OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gaffney v. Cummings

Gaffney v. Cummings, 412 U.S. 735 (1973), is a Supreme Court decision upholding statewide legislative apportionment plans for Connecticut. The Court admitted that these plans entailed "substantial inequalities in the population of the representative districts." It observed that "the States have made virtually no attempt to justify their failure 'to construct districts ... as nearly of equal population as is practicable." It was a Fourteenth Amendment case. At issue was whether the election districts had been gerrymandered in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

## Facts and prior history

The various states were eligible, and in some cases required, to redraw certain House districts and state assembly districts as a result of the 1970 Census. Connecticut's assembly has 30 senators and 151 house members. A perfect apportionment would have had 84,228 citizens per senate seat and 20,081 per assembly seat. In Connecticut, the township is the primary unit of government, not the county. The districting commission developed a plan that almost perfectly divided the state into thirty senate districts (mean deviation 0.45%, or +/- 400). The plan for the assembly, respecting the township boundaries as required by the state constitution, had a mean deviation of 1.9%, with the maximum difference between districts 7.83%. The Court did not discuss the choice of townships that composed each district, only the imbalance in size. A voter in a small district would have more influence than a voter in a large district. In other cases, the court had found deviations of 5.97% and 13.1% unacceptable.
Democrats alleged the plan amounted to a political gerrymander and was biased in favor of the Republican Party. The District Court had found against the plan—and by extension, the Republicans. J. Brian Gaffney was chairman of the state Republican Party and is the named petitioner in this case. Theodore R. Cummings was a long-time Connecticut Democrat, before he died in 2015.

## Court decision

The Supreme Court's decision was announced on March 18, 1973, and delivered by Justice White. The Connecticut districting system, with a mean deviation of 1.9%, was approved.
   Minor deviations from mathematical equality among state legislative districts are insufficient to make out a prima facie case of invidious discrimination under the Fourteenth Amendment to require justification by the State.

## Implications

For the past fifty years, the two principal guidelines for determining whether a state redistricting plan is fair are:
   One man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's
   A State must make an honest and good faith effort to construct its districts as nearly of equal population as is practicable, but that absolute equality was a practical impossibility. Mathematical exactness or precision is hardly a workable constitutional requirement.
Subsequent analysis of the facts of the case provided analysts with arguments against First-past-the-post voting systems.
# John Symcotts

John Symcotts (1592–1662) was a British physician, whose private casebook has been studied to understand typical medical practice in 17th century England. He was sometimes the physician to Oliver Cromwell. An account of his medical career was published in 1951 jointly by William John Bishop and Noël Poynter, in a book entitled A Seventeenth Century Doctor and his Patients: John Symcotts, 1592?–1662.
# G1131 Mudanjiang–Yanji Expressway

The G1131 Mudanjiang–Yanji Expressway (Chinese: 牡丹江—延吉高速公路), also referred to as the Muyan Expressway (Chinese: 牡延高速公路), is an under construction expressway in China that will connect Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang to Yanji, Jilin. The first section from Wangqing County to Yanji was opened to traffic in October 2011.
# Apaga

Apaga may refer to:
* Apaga (river), a river mentioned in ancient Indian texts
* Apaga, Armenia
# Peter Stebbing

Peter Stebbing (14 May 1914 – August 1991) was a British painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Prochoreutis bella

Prochoreutis bella is a moth of the family Choreutidae. It is known from Tadzhikistan.
The wingspan is about 9 mm.
# Jon (disambiguation)

Jon is a shortened form of the name Jonathan.
Jon or JON may also refer to:

## People

* Jón, an Old Norse common name still widely used in Iceland and the Faroes
* Jon (Korean surname) (Korean: 전), also transliterated Jeon
* Jon (Serer surname)

## Other uses

* Jon (film), a 1983 Finnish film
* Jon Arbuckle, a Garfield Character
* JBoss Operations Network, network management software
# Ilemodes astriga

Ilemodes astriga is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by George Hampson in 1916. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
# Nineteen Ninety-Four (album)

Nineteen Ninety-Four (Viceroy VIC 8012-2, Reissue: Repertoire REP5191) is a 1994 album by Alvin Lee released in the United States as I Hear You Rockin'.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Alvin Lee; except where noted.
* "Keep On Rockin'" - 5:09
* "Long Legs" - 6:16
* "I Hear You Knockin'" (Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King) - 3:40
* "Ain't Nobody's Business" (Alvin Lee, Steve Grant) - 4:11
* "The Bluest Blues" - 7:27
* "Boogie All Day" - 3:52
* "My Baby's Come Back to Me" - 4:58
* "Take It Easy" - 6:24
* "Play It Like It Used to Be" (Alvin Lee, Tim Hinkley) - 4:01
* "Give Me Your Love" (Alvin Lee, Steve Gould) - 5:58
* "I Don't Give a Damn" - 5:46
* "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (Lennon–McCartney) - 9:52

## Personnel

* Alvin Lee - guitar, vocals
* Steve Gould - bass
* Alan Young - drums
* Steve Grant - keyboards

### Special Guests

* George Harrison - slide guitar on "The Bluest Blues" and "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
* Joe Brown - vocals and plectrum banjo on "I Hear You Knockin'" and "Boogie All Day"
* Sam Brown and Deena Payne - vocals on "Long Legs" and "Give Me Your Love"
* Tim Hinkley - Hammond organ on "The Bluest Blues" and "I Don't Give a Damn"; piano on "Play It Like It Used to Be"
# Johan Ramstedt

Johan Olof Ramstedt (7 November 1852 – 15 March 1935) was Prime Minister of Sweden from April to August 1905.

## Biography

Johan Ramstedt was born in Stockholm, son to clothing manufacturer Reinhold Ramstedt and his wife Maria Sofia Haeggström. He attended Uppsala university where he earned a degree in Government Studies in 1873 after which he interned at the Svea Court of Appeal in Stockholm. In 1878 he married Henrika Charlotta Torén. In the same year he was appointed Vice Prolocutor. He became acting official of the Court of Appeals in 1880, associate member in 1882, and full member official of the Court of Appeals in 1884.
Ramstedt was appointed as a government notary to the 2nd Chamber of the Swedish parliament in 1876 and then to the 1st Chamber from 1877 to 1882. He moved on to the Ministry of Justice in 1892, after which he was promoted to Head of the Justice department in 1896 until 1898 when he was appointed Justice Councillor of the Supreme Court of Sweden.
In 1902 the newly elected prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström called upon Ramstedt to join his cabinet. Under Boström, Ramstedt served as acting Foreign Minister. Boström resigned as prime minister due to the Swedish-Norwegian Union crisis of 1905 at which time Ramstedt was appointed prime minister. His immediate task was to solve the union crisis. Together with the Crown Prince Gustav a plan was designed allowing the Norwegians to exit the Union with the caveat that the Norwegians would exit the Union without the involvement of the Norwegian Parliament. However the plan never came to fruition as the Norwegian Parliament dissolved the Union on 7 June. Ramstedt's government made a proposal to the Swedish Parliament where in the Parliament was to grant the Government power to negotiate the terms for the dissolving of the Union with the Norwegians. A secret committee led by 1st Chamber protectionist leader Christian Lundeberg rejected the Government's proposal which led to the resignation of Ramstedt and his entire Cabinet, something which had not occurred since 1809.
Ramstedt was re-appointed Justice Councillor by his successor Prime Minister Lundeberg and in 1909 became the first Government Councillor of the newly created Supreme Administrative Court. In 1912, Ramstedt was appointed Governor of Stockholm by Prime Minister Staaff. In 1920, Ramstedt retired and lived peacefully until his death in 1935.
# Carmelo Díaz Fernández

Carmelo Díaz Fernández was a Cuban journalist. He was editor of the Cuban Independent Trade Union Press Agency (APSIC), an executive board member of the Unitary Council of Cuban Workers (CUTC), and president of the banned Christian Trade Union.
The communist regime in Cuba imprisoned Fernández during the Black Spring in 2003. He was released in 2004 for health reasons.
# John W. Inzer Museum

The John W. Inzer Museum (also known as the Inzer House and the Dean–Inzer House) is a historic residence and museum in Ashville, Alabama. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## History

The house was built in 1852 for Moses Dean, one of the earliest landowners in Ashville who arrived in the area as early as 1825. In 1866, the house was purchased by John Washington Inzer. Inzer moved to Alabama from Georgia in 1854, and read law with John Tyler Morgan and A. J. Walker in Talladega. He moved to Ashville in 1856 to open a law office, and was appointed temporary probate judge of St. Clair County in 1859. Inzer was the county's delegate to Alabama's secession convention in January 1861, after which he served in the Confederate States Army. After the Civil War, he returned to Ashville and served several stints as judge and in the Alabama State Senate.
Following Inzer's death in 1928, the home remained as a family residence until 1987. The home was given to the local branch of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and opened as a museum the following year. The museum houses furniture and artifacts from Inzer's life, focusing on his role in Confederate history. The museum is open by appointment only, and receives public funding from the state, as much as $25,000 in each of 2022 and 2023.

## Architecture

The Greek Revival house sits on a 4-acre (1.6 ha) lot one block south of the St. Clair County Courthouse. The three-bay façade has a small portico with four columns, the center two are round with fluting and the outside two are square, all with Doric capitals and bases. Four chimneys lie along the north wall and two on the south wall, piercing the hipped roof. Windows on the façade are 12-over-12 sashes, while the side windows are 9-over-9. The interior has a double-pile center-hall plan, with a bedroom and parlor in front of two bedrooms flanking the hall. A stained glass arch separates the front and rear halls. A rear ell contains another bedroom and the dining room. The detached kitchen included servant living quarters.
# G1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway

The G1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway (Chinese: 丹东—阜新高速公路), commonly referred to as the Danfu Expressway (Chinese: 丹阜高速公路) is an expressway that connects the cities of Dandong, Liaoning, China, and Fuxin, Liaoning. Dandong is on the border with North Korea, and the Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge provides a border crossing into North Korea. The expressway is a spur of G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway and is also part of Asian Highway 1. It is located entirely in Liaoning Province.
The final section from Xinmin to Fuxin is in planning.
The expressway connects the following cities, all of which are in Liaoning Province:
* Dandong
* Benxi
* Shenyang
* Xinmin
* Fuxin

## Detailed Itinerary

From East to West :
| (1184) | G11 Heda Expressway |
| 1 | G304 Road Dandong-Centre |
| Dandong Metropolitan Area |||
| 12 | G304 Road Wulongbei-Tangshancheng |
| Fengcheng Service Area |||
| 41 | S309 Road Fengcheng |
| 72 | G304 Road Liujiahe |
| 86 | G304 Road Tongyuanbao |
| Tongyuanpu Service Area |||
| 97 | G304 Road Caohekou |
| 122 | G304 Road Xiamatang-Lianshanguan |
| 134 | G304 Road Nanfen |
| 143 (0 A-B) | G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway |
| 144 | X021 Road Towards G304 Road Qiaotou |
| 153 | Benxi-South |
| 160 | S106 Road S305 Road Benxi-Centre |
| 166 | S106 Road Benxi-North Gaotaizi |
| 174 | G304 Road X502 Road Huolianzhai |
| 180 | G304 Road Shiqiaozi Benxi Development Zone Shiqiaozi Service Area |
| 185 | G304 Road S304 Road Waitoushan |
| 194 | S107 Road Towards G304 Road Yaoqianhutun-Baiqingzhai |
| Liuqianhu Service Area |||
| 198 | G304 Road Tonggou |
| 209 | Shenyang Taoxian International Airport |
| 213 | Quyuan Road Hunnan |
| 217 | G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway Hunhe St. Shenyang-Centre |
| Concurrent with G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway |||
| (62) | S101 Road Baitabao |
| Shenyang Metropolitan Area |||
| | Shengli St. S. Shenyang-West |
| | Shensuxi Hwy. Shenyang-West |
| (70) (0) | AH31 G15 Shenhai Expressway |
| | Yangguang Rd. Shenyang-Centre |
| (77) | S102 Road S109 Road Towards Sihaojie Station |
| (80) | G102 Road S109 Road Shenxin Rd. |
| (0) | AH1 G1 Jingha Expressway G102 Road G202 Road S109 Road |
| Shenyang Metropolitan Area |||
| Concurrent with G1 Jingha Expressway |||
| (5) | G304 Road |
| Concurrent with G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway Concurrent with G1 Jingha Expressway |||
| 255 A-B (11) | G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway AH31 G1 Jingha Expressway |
| 259 | Shenbei W. Rd. Zaohua |
| 274 | S107 Road Guanghua |
| 296 | G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway |
| Continues as G2511 Xinlu Expressway |||
| From West to East |||
# John J. Tierney

John J. Tierney Jr. (c. 1926—October 2005) served two terms on the Boston School Committee in the late 1950s (also was chairman) and served on the Boston City Council from 1960 to 1964, twice serving as the council's president. After losing a reelection bid, Tierney was a budget analyst for the council before being appointed commissioner of Boston Parks and Recreation in 1966 by mayor John Collins. He served until 1968.

## Early life

Born in South Boston, he was the eldest of eight children, Tierney graduated from Boston English High School in 1943 and then enlisted in the Marine Corps. He served as a flight navigator during World War II in the Pacific Theater. After the war, he worked as a policeman for the Boston Police Department in 1948 while attending Suffolk University and Suffolk Law School. He passed the bar in 1956 and worked as a public defender for a year.
# Nelson Bascome

Nelson Blake Ainsworth Bascome, Jr. (14 September 1955 – 14 July 2009) was a former Minister of Health in Bermuda,

## Biography

Bascome was first elected to the Bermuda House of Assembly in 1989 for the constituency of Pembroke East. He was re-elected in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2007. Bascome was first sworn in as Minister on 10 November 1998. In 2007, he was charged with theft and corruption.
Bascome's early education in Bermuda was at Prospect Primary School, Whitney Institute High School and the Bermuda College. In 1976 he achieved an associated Degree in Dental Technology from Kerpel School of Dental Technology in New York City, and a Bachelor's Degree from Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1980. Bascome returned home to be employed and continued his studies, obtaining a Master's Degree from Webster and Indiana Universities in 1985. In 1993 he was the first Bermudian to become a Certified Employee Assistance Professional and established the first drug-free sports policy in Bermuda.
# Renuka Ravindran

Renuka Ravindran (née Rajagopalan) was the first woman to be the Dean of the Indian Institute of Science.

## Education and career

She was a student at the Presentation Convent in Vepery in Chennai and later at the Women's Christian College in Chennai. She earned her PhD from Indian Institute of Science in Applied Mathematics and later Doktoringenieur from the Technische Hochschule Aachen in Aerodynamics in Germany. She joined the Indian Institute of Science in 1967 as a professor and the Chairman of the Department of Mathematics, and then became the Dean of Indian Institute of Science. She has also been visiting professor at various universities, including the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. Her fields of specialization are nonlinear waves and non-Newtonian fluids.
# Nilangekar ministry

Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar became the chief minister of Maharashtra in June 1985, on resignation of Vasantdada Patil. He formed a 11-member ministry that served for less than a year until Nilangekar's resignation amidst fraud allegations.

## List of ministers

Nilangekar was sworn in on 3 June 1985, while his ministers were administered oath of office on the next day:
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party |
| Chief Minister General Administration Home Affairs Jails Urban Development Urban Land Ceiling Information and Public Relations Information Technology Law and Judiciary Water supply Sanitation Other Backward Classes Earthquake Rehabilitation Majority Welfare Development Marketing Departments or portfolios not allocated to any minister. | Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar | 3 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Energy Tourism Cultural Affairs Prohibition Excise Marathi language Special Backward Classes Welfare | Jawaharlal Darda | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Irrigation Food and Civil Supplies Skill Development, Entrepreneurship Food and Drug Administration Woman and Child Development | Shivajirao Deshmukh | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister School Education Higher and Technical Education Employment Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) | Ram Meghe | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Agriculture Command Areas Development Relief & Rehabilitation Sports and Youth Welfare Ex. Servicemen Welfare Soil and Water Conservation | Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Industries Mining Department Revenue Social Welfare Textiles Protocol Socially And Educationally *Backward Classes Horticulture | Sudhakarrao Naik | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) Forests Social Forestry Tribal Welfare Disaster Management Vimukta Jati Nomadic Tribes | Surupsingh Hirya Naik | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Health and Family Welfare Medical Education and Drugs Employment Guarantee Scheme Ports Khar Land Development Fisheries Special Assistance Rural Development | Balachandra Sawant | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Finance Planning Environment Minority Development and Aukaf Panchayat Raj | Sushilkumar Shinde | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Housing Slum Improvement House Repairs and Reconstruction | V. Subramaniam | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Transport Animal Husbandry Dairy Development Other Backward Bahujan Welfare | Anantrao Thopte | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
| Cabinet Minister Cooperation Labour Legislative Affairs | N. M. Tidke | 4 June 1985 | 6 March 1986 | INC |
# Carex doisutepensis

Carex doisutepensis is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia from south-central China in the north to Thailand in the south.
# G1118 Fusong–Changbai Expressway

The G1118 Fusong–Changbai Expressway (Chinese: 抚松—长白高速公路), also referred to as the Fuchang Expressway (Chinese: 抚长高速公路), is an under construction expressway in Jilin, China that connects Fusong County to Changbai Korean Autonomous County. The first section was opened to traffic on 29 September 2015.
# Carex jeanpertii

Carex jeanpertii is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Vietnam.
The species was first described by the French botanist Edmond Gustave Camus in 1910 as a part of the work Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris.
# Mudichintalapalle

Mudichintalapalle is a village in Rangareddy district in Andhra Pradesh, India. It falls under Shamirpet mandal.
# JTAC Hill

JTAC Hill ("Joint Tactical Air Co-ordination" Hill) was a British Armed Forces installation in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.
JTAC Hill was originally built in 1841 by the Royal Engineers for the tactical defence of British India. It was later strengthened and used as a strategic base during the War in Afghanistan, serving as a point for forward air controllers to guide and coordinate military aircraft in the region. JTAC Hill served as the southernmost British stronghold in Helmand Province, almost 100 miles south of the main British base, Camp Bastion, and just forty miles north of the frontier with Pakistan.
Following the British withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014, the fate of JTAC Hill was left unknown, though it was likely decommissioned. As of the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan following the Taliban's offensive and takeover in 2021, JTAC Hill is believed to no longer exist.

## Prince Harry

On 28 February 2008, the American news aggregator Drudge Report reported that Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, then a junior officer of the Household Cavalry, was operating as a Forward Air Controller on JTAC Hill with a Gurkha unit. The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence had made agreements with the news media of the United Kingdom and some other countries not to reveal that the prince was there until he came home or until the news was otherwise released. An Australian weekly women's magazine, New Idea, initially broke the story in January, but it was not followed up at the time. New Idea editors claimed ignorance of any news blackout. The Berliner Kurier had also published a short piece on 28 February 2008, before Drudge.
# Ren Kazahari

Ren Kazahari (風張 蓮, Kazahari Ren, born February 26, 1993) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows and Yokohama DeNA BayStars.

## Career
### Tokyo Yakult Swallows

Tokyo Yakult Swallows selected Kazahari with the third selection in the 2014 NPB draft.
On May 3, 2015, Kazahari made his NPB debut.
On December 2, 2020, he became a free agent.

### Yokohama DeNA BayStars

On December 10, 2020, Kazahari signed with Yokohama DeNA BayStars of NPB.

### Wild Health Genomes

On February 23, 2022, Kazahari signed with the Wild Health Genomes of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Kazahari pitched in 4 games for the Genomes, struggling to a 9.64 ERA with 5 strikeouts in 4.2 innings pitched. He was released by the team on August 1.
# Museum of Boulder

The Museum of Boulder, formerly the Boulder History Museum, is a private, nonprofit, local history museum located in Boulder, Colorado and operated by the Boulder Historical Society. From 1985 to 2018, the Museum operated out of the historic Harbeck-Bergheim house on University Hill near the University of Colorado Boulder campus. In April 2013, it purchased the Masonic Lodge building at Broadway and Pine for $2.45 million. Renovations began in 2017 and the new Museum opened on May 19, 2018.
In 2015 the Boettcher Foundation granted the museum $75,000 to renovate the former Masonic Lodge building. In addition, the museum received a $500,000 challenge grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to help aid in renovations. Voters approved, in 2014, $4 million as part of the Community, Culture and Safety Tax. In October 2017, Stephen Tebo donated $1.5 million to the Museum of Boulder, allowing him the opportunity to name the new museum building.
The Museum of Boulder works in conjunction with the Boulder Carnegie Library in order to preserve over 900,000 historic photographs and documents. The museum also has a collection of over 45,000 historical artifacts.
# Nineveh Township

Nineveh Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:
* Nineveh Township, Johnson County, Indiana
* Nineveh Township, Adair County, Missouri
* Nineveh Township, Lincoln County, Missouri