# Misumalpan languages

The Misumalpan languages (also Misumalpa or Misuluan) are a small family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. The name "Misumalpan" was devised by John Alden Mason and is composed of syllables from the names of the family's three members Miskito, Sumo languages and Matagalpan. It was first recognized by Walter Lehmann in 1920. While all the languages of the Matagalpan branch are now extinct, the Miskito and Sumu languages are alive and well: Miskito has almost 200,000 speakers and serves as a second language for speakers of other indigenous languages in the Mosquito Coast. According to Hale, most speakers of Sumu also speak Miskito.

## External relations

Kaufman (1990) finds a connection with Macro-Chibchan to be "convincing", but Misumalpan specialist Ken Hale considered a possible connection between Chibchan and Misumalpan to be "too distant to establish".

## Classification

* Miskito – nearly 200,000 speakers, mainly in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, but including some in Honduras.
* Sumalpan languages:
** Sumo languages – some 8,000 speakers along the Huaspuc River and its tributaries, most in Nicaragua but some in Honduras. Many of them have shifted to Miskito.
*** Mayangna - dominant variety of the Sumo family
*** Ulwa
** Matagalpan
*** Cacaopera † – formerly spoken in the Morazán department of El Salvador; and
*** Matagalpa † – formerly spoken in the central highlands of Nicaragua and the El Paraíso department of Honduras
Miskito became the dominant language of the Mosquito Coast from the late 17th century on, as a result of the people's alliance with the British Empire, which colonized the area. In northeastern Nicaragua, it continues to be adopted by former speakers of Sumo. Its sociolinguistic status is lower than that of the English-based creole of the southeast, and in that region, Miskito seems to be losing ground. Sumo is endangered in most areas where it is found, although some evidence suggests that it was dominant in the region before the ascendancy of Miskito. The Matagalpan languages are long since extinct, and not very well documented.
All Misumalpan languages share the same phonology, apart from phonotactics. The consonants are p, b, t, d, k, s, h, w, y, and voiced and voiceless versions of m, n, ng, l, r; the vowels are short and long versions of a, i, u.

### Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Misumalpan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

#### Mosquito group

* Mosquito / Miskito - language spoken on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras, Central America. Dialects are:
** Kâbô - spoken on the Nicaraguan coast.
** Baldam - spoken on the Sandy Bay and near Bimuna.
** Tawira / Tauira / Tangwera - spoken on the Prinzapolca River.
** Wanki - spoken on the Coco River and on the Cabo Gracias a Dios.
** Mam / Cueta - spoken on the left bank of the Coco River, Honduras.
** Chuchure - extinct dialect once spoken around Nombre de Dios, Panama. (Unattested.)
* Ulua / Wulwa / Gaula / Oldwaw / Taulepa - spoken on the Ulúa River and Carca River, Nicaragua.
* Sumu / Simou / Smus / Albauin - spoken on the Prinzapolca River, Nicaragua. Dialects are:
** Bawihka - spoken on the Banbana River.
** Tawihka / Táuaxka / Twaca / Taga - spoken between the Coco River and Prinzapolca River.
** Panamaca - spoken between the Pispis River, Waspuc River, and Bocay River.
** Cucra / Cockorack - spoken on the Escondido River and Siqui River.
** Yosco - spoken on the Tuma River and Bocay River. (Unattested.)

#### Matagalpa group

* Matagalpa / Chontal / Popoluca - extinct language once spoken from the Tumo River to the Olama River, Nicaragua.
* Jinotega / Chingo - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Jinotega and Danlí, Nicaragua. (only several words.)
* Cacaopera - spoken in the villages of Cacaopera and Lislique, El Salvador.

## Proto-language

Below are Proto-Misumalpan reconstructions by Adolfo Constenla Umaña (1987):
| No. | Spanish gloss (original) | English gloss (translated) | Proto-Misumalpan |
| 1 | abuela | grandmother | titiŋ |
| 2 | abuelo | grandfather | *nini |
| 3 | acostarse | lie down | *udaŋ |
| 4 | agua | water | *li |
| 5 | amarillo | yellow | *lalalh |
| 6 | árbol | tree | *ban |
| 7 | arena | sand | *kawh |
| 8 | atar | tie | *widi |
| 9 | ayote | pumpkin | |
| 10 | beber | drink (v.) | *di |
| 11 | boca | mouth | *ta |
| 12 | bueno | good | *jam- |
| 13 | búho | owl | *iskidi |
| 14 | cantárida | Spanish fly | *mada |
| 15 | caracol | snail | *suni |
| 16 | caramba | interjection | *anaj |
| 17 | casa | house | *u |
| 18 | cocer | cook (tr.) | *bja |
| 19 | cocerse | cook (intr.) | *wad |
| 20 | colibrí | hummingbird | *sud |
| 21 | cuarta persona | fourth person | *-ni |
| 22 | chica de maíz | corn girl | *sili |
| 23 | chile | chile | *kuma |
| 24 | dar | give | *a |
| 25 | dinero | money | *lihwan |
| 26 | dormir | sleep | *jabu |
| 27 | dos | two | *bu |
| 28 | esposa | wife | *maja |
| 29 | estar | to be | *da |
| 30 | exhortativo-imperativo plural | plural exhortative-imperative verb | *-naw |
| 31 | flecha | arrow | |
| 32 | formativo de verbo intransitivo | formative intransitive verb | *-wa |
| 33 | gallinácea silvestre | wild fowl | |
| 34 | garrapata | tick | *mata |
| 35 | garza | heron | *udu |
| 36 | guardar | watch (v.) | *ubak |
| 37 | guatusa | Dasyprocta punctata | *kjaki |
| 38 | gusano | worm | *bid |
| 39 | hierro | iron | *jasama |
| 40 | humo | smoke | |
| 41 | interrogativo | interrogative | *ma |
| 42 | interrogativo | interrogative | *ja |
| 43 | ir | go | *wa |
| 44 | jocote | Spondias purpurea | *wudak |
| 45 | lejos | far | *naj |
| 46 | lengua | tongue | *tu |
| 47 | luna | moon | *wajku |
| 48 | llamarse | be called, named | *ajaŋ |
| 49 | maíz | corn | *aja |
| 50 | maduro | mature | *ahawa |
| 51 | matapalo | strangler fig | *laka |
| 52 | mentir | lie | *ajlas |
| 53 | mujer | woman | *jwada |
| 54 | murciélago | bat | *umis |
| 55 | nariz | nose | *nam |
| 56 | negativo (sufijo verbal) | negative (verbal suffix) | *-san |
| 57 | nube | cloud | *amu |
| 58 | ocote | Pinus spp. | *kuh |
| 59 | oír | hear | *wada |
| 60 | oler (intr.) | smell (intr.) | *walab |
| 61 | oreja | ear | *tupal |
| 62 | orina | urine | *usu |
| 63 | perezoso | lazy | *saja |
| 64 | pesado | heavy | *wida |
| 65 | piedra | stone | *walpa |
| 66 | piel | skin | *kutak |
| 67 | piojo | louse | |
| 68 | pléyades | Pleiades | *kadu |
| 69 | podrido | rotten | |
| 70 | meter | place, put | *kan |
| 71 | pozol | pozol | *sawa |
| 72 | presente (sufijo verbal) | present (verbal suffix) | *ta |
| 73 | primera persona (sufijo) | first person (suffix) | *-i |
| 74 | primera persona (sufijo) | first person (suffix) | *-ki |
| 75 | red | net | *wali |
| 76 | rodilla | knee | *kadasmak |
| 77 | rojo | red | *paw |
| 78 | sangre | blood | *a |
| 79 | segunda persona (sufijo) | second person (suffix) | *-ma |
| 80 | tacaní (tipo de abeja) | tacaní (type of bee) | *walaŋ |
| 81 | tepezcuintle (paca) | Cuniculus paca | *uja |
| 82 | tercer persona (sufijo) | third person (suffix) | *-ka |
| 83 | teta | nipple | *tja |
| 84 | teta | nipple | *su |
| 85 | tigre | jaguar | |
| 86 | tos | cough | *anaŋ |
| 87 | tú | you (sg.) | *man |
| 88 | verde | green | *saŋ |
| 89 | viento | wind | *win |
| 90 | yerno | son-in-law | *u |
| 91 | yo | I | *jam |
| 92 | zacate | grass | *tun |
| 93 | zopilote | vulture | *kusma |
| 94 | zorro hediondo | skunk | *wasala |