OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gerard Lynch (Irish politician)

Gerard Michael Lynch (born 15 June 1931) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 1977 to 1981 and a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kerry North constituency from 1969 to 1977.
A baker and farmer by profession, he was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1969 general election. He was re-elected at the 1973 general election, but lost his Dáil seat at the 1977 general election. He was subsequently elected to the 14th Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1981 general election.
# M687 155 mm projectile

The M687 was an American 155 mm binary sarin chemical artillery shell. The design was standardized in 1976 and production began on December 16, 1987 at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Production was halted three years later, following the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord between the United States and the USSR, and the dismantling of existing stocks began in November 1997 at Hawthorne Army Depot, Nevada. America's remaining stocks were stored at the Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah, and the Umatilla Chemical Depot (Umatilla County, Oregon).
The shell contained two canisters separated by a rupture disk. The compartments were filled with two liquid precursor chemicals for sarin (GB2): methylphosphonyl difluoride (denominated DF) and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl amine (denominated OPA) is in a second canister. The isopropyl amine binds the hydrogen fluoride generated during the chemical reaction. When the shell was fired the force of the acceleration would cause the disk between them to breach and the spinning of the projectile facilitated mixing. The two precursor chemicals would react in flight to produce sarin and when the shell reached its target the sarin would be released.
The shells were meant to be stored and transported with only the OPA compartment loaded; the fuze and the DF compartment would be inserted shortly before firing.
The M687 was never used in combat and, under the Chemical Weapons Convention, the U.S. destroyed the shells and the precursor chemical DF as part of its agreement to eliminate all chemical weapons. More than 258,000 of the shells were shipped to Hawthorne Army Depot from their storage at Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah, and the Umatilla Chemical Depot, Oregon and were destroyed by July 1999. The last of the U.S.'s stockpile of DF was destroyed on April 6, 2006.
# Nat Cook

Natalie Fleur Cook is an Australian politician and anti-violence campaigner. She became an anti-violence campaigner after the death of her son in a one-punch attack in 2008.
Cook is a Labor member of the South Australian House of Assembly, representing Hurtle Vale since the 2018 state election. She previously represented Fisher after winning the 2014 by-election, vacated by the death of independent member Bob Such. Cook was elected with a majority of 0.02%, a victory margin of nine votes. She represented the seat until it was abolished in the 2018 election.
Cook has served as the Minister for Human Services in the Malinauskas ministry since March 2022. Cook was previously the Parliamentary Secretary for Housing and Urban Development from September 2017 until Labor's loss at the 2018 election, after which she was the Shadow Minister for Human Services in the Labor Opposition.

## Anti-violence activism

In 2008 Cook's 17-year-old son Sam Davis was killed in a one-punch attack at a party. Soon after Cook and her partner, Neil Davis, founded the Sammy D Foundation, which runs school programs to spread an anti-violence message and provide positive role models to disadvantaged youth. Cook stood down from the board of the Sammy D Foundation after she was elected to Parliament.

## Political career

On 20 October 2014 Cook was pre-selected as the Labor Party candidate for the seat of Fisher in the 2014 Fisher by-election, following the death of incumbent member Bob Such. Cook won the by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing, resulting in the Weatherill Labor Government changing from minority to majority government. On a 0.02 percent margin it was the most marginal seat in parliament.
A redistribution of electoral boundaries occurs following each South Australian general election and it was decided in 2016 that the electoral division of Fisher would be abolished. Its electors were divided between the seats of Davenport, Heysen, Hurtle Vale, and Waite, with Hurtle Vale designated as Fisher's successor by the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission. Cook successfully contested the 2018 general election (when the new boundaries came into effect) in Hurtle Vale, becoming its first representative. Despite Labor losing government, Cook received a swing towards her of 3.6% in two-party preferred terms, taking 55.3% of the two-party preferred vote.
Following Labor's victory at the 2022 election, Cook was appointed as Minister for Human Services in the Malinauskas ministry.
# Gerdil (disambiguation)

Gerdil is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (1718–1802), Italian theologian, bishop and cardinal
* Marcel Gerdil (1928–2012), French sprinter
# M68E1

M68E1 may refer to:
* the M60 Patton tanks 105 mm gun
* a practice version of the M18 Claymore mine
# M. C. Joshi (archaeologist)

Munish Chandra Joshi (30 March 1935 – 1 January 2007) was an Indian archaeologist who served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1990 to 1993. He was the head of the ASI when the Babri Masjid was demolished in 1992.
Joshi (1935-2007) devoted all his life to the study and research on art history, architecture, iconography, epigraphy, besides field archaeology. He left an indefatigable mark as an Indologist.

## Early life

Joshi was born at Haldwani in United Provinces on 30 March 1935. In 1956, he passed his M. A. in history from Lucknow University and joined the Archaeological Survey of India.
# Natalie Psaila

Natalie Psaila is a Maltese doctor and abortion-rights advocate. She is a co-founder of Malta-based NGO, Doctors for Choice.

## Career

Psaila is a family medicine specialist.
Psaila has published a book for tweens on reproductive health, titled My Body's Fantastic Journey.

## Activism

Psaila has advocated for a loosening of Malta's strict abortion laws, as well as advocating for better access to contraception. She has received violent messages and death threats for her work. Psaila and her colleagues at Doctors for Choice have said they have seen limited action from authorities when they report these incidents.
In 2019, Psaila co-founded Doctors for Choice.
At the end of June 2023, Psaila and another doctor, Isabel Stabile, established a hotline for women who want to induce an abortion. The hotline helps patients discuss potential options abroad, and provides support for those who choose to induce abortion with medication.

## Recognition

In 2023, Psaila was named to the BBC's 100 Women list, becoming the first Maltese woman to receive that honor.
# M3 (band)

M3 was an American experimental rock group, founded by the brothers Roger Miller, Ben Miller and Larry Miller. Their name is a dual reference to the three M surnames, and also pun on the musical notation for a minor third.
All three Miller brothers are longtime fixtures on the Detroit/Ann Arbor, Michigan music scenes. M3 is a quasi-reunion of Sproton Layer, a short-lived group the Miller brothers formed in the late 1960s. Afterwards, Roger was active with several groups (notably Mission of Burma and Birdsongs of the Mesozoic), as were Ben and Larry (notably Destroy All Monsters).
M3 is primarily a studio recording and experimental project, although it has been known to play live to appreciative audiences. Critic Richard Foss describes their self-titled debut as "without a doubt some of the strangest music ever to be even vaguely classified as rock."
According to their website, in December 2011, M3 was planning to record a new studio album. It would have been their first album in over ten years. Although the band went into recording a new album, the idea was scrapped and the brothers ended the band permanently.

## Discography

* 1993 - M-3
* 2001 - Unearthing

### Singles

* "Bailamos" (1999) No. 40 UK
# National Elm Trial

The National Elm Trial was an American volunteer effort to evaluate a range of newly developed elm cultivars as replacements for elms destroyed by Dutch elm disease. The Colorado State University College of Agricultural Sciences coordinated the trial.
The trial began in 2005, but was restricted to elm cultivars commercially available in the United States, unlike the trial conducted by Iowa State University in the 1970s which included the most recent European developments. The trial was conducted for 10 years, with annual assessments of each tree for height, diameter, crown characteristics, and fall color, as well as response to vascular diseases, canker diseases, foliar diseases, insect infestations, bark beetle infestations, and abiotic damages. Stated goals of the trial were as follows:
* Determine the growth and horticultural performance of commercially available elm cultivars resistant to Dutch elm disease in various climate regimes in the United States.
* Determine the relative disease, insect, and abiotic stress tolerance of these cultivars.
* Promote the propagation and use of elms through local, regional, and national reporting of the trial results to wholesale tree propagators and growers, retail nursery and garden center operators, landscaper designers, arborists, and the general public.
As of 2007, 19 distinct cultivars were being evaluated in regional trials taking place under the scientific supervision of Auburn University, University of California at Davis, Colorado State University, Purdue University, Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Michigan State University, University of Minnesota, Rutgers University, State University of New York, North Dakota State University, Ohio State University, Utah State University, University of Vermont, Washington State University, and West Virginia University.
Based on the trial's final ratings, the preferred cultivars of the American elm (Ulmus americana) are ‘New Harmony’ and ‘Princeton’. The preferred cultivars of Asian elms are the Morton Arboretum introductions and ‘New Horizon’.

## List of cultivars included in the trial

* American Elm Ulmus americana cultivars: 'Valley Forge', 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', 'Lewis & Clark' (Prairie Expedition), 'Jefferson' (provided no data).
* Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia cultivars: BSNUPF (Everclear), 'Emer I' (Athena), 'Emer II' (Allee).
* Japanese Elm Ulmus davidiana var. japonica cultivars: 'JFS - Bieberich' (Emerald Sunshine), 'Prospector'.
* Hybrid elm cultivars: 'Frontier', 'Homestead', 'Morton' (Accolade), 'Morton Glossy' (Triumph), 'Morton Plainsman' (Vanguard), 'Morton Red Tip' (Danada Charm), 'Morton Stalwart' (Commendation), 'New Horizon', 'Patriot', 'Pioneer'.
# National Elephant Institute

The National Elephant Institute was founded as the Thai Elephant Conservation Center (TECC) in 1993. In January 2002, in order to enlarge the scope of conservation efforts and address the issues facing Thailand's elephants, it was proposed that the TECC be renamed the National Elephant Institute. Despite that, the older name is still in use. It is in Hang Chat District, Lampang Province. Chiang Mai University's Faculty of Veterinary Medicine is associated with the institute.
The objective of the National Elephant Institute is to develop elephant conservation in a sustainable way and preserve local traditions for future generations. The institute also aims to improve the tourism business, in which there is an extensive involvement of elephants in tourism-related activities, for the benefit of elephants as well as tourists. The National Elephant Institute is a World Elephant Day associate.
# Gerede District

Gerede District is a district of the Bolu Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Gerede. Its area is 1,060 km$^2$, and its population is 33,833 (2021). Gerede is a large area of hill country surrounded by pine-covered mountains, on a passage from central Anatolia to the Black Sea coast. The climate is notoriously cold and wet, enough to make it a centre for cross-country skiing, and traffic on the highway often has to negotiate fog, rain and ice around Gerede.

## Composition

There is one municipality in Gerede District:
* Gerede
There are 92 villages in Gerede District:
* Afşartarakçı
* Ağızörengüney
* Ahmetler
* Akbaş
* Akçabey
* Akçaşehir
* Aktaş
* Aktaşkurtlar
* Aşağıörenbaşı
* Aşağıovacık
* Asmaca
* Aydınlar
* Bahçedere
* Balcılar
* Beşkonak
* Birinciafşar
* Bünüş
* Çağış
* Çalaman
* Çalışlar
* Çayören
* Çayörengüney
* Çoğullu
* Çukurca
* Dağkara
* Danişmentler
* Davutbeyli
* Demircisopran
* Demirler
* Dikmen
* Dursunfakı
* Elören
* Enseliler
* Ertuğrulköy
* Eymür
* Geçitler
* Göynükören
* Güneydemirciler
* Hacılar
* Halaçlar
* Hasanlar
* Havullu
* Ibrıcak
* İkinciafşar
* İmamlar
* İnköy
* Kalaç
* Kapaklı
* Karacadağ
* Karacadağdemirciler
* Karapazar
* Kavacık
* Kayıkiraz
* Kayısopran
* Kazanlar
* Koçumlar
* Kösreli
* Külef
* Kürkçüler
* Macarlar
* Mangallar
* Mircekiraz
* Mukamlar
* Muratfakılar
* Mürdükler
* Nuhören
* Örencik
* Ortaca
* Salur
* Samat
* Sapanlıurgancılar
* Sarıoğlu
* Sipahiler
* Sofular
* Süllertoklar
* Sungurlar
* Tatlar
* Ulaşlar
* Ümitköy
* Yağdaş
* Yakaboy
* Yakakaya
* Yazıkara
* Yazıköy
* Yelkenler
* Yenecik
* Yeniyapar
* Yeşilvadi
* Yukarıörenbaşı
* Yukarıovacık
* Yunuslar
* Zeyneller
# National Public Safety Commission

The National Public Safety Commission is the policy making and oversight body of the national police forces in Japan and South Korea.
* National Public Safety Commission (Japan)
* National Public Safety Commission (South Korea)
# Gerhard Waibel (motorcyclist)

Gerhard Waibel (born 17 December 1958) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. His best year was in 1987, when he finished third in the 80cc world championship. Waibel won four Grand Prix races during his career.
# M4 (EP)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| PopMatters | 6/10 |
| Tiny Mix Tapes | |
M4 is an EP recorded by Canadian indie rock band Faunts in 2006.

## Track listing

* "M4 (Part II)" – 8:18
* "Sleepwalker" – 7:43
* "M4 (Part I)" – 9:18
* "Meno Mony Falls" – 5:54
* "Of Nature" – 8:08

## Music video

The first theatrically styled music video the band ever filmed was made for "M4 (Part II)". It was directed by Ryan Bosworth and came with a limited amount of hard-copy M4 EPs. The video features footage of the band playing interspersed with a visual representation of the song realized by a personified hierarchy of crabs, wherein a single crab wishes to dominate a space of sand dune on a beach. In the end, the single crab becomes the only one left but, reflecting the song's lyrics, the crab is devoured by a bigger predator than itself - a seagull.

## Personnel
### Faunts

* Steven Batke – vocals, guitar
* Tim Batke – vocals, guitar, keyboard
* Joel Hitchcock – keyboard
* Paul Arnusch – drums

### Additional

* Engineer: Graham Lessard
* Mixed by Graham Lessard and Faunts
* Mastered by Phil Demetro
* Artwork Design by Tim Batke and Lindsay Batke
# Gerrhopilus tindalli

Gerrhopilus tindalli, commonly named the Nilgiri Hills worm snake or Tindall's worm snake, is a species of harmless blind snake in the family Gerrhopilidae, native to southern India.

## Etymology

The specific name, tindalli, is in honor of Roger Tindall.

## Geographic range

G. tindalli is found in India in the Nilgiri Hills, Malabar District. The type locality given is "Nilambur, Malabar district" [India].

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of G. tindalli is forest.

## Reproduction

G. tindalli is oviparous.
# National Genealogical Society

The National Genealogical Society (NGS) is a genealogical interest group founded in 1903 in Washington, D.C., United States, with over 10,000 members. Its headquarters are in Falls Church, Virginia. The goals of the organization are to promote genealogical skill development, establish high standards of genealogical research, and increase awareness of and interest in family history. To accomplish this, the National Genealogical Society provides educational programs and training, publishes several publications in the field of genealogy, and creates networking opportunities for its members, including national conferences.

## History

The Society was incorporated in June of 1904 by C.H. Campbell, Susan R. Hetzel, J. F. Brandenburg, Ruth M. Grizwold Praler, Edwin Allston Hill, J. G. B. Bullock, Edward E. Wilson, and Mary Desha. The seven original Directors of the Society were Charles H. Campbell, Newton L. Collamer, Alfred S. Dent, Mrs. C. Minnie F. Mickey, and Joseph F. Brandenburg. At its incorporation, there were 49 charter members.
Preservation efforts undertaken in the first few years included the creation of a card index system to connect members with lineage records, advocating the United States Congress to publish Revolutionary War records of genealogical interest, and advocating for American Medical Association to implement uniform laws to record vital statistics,

## Publications

The NGS has published the National Genealogical Society Quarterly (NGSQ) since April 1912 and also publishes the NGS Magazine. Both publications accept submissions for publication.
The NGSQ is published in March, June, September, and December, and is mailed to dues paying members and other organizations that subscribe. Each issue is 80 pages long and covers a variety of genealogical research topics, including case studies, book reviews, original research, and more. Digital issues since 1912 are available for members on the NGS' digital archive, with an index available for free without a membership.
The NGS Magazine is also published four times a year and distributed to members and subscribing organizations. The magazine contains shorter articles than the NGSQ, with a focus on member engagement and popular genealogy tools and topics. Digital issues since 2005 are available for members on the NGS' digital archive.

## Programs and Events

In conjunction with a sponsoring local genealogical society, it stages the "NGS Family History Conference". The 2012 conference, in North Charleston, South Carolina, was attended by 2,000 people and hosted 150 lectures.
# 1979 Haitian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Haiti on 11 February 1979. Around 300 candidates contested the election, almost all of whom were supporters of President Jean-Claude Duvalier. All but one of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies were won by candidates of the National Unity Party (the sole legal party at the time), whilst the other was won by an independent in Cap-Haïtien.

## Results

Seats :
| | National Unity Party | 57 |
| | Independents | 1 |
| Total | Total | 58 |
| Source: Nohlen |||
# ML 8-inch shell gun

The ML 8-inch shell guns of 50 cwt, 54 cwt and 65 cwt were the three variants of British cast iron smoothbore muzzle-loading guns designed specifically to fire the new generation of exploding shells pioneered in the early to mid-nineteenth century by Henri-Joseph Paixhans.

## Design

The idea behind a gun that could fire spherical exploding shells but not solid armour-piercing shot was that large projectiles capable of carrying a large explosive filling could be fired from comparatively light guns: the 8-inch 68 pounder gun intended to fire solid shot weighed 95 cwt (4,826 kg) compared to the 65 cwt (3,302 kg) of the typical 8-inch shell gun.
This was a "chambered" gun, meaning that the area at the breech-end of the gun where the gunpowder propellant charge burned was not of the same cylindrical section as the gun bore itself. The chamber was of the "Gomer" conical pattern, tapering towards the rear, typical of mortars of the day. This was necessitated by the need to minimise the gun's weight while still allowing it to fire a relatively heavy shell : it ensured that the thickest amount of metal surrounded the point of maximum pressure on firing, at the rear of the chamber. However, mortars fired at high elevations, allowing the powder charge to naturally seat into the coned rear end of the chamber, whereas guns such as this fired on a relatively flat trajectory, leading to the powder charge sitting on the bottom of the chamber. Hence in sea service using smaller "reduced" charges such as in short-range actions this slowed the rate of fire as precautions had to be taken to ensure that the powder charge remained correctly positioned within the chamber until firing, to avoid a misfire.

## Deployment

The early 6.71 ft (205 cm) 50 cwt version was deemed "too light and short for armament of great ships of war" and the 9 ft (270 cm) 65 cwt version of 1838 was the model typically deployed on British warships "of all rates and classes".
They were superseded by the new generation of rifled muzzle-loading guns in the 1860s, and 65 cwt versions were converted to RML 64-pounder 71 cwt guns via Palliser's method.
# National Snaffle Bit Association

The National Snaffle Bit Association (NSBA) is an equestrian organization in the United States that began by promoting and staging Western Pleasure events in 1983. Since then, focus has expanded to promoting the show horse at every level across multiple disciplines. The association is currently headquartered in Weatherford, Texas, United States.

## Organization
### Breeders Championship Futurity

The Breeders Championship Futurity is a futurity competition held annually in conjunction with the NSBA World Championship Show. There are over 40 BCF classes.

### Stakes classes

There are five stakes shows offered at the World Show. All recognized breeds are eligible to compete. Awards are given to the top 10 in each class. Prizes are money and a jackpot.

### Hall of Fame

The National Snaffle Bit Association Hall of Fame was created to recognize extraordinary athletes, individuals, riders, and horses in the show horse industry. These inductees are tracked in a separate article.
# Gesvres-le-Chapitre

Gesvres-le-Chapitre (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## Demographics

Inhabitants are called Gesvrois.