OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Southern sleeper shark

The southern sleeper shark, or Whitley's sleeper shark (Somniosus antarcticus), is a deepwater benthopelagic sleeper shark of the family Somniosidae found in the southern and subantarctic extremes of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and some northern reaches of the Antarctic oceans. It has been recorded near the southernmost areas of South America (such as Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of Magellan), near South Africa, southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, as well as more remote locations in the south-central Indian Ocean.

## Taxonomy

It was formerly sometimes viewed as conspecific with either the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), or the Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus).

## Habitat

A deepwater species, the southern sleeper shark is known to frequent waters around 400m (1312 feet) to as deep as 1100m (3608 feet).

## Description

The southern sleeper shark's body length measures up to 4.4 m (14 ft). This species differs from the Greenland shark (S. microcephalus) with the presence of additional rows of teeth in its lower jaw, a shorter interdorsal region, a more posterior first dorsal fin, and fewer precaudal vertebrae. Compared to both the Greenland and the Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus), the southern sleeper has lower dorsal fins, which the other two do not.

## Diet

The southern sleeper shark feeds primarily on cephalopods, especially squid — including the giant and colossal squids — and numerous fishes. Documented stomach contents of individual sleeper sharks have also, albeit infrequently, contained the remains of marine mammals or seabirds, possibly as a result of scavenging on sunken carcasses or whale falls. Based on its generally sluggish nature and the comparative speed of its prey, it is thought to be an ambush predator. A 3.6 m (12 ft) long female, caught off the coast of Chile, had a whole southern right whale dolphin in its stomach. The dogfish is sometimes taken as accidental bycatch in the orange roughy and Patagonian toothfish fisheries; whether or not this poses a threat to the species is currently unknown.

## Conservation status

In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the southern sleeper shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Uncertain whether Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The IUCN also does not regard it as threatened, noting a widespread distribution and no indication of a declining population, but believes it is not naturally abundant and that much more data and understanding of its population, interactions and biology is needed.
# Pipidae

The Pipidae are a family of primitive, tongueless frogs. There are 41 species in the family, found in tropical South America (genus Pipa) and sub-Saharan Africa (the three other genera).

## Description

Pipid frogs are highly aquatic and have numerous morphological modifications befitting their habitat. For example, the feet are completely webbed, the body is flattened, and a lateral line system is present in adults. In addition, pipids possess highly modified ears for producing and receiving sound under water. They lack a tongue or vocal cords, instead having bony rods in the larynx that help produce sound. They range from 4 to 19 cm (1.6 to 7.5 in) in body length.

## Taxonomy

Morphological data suggest that Xenopus is the sister-group of all other pipids, whereas molecular data consistently suggest that Pipa is the sister-group of other pipids.
Family Pipidae Gray 1825
* Hymenochirus Boulenger 1896 - dwarf clawed frogs (4 species)
* Pipa Laurenti 1768 - Surinam toads (7 species)
* Pseudhymenochirus Chabanaud 1920 - Merlin's dwarf gray frog or Merlin's clawed frog (1 species)
* Xenopus Wagler 1827 - clawed frogs (29 species)
** Subgenus (Silurana) Wagler 1827 - common clawed frogs
** Subgenus (Xenopus) Gray 1864 - tropical clawed frogs

### Fossil record

The oldest fossil records of frogs more closely related to pipid frogs than to other extant frog families (Pipimorpha) extends into the Early Cretaceous. The oldest known crown group pipids are Oumtkoutia and Pachycentrata from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco and Niger, respectively.
Included taxa after A. M. Aranciaga Rolando et al. 2019
* †Oumtkoutia (Rage and Dutheil 2008) Aoufous Formation, Morocco, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
* †Llankibatrachus (Báez and Pugener 2003) Huitrera Formation, Argentina, Eocene
* †Pachycentrata (Báez and Rage 2004) (= Pachybatrachus Báez and Rage, 1998) In Beceten Formation, Niger, Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)
* †"Shelania" laurenti (Baez and Pugener 1998) Argentina, Eocene
* "Xenopus" romeri (Estes 1975) Companhia National de Cimento Portland Quarry, Brazil, Paleocene
* †Eoxenopoides (Haughton 1931) South Africa, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
* †Singidella (Báez and Harrison 2005) Tanzania, Eocene
* †Saltenia (Reih 1959) Las Curtiembres Formation, Argentina, Late Cretaceous (Campanian)
However, a more recent analysis suggests that some of these taxa are only close relatives of Pipidae, but outside the crown-group. Furthermore, the composition of this crown clade (in terms of which extinct taxa are included) depends on whether or not the topology is constrained to reflect the molecular tree.
# Thiokol (polymer)

Thiokol is a trade mark for various organic polysulfide polymers. Thiokol polymers are used as an elastomer in seals and sealants. The distinction between the polymers first commercialized by the Thiokol Chemical Company and subsequent polysulfide materials is often unclear.
The name Thiokol is a portmanteau of the Greek words for sulfur (Greek: θεῖον, romanized: theion) and glue (Greek: κόλλα, romanized: kolla)

## Preparation and structure

A variety of thiokols are recognized. Typically they are prepared by the combination of 2-chloroethanol, formaldehyde, and sodium polysulfide (Na$_2$S$_x$). The chloroethanol is produced in situ from ethylene oxide and hydrogen chloride. The rank x of the polysulfide is an important variable. Crosslinking agents are used, such as 1,2,3-trichloropropane. An idealized polymer is represented by this formula HS(CH$_2$CH$_2$OCH$_2$OCH$_2$CH$_2$SS)$_n$CH$_2$CH$_2$OCH$_2$OCH$_2$CH$_2$SH. Thiol-terminated resins can be cured oxidatively.

## History

In 1838, Swiss chemists reported the preparation of hydrophobic rubbery materials by the alkylation of sodium polysulfide with 1,2-dichloroethane. In 1926 chemists Joseph C. Patrick and Nathan Mnookin further developed this class of materials, which first achieved commercial success as sealants for fuel lines, exploiting the solvent resistance of these materials. The company Thiokol was founded in 1929 to produce these polymers. In the 1940s, thiol-terminated liquid resins were produced. Curing could be effected oxidatively, e.g. using lead oxides and later perborates. Thiokol polymers were used as a binder in solid rocket fuel, a commercial success.
# Lermontovo, Armenia

Lermontovo (Armenian: Լերմոնտովո) is a village in the Lori Province of Armenia.

## Toponymy

The village is named after Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov, often called "the poet of the Caucasus". The village was previously known as Voskresenovka (Armenian: Վոսկրեսենովկա).

## History

Like the neighboring village of Fioletovo, Lermontovo was settled in the mid-1800s by Spiritual Christians from Russia (Pryguny, Molokane).
# Bagryanov

Bagryanov (Bulgarian: Багрянов, Russian: Багрянов) is a Slavic masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Bagryanova. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov (1891–1945), Prime Minister of Bulgaria
* Dmitry Bagryanov (born 1967), Russian long jumper
# Dmytro Shutkov

Dmytro Shutkov (Ukrainian: Дмитро Шутков, born 3 April 1972) is a retired Ukrainian footballer who played in Ukrainian Premier League club Shakhtar Donetsk his entire career. Now he is a part of goalkeeper coaching staff of Shakhtar.

## Career statistics
### Club

| Club | Season | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | GA | Apps | GA | Apps | GA | Apps | GA |
| Shakhtar | 1991 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 |
| Shakhtar | 1992 | 19 | 13 | 6 | 4 | - | - | 25 | 17 |
| Shakhtar | 1992–93 | 24 | 26 | 2 | 5 | - | - | 26 | 31 |
| Shakhtar | 1993–94 | 29 | 28 | 3 | 4 | - | - | 32 | 32 |
| Shakhtar | 1994–95 | 33 | 29 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 44 | 38 |
| Shakhtar | 1995–96 | 29 | 32 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 37 | 37 |
| Shakhtar | 1996–97 | 30 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 39 | 37 |
| Shakhtar | 1997–98 | 30 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 39 | 39 |
| Shakhtar | 1998–99 | 14 | 14 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 15 | 14 |
| Shakhtar | 1999–00 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shakhtar | 2000–01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shakhtar | 2001–02 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 4 | - | - | 11 | 7 |
| Shakhtar | 2002–03 | 20 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 28 | 18 |
| Shakhtar | 2003–04 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 12 | 2 |
| Shakhtar | 2004–05 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Shakhtar | 2005–06 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 6 |
| Shakhtar | 2006–07 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 14 |
| Shakhtar | 2007–08 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 |
| Career totals | Career totals | 267 | 222 | 56 | 47 | 24 | 29 | 347 | 298 |
# Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)

The Leader of the Opposition of the Commonwealth of Dominica is the Member of Parliament who leads the Official Opposition in the House of Assembly of Dominica.
The latest Leader of the Opposition is Jesma Paul, an independent candidate of the Salisbury constituency, who was sworn in on December 20 2022. She resigned on 20 June 2024.

## Provision

Chapter IV Section 66 of The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica states:
   1. There shall be a Leader of the Opposition who shall be appointed by the President.
   2. Whenever there is occasion for the appointment of a Leader of the Opposition the President shall appoint the elected member of the House who appears to him most likely to command the support of a majority of the elected members of the House who do not support the Government: or, if no elected member of the House appears to him to command such support, the elected member of the House who appears to him to command the support of the largest single group of members of the House who do not support the Government:
   Provided that if a member of the House was elected at a general election in which he stood as a supporter of a political party and the majority of members of the House elected at that time (whether as Representatives or Senators) stood as supporters of that party, he shall, so long as he remains a member of the House by virtue of that election, not be eligible for appointment as Leader of the Opposition.
The House of Assembly did not have a Leader of the Opposition in early 2010, following the results of the 2009 general election. The leader of the opposition United Workers' Party, Ronald Green, lost his seat, and the three UWP Representatives elected boycotted the House of Assembly. This ended with the swearing in of Hector John as Leader of the Opposition on 19 July 2010.

## Leaders of the opposition

| Name | Party | Took office | Left office |
| Anthony Moise | DUPP | 1966 | 1970 |
| Anthony Moise | DFP | 1970 | April 1975 |
| Eugenia Charles | DFP | April 1975 | July 1979 |
| Vacant | | 1979 | January 1985 |
| Matthew Joseph | DDLP | January 1985 | 1985 |
| Michael Douglas | DLP | 1985 | 1990 |
| Edison James | UWP | 1 June 1990 | 14 June 1995 |
| Brian Alleyne | DFP | 1995 | 1996 |
| Rosie Douglas | DLP | 1996 | 3 February 2000 |
| Edison James | UWP | 3 February 2000 | 16 July 2007 |
| Earl Williams | UWP | 16 July 2007 | 30 July 2008 |
| Ronald Green | UWP | 8 August 2008 | 3 February 2010 |
| Hector John | UWP | 19 July 2010 | 8 December 2014 |
| Lennox Linton | UWP | 8 December 2014 | 7 November 2022 |
| Jesma Paul-Victor | Independent | 20 December 2022 | 20 June 2024 |
| Vacant | | 20 June 2024 | |
# Menashe Masiah

Menashe Masiah (Hebrew: מנשה משיח; born 2 November 1973 in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli football referee.
Masiah became a FIFA referee in 2009. He refereed in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League and qualifying matches for Euro 2012.
# Poecilosoma eusebia

Poecilosoma eusebia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1883. It is found in Ecuador.
# Yerevan Confectionery and Macaroni Factory

Yerevan Confectionery and Macaroni Factory (Armenian: Երևանի հրուշակեղենի-մակարոնի կոմբինատ) was an industrial enterprise based in Armenia. It was built in 1933. The confectionery and macaroni departments were amalgamated in 1951. In 1977, the factory became the first producer of chewing gum in Soviet Union, although the gum did not contain any chicle. The factory almost stopped the production during the collapse of Soviet Union in 1990's and was later privatized and restored by Grand Candy company in 2000.
# Clara Louisa Wells

Clara Louisa Wells (also known as Miss C. L. Wells; 29 October 1838 – 28 December 1925) was an American writer and inventor.

## Biography

She was born in Maine, studied in Boston and took a degree in science. She had very good knowledge of Latin, Greek, Italian and French. She started work with her first publication, "Alban Hills - Vol. I - Frascati". Throughout her life she continued to write in Europe - (France) and America.
Near the end of her life she wrote a series of peace pamphlets on the League of Nations and European politic.
One copy of each of her French works is kept in the public library "Médiathèque Publique et Universitaire" de Valence (Drome) - France.

## Publications

* Wells, Clara Louisa (1878). The Alban Hills, Vol. I: Frascati. Rome, Italy: Barbera. OCLC 21996251.
* Wells, Clara Louisa (1883). The Amphitheatres of Ancient Rome. Boston, USA: Cupples. OCLC 916916.
* Wells, Clara Louisa (1887). Progetto per ottenere acqua potabile da tutti i mari. Pompeii, Italy. Pompeii, Italy.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Wells, Clara Louisa (1905). Arrondissement de Privas in the Department of Ardeche, France. Annonay, France: Becombe & Bon.
* 1906 Arrondissement of Valence in the Department of the Drome - France - ed. L'imprimerie valentinoise - Valence - Drome - Pos. A 525 Archives départementales de Valence - France
* 1915 A League between Nation - ed. L'imprimerie valentinoise - Valence (Drome) France - Series:Pamphlets on peace. No. 89 - LC Classification: JX1937.P3 n. 89.
* Wells, Clara Louisa (1917). The Arrondissement of Grasse in the Department of the Alpes Maritimes, France. Grasse, France: Valence (Drome) L'Imprimerie valentinoise. OCLC 35523685.

## Inventions

* 1897-05-29 Improvements in Aerial Routes, and connected with the Distillation, Storage, and Supply of Water. List of UK Intellectual Property Office - Publication info:GB189613715 (1)
* 1897-10-16 Center providing Means for Controlling and Utilizing Volcanic, Aqueous, and Meteorological Forces. List of UK Intellectual Property Office - Publication info:GB189712836 (1)
* 1899-05-13 Secure Modes of Exploring the Cold and Hot Regions of the Earth by Means of Centers of Elevation and Depression, with Reference to Volcanic, Aqueous, and Meteorological Forces, and of Routes Suspended with or without Ballons. List of UK Intellectual Property Office - Publication info: GB189815679 (1)
* 1909-10-22 Improvements in, and relating to, the Propulsion, by Balloons, of Ships and other Vessels Navigable in Water. List of UK Intellectual Property Office- Publication info:GB190822417 (1)
# Rana Abdul Shakoor Khan

Rana Abdul Shakoor Khan (Urdu: رانا عبد الشکورخان; born 8 June 1956) is a Pakistani lawyer Deputy Attorney-General-I Lahore.

## Early life

He was born on 9 June 1956. He is a Pakistani lawyer Deputy Attorney-General-I Lahore.

## Political career

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPP) from Constituency NA-141 (Kasur-IV) in 2008 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 20,084 votes and lost the seat to Rana Muhammad Ishaq.
# Suruç Water Tunnel

Suruç Water Tunnel (Turkish: Suruç Tüneli is a water supply tunnel located in Suruç district of Şanlıurfa Province, southeastern Turkey. The purpose of the tunnel is to provide irrigation for the Suruç Valley from Atatürk Dam. With its length of 17.185 km (10.678 mi), it is the country's longest tunnel.

## Technical features

The water tunnel was commissioned by the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) on December 25, 2008. For the building of the water tunnel, Ilci Construction Inc. was contracted. The construction works at an altitude of 580 m (1,900 ft) AMSL began on March 18, 2009. The excavation of the water tunnel was carried out with a tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is 152 m (499 ft) long and has a cutting shield of 7.83 m (25.7 ft) diameter. The TBM was transported from Italy on 300 trailers, and its assembly completed after twelve months on August 21, 2010. Synchronised with the progress of excavation, the inner walls of the tunnel were lined with 30 cm (12 in) thick precast concrete hexagons. The average daily progress of the excavation works was between 30–40 m (98–131 ft). The water tunnel has an average downhill slope of 0.49% through the Gazientep Formation of the Eocene and Oligocene geological period.

## Economics

The construction cost about ₺2 billion. As part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, it supplies water to agricultural land covering an area of about 950 km$^2$ (370 sq mi) in Suruç Valley and to 134 populated places in and around Suruç. With its inner diameter of 7 m (23 ft), the water tunnel has a discharge capacity of 90 m$^3$/s (3,200 cu ft/s), which makes it bigger than many rivers in Turkey. It is expected that the project will create jobs for at least 190,000 people in the region. With irrigation by the Suruç Water Tunnel, over 8,000 farmers will be able to produce more profitable agricultural product. Ministry of Forest and Water Management Veysel Eroğlu stated that its contribution to the country's economy will as much as ₺270 million annually.
# Pitcairnia longissimiflora

Pitcairnia longissimiflora is a species of plant in the genus Pitcairnia that is endemic to Bolivia. It may reach heights of up to 140 centimetres (4.6 feet) and has an erect stem. Its dangling flowers of 16 cm (0.52 ft) consist of white or pale green petals.
# Konrad Koch

Wilhelm Carl Johann Conrad Koch, commonly known as Konrad Koch (13 February 1846 – 13 April 1911) was a German teacher and football pioneer.

## Early life and career

Koch was born on 13 February 1846 in Braunschweig, Duchy of Brunswick. After finishing secondary school in Braunschweig, he studied theology and philology at the universities of Göttingen, Berlin, and Leipzig.
He returned to Braunschweig in 1868 to become a teacher for Ancient Greek, Latin, history, and geography at the prestigious Martino-Katharineum secondary school.

## Football

Koch was a pioneer in introducing ball games as part of physical education in German schools. He was influenced by the ideas of Thomas Arnold respectively Thomas Hughes' novel Tom Brown's School Days. In 1874 Koch and his colleague August Hermann organized what is believed to be the first-ever football match in Germany, between pupils from their school Martino-Katharineum. However, according to other sources, earlier games of football might have taken place in other German cities, possibly between members of the Dresden English Football Club.
In 1875, Koch published the first German version of the rules of football, although Koch's version of the game still closely resembled rugby football. The new game was quickly adopted by other schools in Braunschweig and spread to other cities during the late 1870s, including Hanover, Bremen, Hamburg, and Göttingen.
In 1876, a newspaper in Hamburg wrote that Koch had learned about football during a trip to England. This is likely false, as there are no sources that indicate that he had visited England before 1895. Koch did speak English, however, as he had been taught from a young age by his father, an English teacher.

## Personal life

Koch was a close friend of novelist Wilhelm Raabe, and like Raabe, C.F. Theodore Steinway and Heinrich Büssing, among others, a member of the social club Die ehrlichen Kleiderseller zu Braunschweig.

## Selected works

* De augmento apud Homerum omisso (1867)
* Fußball. Regeln des Fußball-Vereins der mittleren Klassen des Martino-Katharineums zu Braunschweig (1875)
* Fußball, das englische Winterspiel (1877)
* Der erziehliche Werth der Schulspiele (1878)
* Die Geschichte des Fußballs im Altertum und in der Neuzeit (1894)
* Die Erziehung zum Mute durch Turnen, Spiel und Sport. Die geistige Seite der Leibesübungen (1900)

## In fiction

The 2011 German drama film Lessons of a Dream (German: Der ganz große Traum) is loosely based on Koch's life. In the film, Koch is portrayed by Daniel Brühl.
# Babakuli Annakov

Babakuli Annakov (born 1972) is a chess Grandmaster.

## Career

Annakov began to participate in international tournaments after the collapse of the USSR. In 1992, he won a silver medal in the individual championship of Turkmenistan and took part in the world championship among juniors under 20 in Buenos Aires. In 1993, Annakov shared second place with Vitaly Golod, Alexey Bezgodov and Valery Yandemirov at a round-robin tournament in Ufa. In 1996, he shared 1st place in a tournament in Moscow, and in 1997 he won with Evgeny Vorobyovnext tournament in this city. These successes allowed Annakov to score 2,585 points and enter the first hundred of the FIDE world rankings (98th place in the world as of January 1, 1998). Already on July 1 of the same 1998, with 2600 points, he climbed to 78th place in the world. In 2000, Annakov won the Foxwoods Open in Mashantucket, Connecticut, USA. Subsequently, he did not achieve significant international success, with the exception of 1st place at the World Open chess tournament in Philadelphia in 2003, which Annakov shared with Jaan Ehlvest, Ilya Smirin and Alexander Onischuk. The lack of significant success and the decline in tournament activity led to a gradual decrease in the chess player's rating. Since 2005 he has been living in the USA in Frisco, Texas. He is married and has a child, which has led to his inactivity in the chess sphere.