OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Inarwa Phulbariya

Inarwa Phulbariya is a village in Khadak Municipality (which is in ward number 10) in Saptari District in the Sagarmatha Zone of South-Eastern Nepal. It is the former Village Development Committee of Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, it had a population of 5,403 people living in 1,027 individual households.
# Geoffrey Harington Thompson

Sir Geoffrey Harington Thompson, GBE, KCMG (12 March 1898 – 26 January 1967) was a British diplomat. He was British Ambassador to Thailand from 1946 to 1950 (Minister from 1946 to 1947) and British Ambassador to Brazil from 1952 to 1956.

## Biography

The son of Lieutenant-Colonel Croasdale Miller Thompson, IMS, and Ella Dalziel Harington, Thompson was educated at Eastman's Royal Naval Academy, Southsea and Westminster School. He was commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery (Special Reserve) in 1917, and served in France and Flanders in 1917–18, where he was wounded, and in Rhine in 1919.
He was appointed a Third Secretary HM Diplomatic Service in 1920, transferred to Rio de Janeiro the same year, and to Washington D.C. in 1922. Promoted to Second Secretary in 1923, he was transferred to the Foreign Office in 1927, and to Santiago in 1931, where he acted as chargé d'affaires in 1932 and 1933. Promoted to First Secretary in 1932, he was transferred to the Foreign Office in 1934, and to the British Embassy to Spain in Valencia, then to Hendaye (where it had been evacuated) in 1937; he was chargé d'affaires there in September 1937 and in January–June 1938. Transferred to the Foreign Office in September in 1938, he was attached to the Imperial Defence College from January to October 1939, before returning to the Foreign Office. He was appointed acting Counsellor of Embassy at Ankara in 1941, and transferred to Baghdad in 1942, where he was chargé d'affaires in 1942, 1943, 1944, and 1945. He was promoted to Counsellor in 1943.
In 1946, Thompson was appointed British Minister to Thailand, and became Ambassador when relations were upgraded in 1947, serving there until 1950. From 1950 to 1951, he was a civilian instructor at the Imperial Defence College. He was British Ambassador to Brazil from 1952 to 1956, when he retired.
In retirement, Thompson became a director of Atlas Assurance Company, and published his memoirs, Front-line Diplomat (Hutchinson, 1959).
Thompson was appointed CMG in 1933, promoted to KCMG in 1949, and appointed a GBE in 1957.

## Family

Thompson married in 1926 Louise Sewall of Englewood, New Jersey; they had a son and a daughter. The marriage was dissolved in 1943, when he married Hilda Alice, daughter of the Rev. D. Westcott, DD.
# Playas, New Mexico

Playas is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 74.

## History

It is a former company town, named after a nearby former settlement along the Southern Pacific Railroad. It was developed by the Phelps Dodge Corporation in the 1970s for employees of its then-new Hidalgo Copper Smelter, located 10 miles (16 km) south of the development. Over 270 rental homes, six apartment buildings, a post office, grocery/dry goods store (Phelps Dodge Mercantile), medical clinic with heliport, a bowling alley ("Copper Pins"), grill, a rodeo arena, horse stables, a fitness center, a shooting range, an airstrip and a swimming pool were built for the community, which even has its own ZIP Code (88009). At its peak, the town had about 1,100 residents and included two churches built on land leased from the mining company.
The smelter, which included state of the art environmental controls, a power plant and sulfuric acid plants, was closed by the company as part of a move towards new processing technologies for processing copper concentrates. Declining copper prices accelerated the closure in 1999; all of its residents were required to leave within a year, though a skeleton crew of about a dozen employees remained in the area. Before completion of razing the plant and reclamation of the site, the smelter, about 30 miles (48 km) north of the border with Mexico, was nicknamed La Estrella del Norte by illegal migrants using its lights as a beacon for crossing into the country.
Four years later, New Mexico Tech agreed to purchase the town and the surrounding 1,200 acres (490 ha) for $5 million, using Department of Homeland Security funds secured by Senator Pete Domenici. The town is now a training and research facility (the Playas Training and Research Center, operated by New Mexico Tech's EMRTC) for the university's first responders, counter-terrorism, and Air Force programs, supported by tens of millions of dollars in federal funds.

## Geography

Playas is located in eastern Hidalgo County and is bordered to the east by Grant County. It is at the south terminus of New Mexico State Road 113 5 miles (8 km) south of New Mexico State Road 9, 15 miles (24 km) east-southeast of Animas, 15 miles (24 km) west of Hachita and 32 miles (51 km) south of Lordsburg, the Hidalgo County seat. It sits at the northwestern base of the Little Hatchet Mountains, on the east side of the Playas Valley.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Playas CDP has an area of 1.9 square miles (4.8 km$^2$), all land.
# AM1*

AM1* is a semiempirical molecular orbital technique in computational chemistry. The method was developed by Timothy Clark and co-workers (in Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) and published first in 2003.
Indeed, AM1* is an extension of AM1 molecular orbital theory and uses AM1 parameters and theory unchanged for the elements H, C, N, O and F. But, other elements have been parameterized using an additional set of d-orbitals in the basis set and with two-center core–core parameters, rather than the Gaussian functions used to modify the core–core potential in AM1. Additionally, for transition metal-hydrogen interactions, a distance dependent term is used to calculate core-core potentials rather than the constant term.
AM1* parameters are now available for H, C, N, O, F, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, I and Au.
AM1* is implemented in VAMP 10.0 and Materials Studio (Accelrys Software Inc.).
# Molosmes

Molosmes (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
# 3917 Franz Schubert

3917 Franz Schubert, provisional designation 1961 CX, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 February 1961, by astronomer Freimut Börngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after Austrian composer Franz Schubert.

## Orbit and classification

Franz Schubert is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days; semi-major axis of 2.36 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Tautenburg in February 1961.

## Physical characteristics
### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Franz Schubert measures 5.129 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.321.

### Rotation period

As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Franz Schubert has been from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Austrian composer Franz Schubert (1797–1828). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1989 (M.P.C. 14208).
# Plešivo

Plešivo (pronounced) is a settlement southwest of Dobrovo in the Municipality of Brda in the Littoral region of Slovenia on the border with Italy.
# Mycena noctilucens

Mycena noctilucens is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The species was first described scientifically by E.J.H. Corner in 1954. Found in Malaysia and the Pacific islands, the mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.
# Playami Beach

Playami Beach is a beach in Tijuana. It is the site of Los Arcos, or The Arches, of Playas de Tijuana. Playami is located on the boardwalk that runs down the northern length of Tijuana's coastline. Playami beach is also known as Playas de Tijuana. Playas de Tijuana is a community that is known for its tranquility, kindness and harmony. The sunsets are Playas de Tijuana presence of great beauty, as you can see the Pacific Ocean, Coronado Island and Coronado Bay and the skyscrapers of downtown San Diego, California.
# Peter Young (skier)

Peter Young is a former British cross-country skier and seven time Paralympian. He won two medals in cross-country skiing for Britain in 1984 and 1994. He is the only British person in the Olympics or Paralympics to have won a medal in cross-country skiing.
# Henry Peters (British politician)

Henry Peters (c. 1763 – 21 December 1827) was the Member of Parliament for Oxford from May 1796 to 1802.
He was the second son of George Peters, a merchant in the Russia Company and was educated at Lincoln's Inn (1777) and St John's College, Cambridge.
He became a banker, partner in the firm of Masterman & Co., and served as a Director of the South Sea Company in 1790. He was backed for Parliament by a group in Oxford opposed to local aristocratic interests and sat as MP for Oxford from 1796 to 1802. He was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey for 1818–19.
He married Charlotte Mary, the daughter of Lt.-Gen. George Morrison of Sion Hill, nr. Barnet, Middlesex, with whom he had 5 sons and 5 daughters.
# Merchants of death

Merchants of death was an epithet used in the U.S. in the 1930s to attack industries and banks that had supplied and funded World War I (then called the Great War).

## Origin

The term originated in 1932 as the title of an article in Le Crapouillot by French journalist Xavier de Hauteclocque [fr] about a British arms dealer named Basil Zaharoff, originally called in French "Sir Basil Zaharoff, le magnat de la mort subite" and translated as "Zaharoff, Merchant of Death." Hautcloque referred to Zaharoff as "marchand de mort subite," which had many idiomatic meanings in French but wasn't used to refer to arms dealers.
It was then borrowed for the title of the book Merchants of Death (1934), an exposé by H. C. Engelbrecht and F. C. Hanighen.

## United States

The term was popular in antiwar circles of both the left and the right, and was used extensively regarding the Senate hearings in 1936 by the Nye Committee. The Senate hearing examined how much influence the manufacturers of armaments had in the American decision to enter World War I. Ninety-three hearings were held, over 200 witnesses were called, and little hard evidence of a conspiracy was found. The Nye Committee came to an end when Chairman Nye accused President Woodrow Wilson of withholding information from Congress when he chose to enter World War I. The failure of the committee to find a conspiracy did not change public prejudice against the manufactures of armaments, thus the popular name "merchants of death".

## Nye Report findings

Extraordinary arms sales produce fear, hostility, greater munitions orders, economic strain and collapse or war. Munitions companies engaged in bribery of foreign governmental officials to secure business. Profits flowed from German orders for aviation materiel. Munitions companies evaded the embargo of arms to China. The committee also found price-fixing agreements and profit-sharing arrangements.

### Great Britain

Similar allegations in Great Britain resulted in a major government inquiry in 1935–1936.

## Book topics

Merchants of Death (1934) covers the history of the Arms industry. Featured companies include DuPont, Colt, Remington, Vickers, Schneider-Creusot, Krupp, and Škoda Works. Individuals include Hiram Maxim and Basil Zaharoff. Arms profits before and during World War I are compared.$^{:159}$ The growth of Japanese armaments is covered.
# Paul Townsend (disambiguation)

Paul Townsend is a British physicist.
Paul Towns(h)end may also refer to:
* Paul Townsend, guitarist for Hundred Reasons
* Paul Townsend, performer at Knott's Berry Farm's Wild West Stunt show
* Paul Townshend, musician, brother of Pete Townshend
# 3915 Fukushima

3915 Fukushima, provisional designation 1988 PA$_1$, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 15 August 1988, by Japanese astronomers Masayuki Yanai and Kazuro Watanabe at the Kitami Observatory in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and named after amateur astronomer Hisao Fukushima.

## Orbit and classification

Fukushima orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1926 GQ at Heidelberg Observatory in 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 62 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kitami.

## Physical characteristics

Fukushima has been characterized as a reddish P-type asteroid by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. It is also an assumed C-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

Several high-quality rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations since 2003. An observation by Brian D. Warner at the U.S. Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado rendered a rotation period of 9.418±0.001 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a non-spherical shape. This observation concurs with another measurement taken at the Oakley Observatory that rendered a period of 9.41±0.01 and an amplitude of 0.50 mag (U=3), superseding a less accurate lightcurve produced by the PDS of 8.40 hours (U=2). In 2011, an observation by René Roy gave another concurring period of 9.4177±0.0004 hours and an amplitude of 0.79 mag (U=3). On 16 December 2012, the asteroid occulted the star HIP 4315 over parts of Europe and North America. At the time the body's brightness was 16.3 in magnitude (mag) and that of the star was 8.5 mag.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low albedo in the range of 0.044 and 0.056 with a diameter between 20.3 and 22.8 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link gives preference to the results obtained by IRAS with an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 20.38 kilometers.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Japanese researcher and amateur astronomer, Hisao Fukushima (1910–1997), known for his research in hydrodynamics. He was professor emeritus at Hokkaido University, and, as an active amateur astronomer, a member of the Hokkaido Astronomical Liaison Group. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 December 1988 (M.P.C. 14030).
# Pleșa (Timiș)

The Pleșa is a right tributary of the river Timiș in Romania. It flows into the Timiș near Prisaca. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 17 km$^2$ (6.6 sq mi).
# 1995 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 1995 in Chile.

## Incumbents

* President of Chile: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle

## Events

* Hypermarket Líder is founded.

### July

* 30 July – 1995 Antofagasta earthquake

### August

* August – White Earthquake

### September

* 5–7 September – 1995 South American Junior Championships in Athletics

### December

* 1–2 December – 1995 Chilean telethon

## Sport

* 1995 Movistar Open
* 1995 Primera División de Chile
* 1995 Canada Cup
* 1995 Copa Chile
* Chile national football team 1995
* Chile at the 1995 Pan American Games

## Births

* 19 October – Sammis Reyes, American football player

## Deaths

* 11 January – Roque Esteban Scarpa (born 1914)
* 12 April – Alberto Larraguibel (born 1919)
* 1 October – Felipe Rivera (born 1971)
* 27 October – Marta Colvin (born 1907)
# Piz Bever

Piz Bever is a mountain of the Albula Alps, located in the Val Bever, in the canton of Graubünden.
# 205th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)

The 205th Division (第205師団, Dai-nihyakugo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Aki Division (安芸 兵団, Aki Heidan), after the Aki District, Hiroshima. It was formed on 2 April 1945 in Hiroshima as a triangular division. It was one of a batch of eight divisions comprising the 201st, 202nd, 205th, 206th, 209th, 212th, 214th and 216th Divisions that were created as part of the Japanese reaction to the Battle of Okinawa.

## Action

In June 1945, the 205th Division was deployed at Kōchi. It did not see any combat, and was disbanded after the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945.
# Henry Peterson

Henry Peterson may refer to:
* Henry Peterson (author) (1818–1891), American writer and editor
* Henry K. Peterson (1884–1966), justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
* Ole Pete (Henry Peterson, c. 1854–1934), American folk legend
# Heidberg-Melverode

Heidberg-Melverode is a Stadtbezirk (borough) in the southern part of Braunschweig, Germany.
The Stadtbezirk comprises the quarters Heidberg and Melverode.

## History

Melverode is at least 1100 years old, but was first mentioned in documents in 1007. The village was incorporated into Braunschweig in 1934.
In contrast, Heidberg was only developed, on land which was formerly part of the village of Melverode, as a new residential area in 1958.

## Sights and landmarks

The baroque palace Schloss Richmond ("Richmond Palace") lies in the north of the district. The palace was built between 1768 and 1769, with a surrounding English garden planned by Lancelot "Capability" Brown, for Princess Augusta of Great Britain, wife of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, to remind her of her home in England.
Located to the north of Schloss Richmond are the buildings of the former Academy for Youth Leadership (German: Akademie für Jugendführung) of the Hitler Youth, which today house a school for adult education.
One of the most notable buildings in Melverode is the 13th century, late Romanesque church St. Nikolai. Also located in Melverode is the artificial lake and recreation area Südsee. Another artificial lake in the district is the Heidbergsee, located in the Heidbergpark.
* Schloss Richmond
* Schloss Richmond and garden
* Schloss Richmond interior
* Former Academy for Youth Leadership
* Former Academy for Youth Leadership, view from the south
* St. Nikolai
* Südsee
* Heidbergsee

## Politics

The district mayor Hans-Dieter Osswald is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

## Sports

Heidberg is home to the association football club Leu Braunschweig and rugby union club Welfen SC Braunschweig.

## Coats of arms

* Coat of arms of Heidberg
* Coat of arms of Melverode
# Pogonopoma parahybae

Pogonopoma parahybae is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Paraíba do Sul river basin, where it occurs in areas of mid to strong water current usually associated with rocky substrate. This species grows to a length of 26.3 centimetres (10.4 in) SL.
# Paul Tovua

Sir Paul Joshua Tovua KCMG (1947 – 5 February 2021) was a Solomon Islander politician, who served in Parliament representing the Central Guadalcanal constituency since 1976. He was a founding member of the first National Parliament of Solomon Islands, which sat from 1976 to 1980. He served as the Speaker of the National Parliament of Solomon Islands from 1994 to 2001. He and Peter Kenilorea co-chaired the peace talks between the Malaita Eagle Force and the Isatabu Freedom Movement, which ended the Solomon Islands Civil War.
Tovua also worked on an initiative, in conjunction with the Sycamore Tree Project and Solomon Islands Correctional Services, to promote peaceful reconciliation between rival Solomon Islander prison inmates and their families to prevent feuds.
He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 2014 New Year Honours list, "for services to politics and to the community".
# Mustilia attacina

Mustilia attacina is a moth in the family Endromidae. It was described by Vadim V. Zolotuhin in 2007. It is found in Sichuan, China.
# NPW

NPW is a gene that in humans encodes Neuropeptide W protein.
Neuropeptide W (NPW) is an endogenous peptide ligand for GPR8 (MIM 600731), a G protein-coupled receptor.[supplied by OMIM]
# Myochrous magnus

Myochrous magnus is a species of leaf beetle. It is found in Central America and North America. It was first described by the American entomologist Charles Frederic August Schaeffer in 1904.
# Cavalry School

Cavalry School may refer to:
* École de cavalerie, Saumur, a French military training establishment at Saumur in western France
* Rytterskole (Danish for 'cavalry school'), an 18th-century Danish type of school for children in cavalry districts
* United States Army Cavalry School, a training establishment of the United States Army
# Piz Beverin

Piz Beverin is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, overlooking Thusis in the canton of Graubünden. A trail leads to the summit.
# PARL

Presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial (PSARL), also known as PINK1/PGAM5-associated rhomboid-like protease (PARL), is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PARL gene on chromosome 3. It is a member of the rhomboid family of intramembrane serine proteases. This protein is involved in signal transduction and apoptosis, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes.

## Structure

Rhomboid family members share a conserved core of six transmembrane helices (TMHs), with the Ser and His residues required to form the catalytic dyad embedded in TMH-4 and TMH-6, respectively. This dyad is found deep below the membrane surface, which indicates that the hydrolysis of peptide bonds occurs within the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer membrane. As a member of the Parl subfamily, PARL has an additional N-terminal TMH which may form a loop to the catalytic core.

## Function

This gene encodes a mitochondrial integral membrane protein. Following proteolytic processing of this protein, a small peptide (P-beta) is formed and translocated to the nucleus. This gene may be involved in signal transduction via regulated intramembrane proteolysis of membrane-tethered precursor proteins. Variation in this gene has been associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Additionally, PARL is involved in apoptosis through its interactions with the mitochondrial GTPase optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and the Bcl-2 family-related protein HAX1. OPA1 mainly regulates mitochondrial fusion in the mitochondrial inner membrane, but after proteolytic cleavage by PARL, its short, soluble form contributes to inhibiting apoptosis by slowing down cytochrome c release, and thus, proapoptotic signaling. Alternatively, PARL can inhibit apoptosis by coordinating with HAX1 to activate HtrA2 protease, thus preventing the accumulation of the proapoptotic Bax.

## Clinical significance

It has been shown that the p.S77N presenilin-associated rhomboid-like protein mutation is not a frequent cause of early-onset Parkinson's disease. Variation in the sequence and/or expression of the gene encoding presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein (PSARL) may be an important new risk factor for type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Mutations in PARL may also be involved in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy by disrupting normal function of the mitochondria, thus promoting retinal ganglion cell death and neurodegeneration.

## Interactions

PARL has been shown to interact with:
* PINK1,
* OPA1, and
* HAX1.