OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# II-73 road (Bulgaria)

Republican Road II-73 (Bulgarian: Републикански път II-73) is a second-class road in eastern Bulgaria, running through Shumen and Burgas Provinces. Its length is 89.9 km (55.9 mi).

## Route description

The road starts at Km 121.9 km (75.7 mi) of the first class I-7 road southeast of the city of Shumen and heads south through the Shumen Field. It runs through the village of Radko Dimitrievo, crosses the river Golyama Kamchiya and enters the Smyadovo Field. After passing east of the town of Smyadovo the road enters the Veselinovo Gorge of the river Brestova reka, a right tributary of the Golyama Kamchiya. It exits the gorge at the village of Veselinovo and reaches the eastern part of the Rish Valley. There, it turns west and in 8 km again heads south and begins to ascend the northern slopes of the Varbitsa Mountain, part of the eastern Balkan Mountains, through the Rish Pass (410 m), and enters Burgas Province.
The II-73 descends along the southern slopes of the mountain, crosses the river Luda Kamchiya and reaches the village of Prilep. It then runs through the low Karnobat Pass (310 m) and at the village of Lozarevo enters the Karnobat Valley, where the road passes through the village of Valchin, turns southeast and in the southeastern outskirts of Karnobat reaches its terminus at Km 460.9 of the first class I-6 road.
# Amour Range

The Amour Range (Arabic: جبل العمور, French: Djebel Amour) is a mountain range in Algeria, which comprises part of the Saharan Atlas of the Atlas Mountain System.

## Geography

The Amour Range is located in the central area of the Saharan Atlas, with the Ksour Range in the western end and the Ouled-Naïl Range in the eastern end.
The town of Aflou, one of the highest municipalities in Algeria and also one of the coldest, is located in the range at an elevation of 1,426 m. There are about 35,000 people living in the area of the Amour Range. In Taouïala (تاوياله), located 35 km to the southeast of Aflou, there is an ecotouristic village.

## Peaks

The mountains of the Amour Range have altitudes averaging between 1,400 and 2000 m. The highest summit of the range is Djebel Ksel, which sits at an elevation of 2,008 m.
Other notable peaks are:
* 1,721 m high Guern Arif (جبل قرن عريف)
* 1,707 m high Mount Sidi Okba (جبل سيدي عقبة)
* 1,706 m high Mount Gourou (جبل قورو)
* 1,686 m high Oum El Guedour (أم القدور)
* 1,503 m high Kef Sidi Bouzid (كاف سيدي بوزيد).
# Fred Howe (footballer, born 1912)

Fred Howe (24 September 1912 – 1984) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre forward. In his career, he played for Stockport County, Hyde United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Grimsby Town, Watford, Oldham Athletic, and Ashton United.
In the 1936–37 season, Howe became the first Liverpool player to score a hat-trick in an away match against Manchester United. He remained the only player to do so until Mohamed Salah repeated the feat in October 2021.
# Philip Meyer

Philip Meyer (October 27, 1930 – November 4, 2023) was an American journalist and scholar who was a professor and holder of the Knight Chair in Journalism at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He researched in the areas of journalism quality, precision journalism, civic journalism, polling, the newspaper industry, and communications technology. Meyer received his undergraduate degree in technical journalism from Kansas State University (1952), a master's degree in political science from Chapel Hill (1958) and was a non-degree Nieman Fellow at Harvard University (1966–1967).

## Biography

Before becoming a professor in 1981, Meyer was employed in the newspaper industry for a total of 26 years, the last 23 with Knight Ridder, where he started as a reporter for the Miami Herald. In 1962, he became the Washington correspondent for the Akron Beacon Journal, then a national correspondent, and finally, from 1978 to 1981, the director of news research at company headquarters in Miami, where he worked on Knight Ridder's Viewtron online service.
One of the earliest examples of computer-assisted reporting was in 1967, after riots in Detroit, when Meyer, on temporary assignment with the Detroit Free Press, used survey research, analyzed on a mainframe computer, to show that people who had attended college were equally likely to have rioted as were high school dropouts.
The National Institute for Computer-Assisted Reporting hosts the annual Philip Meyer Journalism Award, which "recognize excellent journalism done using social science research methods".
Meyer was a member of Board of Contributors for USA TODAY's Forum Page, part of the newspaper's Opinion section.
The Summer 2008 Carolina Communicator includes a profile of Meyer, written by one of his former students, John Bare.
Meyer died of complications of Parkinson’s disease on November 4, 2023, at the age of 93.
# Gerard Labuda

Gerard Labuda (Kashubian: Gerard Labùda; 28 December 1916 – 1 October 2010) was a Polish historian whose main fields of interest were the Middle Ages and the Western Slavs. He was born in Kashubia. He lived and died in Poznań, Poland.

## Life

Labuda was born in Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kartuzy, Poland (before 1918 Neuhütte/ Karthaus, West Prussia / Prussian Partition of Poland, Germany), into a Kashubian family. He was the son of Stanislaw Labuda and Anastazja Baranowska. From 1950 he was a professor at Poznań University; rector 1962–1965; from 1951 a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU); president 1989–1994; from 1964 member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN); vice-president 1984–1989; from 1959 to 1961 director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. He was buried in Luzino - Kashubia.
From 1958 onwards he edited the multi-volume Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich (Dictionary of Slavonic Antiquities) and published historical sources. Author of more than 30 books and close to 2000 scholarly publications.
Awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1996) and the highest Polish distinction Order of the White Eagle (2010; posthumously) .
Award of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation (USA, 1983), Herder Award (Austria, 1991). State of Poland awards (1949, 1951, 1970).
Honorary Doctorates of Gdańsk University (1986), Nicolas Copernicus University (1993), Jagiellonian University (1995), Warsaw University (1997), Wrocław University (1999) and Szczecin University (2003).

## Works

* Studia nad początkami państwa polskiego (Studies of the early Polish statehood), Cracow 1946.
* Pierwsze państwo słowiańskie - państwo Samona (The first Slavonic state - Samon's state), Poznań 1949.
* Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej (Fragments of the History of Western Slavdom), vols. 1–2, 1960–64.
* Polska granica zachodnia. Tysiąc lat dziejów politycznych (Poland's Western Border: a Thousand Years of Political History), 1971.
* Pierwsze państwo polskie (The first Polish state), Cracow 1989.
* O Kaszubach, ich nazwie i ziemi zamieszkania (Kashubian People, their name and land), Gdynia 1991.
* Kaszubi i ich dzieje (Kashubians and their history), 1996, ISBN 83-904950-9-0
* Św. Stanisław Biskup krakowski, Patron Polski (Stanislas Bishop of Cracow, Patron Saint of Poland), Poznań 2000.
* Mieszko I, Wrocław 2002.
* Słowiańszczyzna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna (Slavdom in antiquity and early middle ages), 2003.
* Historia Kaszubów w dziejach Pomorza (The history of Kashubians within history of Pomerania) t.1 Czasy średniowieczne (vol.1 Middle ages), Gdańsk 2006.
# Keith DeVries

Keith Robert DeVries (January 2, 1937 – July 16, 2006) was a prominent archaeologist and expert on the Phrygian city of Gordium, in what is now Turkey. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
DeVries earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Michigan and his doctorate at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1970 to 2004, he taught the latter university. He also worked for its Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in the Mediterranean section.
As an excavator, DeVries worked at Ischia and the excavations at Ancient Corinth. His primary work was at Gordium; there he directed the excavations from 1977 to 1987.
In his last years, he was involved with a reassessment of the chronology of the Iron Age in Gordium and other parts of Anatolia. DeVries died of cancer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2006.

## Works (incomplete)

* (Editor) From Athens to Gordion: the papers of a memorial symposium for Rodney S. Young, held at the University Museum, the third of May, 1975 (Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1980).
# Old Synagogue of Livorno

The Old Synagogue of Livorno, or Great Synagogue of Livorno (Italian: Tempio Maggiore di Livorno), was a Jewish congregation and synagogue, that was located at Piazza Benamozegh 1, in Livorno, in Tuscany, Italy. The synagogue was completed in 1603 and was devastated during World War II by Nazis in 1944.
The New Synagogue of Livorno was completed in 1962 to replace the former ancient synagogue.

## History

The first synagogue of Livorno dates from 1603. The synagogue was built in a modest and simple style by Claudio Cogorano and Alessandro Pieroni. In the following years the synagogue was enlarged to accommodate an increase of Livorno's Jewish population to approximately 3,000 people. The project to build a larger worship hall and to add galleries was undertaken by Francesco Cantagallina in 1642. The Torah ark was built with inlaid colored marble by Isidoro Baratta from Carrara, surmounted by a silver crown with a topaz set on it. The bimah was built with the same technique, and the ceiling was enriched with stuccoes, decorations and gilt.
The temple underwent structural renovation by Ignazio Fazzi following an earthquake in 1742. In addition, a second row of gallery was built for women. After the work was completed, the temple hall was the second largest after that of the Synagogue of Amsterdam, measuring 28 metres (92 ft) long by 26 metres (85 ft) wide. On September 20, 1789, the first evening of Rosh Hashanah 5550 according to the Hebrew calendar, the newly renovated synagogue was inaugurated. In the 19th century the synagogue was further expanded, and a new southern façade was built.
The synagogue was partially destroyed during World War II.
# Love, Whitney

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Canoë France | |
| Rolling Stone | |
Love, Whitney is a compilation of ballads by Whitney Houston, released in 2001. It was the follow-up to Houston's multi-platinum greatest hits collection Whitney: The Greatest Hits (2000). The album includes ten U.S. top 10 hits.
As AllMusic reviewer Jose F. Promis noted, it "isn't meant to be a greatest-hits collection" but "it's an assortment of big, swooping Whitney Houston love songs" and that it "is solely intended for the most casual of fans".

## Charts

Weekly charts
Chart (2001–2002)
Peak position
Argentinian Albums (CAPIF)
20
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
42
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
24
Greek International Albums (IFPI)
19
Italian Albums (FIMI)
10
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
34
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
12
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
37
UK Albums (OCC)
22
Chart (2012)
Peak Position
French Albums (SNEP)
167
Monthly charts
Chart (2001)
Peak position
South Korean Albums (RIAK)
10
Chart (2012)
Peak Position
Polish Albums (ZPAV)
28 :

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | Gold | 50,000$^*$ |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Gold | 100,000$^^$ |
| South Korea | — | 22,356 |
| United Kingdom | — | 46,264 |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Federal Republican Party (Brazil)

The Federal Republican Party (Portuguese:Partido Republicano Federal; PR Federal) was the first attempt at a national political party during the First Brazilian Republic. It was created in 1893, with the fusion of the Republican Party of São Paulo with state-based republican clubs.
In 1896, it fell apart due to internal crises. Even in ruins, the party held on until 1898, when Lauro Sodré ran for the presidency of the Republic against the winner Campos Sales.

## Main representatives

* Lauro Sodré – governor of Pará (1891–1897);
* Prudente de Morais – president of the Republic (1894–1898);
* Francisco Glicério – senator of the Republic (1891–1899);
* Manuel Vitorino – vice-presidente of the Republic (1894–1898);
# Maxim Polischuk

Maxim Polischuk (Ukrainian: Максим Поліщук; born 15 June 1984, in Zhytomyr) is a retired Ukrainian amateur track cyclist. He won the bronze medal in men's team pursuit at the 2006 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Bordeaux, France, and later represented his nation Ukraine at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Polishchuk qualified for the Ukrainian squad in the men's team pursuit at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing based on the nation's selection process from the UCI Track World Rankings. He delivered the Ukrainian foursome of Volodymyr Dyudya, Lyubomyr Polatayko, and Vitaliy Shchedov a ninth-place time of 4:07.883 in the prelims, narrowly missing out the match round by more than a second.

## Career highlights
### 2004

    UCI European Junior Track Cycling Championships (Team pursuit), Valencia (ESP)

### 2006

    UCI Track Cycling World Championships (Team pursuit), Bordeaux (FRA)

### 2008

    9th Olympic Games (Team pursuit), Beijing (CHN)
# Popielów, Masovian Voivodeship

Popielów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Liw, within Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Węgrów and 68 km (42 mi) east of Warsaw.
# Pereprava Korsaka

Pereprava Korsaka (Russian: Переправа Корсака) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Baybeksky Selsoviet, Krasnoyarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

It is located on the Akhtuba River, 11 km northwest of Krasny Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podchalyk is the nearest rural locality.
# Kate Osann

Kate Osann was an American cartoonist. She created the comic strip Tizzy.

## Biography

Osann was born in St. Louis, Missouri, but grew up in New York City. She graduated from Hunter College.

## Career

Early in her career, Osann worked on ads and illustrating for such magazines as Collier's Weekly and Saturday Evening Post. Osann was a regular contributor to Collier's, where her panel style cartoon, Tizzy, first appeared. After the demise of Collier's Weekly in 1957, Tizzy cartoons ran with Newspaper Enterprise Association, until 1970.
Tizzy, the title character, was a stereotypical teen-aged American girl. In Collier's, the Tizzy cartoons were in color and Tizzy's hair was red. The syndicated cartoons were in black and white, and Tizzy's hair was blonde. When the color cartoons were reprinted in black and white in the first Tizzy paperback book, Tizzy's red hair was rendered as black.
Tizzy wore horn-rimmed glasses with triangular lenses. In the Collier's cartoons, the temples of her glasses were clearly visible. In the syndicated cartoons, the temples were rarely seen, and the frames appeared to be resting on her nose alone.

## Books

During the late 1950s and 1960s, three Tizzy paperback books were published: Tizzy: That Loveable, Laughable Teen-Ager (Berkeley, 1958), More Tizzy (Berkeley, 1958), and Tizzy (Scholastic Book Services 1967). Tizzy cartoons illustrated Baby-Sitter's Guide, by Sharon Sherman (Scholastic Book Services, 1969).

## "Kate O'Sann"

Three books were published in the 1970s with her name spelled with an apostrophe, "Kate O'Sann."
The book Men!, edited by Kitty Clevenger and Aileen Neighbors, was published by Hallmark Editions in 1974. It was illustrated by Kate O'Sann. The rear flap of the dust jacket was devoted to a self-portrait of Kate O'Sann, and a brief biography of her which reads in part, "Illustrator Kate O'sann, a native of Missouri, grew up in New York City, where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Hunter College and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She makes her home in Orlando, Florida, with her husband, William O. Chessman, and 'two large and vocal children' - William and Kathy."
The books Kid's Cookery and Things Girls Like to Draw were written and illustrated by Kate O'Sann. They were published in 1979 by International Media Systems, of Longwood, Florida.
O'Sann was written with a lower case letter "s" in Men!, but with a capital letter "S" in Kid's Cookery and Things Girls Like to Draw.
# Sam Burston

Sir Samuel Gerald Wood Burston OBE (24 April 1915 – 14 July 2015) was an Australian grazier who represented the rural sector as President of a forerunner of the National Farmers' Federation, and served as a member of the board of the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Australian Science and Technology Council.

## Life

Samuel Gerald Wood Burston was born in 1915 in Adelaide, the eldest son of Sir (Samuel) Roy Burston, a distinguished physician who later became Director-General of Medical Services in the Australian Military Forces. (Roy Burston served in Gallipoli; Sam was born the day before the Anzac landing, and lived to see the centenary of that event celebrated internationally.)
In 1934, Sam Burston joined the Australian Army as a private, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1935. In 1939 he studied temperate farming techniques in Britain and Germany. In World War II he was mentioned in dispatches on 30 December 1941, and was the commander of a tank squadron with the 9th Division, which was distinguished at the Battle of El Alamein (1942).
On repatriation he ran his property Marlee, near Naracoorte, South Australia. He later moved to Noss Estate at Casterton, Victoria, where he was a grazier until retirement in 1985.
From 1976 to 1979 Sir Sam Burston (he was knighted in 1977) was President of the Australian Woolgrowers' and Graziers' Council. In that capacity he was deeply involved in helping resolve the 1978 Live Sheep Export Dispute, through extensive negotiations with the Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, his Minister for Industrial Relations, Tony Street, and the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, Bob Hawke. In 1979, Burston oversaw the merger of the AWGG with seven other rural bodies to create the National Farmers' Federation.
He was a Member of the Reserve Bank of Australia Board 1977–87. From 1979 to 1985 he was a member and occasional acting Chairman of the Australian Science and Technology Council.
In 2012, when aged 97, he was instrumental in assisting Dr Ian Howie-Willis research his book A Medical Emergency: Major-General 'Ginger' Burston and the Army Medical Service in World War II, by sending him 22 parcels of his father's World War II correspondence that had not previously been available to researchers.
Sir Sam Burston celebrated his 100th birthday on 24 April 2015 in an aged care facility in Casterton. He died there on 14 July 2015, survived by two children, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Both his wives, Verna and Phyllis, predeceased him.

## Honours

Burston was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1966 for services to firefighting. (He had played a role in convincing the then Premier of Victoria, Henry Bolte, to strengthen the Country Fire Authority.)
He was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours on 14 June 1977, "in recognition of service to primary industry".
# Golyamata Gramada

Golyamata Gramada (Bulgarian: Голямата грамада, ‘Big Pile’) is one of the largest stone rivers on Vitosha Mountain, Bulgaria. The feature is situated in the upper valley of Vitoshka Bistritsa River in Bistrishko Branishte Nature Reserve, extending near 1 km, and up to 300 m wide. The stone river is ‘descending’ from elevation 1900 m above sea level at the foothills of Golyam Rezen Peak to 1550 m off the track between Bistritsa village and Aleko site (1810 m), the most popular tourist centre on Vitosha Mountain accessible also from Sofia by gondola lift.
# Count of Amarante

The Count of Amarante (Portuguese: Conde de Amarante) is a noble title, decreed by Queen Maria I of Portugal on 13 May 1811, and instituted on 28 June 1811, in favour of Francisco da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca Teixeira, 1st Count of Amarante.

## List of counts

* Francisco da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca Teixeira, 1st Count of Amarante (1763);
* Manuel da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca Teixeira, 2nd Count of Amarante, 1st Marquess of Chaves (1792)
After the fall of the monarchy, the title was held by pretenders, owing to the dissolution of the noble system:
* Francisco Manuel Pereira Colmieiro da Silveira, 3rd Count of Amarante, 3rd Marquess of Chaves (1924);
* Maria Manuela Salgado da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca, 4th Countess of Amarante, 4th Marquesa of Chaves (1960)
# Centpropazine

Centpropazine (CPZ, CTZ) is an experimental antidepressant which was under development for the treatment major depressive disorder in India but was never marketed. It is described as having imipramine-like clinical effects, reversing reserpine-induced effects in animals, and potentiating amphetamine-induced effects in animals. The mechanism of action of centpropazine is unknown. The drug reached phase 3 clinical trials prior to the discontinuation of its development. It was first described in the scientific literature by 1980.
# Fred Marquis

Fred Marquis (15 June 1899 – 1957) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Preston North End and Tranmere Rovers.
# Daylight

Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime. This includes direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation, and (often) both of these reflected by Earth and terrestrial objects, like landforms and buildings. Sunlight scattered or reflected by astronomical objects is generally not considered daylight. Therefore, daylight excludes moonlight, despite it being reflected indirect sunlight.

## Definition

Daylight is present at a particular location, to some degree, whenever the Sun is above the local horizon. This is true for slightly more than 50% of the Earth at any given time, since the Earth's atmosphere refracts some sunlight even when the Sun is below the horizon.
Outdoor illuminance varies from 120,000 lux for direct sunlight at noon, which may cause eye pain, to less than 5 lux for thick storm clouds with the Sun at the horizon (even <1 lux for the most extreme case), which may make shadows from distant street lights visible. It may be darker under unusual circumstances like a solar eclipse or very high levels of atmospheric particulates, which include smoke (see New England's Dark Day), dust, and volcanic ash.

## Intensity in different conditions

| Illuminance | Example |
| 120,000 lux | Brightest sunlight |
| 111,000 lux | Bright sunlight |
| 109,880 lux | AM 1.5 global solar spectrum sunlight (= 1,000.4 W/m$^2$) |
| 20,000 lux | Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday |
| 1,000–2,000 lux | Typical overcast day, midday |
| 400 lux | Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) |
| <200 lux | Extreme of thickest storm clouds, midday |
| 40 lux | Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise |
| <1 lux | Extreme of thickest storm clouds, sunset/rise |
For comparison, nighttime illuminance levels are:
| Illuminance | Example |
| <1 lux | Moonlight, clear night sky |
| 0.25 lux | A full Moon, clear night sky |
| 0.01 lux | A quarter Moon, clear night sky |
| 0.002 lux | Starlight, clear moonless night sky, including airglow |
| 0.0002 lux | Starlight, clear moonless night sky, excluding airglow |
| 0.00014 lux | Venus at brightest, clear night sky |
| 0.0001 lux | Starlight, overcast moonless night sky |
For a table of approximate daylight intensity in the Solar System, see sunlight.