OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustave Cotteau

Gustave Honoré Cotteau (7 December 1818, Auxerre – 10 August 1894, Paris) was a French judge, naturalist and paleontologist.

## Biography

He was educated in classical studies at the college in Auxerre, then studied law in Paris. He earned his law degree in 1840 and in 1846 was named a deputy judge in Auxerre. Later on, he served as a judge in the civil court of Coulommiers and as a civil court judge in Auxerre. He was also curator of the city museum in Auxerre.
He is best known for his study of living and fossil echinoids (sea urchins), of which, he amassed a collection of more than 500 different species. He was the author of many works associated with Echinoidea, and circumscribed numerous echinoid taxa, such as the fossil genera Asterocidaris and Cidaropsis. With Jules Triger, he circumscribed the fossil family Archiaciidae (1869).
In 1874 and 1886 he was president of the Société géologique de France. He was also a member of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris and of the Société des sciences historiques et naturelles de l'Yonne.

## Selected works

He was an editor of Paléontologie française, a multi-volume series on French paleontology begun by Alcide d'Orbigny in 1840. The following are some of his many written works:
* Cotteau, Gustave (1849), Etudes sur les Echinides fossiles du département de l'Yonne
* Cotteau, Gustave; Triger, Jules (1855–69), Échinides du département de la Sarthe considérés au point de vue zoologique et stratigraphique
* Cotteau, Gustave (1858), Echinides nouveaux ou peu connus
* Cotteau, Gustave (1863), Echinides fossiles des Pyrénées
* Cotteau, Gustave; Péron, Alphonse; Gauthier, Victor (1876–1884), Échinides fossiles de l'Algérie : description des espèces déjà recueillies dans ce pays et considérations sur leur position stratigraphique, Paris: G. Masson
* Cotteau, Gustave; Locard, Arnould (1877), Description de la faune des terrains tertiaires moyens de la Corse
* Cotteau, Gustave (1884), Die echiniden der Stramberger Schichten (in German)
* Cotteau, Gustave (1895), Description des échinides recueillis
# Muqabla (1979 film)

Muqabla (transl. Match) is 1979 Hindi-language action film directed by Rajkumar Kohli. The film stars Sunil Dutt, Shatrughan Sinha, Reena Roy, Bindiya Goswami in lead roles. Rajesh Khanna, Rekha appear in special appearances in a qawwali song. The film was Semihit at the box office . The song Govinda Govinda remains popular and even today is played on the festival of Janmmashtami in India.

## Plot

"Sheru" (played by Shatrughan Sinha) and "Vicky" (played by Sunil Dutt) are both leaders of rival gangs. After successive instances of run ins and skirmishes, the pair realize that they are better off forming a truce and instead helping the local poor.
At the same time, the two fall in love with two separate women (one of which is "Lachho" (played by Reena Roy).
Despite the pair's best efforts to turn their life in a direction of positivity, they find themselves faced with spite from an old fellow gang member, Banwarilal (played by Ranjeet). In the nick of time, the two gangleaders-turned-heroes get support from a local police inspector (played by Premnath), who helps resolve the situation and avoid escalation of the conflict.
Ultimately, the two heroes fall back into a cycle of conflict and violence, this time due to spurned romance. Sheru finds out that his beloved Lachho has fallen in love with his old nemesis, Vicky, and the two then resume their age old rivalry and hatred.

## Cast

* Sunil Dutt as Vinod / Vikram "Vicky"
* Shatrughan Sinha as Chhaganlal "Chheno" / "Sheru"
* Reena Roy as Lachho
* Bindiya Goswami as Champa
* Rajesh Khanna as Qawwali Singer (Special Appearance)
* Rekha as Qawwali Singer (Special Appearance)
* Premnath as Police Inspector
* Madan Puri as Heeralal
* Ranjeet as Keemtilal / Banwarilal
* Valente Mascarenhas (unnamed role)

## Soundtrack

All music was composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal. Lyrics were by Verma Malik.
| Song | Singer |
| "Aaja Na" | Asha Bhosle |
| "Dilwale Yaar" | Asha Bhosle, Anwar |
| "Muqabla Hai" | Asha Bhosle, Mahendra Kapoor |
| "Meri Rus Gayi" | Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar |
| "Govinda Govinda" | Mohammed Rafi, Kishore Kumar |
# 1826 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1826.

## Events
### March events

* March 4 – Gridley Bryant's Granite Railway is incorporated.

### April events

* April 1 – Construction begins in Massachusetts on the Granite Railway, one of the first railroads in North America, under the direction of Gridley Bryant.
* April 17 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad is chartered to build a railroad between Albany and Schenectady, the first in New York State.

### May events

* May 5 – Liverpool and Manchester Railway, designed by George Stephenson and Joseph Locke, and which in 1830 is to become the world's first purpose-built passenger railway operated by steam locomotives to be opened, is authorised by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
* May 26 – Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway in Scotland is authorised by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

### October events

* October 1 – Opening of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland.
* October 7 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.

## Births
### January births

* January 2 – Algernon S. Buford, president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad (d. 1911).

### March births

* March 4 – Theodore Judah, American engineer who argued the case for construction of the First transcontinental railroad (d. 1863).

### April births

* April 3 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, and first president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (d. 1900).

### November births

* November 10 – Oden Bowie, the 34th Governor of the State of Maryland in the United States from 1869 to 1872, founder and first President of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad and also president of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway.

### December births

* December 1 – William Mahone, American civil engineer and Confederate Army Major General who built the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, a predecessor of the Norfolk and Western (d. 1895).

### Unknown date births

* John P. Laird, Scottish engineer, designer and patentee of the two-wheel equalized leading truck for steam locomotives (d. 1882).

## Deaths
### February deaths

* February 20 – Matthew Murray, English steam engine manufacturer (b. 1765).
# Lohan

Lohan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aliana Lohan (born 1993), American fashion model and former television personality, singer and actress
* Brian Lohan (born 1971), Irish sportsman
* Dina Lohan (born 1962), television personality and occasional actress
* Frank Lohan (born 1974), Irish sportsperson
* Lindsay Lohan (born 1986), American actress and pop singer
* Michael Lohan (born 1960), ex-husband of Dina Lohan and the father of Lindsay, Michael Lohan Jr., Ali, and Cody Lohan
* Neddy Lohan (died 1820), Irish captain of the Whiteboys
* Sinéad Lohan, Irish singer and songwriter of folk music and folk-inspired popular music

## Other uses

* Arhat, luohan or lohan in Chinese contexts
* Lohan, Pakistan, a village in the Narowal District of Punjab province
* Lohan (river), a tributary of the Crasna in Vaslui County, Romania
* Lohan, a fictional city from the 1999 PlayStation game The Legend of Dragoon
# 1310s in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Works published

1310:
* The chansonnier known as "troubadour MS P" was compiled in Lombardy. Now in the Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, XLI.42.
1312:
* Jacques de Longuyon writes the chanson de geste Les Voeux du paon ("The Vows of the Peacock") for Theobald (bishop of Liège).

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:
1311:
* Munenaga (died 1385), imperial prince and a poet of the Nijō poetic school of Nanboku-chō period
1315:
* Hafez (died 1390), Persian lyric poet

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
1310:
* Henry Bate of Malines (born 1246), Flemish philosopher, theologian, astronomer, astrologer, poet and musician
1312:
* Cecco Angiolieri (born 1260), Italian
* Sultan Walad (born unknown), Persian poet and Sufi, and a founder of the Mevlevi Order
1313:
* Yao Sui (born 1238), writer of Chinese Sanqu poetry and an official
1314:
* Homam-e Tabrizi (born 1238), Persian poet of the Ilkhanid era
1315:
* Ramon Llull (born 1232), Catalan poet and philosopher
* Lu Zhi (born 1243), Chinese writer and poet of the Yuan dynasty
1316
* Guillaume Guiart, French chronicler and poet
1319:
* Guan Daosheng (born 1262), Chinese poet and painter during the Yuan dynasty
# Long-tailed forest shrew

The long-tailed forest shrew, or long-tailed mouse shrew, (Myosorex longicaudatus) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where its natural habitats are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and swamps.

## Description

The long-tailed forest shrew has a head-and-body length of between 73 and 93 mm (2.9 and 3.7 in), with a tail averaging 66 mm (2.6 in). The dorsal fur is mainly dark grey; the individual hairs have grey bases, yellowish or brownish shafts and blackish tips, creating a yellowish, brownish or blackish washed effect on the coat. The underparts are somewhat paler, with the dorsal and ventral colourings merging on the flanks. The tail is brownish-black above and paler underneath.

## Distribution and habitat

This shrew is endemic to South Africa, where it is restricted to a coastal strip in Cape Province. It occurs at altitudes of up to about 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with a subspecies, Myosorex longicaudatus boosmai, occurring in the Langeberg Mountains at higher altitudes than other populations. Suitable habitat includes primary forests and their edges, fynbos and swampy grassland. This shrew needs moist conditions and does not occur in secondary forest.

## Ecology

This shrew feeds mainly on insects, but also eats other small invertebrates, and seeds have been found among its stomach contents. When sniffing its surroundings, this shrew stands on its hind legs and braces itself with its tail. It also uses its tail in a prehensile manner when descending from vegetation.

## Status

In suitable habitat, this species is quite common. Population sizes seem to vary considerably, in one instance no individuals were found in an area that had been well-populated during the previous survey. The greatest threat facing this shrew is probably climate change; it is dependent on a moist environment and the surrounding terrain is drier than its present habitat. It is also threatened by habitat destruction. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being endangered.
# Liz Ward (artist)

Liz Ward (1959) is an American artist. Ward was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. She has worked in a variety of media, including photography, textiles, painting and sculpture, and her work is held by several notable museums. She is a professor of Art and Art history at Trinity University and is a resident of San Antonio, TX.

## Education

After earning a BFA from University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (1982), she continued her education at Tamarind Institute, Albuquerque, NM and Atelier 17, Paris, France following up with an MFA from University of Houston, TX (1990).

## Collections

Her work is included in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Tyler Museum of Art.
# Liz Weir

Liz Weir (born October 21, 1950) is a Northern Irish children's writer and storyteller. She is currently Storyteller in Residence in Belfast and has written 27 stories. She is involved in a number of storytelling organisations including The Early Years Organisation, where she talks to children about racism, anti-bullying and respect for the elderly.

## Life

Weir was timid as a child and unlikely to attend social events. If she did, it would be as a wallflower. She was Children’s librarian in the city of Belfast.
After working as a librarian in Belfast from the 1970s Weir now works as a children's author and storyteller. She was the first children's librarian for Belfast city. When not touring Ireland and the globe telling stories Weir runs the Ballyeamon Camping Barn in Glenarriff which is a hostel but also hosts music and stories. Weir works with the Writers in Schools Scheme to bring access to children and has written fifteen books for the Thinking Skills and Personal Capabilities curriculum for Northern Ireland.
In 1988, Weir was invited to Dublin where she would be meeting Roald Dahl, someone she had been a fan of all her life. Along with her daughter, she took the train down to Dublin and was greeted in her hotel by Dahl himself. He shook their hands and called her daughter a 'spoilt little devil.' He then left and Weir told a story of Dahl's to ease the wait. As the story continued she noticed that Dahl had returned and was listening to her telling the story.
In 2016 Weir became the Storyteller In Residence at Tullycarnet Library in the Knock area of Belfast. She has been the Director of the Ulster Storytelling Festival. Weir has also worked as the presenter on a BBC Radio Ulster program called The Gift of the Gab.
Weir was involved in an incident with EasyJet while attempting to take a short flight from Belfast to Edinburgh, Scotland in June 2024. Weir had a speaking engagement that night in Edinburgh, and arrived at the airport gate over 2 hours early for the flight. Both Weir and another passenger used wheelchairs, and waited for the rest of the passengers to board. However, the plane crew closed up the boarding stairs and did not allow Weir, the other wheelchair-using passenger, and that other passenger's husband to board, abandoning the three while absconding with their already packed luggage. The ground staff frantically tried to flag down the crew, and Weir said the pilot could see her, yet the plane left anyway. Weir ultimately missed her engagement.
The author lives and works in Cushendall, Co Antrim in Northern Ireland.

## Awards

Liz Weir won the inaugural International Story Bridge Award of the National Storytelling Network in 2002. Weir has been nominated for the Astrid Lindgren Award in 2014.
# Lokve, Čapljina

Lokve is a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Čapljina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 861.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 532 | 61.8% |
| Bosniaks | 244 | 28.3% |
| Serbs | 84 | 9.8% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.1% |
| Total | 861 | 100% |
# 16th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)

The 16th Infantry Division was a formation of the Ottoman Turkish Army during the Balkan Wars and the First World War.

## Formation

    33rd Infantry Regiment
    47th Infantry Regiment
    48th Infantry Regiment
    125th Infantry Regiment
# Muradnagar railway station

Muradnagar railway station (code: MUD) is a railway station in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh. It serves Muradnagar city. The station has two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered.
Muradnagar station is on the Meerut City-Ghaziabad line. Express trains do not halt at this station. Only local passenger trains halt in Muradnagar Railway Station.
# 1748 in France

Events from the year 1748 in France.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Louis XV

## Events

* April – Maastricht is conquered by Maurice de Saxe.
* 24 April – War of the Austrian Succession: A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) with the intent to conclude the war.
* 18 October – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.
* Louis XV of France authorizes a 5% income tax on every individual regardless of social status; the Parlement of Paris protests.

## Births

* 12 April – Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, botanist (d. 1836)
* 27 April – Pierre-Louis Ginguené, author (d. 1815)
* 3 May – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, cleric and constitutional theorist (d. 1836)
* 7 May – Olympe de Gouges, playwright and political activist (guillotined 1793)
* 10 May – Louis Pierre Vieillot, ornithologist (d. 1831)
* 30 June – Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini, astronomer (d. 1845)
* 30 August – Jacques-Louis David, historical painter (d. 1825)
* 9 December – Claude Louis Berthollet, chemist (d. 1822)
* Rosalie Duthé, courtesan and artists' model (d. 1830)

## Deaths

* 7 March – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (b. 1664)
* 17 May – Henri, Duke of Elbeuf, member of the House of Lorraine (b. 1661)
* 16 June – Jean Philippe d'Orléans, illegitimate son of future regent Philippe d'Orleans (b. 1702)
* 14 August – Thomas Germain, silversmith (b. 1673)
# Gallium phosphate

Gallium phosphate (GaPO$_4$ or gallium orthophosphate) is a colorless trigonal crystal with a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale. GaPO$_4$ is isotypic with quartz, possessing very similar properties, but the silicon atoms are alternately substituted with gallium and phosphorus, thereby doubling the piezoelectric effect. GaPO$_4$ has many advantages over quartz for technical applications, like a higher electromechanical coupling coefficient in resonators, due to this doubling. Contrary to quartz, GaPO$_4$ is not found in nature. Therefore, a hydrothermal process must be used to synthesize the crystal.

## Modifications

GaPO$_4$ possesses, in contrast to quartz, no α-β phase transition, thus the low temperature structure (structure like α-quartz) of GaPO$_4$ is stable up to 970°C, as are most of its other physical properties. Around 970°C another phase transition occurs which changes the low quartz structure into another structure similar with cristobalite.

## Structure

The specific structure of GaPO$_4$ shows the arrangement of tetrahedrons consisting of GaO$_4$ and PO$_4$ that are slightly tilted. Because of the helical arrangement of these tetrahedrons, two modifications of GaPO$_4$ exist with different optical rotation (left and right).

## Sources

GaPO$_4$ does not occur in nature; thus it must be grown synthetically. Presently, only one company in Austria produces these crystals commercially.

## History and technical importance

Pressure sensors based on quartz have to be cooled with water for applications at higher temperatures (above 300°C). Starting in 1994 it was possible to substitute these big sensors with miniaturized, non cooled ones, based on GaPO$_4$. Further exceptional properties of GaPO$_4$ for applications at high temperatures include its nearly temperature independent piezo effect and excellent electrical insulation up to 900°C. For bulk resonator applications, this crystal exhibits temperature compensated cuts of up to 500°C while having Q factors comparable with quartz. Due to these material properties, GaPO$_4$ is very suitable for piezoelectric pressure sensors at high temperatures and for high temperature microbalance.

## Literature

* Gautschi, Gustav (2013-06-29). Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force Strain Pressure Acceleration and Acoustic Emission Sensors Materials and Amplifiers. Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-04732-3.
# Municipal districts of Quebec

These are the Municipal districts created in Quebec on 15 April, 1841, from a proclamation of governor Sydenham. They were replaced by parish and township municipalities in 1845.

## Districts

* Municipal district of Beauharnois.
* Municipal district of Berthier.
* Municipal district of Bonaventure.
* Municipal district of Chaudière.
* Municipal district of Dorchester.
* Municipal district of Gaspé.
* Municipal district of Kamouraska.
* Municipal district of Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes.
* Municipal district of Leinster.
* Municipal district of Missisquoi.
* Municipal district of Montréal.
* Municipal district of Nicolet.
* Municipal district of Portneuf.
* Municipal district of Quebec.
* Municipal district of Richelieu.
* Municipal district of Rimouski.
* Municipal district of Saguenay.
* Municipal district of Saint-Hyacinthe.
* Municipal district of Saint-Jean.
* Municipal district of Saint-Thomas.
* Municipal district of Sherbrooke.
* Municipal district of Sydenham.
* Municipal district of Terrebonne.
* Municipal district of Trois-Rivières.
# Gajewski

Gajewski (feminine: Gajewska; plural: Gajewscy) is a Polish surname. It is related to the following surnames:
| Language | Masculine | Feminine |
| Polish | Gajewski | Gajewska |
| Belarusian (Romanization) | Гаеўскі (Hayeuski, Hajeŭski) | Гаеўская (Hayeuskaya, Hajeŭskaja) |
| Czech | Hájevský | Hájevská |
| Latvian | Gajevskis | |
| Lithuanian | Gajauskas | Gajauskienė (married) Gajauskaitė (unmarried) |
| Russian (Romanization) | Гаевский (Gayevskiy, Gayevsky) | Гаевская (Gayevskaya) |
| Ukrainian (Romanization) | Гаєвський (Hayevskyi, Hayevskyy) | Гаєвська (Hayevska) |

## People
### Gajewski, Gajewska

* Aleksandra Gajewska (born 1989), Polish politician
* Andrzej Gajewski (born 1964), Polish canoer
* Boleslas Gajewski (active 1902), French artificial grammarian
* Fritz Gajewski (1885–1965), German businessman
* Grzegorz Gajewski (born 1985), Polish chess player
* Joanna Majdan-Gajewska (born 1988), Polish chess player
* Karolina Gajewska (born 1972), Polish politician
* Kenny Gajewski (born 1971), American baseball player
* Małgorzata Gajewska (born 1962), Polish field hockey player
* Natasha Gajewski, American businesswoman
* Piotr Gajewski (born 1959), Polish conductor
* Ryszard Gajewski (born 1954), Polish mountaineer
* Wacław Gajewski (1911–1997), Polish geneticist

### Gayevsky

* Valery Gayevsky (born 1958), Russian politician
# Murree vole

The Murree vole (Hyperacrius wynnei) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is endemic to the Himalayas in Pakistan and India. It was named by William Thomas Blanford after its collector, geologist Arthur Beavor Wynne.

## Distribution

It is confined to the Himalayas of northern India and Pakistan (including Murree Hills, Kaghan Valley and Swat Valley).
# Gaius Carrinas

Gaius Carrinas may refer to:
* Gaius Carrinas (praetor 82 BC), Roman general and politician
* Gaius Carrinas (consul 43 BC), Roman general and politician
# Gallotone Champion Guitar

The Gallotone Champion Guitar was an acoustic guitar manufactured in South Africa by the country's largest record company, Gallo Africa, during the 1950s and '60s. It was a cheaply made instrument intended for the beginner market and was exported to many countries.
The Champion model is a 3/4 size steel string flat-top acoustic made from laminated woods, and was "guaranteed not to split".
Perhaps the most famous of all Gallotone Champion players was John Lennon, whose guitar was sold for £155,500 ($251,700) at a "Rock'n'Roll" memorabilia sale by Sotheby's London in 1999. There is also a childhood photograph of Jimmy Page posed with a Gallotone Wonder.
# Gamaredon

Gamaredon, also known as Primitive Bear, UNC530, ACTINIUM, or Aqua Blizzard (by Microsoft) is a Russian advanced persistent threat that has been active since at least 2013.

## Motivation

Cyber espionage appears to be the main goal of the group,; unlike most APTs, Gamaredon broadly targets all users all over the globe (in addition to also focusing on certain victims, especially Ukrainian organizations) and appears to provide services for other APTs. For example, the InvisiMole threat group has attacked select systems that Gamaredon had earlier compromised and fingerprinted.

## Tactics

The group frequently uses spear phishing techniques with malicious code attachments that download remote templates containing malware.
Malware used by the group includes Pterodo, PowerPunch, ObfuMerry, ObfuBerry, DilongTrash, DinoTrain, and DesertDown.

## Ukraine

On 19 January 2022, they attempted to compromise a Western government entity in Ukraine.