OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vanchykivtsi

Vanchykivtsi (Ukrainian: Ванчиківці; Romanian: Vancicăuții Mari) is a village in Chernivtsi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Vanchykivtsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It was historically a part of Bessarabia.
Until 18 July 2020, Vanchykivtsi belonged to Novoselytsia Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Novoselytsia Raion was split between Chernivtsi and Dnistrovskyi Raions, with Vanchykivtsi being transferred to Chernivtsi Raion. Vanchykivtsi is home to the recently remodeled historical Orthodox church Saint Vasily's. The southern edge of the village ends in barbed wire marking the border with Romania and with the European Union. Vanchykivtsi is known for using shovels instead of hoes to plant potatoes. In 2001, 94.5% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language, with a minority of Ukrainian speakers (4.74%).

## Notable people

* Călin Alupi (1906–1988), Romanian post-Impressionist painter
* Oazu Nantoi (born 1948), Moldovan politician and political analyst
* Serafim Saca (1935–2011), Moldovan writer
# North Tyrol Limestone Alps

The North Tyrol Limestone Alps (Nordtiroler Kalkalpen in German) are a mountain range located in Austria and, marginally, in Germany.

## Geography

Administratively the range belongs to the Austrian states of Tyrol and Vorarlberg and to the German state of Bavaria.

### SOIUSA classification

According to SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain range is an Alpine section, classified in the following way:
* main part = Eastern Alps
* major sector = Northern Limestone Alps
* section = North Tyrol Limestone Alps
* code = II/B-21

### Subdivision

The range is divided into six Alpine subsections:
* Lechtaler Alpen - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.I;
* Lechquellengebirge - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.II;
* Wettersteingebirge - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.III;
* Karwendel - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.IV;
* Brandenberger Alpen - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.V;
* Kaisergebirge - SOIUSA code:II/B-21.VI.

## Notable summits

Some notable summits of the range are:
| Name | metres | feet |
| Parseierspitze | 3,036 | 9,961 |
| Zugspitze | 2,961 | 9,718 |
| Feuerspitze | 2,852 | 9,357 |
| Birkkarspitze | 2,749 | 9,019 |
| Rote Wand | 2,704 | 8,869 |
| Hochwanner | 2,744 | 9,003 |
| Ellmauer Halt | 2,344 | 7,690 |
# Gawler Eagles FC

Gawler Eagles FC provides organised soccer games for boys and girls, men and women from 5 years to over 50 years old, and is affiliated with Football South Australia.
The club represents the Gawler community in the colours of royal blue and yellow. Games are played home/away on Saturdays and Sundays. Home games are at Karbeethan Reserve in Evanston Gardens, a few minutes West from Gawler.

## Gawler Eagles FC Table Positions

| Year | Played | Won | Drew | Lost | Points | Goals For | Goals Agst | Goal Diff. | Position on Table |
| 2006 | 21 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 31 | 55 | −24 | 4/5 |
| 2007 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 10 | 25 | 84 | −59 | 5/6 |
| 2008 | 18 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 13 | 25 | 45 | −20 | 7/10 |
| 2009 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 4 | 17 | 81 | −64 | 11/11 |
| 2010 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 18 | 22 | 29 | −7 | 6/9 |
| 2011 | 18 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 9 | 16 | 60 | -44 | 9/10 |
| 2012 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 8 | 17 | 89 | -72 | 9/10 |
| 2013 | 30 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 10 | 28 | 147 | -119 | 15/16 |
| 2014 | 30 | 6 | 1 | 21 | 19 | 33 | 108 | −75 | 14/15 |
| 2015 | 30 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 29 | 142 | −113 | 16/16 |
| 2016 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 32 | 43 | 27 | +16 | 2/9 |
| 2017 | 22 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 30 | 47 | 48 | −1 | 8/12 |
| 2018 | 22 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 25 | 48 | 55 | −7 | 9/12 |
| 2019 | 22 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 44 | 53 | 33 | +20 | 2/12 |
| 2020 | 22 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 33 | 51 | 38 | +13 | 6/12 |
| 2021 | 22 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 41 | 34 | +7 | 8/12 |
| 2022 | 22 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 10 | 27 | 66 | -39 | 12/12 |
| 2023 | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 32 | 37 | 33 | +4 | 6/12 |
Notes:
* State League divided into State League 1 and State League 2 in 2016
# Modbury Vista SC

Modbury Vista Soccer Club is a semi-professional soccer club based in Wynn Vale, a north-eastern suburb of Adelaide. The club was founded in 1973, out of the Para Vista Soccer Club founded four years earlier. Initially playing in the South Australian Amateur Soccer League, the club joined the Federation ahead of the 2017 season. The club currently plays in State League 2 South Australia, in the fourth tier of Australian soccer. Originally playing at Kelly Road in Modbury North, the club has been based out of their current home ground, Newspot Stadium at Richardson Drive, since 1991.

## Players
### Current squad

Squad correct as of February 2023.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | AUS | Kieran Griffiths |
| 2 | DF | AUS | Lachlan Kusabs |
| 3 | DF | AUS | Alex Cole |
| 4 | DF | AUS | Josh Coyne |
| 5 | | AUS | Josh Beagley |
| 6 | MF | AUS | Marc Cocca |
| 7 | MF | AUS | Jack Ward |
| 8 | MF | AUS | Andy Dyer |
| 9 | FW | AUS | Benjamin Trotta |
| 10 | DF | AUS | Jonathan Negus |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 11 | FW | AUS | Alexei Essex |
| 12 | MF | AUS | Tyson Linsenmeier |
| 13 | DF | AUS | John Tamba |
| 14 | DF | AUS | Brayden Hogarth |
| 15 | MF | AUS | Nikola Groshi |
| 17 | MF | AUS | Benjamin Head |
| 18 | DF | AUS | Jay Crescenzi |
| 23 | FW | AUS | Chad Bugeja |
| 30 | GK | AUS | Bradley Martin |

## Seasons

| Season | League | League | League | League | League | League | League | League | League | League | League | Cup | Cup |
| Season | Division (Tier) | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Pos | Finals | Cup | Cup |
| 2017 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 29 | 92 | −63 | 12 | 10th | — | Federation | R2 |
| 2018 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 18 | 85 | −67 | 7 | 10th | — | Federation | R1 |
| 2019 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 22 | 61 | −39 | 10 | 11th | — | Federation | R1 |
| 2020 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 57 | 27 | +30 | 42 | 3rd | EF | — | — |
| 2021 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 32 | 58 | −26 | 16 | 11th | — | Federation | R1 |
| 2022 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 43 | 50 | −7 | 24 | 8th | — | Federation | R2 |
| 2023 | SL2 (4) | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 44 | 34 | +10 | 35 | 4th | SF | Federation | R2 |
* ↑ Deducted 6 points in 2020
# Neritum

Neritum (Greek: Νήριτον) is an Ancient Greek name of an island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca and Cephalonia. In Homer's Iliad, book II, Neritum is part of Odysseus's kingdom.
# Charoen

Charoen (Thai: เจริญ, pronounced) is a Thai word meaning "prosper". As a given name, it may refer to:
* Charoen Khanthawong (1933–2022), Thai Minister of Science and Technology
* Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi (born 1944), Thai entrepreneur
* Charoen Suepsaeng (1902–1969), Thai politician
* Charoen Wattanasin (born 1937), former badminton player from Thailand
# Berling Type Foundry

The Berling Type Foundry was a Danish type foundry established before 1750 in Copenhagen. Johann Gottfried Pöetzsch was manager of the Berling typefoundry from 1753 until his death in 1783. The foundry was reëstablished in Lund, Sweden in 1837 and cast foundry type until 1980.

## Typefaces

These foundry types were produced by the Berling Foundry:
* Berling (1951-58, Karl-Erik Forsberg)
* Berling Kort-Versaler (1951-58, Albert Augspurg)
* Carolus (1954, Karl-Erik Forsberg)
* Garamond (Henri Alm), based on the ATF design of 1917.
* Lunda (1941, Karl-Erik Forsberg)
* Parad (1938, Karl-Erik Forsberg)
# Priti Adani

Priti Gautam Adani (née Vora; born 29 August 1965) is an Indian businesswoman, dentist, philanthropist, and chairperson of Adani Foundation. With a net worth of over US$1 billion, she is one of the richest women in India.

## Early life

Adani was born in Mumbai in a Gujarati family on 28 August 1965. She completed her bachelor’s degree in dental surgery from Government Dental College, Ahmedabad.

## Career

During her early days, Adani started her career as a dentist. In the year 1996, she was appointed as chairperson of Adani Foundation.
In 2001, after the Bhuj Earthquake, she started the Adani DAV School in Mundra. Later, the school was renamed Adani Public School. In June 2009, she and her husband established Adani Vidya Mandir in Bhadreshwar (near Mundra) and Ahmedabad. Adani Vidya Mandir provides free higher secondary education to underprivileged children. Under her leadership, Adani Group's CSR budget for 2018-19 rose to ₹128 crore from ₹95 crore, in a year's time.

## Awards

* FICCI FLO Women Philanthropist Award (2010–11).
* An honorary doctorate by Gujarat Law Society University.

## Personal life

Adani is married to Indian billionaire Gautam Adani, the chairman of the Adani Group. They have two sons, Karan Adani and Jeet Adani.
# Devi dirmi di sì

"Devi dirmi di sì" (English: "You have to say yes to me") is a song by Italian singer Mina, recorded for her 1983 studio album Mina 25. It was written by Massimiliano Pani, Piero Cassano, Valentino Alfano, and arranged by Pani. The song was used as the opening theme for Enzo Dell'Aquila's program Trent'anni della nostra storia [it], dedicated to the history of RAI broadcasting company. Also released as a single along with "La controsamba", the song reached number seven on the Italian chart, stayed there for 16 weeks.

## Track listing
### 7" single

    A. "Devi dirmi di sì" – 4:15
    B. "La controsamba" (Giorgio Calabrese, Celso Valli) – 5:04

## Charts

Chart performance for "Devi dirmi di sì" :
| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| Italy (Billboard) | 12 |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 7 |
# Melah Bid

Melah Bid (Persian: مله بيد, also Romanized as Melah Bīd and Melahbīd) is a village in Horr Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 30 families.
# Apotropaei

Apotropaei (Greek: Ἀποτρόπαιοι) were in ancient Greece certain divinities, by whose assistance the Greeks believed that they were able to avert any threatening danger or calamity—that is, figures of apotropaic magic. Their statues stood at Sicyon near the tomb of Epopeus. The gods Apollo, Zeus and Athena were worshiped with the cult epithet Apotropaios (Averter) in various Greek cities. The ancient Romans likewise worshipped gods of this kind, and called them dii averrunci, derived from averruncare.
# Alcimachus of Apollonia

Alcimachus of Apollonia (Greek: Ἀλκίμαχος, flourished 4th century BC) was a Greek nobleman who was a Macedonian who served as an official. He was an active diplomat and administrator in the latter reign of King Philip II of Macedon who reigned 359 BC–336 BC and the first years of his son, King Alexander the Great reigned 336 BC–323 BC.
Alcimachus was the first born of four sons to Agathocles and his wife, perhaps named Arsinoe. His paternal grandfather may have been called Alcimachus and one of his brothers was Lysimachus one of the Diadochi of Alexander the Great.
His father was a nobleman of high rank who was an intimate friend of Philip II, who shared in Philip II's councils and became a favorite in the Argead court. Alcimachus with his brothers grew up with the status of Macedonians; he with his brothers enjoyed prominent positions in Alexander's circle and Alcimachus with his brothers were educated at the court at Pella.
Two years after the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, Alcimachus and Antipater were sent by Philip II to Athens where they were made Proxenoi of Athens where they were honored in a decree. Sometime in the reign of Philip II, Alcimachus may have been granted property in Apollonia and may have had honors bestowed upon him by Philip II. Two years later Alcimachus was in charge of an army, empowered by Alexander to ‘liberate’ the cities of Ionia and Aeolis. When Alcimachus was sent by Alexander to establish democracies in the Ionian and Aeolian cities, Alexander may have voiced some displeasure with Alcimachus’ behavior in handling affairs there, as he may have been the Alcimachus named in the Second Letter to the Chians. After Alexander's possible displeasure with Alcimachus, he is not mentioned again in the Alexander historians.
By an unnamed Greek wife, Alcimachus had two sons: Alcimachus by whom he had a grandson called Lysippus and Philip.
# Katelyn MacMullen

Katelyn Irene MacMullen (born June 27, 1995) is an American actress, recognized for her role as Willow Tait on General Hospital.

## Early life and career

MacMullen was born in Los Angeles, California. At the age of thirteen, she moved to Reno, Nevada with her family and studied at University of Nevada, Reno. She later returned to Los Angeles and in 2015 made her television debut appearing in an episode of comedy series, Sin City Saints. In 2018 she made her film debut in the horror-thriller The Row. Later the same year, MacMullen was cast as Willow Tait on the ABC soap opera General Hospital; she made her first appearance on October 18. At the 47th Daytime Emmy Awards, MacMullen received Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series nomination. She received her second nomination at the 48th Daytime Emmy Awards.

## Filmography

Acting roles :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2015 | Sin City Saints | Josie | Episode: "You Booze, You Lose" |
| 2018 | Roofied | Anya | Short film |
| 2018 | The Row | Laura Townsend | |
| 2018–present | General Hospital | Willow Tait | Series regular Nominated – Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series (2020–2021) |
| 2023 | Motion Detected | Julie | |
# Udarnoye, Amur Oblast

Udarnoye (Russian: Ударное) is a rural locality (a selo) in Polyansky Selsoviet of Seryshevsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 370 as of 2018. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Udarnoye is located 7 km west of Seryshevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Seryshevo is the nearest rural locality.
# John Fielding (footballer, born 1982)

John Robert Fielding (born 7 April 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for York City, and in non-League football for Harrogate Town.
# Unione Cestistica Casalpusterlengo

Unione Cestistica Casalpusterlengo, since 2016 known as Assigeco Piacenza, is an Italian professional basketball club based in Codogno, Lombardy.

## History

The team was founded in 1977 by Franco Curioni, who remains its president to this day. In 2004 Casalpusterlengo reached the third division Serie B1. Five years later the team was promoted to the professional LegaDue, playing two seasons before withdrawing in 2011 due to financial difficulties.

## Arena

In order to comply with the league's capacity regulations during the years it played in LegaDue, its home arena was PalaCastellotti in Lodi.

## Notable players

Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
* Criteria
* To appear in this section a player must have either:
* Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club
* Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time
* Played at least one official NBA match at any time.
* Mike Hall 1 season: 2019–20
* Ruben Boykin 1 season: 2010–11
* Paul Marigney 1 season: 2010–11
* Peter Ezugwu 1 season: 2010–11
* Marcus Hatten 1 season: 2009–10
* Jakub Wojciechowski 1 season: 2009–10
* Mario Boni 2 seasons: 2006–08
* Pietro Aradori 3 seasons: 2003–06
* Danilo Gallinari 1 season: 2004–05
* Klaudio Ndoja 2 seasons: 2003–05
* Vittorio Gallinari 1 season: 1995–96
# Bill Borger

Bill Borger Jr. (born 15 December 1974) is a Canadian businessman, adventurer, and Canadian Chartered Accountant. On September 9, 2000 Borger became the first Calgarian to successfully swim the English Channel. As a part of the English Channel swim Borger raised $100,000 for the Canadian Mental Health Association. On May 11, 2011 Borger became the first Canadian to have both swum the English Channel and to have climbed Mount Everest. The Mount Everest climb was used to raise funds for the Calgary Handibus Association; for this charity Borger raised $400,000. Borger's website states, as of June 6, 2011 that monies raised for the Calgary Handibus Association are $502,350. The combined efforts of climbing Mount Everest and swimming the English Channel placed Borger as the fifth person ever to do so; these combined events are known as Peak and Pond.
Bill Borger is currently the President of the Borger Group of Companies.

## Mountain climbing

Borger began climbing in 2000 and, from 2009 to 2011, had climbed over 40 peaks in North and South America, Asia, and Europe including Mount Rainier and Denali in North America and The Matterhorn and Mont Blanc in Europe (the highest peak in the Alps).
On July 14, 2012 Bill Borger along with climbing partner John Furneaux set a new route during their summit of Mount Thor that they named, The Great Escape. This climb was also the first free climb of the Southwest Face.

## Swimming

July 23, 2000, Borger placed third on the 26.4 km long Lake Zurich Swim with a time of 8h 52m 45 sec.
September 9, 2000, Borger crossed the 21-mile English Channel. The feat took him 12 hours and 11 minutes of continuous swimming without a wetsuit.

## Cycling

In 1996, Borger cycled across Canada in 32 days.
# Agoi language

Agoi, Robambami, or Ibami, is an Upper Cross River language spoken in Cross River State of Nigeria.

## Phonology

Yul-Ifode lists the following vowel phonemes:
Agoi vowels :
| | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back |
| Close | i i: | | | | u u: |
| Close-mid | e e: | ɪ | | ʊ | o o: |
| Mid | | | ə | | |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | | | | ɔ ɔ: |
| Open | a a: | | | | |
However, she notes that the use of phonemes /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ is in decline, as they are often in free variation with /i/ and /u/.
# Liu Li (runner)

Liu Li (born 12 March 1971) is a retired Chinese middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800 and 1500 metres.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing China ||||||
| 1990 | World Junior Championships | Plovdiv, Bulgaria | 1st | 800m | 2:03.95 |
| 1990 | World Junior Championships | Plovdiv, Bulgaria | 5th | 1500m | 4:17.81 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 5th | 1500 m | 4:00.20 |
| 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 6th | 800 m | 2:04.45 |
| 1993 | Asian Championships | Manila, Philippines | 1st | 800 m | 2:04.18 |
| 1994 | Asian Games | Hiroshima, Japan | 2nd | 800 m | 2:00.66 |
# Store Brækmoholmen

Store Brækmoholmen (English: Great Brækmo Island) is the largest island in Brækmoholmane, part of Thousand Islands, an island group south of Edgeøya. The island is named after Sivert Brækmo (1853-1930), a Norwegian sailor and fishermen who regularly visited Svalbard between 1876 and 1895.
# Artem Dudik

Artem Rostyslavovych Dudik (Ukrainian: Артем Ростиславович Дудік; born 2 January 1997) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Club career
### Youth years

Dudik is the product of the FC Volyn Lutsk School Systems. His first trainer was Mykola Klyots.

### Volyn Lutsk

He made his debut in the Ukrainian Premier League for FC Volyn Lutsk in a game against FC Metalist Kharkiv on 6 March 2016.

### Sandecja Nowy Sącz

On 26 August 2020, he signed a two-year contract with Polish I liga club Sandecja Nowy Sącz.

## Career statistics

    As of 20 December 2018
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Ukrainian Cup | Ukrainian Cup | Champions League | Champions League | Europa League | Europa League | Ukrainian Super Cup | Ukrainian Super Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Volyn Lutsk | 2015–16 | Ukrainian Premier League | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
| Volyn Lutsk | 2016–17 | Ukrainian Premier League | 24 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 3 |
| Volyn Lutsk | 2017–18 | Ukrainian First League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Volyn Lutsk | Total | Total | 30 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 4 |
| Shakhtar Donetsk | 2017–18 | Ukrainian Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Shakhtar Donetsk | 2018–19 | Ukrainian Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Shakhtar Donetsk | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 30 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 4 |
# Ernest Fox Nichols

Ernest Fox Nichols (June 1, 1869 – April 29, 1924) was an American educator and physicist. He served as the 10th President of Dartmouth College.

## Early life

Nichols was born in Leavenworth County, Kansas, and received his undergraduate degree from Kansas State University in 1888. After working for a year in the Chemistry Department at Kansas State, he matriculated to graduate school at Cornell University, where he received degrees in 1893 and 1897. He also studied at the University of Berlin and Cambridge University.

## Career and death

Nichols served as a professor of physics at Colgate University from 1892 to 1898, at Dartmouth College from 1898 to 1903, and Columbia University from 1903 to 1909. Nichols was awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1905 for his proof that light exerts pressure. The following year, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He was also elected vice president of the National Academy of Sciences. He was adviser of numerous outstanding scientists in Columbia University including Frederic Columbus Blake. His PhD adviser was Edward Leamington Nichols.
He served as the President of Dartmouth College from 1909 to 1916. In 1921, he became the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but was too ill from heart disease during his brief tenure to enter actively into his responsibilities, and stepped down in 1922. On April 29, 1924, Dr. Nichols was invited to the inauguration of the new building of the American National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., and was reading a research paper to the audience when he collapsed and died.

## Dartmouth presidency

The appointment of Ernest Fox Nichols as the 10th president in the Wheelock Succession could be seen as both a reflection of the times and a tribute to the quality of Dartmouth's faculty. A member of the physics department and its chair at the time of his appointment, Nichols' pioneering work in the measurement of radiation expanded the frontiers of knowledge at the end of the 19th century. He was the first Dartmouth president since John Wheelock who was not a member of the clergy, yet his deep appreciation of the importance of broad-based scholarship to the moral and spiritual growth of students was internationally recognized.
Many of the college's most cherished institutions and traditions took shape during the Nichols administration, including the Dartmouth Outing Club and Winter Carnival. In addition, to improve communications between Dartmouth and its growing body of graduates, President Nichols established the Dartmouth Council of Alumni.
Ernest Fox Nichols stepped down in 1916 to become a professor of physics at Yale University and subsequently became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.