OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Crossfeed

Crossfeed is the process of blending the left and right channels of a stereo audio recording. It is generally used to reduce the extreme channel separation often featured in early stereo recordings (e.g., where instruments are panned entirely on one side or the other), or to make audio played through headphones sound more natural, as when listening to a pair of external speakers.
Crossfeed is claimed to provide relief for a small fraction of listeners who otherwise complain of "fatigue" and headaches when they listen to stereo recordings.
Crossfeed is most commonly found in headphone amplifiers and often can be toggled with a switch. Many audio player programs for computers can perform crossfeed via plug-ins or built-in processing.

## Principle of operation

Directional sound perception is based on the delay between the same sound reaching a person's left and right ears. In stereo speakers, the sound from one speaker reaches both ears, although at different levels, and with a delay between one ear and another, since the speaker is placed away from the center. In headphones, this crossfeed does not occur, so the resulting stereo image is different from what is heard from speakers. A crossfeed signal processor attempts to recreate the stereo image heard from speakers by mixing some signal from the left channel into the right channel, and vice versa.
The intent to produce speaker-like sound in headphones distinguishes crossfeed from the more general concept of stereo width reduction, which involves similar techniques.

## Types of crossfeeds
### Analog

An analog crossfeed is usually implemented by mixing the left and right channels together to some extent. Since such crossfeeds do not typically correct the delay between the added information and the original signal, they simply reduce the amount of stereo information available, centering the image in the stereo field.

### Digital (DSP)

A digital, or DSP-type, crossfeed is typically more sophisticated, mixing an amount of signal from one channel to the other, delaying the signal to mimic interaural time differences and applying other characteristics of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) to mimic the changes between the left and right ears. Some digital crossfeeds include controls for varying the realism of the crossfeed implementation and which HRTF characteristics are used. Examples of DSP crossfeeds are Dolby Headphone and Bauer stereophonic-to-binaural DSP.
# Maloelap Airport

Maloelap Airport is a public use airport located on Taroa Island in Maloelap Atoll, Marshall Islands. This airport is assigned the location identifier 3N1 by the FAA and MAV by the IATA.

## Facilities

Maloelap Airport is at an elevation of 4 feet (1.2 m) above mean sea level. The runway is designated 04/22 with a turf surface measuring 3,500 by 150 feet (1,067 x 46 m). There are no aircraft based at Maloelap.

## History

During World War II, Taroa Airfield was a major Japanese airbase approximately three miles long and one mile wide. The airfield was Japan's easternmost airbase of the War. Heavily bombed during the war, it was a favorite target for bombers from Makin Airfield, Tarawa and Abemama. Remnants of the airbase, defenses, and battles can still be found on the island; about 1,200 feet from the southwest end of the airport lies the wreck of the Toreshima Maru, a Japanese supply ship sunk in December 1943.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Marshall Islands | Aur, Majuro |
# MAD Dragon Music Group

The Music Industry Program Entities, or the MAD Dragon Music Group (MDMG), is an umbrella company owned by Drexel University, run by university students and overseen by faculty and staff. The purpose of the company is to provide industry experience to the students in the university's Music Industry program. The companies of MDMG include MAD Dragon Records, DraKo Booking, MAD Dragon Publishing, MADKo Concerts, and artist services company Bantic Media.

## History of the Music Industry program

The brainchild of Jonathan Estrin, the dean of the college at that time, the Music Industry program came about in 2000 when he came to Drexel to head the College of Media Arts and Design and wanted to revive the sub-par music program, "re-envisioning the media-oriented university for the new century". Part of the process was redesigning the curriculum, which showed that the music program would need an overhaul and the addition of a recording studio. After obtaining $250,000 in funding staffing was hired for the program. Marcy Rauer Wagman, an entertainment lawyer and former songwriter/producer, was hired to teach about industry law, business models, royalties, and create and manage a student-run record label. The concept of having an umbrella organization was the brainchild of Wagman in 2003 as a way for students to have experience in all aspects of the music industry.
The name MAD Dragon came from the fact that the College of Media Arts and Design was often abbreviated as CoMAD and the university's mascot is a dragon.

## MAD Dragon Records

The record label, MAD Dragon Records, is the only student run record label with a national distribution deal. It was signed through RYKO Distribution in Spring 2005 and is run out of the University itself. The venture between Ryko and MAD Dragon allows the LPs that are produced to be distributed nationally while allowing the students to continue to work with the artist. MAD Dragon Records is currently distributed by the Alternative Distribution Alliance (ADA/Warner).
On December 18, 2007, MAD Dragon Records' work with Hoots & Hellmouth won them the 2008 College Record Label Award from the Independent Music Awards (IMA). They won again in 2009 for their work with The Redwalls. They received over 15 IMA nominations in 2009 and 2010.
MAD Dragon worked with or put out records for artists such as Jules Shear, The Swimmers, Matt Duke, Andrew Lipke, Hoots and Hellmouth, Toy Soldiers, Kuf Knotz, The Spinning Leaves, Pretty Good Dance Moves, and The Redwalls.

## The Other MIP Entities

DraKo Booking is the booking agency responsible for booking regional, national and all types of tours around the United States for artists.
MADKo Concerts books and promotes independent concerts in the Philadelphia area featuring local artists.
MAD Dragon Publishing helps artists to place their music in film, commercials and television.
MAD Dragon Media, formerly known as Bantic Media and previously D3, is the MIP Entities' artist services company.
# Remen

Remen may refer to:
* Rachel Naomi Remen (born 1938) American author, teacher, and alternative medicine practitioner
* Remen, an Ancient Egyptian unit of length
# Kyiv Roshen Factory

Kyiv confectionery factory "Roshen" (Ukrainian: Київська кондитерська фабрика "Рошен"), formerly known as the Karl Marx Kyiv Confectionery Factory (Ukrainian: Київська кондитерська фабрика імені Карла Маркса) is the largest confectionery company in Kyiv, Ukraine, and the most important subdivision of the Roshen Confectionery Corporation.

## History

The factory was founded in 1874 by Valentin Yefimov. In 1875, it had 24 yards and 200 workers were engaged in production. The production volume was about 200 tons per year. The factory produced chocolate, dragees, candies, caramel, marmalade, pastille, jam, gingerbread, tea biscuits, and other sweets.
In 1923, it was named after Karl Marx by the Soviet authorities in order to celebrate his 105th anniversary.
Petro Poroshenko acquired control over the factory soon after its privatization in the 1990s, making it the basis for the future Roshen Corporation; a major modernization with Western equipment followed.
In 2009 closed joint-stock company "Karl Marx Kyiv Confectionery Factory" was renamed to public company ""Kyiv confectionery factory "Roshen"".
The project to revitalize part of the Roshen factory won a bronze medal at the prestigious International Design Awards (IDA).

## Products

The factory produces more than 100 different products of confectionery, including a variety of chocolate bars, candies, cakes, cookies, and fruit jellies. Among the factory's best-known brands are: "Kyiv cake"; "Kyiv Vechirniy" chocolate and nut candies; "Chaika", "Teatralnyi" and "Alionka" plain chocolate bars and other products.
# Halat, Lebanon

Halat (Arabic: حالات, also spelled Halate) is a municipality in the Byblos District of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon. It is located along the Mediterranean coast, 32 kilometers north of Beirut. Its inhabitants are predominantly Maronite Catholics. Halat has an average elevation of 100 meters above sea level and a total land area of 957 hectares. The town has one public school, which had 112 students in 2008. There were 45 companies with more than five employees operating in Halat as of 2008. There is also a quarry in the town. Charles Bassil is the current municipality president. Most famous person from Halat:Gilbert Chakib Charbel!

## Community
### Churches

These are some of the churches in the town of Halat.
* Mar Youssef (Saint Joseph) in Beit el Boumeh
* Mar Gerges (Saint George)

## Geography
### Neighborhoods

These are some of the neighborhoods in Halat
* Beit el Boumeh
* Douweir
* Bahriyyeh (seaside)
* New Halat

### Neighboring Towns

These are the closest towns to Halat.
* Fidar to the north
* Byblos further to the north
* Nahr Ibrahim to the south
* Zelehmayya to the east

## Climate

Halat's climate is typical for the Lebanese coast. Winters are cold and rainy. The temperature drops to 10 C on the coldest days. In the winters, the temperature can rise to 20 C. The summers are hot and dry. It virtually never rains in the summer in Lebanon. The temperature in Halat can go up to 30 C in the summer. The weather is very pleasant and cool in the fall and spring with occasional rain.
# Konstantinos Kosmopoulos

Konstantinos Kosmopoulos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κοσμόπουλος; 1928 – February 12, 2011) was a Greek politician who served as the Mayor of Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city, from 1989 to 1998. He was succeeded in office by Vasilis Papageorgopoulos.
Kosmopoulos died on February 12 2011, of a cardiac arrest at the age of 83.
# Bang Rachan district

Bang Rachan (Thai: บางระจัน, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) of Sing Buri province, central Thailand.

## Etymology

The word bang is a Thai word meaning 'home', 'village', or more specifically 'river village'. Rachan is a Sanskrit word which is most commonly translated as 'creation' but can have many meanings. One possible meaning is 'formation' or 'array of troops'. As Bang Rachan was the place of a historically important battle, perhaps this is the original meaning. Another possible connection is the Sanskrit word for king, "rajan", which may not be too far fetched since the king of Siam resided in Ayutthaya at the time of the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) and could easily have visited or founded Bang Rachan, or it could even be the seat of a previous king. The history of the area is uncertain and conquerors have rewritten history intentionally several times, so the exact origin of the name is unknown. Rachan is even used as the name of a person, so "Bang Rachan" could simply refer to 'the village by the river where Rachan lives'.

## History

The area of Bang Rachan district was mostly part of the historical Mueang Sing. When the government re-established Mueang Sing, the area was divided into two districts, Bang Phutsa (now Mueang Sing Buri) and Sing. The district was renamed Bang Rachan in 1939.
The first district office was on the right bank of the Noi River in Tambon Choeng Klat. In 1898 was moved to the left bank of the river in Tambon Sing area.
Despite its name, the historic battle of Bang Rachan between the Burmese army and Thai villagers took place in the area of neighboring Khai Bang Rachan district, which was split off from Bang Rachan District in 1972.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Sankhaburi of Chai Nat province, In Buri, Mueang Sing Buri and Khai Bang Rachan of Sing Buri Province, and Doem Bang Nang Buat of Suphan Buri province.

## Administration

The district is divided into eight sub-districts (tambons).
| 1. | Sing | สิงห์ |
| 2. | Mai Dat | ไม้ดัด |
| 3. | Choeng Klat | เชิงกลัด |
| 4. | Pho Chon Kai | โพชนไก่ |
| 5. | Mae La | แม่ลา |
| 6. | Ban Cha | บ้านจ่า |
| 7. | Phak Than | พักทัน |
| 8. | Sa Chaeng | สระแจง |
# Grebel

Grebel is a German surname and a German Pastry. Notable people with the surname include:
* Conrad Grebel (c. 1498 – 1526), Swiss merchant and Anabaptist
* Eva Grebel (born 1966), German astronomer
** 24749 Grebel, main-belt asteroid
# Cheow Lan Lake

Cheow Lan Lake (Thai: เชี่ยวหลาน, RTGS: Chiao Lan) or Rajjaprabha Dam Reservoir (อ่างเก็บน้ำเขื่อนรัชชประภา, RTGS: Ratchaprapha~), is in Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is an 185-square-kilometre (71 sq mi) artificial lake, inaugurated in 1987 with the construction of Rajjaprabha Dam by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) as a source of electricity.

## Rajjaprabha Dam

Rajjaprabha Dam, meaning 'light of the kingdom', got its name in May 1987 from the king at the opening ceremony on the king's 60th birthday. Before that day it was called the "Cheow Lan Project". It was designed as a multi-purpose project for power generation, flood control, irrigation, and fishery. In 1982, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) started construction of the dam by diverting the Klong Saeng River. It took about one year to completely flood the 185 square kilometres (71 sq mi) basin. To flood this large area, 385 families of Ban Chiew Lan village were resettled. Rubber and other farming opportunities such as poultry, fruit orchards, vegetable farming, and reservoir fisheries were introduced together with the needed training programs and credit facilities to sustain farmers' incomes.
Each family received 19 rai (7.2 acres [2.9 ha]) of rubber plantation as well as one rai (0.39 acres [0.16 ha]) for their dwelling. As part of the compensation, the resettled people received 1,000 baht monthly per family. Resettlement drove the creation of basic public infrastructure, water supply systems, and public buildings such as schools, police station, medical center, and community hall—all built by the Thai government.
A resettlement of animals took place by boat and helicopter to prevent them from drowning or starving on new created islands. In 18 months 1,364 animals of 116 species were rescued, but 44 died soon after. Many fish species died due to the stagnant water conditions.
The average depth of the lake is around 40 m (130 ft) while the deepest point of the lake was estimated to be around 90 m (300 ft) deep.

## Wildlife

The national park area is inhabited by a range of mammals such as tigers, elephants, tapirs and many monkey species. Birds such as hornbills, banded pittas, and great argus are as well forest residents. Less commonly seen reptiles include the king cobra, reticulated python, and flying lizards. The reservoir area includes the Khlong Saeng, Khlong Nakha and Kaeng Krung wildlife sanctuaries where rare animals can be found. West of Khao Sok National Park lies Sri Phang Nga National Park which extends the preservation area to 4,000 square kilometers.

## Gallery

* Early morning at Cheow Lan Lake
* Primary tropical rainforest around Cheow Lan Lake
* Cheow Lan Lake
* Evidence of the preexisting forest
* Rich flora, Lake shore
* Dusky langur
* Kayaking on Cheow Lan Lake
* An Island in Cheow Lan Lake
* A boat in Cheow Lan Lake
# Avdelay

Avdelay (Russian: Авдела́й) is an old and rare Russian Christian male first name. It is derived from the Greek: audē, lit. 'audio' and laos, 'people'.
The diminutive of "Avdelay" is Russian: А́вдя, romanized: Avdya.
The patronymics derived from "Avdelay" are Авдела́евич, Avdelayevich (masculine) and Авдела́евна, Avdelayevna (feminine).
# Sosipolis

Sosipolis (Greek: Σωσίπολις, lit. 'City saviour') may refer to:

## Greek deities

* Sosipolis, an epithet of Zeus. There was a temple of Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maeander
* Sosipolis, a native god of Elis, son of the goddess Eileithyia. There was a sanctuary and a shrine dedicated to him at Olympia
* Sosipolis, the name appears on coins from Gela representing a female deity, protectress of the city

## People

* Sosipolis of Antissa, a male native of Antissa at Lesbos. According to Aristotle, the city every year held a big festival for Dionysus, but one year the city didn't have funds. On the proposal of Sosipolis, the people after vowing that they would offer to Dionysus a double amount next year, collected all and sold it.
* Sosipolis of Athens, father of the poet Eupolis
# Vika oxygen generator

Vika or TGK is an oxygen generating system for spaceflight. It is a SFOG, or solid-fuel oxygen generator, a kind of chemical oxygen generator. It has been used on the retired Mir space station and the International Space Station. It was originally developed by Roscosmos to supplement the Elektron oxygen system on Mir. A Vika module, also known as a "candle", contains about one liter of lithium perchlorate and can provide oxygen for one person for 24 hours.
After being adopted for use on the ISS, it had the NASA name SFOG, but they also sometimes use the Russian acronym TGK.

## Vika on Mir

Vika was used on Mir when more than three people were on board. Vika needs a supply of canisters to work, which must be flown into space. An example of this is Progress M-34, which carried 60 canisters to Mir in 1997 along with other cargo. If Vika and Elektron stopped working, the station would have to rely on a limited supply of bottled oxygen.
   The fire was a "raging blowtorch" ..
—Mir crewmember onboard during the fire
In February 1997 a Vika chemical oxygen generator failed on Mir in the Kvant-1 module. It caught fire and spewed a torch-like jet of a molten metal and sparks across one of the Mir space station modules, burning for around 14 minutes and blocking the escape route to the docked Soyuz spacecraft. The fire was eventually extinguished, and the crew was not harmed. A definitive cause of the accident was not determined because the fire destroyed the device. It was suspected that a torn piece of rubber glove worn during assembly likely contaminated the canister. Despite this incident, NASA decided it was still the best supplemental oxygen system available, and supported its use on the then-upcoming ISS. The US and Russia worked together to improve the safety of the system before using it on the new space station.

## Vika on ISS

A backup to the temperamental Elektron system used on both the ISS and Mir is the Vika solid-fuel oxygen generator (SFOG), which contains a replaceable cartridge – a thin-walled steel tube with a three-part block of oxygen-releasing mixture based on lithium perchlorate. Two parts are tablets of the chemical mixture and the third one is the igniter tablet with a flash igniter. The igniter is struck by a firing pin when the device is activated. One cartridge releases 600 litres (160 US gal) of oxygen and burns for 5–20 minutes at 450–500 °C (842–932 °F). The oxygen is cooled and filtered to remove dust and odours, and released into the space station atmosphere.
# Ban Dung

Ban Dung (Thai: บ้านดุง) is a town (Thesaban Mueang) in north-eastern Thailand and the local government seat of Ban Dung district (Amphoe) in the province of Udon Thani in the Isan region. As of 2017, it had a total population of 15,836 people.

## Education

Numerous primary schools serve the area. High school education is provided by Bandung Wittaya School.

## Transport

The town is adjacent to the intersection of Highway 2022 and Highway 2096. Local town transport is provided by Isan tuk-tuk style Samlor motor tricycle taxis. Regional and long distance bus services operate from the bus terminal.
The nearest railway stations are in Nong Khai (83 km) and Udon Thani (81 km) and the nearest full-service airport is Udon Thani International Airport at 88 km.
# Dothichloe

Dothichloe, often stylized as Dothichloë is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
* Dothichloe aristidae
* Dothichloe atramentos
* Dothichloe atramentosa
* Dothichloe discoidea
* Dothichloe epichloe
* Dothichloe granulosa
* Dothichloe hypoxylon
* Dothichloe insidiosa
* Dothichloe limitata
* Dothichloe nigricans
* Dothichloe subnodosa
# Azza al-Mayla

Azza al-Mayla (Arabic: عزة الميلاء; lit. 'Azza of the swinging gait') (7th-century - d. 705) was a Medinan Qiyan musician, composer, singer, poet and teacher.
She was a mawla of the Ansar tribe, which mean she was a freedwoman-client who converted to Islam, which was the usual background for free professional musical artists in the Caliphate.
She and her colleague Jamila (d. 720) was one of only two free female musicians known to have managed their own majlis, which was a form of entertainment sessions or salon which was at this time still acceptable for women and men to attend together, as Arabian upper-class women was not yet fully subjected to gender segregation. The majlis played a big role in the lively musical life of Medina, in which the musicians performed and attracted patrons and students. Azza al-Mayla performed in the presence of both women and men, and described by men who admired: 'Azza al-Mayla's beauty, her supple waist and graceful walk, because of which she was called al-Maylii'.
As an artist, she was described as a musician of "great innate musical talent, enhanced by a superb voice and impressive skill in playing musical instruments".
She was a student in Arabian songs of the female singers Ra'iqa, Sirin and Zerneb, and a student in Persian airs of Sa'ib Khathir and Nashit, who were known as Persian music performers. She combined old and new music in her art and was referred to as the 'queen of singers'.
# Jana Andolan Party

Jana Andolan Party (JAP) or All India Jana Andolan Party (AIJAP) is a political party based in Kalimpong district and Darjeeling district of India. JAP was founded in 2016. The president of the party is Dr. Harka Bahadur Chhetri, who is a former MLA of Kalimpong.

## Election history

JAP contested the West Bengal state assembly election from Kalimpong in 2016. Its candidate Harka Bahadur Chhetri lost narrowly to Gorkha Janmukti Morcha candidate Sarita Rai. In the 2017 Kalimpong municipality elections, JAP won two seats. In 2019, Harka Bahadur Chhetri unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha election from Darjeeling constituency. Amar Lama from JAP contested the West Bengal assembly by-election from Darjeeling assembly constituency in 2019 but lost.