OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hira Singh of Nabha

Sir Hira Singh GCSI GCIE (18 December 1843 – 24 December 1911) was the ruler of Nabha State, one of the Phulkian states in the Punjab.

## Early life

Hira Singh was born at Badrukhan, Jind, on 18 December 1843, the second son of Sukha Singh (died 1852), from a distant branch of the royal Sikh Phulkian dynasty of Patiala, Jind and Nabha. Little is known about his early life.

## The throne of Nabha

In 1871, the line of the Phulkian dynasty which had ruled Nabha, a small 11-gun state, since 1718 became extinct upon the death from tuberculosis of the young Raja, Bhagwan Singh (1842–1871). The remaining two lines of the dynasty-the rulers of Patiala and Jind-in conjunction with the British government fixed upon Hira Singh Gosal as the successor to the Nabha gadi (throne). Hira Singh ascended the throne of Nabha on 9 June 1871 and began a long and successful reign that would usher Nabha into the modern era. Great monuments and public buildings were erected, roads, railways, hospitals, schools and palaces were constructed and an efficient modern army was established that saw service during the Second Afghan War and the Tirah Expedition. As well, agriculture flourished with the construction of an irrigation canal at Sirhind, and Nabha soon produced bountiful harvests of wheat, sugar, pulses, millet and cotton, thus enabling the state to increase the value of its land revenue assessments.
As a result of Hira Singh's improvements, in 1877 Nabha was raised to a salute of 13-guns and Hira Singh himself was decorated with the Empress of India Gold Medal and knighted two years later with the GCSI.

## Later years

In 1894, Hira Singh was granted the title of Raja-i-Rajagan and in 1898 was granted a 15-gun personal salute. He attended the 1903 Delhi Durbar to mark the succession of Edward VII as Emperor of India, where he played an important part as one of the senior ruling princes present. He received the honorary rank of Colonel in the Army and was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in the 1903 Durbar Honours on 1 January 1903. He was made a Colonel of the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs in the British Indian Army in 1904. Only a fortnight before his death, Hira Singh was raised to the rank of Maharaja of Nabha. Hira Singh died at the Hira Mahal on Christmas Eve 1911, aged 68 after a four-decade reign. He was succeeded by his only son, Ripudaman Singh Gosal.

## Family

Hira Singh married four times and had two children, a son and a daughter
* 1. Karangarhwalia; married in 1858
* 2. Aonanliwali Rani;
* 3. Jasmir Kaur (d 1921). Married in 1880 and had one son and one daughter:
** Ripaduman Singh, who succeeded to the Nabha throne as Maharaja Ripudaman Singh (1883–1942); r. 1911–1928.
** Ripudaman Devi (1881–1911); married Ram Singh
* 4.wife; Khachedu bai

## Honours

* Prince of Wales gold medal-1876
* Empress of India Medal-1877
* Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)-1879
* Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE)-1903
* Delhi Durbar gold medal-1903
* Delhi Durbar gold medal-1911
# 2019 FIM Long Track World Championship

The 2019 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship is the 49th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.

## Venues

| Round | Date | Venue |
| 1 | 30 May | Herxheim |
| 2 | 15 Jun | La Réole |
| 3 | 7 Jul | Mühldorf |
| 4 | 7 Sep | Morizes |
| 5 | 22 Sep | Roden |

## Current Classification

| Pos | Num | Rider | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Total Pts |
| 1 | 96 | Dimitri Bergé | 21 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 121 |
| 2 | 84 | Martin Smolinski | 24 | 23 | 27 | 20 | 19 | 113 |
| 3 | 3 | Mathieu Trésarrieu | 21 | 20 | 18 | 23 | 19 | 101 |
| 4 | 125 | Lukas Fienhage | 12 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 79 |
| 5 | 444 | Josef Franc | 15 | 6 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 77 |
| 6 | 115 | Theo Pijper | 14 | 9 | 21 | 9 | 13 | 66 |
| 7 | 37 | Chris Harris | 3 | 18 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 50 |
| 8 | 95 | Jesse Mustonen | 2 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 48 |
| 9 | 31 | Max Dilger | 8 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 44 |
| 10 | 93 | James Shanes | 18 | 11 | 5 | | | 34 |
| 11 | 111 | Martin Malek | 2 | 8 | 3 | 14 | 7 | 34 |
| 12 | 24 | Andrew Appleton | 10 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 31 |
| 13 | 7 | Bernd Diener | 10 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 27 |
| 14 | 109 | Zach Wajtknecht | | | | 9 | 16 | 25 |
| 15 | 15 | Jörg Tebbe | 12 | | | 5 | 0 | 17 |
| 16 | 666 | Romano Hummel | 8 | 6 | | | | 14 |
| 17 | 15 | Stephane Tresarrieu | | 11 | | 3 | | 14 |
| 18 | 15 | Stephan Katt | | | 3 | | | 3 |
| 19 | 104 | Gaetan Stella | | NSR | 1 | | | 1 |
| 20 | 15 | Dave Meijerink | | | | | 1 | 1 |
| 21 | 16 | Fabian Wachs | 0 | | | | | 0 |
| | 17 | Julian Bielmeier | NSR | | | | | 0 |
| | 17 | Julien Cayre | | NSR | | NSR | | 0 |
| | 16 | Marcel Dachs | | | NSR | | | 0 |
| | 17 | Danny Maassen | | | NSR | | | 0 |
| | 16 | Jordan Dubernard | | | | NSR | | 0 |
| | 16 | Henry van der Steen | | | | | NSR | 0 |
| | 17 | Jarno de Vries | | | | | NSR | 0 |
# Paper hanger

Paper hanger may refer to:
* A tradesman who applies wallpaper to a wall
* Cheque fraud, the unlawful use of cheques
* Paper hanger (Mundelein's speech), given by Cardinal George Mundelein regarding Adolf Hitler before World War II
* "Paper Hanger", song by American band mewithoutYou, from the album Catch for Us the Foxes
* Newspaper hangers, sticks or racks: sticks for holding a newspaper rigid, formerly widely used in libraries & cafes, to make reading easier & avoid folding or falling apart; often segmented to allow inserting section by section for easier access
# Paracantha ruficallosa

Paracantha ruficallosa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Paracantha of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela.
# Greenlands, Buckinghamshire

Greenlands is a country house situated by the River Thames in Buckinghamshire, just outside Henley-on-Thames. Built in the nineteenth century, it now forms the core of Greenlands Campus of the University of Reading, and is used by their Henley Business School as the base for its MBA and corporate learning offerings. It has been a Grade II* listed building since 1992.

## History

The present building was built on the site of a previous house which was owned in the seventeenth century by the D'Oyley family, descendants of the Norman Robert D'Oyly. In the early nineteenth century, the land was owned by Thomas Darby-Coventry and a house called Greenland Lodge was built.
The next owner, Edward Marjoribanks a senior partner in Coutts Banks, bought the house in 1852, enlarged it and it was sold in 1868 on his death. It was bought by William Henry Smith, son of the founder of W H Smith. He further extended the building, though its appearance received a cool reception from Jerome K. Jerome who joked in Three Men in a Boat that it was ‘the rather uninteresting-looking river residence of my newsagent.’ On Smith's death, his family was ennobled with the title of Viscount Hambleden. Greenlands remained their home until immediately after the Second World War.
In 1946, the 3rd Viscount rented the building to the Administrative Staff College, an initiative designed to provide management education to British men and women in all sectors of the economy and government. The Smith family moved into the village of Hambleden. Meanwhile, the Administrative Staff College opened to course members in March 1948. In 1952, following the death of Viscount Hambleden, the house was bought by the college. The Administrative Staff College was renamed Henley Management College in 1991, when it received its Royal Charter. In 2008 it merged with the Business School of the University of Reading, to form the new Henley Business School.
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 214

Route 214, also known as Monkstown Road, is a 28.6-kilometre-long (17.8 mi) north–south highway on the Burin Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It connects the communities of Monkstown and Davis Cove with Route 210 (Heritage Run/Burin Peninsula Highway). The road is unpaved.

## Route description

Route 214 begins at a dead end along the coast in a neighbourhood of Monkstown. It winds its way northeast through town before going more inland to leave Monkstown and have a Y-Intersection with a local road leading to Davis Cove. The highway now curves to the northwest and passes through rural hilly terrain for several kilometres before coming to an end at an intersection with Route 210.

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Monkstown | 0.0 | 0.0 | Dead End along coast | Southern terminus |
| ​ | 8.6 | 5.3 | Davis Cove Road (Route 214-10) - Davis Cove | |
| ​ | 28.6 | 17.8 | Route 210 (Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run) – Swift Current, Marystown, Grand Bank | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Hira Mahal (Red Fort)

28°39′26″N 77°14′37″E﻿ / ﻿28.657259°N 77.243726°E﻿ / 28.657259; 77.243726
The Hira Mahal is a pavilion in the Delhi Red Fort located on the eastern wall north of the Moti Masjid.

## Architecture

This four-sided pavilion of white marble was built in 1842, during the reign of Bahadur Shah II. It stands at the end of a southern axis of the Hayat Baksh Bagh, overlooking it. It is simply decorated, with reliefs but no inlay work. The arches are carved and the pavilion is overhung with chhajja, overhanging eave.
Located to the north end was the Moti Mahal, which was an identical structure built at the same time for the northern axis. It was probably destroyed during or after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In between these two pavilions was a pool or another structure.
# 2008 Georgetown Hoyas football team

The 2008 Georgetown Hoyas football team was an American football team that represented Georgetown University during the 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Georgetown finished last in the Patriot League.
In their third year under head coach Kevin Kelly, the Hoyas compiled a 2–8 record. Daniel Matheny and Nicholas Umar were the team captains.
The Hoyas were outscored 280 to 96. Their winless (0–5) conference record was the worst in the seven-team Patriot League standings. The Hoyas played only five Patriot League games because their October 4 matchup with Colgate was canceled following a norovirus outbreak at Georgetown.
Georgetown played its home games at Multi-Sport Field on the university campus in Washington, D.C.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 7 | at Howard* | William H. Greene StadiumWashington, DC | W 12–7 | 6,085 |
| September 13 | at Lafayette | Fisher StadiumEaston, PA | L 6–24 | 10,134 |
| September 20 | at Yale* | Yale BowlNew Haven, CT | L 7–47 | 12,771 |
| September 27 | Holy Cross | Multi-Sport FieldWashington, DC | L 14–38 | 2,233 |
| October 4 | at Colgate | Andy Kerr StadiumHamilton, NY | Canceled | |
| October 11 | Penn* | Multi-Sport FieldWashington, DC | L 7–27 | 3,135 |
| October 18 | Bucknell | Multi-Sport FieldWashington, DC | L 24–27 | |
| October 25 | at No. 9 Richmond* | University of Richmond StadiumRichmond, VA | L 0–48 | 5,168 |
| November 1 | Lehigh | Multi-Sport FieldWashington, DC | L 13–33 | |
| November 8 | Marist* | Multi-Sport FieldWashington, DC | W 13–12 | 1,164 |
| November 15 | at Fordham | Coffey FieldBronx, NY | L 0–17 | 2,758 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# Hieracium traillii

Hieracium traillii is a species of hawkweed known by the common name Maryland hawkweed.
Hieracium traillii grows in the eastern United States, primarily in the central Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, with some populations farther west in Ohio and Kentucky.
Hieracium traillii is a small hawkweed forming a basal rosette of densely hairy gray-green leaves, each up to 8 centimeters (3.2 inches) long and some with toothed edges. It bolts a thin, hairy stem which reaches 60 centimeters (2 feet) tall. The stem bears an inflorescence of several flower heads containing yellow ray flowers but no disc flowers. The fruit is a ribbed achene about half a centimeter (0.2 inches) long with a light brown pappus.
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 101

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 101 (P. Oxy. 101 or P. Oxy. I 101) is a document concerning the lease of some land, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 2 October 142. Currently it is housed at the Haskell Oriental Institute (2064) at the University of Chicago.

## Description

The land in question was owned by Dionysia, daughter of Chaeremon. Her guardian in the deal was her son Apion, also called Dionysius. Together, they agree to lease 38 arourae of land to Psenamounis, son of Thonis and Seoëris, for six years. Psenamounis had leased the land for the previous six years. The lease explicitly gives him the right to grow any crops he chooses for the first five years of the lease, with the exception of woad and coriander (?). In the last year of the lease he is required to grow the same crops that he was required to grow under the terms of his previous lease. The rent was 190 artabae of wheat and 12 drachmae per year. The measurements of the fragment are 254 by 84 mm.
It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.
# Mirja Vehkaperä

Mirja Tellervo Vehkaperä (born 6 April 1976) is a Finnish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2018 until 2019. She is a member of the Centre Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
Vehkaperä was first elected to the parliament of Finland in 2007 from the constituency of Oulu and was later re-elected in 2011 and 2015 elections. She run to the European Parliament in the 2014 election, but wasn't elected.
In 2018, MEP Paavo Väyrynen left his seat prompting Vehkaperä to succeed him for the remainder of the term. Vehkaperä started in the European Parliament on 18 June 2018. She served as shadow rapporteur for a non-binding opinion on the renegotiation of treaties with Switzerland.
# Hiten (name)

Hiten is an Indian masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Hiten Tejwani (born 1974), Indian actor
* Hiten Paintal (born 1982), Indian actor
* Hiten Kumar, Indian actor
* Hiten Barman, Indian politician
* Hiten Dalal
# Gregorio Mariani

Gregorio Mariani (24 August 1833 in Ascoli Piceno – 23 January 1902 in Rome) was an Italian painter, mainly of genre and costume genre subjects in oil and watercolor, in addition to portraits. He is now best known for his engravings about Roman antiquities.

## Biography

He studied at the Accademia di San Luca. He was commissioned by the Prussian Archaeological Institute to illustrate using chromolithography the antiquities of Rome and the Lazio. He made plates depicting the Tombs of Via Latina, outside Porta San Giovanni; the frescoes from the palazzo dei Cesari, and those found in Corneto Tarquinia. He spent months in the Catacomb of Callixtus, outside of Porta San Sebastiano, working under candle-light and drawing sepulchral inscriptions and murals of the first Christians. Many of these drawings made it into the publication on the illustrated book on the Catacombs by the Christian archeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi. Mariani also made many lithographic designs for the Bulletin of the Roman Archeological Commission.
# Pullampara

Pullampara is a village, near Thiruvananthapuram city in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India. it is India's first fully digital literate panchayat.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Pullampara had a population of 22452 with 10730 males and 11722 females, There are so many arts and sports clubs situated in Pullampara.

## Achievements

Pullampara grama panchayat recently finished ‘Digi Pullampara’, a campaign to ensure total digital literacy among the people of the panchayat.The panchayat trained around 4,500 people from fifteen wards of around age group from 14 to 65.Now Pullampara has been selected as India's first fully digital literate panchayat.

## Attractions

The main attractions of this place are Meenmood waterfalls, Vengamala Devi Temple and Louis view point etc:- Also this place has a small public stadium near Pullampara Krishi bhavan.
# Mimmo Liguoro

Mimmo Liguoro (born July 16, 1941) is an Italian journalist. He was chief editor and host of TG2 from 1982 to 1995 and TG3 from 1995 to 2006.
He was born in Torre del Greco.
# Hieracium triangulare

Hieracium triangulare is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Asteraceae.
Synonym:
# Mir Ali

Mir Ali may refer to:

## People

* Mir Ali (cricketer) (born 1988), Pakistani cricketer
* Mir Ali Dost Bugti, a Pakistani judge
* Mir Ali Murad Talpur, the second ruler of the Mankani Talpurs state of Mirpurkhas in what is now Sindh Province, Pakistan
* Mir Ali Shir Nava'i, a 15th-century Central Asian politician and mystic
* Mir Ali Tabrizi, a 14th-century Persian calligrapher
* Mihr 'Ali, also spelt Mir Ali, a 19th-century Persian painter
* Mirali Qashqai (1907–1977), Azerbaijani and Soviet geologist
* Mirali Sharipov (born 1987), Uzbekistani judoka

## Places

* Mir Ali, Pakistan or Mirali, a town in western Pakistan
** Mir Ali Subdivision, the larger administrative division
* Mirali, Iran, a village in Iran
* Mirali Mausoleum, in Azerbaijan
# Parasyrinx alta

Parasyrinx alta is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk unassigned in the superfamily Conoidea.

## Description

Dimensions: length: 18 mm; breadth 7–5 mm; length of the aperture: 10mm.
The protoconch is composed of two elevated smooth whorls. The shell contains six whorls, smooth or only marked with growth-lines. They are very strongly and acutely keeled at the periphery, and show one or two inconspicuous spiral lineations, as an individual characteristic, above or below the keel. The body whorl is subangulate in front, denoting the position of growth as the suture became developed. The aperture is ovate, contracted anteriorly, and terminates in a rather long siphonal canal. The sinus is deep, situated between the keel and the suture, but nearer the former. The columella is twisted, covered with a smooth, thin deposit of shelly enamel.
(Original description) The shell has an elongato-fusiform shape. The spire is produced. The whorls are smooth and strongly keeled near the anterior end. Below the keel it is concave, with a low obtuse spiral rib on the body whorl. The aperture is ovate, and contracted anteriorly. The siphonal canal is long, straight and narrow.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Miocene strata in New Zealand.
# Pape

Pape or PAPE may refer to:
* Pape (given name)
* Pape (surname)
* Pape (TTC), a subway station in Toronto, Canada
* Pape, Montenegro, a village in northern Montenegro
* Pape, Missouri, a community in the United States
* Le Pape, a political tract in verse by Victor Hugo
* Pape Avenue Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario
* Pape Rock, Antarctica
* Pape Village, a commercial district in Toronto, Canada
* Pope (French: pape), head of the Roman Catholic Church
** By extension, "Pape" is Scottish slang for a Catholic
* Provider Authentication Policy Extension, an anti-phishing extension to OpenID
# Nggwahyi language

Nggwahyi (Ngwaxi, Ngwohi) is a minor Chadic language of Nigeria. Nggwahyi is considered a threatened language.
# Martigan Belt: An Adventure in the Asteroids

Martigan Belt: An Adventure in the Asteroids is a 1981 role-playing game adventure for Space Opera published by Fantasy Games Unlimited.

## Contents

Martigan Belt is an adventure involving Martigan III, which is the primary world in the Martigan system.

## Reception

William A. Barton reviewed Martigan Belt in The Space Gamer No. 45. Barton commented that "Overall, Martigan Belt is just a bit slim and lacking in completeness for its price. It's not as useful as it could have been, though it might still prove helpful for a starmaster just beginning the complex feat of constructing a Space Opera universe for his players."
# Palaquium rigidum

Palaquium rigidum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet rigidum means 'rigid', referring to the leaves.

## Description

Palaquium rigidum grows up to 25 metres (80 ft) tall. The bark is reddish grey. Inflorescences bear up to four flowers. The fruits are round, up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

Palaquium rigidum is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests.
# Paredes, Spain

Paredes is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 99.
# Parasyrinx

Parasyrinx is a genus of extinct sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks unassigned in the superfamily Conoidea.

## Species

Species within the genus Parasyrinx include:
* † Parasyrinx alta (G. F. Harris, 1897)
* † Parasyrinx anomala (Powell, 1942)
* † Parasyrinx powelli P. A. Maxwell, 1992
* † Parasyrinx subalta (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1919)

### Synonyms

* † Parasyrinx (Lirasyrinx) powelli P. A. Maxwell, 1992: synonym of † Parasyrinx powelli P. A. Maxwell, 1992
* † Parasyrinx finlayi R. S. Allan, 1926: synonym of † Cochlespira maorum (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)
# Mir-873 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology mir-873 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

## Dysmaculinisation in males

Significant miR-873 reductions have been observed in the brains of dysmasculinised second generation males following the introduction of prenatal stress factors. Sexual dimorphisms in the brain are altered and there is female-like expression of key neurodevelopment genes. The common target gene for miR-873, β-glycan, has increased expression. It is thought that miR-873, along with other miRNAs, may play a role in organisation of the sexually dimorphic brain due to a marked response to organisational testosterone.

## Chromatin remodelling

miR-873 is associated with translational regulation of factors involved in chromatin remodelling, and is downregulated by the human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transactivating protein, Tax. Specifically, it has been found to directly target the chromatin remodelling factors p300 and p/CAF.
# No Boundaries (The 5 Browns album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| hometheaterinfo.com | B+ |
No Boundaries is the second album from the classical piano group The 5 Browns.

## Critical reception

James Manheim of AllMusic writes, "U.S. marketers have been looking for a crossover blockbuster to match Britain's parade of chart-topping teens, and they may just have found one in this quintet of well-scrubbed Utah siblings (three girls, two boys) who won separate scholarships to the Juilliard School in New York. The best news is that the playing here is musically solid and the repertoire even a bit challenging"
Jed Distler of ClassicToday says, "These five brothers and sisters really can play!" and concludes his review with, "In all, this is an enjoyable disc, with something for everyone. But if the Browns seriously want to cultivate a 'No Boundaries' image, perhaps a programming and repertoire consultant can take them to the next level."
# Microzada

Microzada is a genus of moths of the subfamily Chloephorinae and the family Nolidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1912.

## Species

* Microzada amabilis (Saalmüller, 1891)
* Microzada anaemica Hampson, 1912
* Microzada similis Berio, 1956
* Microzada subrosea A. E. Prout, 1927
* Microzada vaovao Viette, 1988