OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ngereteina Puna

Ngereteina Puna OBE (born 1938) is a former Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament and Cabinet Minister. He is the older brother of Prime Minister Henry Puna.
Puna grew up on Aitutaki. After graduating from Ardmore Teachers' Training College and the University of Auckland in New Zealand, he worked as a teacher. At the 1989 election he was elected as MP for Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara. After retiring from politics at the 1999 election he was appointed Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament, a position he held from 1999 until 2001. He went on to serve as Minister of Education in the Cook Islands Party government of Geoffrey Henry from 2011 to 2012.
In 1977, Puna was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1995 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the community.
Puna is currently based in Auckland, where he works as an advisor to Te Wānanga o Aotearoa.
Puna is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
Puna's father, Tuakeu Manuela, was a Member of the Legislative Assembly, and his older brother William Estall also served as a Cabinet Minister.
# Nightlife (disambiguation)

Nightlife is a human social activity.
Nightlife or Night Life or Nite Life may also refer to:

## Games

* Nightlife (role-playing game), a splatterpunk game
* Night Life (video game), the first adult game released in Japan
* The Sims 2: Nightlife, the second expansion pack for the video game The Sims 2

## Literature

* Nightlife (novel), a fantasy novel by Rob Thurman
* Nightlife, a novel by Thomas Perry
* Nightlife.ca, a Canadian bilingual lifestyle magazine

## Music

* Nightlife (quartet), an American barbershop group

### Albums

* Night Life (Billy Butler album), and the title song
* Nightlife (Cobra Verde album)
* Nightlife (Erase Errata album), and the title song
* Night Life (Jimi Hendrix album)
* Nightlife (Karl Wolf album), and the title song
* Night Life (Maxine Nightingale album)
* Night Life (Outsidaz album), and the title song
* Nightlife (Pet Shop Boys album)
* Night Life (Ray Price album)
* Nightlife (Thin Lizzy album), and the title song

### Extended plays

* Nightlife (Phantogram EP), a 2011 EP by Phantogram
* Night Life (Outsidaz EP), 2000

### Songs

* "Night Life" (Willie Nelson song), 1960
* "Nightlife" (song), by IAMX
* "Nightlife", by Aretha Franklin from Aretha Arrives
* "Night Life", by Bobby Vinton from Bobby Vinton Sings for Lonely Nights
* "Night Life", by Foreigner from 4
* "Nightlife", by Green Day from ¡Dos!
* "Nightlife", by Kenickie from At the Club
* "Nightlife", by John Foxx from The Pleasures of Electricity
* "Nightlife", by Scissor Sisters from Night Work
* "Night Life", by The Miracles from City of Angels
* "Night Life", by Zion I from Chapter 4

## Other media

* Night Life (1927 film), a silent American drama film
* Night Life (1989 film), an American zombie film
* Nightlife (radio program), an Australian late-night talkback radio show
* Nightlife (talk show), a 1986–1987 syndicated American late-night television talk show starring David Brenner
* The Nite Life, an Australian Christian pop radio program
* Nightlife, a painting by Archibald Motley, Jr

## Other uses

* NightLife, a regularly scheduled event at the California Academy of Sciences
# Grace United Methodist Church (Keene, New Hampshire)

Grace United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist Church building at 34 Court Street in Keene, New Hampshire. Built in 1869, it was designed by architect Shepard S. Woodcock, and is one of the largest churches in southwestern New Hampshire. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Its congregation moved in 2009 and was disbanded in 2016, and the building is (as of 2018) undergoing renovation for use as professional offices.

## Description and history

The former Grace United Methodist Church is in downtown Keene, a short way north of Central Square on the west side of Court Street. It is a large brick building with Gothic Revival styling. It has a gabled roof, with buttressing along the sides and at the corners. A tower with a tall spire rises from the right front corner, with a polychrome slate finish. There are three entrances on the main facade, one in the tower, one at the center below the main gable, and one to the left of a buttressed turret. The interior is two stories, with classrooms, vestry, and office spaces on the ground floor, and the main sanctuary on the second floor.
The Grace congregation was founded in 1832, and built its first house of worship in 1852. This church was built in 1868-69, to a design by Shepard S. Woodcock, a prolific regional architect working out of Boston, Massachusetts. It was built at the high cost of $40,000, beyond the means of its parishioners to afford; the congregation was in debt until 1896. Originally roofed in polychrome slate (similar to what appears on the spire), the roof was replaced after the 1938 New England Hurricane.
Due to dwindling enrollment, the Methodist congregation moved to rent smaller quarters in the Odd Fellows Hall on Marlboro Street, and was formally disbanded in 2016. The historic church's Steer and Turner organ was removed and sold to a German Catholic church. The building was purchased in 2018 by a businessman seeking to place his business there.
# 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 100 metres

The women's 100 metres event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg, Sweden, at Ullevi on 29 and 30 July 1999.

## Medalists

| Gold | Manuela Levorato Italy |
| Silver | Olena Pastushenko Ukraine |
| Bronze | Kim Gevaert Belgium |

## Results
### Final

30 July Wind: -0.2 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Manuela Levorato | Italy | 11.26 |
| | Olena Pastushenko | Ukraine | 11.33 |
| | Kim Gevaert | Belgium | 11.39 |
| 4 | Marion Wagner | Germany | 11.48 |
| 5 | Doris Deruel | France | 11.49 |
| 6 | Nadine Mahobah | France | 11.55 |
| 7 | Irena Sznajder | Poland | 11.61 |
| 8 | Marina Kislova | Russia | 11.65 |

### Heats

29 July Qualified: first 2 in each heat and 2 best to the Final

#### Heat 1

Wind: -0.5 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Doris Deruel | France | 11.47 | Q |
| 2 | Irena Sznajder | Poland | 11.58 | Q |
| 3 | Yekaterina Stankevich | Belarus | 11.86 | |
| 4 | Manuela Grillo | Italy | 11.89 | |
| 5 | Yuliya Lobisheva | Russia | 11.96 | |
| 6 | Abiodun Oyepitan | Great Britain | 25.00 | |

#### Heat 2

Wind: 0.9 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Manuela Levorato | Italy | 11.20 | Q, CR |
| 2 | Olena Pastushenko | Ukraine | 11.24 | Q |
| 3 | Marion Wagner | Germany | 11.38 | q |
| 4 | Nadine Mahobah | France | 11.49 | q |
| 5 | Annika Amundin | Sweden | 11.59 | |
| 6 | Agnieszka Rysiukiewicz | Poland | 11.64 | |

#### Heat 3

Wind: 0.4 m/s
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kim Gevaert | Belgium | 11.40 | Q |
| 2 | Marina Kislova | Russia | 11.54 | Q |
| 3 | Vukosava Đapić | Yugoslavia | 11.57 | |
| 4 | Alice Reuss | Germany | 11.63 | |
| 5 | Agnė Visockaitė | Lithuania | 11.68 | |
| 6 | Laura Seston | Great Britain | 11.73 | |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 18 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.
* Belarus (1)
* Belgium (1)
* France (2)
* Germany (2)
* Great Britain (2)
* Italy (2)
* Lithuania (1)
* Poland (2)
* Russia (2)
* Sweden (1)
* Ukraine (1)
* Yugoslavia (1)
# Litchfield Bears

Litchfield Bears Rugby League Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in Litchfield, Northern Territory formed in 1990. They conduct teams for both Juniors & Seniors teams.
# 1960–61 American Soccer League

Statistics of American Soccer League II in season 1960–61.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1 | Ukrainian Nationals | 14 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 60 | 10 | 26 |
| 2 | Falcons SC | 15 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 35 | 21 | 18 |
| 3 | New York Hakoah | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 27 | 25 | 17 |
| 4 | Fall River SC | 16 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 27 | 35 | 17 |
| 5 | Galicia SC | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 27 | 23 | 16 |
| 6 | Inter SC | 15 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 30 | 28 | 15 |
| 7 | Newark Portuguese | 16 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 30 | 43 | 14 |
| 8 | Brooklyn Italians | 14 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 23 | 11 |
| 9 | Baltimore Pompei | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 38 | 9 |
| 10 | Uhrik Truckers | 14 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 18 | 42 | 3 |
* ↑ +2 points?
# Marinobacter gudaonensis

Marinobacter gudaonensis is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from saline soil which was contaminated with oil from the Shengli Oil Field in China.
# Paredes

Paredes may refer to:

## Places
### Angola

* Paredes, Angola, a town and commune in the province of Bengo

### Portugal

* Paredes, Portugal, a municipality in the district of Porto
* Paredes (parish), a parish in the municipality of Paredes

### Spain

* Paredes, Spain, a municipality in the province of Cuenca, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha
* Paredes de Escalona, a municipality in the province of Toledo, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha
* Paredes de Nava, a municipality in the province of Palencia, in the autonomous community of Castile and León
* Paredes de Sigüenza, a municipality in the province of Guadalajara, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha
* Murias de Paredes, a municipality in the province of León, in the autonomous community of Castile and León

## Other uses

* Paredes (surname)
# Nora Norrish

Nora Norrish is a former female international table tennis player from England.

## Table tennis career

She represented England as part of the women's team for the 1934 Corbillon Cup (women's world team event) (held in December 1933). The team consisting of Dora Emdin, Margaret Osborne and Wendy Woodhead just outside of the medals and finished in fourth place.
She set a women's record of four Liverpool Championships from 1933 to 1936.

## Personal life

She represented Bootle at club level.
# Gimme Shelter (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Gimme Shelter is a compilation album by The Rolling Stones, released on Decca Records in 1971. It reached number 19 on the UK Albums Chart.
This is not a soundtrack album from the film of the same name. Side one is composed of previously released studio recordings from 1968 and 1969. Side two consists of tracks previously released on the US live album Got Live If You Want It! in 1966.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards except where noted.
Side one
* "Jumpin' Jack Flash"
* "Love in Vain" (Robert Johnson)
* "Honky Tonk Women"
* "Street Fighting Man"
* "Sympathy for the Devil"
* "Gimme Shelter"
Side two
* "Under My Thumb"
* "Time Is on My Side" (Norman Meade)
* "I've Been Loving You Too Long" (Otis Redding, Jerry Butler)
* "Fortune Teller" (Naomi Neville)
* "Lady Jane"
* "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

## Charts

| Chart (1971) | Peak position |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 30 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 19 |
# 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 10,000 metres

The women's 10,000 metres event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg, Sweden, at Ullevi on 30 July 1999.

## Medalists

| Gold | Olivera Jevtić Yugoslavia |
| Silver | Rosaria Console Italy |
| Bronze | Patricia Arribas Spain |

## Results
### Final

30 July
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Olivera Jevtić | Yugoslavia | 32:37.59 | CR |
| | Rosaria Console | Italy | 33:05.77 | |
| | Patricia Arribas | Spain | 33:23.01 | |
| 4 | Catherine Lallemand | Belgium | 33:27.90 | |
| 5 | Živilė Balčiūnaitė | Lithuania | 33:47.13 | |
| 6 | Ileana Dorca | Romania | 33:48.22 | |
| 7 | Manoli Domínguez | Spain | 34:09.80 | |
| 8 | Sandra Hervas | Spain | 34:12.95 | |
| 9 | Birhan Dagne | Great Britain | 34:24.70 | |
| 10 | Sheila Fairweather | Great Britain | 34:32.70 | |
| 11 | Elizabeth Allott | Great Britain | 34:59.79 | |
| | Beáta Rankoczai | Hungary | DNF | |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 12 athletes from 8 countries participated in the event.
* Belgium (1)
* Great Britain (3)
* Hungary (1)
* Italy (1)
* Lithuania (1)
* Romania (1)
* Spain (3)
* Yugoslavia (1)
# Gifford railway station

Gifford railway station served the village of Gifford, East Lothian, Scotland, from 1901 to 1933 on the Macmerry Branch.

## History

The station was opened on 14 October 1901 by the North British Railway. To the south was the station building, on the west side were two sidings and ok the south side was a railway cottage. The station closed on 3 April 1933.
# Grevenstein Formation

The Grevenstein Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Litchfield, Quebec

Litchfield is a municipality in the Outaouais region, part of the Pontiac Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the shores of the eastern channel of the Ottawa River at Calumet Island.
Its settlements include Vinton (once known as St-Elizabeth-de-Franktown) and Goldwin. Notable lakes include Litchfield, Leslie, and Ours (Bear) Lakes.

## History

Litchfield Township (spelled "Licthfield" on the Gale and Duberger map of 1795) was officially created in 1834. It was probably named after Lichfield, an English town in Staffordshire, north of Birmingham. On November 20, 1846, the township was incorporated with Alfred Lancaster as its first mayor. It was abolished the next year and became part of the Ottawa County Municipality. It was reestablished in 1855.
In 1863, the Municipality of Portage-du-Fort Village separated from Litchfield's territory, followed by Bryson in 1873, and by Campbell's Bay in 1904. Because Bryson was located in the narrowest part of the municipality, between L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet and Clarendon, it separated the municipality's territory in two.
In 1964, the Pontiac County Council (now Pontiac MRC) built its headquarters in Litchfield on Quebec Route 148 at the edge of Campbell's Bay.
On November 6, 2004, the Township Municipality of Litchfield changed its status to become the Municipality of Litchfield.

## Demographics
### Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1976 | 650 | — |
| 1981 | 583 | −10.3% |
| 1986 | 523 | −10.3% |
| 1991 | 493 | −5.7% |
| 1996 | 484 | −1.8% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2001 | 509 | +5.2% |
| 2006 | 483 | −5.1% |
| 2011 | 456 | −5.6% |
| 2016 | 459 | +0.7% |
| 2021 | 500 | +8.9% |
Source: Statistics Canada :

### Language

Mother tongue (2021):
* English as first language: 64.0%
* French as first language: 33.0%
* English and French as first language: 3.0%
* Other languages: 1.0%

## Local government

List of former mayors:
* Michael McCrank (2001–2013)
* Colleen Larivière (2013–present)
# 1946 Coupe de France final

The 1946 Coupe de France final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on 26 May 1946, that saw Lille OSC defeat Red Star OA 4–2 thanks to goals by Bolek Tempowski, René Bihel and Roger Vandooren (2).

## Match details

Georges Hatz :
| DF | Joseph Jadrejak |
| DF | Marceau Sommerlynck |
| DF | François Bourbotte | (c) |
| DF | Jean-Marie Prevost |
| MF | Roger Carré |
| MF | Roger Vandooren |
| FW | Jean Baratte |
| FW | René Bihel |
| FW | Bolek Tempowski |
| FW | Jean Lechantre |
| Manager: |||
| André Cheuva Assistant Referees: Fourth Official: ||||
Robert Germain :
| DF | Fernand Planques |
| DF | Justo Nuevo |
| DF | Paul Bersouillé | (c) |
| DF | Roger Mindonnet |
| MF | Lucien Leduc |
| MF | Alfred Aston |
| FW | Ben Mohammed Kadmiri |
| FW | André Simonyi |
| FW | René Lotzia |
| FW | Albert Moulet |
| Manager: |||
| Edmond Delfour ||||
# Mirror, Mirror (1979 film)

Mirror, Mirror is a 1979 American made-for-television drama film which explores the world of cosmetic surgery. Directed by Joanna Lee, the film stars Janet Leigh, Lee Meriwether, Loretta Swit, Robert Vaughn, Peter Bonerz and originally aired on NBC on October 10, 1979.

## Plot

Three women – Millie Gorman, Sandy McLaren and Vanessa Wagner – are having problems in their lives which they believe plastic surgery can solve. Millie is a wealthy widow convinced that her sex appeal has waned along with her looks and youth; Sandy is a bored housewife whose husband regards her more as a friend than a lover; and ex-model Vanessa, who now owns a modeling agency, fears the years showing on her face will ruin any chance she has of reuniting with a former lover.
Eventually, Sandy gets breast implants which have the opposite of the desired effect on her husband; Vanessa gets an eye-lift, only to find out her ex-lover wasn't worth the trouble; and Millie, in desperation to look younger and more attractive to men, puts her life in jeopardy when she has a face-lift despite her doctor's warnings.

## Cast

* Janet Leigh as Millie Gorman
* Lee Meriwether as Vanessa Wagner
* Loretta Swit as Sandy McLaren
* Robert Vaughn as Michael Jacoby
* Peter Bonerz as Andrew McLaren
* Robin Mattson as Pamela Gorman
* Walter Brooke as Dr. Samuel Shaw
# 2005–06 Barys Astana season

The 2004–05 Barys Astana season was the 7th season in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship and the 2nd season in the First League of the Russian Ice Hockey Championship, in parallel.

## Kazakhstan Hockey Championship
### Standings

| # | | GP | W | OTW | T | OTL | L | GF:GA | Pts |
| 1 | Kazakhmys Karagandy | 20 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 89:33 | 45 |
| 2 | Kazzinc-Torpedo | 20 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 80:47 | 41 |
| 3 | Gornyak Rudny | 20 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 82:54 | 37 |
| 4 | Barys Astana | 20 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 51:51 | 30 |
| 5 | Yertis Pavlodar | 20 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 71:75 | 20 |
| 6 | Yenbek Almaty | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 35:148 | 1 |

### Schedule and results

| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| 1 | L | September 9, 2005 | 1–0 | @ Gornyak Rudny | 0–0–0–0–1 |
| 2 | T | September 12, 2005 | 3–3 | @ Gornyak Rudny | 0–0–1–0–1 |
| 3 | W | September 12, 2005 | 3–1 | Yenbek Almaty | 1–0–3–0–2 |
| 4 | W | September 12, 2005 | 3–2 (OT) | Yenbek Almaty | 1–1–3–0–3 |
| 5 | T | September 16, 2005 | 3–3 | Kazakhmys Karagandy | 1–1–2–0–1 |
| 6 | L | September 17, 2005 | 0–1 | Kazakhmys Karagandy | 1–1–2–0–2 |
| 7 | T | November 1, 2005 | 2–2 | Kazzinc-Torpedo | 1–1–3–0–2 |
| 8 | L | November 2, 2005 | 0–3 | Kazzinc-Torpedo | 1–1–3–0–3 |
| 9 | W | December 6, 2005 | 1–3 | @ Yenbek Almaty | 2–1–3–0–2 |
| 10 | W | December 7, 2005 | 2–4 | @ Yenbek Almaty | 3–1–3–0–3 |
| 11 | W | January 8, 2006 | 4–2 | Gornyak Rudny | 4–1–3–0–2 |
| 12 | W | January 9, 2006 | 2–0 | Gornyak Rudny | 5–1–3–0–3 |
| 13 | W | January 20, 2006 | 2–1 | Yertis Pavlodar | 6–1–3–0–2 |
| 14 | W | January 21, 2006 | 6–3 | Yertis Pavlodar | 7–1–3–0–3 |
| 15 | W | April 5, 2006 | 3–2 | @ Yertis Pavlodar | 8–1–3–0–2 |
| 16 | T | April 6, 2006 | 2–2 | @ Yertis Pavlodar | 9–1–4–0–3 |
| 17 | L | April 16, 2006 | 1–4 | @ Kazzinc-Torpedo | 9–1–4–0–4 |
| 18 | L | April 17, 2006 | 3–5 | @ Kazzinc-Torpedo | 9–1–4–0–5 |
| 19 | L | April 29, 2006 | 3–5 | @ Kazakhmys Karagandy | 9–1–4–0–6 |
| 20 | L | April 30, 2006 | 2–6 | @ Kazakhmys Karagandy | 9–1–4–0–7 |
# Marijn Franx

Marijn Franx (born 20 July 1960) is a Dutch professor of astronomy at Leiden University. He was a winner of the 2010 Spinoza Prize. His research focuses on the formation and evolution of galaxies. He is involved with both the Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes.

## Career

Franx was born on 20 July 1960 in Eindhoven. He studied astronomy at Leiden University and graduated cum laude in 1984. Four years later he obtained his doctorate from the same university. From 1988 to 1991 Franx was a Junior Fellow of Harvard University. In 1991 he became a Hubble Fellow. Between 1993 and 1998 he was professor of astronomy at the University of Groningen, he then moved to Leiden University where he has held the same position since.
In 2008 Franx received a European Research Council Advanced grant of 1.5 million euro. He is member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2009.
In 2010 he was one of four winners of the Dutch Spinoza Prize and received a 2.5 million euro grant. The awarding organisation, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, praised Franx for being the lead Dutch scientist to use the Hubble Space Telescope and his research on the formation and evolution of galaxies. Franx is the only Dutch scientist to work on the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope.
In March 2016 it was announced that a team of researchers, including Franx, had discovered the farthest galaxy thus far, located at 13.4 billion lightyears.
# 2005–06 All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship

The 2005–06 All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship was the third staging of the All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2002.
The All-Ireland final was played on 12 February 2006 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Fr. O'Neill's from Cork and Erin's Own from Carlow, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Fr. O'Neill's won the match by 2-16 to 2-10 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.

## Championship statistics
### Miscellaneous

* Erin's Own became the first Carlow club to win a Leinster Championship title in any grade.
# 2005–06 All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship

The 2005–06 All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship was the fifth staging of the All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association.
The All-Ireland final was played on 19 February 2006 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Ardfert and Loughrea. Ardfert won the match by 1-07 to 0-09 to claim their first ever championship title.
# Marinosulfonomonas

In taxonomy, "Marinosulfonomonas" is a genus.
# Nobue

Nobue (written: 信恵) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Betty Nobue Kano (born 1944), Japanese artist
* Nobue Yamazaki (山崎 信恵, born 1950), Japanese gymnast

## Fictional characters

* Nobue Ito (伊藤 伸恵), a character in the manga series Strawberry Marshmallow
* Nobue Todoroki (轟 信恵), a character in the anime series A Place Further than the Universe
# Noel Corngold

Noel Robert David Corngold (1929 – January 23, 2022) was an American physicist. He was a professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology.

## Biography

Corngold was born in Brooklyn in 1929. He was bedridden for a year prior to college with rheumatic fever and used that sabbatical to study physics, calculus and chess before receiving his B.A. magna cum laude from Columbia College in 1950. At Columbia, he was a student of Isidor Isaac Rabi. After graduation, he received his PhD from Harvard University, where he was supervised by Nobel laureate Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. His doctoral thesis was based on his experimental work conducted in the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Corngold stayed on as a reactor physics theorist at Brookhaven for 12 years. In 1966, he was recruited by California Institute of Technology professor Harold Lurie to start a program in nuclear energy and received a professorship in applied science. He was also named a fellow of the American Nuclear Society. His early research focused on the mathematical problems in the field of nuclear reactor physics and his later research focused on the qualities of pure electron plasmas. He was also known for studying the behavior of neutrons in reactors.
Corngold joined Caltech's applied physics department in the 1970s and remained a professor until his retirement. He received the Arthur Holly Compton Award for "outstanding contribution to education in the field of science and engineering" and the Eugene P. Wigner Award for "outstanding contributions toward the advancement in the field of nuclear reactor physics" from the American Nuclear Society. His students at Caltech included Robert W. Conn, former president and CEO of the Kavli Foundation and James Duderstadt, former president of the University of Michigan.
Corngold died on January 23, 2022.