OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Open coach

An open coach is a railway passenger coach that does not have compartments or other divisions within it and in which the train seats are arranged in one or more open plan areas with a centre aisle. The first open coaches appeared in the first half of the 19th century in the United States. The prototype for their design were the passenger cabins in the river steamers which were then widespread in America. As a result of their origin they were originally known in Europe as American system passenger coaches or American coaches (Personenwagen amerikanischen Systems or Amerikanerwagen) and the idea soon caught on in European railway companies. Initially they were mainly used for rural regional services, whilst urban local trains and local-distance services were dominated by compartment coaches. Several European railways such as the Royal Württemberg State Railways and the Swiss Northeastern Railway (Schweizerische Nordostbahn), however, preferred open coaches from the start for all types of train.
From the beginning of the 20th century open coaches became commonly used in local trains and began to spread to long-distance services too. High-speed trains often consist only of open coaches.
The seats in open coaches are either arranged in groups opposite one another or behind one another aeroplane-style, and sometimes seats can be rotated to face the direction of travel. Seats facing one another may be provided with fixed tables, seats arranged one behind the other often have folding trays in the back of the seat in front.
Open coaches are almost always equipped with gangways. Originally these were open platforms at the ends of the coach, but from the end of the 19th century the gangways have usually been vestibuled train protected with bellows or rubber connectors.

## Tramway

On tramways, an open coach is a six- or eight-wheeled driving car or trailer, which has an especially high volumetric capacity. Unlike the earlier, typical platform coaches, open coaches do not have partitions with doors between the entrance area and the actual passenger compartment. These coaches were popular in central Europe in the early 1950s and replaced the old (mainly four-wheeled) platform coaches. Whilst in West Germany, Austria and Switzerland this type of vehicle was rapidly replaced by articulated trams, in East Germany, the Tatra trams were the norm during the 1960s in many cities. The same was true in the former Eastern Bloc countries.
# Amantius (praepositus)

Amantius (Greek: Ἀμάντιος, romanized: Amantios) was the head chamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi) of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. Defeated by Justin I in the intrigues and power struggles after Anastasius' death, he was executed.
A eunuch, he was appointed to the post of praepositus sacri cubiculi sometime after 513, as he was an addressee of the Monophysite prelate Severus of Antioch; Amantius himself was probably a Monophysite. According to Evagrius, he was among the most influential members of Anastasius' court. Towards the end of Anastasius' life, the emperor and Amantius both had similar dreams on who would succeed on the throne, which were interpreted by the soothsayer Proclus Oneirocrites. He erected a church dedicated to Saint Thomas at Constantinople, in an area which later was named ta Amantou after him.
When Anastasius died on 9 July 518, Amantius, who as a eunuch was unable to claim the throne himself, instead sponsored the candidacy of Theocritus. To this end, he gave money to the comes excubitorum Justin to bribe him, but the latter used the money to acquire support for his own candidacy. After Justin was acclaimed emperor on 10 July, Amantius caused disturbances by the populace, and plotted with his fellow pro-Monophysite cubicularius Andreas to replace Justin with Theocritus. Hated among the pro-Chalcedonian populace, he was denounced as another Chrysaphius in the Hagia Sophia on 16 July. Their plot revealed, Amantius and Andreas were executed on 20 July. Andreas and Amantius were later considered among Monophysites as martyrs.
# Fallschirmjäger memorial

The Fallschirmjäger memorial (German: Fallschirmjäger-Denkmal) is a German war memorial for German parachutists who fell during the ten-day Battle of Crete in World War II. The memorial, known to Cretans as the German bird (Greek: Γερμανικό πουλί, Germaniko pouli) or the Evil bird (Greek: Κακό πουλί, Kako pouli), was erected in 1941 by the occupation forces and is located about three kilometers west of Chania on the road to Agii Apostoli.

## Original memorial

The invasion of Crete in May 1941 was the first major airborne assault in history. Despite their victory, the elite German paratroopers suffered such heavy losses that Adolf Hitler forbade further airborne operations of such large scale for the rest of the war. The memorial was erected at the end of a stone staircase leading to the top of a small hill. It consisted of a tall pedestal built from stone blocks, atop which stood a concrete diving eagle gripping a swastika in its talons.

## Present state

Originally in the countryside, Germaniko pouli is today encompassed by dense urban buildings and has lent its name to the surrounding area. Apart from the swastika which was covered with cement soon after the liberation of Crete, the memorial stood more or less intact until the early 2000s. In the winter of 2001, a storm demolished most of the eagle's body. Today, the pedestal and its inscription are in a derelict state and mostly covered with graffiti. There were some discussions and controversy whether it should be restored or demolished. However, in the summer of 2018, the memorial was taken down due to frequent outrage expressed by tourists.
# Xenophon Sideridis

Xenophon Sideridis (Greek: Ξενοφών Σιδερίδης; romanized: Xenofón Siderídis) was a Greek historian specialized in Byzantine History, archaeologist, researcher and member of the Academy of Athens.

## Life

Sideridis was born in April 1851 in Skoutarion of Konstaniniyye, then Ottoman Empire (now Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey). He had 8 siblings. After graduating from the Greek school of Skoutarion, he worked for a living. He became a shareholder in the commercial business of Chrysvergi. At the same time he learned other languages, Turkish, Russian, Bulgarian and French. He was involved in historical researches very early and published them in the magazine of the Hellenic Philological Association, which belonged to the Archaeological Commission of which he became a chairman. He was elected a member of the Academy of Athens in 1929.
He died on 15 August 1929 from a heart attack.

### His library

The library of Xephophon was considered one of the rarest and largest in its kind, which had approximately 4,009 volumes and 25 manuscript codes. This library was donated by the siblings of Xenophon Sideridis, Evlabia Ahtaris and Alexandra Kourtelis to the Academy of Athens and was housed in a separate room, named «Library of X.A. Sideridis».

## Works

Some of his works are the following:
* "Ναός ιερομάρτυρος Αυτονόμου"
* "Βυζαντινά επιτύμβια εν Χρυσπούλει"
* "Περί του Δαματρύος των Βυζαντινών"
* "Περί της εν Μικρά Αρμενία Νικοπόλεως"
* "Βυζαντιναί επιγραφαί"
* "Περί της εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Μονής της Παμακαρίστου και των κτητόρων αυτής"
* "Περί της εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Μονής του Σωτήρος του Φιλανθρώπου"
* "Λίβυσσα, Δακίβυζα, Γκέπουζα"
* "Επανόρθωσις αφηγησεως γεγονότων, τινών επί Αυτοκράτορος Ηρακλείου Α"
* "Κωνσταντίνου Παλαιολόγου θάνατος, τάφος, και σπάθη"
* "Περί τινός αντιγράφου του Νομοκανόνος του Μανουήλ Μαλαξού"
* "Γαβριήλ Σεβήρου, ιστορική επιστολή"
* "Γεννάδιου Σχολάριου κανών εις Γρηγόριον Παλαμάν"
* "Η προς Βοεμούς επιστολή της Εκκλησίας Κων/πόλεως εν έτει 1452"
* "Τα περί ενώσεως των Εκκλησιών γράμματα του Αυτοκράτορος Ιωάννου του Κομνηνού"
* "Μιχαήλ Ψελλού λόγος επί τω εν Βλαχέρναις γεγονότι θάυματι"
* "Επιστολαί ΙΣΤ αιώνος"
* "Γεωργίου Σχολαρίου τα ευρισκόμενα"
* "Η Ηπειρώτις οικογένεια Ρερέ (1448-1609)"
* "Ο εν Γενούη βυζαντινός πέπλος"
* "Κορτήσιος Βρανάς ο Ηπειρώτης"
# Expres

Expres (Ukrainian: Експрес, also transliterated Ekspres or Express) is a Ukrainian language Lviv-based, daily broadsheet newspaper founded in 1992. It claims to be the biggest newspaper in Ukraine in Ukrainian in terms of circulation. Its popularity is based in Western Ukraine.
According to Ekspres employees and IFEX, Ekspres has been subjected to intimidation by the Judicial system of Ukraine and the Ukrainian police in the period between 2010 and 2013. In February 2012 the International Press Institute "condemned alleged attempts by local officials to gag Ekspres". The Ministry of Revenues and Duties denied such allegations in August 2013.
The newspapers editorial office was shot at three times in 2009.

## Geographic distribution and circulation

The editors position the publication as "the leader of the newspaper market in Right-Bank Ukraine," but the newspaper's "target audience" includes both the left-bank Poltava and Chernihiv regions. Separate regional tabs are published for different regions of Ukraine.
According to its editorial staff, Express is the largest Ukrainian-language newspaper in Ukraine (as of 2009, the weekly circulation exceeded 1,200,000 copies). The newspaper is printed at its own publishing complex, Mandarin, not far from Lviv near the village of Ryasne-Ruske. It is distributed by subscription (all-Ukrainian catalog) and through Ukrpress newsstands and its own Interpress network. The newspaper is most actively banned in the western regions; in Kyiv, only the Thursday (weekly) issue is distributed through newsstands.
According to the newspaper, citing the results of a subscription campaign conducted by Ukrposhta, the increase in subscriptions to the print editions of the "Pensioner's Bulletin", "Good Doctor", "Express", "My Confession", "Hostess Recipes", "Hostess Adviser", and "Post-Postup" of the Express media group in the second half of 2012 was over 160,000, and 801,868 subscribers signed up for 2013, which is a record for Ukraine. Almost the same number of people buy the newspaper in retail. The Express newspaper itself has the largest number of subscribers.
According to Ukrposhta, in January-February 2013, almost 30,000 more people subscribed to the Express media group's publications, bringing the total number to 829,999. The number of people who buy the newspaper in retail exceeded this number.As of 2023, the total circulation of the newspaper is 155,000Geography of distribution and circulation
# Mae Raka

Mae Raka (Thai: แม่ระกา) is a subdistrict in Wang Thong district, Phitsanulok province. It is connected to Highway 11. In 2022 it had a population of 7,081. The economy is mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry.

## Geography

The topography of Mae Raka subdistrict is flat plains and is located in the lower northern part of Thailand. The subdistrict is bordered to the north by Wang Phikun subdistrict, Wang Thong district, to the east by Nong Phra subdistrict, Wang Thong district, to the south by Bang Rakam district, to the west by Mueang Phitsanulok district. The Wang Thong River flows west of the subdistrict and lies in the Nan Basin, which is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed. The subdistrict has connections to the nearby highway 11 northbound (Wang Thong route) and southbound (Nakhon Sawan route).

## History

On 28 April 1996 Mae Raka subdistrict administrative organization (SAO) was established.

## Administration
### Central government

The administration of Mae Raka subdistrict is responsible for an area that covers 53,142 rai ~ 85 square kilometres (33 sq mi) and consists of 15 administrative villages, as of 2022: 7,081 people.
| Village | English | Thai | People |
| Moo1 | Ban Thaew | บ้านแถว | 645 |
| Moo2 | Ban Mae Raka | บ้านแม่ระกา | 884 |
| Moo3 | Ban Nong Ta Rueang | บ้านหนองตาเรือง | 380 |
| Moo4 | Ban Khek | บ้านเข็ก | 748 |
| Moo5 | Ban Tham Tao | ถ้ำเต่า | 294 |
| Moo6 | Ban Nam Khong Nuea | น้ำโค้งเหนือ | 769 |
| Moo7 | Ban Laem Du | บ้านแหลมดู่ | 358 |
| Moo8 | Ban Wang Nam Sai | บ้านวังน้ำใส | 521 |
| Moo9 | Ban Nong Phak Wan | บ้านหนองผักหวาน | 201 |
| Moo10 | Ban Nong Bot | บ้านหนองโบสถ์ | 321 |
| Moo11 | Ban Laem Khak | บ้านแหลมคัก | 331 |
| Moo12 | Ban Dong | บ้านดง | 224 |
| Moo13 | Ban Bueng Pan | บ้านบึงปัน | 632 |
| Moo14 | Ban Thung Yai | บ้านทุ่งใหญ่ | 260 |
| Moo15 | Mae Raka Phatana | บ้านแม่ระกาพัฒนา | 513 |

### Local government

Mae Raka is a subdistrict administrative organization - SAO (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแม่ระกาฅ, romanized: ongkan borihan suan tambon Mae Raka, abbreviated: อบต.แม่ระกา, o bo toh Mae Raka), which covers the whole tambon Mae Raka.

## Temples

Mae Raka subdistrict is home to the following active temples, where Theravada Buddhism is practiced by local residents.
| Temple name | Thai | Location |
| Wat Ban Thaew | วัดบ้านแถว | Moo1 |
| Wat Nong Ta Rueang | วัดหนองตาเรือง | Moo3 |
| Wat Ban Khek | วัดบ้านเข็ก | Moo4 |
| Wat Wang Nam Sai | วัดวังน้ำใส | Moo8 |
| Wat Wang Waree Si Satthatham | วัดวังวารีศรีศรัทธาถรรม | Moo8 |
| Wat Nong Bot | วัดหนองโบสถ์ | Moo10 |
| Wat Sa Thong Samakkhee | วัดสะทองสามัคคี | Moo12 |
| Wat Mae Raka | วัดแม่ระกา | Moo15 |

## Economy

Most of the population worked in agriculture and animal husbandry.
* agriculture - 65%
* animal husbandry - 20%
* other - 15%

## Education

The following elementary/secondary schools are located in Mae Raka.

### Primary/secondary education

* Ban Nong Ta Rueang school - Moo3
* Ban Khek school - Moo4
* Ban Tham Tao school - Moo5
* Ban Thaew Wang Nam Sai school - Moo8
* Ban Mae Raka school - Moo15

## Healthcare

There are Mae Raka and Ban Wang Nam Sai health-promoting hospitals in Moo2 and Moo8.
# Elfriede Saarik

Erika Elfriede Elena Saarik (since 1941 Elfriede Tubin; 22 May 1916 – 22 October 1983) was an Estonian dancer and stage actress.

## Career

Elfriede Saarik was born in the Karkaraly District of Karaganda in Kazakhstan to Estonian parents. From 1935, she studied at Tiina Kapper Dance Studio and also studied piano and attended the drama study group at the Vanemuine theatre in Tartu. From 1935 until 1944, she was a dancer at the Vanemuine. In 1944, she fled the Soviet re-occupation of Estonia and fled to Sweden with her husband, composer and conductor Eduard Tubin and sons Rein and Eino, where she worked as a shop assistant and draughtsman.
She wrote the libretto for the ballet "Kratt".

## Personal life

Saarik was married to composer Eduard Tubin. Their son is journalist Eino Tubin. Following her death, she was buried next to her husband in the Skogskyrkogården cemetery in Stockholm. On 4 June 2018, the remains of Saarik and Tubin were sent in urns to be interred at Tallinn's Forest Cemetery, where a memorial ceremony took place on 18 June 2018.
# Lalfamkima

Lalfamkima (born 5 December 1966) is an Indian politician from Mizoram. Representing the Zoram People's Movement, he is the current Deputy Speaker of Mizoram Legislative Assembly.

## Early life and education

Lalfamkima was born on 5 December 1966. He has completed his education up to Bachelors of Arts from North-Eastern Hill University in 1995.

## Political career

In the 2023 legislative election, Lalfamkima had been elected to the Mizoram Legislative Assembly from Kolasib Assembly constituency as candidate of Zoram People's Movement. He was then elected Deputy Speaker of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly.
# Ondrašová

Ondrašová (German: Andreasdorf; Hungarian: Turócandrásfalva) is a village and municipality in Turčianske Teplice District in the Žilina Region of northern central Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1252. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, it was part of Turóc County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 470 metres and covers an area of 6.982 km². It has a population of about 53 people.
# Berezanka Raion

Berezanka Raion (Ukrainian: Березанський район) was a subdivision of Mykolaiv OblastUkraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Berezanka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Mykolaiv Oblast to four. The area of Berezanka Raion was merged into Mykolaiv Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 22,422 (2020 est.)

## History

In the 19th century, the area belonged to Odessky Uyezd of Kherson Governorate. On 16 April 1920, Odessa Governorate split off, and Odessky Uyezd was moved to Odessa Governorate. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. In 1923, Anatolivka Raion of Odessa Okruha, with the administrative center in Anatolivka, was established. In the same year, the center of the raion was moved to Tylihulo-Berezanka, and later raion was renamed Tylihulo-Berezanka. In 1925, the governorates were abolished, and okruhas were directly subordinated to Ukrainian SSR. In 1926, Tylihulo-Berezanka was renamed Berezanka. In 1930, okruhas were abolished, and on 27 February 1932, Odessa Oblast was established, and Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion was included into Odessa Oblast. On 22 September 1937, Mykolaiv Oblast split off Odessa Oblast, and Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion became part of newly created Mykolaiv Oblast. In January 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion was abolished and split between Mykolaiv and Ochakiv Raions. In 1966, Berezanka Raion was re-established in the area previously occupied by Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion.

## Subdivisions

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of two hromadas,
* Berezanka settlement hromada with the administration in Berezanka;
* Kobleve rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Kobleve.
# Mae Chedi

Mae Chedi (Thai: แม่เจดีย์) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Wiang Pa Pao District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 9,742 people. The tambon contains 16 villages.
# La Mano de Punta del Este

34°57′28.31″S 54°56′13.85″W﻿ / ﻿34.9578639°S 54.9371806°W﻿ / -34.9578639; -54.9371806
La Mano (The Hand) is a sculpture in Punta del Este by Chilean artist Mario Irarrázabal. It depicts five human fingers partially emerging from sand and is located on Parada 1 at Brava Beach in Punta del Este, a popular tourist town in Uruguay. It is also known as either Los Dedos (The Fingers), or Hombre emergiendo a la vida (Man Emerging into Life). In English, its popular name is The Hand.
It is a famous sculpture that has become a symbol for Punta del Este since its completion in February 1982 and in turn has become one of Uruguay's most recognizable landmarks.

## History

The sculpture was made by Chilean artist Mario Irarrázabal during the summer of 1982 , while he was attending the first annual International Meeting of Modern Sculpture in the Open Air in Punta del Este. There were nine sculptors, and he was the youngest one. There was a fight for the places assigned on a public square, so he decided to make his sculpture on the beach. He was inspired to make a sculpture of a hand "drowning" as a warning to swimmers, as the waters at La Barra up the beach had rougher waves which were better for surfing, while the other way, waters at Solanas were much more suited for swimming practices and windsurfing activities.
While Irarrázabal had the entire summer to complete the project, he managed to finish in the first six days, despite facing minor delays due to the strong southeast wind which is common in Punta del Este. The concrete and plastic fingers were reinforced with steel bars, metal mesh, and a degradation-resistant solvent covering the plastic on the outside.
Throughout that summer, sculptors from around the world worked on their creations at the beach, but only Irarrázabal's continues to sit on the beach today, not having left its original spot, and remaining largely untouched. It gained Irarrázabal worldwide acclaim and is popularized by tourist photographs and reproductions on postcards. He later made near or exact replicas of the sculpture for the city of Madrid (in 1987), the Mano del Desierto (Hand of the Desert) in the Atacama Desert in Chile (1992), and in Venice (1995).
# Fróso Spentzári

Efrosíni (Fróso) Spentzári (Greek: Ευφροσύνη Σπεντζάρη; 1942 – 8 November 2019), was a Greek pharmacist and conservative politician.
She was born in 1942 in Vartholomio and was a daughter of lawmaker Nikolaos Spentzaris. She studied at the Faculty of Medicine of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and was secretary general of the Panhellenic Pharmaceutical Association and vice president of the Panhellenic Association of Pharmacists.
Between 1981 and 1985, Spentzári was member of the Hellenic Parliament for New Democracy representing Elis. She died on 8 November 2019 at the age of 77, and was mother of a son.
# Alibey Lagoon

Alibey Lagoon (Ukrainian: Алібей, Romanian: Limanul Alibei, Turkish: Alibey Gölü) is a salty lagoon (liman) on the Black Sea coast of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. The lagoon is originated from the old mouth of the Khadzhyder River. The length of the lagoon is 15 km, width 11 km, area 72 km$^2$. The depth is 2.5 m.
The lagoon is separated from the sea by sandbar. It is connected through the Kurudiol Lagoon with the Burnas Lagoon on the south east, with the Karachaus Lagoon and Shahany Lagoon on the south west. Earlier, the Khadzhyder River inflowed to the lagoon, but now the river inflows to the Khadzhyder Lagoon, which separated from the Alibey Lagoon by dam.

## History

Between 1840 and 1856, nearly 4 million tons of salt were extracted from the lake. Following the 1856 Treaty of Paris (1856), settled the Crimean War (1853-1856), Russia had to return to Moldova a strip of land from southwest Bessarabia (known as Cahul, Bolgrad and Ismail). As a result of this territorial loss, Russia had no access to the mouths of the Danube, and the exploitation of the salt was stopped.
Following the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Romania was forced to return Southern Bessarabia to Russia. After that, Russians did not resume the salt extraction from the lake.

## Sources

* Starushenko L.I., Bushuyev S.G. (2001) Prichernomorskiye limany Odeschiny i ih rybohoziaystvennoye znacheniye. Astroprint, Odesa, 151 pp. (in Russian)
* Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands — Shagany-Alibei-Burnas Lakes System
* This article about a location in Odesa Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This Black Sea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e