OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iziaslav IV of Kiev

Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich (1186 – fl. 1236) was Prince of Terebovl' (1210), Novgorod-Seversk (until 1235) and Grand Prince of Kiev (1235–1236). He was the son of Vladimir Igorevich.
Iziaslav Vladimirovich was an Igorevich (descendant of Igor Sviatoslavich) and a member of a cadet branch of the Ol'govichi (descendants of Oleg Sviatoslavich). According to the Hypatian Chronicle, in 1234, Vladimirovich, with the help of the nomadic Polovtsy, campaigned against Vladimir Riurikovich and Daniil Romanovich of Volyn' and Galich. He defeated them near Torchesk, taking Vladimir prisoner. In the year 1235, Iziaslav IV marched from Kamenets with Mikhail Vsevelodovich, the Poles, the Russians, and the Polovtsy marched against Daniil again but were unsuccessful. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, Prince Iziaslav and the Polovtsy joined Mikhail and troops from Chernigov to successfully attack and capture Kiev. After the victory, Iziaslav took the title of Grand Prince.
The Hypatian Chronicle and the Novgorod Chronicle disagree on which princes replaced each other in Kiev between 1235 and 1236. The Hypatian Chronicle states that Iaroslav Vsebelodovich took Kiev from Vladimir who was replaced by Mikail. The Novgorod Chronicle and, to a certain extent, the Nikon Chronicle, on the other hand, states that Iziaslav occupied Kiev after Vladimir was captured in 1235 implying that he replaced Iziaslav Mstislavich and not Vladimir.
# Ådalen Line

The Ådalen Line (Swedish: Ådalsbanan) is a 184-kilometre (114 mi) railway line between Sundsvall and Långsele in Sweden. At Sundsvall, the line intersects with the Central Line and the East Coast Line. At Långsele, the line intersects with the Main Line Through Upper Norrland. It also connects to the Bothnia Line.
The Ådalen Line follows, and is named for, the Ådalen river valley.
Railway stations with stops for passenger trains are (as of 2018):
* Västeraspby (Höga Kusten Airport)
* Kramfors
* Härnösand
* Timrå
* Sundsvall Västra (West)
* Sundsvall Central

## History

Traditionally the line now known as the Ådalen Line consisting of three sections. The connection from Sollefteå and Långsele was built by the Swedish State Railways and opened in 1886, at the same time as the northern part of the Main Line Through Upper Norrland from Ragunda to Långsele. The private Härnösand–Sollefteå Railway (Härnösand-Sollefteå Järnväg) received a concession for a private railway in 1888, and opened in 1893. The section from Härnösand to Sundsvall was originally built as part of the East Coast Line and opened in 1925, two years before the line was completed to Gävle. The Härnösand–Sollefteå Railway was nationalized in 1932 and electrified in 1958 at 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC.

## Renovation

The Swedish Transport Administration upgraded 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the line, and built 30 kilometres (19 mi) of new track, from Sundsvall to the connection with the new high-speed Bothnia Line north of Nyland. The upgrades both include renewal of existing track, and two new section of track. The upgraded line has a maximum permitted axle load of 25 tonnes (25 long tons; 28 short tons), allow 1,400 tonnes (1,400 long tons; 1,500 short tons) trains and have the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). Along with the Bothnia Line and the East Coast Line, the Ådalen Line is the new high-speed main line along the East Coast of Sweden, from Stockholm to Umeå.
21 kilometres (13 mi) of new right-of-way was built; 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) between Härnösand and Veda, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) between Bollstabruk and the connection to the Bothnia Line. This section has eight new tunnels, totaling 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).
The upgrades were completed in September 2012.
# John Mattock

John Stewart Mattock (23 April 1926 – 23 October 2017) was an English rose grower, and the chairman of the Chelsea Flower Show for twelve years.
He was born in Oxford, the eldest child of John and Marita Mattock, where his father was a master rose grower. He joined the Royal Navy in 1944 and took part in the D-Day landings as an electrician on a landing craft, rejoining the family business after the war to run the Mattock rose gardens in Headington. He helped to grow the turnover tenfold, after which the family opened a garden centre at Nuneham Courteney, which became the firm's head office. They exhibited at the Chelsea Flower Show, winning several medals, and Mattock became chairman of the show.
He retired in the late 1980s and sold the business to Notcutts Garden Centre. In retirement he lectured and wrote, publishing such books as "The Reader's Digest Gardener's Guide to Growing Roses" and "Growing and Displaying Roses".
In 1983 he was awarded the Victoria Medal of Honour of the Royal Horticultural Society
He died aged 91 in 2017 and was buried at St Andrew's Church in Sandford-on-Thames. He had married twice;firstly Sheila Weatherley and secondly Sheila Port and had two daughters.
# Soniachne, Zaporizhzhia Raion

Soniachne (Ukrainian: Сонячне) is a rural settlement in the Zaporizhzhia Raion (district) of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its population was 588 in the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Soniachne is the administrative center of the Soniachne Rural Council, a local government area.

## History

1927 — date of foundation as Prymiske village.
1986 — the village of Soniachne was registered (formed).
In 1991, it was renamed to the village of Soniachne.
On June 12, 2020, according to the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 713-r "On the determination of administrative centers and approval of territories of territorial communities of Zaporizhzhia region", it became part of the Shyrokivska village community.
On July 17, 2020, as a result of the administrative-territorial reform and liquidation of the former Zaporizhzhia district (1965-2020), the village became part of the newly formed Zaporizhzhia district.
# Nicolet River

The Nicolet River (French: Rivière Nicolet) is a river in Quebec, Canada. It is a tributary of the Saint Lawrence River on its southern shore and flows into Lake Saint Pierre. It is named in honor of the pioneer Jean Nicolet.
It has several tributaries including the River Bulstrode and the Nicolet River Southwest. Its watershed is mainly in the Centre-du-Québec region although the Southwest Nicolet rises in Estrie. The city of Nicolet is near its mouth on the lake Saint-Pierre which is crossed to the northwest by the St. Lawrence River.

## Geography
### Hydrology

The Nicolet River begins its course from 137 kilometres (85 mi) at an altitude of approximately 350 metres (1,150 ft) in lake Nicolet, at Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens. It then flows in a northwesterly direction to Nicolet where it flows into lac Saint-Pierre.
Its watershed has an area of 3,380 kilometres (2,100.23 mi). Its modulus is 79 cubic metres per second (2,800 cu ft/s). Its main tributaries are, from upstream to downstream, the rivers des Vases, des Pins, des Rosiers, Bulstrode and Nicolet Southwest. The latter, which joins the Nicolet at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), drains half of the basin. The basin includes 40 lakes, the most important of which are lake Nicolet (401 hectares (990 acres)), les Trois Lacs (Les Sources) (225 hectares (560 acres)) and the Beaudet reservoir (88 hectares (220 acres)).

### Geology

The part upstream of Saint-Léonard-d'Aston is part of the Appalaches. The subsoil is composed of sedimentary rocks folded and metamorphosed (shale, slate and sandstone), volcanic rocks (basalt) and ultramafic rocks (Serpentine and asbestos). As for the section downstream from Saint-Léonard-d'Aston, it is composed of sedimentary rocks (schist, dolomite, limestone, sandstone) in horizontal strata of the St. Lawrence Lowlands.
The unconsolidated deposits of the Quaternary of the St. Lawrence Lowlands are composed of clay, sand and gravel from the retreat of the Champlain Sea and peatlands. The Appalachian sector is composed of tills from the retreat of the glaciers and fluvioglacial deposits composed of sand and gravel.

### Population

The basin was inhabited by 96665 inhabitants in 2003. The territory is included in 37 municipalities. The main towns in the basin are Victoriaville (39799 inhabitants), Nicolet (7963 inhabitants) and Val-des-Sources (6627 inhabitants).

## Toponymy

The river was initially baptized Rivière Du Pont by Samuel de Champlain in 1609 to honor his friend François Gravé, sieur du Pont. It also bore the name of Gast river, in honor of Pierre Dugua de Mons (general of New France) and Monet River, in honor of Pierre Monet, sieur de Moras. As for its current name, it owes it to the explorer Jean Nicolet. They also bore the name of the first lords of Nicolet, namely Laubia and Cressé. The Abenakis call it Pithiganitekw, which means 'river of the entrance', due to the fact that it flows near the outlet of lake Saint-Pierre.
The toponym "rivière Nicolet" was made official on December 5, 1968 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Doug Daniels

Douglas Daniels (21 August 1924 – 2004) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League.
# Kim Mi-hyeon

Kim Mi-hyeon (born 3 February 1977) is a South Korean former field hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Mikhail Chailakhyan

Mikhail Khristoforovich Chailakhyan (Armenian: Միքայել Քրիստափորի Չայլախյան, Russian: Михаи́л Христофо́рович Чайлахя́н; 1902–1991) was a Soviet Armenian scientist who is widely known for proposing the existence of a universal plant hormone that is involved in flowering. He named this hormone florigen in 1936. His studies included the mechanisms of flowering, tuberization and sex expression in plants. His pioneer work included the agricultural applications of phytohormones and synthetic analogs.
# Cham-e Siah

Cham-e Siah (Persian: چم سياه, also Romanized as Cham-e Sīāh) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 118, in 22 families.
# Constitution of Italy (1802)

The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Italian: Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana), was the constitution of the Italian Republic, a client republic of France under Napoleon Bonaparte, roughly comprising the modern-day northern regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. It came into effect on 26 January 1802.
# Peycheva

Peycheva (Bulgarian: Пейчева) is a female form of Bulgarian surname Peychev (Bulgarian: Пейчев). Notable people with the surname include:
* Gergana Peycheva (born 2003), Bulgarian chess master
* Khriska Peycheva (born 1955), Bulgarian former swimmer
* Simona Peycheva (born 1985), Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast
# Kangazha

Kangazha is a panchayath and village in the Changanacherry Taluk of the Kottayam District of Kerala State in India. It is located 21 kilometers east of Kottayam and 10 kilometers north of Karukachal. It lies midway between the backwaters of Western Kerala and the misty mountains of the Western Ghats.

## Adjacent areas

* West - Nedumkunnam
* North - Pampady
* East - vellavoor and Cheruvally
* South - Ezhumattoor and vaipur
The nearest railway stations are Kottayam (21 km) and Changanacherry (22 km), and the nearest airport is Cochin Airport (Nedumbasserry) about 100 km away. Kangazha is on the Changanassery - Vazhoor state highway which joins Kottayam - Kumaly NH at Pulickalkavala on the north side and on the Karukachal Manimala road on the east side.

## Etymology

Kanva, the father of Shakuntala had visited Kangazha and he stoned the Sivalinga in Kangazha. And thus the term Kanvaya which was referred to point this incident become the name of this village and later Kanvaya had reestablished as Kangazha.
Kangazha Mahadeva Temple (Temple of Lord Shiva) Pathanadu Kavu Bhagawati Temple Elamkavu Sri Bhadrakali Temple Uma-Maheswar Temple, Edayarikapuzha

## Places of worship

* St. Thomas Orthodox Church (Kangazha pally)
* Kangazha Mahadeva (Lord Shiva) Temple
* Pathanadu Kavu Bhagawati Temple
* Bethel gospel Assembly church Anchani
* Elamkavu Sri Bhadrakali Temple
* Edayarikkapuzha Uma-Maheswara Temple
* The Pentecostal Mission (TPM) Church, Mundathanam
* Town Masjid Pathanadu, (Managed by kangazha puthoorpally juma-ath)
* Kangazha St Lazarus Orthodox Old Chapel.
* St Antony's Catholic Church, Mundathanam
* St Johns Orthodox Church, Mundathanam
* St.Peter's C.S.I Church, Kangazha - The first Christian church in Kangazha (Estd.1864)
* Puthoorppally Juma-Masjid, Kangazha
* Salvation Army Church, Edayappara
* St George chapel, cheeramattom
* St.Andrews C.S.I Church Mundathanm
* IPC Church Mundathanam
* Sharon Fellowship Mundathanam
* Church Of God Mundathanam

## Economy

The economy of Kangazha is primarily from agriculture. Kangazha is one of the rubber producing villages in Kerala because the hilly terrain, high humidity and good rain make it suitable for rubber cultivation. Other major crops are coconut, tapioca and pepper. NRIs are also another major source of income.
# Porto Grande Bay

Porto Grande Bay (Portuguese: Baía do Porto Grande), also Mindelo Bay, is a bay on the north coast of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. The main city of São Vicente, Mindelo, is situated at the bay. The Porto Grande Bay is a natural harbour. It stretches between the headlands Ponta João Ribeiro in the northeast and Ponta do Morro Branco in the west. To the northwest it opens towards the Canal de São Vicente, the channel between the islands São Vicente and Santo Antão. The small rocky islet Ilhéu dos Pássaros lies north of the bay.

## Port facilities

The port is owned and operated by ENAPOR, the Cape Verdean port authority. Since the latest modernization in 2014, the port has 4 long quays, 4 shorter quays, a quay for fishing boats with fish processing installations, a container terminal (expanded and modernized in 1997), 2 roll-on/roll-off ramps and 3 passenger terminals. The total length of the quays is 1,560 m, and the maximum depth is 12 m. With 847,602 metric tonnes of cargo and 350,213 passengers handled (2017), it is the busiest port of Cape Verde. There are ferry services to the islands of Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Santiago and Sal.

## Gallery

* The Harbor of Mindelo facing Monte Verde
* The city of Mindelo with a view of its bay
* Porto Grande Bay with Monte Cara
* A monument located at the port's entrance west of Fortinho
# Monay, Tatarstan

Monay (Tatar: Монай, romanized: Monay) is a rural locality (a derevnya) in Mindälä District, Tatarstan. The population was 494 as of 2010. Monay, Tatarstan is located 5 km from Mindälä, district's administrative centre, and 224 km from Qazаn, republic's capital, by road. The earliest known record of the settlement dates from 1680. There are 10 streets in the village.
# Ashot Petrosian

Ashot Vezirovich Petrosian (Armenian: Աշոտ Վեզիրի Պետրոսյան; June 2, 1930 – February 23, 1998) was a Soviet Armenian mathematician. He completed his PhD in Computational Mathematics in 1964 under the supervision of Julius Anatolyevich Schrader. He was a founding member of the Mergelyan Institute of Mathematical Machines and the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. He also contributed to the development of several generations of advanced digital computer systems in Armenia, including the Nairi (computer) and ES EVM.

## Biography

Ashot V. Petrosian was born in 1930 in a small village near Vardenis, Armenia. He finished high school as a valedictorian in 1949 in Dilijan, Armenia, where his parents settled after escaping the massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey back in 1915. He went on to study mathematics and graduated with honors from the Yerevan State University, faculty of Physics and Math in 1954. He taught Math courses at the same University until 1955, when he was admitted to Moscow State University to pursue a Ph.D. degree (under supervision of Lazar Lyusternik).
Upon completion of his studies he was offered a position at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics; however, he decided to return to his native country of Armenia. In 1957 he was appointed to serve as a chief engineer and then as a director of Mathematical Division at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YCRDI, known as Mergelyan Institute). During his tenure at the YCRDI, the institute became one of the largest producers of computer equipment in the former USSR. He also worked as the vice-principal (1963–65) and principal (1965–70) of the Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems (IIAP), formerly known as the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. During his scientific career, Prof. Petrosian taught various mathematics courses at the Yerevan State University (1957–78) and at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (1978–86). He has authored several textbooks, patents, and monographs in the areas of computational mathematics, algorithmic information theory, automata and discrete mathematics. He has edited five volumes of the Proceedings of the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences and served as a Ph.D. adviser to over 20 post-graduate students, mainly in the Graph Theory field.

## Selected publications

* Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design. Izd-vo Akademii nauk Armyanskoi SSR. 1977.
* Petrosian, A.V.; Pasztorne, V.K. (1982). Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions. Alkalmazott Mat. Lapok.
* Petrosian, A.V.; Vardanyan, V.A. (1983). On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector (PDF). Acta Cybernetica Mat. Lapok. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
* On the problem of automated generation of test schemes of electronic computing machines. Kibernetika. 1976. OCLC 2001907.
* Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book "Science in Armenia in 60 years". National Armenian Academy of Sciences. 1985.
# Sadler's Birthday

Sadler's Birthday is the debut novel by novelist Rose Tremain, published in 1976.
After six rejection slips Tremain was then advanced £350 for the novel by publisher Macdonald. As Tremain recalls at her age of 28: "Angus Wilson wrote a generous front-cover puff, and the novel was widely noticed and quietly praised...A refreshing little shower of success was suddenly falling on me".

## Plot

Jack Sadler is 76 years old lives alone in a big neglected house in Norfolk, his only companion being a nameless dog. He reminisces about his life and ponders on his mortality. He spent the most of his life in the same house where his mother was a chambermaid. Jack then became a butler for the house's owners: the childless Colonel Basset and Madge. During the war an eleven-year boy called Tom was evacuated from London to live for five years at the house where Jack took him under his wing, where their relationship developed into love. After the war Tom returned to London with his mother, and Jack lost contact with Tom. Colonel and Madge were killed on their way to the Queen's coronation that morning in London; Jack was then left the house and their inheritance...

## Reception

Joyce Carol Oates writing in The New York Times praises the novel "a rather special work, a simple novel that dwells lovingly upon the details of simple lives without condescension or bitterness. In fact, one might wish for more emotion, for more anger. There are times when seems that the ideal English novel is an artifact of a certain number of cautious, well‐crafted pages that manage to offend no one, while stressing the oldest and most conservative of virtues‐stability, acceptance, stoicism, a sort of wry self‐deprecatory humour that translates into courage. Nevertheless Sadler's Birthday is well worth reading, and Rose Tremain a highly promising young novelist.
Kirkus Reviews writes "Through flashbacks, which flicker off and on in random chronological order within his wavering consciousness, Jack's career is reconstructed...Prepare for a jolt when you stumble upstairs with Jack, in this most mellow of diversions discreetly laced with bitters"
# Barghani-ye Bala

Barghani-ye Bala (Persian: برغني بالا, also Romanized as Barghanī-ye Bālā; also known as Barghanī) is a village in Tarom Rural District, in the Central District of Hajjiabad County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 330, in 85 families.
# Chris Le Roux

Maj Gen Chris le Roux SD SM MMM is a retired General Officer from the South African Army. He was born in Dundee and matriculated from Pinetown Boys' High School in 1963.

## Military career

He joined the South African Defence Force in 1964 and completed infantry training. He was a student at the South African Military Academy from 1965 and graduated with a Bachelor of Military Science degree awarded by the University of Stellenbosch in 1967.
He was commissioned as a lieutenant on 21 November 1967 and qualified as a static line paratrooper on 9 October 1970. Officer Commanding 1 Parachute Battalion during 1984 to 1988. Brigadier le Roux served as Officer Commanding Natal Command from 18 February 1995. He was promoted to rank of major general on 1 January 1996 and remained GOC Natal Command until 31 March 2000, the last person to hold that post. GOC Regional Joint Task Force on 1 April to 31 December 2000. He went on early retirement on 31 December 2000. He has remained actively involved in speaking about the military.
Maj Gen Chris le Roux completed more than 300 parachute jumps and was a qualified Freefall Instructor.

## Honours and awards

Freefall Instructor (Qualification) :
* Instructor, Freefall Qualified Black on Thatch beige, Embossed Large Black wings

### Medals

* Southern Cross Decoration (SD)
* Southern Cross Medal (1975) (SM)
* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Pro Patria Medal (South Africa) (with Cunene Clasp)
* Southern Africa Medal
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Good Service Medal (Gold (30 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))