years

He went to Mecca to perform the pilgrimage as well as to deepen the Islamic sciences he had previously acquired. He also studied in Medina for five years.
In Mecca, Ismail studied under the several renowned scholars who had expertise in their respective fields. He learned kalam theology under Sheikh Muhammad Ibn 'Ali Assyanwani. In the field of jurisprudence, he studied under Sheikh al-Azhar and Sheikh Abdullah ash-Syarqawi, both renowned as scholars of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. Ismail also studied the science of Sufism under two great Sufis named Sheikh 'Abdullah Afandi and Sheikh Khalid al-Uthmani al-Kurdi (Sheikh Dhiyauddin Khalid). Both were murshid (teacher of the spirituality) of Naqshbandi order.

### Returning to Minangkabau

After studying in Mecca for 30 years, Ismail went back to West Sumatra and began the dissemination of the teachings of Naqshbandi tariqa. He began from his hometown, Simabur in Tanah Datar. The teachings of Ismail then spread outside Minangkabau, reaching places such as Riau, Sultanate of Langkat, Sultanate of Deli, and Sultanate of Johor. He taught tawheed based on Ash'ari and Sunni conception and jurisprudence based on Shafi'i madhhab. Regarding tasawwuf, Ismail followed the Sunni tasawwuf based on the teaching of al-Ghazali.
He began to spread the Khalidiyya-Naqshbandi tariqa after it was banned in 1827 by Sheikh Khalid al-Kurdi, one of his teachers in Mecca. During the time, Minangkabau region itself had seen the development of Shattari tariqa propagated by Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan earlier. Burhanuddin had developed the congregation for the first time in the archipelago in the 17th century. The latter tariqa, however, did not preclude Ismail's efforts in developing the Khalidiyya-Naqshbandi order. Both tariqas had developed in Minangkabau society, in which they gained footholds in different regions, with Shattari tariqa in the coastal regions and Naqshbandi tariqa in inland regions.
# Premuda

Premuda (Croatian pronunciation:) is a small island in Croatia, off the northern Adriatic coast. It belongs to the north Dalmatian islands which are situated north-west from the county center Zadar. Premuda is approximately 9 km (6 mi) long, up to 1.6 km (1.0 mi) wide, and has an area of 9.2 km$^2$ (3.6 sq mi). It is situated southwest of Silba and northwest of Škarda and as such it is one of the outermost Adriatic islands from the perspective of the Croatian coastline.

## History

Premuda was first mentioned in historical sources by Tabula Peutingeriana, as Pamodos. In the 7th century, the island is mentioned as Primodia, derived from Latin primus ("the first"), indicating its geographical position as the first island in the Zadar Channel seen from the northwest. In 16th and 17th centuries Premuda was targeted by Ottoman corsairs who took the islanders away as slaves. This reduced the island's population to just 26 in 1608. In the 18th century, the island recovered through immigration, mostly from Olib, and by 1760 the population grew to 322.
Natural water resources on Premuda are scarce, which has historically been a limiting factor in the island's development. The island's population peaked at 577 inhabitants in 1857, and has steadily declined since, particularly in the second half of the 20th century, when many islanders moved to Zadar and Rijeka, and also to North and South America.
Electricity was introduced to Premuda in 1971. The elementary school, opened in 1867, was closed in 1991. The island's telephone network was built in 1998.

## Economy

The only settlement on the island, the town of Premuda, has about 60 inhabitants but the population strongly varies during the summer season. The population of Premuda is cultivating olives and breeding sheep and in the last few years they have become involved in tourism. There are three restaurants on the island.
Premuda is a destination for nautical and diving tourists, and has a number of diving spots. The "Katedrala" is a system of connected caves with light rays that fall through the porous ceiling of the caves. Another well-known underwater site is the wreck of the World War I Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent István, which is located 8 NM off the coast of Premuda at a depth of 68 metres (223 ft).

## Important Bird Area

The island is part of the northern Zadar Archipelago, which has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports breeding populations of several species of fish-eating seabirds.
# Naval Base Gilbert Islands

Naval Base Gilbert Islands were naval bases built by the United States Navy in 1943 to support the World War II effort. The bases were located on in the Gilbert Islands in the Central Pacific Ocean. The bases were built as part of the many advance bases in the island-hopping campaign towards the Empire of Japan. The largest base was the Naval Base Tarawa. At Tarawa the Navy built a seaport, supply depots, a small ship repair depot, Carrier Aircraft Service Unit, seaplane base and two airbases. Construction started after the Battle of Tarawa ended on November 23, 1943, part of Operation Galvanic. The bases were built by the US Navy's Seabees, Naval Construction Battalions. After the war the bases were abandoned. Some of the airfields became civilian airports.

## Naval Base Gilbert Islands

* Naval Base Tarawa, a very large base.
** Tarawa Seaplane base
*** VP-13 with Consolidated PBY Catalina
*** VP-202 with Martin PBM Mariner
** Mullinix Field, became Bonriki International Airport
** Hawkins Field, abandoned and after the war.
* Naval Base Abemama
** O’Hare Field after war became Abemama Airport
* Naval Base Makin on Makin Island
** Makin Airfield became Butaritari Airport

## Gallery

* Pacific War Theater Areas map 1942
* South Tarawa, Tarawa Atoll
* Map Gilbert Group of Islands
* Aerial view of Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll before invasion of the island by U.S. Marines, 18 September 1943.
* Seabee building Hawkins Field
* Seabee building Hawkins Field
* Map of runway on Betio and landing plans
* Long range aircraft at Hawkins Field (Tarawa), March 1944
* Aerial view of Betio, Tarawa Atoll, 24 November 1943, looking north toward "The Pocket", the last place of Japanese resistance. An emplacement just onshore with two 12.7 mm anti-aircraft guns is visible near the left edge of the photograph.
* Gilbert Islands 1943
* The largest of 37 cemeteries on Tarawa
* Map of Abemama
* Map of Abemama
* South Pacific islands in 1945
# Near East Art Museum

Near East Art Museum is a museum of art located in Yerevan, Armenia. The museum was opened in 1993 and is based on a collection donated by Marcos Grigorian, painter, collector and honorary citizen of Yerevan in the memory of his daughter, actress Sabrina Grigorian, The museum shares the building with Yerevan Museum of Literature and Culture.
The Museum houses about 2,600 exhibits containing works of Marcos Grigorian as well as Russian, European and Middle Eastern applied arts - Iranian faucets of the 12th-19th centuries, doorknockers, keys, locks, nails, Iranian-Turkmen silver ornaments of the 18th-19th centuries, 3 or 4,000-year-old bronze items, etc. The exhibits are housed in 3 hall rooms.
# Neil Roberts (Australian footballer)

Neil Edwin Roberts (born 15 June 1933) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and a Brownlow Medalist.

## Early life

Neil Roberts was born on 15 June 1933 to parents Edwin (Ted) Roberts (a former soccer player who migrated from England to East Brighton, Victoria) and Lelia Elfreda Roberts, née Kilby. Roberts attended Melbourne High School between 1946 and 1949. He played under 19s football at full-forward with the Melbourne High School Old Boys Football Club where he was recruited by the St Kilda.

## VFL career

Roberts debuted for St Kilda in 1952 and initially played on the forward line but despite his strong overhead marking was shifted to defence due to inaccurate goalkicking and later excelled as a centre half back, winning the Brownlow Medal in 1958. He captained the side from 1959 to 1962 before retiring at 29 years of age and commencing a career in sports journalism. He was inducted to the Saints inaugural Hall of Fame in 2003.

## Personal life and post football career

His son, Michael Roberts, also played for the Saints and is now a sports broadcaster.
Neil Roberts was the officer in charge of Mawson base, Antarctica, 1971–1973. He has now retired to farming.
# Island Belle

The Island Belle is a vessel built in 1916 at Smith Island, Maryland. From 1916 until 1977 this vessel provided the only regular transportation between Smith Island, the state's only "water-locked" settlement, and the mainland.
She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
# Mingot

Mingot is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
# Inaruwa

Inaruwa may refer to:
* Inaruwa, Kosi, headquarters of Sunsari District in Nepal
* Inaruwa, Narayani, a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal
# Peter Richman (MP)

Peter Richman (fl. 1407) was an English Member of Parliament for Lyme Regis in 1407.
# National Christmas Tree Association

The National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA) is a professional organization in the United States of over 5,100 "Christmas tree professionals" in various capacities. The group focuses its work into three areas: promotion and research, federal representation (which includes Congressional lobbying), and professional education. The association was founded in 1955 and has more than 1,800 members.

## Blue Room Christmas tree

The official White House Christmas tree, or the Blue Room Christmas Tree, is donated each year by the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA). The NCTA has donated the tree since 1966; it is chosen through a contest among members of the trade group. Growers participate in state or regional competitions for a chance at competition at the National Convention. The winner of the National Convention is declared the Grand Champion and the tree is then presented to the First Lady.
# Swimming at the 1987 Pan American Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke

The men's 200 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 1987 Pan American Games took place on 13 August at the Indiana University Natatorium. The last Pan American Games champion was Steve Lundquist of US.
This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.

## Results

All times are in minutes and seconds.
| KEY: | q | Fastest non-qualifiers | Q | Qualified | GR | Games record | NR | National record | PB | Personal best | SB | Seasonal best |

### Final

The final was held on August 13.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Jeff Kubiak | United States | 2:17.62 | GR |
| | Mike Barrowman | United States | 2:19.29 | |
| | Darcy Wallingford | Canada | 2:22.01 | |
| 4 | Javier Careaga | Mexico | 2:22.44 | |
| 5 | Marco Cavazzoni | Canada | 2:22.63 | |
| 6 | Manuel Gutiérrez | Panama | 2:24.96 | |
| 7 | Cícero Tortelli | Brazil | 2:24.96 | |
| 8 | Paul Newallo | Trinidad and Tobago | 2:26.36 | |
# Prince Michael (disambiguation)

Prince Michael may refer to:
* Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (1782–1856)
* Mikheil, Prince of Abkhazia (?–1866)
* Prince Michael of Montenegro (1908–1986)
* Michael I of Romania (1921–2017)
* Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (born 1939), grandson of George I of Greece
* Prince Michael of Kent (born 1942), grandson of George V of the United Kingdom
* Prince Michael of Yugoslavia (born 1985), son of Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia
* Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia from 1839 to 1842
* Prince Michael and Prince Michael II (nicknamed Blanket), sons of singer Michael Jackson
* Prince Michael of Sealand (born 1952)
# Neoemdenia

Neoemdenia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Neoemdenia mirabilis Mesnil, 1953
* Neoemdenia mudanjiangensis Hou & Zhang, 2014
# Isatou Nyang

Isatou Nyang (born 3 July 1984) is a Gambian Paralympic athlete. She was the first female Paralympic athlete from Gambia when she raced in the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where she was the Gambian flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

## Life

Nyang was born in 1984 in Serekunda with legs of unequal length. Her shorter leg has a "bad foot" and her longer leg has no foot at all. Because of that, she uses a wheelchair.
In 2002 she started training with male athletes at night playing basketball and racing. In 2004 she won a 10 km wheelchair race. She has children and despite becoming one of the best wheelchair athletes in Gambia she has no means of support. She would train four times a week and in 2011 she was recognised as the "Gambia Paralympics Player of 2010" by the Sports Journalists Association of Gambia.
In 2012 she was the flag bearer for the Gambia when she competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Her lack of leg function placed her in the T54 category and she raced in the heats of the Women's T54 100 metres and the Women's 800 metres T54. Her 100m time of 20.32 was a seasonal best. She and Damba Jarju were the Gambia's first Paralympians and in 2015 Sulayman Colley, who was the President of the Gambia National Paralympic Committee was hoping to send six athletes to the 2016 Summer Paralympics, but this did not happen. Damba Jarju was sent again as the only representative of the Gambia in Rio.
In 2019 Nyang was begging in Gambia because she needed the money to feed her family. The success of competing at the 2012 Paralympics did not bring her financial security. In fact she made just £200 from the Paralympics. Many disabled people in the Gambia have to beg each day and travel is difficult as taxi and auto rickshaw drivers consider a wheelchair to be too much trouble. The position for people with disabilities was especially difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, since they could not beg while staying at home.
Nyang planned to compete again in 2020, but only two athletes were sent to represent the Gambia at the Paralympics. However Nyang's result in the 100m was still cited in 2021 as her country's best result at the Paralympics.

## Private life

Nyang divorced her husband in 2011 and in 2019 she was supporting herself, her mother, and three children.
# Heyperger family

The Heyperger family were a burgher family in Austria (particularly in Tyrol and later Vienna) for several centuries.
The earliest known member of the family is Ulrich Heyperger (d. 1336), who owned several lucrative estates in Tyrol. His best known descendant is Leopold Heyperger, the Burggrave (Governor) of Hofburg Palace from 1547 to 1560 as well as Ferdinand I's treasurer. In 1482 the family were recognized as part of the ancient nobility. One member of the family, Karl Heyperger became the Lord of the town of Himberg am Wald in Lower Austria. Later members of the family such as Johann Martin Heyperger von Pankirchen (1730–1784), the Dean of Freistadt and Ferdinand von Heyberg und Pankirchen added "Pankirchen" to their surnames after a marriage between the Heyperger and Pankirchen families.
# 7th Golden Eagle Awards

The 7th Golden Eagle Awards were held June October 15, 1989, in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. Nominees and winners are listed below, winners are in bold.

## Best Television Series

not awarded this year
* The Last Emperor/末代皇帝
* Spring House/家春秋
* Big Hotel/大酒店

## Best Lead Actor in a Television Series

* Chen Daoming for The Last Emperor

## Best Lead Actress in a Television Series

* Xu Ya for Spring House

## Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series

* Chen Yude for unknown

## Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series

not awarded this year
# Hindu (disambiguation)

A Hindu is an adherent of Hinduism.
Hindu may also refer to:

## Places

* Hindu, Hiiu County, a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County, Estonia
* Hindu, Orissaare Parish, a village in Orissaare Parish, Saare County, Estonia
* Hindu, Salme Parish, a village in Salme Parish, Saare County, Estonia
* Hindu, the ancient Persian name of the Indus River

## Publishing

* The Hindu, an English-language newspaper published in India
* Hindu Tamil Thisai, or The Hindu (Tamil), a Tamil-language newspaper published in India
* The Hindu Group, an Indian publishing company that publishes The Hindu and the Hindu Tamil Thisai

## Other uses

* Hindu, adjective relating to the religion Hinduism
* Hindú, an Argentine sports club based in Greater Buenos Aires
* The Hindu (film), the original title of the 1954 American film Sabaka
# Paitava

Paitava was a Buddhist monastery located in modern Afghanistan. It was positioned together with Shotorak monastery around the city of Kapisa, 40 km north of Kabul, which was the northern capital of the Kushan Empire. Beautiful sculptures of Buddhist donors in Kushan dress are known from this site. Several Kushan coins were found in the monastery, suggested an early Kushan occupation, but some of the Buddhist works, such as The Twin Miracle of Water and Fire, may belong to the later period of the Kidarites (320–467 CE).
Paitava was also 7 km from Begram. The monastery was visited by the 7th century Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang, who said it was near a large city named Si-pi-to-la-fasse, the largest city in the Kapisa region.
Paitava, with Shotorak, have an artistic usage of representing the Buddha with fire emanating from the shoulders in the miracle of Sravasti, a feature also found on the effigies of Kushan kings on their coinage.
* Bodhisattva.
* Miracle of Sravasti (detail)
* Miracle of Sravasti (detail)
* The Buddha with Heracles and Tychee (detail)
# Hirth 3502

The Hirth 3502 and 3503 are a family of liquid-cooled, in-line twin-cylinder, two-stroke, carbureted aircraft engines, with optional fuel injection, designed for use on ultralight aircraft and small homebuilts. It is manufactured by Hirth of Germany.

## Development

The engines were developed as competitors to the 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 with an identical mounting bolt pattern to the 582, allowing either to be a drop-in replacement. The engines are similar to the Rotax powerplant in being liquid-cooled, two-cylinder in-line engines, with dual capacitor discharge ignition. The 3502 was developed from the 3503 as a de-rated version and produces 60 hp (45 kW), in comparison to the 3503's 70 hp (52 kW). Both engines have the same bore, stroke and compression ratio as the three-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled Hirth 3701 and the bore, stroke, compression ratio and displacement of the twin-cylinder Hirth 2704 and Hirth 2706.
Both the 3502 and 3503 are equipped with dual Bing 34 mm slide carburetors or optionally electronic fuel injection. The cylinder walls are electrochemically coated with Nikasil and the crankshaft is forged from 4130 steel. Standard starting is recoil start with electric start as an option. The reduction drive system available is the G-50 gearbox, with reduction ratios of 2.16:1, 2.29:1, 2.59:1, 3.16:1, or 3.65:1.
The engines run on a 50:1 pre-mix of unleaded 93 octane auto fuel and oil, or optionally oil injection.

## Variants
### 3502

    Twin-cylinder in-line, liquid-cooled, two-stroke aircraft engine with dual Bing 34 mm slide carburetors or fuel injection. Produces 60 hp (45 kW) at 5000 rpm and has a factory rated TBO of 1200 hours. In production since April 2008.

### 3503

    Twin-cylinder in-line, liquid-cooled, two-stroke aircraft engine with dual Bing 34 mm slide carburetors or fuel injection. Produces 70 hp (52 kW) at 6500 rpm and has a factory rated TBO of 1000 hours. In production.

## Applications
### 3502

* CGS Hawk Arrow II
* Fresh Breeze XCitor - powered parachute
* Paraski - powered parachute

### 3503

* Excalibur Aircraft Excalibur
* GyroTec DF02
* Rotortec Cloud Dancer Light
* Summit Steel Breeze - powered parachute
* Vortech Skylark - helicopter

## Specifications (3503)

Data from Recreational Power Engineering

### General characteristics

* Type: Twin-cylinder, two-stroke, in-line, aircraft engine
* Bore: 76 mm (3.0 in)
* Stroke: 69 mm (2.7 in)
* Displacement: 625 cc (38.1 cu in)
* Length: 398 mm (15.7 in)
* Width: 368 mm (14.5 in)
* Height: 419 mm (16.5 in)
* Dry weight: 79 lb (35.8 kg) without radiator & coolant. The G-50 gearbox adds an additional 19 lb (8.6 kg)

### Components

* Fuel system: 2 X Bing 34 mm slide type carburetors or fuel injection
* Fuel type: unleaded 93 octane auto fuel
* Oil system: 50:1 fuel/oil premix or oil injection
* Cooling system: liquid
* Reduction gear: G-50 gearbox with reduction ratios of 2.16:1, 2.29:1, 2.59:1, 3.16:1, or 3.65:1 or cog-belt

### Performance

* Power output: 70 hp (52 kW) at 6500 rpm
* Compression ratio: 9.5:1
# Peter Richtarik

Peter Richtarik is a Slovak mathematician and computer scientist working in the area of big data optimization and machine learning, known for his work on randomized coordinate descent algorithms, stochastic gradient descent and federated learning. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.

## Education

Richtarik earned a master's degree in mathematics from Comenius University, Slovakia, in 2001, graduating summa cum laude. In 2007, he obtained a PhD in operations research from Cornell University, advised by Michael Jeremy Todd.

## Career

Between 2007 and 2009, he was a postdoctoral scholar in the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics and Department of Mathematical Engineering at Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, working with Yurii Nesterov. Between 2009 and 2019, Richtarik was a Lecturer and later Reader in the School of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. He is a Turing Fellow. Richtarik founded and organizes a conference series entitled "Optimization and Big Data".

### Academic work

Richtarik's early research concerned gradient-type methods, optimization in relative scale, sparse principal component analysis and algorithms for optimal design. Since his appointment at Edinburgh, he has been working extensively on building algorithmic foundations of randomized methods in convex optimization, especially randomized coordinate descent algorithms and stochastic gradient descent methods. These methods are well suited for optimization problems described by big data and have applications in fields such as machine learning, signal processing and data science. Richtarik is the co-inventor of an algorithm generalizing the randomized Kaczmarz method for solving a system of linear equations, contributed to the invention of federated learning, and co-developed a stochastic variant of the Newton's method.

## Awards and distinctions

* 2020, Due to his Hirsch index of 40 or more, he belongs among top 0.05% of computer scientists.
* 2016, SIGEST Award (jointly with Olivier Fercoq) of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
* 2016, EPSRC Early Career Fellowship in Mathematical Sciences
* 2015, EUSA Best Research or Dissertation Supervisor Award (2nd place)
* 2014, Plenary Talk at 46th Conference of Slovak Mathematicians