OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Norris–La Guardia Act

The Norris–La Guardia Act (also known as the Anti-Injunction Bill) is a 1932 United States federal law relating to United States labor law. It banned yellow-dog contracts, barred the federal courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes, and created a positive right of noninterference by employers against workers joining trade unions. The common title comes from the names of the sponsors of the legislation: Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska and Representative Fiorello H. La Guardia of New York, both Republicans.

## History

In the 1917 United States Supreme Court case Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. Mitchell, 245 U.S. 229 (1917), the court established the Hitchman doctrine, which held that yellow-dog contracts were enforceable. In the aftermath of that case, the number of judicial injunctions against labor increased substantially, and organizing a union without the employer's consent became extremely difficult.
The law is formally the Act of March 23, 1932 (Ch. 90, 47 Stat. 70). It is currently codified at 29 U.S.C. ch. 6, starting at 29 U.S.C. § 101 et. seq.

## Overview

The Act states that yellow-dog contracts, where workers agree as a condition of employment not to join a labor union, are unenforceable in federal court. It also establishes that employees are free to form unions without employer interference and prevents the federal courts from issuing injunctions in nonviolent labor disputes. The three provisions include protecting worker's self-organization and liberty or "collective bargaining", removing jurisdiction from federal courts vis-a-vis the issuance of injunctions in non-violent labor disputes, and outlawing the "yellow-dog" contract.
Section 13A of the act was fully applied by the Supreme Court of the United States with a 1938 decision, New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., in an opinion authored by Justice Owen Roberts. The Court held that the act meant to prohibit employers from proscribing the peaceful dissemination of information concerning the terms and conditions of employment by those involved in an active labor dispute, even when such dissemination occurs on an employer's private property.

## In popular culture

The Living Theater play Injunction Granted features a scene in which a judge grants injunctions against many trade unions. There follows a scene in which the Norris - La Guardia Act is passed.
# Martin B. Einhorn

Martin B. Einhorn (14 August 1942) is an American theoretical physicist.

## Education and career

Einhorn received in 1965 his B.S. with honors from Caltech and in 1968 his Ph.D. from Princeton University under Marvin Leonard Goldberger. After postdoctoral positions at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), he became a staff physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). In 1976, he joined the faculty of the physics department of the University of Michigan where he was eventually promoted to full professor and retired as professor emeritus in 2004.
He was a visiting professor at NORDITA, SLAC, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Centre de physique des particules de Marseille [fr] (CPPM), and Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheva. In the 1990s he was on the Sakurai Prize selection committee.
   His research publications span topics in the parton model, perturbative and nonperturbative QCD, cosmology, Higgs physics, supersymmetric grand unification, mass singularities and their consequences, and extended technicolor models. His primary interest is in physics beyond the Standard Model.
Einhorn is an emeritus research professor of UCSB's Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and was the Institute's Deputy Director from 1990 to 1992 and from 2004 to 2013.

## Honors and awards

* 1978 — Department of Energy's Outstanding Junior Investigator Award
* 1991 — elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society
* 2003 — Guggenheim Fellowship

## Selected publications

* Einhorn, M. B; Ellis, S. D (1975). "Hadronic production of the new resonances: Probing gluon distribution". Phys. Rev. D. 12 (7): 2007–2014. Bibcode:1975PhRvD..12.2007E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.12.2007.
* Einhorn, M.B; Jones, D.R.T (1982). "The weak mixing angle and unification mass in supersymmetric SU(5)". Nuclear Physics B. 196 (3): 475–488. Bibcode:1982NuPhB.196..475E. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(82)90502-8. hdl:2027.42/24033.
* Ford, C; Jones, D. R. T; Stephenson, P. W; Einhorn, M. B (1993). "The effective potential and the renormalisation group". Nuclear Physics B. 395 (1993): 17–34. arXiv:hep-lat/9210033. Bibcode:1993NuPhB.395...17F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.286.4156. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(93)90206-5. S2CID 19170060.
* Einhorn, Martin B (1993). "Confinement, form factors, and deep-inelastic scattering in two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics". In: The Large N Expansion in Quantum Field Theory and Statistical Physics: From Spin-Systems to 2-Dimensional Gravity. pp. 125–145. doi:10.1142/9789814365802_0010. ISBN 978-981-02-0455-6.
* Arzt, C; Einhorn, M. B; Wudka, J (1995). "Patterns of deviation from the standard model". Nucl. Phys. B. 433 (1995): 41–66. arXiv:hep-ph/9405214. Bibcode:1995NuPhB.433...41A. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)00336-D. S2CID 119329526.
* Einhorn, Martin B; Timothy Jones, D. R (2010). "Inflation with non-minimal gravitational couplings and supergravity". Journal of High Energy Physics. 1003 (26): 26. arXiv:0912.2718. Bibcode:2010JHEP...03..026E. doi:10.1007/JHEP03(2010)026. S2CID 119242580.
# Matoušek

Matoušek (feminine Matoušková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bohuslav Matoušek (born 1949) Czech violinist
* Gabriela Matoušková, Czech footballer
* Iveta Matoušková, Czech handballer
* Jan Matoušek, Czech footballer
* Jan Matoušek (rower), Czech rower
* Jaroslav Matoušek, Czech athlete
* Jiří Matoušek (disambiguation), multiple people
* Josef Matoušek (historian), Czech historian
* Josef Matoušek (athlete), Czech athlete
* Karel Matoušek, Czech wrestler
* Kateřina Matoušková, Czech-Canadian figure skater
* Matylda Matoušková-Šínová, Czech gymnast
* Petr Matoušek, Czech cyclist
* Tomáš Matoušek, Slovak ice hockey player
# Magnolia sumatrana

Magnolia sumatrana is a species of magnolia that is endemic to Indonesia. It is native to Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi.
Two varieties are accepted:
* Magnolia sumatrana var. glauca (Blume) Figlar & Noot. – Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi
* Magnolia sumatrana var. sumatrana – western Sumatra
# Gymnopternus celer

Gymnopternus celer is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is found in the Palearctic.
# Hyperdramatic

Hyperdramatic is the second studio album by Canadian singer Damhnait Doyle, released in 2000 (see 2000 in music) on EMI Music Canada, four years after her debut album, Shadows Wake Me. The album was produced by Dave Hodge.
Doyle spent three years developing her songwriting skills and working on material for the album. Much of the material came from her personal journal entries that initially she had not intended to be lyrics. In contrast to her previous album, in which she co-wrote most of the lyrics but not the music, on Hyperdramatic she co-wrote all of the music as well. Songwriting collaborators included the album's producer, Dave Hodge, as well as Christopher Ward and Craig Northey.
The lead single, "Tattooed", charted in Canada, and its video was played in rotation on MuchMusic, MusiquePlus, and MuchMoreMusic. The Calgary Herald's album review called Doyle "moodier, more experienced, more focussed" compared to her first album, and said that "her voice soothes, slices, soars, all the while quaking with feeling." Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star praised the title track as well as Doyle's "nicely sharp-edged voice", but said that on the whole the album is "hampered by generic songwriting and dutifully stylized overproduction that's trying hard not to sound equally generic." Similarly, a review in the Edmonton Journal called the album "beautiful but creatively boring".
According to EMI, this album represented the first time a Canadian musician on a major label offered free downloads of the album (for a limited time).

## Track listing

* "Maybe It's You"
* "So Well"
* "Hyperdramatic"
* "Tattooed"
* "Learn to Crawl"
* "Lie to You"
* "Never Too Late"
* "Elusive Drug"
* "(Because I) Love Myself"
* "Sleep Past You"
* "Maybe a Son"
# New Zealand Society of Physiotherapists

The New Zealand Society of Physiotherapists (NZSP) is a professional body of physiotherapists in New Zealand. Membership of the society is optional, but demonstrates that a particular practitioner upholds certain standards including adherence to a code of conduct. Individuals who meet certain criteria may indicate their membership by using the letters MNZSP or FNZSP after their names.

## History

The society was established in 1950.
The motto, in Māori, is "kia akotahi tatou, kia kotahi ra" (let's learn and grow together).

## Branches

The society is made up of branches which represent geographical regions around the country. Each member of the society belongs to and is represented by a branch for the region in which they reside.
The branches are:
* Auckland
* Canterbury
* Hawkes Bay
* Middle Districts
* Nelson and Marlborough
* Northland
* North Shore City
* Otago
* Southland
* Waikato and Bay of Plenty
* Wellington

## Membership classes

* Member: Must be a New Zealand registered physiotherapist. A member may use the letters 'MNZSP' to indicate their membership.
* Associate: This is the class held by a student who wishes to join the society.
* Affiliate: A physiotherapy assistant working under supervision of a registered physiotherapist may hold this class.
* Fellow: This class is bestowed upon members at the discretion of the society. Those with this class of membership may use the letters FNZSP.

## Special interest groups

The society also supports a number of groups of practitioners who are interested in particular specialities within the profession. Membership of a special interest group is optional. The following special interest groups exist:
* Cardiothoracic
* Continence and Women's Health
* Hand Therapists
* Neurology
* New Zealand Manipulative Physiotherapists Association
* New Zealand Private Physiotherapy Association
* New Zealand Sports and Orthopaedic Physiotherapy Association
* Occupational Health
* Paediatric
* Physiotherapy Acupuncture Association of New Zealand
* Physiotherapy for the Older Adult
* Stress Management and Related Therapies
# 1760s in rail transport

This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1760s.

## 1763
### Births
#### December births

* December 28 – John Molson, established the Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad, the first railway into Canada (died 1836).

## 1765
### Births
#### Unknown date births

* Matthew Murray, English steam engine manufacturer (died 1826).

## 1767
### Events

* The first ever cast iron rails are laid at Coalbrookdale.
* Kambarka Engineering Works, now recognised for its rolling stock and locomotives, opens in current-day Urmdurt, Russia.
* Plans are drawn up for the construction of a canal between Witton Park and Stockton-on-Tees which instead becomes the route of the Stockton and Darlington Railway

### Births
#### May births

* May 31 – Edward Pease, first owner of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (died 1858).
# Lorenzo Sigaut

Lorenzo Juan Sigaut (born 6 June 1933) is an Argentine economist.

## Minister of Economy

He served as Minister of Economy of Argentina from April to December 1981, during the dictatorship of Roberto Eduardo Viola.
His term in office was marked by high inflation, external debt crisis and capital flight, that provoked an economic crisis which resulted in his replacement by Roberto Alemann.
His infamous quote "Anybody who bets on the dollar will lose" (El que apueste al dólar perderá), referring to those who had savings in United States dollars, became the laughing stock of Argentine economists for decades.
# Lorenzo Servitje

Lorenzo Servitje Sendra (Spanish pronunciation:), (November 20, 1918 – February 3, 2017) was a Mexican accountant and businessman, who co-founded Grupo Bimbo, the world's largest bakery company, in 1945 with four partners, Jaime Jorba, Jaime Sendra, Alfonso Velasco and José T. Mata.

## Biography

Servitje was born in Mexico City on November 20, 1918. His father, Juan Servitje, a baker by profession, and his mother, Josefina Sendra, had immigrated to Mexico from Catalonia in Spain. His granddaughter is the actress Marina de Tavira, who appeared in the film Roma.
Servitje is credited with expanding Bimbo from a small, Mexican baking company into a multinational conglomerate that has acquired more than 100 domestic and international brands, including Thomas', Entenmann's, Stroehmann, Oroweat and Freihofer's. Servitje was Bimbo's president from 1945 to 1981, and remained chairman until 1994.
He co-founded Bimbo in 1945 with ten delivery vans and thirty-eight employees. By 2017, Bimbo owned 100 brands in 22 countries. The company reported $10.7 billion in sales in 2015.

## Death

Lorenzo Servitje died in Mexico City on February 3, 2017, at the age of 98. He was predeceased by his wife, Carmen Montull Valles, who died in 2002, and survived by eight children, 24 grandchildren and 48 great-grandchildren.
His son, Daniel Servitje, is now the chairman and CEO of Grupo Bimbo.
Dignitaries in attendance at Servitje's funeral included Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, chairman of Grupo Carso Carlos Slim, and billionaire businessman Alberto Baillères.
# Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Beersheba

The Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Memorial is a monument near the Turkish Soldiers Monument in memory of the Ottoman soldiers who died during the Battle of Beersheba in Beersheba, Israel.

## History

The monument is located between the David Tuviyahu Avenue and the Ali Daivis Street on Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Plaza across from another memorial which is dedicated to the Ottoman soldiers who fell in the Battle of Beersheba (1917). It is next to a memorial commemorating the Allied (Australian and New Zealand) soldiers.
The monument was unveiled in a ceremony in 2008. It was attended by Turkey's Tel Aviv ambassador Namık Tan and other embassy personnel and military attaches. Also the Beersheba mayor Yaakov Terner and the ambassadors of the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and many Turkish expatriates attended the ceremony. The ambassador expressed the importance of the Ottoman Empire in the history of Beersheba and that he was glad that the memorial had finally been realized.
# Mustafa Pasha Mosque (disambiguation)

Mustafa Pasha Mosque is an Ottoman-era mosque in Skopje, Macedonia.
Mustafa Pasha Mosque may also refer to:
* Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque, an Ottoman-era mosque and former Byzantine-era church in Istanbul, Turkey
* Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque, an Ottoman-era mosque and former Byzantine-era church in Istanbul, Turkey
* Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque, an Ottoman-era mosque and former medieval church in Famagusta, Northern Cyprus
* Mustafa Pasha Mosque, an Ottoman-era mosque in Rhodes, Greece
# Mustafa Polutak

Mustafa Polutak (born 1 January 1946) is a former soldier in the Bosnian Army during the Bosnian War.
He completed the Military Academy direction of the Ordnance in Belgrade and Sarajevo between 1966 and 1970. Between 1980 and 1982, he completed command and staff of Academy in Belgrade (MA). He was promoted in rank of Brigadier general. Polutak also led the Association for the Protection of the achievements of the struggle for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Published several scientific articles in the journal "KORAK".
He is the author of the book: "Kako smo branili Bosnu i Hercegovinu" (How we defended Bosnia and Herzegovina).

## Career

* Commander of the Mixed Artillery Regiment
* Organizer and Coordinator of the Territorial Defence in the territory of Central Bosnia
* Commander of Tactical Group 1 "Igman"
* Member of the ŠVK ARBiH (Supreme Command Staff of Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* Head of Administration general in GŠ ARBiH (General Staff of Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* Commander of 4th Corps of Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Commander of Artillery Division of Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Head of the mobilization, organization and structure in ZKVFBIH (Joint Command of Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
# Gate capacitance

In electronics, gate capacitance is the capacitance of the gate terminal of a field-effect transistor (FET). It can be expressed as the absolute capacitance of the gate of a transistor, or as the capacitance per unit area of an integrated circuit technology, or as the capacitance per unit width of minimum-length transistors in a technology.
In generations of approximately Dennard scaling of metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs), the capacitance per unit area has increased inversely with device dimensions. Since the gate area has gone down by the square of device dimensions, the gate capacitance of a transistor has gone down in direct proportion with device dimensions. With Dennard scaling, the capacitance per unit of gate width has remained approximately constant; this measurement can include gate–source and gate–drain overlap capacitances. Other scalings are not uncommon; the voltages and gate oxide thicknesses have not always decreased as rapidly as device dimensions, so the gate capacitance per unit area has not increased as fast, and the capacitance per transistor width has sometimes decreased over generations.
The intrinsic gate capacitance (that is, ignoring fringing fields and other details) for a silicon-dioxide-insulated gate can be calculated from thin-oxide capacitance per unit area as:
    $C_{\mathrm {G} }=A_{\mathrm {G} }C_{\mathrm {ox} }$
where:
* A$_G$ is the gate area
* $C_{\mathrm {ox} }={\frac {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {SiO_{2}} }\varepsilon _{0}}{t_{\mathrm {ox} }}}$ is the thin-oxide capacitance per unit area, where
** ε$_{SiO2}$ = 3.9 is the relative permittivity of silicon dioxide
** ε$_0$ = 8.854×10$^{−12}$ F/m is the vacuum permittivity
** t$_{ox}$ is the oxide thickness.
# 1911–12 St. Louis Soccer League season

Final league standings for the 1911-12 St. Louis Soccer League.

## League standings

| Place | Team | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Points |
| 1 | St. Leo's | 15 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 34 | 15 | 24 |
| 2 | Innisfails | 15 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 29 | 16 | 19 |
| 3 | Irish American A.C. | 15 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 24 | 10 |
| 4 | Columbus Club | 15 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 31 | 7 |
# Mutton Mountains

The Mutton Mountains are a mountain range in Wasco County, Oregon.

## Geology

The Mutton Mountains compromise of one ancient, extinct Clarno volcano that erupted within the John Day Fossils Bed.
# Mutum River (Mato Grosso)

The Mutum River is a river of Mato Grosso state in western Brazil.
# 1912–13 Scottish Districts season

The 1912–13 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.

## History

Edinburgh District beat Glasgow District in the Inter-City match

## Results

| Date | Try | Conversion | Penalty | Dropped goal | Goal from mark | Notes |
| 1905–1947 | 3 points | 2 points | 3 points | 4 points | 3 points |

### Inter-City

* 7 December 1912
| Glasgow District | 6 - 13 | Edinburgh District |
| | Report | |
* New Anniesland, Glasgow
Glasgow District:
Edinburgh District:

### Trial matches

* 21 December 1912
| Blues Trial | 27 - 8 | Whites Trial |
| | Preview Report | |
* Inverleith
Blues Trial:
Whites Trial:
* 18 January 1913
| Scotland Probables | 15 - 6 | Scotland Possibles |
| | Preview Report | |
Scotland Probables:
Scotland Possibles:

### English matches

No other District matches played.

### International matches

* 27 November 1912
| Combined Scottish Districts | 6 - 13 | South Africa |
| | Report | |
* New Anniesland, Glasgow
Combined Scottish Districts:
South Africa:
# My Friend Leonard

My Friend Leonard is an autobiographical novel written by James Frey. Continuing where A Million Little Pieces left off, the book centers on the father-son relationship Frey develops with Leonard, a friend from the addiction clinic featured in his earlier book.
My Friend Leonard was published in June 2005 by Riverhead, and became a bestseller. Amazon.com editors selected My Friend Leonard as their #5 favorite book of 2005.
As with Frey's previous book, Leonard was marketed as a memoir, but after its release large parts of the story were cast into doubt, and the author later admitted that he had never actually been incarcerated as claimed in the book.

## Summary

The novel begins with Frey's release from an Ohio county jail. He anxiously drives to Chicago to see his girlfriend, Lilly, whose grandmother has just died. James and Lilly met in rehab (as mentioned in A Million Little Pieces) and Lilly was in a halfway house while James was in jail. Upon arriving in Chicago, James is informed by the director of the halfway house that Lilly committed suicide because she could not deal with the pain of losing her grandmother.
Desperate, James goes to a liquor store and buys the cheapest bottle of wine with the intention of drinking it. He spends the night in his car and does not drink the alcohol. James asks Leonard for thirty thousand dollars, which he uses to bury Lilly and her grandmother. Leonard had told James while they were in the treatment center that he would look out for James as though he were his son. He gives the money to James on two conditions: 1) James must agree to tell Leonard later what he did with the money, and 2) if James does decide to drink the bottle of wine (which he still keeps in his apartment), he must agree to call Leonard beforehand. Leonard goes into hiding and James does not hear from him for eighteen months. Finally, Leonard meets with James in San Francisco and they reconcile their relationship.
James must handle great adversity throughout the entire novel. He has to deal with people who aren't always reputable. And he battles with depression, but slowly grows from his experiences. This book carries on with the stream of consciousness-style narrative used in the popular and controversial book "A Million Little Pieces".
The rest of the novel deals with James' attempting to create a normal life for himself, and his learning how to deal with successes and failures outside of prison and rehab.