OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hayes Glacier (Greenland)

Hayes Glacier is a tidewater glacier in the Avannaata municipality, located on the northwestern shore of Greenland.

## Geography

It drains the Greenland ice sheet (Greenlandic: Sermersuaq) southwards into Melville Bay. The glacier front is located to the east of the Tuttulikassak nunatak and south of the Kjer Glacier.
* Map of Northwestern Greenland
# Salian, Iran

Salian (Persian: ساليان, also Romanized as Sālīān, Sāleyān, and Sāliyān) is a village in Zhavarud-e Gharbi Rural District, Kalatrazan District, Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province, Iran.
At the 2006 census, its population was 343, in 82 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Demetrios Pieridis

Demetrios Pierides (Greek: Δημήτρης Πιερίδης; 1811–1895) was a Greek Cypriot banker, vice consul of Great Britain and collector of ancient Cypriot artefacts. He was the son of Pierakis Demetriou Corella (1790–1821) and Maria Caridi (c. 1775 – 1870)

## Career

He studied history and literature in England and was a private tutor of Greek of the Duke of Sutherland. At a later stage he was a professor of English language in Greece.
Pierides was the Director of Ottoman Bank in Larnaca. In 1849 he took part in an expedition, led by Royal Navy Captain T.Graves, to compile the first proper map of Cyprus. He was a Member of Parliament (1884-1885) in Cyprus, and vice consul of England (1849-1850).

## Antiquities

His interest in ancient history of Cyprus and will to prevent art dealers from selling the rich cultural heritage to foreign collectors of antiques, made Demetrios Pierides a collector of ancient artefacts. By that he managed to keep an important part of Cyprus handicraft history on the island. Parts of his collections laid the ground for the Pierides Museum.
Pierides was one of the founding members of the Cyprus Museum. Many European intellectuals who knew Pieridis, used to call him "The Wise Greek". he wrote many scientific articles on Cypriot antiquities both in English and in French.

## Family

Pierides married Theodora Cyprael Halil (b. 1819-d.1859) and had two sons, Zenon D. Pierides and Gabriel-Cyprael Pierides. He also had five daughters (Adelais, Kalliope, Maritsa, Anna and Thecla).
His father Pierakis was a merchant and land owner in Cyprus. He was hanged by the Turks, together with other prominent lay men and Bishops, on 10 July 1821 as a punishment for the Greek uprising.
The family motto is "Emmenein", meaning "Persistence".
# Sheedi Mela

The Sheedi Mela or Sheedi Jaat or Pir Mangho Urs (Urdu: شیدی میلا) is an annual spiritual festival in Manghopir neighborhood of Gadap Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Pir Mangho Urs is the most important event in the cultural calendar of the Sheedi community—a community of East African-descended Pakistanis. It is held every year at the shrine of Manghopir, usually in the summer, for four days, with the exact dates decided upon by the community leaders. The Sheedi Mela is separate from the Manghopir Urs which marks the death anniversary of Mangho Pir and is held in the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The festival is famous for the role of the sacred crocodiles of the shrine, and the African-influence rituals of the Sheedi community. The festival attracts many people of all ethnic groups. People make their mannats (pledges) at the shrine of Pir Mangho through offering fresh meat (seen as sacrificial) to the crocodiles. Shedis believe that the creatures do not harm the saint's followers and because of this bury crocodiles with equal respect and formalities as they would give a human being. There is place reserved for burying dead crocodiles near the shrine.
The highlight of the Manghopir festival also called ‘Shedi Mela’ and a garlanding ceremony, during which the gaddi nasheen (the holy successor) puts a garland around the neck of the chief of the crocodiles (Mor Sahib). Success of this rite depends solely on the mood of old creature, but according to his keeper, he obliges most of the time and presents himself for the ritual, with chunks of fresh meat usually helping do the trick.
As with almost all such holy shrines, Manghopir's shrine is located on a small hill. The grave of the saint remains covered with an embroidered silk fabric in a small tomb while musicians with traditional instruments sing praises for the saint outside. During the festival, the tomb is washed with sandalwood and rose water. Outside the shrine, there are various stalls and mini-shops, selling knickknacks and items associated with the shrine.
Nearby is a crocodile pond, measuring about 400 feet (120 m) long and 200 feet (61 m) wide, which nourished by an underground stream, contains hundreds of crocodiles from six to seven feet in length. ‘Mor Sahib – the Chief of Crocodiles (the eldest one) is about 100 years old and over 12 feet (3.7 m) in length. The flourishing breeding has made the pond too small for the expanding reptile population, which is naturally rough and tough and famous for its longevity. The crocodile population is under threat due to a water shortage in the pond, caused by established water pumping at the natural source of freshwater for the pond.
During the Sheedi Mela, a large number of people descend on the shrine from all over Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab. There is much fun as the caravans of devotees make their way to the shrine.
# Broad Peak Central

Broad Peak Central is a secondary peak of the Broad Peak, which is also referred to as a relatively independent main peak.
It belongs to the Gasherbrum massif. Due to its visual independence, it was long disputed whether it was the 15th eight-thousander. The mountain lies in the disputed border region of Kashmir (Pakistan and India) and Xinjiang (China).

## First ascent

The first ascent was on 28 July 1975 by a Polish expedition. The six climbers Roman Bebak, Kazimierz Głazek, Marek Kęsicki, Janusz Kuliś, Bohdan Nowaczyk and Andrzej Sikorski began their summit attack from Camp III at an altitude of about 7200 m. Shortly before the summit, Bebak turned around so that a short time later five climbers reached the summit. Nowaczyk disappeared while descending in a snowstorm. The search of the other climbers was unsuccessful. Since they could not descend far due to the search, they had to bivouac near the summit. The search continued the next morning, but to no avail. During the further descent, Kęsicki, Kuliś and Sikorski slipped. Kęsicki and Sikorski died in the process. Thus, only two of the first climbers survived the expedition.

## First ascent of the east side

On 4 August 1992, a Spanish expedition made the first ascent of a route on the Chinese east side to Broad Peak Central (and thus the third ascent of this summit). After three failed attempts in July, Catalans Òscar Cadiach, Enric Dalmau, Lluis Ráfols and Italy's Alberto Soncini finally reached the summit, having previously bivouacked at almost 8000m. The group had already set off on a reconnaissance trip to the remote area last year; Kurt Diemberger, who first climbed Broad Peak, also took part in both trips and explored the area geographically. This ascent was not only the first on the east side of this mountain, but the first ascent of a mountain of the Gasherbrum massif from the east, from the Trans-Karakoram Tract belonging to China. It was not until 15 years later that a Swiss expedition made the second ascent from the Chinese side with the first ascent of the north face of Gasherbrum II.
# Canadian Motorcycle Association

The Canadian Motorcycle Association (CMA; French: Association Canadienne des Motocycles, ACM) was founded in 1946. In 1950, it became affiliated with the World Governing Body of the Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme.
Federally incorporated in 1957, it serves as a national voice for Canadian motorcycle riders and enthusiasts. The CMA is headquartered in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
# Hazurpur railway station

Hazurpur railway station (Urdu: حضورپور ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Pakistan.
# Tumen Dashtseveg

Tumen Dashtseveg is the head of the Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

## Career

Tumen did her doctoral degree at Moscow State University in Anthropology. She specialises in paleoanthropology, human skeletal biology, paleodemography, paleopathology, racial variation and historical populations in Mongolia and North Asia.
# History of Materialism and Critique of Its Present Importance

History of Materialism and Critique of Its Present Importance (German: Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart) is a philosophical work by Friedrich Albert Lange, originally written in German and published in October 1865 (although the year of publication was given as 1866). Lange vastly extended the second edition published in two volumes in 1873–75. A three-volume English translation of the opus was published 1877–81.

## Contents

Adopting the Kantian standpoint that we can know nothing but phenomena, Lange maintains that neither materialism nor any other metaphysical system has a valid claim to ultimate truth. For empirical phenomenal knowledge, however, which is all that humans can look for, materialism with its exact scientific methods has done most valuable service. Ideal metaphysics, though they fail of the inner truth of things, have a value as the embodiment of high aspirations, in the same way as poetry and religion. Lange replaced the transcendental subject of Kantianism by the organism, although he considered that this substitution validated all the more Kant's philosophy that the subject apprehended the world through the categories of understanding.
Lange suggests that the methods for real science were present in Democritus's atomistic materialism. However, atomistic materialism implies that the soul, like the body, is fated to be snuffed out: such a view made Democritus quite unattractive to virtually all world religions so Democritus was ignored and marginalized by the history of philosophy, in spite of being one of the greatest thinkers of the ancient Greek world.
Lange mentions Max Stirner's book The Ego and Its Own as "the extremest that we know anywhere". He also mentioned Blanqui's L'Eternité par les astres, which discussed the thesis of an Eternal Return.
Lange's work exerted a profound influence on Friedrich Nietzsche, who aimed at radicalizing Lange's viewpoint beyond Kant. At one time Nietzsche planned to write a dissertation on the notion of organism in Kant's philosophy (letter to Paul Deussen). He also envisioned sending a work on Democritus, a major focus of Lange, to Deussen.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Makeni

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Makeni (Latin: Makenen(sis)) is a diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Freetown in Sierra Leone. The cathedral is the Our Lady of Fatima Cathedral in Makeni.
In 2012 a majority of priests in the diocese disagreed with the appointment of bishop Henry Aruna, after which sede vacante was declared in April 2012.

## History

* April 3, 1952: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Makeni from territory of the Diocese of Freetown and Bo
* February 24, 1962: Elevated to the status of a diocese

## Ordinaries

* Prefect Apostolic of Makeni (Latin Church)
** Augusto Fermo Azzolini (1952-07-19 – 1962-02-24 see below)
* Bishops of Makeni (Latin Church)
** Augusto Fermo Azzolini (see above 1962-02-24 – 1986-11-17)
** Giorgio Biguzzi (1986-11-17 - 2012-01-07)
** Henry Aruna (2012-01-07 - 2012-04-11), did not take possession
** Sede vacante (2012)
*** Bishop Natale Paganelli (66) (Apostolic Administrator 2012 - 2023-02-11)
** Bishop Bob John Hassan Koroma (2023-02-11 onwards)
# Night of Violence

Night of Violence (Italian: Le notti della violenza) is a 1965 Italian film directed by Roberto Mauri and starring Helene Chanel and Marilu Tolo. It was initially banned in Italy on the time of its release, and released in France first as Call Girls 66. It was released later in Italy heavily edited and with some re-dubbed dialogue.

## Premise

The police strive to catch a masked serial killer who focuses on women.

## Cast

* Alberto Lupo as Insp. Ferretti
* Marilù Tolo as the sister of Carla Pratesi
* Lisa Gastoni as Linda
* Hélène Chanel as Carla Pratesi
* Cristina Gaioni as Franca
* Nerio Bernardi as Pratesi
* Dada Gallotti as Maitresse
* Elisa Mainardi
* Luigi Batzella
* Aldo Berti
* Alberto Cevenini
* Gepi De Rosa
* Maria Pia Conte
* Tullio Altamura
* Franco Pesce
* Gianni Medici
* Ugo Fangareggi

## Production

Night of Violence was developed under the name L'uomo venuto da Hiroshima.

## Release and reception

Night of Violence was initially banned in Italy for obscenity due to the amount of female nudity in the film. It was eventually released in France under the title Call Girls 66 in 1965 and released months later in 1966 in Italy under the title Le notti della violenza. The theatrical released had many cuts and some re-dubbed dialogue.
It received a brief release in Milan in 1967, where it had a brief review in Corriere della Sera who described it as a "crude fumetto."
# Doré bar

A doré bar is a semi-pure alloy of gold and silver. It is usually created at the site of a mine and then transported to a refinery for further purification.
The proportions of silver and gold can vary widely. Doré bars weigh as much as 25 kg.
During the 19th century gold rushes, gold nuggets and dust were melted into crude gold bars mistakenly called "bullion" by miners. They were, more accurately, doré bars with higher contents of silver and other adulterants than the mints would accept. Mint and private assayers would subsequently refine the doré bars to an acceptable purity, 999 fine, gold bullion, with the silver and base metals removed. By the time of the California gold rush, mints were moving away from the age-old process of cupellation to "part" bullion and moving toward the acid refining process developed by chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac for the French mint. By the time of the Klondike gold rush, mints were replacing Gay-Lussac's acid process and introducing electrolysis to refine doré bars into 999.9 purity gold bullion.

## Associated industry codes

According to the United States Census Bureau, the creation of doré bars is conducted at establishments engaged either in "Gold Ore Mining" (NAICS Code 212221), or "Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)" (NAICS Code 331419).

## Derivation of the term

The word doré is French for "gilded" or "golden".
# Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun

Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud (Arabic: القاسم المأمون بن حمّود, died 1036) was an Arab Caliph of Córdoba in Muslim Spain for two periods, 1018 to 1021, and again for a short time in 1023 until he was driven from the city. He was the brother of the deposed Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir. His reign was described in Ibn al-Khatib's A'mal al-a'lam.
This was during a short period when the caliphate was held by the Hammudid dynasty.
# William Kerley Strong

William Kerley Strong (1805–1867) was a merchant and a brigadier general during the American Civil War. He was the commander of Benton Barracks and the districts of Cairo and St. Louis. Strong was also a prominent Democrat, noted his pro-Union speeches.

## Biography

Strong was a wealthy wool merchant in New York. He was born on April 30, 1805, in Duanesburg, New York to Josiah Strong and Martha Green. Strong's father was an American Revolutionary War veteran who had fought in the Battle of Trenton under George Washington.
Strong was married to Helen Mary Hart and they had 9 children, among whom John Lorimer, and Helen Hart, spouse of Henry Piffard.
In 1839, Strong was noted for constructing a sprawling grand mansion covering 11,634 feet of living space. The property called Rose Hill Mansion was given to Robert Swan in 1850. A contemporaneous newspaper report cited that the property, which was designated a national historic landmark, was sold to Swan's father, who gave it to him as a wedding present.
Strong died on March 16, 1867. He never recovered from his injuries after he was thrown out of his carriage.

## Civil War

When the American Civil War began, Strong was travelling around Egypt. He helped the Union cause by securing weapons in France on his way home. An account cited that because of his pro-Union speeches, he gained the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who appointed him as brigadier general. He was not assigned to field duty but made commander of the Benton Barracks in Missouri. In 1862, he was appointed commander of the District of Cairo, Illinois, replacing General Eleazar A. Paine, who was reassigned for violating orders. Strong was sent to New York for an unknown mission before he was appointed the commander of the District of St. Louis from June to October 1863. He resigned his commission on October 20.
Strong was also appointed as the president of a commission that investigated the circumstances behind the evacuation of the Union forces in New Madrid, Missouri.
After the war, he settled in New York and started employing Black workers.
# Brezovka

Brezovka (Rusyn: Брезівка) is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1572.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 360 metres and covers an area of 3.268 km$^2$. It has a population of about 79 people.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Presov, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1750-1896 (parish B)
* Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1852-1924 (parish B)
# Gmina Sulęczyno

Gmina Sulęczyno (Kashubian: Sëlëczëno) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Sulęczyno, which lies approximately 31 kilometres (19 mi) west of Kartuzy and 59 km (37 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
The gmina covers an area of 131.31 square kilometres (50.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,886.

## Villages

Gmina Sulęczyno contains the villages and settlements of Amalka, Bielawki, Borek, Borek Kamienny, Borowiec, Bukowa Góra, Chojna, Czarlino, Kistówko, Kistowo, Kłodno, Kołodzieje, Mściszewice, Nowy Dwór, Ogonki, Opoka, Ostrów-Mausz, Ostrowite, Podjazy, Sucha, Sulecki Borek, Sulęczyno, Węsiory, Widna Góra, Żakowo, Zdunowice, Zdunowice Małe and Zimna Góra.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Sulęczyno is bordered by the gminas of Kościerzyna, Lipusz, Parchowo, Sierakowice and Stężyca.
# Paolo Bisanti

Paolo Bisanti (Italian: Paolo Bisanti, Croatian: Pavao Bizanti, Slovene: Pavla Bizancija, Latin: Paulus Byzantius, 1529–1587) was Bishop of Kotor and later Vicar of the Patriarchate of Aquileia where he played an important role in the Catholic reform.

## Life

Paolo Bisanti was born in Kotor in 1529 to a local noble family: his uncle Trifone had been bishop of that town till 1540. Luca, Paolo's older brother, became bishop of Kotor after the uncle, and, as usual among the poor bishops, Luca entered in service to the Grimani family and served as Vicar of the Patriarchate of Aquileia between 1547 and 1556.
Paolo graduated in utroque iure in Padova, and when back in Kotor he was encharged of local politic duties. His brother Luca resigned the bishopric in his favour, and Paolo was so appointed Bishop of Kotor on 12 October 1565. He was examined by the Archbishop of Dubrovnik Crisostomo Calvino and confirmed in the appointment.
In 1578 he resigned the bishopric and was appointed by Vicar of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The Patriarch of Aquileia used to live in Venice, while Paolo lived in Udine having the full responsibility of the local government. The Patriarchate of Aquileia covered not only regions in the Venetian Republic but other territories under the Habsburg Empire, which was the cause of strong clashes with the House of Habsburg. However, thanks to his diplomatic skills, in 1581 he succeeded in entering Carniola, Styria and Carinthia, and in 1583 Burgenland and Gorizia (part of the Patriarchate of Aquileia) to perform his pastoral visit as requested by the Council of Trent.
The Patriarchate of Aquileia bordered territories with a Protestant presence, so Paolo Bisanti was particularly active in implementing the measures of the Council of Trent, and in reforming the clergy. According to J. Gruden, his 1581 pastoral visit marked the beginning of the Catholic resistance against the onslaught of Protestantism in Slovenia.
He was author of several Latin treatises in the field of ecclesiastical law. In 1584 he summoned a synod in Udine. After the appointment of Francesco Barbaro as coadjutor of the Patriarch, the office of Bisanti lost importance. He died in Udine on 4 March 1587.
# MKS Będzin

MKS Będzin SA, officially known for sponsorship reasons as Nowak-Mosty MKS Będzin, is a Polish professional men's volleyball club based in Będzin, founded in 2005. From 2014 to 2021, the club competed in the Polish PlusLiga. Since the 2024–25 season, the club has been playing in the PlusLiga.

## Team

As of 2024–25 season

### Coaching staff

| Occupation | Name | Name |
| Head coach | Dawid Murek | Dawid Murek |
| Assistant coach | Radosław Kolanek | Radosław Kolanek |

### Players

| No. | Name | Date of birth | Position |
| 1 | Adrian Kopij | (1996-01-16) January 16, 1996 (age 28) | outside hitter |
| 2 | Patryk Szwaradzki | (1995-06-27) June 27, 1995 (age 29) | opposite |
| 4 | Filip Popiwczak | (2005-10-10) October 10, 2005 (age 19) | libero |
| 6 | Artur Ratajczak | (1990-09-18) September 18, 1990 (age 34) | middle blocker |
| 7 | Mateusz Siwicki | (1996-07-23) July 23, 1996 (age 28) | middle blocker |
| 10 | Luka Tadić | (2000-10-10) October 10, 2000 (age 24) | outside hitter |
| 12 | Grzegorz Pająk | (1987-01-01) January 1, 1987 (age 37) | setter |
| 13 | Dominik Depowski | (1995-10-27) October 27, 1995 (age 29) | outside hitter |
| 14 | Maciej Olenderek | (1992-10-16) October 16, 1992 (age 32) | libero |
| 17 | Brandon Koppers | (1995-09-09) September 9, 1995 (age 29) | outside hitter |
| 18 | Damian Schulz | (1990-02-26) February 26, 1990 (age 34) | opposite |
| 20 | Bartłomiej Wójcik | (1998-07-24) July 24, 1998 (age 26) | middle blocker |
| 21 | Mateusz Szpernalowski | (2005-02-11) February 11, 2005 (age 19) | setter |
| 33 | Valerii Todua | (1992-07-30) July 30, 1992 (age 32) | middle blocker |
# Single territorial collectivity

A single territorial collectivity (French: collectivité territoriale unique, French pronunciation:) is a chartered subdivision of France that exercises the powers of both a region and a department. This subdivision was introduced in Mayotte in 2011, in French Guiana and Martinique in 2015, and in Corsica in 2018.
The nature of a French single territorial collectivity is set forth in Articles 72 and 73 of the French Constitution of 1958 (as amended since), which provides for local autonomy within limits prescribed by law.
# Gurgesiellidae

Pygmy skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Gurgesiellidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays. Nineteen species in three genera are known.

## Genera

* Cruriraja Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948
* Fenestraja McEachran & Compagno, 1982
* Gurgesiella de Buen, 1959
# Colmegna railway station

Colmegna railway station (Italian: Stazione di Colmegna) is a railway station in the comune of Luino, in the Italian region of Lombardy. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Cadenazzo–Luino line of Rete Ferroviaria Italiana.

## Services

As of the December 2021 timetable change, the following services stop at Colmegna:
* S30: service every two hours between Cadenazzo and Luino or Gallarate.