OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# M-separation

In statistics, m-separation is a measure of disconnectedness in ancestral graphs and a generalization of d-separation for directed acyclic graphs. It is the opposite of m-connectedness.
Suppose G is an ancestral graph. For given source and target nodes s and t and a set Z of nodes in G\{s, t}, m-connectedness can be defined as follows. Consider a path from s to t. An intermediate node on the path is called a collider if both edges on the path touching it are directed toward the node. The path is said to m-connect the nodes s and t, given Z, if and only if:
* every non-collider on the path is outside Z, and
* for each collider c on the path, either c is in Z or there is a directed path from c to an element of Z.
If s and t cannot be m-connected by any path satisfying the above conditions, then the nodes are said to be m-separated.
The definition can be extended to node sets S and T. Specifically, S and T are m-connected if each node in S can be m-connected to any node in T, and are m-separated otherwise.
# Glandular branches of the thyroid artery

Glandular branches of the thyroid artery may refer to:
* Glandular branches of the superior thyroid artery
* Glandular branches of the inferior thyroid artery
# Nanorana liebigii

Nanorana liebigii, also known as Sikkim paa frog, Liebig's paa frog, Liebig's frog, and spiny-armed frog, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in the Himalayas, specifically in Bhutan, southern Tibet (China), northern India, and Nepal. The specific name liebigii honours a certain "Dr von Liebig Jr.", likely referring to Justus von Liebig, German botanist and chemist.

## Description

Nanorana liebigii are relatively large frogs: adult males measure 67–103 mm (2.6–4.1 in) and adult females 90–118 mm (3.5–4.6 in) in snout–vent length. The body is stocky. The head is wider than it is long, and the snout is rounded. The tympanum is faintly visible. The toes are fully webbed. Skin is rough with scattered warts on the back and sides.
Tadpoles have long tail that is twice as long as the body, for maximum total length of about 82 mm (3.2 in).

## Habitat and conservation

Nanorana liebigii is found in stream habitats in high-altitude shrubland at elevations of 1,500–3,500 m (4,900–11,500 ft) above sea level. Breeding takes place in streams, and the eggs are deposited in water under stones. Eggs clutches contain some 80–140 white eggs. Males have been reported to guard the eggs, but this behavior is not ubiquitous.
Nanorana liebigii is common in parts of its range, but is considered rare in Tibet. It is locally threatened by habitat loss caused by clearance of shrubland and changes in waterway management, such as dam construction. Furthermore, in Nepal, Nanorana liebigii is collected for human consumption, and is also alleged to have therapeutic benefits; this practice can lead to local depletion. It is present in some protected areas, including the Yadong National Nature Reserve (Tibet), Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve (India), and Manaslu Conservation Area (Nepal). Nanorana liebigii is a protected species in India.
# Goniothalamus rhynchantherus

Goniothalamus rhynchantherus is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Giovanni Battista Coriolano

Giovanni Battista Coriolano (1590–1649) was an Italian engraver of the Baroque period.
He was almost certainly the son of the German transplant to Italy, the engraver Cristoforo Coriolano. Giovanni Battista was born and died in Bologna. He studied painting under Giovanni Luigi Valesio, but found little work painting in churches at Bologna. He painted a St. Nicholas and a St. Bruno for the church of Santa Anna; and an altarpiece of Saints John, James, & Bernard for the Nunziata.
He was more successful as an engraver, the main familial profession, and worked both on wood and on copper. His engravings in chiaroscuro are dated from 1619 to 1625. In style they recall Francesco Villamena. They include:
* Portrait of Vincenzo Sgualdi
* Fortunius Licetus
* Joannes Cottunius
* Image of the Virgin
* Miraculous Image of Virgin painted by St. Luke, held by 3 angels and Cupid sleeping after Reni
* Virgin and Child, & St. John after Alessandro Tiarini
* Christ crowned with thorns; etched in imitation of a woodcut after Lodovico Carracci
* Twenty-seven plates for the Emblemata moralia aere incisa et versibus italicis explicata (1628) of Paolo Maccio; the entire work consists of eighty-three plates on iconography; the remaining 56 being by Oliviero Gatti and A. Parasina
* Triumphal Arch in honor of Louis XIII
He also engraved a number of theses and frontispieces.
# Harduaganj

Harduaganj is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Aligarh district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The town is believed to be founded by Balram Dauji (elder brother of Krishna). An ancient temple dedicated to Dauji is located in the town. Mythologically, it is believed by the residents of this town that Dauji killed a demon by using "Hal" (plough)and then washed the "Hal" at this site, thereby, giving the name to this place as "Hal-dhuwa-ganj". Later on, the name was adjusted to "Harduaganj".
The 500 MW Harduaganj Thermal Power Station is located here.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Indian Census, Harduaganj had a total population of 13,690, of which 7,261 were males and 6,429 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,837. The total number of literates in Harduaganj was 8,182, which constituted 59.8% of the population with male literacy of 66.4% and female literacy of 52.2%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Harduaganj was 69.0%, of which male literacy rate was 76.5% and female literacy rate was 60.6%. The Scheduled Castes population was 2,105. Harduaganj had 2384 households in 2011.

## Agriculture

Agricultural land is extremely rich in minerals. The farmers produce wheat, maize, paddy, moong, channa, mustard, potato, vegetables, mangoes, guava, water melons, musk melons etc. The irrigation water is being supplied through a network of channels coming from Upper Ganga Canal.
The town has a wholesale grain market, wholesale vegetable market, wholesale fruit market and a large retail market for the general population

## Medical facilities

There is a big government hospital named after Lala Matru Mal Aggrawal who donated the land piece for the hospital. Quality medical facilities in the private sector are available.

## Educational Institutions

The town has many educational institutions, both Government as well as private such as Agrasen Inter College, Pt.Maujiram inter college affiliated by UP educational board,meanwhile many reputed CBSE schools are also there nearby the town.

## Religious places

Dauji temple, Bhuteshwar temple, Kali Mata temple and Jageshwar temple are the most famous temples of the town where a large number of devotees pay obeisance every day. An annual procession of Kali Mata along with a fair is organised in the town in which people from all faiths belonging to the town and the surrounding villages participate. A big ground, known as "Raavan wala Oosra" annually witnesses Dussehra celebrations where the effigy of Raavana is burnt on Vijaydashmi after 10 days of Ram Lila utsav. The town has Jama Masjid, Takia wali Masjid, Chhoti Masjid and a Shia Masjid where Muslims offer their prayers. One Madarsa is also located at the outskirts of the town where poor children get both religious and modern education. Shia Muslims organise annual Muharram procession through the town where people from all faiths witness the ceremonies and participate in various activities.

## Notable people

* Nathuram Sharma, Hindi and Urdu language poet
# Gian Luigi Polidoro

Gian Luigi Polidoro (4 February 1927 – 7 September 2000) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He directed 16 films between 1956 and 1998. His 1963 film Il diavolo won the Golden Bear at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Filmography
### Director

* La Corsa delle Rocche (1956)
* Power Among Men (1958)
* Paese d'America (1958)
* Oeuverture (1958)
* Le svedesi (1960)
* Hong Kong un addio (1963)
* Il diavolo (1963)
* Thrilling (1965)
* Una moglie americana (1965)
* La moglie giapponese (1968)
* Satyricon (1969)
* Fischia il sesso (1974)
* Permettete, signora, che ami vostra figlia (1974)
* Rent Control (1984)
* Sottozero (1987)
* Hitler's Strawberries (1998)

### Actor

* The Great War (1959) - (uncredited)
* The Conjugal Bed (1963) - Igi
* Kiss the Other Sheik (1963) - (segment "L'uomo dei 5 palloni") (uncredited)
* Top Crack (1967)
* Break Up (1968)

## Awards and nominations

* 1956 Cannes Film Festival (1956) — Short film competition: Best Documentary (La Corsa delle Rocche)
* Oscar (1959) nomination for Best Documentary, Short Subjects (Oeuverture, producer Thorold Dickinson)
* 1959 Cannes Film Festival (1959) — nomination for Best Short Film (Paese d'America)
* 13th Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear (1963) (Il diavolo)
* 21st Golden Globe Awards (1964) — nomination for Samuel Goldwyn International Award (Il diavolo)
# Geissberg (Germany)

Geissberg is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
48°50′36″N 8°51′05″E﻿ / ﻿48.84333°N 8.85139°E﻿ / 48.84333; 8.85139
* This Baden-Württemberg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Spring on West 78th Street

Spring on West 78th Street is a 1905 oil painting by the American Impressionist painter Childe Hassam. The artwork is part of the collection of the Seattle Art Museum.
# Otto Tregonan

Otto Tregonan (died 1439), of Tregonan, Cornwall, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Bodmin in 1410, 1411, November 1414, March 1416, 1417, May 1421 and 1425.
# Hennessy Ladies Cup

The Hennessy Ladies Cup was a women's professional golf tournament on the Ladies European Tour that took place in France and Germany.

## Winners

| Year | Venue | Location | Winner | Score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| Hennessy Cup |||||||
| 1997 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Laura Davies | 288 (E) | 1 stroke | Anne-Marie Knight |
| 1996 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Helen Alfredsson | 280 (−8) | Playoff | Liselotte Neumann Trish Johnson |
| 1995 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Annika Sörenstam | 271 (−17) | 1 stroke | Liselotte Neumann Trish Johnson |
| Hennessy Ladies Cup |||||||
| 1994 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Liselotte Neumann | 277 (−11) | 1 stroke | Alison Nicholas |
| 1993 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Liselotte Neumann | 280 (−8) | Playoff | Laura Davies |
| 1992 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Helen Alfredsson | 271 (−17) | 1 stroke | Trish Johnson |
| 1991 | Golf und Land Club Köln | Germany | Helen Alfredsson | 280 (−8) | Playoff | Corinne Dibnah Marie-Laure de Lorenzi |
| 1990 | Golf de Saint Germain | France | Trish Johnson | 285 (−3) | 3 strokes | Tammie Green Marie-Laure de Lorenzi |
| 1989 | Golf de Saint Germain | France | Marie-Laure de Lorenzi | 279 (−9) | 2 strokes | Corinne Dibnah Jody Rosenthal |
| 1988 | Golf de Saint Germain | France | Marie-Laure de Lorenzi | 284 (−4) | 1 stroke | Marjorie Jones Alison Nicholas |
| Hennessy Cognac Ladies Cup |||||||
| 1987 | Golf de Saint Germain | France | Kitrina Douglas | 283 (−5) | 3 strokes | Federica Dassù Nancy Lopez |
| 1986 | Golf de Chantilly | France | Kelly Leadbetter | 293 (+5) | 1 stroke | Karen Lunn |
| 1985 | Golf de Saint-Cloud | France | Jan Stephenson | 283 (−13) | 5 strokes | Laura Davies |
Source:
# Michael Donovan (disambiguation)

Michael Donovan (born 1953) is a Canadian voice actor.
Michael Donovan may also refer to:
* Michael Donovan (kidnapper) (1969–2024), jailed for the kidnapping of Shannon Matthews in January 2009
* Mike Donovan (musician) (born 1971), San Francisco based musician
* See Powell and Donovan for Mike Donovan, roboticist in Isaac Asimov stories
* Professor Mike Donovan (1847–1918), 19th-century middleweight boxing champion
* Mike Donovan (baseball) (1881–1938), American baseball player
* Mike Donovan, character in the science fiction TV series V, played by Marc Singer
* Michael Donovan (producer) (born 1953), Canadian film producer and screenwriter
* Mike Donovan (Dexter), a fictional character in the TV series Dexter
# Michael Metcalf (puritan)

Michael Metcalf (1586 – 27 December 1664) was an early English colonist in Massachusetts, who had been persecuted for his Puritan beliefs in his native England.
Metcalf was from Norwich, England and worked as a master weaver. His father was a Puritan minister. He was persecuted by Bishop Wren and the Church of England for his Puritan beliefs and, upon fleeing to Massachusetts, wrote a long letter addressed to "all true professors of Christ's gospel" in Norwich. He spoke of the "great trouble" he had with the "Arch-Deacon's and Bishop's court at the hands of my enemies concerning the matter of bowing as well as for other matters of like consequence."
Before the ecclesiastical court, Metcalf defended himself by quoting not only the Bible but also the church's own theologians. He related in his letter that their responses included "Blockhead, old heretic, the devil made you, I will send you to the devil." When his life was put in danger, his wife sometimes hid him in the thatched roof of their house. He left London on September 17, 1636, and arrived in New England on Christmas. He left his wife and children behind in England.
Metcalf was one of the first residents of Dedham, Massachusetts and a signer of the Covenant. In 1641, he served as Selectman. At the age of 70 he began teaching reading in the Dedham Public Schools, the first system of its kind in the country. In 1652, Metcalf purchased a joined armchair that is today the oldest dated piece of American furniture.
His descendant, Father Theodore Metcalf of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston, served as Master of Ceremonies at the laying of the cornerstone ceremony at St. Mary's Church in Dedham in 1880, 244 years after Metcalf arrived in Dedham.
# Oussou

Oussou is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Oussou Konan Anicet (1989–2022), Ivorian footballer
* Sidoine Oussou (born 1992), Beninese footballer
# Hemp Bound

Hemp Bound: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Next Agricultural Revolution is a 2014 book about hemp by Doug Fine. Kirkus Reviews said it was "A short, sweet, logical and funny argument for the potential of one of the world’s most dynamic cash crops." Boulder Weekly called it "a great addition to the literature surrounding a once-mainstay U.S. agricultural product". Reason said the book "is far from polemical or proselytizing. . . a narrative journey that includes visits with farmers, scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and politicians".
# Henry Bryan

Henry Bryan may refer to:
* Henry Hunter Bryan (1786–1835), U.S. Representative from Tennessee
* Henry Francis Bryan (1865–1944), United States Navy admiral and governor of American Samoa
# Oyoko

Oyoko is a small town in the Sekyere Kumawu District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The town is in the Kumawu parliamentary constituency. Oyoko is near Effiduase, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Kumasi, the regional capital.

## Notable places

There are two notable places in the town. One is the Optical Technician Training Institute (OTTI), which is the only school in Ghana for the training of opticians. The other notable place is the Westphalian Children's Village orphanage. Its clinic specializes in treating various eye conditions.
# 2017 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships – Women's K-1 1000 metres

The 2017 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships women's K-1 1000 metres race took place at the Sportcentrum Račice in Račice, Czech Republic.
The event took place between 25 and 27 August, 2017. It was won by Alyce Burnett of Australia.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| Friday 25 August 2017 | 12:36 | Heats |
| Friday 25 August 2017 | 17:29 | Semifinal |
| Sunday 27 August 2017 | 10:16 | Final |
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

## Results
### Heats

The three fastest finishers in each heat advanced directly to the final.
The next four fastest finishers in each heat, plus the fastest remaining finisher overall, advanced to the semifinal.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Kayaker | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Alyce Burnett | Australia | 3:54.232 | QF |
| 2 | Dóra Bodonyi | Hungary | 3:54.404 | QF |
| 3 | Tabea Medert | Germany | 4:04.259 | QF |
| 4 | Anna Kožíšková | Czech Republic | 4:08.998 | QS |
| 5 | Yuliia Kolesnik | Ukraine | 4:13.493 | QS |
| 6 | Livia Haudenschild | Switzerland | 4:14.159 | QS |
| 7 | Karolina Markiewicz | Poland | 4:15.559 | QS |
| 8 | Nina Riosa | Estonia | 4:17.665 | QS |
| – | Ragina Kiro | India | DNS | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Kayaker | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Karin Johansson | Sweden | 3:57.422 | QF |
| 2 | Rachel Cawthorn | Great Britain | 4:00.389 | QF |
| 3 | Dariya Baicheuskaya | Belarus | 4:01.045 | QF |
| 4 | Netta Malinen | Finland | 4:02.978 | QS |
| 5 | Laia Pelachs | Spain | 4:05.011 | QS |
| 6 | Hilal Avci | Turkey | 4:16.239 | QS |
| 7 | Geraldine Lee | Singapore | 4:17.222 | QS |
| 8 | Arezoo Hakimi | Iran | 4:22.689 | |

### Semifinal

The three fastest finishers advanced to the final.
| Rank | Kayaker | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Laia Pelachs | Spain | 4:02.282 | QF |
| 2 | Netta Malinen | Finland | 4:02.371 | QF |
| 3 | Anna Kožíšková | Czech Republic | 4:05.626 | QF |
| 4 | Karolina Markiewicz | Poland | 4:06.110 | |
| 5 | Yuliia Kolesnik | Ukraine | 4:12.160 | |
| 6 | Hilal Avci | Turkey | 4:12.338 | |
| 7 | Livia Haudenschild | Switzerland | 4:14.238 | |
| 8 | Geraldine Lee | Singapore | 4:18.649 | |
| 9 | Nina Riosa | Estonia | 4:19.760 | |

### Final

Medals were awarded to the top three finishers.
| Rank | Kayaker | Country | Time |
| | Alyce Burnett | Australia | 3:55.971 |
| | Karin Johansson | Sweden | 3:58.181 |
| | Rachel Cawthorn | Great Britain | 3:59.036 |
| 4 | Tabea Medert | Germany | 4:00.646 |
| 5 | Dóra Bodonyi | Hungary | 4:01.786 |
| 6 | Laia Pelachs | Spain | 4:02.631 |
| 7 | Dariya Baicheuskaya | Belarus | 4:02.751 |
| 8 | Netta Malinen | Finland | 4:04.881 |
| 9 | Anna Kožíšková | Czech Republic | 4:07.031 |
# Ovalene

Ovalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C$_{32}$H$_{14}$, which consists of ten peri-fused six-membered rings. It is very similar to coronene.
Ovalene is a reddish-orange compound. It is sparingly soluble in solvents such as benzene, toluene, and dichloromethane. Its solutions have a green fluorescence under UV light.
Ovalene has been shown to form in deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas and in the hydrocracking process of petroleum refining.
# Henri Fursy

Henri Fursy or Furcy (real name Henri Dreyfus, 26 February 1866 - 14 April 1929) was a French cabaret singer, director and lyricist.

## Life

Henri Dreyfus was born on 26 February 1866 in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris.
Under the stage name of Henri Fursy, he was a chansonnier, a singer of humorous songs, in Montmartre. He also directed several cabarets as a manager or owner, including the famous Le Chat Noir (The Black Cat), which he bought after the death of Rodolphe Salis and renamed La Boîte à Fursy (The Fursy Box). He also wrote songs for several Parisian artists of the early 20th century.
Henri Fursy was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1927. He died in Nice on 14 April 1929. Albert Michaud published a tribute after his death in Le Cornet (The Horn) where he says Fursy left a young widow and an adopted girl. He is buried in the cemetery of Montparnasse.
# Owls (composition)

Owls is a symphonic poem by the German-American composer André Previn. The work was commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra under James Levine. The world premiere was given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Previn on October 2, 2008.

## Composition

Owls is composed in a single movement and has a duration of roughly 15 minutes. Previn was inspired to write the piece after seeing a pair of young owls near his home in England. The owls had fallen from a tree behind his house, were nursed back to health, and were eventually returned to the wild.

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for an orchestra comprising two flutes (2nd doubling piccolo), two oboes (2nd doubling English horn), two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, timpani, percussion, celesta, harp, and strings.

## Reception

Reviewing the world premiere, of The Boston Globe called it an "easily accessible, openly lyrical" piece and wrote, "In his score, Previn runs with the idea of animals spotted in groups of two, dispensing woodwind instruments in pairs. The strings often speak in one massed voice, swelled up in lush sonorities..." Timothy Mangan of the Orange County Register described it as "a real charmer, a pastoral and nocturnal tone poem with the instruments featured in harmonized pairs, like the forest creatures they evoke." He added, "The piece is medium tempoed, barely bothers with climax, and ambles amiably. Its pleasures are quiet."
# Henry Giraudy

Henry Giraudy, O.B.E., Q.C., was a Saint Lucian politician best known as the co-founder and chairman of the United Workers Party (UWP) from 1964 until his death.
Giraudy was born in 1923. He was born and raised in Vieux Fort. He worked as an attorney.
Giraudy was the chairman of the UWP from 1964 until his death in 1993. He was elected to the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia from Vieux Fort constituency in the elections of 1964, 1967 and 1974. He was appointed as the President of the Senate of Saint Lucia in June 1982, and died while in office.
Giraudy was UWP's long-serving party chairman, and he was allegedly the power behind Premier John Compton.
Jeannine Giraudy-McIntyre and Mara Thompson are daughters of Henry.
# Ovenstadlia

Ovenstadlia is a village in Lier municipality, Norway. Located just north of the village Kjenner, it is a part of the urban area Kjenner, which has a population of 1,574.
# Henglong (former city)

Henglong (traditional Chinese: 橫隴; simplified Chinese: 横陇; pinyin: Hénglǒng is a former city in northern China.
A burst fascine there in 1034 diverted the Yellow River north into three separate courses east of Daming, one terminating in the Chi River, another in the You, the last in the Jin. The flood was recorded as reducing the revenues of the northern provinces by half, damage that had not been repaired before the even larger flood and course change in 1048.
# Henri Monod

Charles Henri Monod (18 May 1843 – 4 November 1911) was the head of the Direction d’Assistance publique (Directorate of Public Welfare) within the French Interior Ministry from 1887 to 1905. He also was a member of the Conseil Supérieur de l’Assistance publique (Higher Council for Public Welfare).
In 1892 Monod was elected a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine. He died in Paris in 1911.

## Awards and honours

Mr. Monod was a recipient of the Knight rank of the Legion of Honour. This was awarded to him on 12th July 1880.

## Personal life

Monod was born in Paris to Frédéric Monod and Suzanne Monod (née Smedley). His descendants include Nicholas Tucker, Emma Tucker, Jonty Stern and Tiffany Stern. Henri was the first cousin twice removed of Jacques Monod, who was also awarded the Legion of Honour. Henri was also the first cousin thrice removed to Jean-Luc Godard, the Swiss film-maker. Henri Monod's fourth cousin was Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Monod's great-great-great-grandfather was Paul de Rapin.