OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stakevska reka

The Stakevska reka (Bulgarian: Стакевска река) is a river in northwestern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the Lom, itself a right tributary of the Danube. Its length is 34 km.

## Geography

The river takes its source under the name Zheleznata reka at an altitude of 1,300 m about a kilometer northwest of the summit of Haydushki Kamak (1,721 m), the highest peak in the Sveti Nikola section of the northwestern part of the Balkan Mountains. It flows north in a deep forested valley until the village of Stakevtsi and after the junction of the road to the village of Krachimir, the river turns east and crosses the Vedernik ridge. After the junction to Belogradchik, it turns southeast and then east, flowing in a wide valley. Some 1.2 km before its mouth it is joined by its largest tributary, the Chuprenska reka. The river flows into the Lom at an altitude of 218 m at the village of Yanyovets.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 328 km$^2$, or 26.5% of the Lom's total. The river has predominantly snow–rain feed. The average annual discharge at the village of Borovitsa is 2 m$^3$/s.

## Settlements and tourism

The Stakevska reka flows entirely in Vidin Province. There are three villages along its course, Stakevtsi, Chiflik and Borovitsa, all of them in Belogradchik Municipality. For 10.2 km upstream from its mouth, its left bank is followed by a stretch of the third class III-102 road Dimovo–Belogradchik–Montana. Just north of the river at Chiflik span the Belogradchik Rocks, a system of sandstone and conglomerate rock formations, a major tourist attraction and a contender in the New 7 Wonders of the World campaign of 2007. A waterfall along the Stakevska reka at the Belata Voda locality has been declared a natural landmark in 1976.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 464
* ↑ "A Map of the Republican Road Network of Bulgaria". Official Site of the Road Infrastructure Agency. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
* ↑ "The Belogradchik Cliffs – A Natural Wonder". Official Tourist Portal of Bulgaria. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
* ↑ "Register of the Protected Territories and Zones in Bulgaria". Official Site of the Executive Environment Agency of Bulgaria.
# Piz dles Cunturines

The Piz dles Cunturines (German: Cunturines-Spitze; Italian: Cima Cunturines or Cima Conturines) is a mountain in the Dolomites in South Tyrol, Italy.
# Shahr-e Bijar

Shahr-e Bijar (Persian: شهربيجار) is a village in, and the capital of, Blukat Rural District of Rahmatabad and Blukat District, Rudbar County, Gilan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 894 in 232 households. The following census in 2011 counted 835 people in 272 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 877 people in 285 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Shusha District (NKAO)

Shusha District (Azerbaijani: Şuşa rayonu, Шуша рајону; Armenian: Շուշիի շրջան) was an administrative unit within the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

## History

The district was formed on 8 August 1930. Its capital was the city of Shusha. Shusha district was the only district in Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast where Azerbaijanis formed a majority.
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was abolished on 26 November 1991.
Following the First Nagorno-Karabakh war, all of the district came under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and was incorporated into its Shushi Province. However, following the Battle of Shusha during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijan recaptured the city of Shusha and several surrounding villages.

## Demographics

| Year | Population | Ethnic groups | Source |
| 1939 | 10,819 | 58.3% Azerbaijanis, 38.6% Armenians, 2.4% Russians | Soviet Census |
| 1959 | 10,626 | 61.8% Azerbaijanis, 35.7% Armenians, 1.9% Russians | Soviet Census |
| 1970 | 13,664 | 72.4% Azerbaijanis, 26.2% Armenians, 1.0% Russians | Soviet Census |
| 1979 | 16,019 | 80.9% Azerbaijanis, 18.0% Armenians, 0.7% Russians | Soviet Census |
# Kožuchovce

Kožuchovce (Rusyn: Кожухівцї; Hungarian: Körmös) is a village and municipality in Stropkov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1618.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 352 metres and covers an area of 6.146 km$^2$. It has a population of about 73 people.
# Kordestan-e Kuchek

Kordestan-e Kuchek (Persian: كردستان كوچك, also Romanized as Kordestān-e Kūchek; also known as Kordestān, Kordestān-e ‘Olyā, and Kurdistān) is a village in Dodangeh Rural District, in the Central District of Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 492, in 91 families.
# Bonev

Bonev (Bulgarian: Бонев) is a Bulgarian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Boneva. It may refer to
* Antoaneta Boneva (born 1986), Bulgarian sport shooter
* Bogomil Bonev (born 1957), Bulgarian politician
* Deyan Bonev (born 1967), Bulgarian sprint canoer
* Dora Boneva (born 1936), Bulgarian painter
* Hristo Bonev (born 1947), Bulgarian football player
* Milen Bonev (born 1986), Bulgarian football player
* Ventsislav Bonev (born 1980), Bulgarian football player
* Zlatko Bonev (born 1994), Bulgarian football player
# 2-Aminophenol

2-Aminophenol is an organic compound with the formula C$_6$H$_7$NO. Along with its isomer 4-aminophenol, it is an amphoteric molecule and a reducing agent. It is a useful reagent for the synthesis of dyes and heterocyclic compounds. Reflecting its slight hydrophilic character, white powder is moderately soluble in alcohols and can be recrystallized from hot water.

## Synthesis and structure

2-Aminophenol (and its isomer, 4-aminophenol) is industrially synthesized by reducing the corresponding nitrophenol by hydrogen in the presence of various catalysts. The nitrophenols can also be reduced with iron.
The compound exhibits intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the neighbouring amine and hydroxyl groups. As a result, 2-aminophenol has a relatively high melting point (174 °C) compared to other compounds with a similar molecular mass; for example, 2-methylphenol melts at 31 °C.

## Applications

2-Aminophenol has a variety of uses. As a reducing agent, it is marketed under the names of Atomal and Ortol to develop black-and-white photographs. 2-Aminophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes. It is particularly useful in yielding metal-complex dyes when diazotized and coupled to a phenol, naphthol, or other aromatic or resonant dye species. Metal complex dyes using copper or chromium are commonly used for producing dull colors. Tridentate ligand dyes are useful because they are more stable than their bi- or mono-dentate counterparts.
Due to the adjacency of the amino and hydroxyl groups, 2-aminophenol readily forms heterocycles. These heterocycles, such as benzoxazoles, can be biologically active and useful in the pharmaceutical industry:
# Matochina Fortress

Matochina Fortress (Bulgarian: Маточинска крепост), also known as Bukelon (Bulgarian: Букелон) – Roman, Byzantine and Bulgarian medieval fortress.

## Location

The ruins of Matochina Fortress are is located on a plateau on a hill raised high from the lowlands of the Tundzha River, near the village of Matochina, Svilengrad Municipality, Haskovo District, Southeastern Bulgaria, near the Turkish border.

## Ruins

What now remains of the castle dates from the XI-XIV century is preserved citadel that towers of 18 meters high. It is built of crushed stone jointed with plaster and facade is decorated with baked bricks. The architectural design of the tower consists of three parts: the eastern semi-cylindrical in shape, rectangular body in which they were at the accommodation and the west corridor, which was over a castle wall. Of the remaining buildings and fortifications has not retained much. There are signs of a small chapel and water containers. At its entrance is clear monogram in the form of a cross with the letters M, N, L and K. In general, the castle is about 65 meters wide and 150 meters long.

## History

According to historians here have led to battles of Adrianople by the Romans and the Goths 378. Later the fort was abandoned to return to the Middle Ages in all its glory and power.
In the vicinity of the castle Bukelon takes place with the Battle of Adrianople (1205), when the troops of tsar Kaloyan defeated the knights of the Fourth Crusade, led by Baldwin of Flanders.
After the fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1396) under Ottoman rule, the fortress fell into disrepair and was abandoned.
At the end of the last century Bukelon has been partially restored. It was declared a cultural monument and is part of the 100 National Tourist Sites of Bulgaria.

## Restoration

The first comprehensive architectural and archaeological study was conducted in 1961 by arch. Stefan Boyadzhiev. The ruins near the village of Matochina were declared an "object of national importance" in 1968. In 1970, limited measures were taken to preserve the medieval tower. Research and excavations of the fortress were carried out in 2008 and 2017.

## Sources

* Zaikov, Konstantin "Treasures of the Tundzha Valley, between Strandzha and Sakar"
* Boyadzhiev, Stefan. "The fortress near the village of Matochina" – in the magazine "Archeology" VII, Sofia 1965, no. 1, 1 – 8.
* Boyadzhiev, Stefan "The medieval fortress near the village of Matochina, Svilengrad region": in coll. "The Battle of Edirne in 1205", comp. Gyuzelev, V., ed. University Publishing House "St. Kliment Ohridski ”, Sofia 2005
* Yordanov, Angel "Vukelon", magazine "Buditel", issue. 1, 2006, Sofia
41°51′13″N 26°32′49″E﻿ / ﻿41.8536°N 26.5470°E﻿ / 41.8536; 26.5470
# South Amazon Ecological Corridor

The South Amazon Ecological Corridor (Portuguese: Corredor Sul da Amazônia) is a proposed ecological corridor connecting conservation units and indigenous territories in the southeast of the Amazon rainforest of Brazil.

## Background

The first version of the Ecological Corridors of Tropical Forests of Brazil proposal was developed by a group of consultants at the request of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment and presented in the first half of 1997. Seven major corridors were proposed: the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor, Western Amazon Ecological Corridor, Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor and Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor. These corresponded to about 25% of the rainforests of Brazil. Priority was given to the Central Amazon Corridor and the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor, which would test and develop the concepts for use with the subsequent corridors.

## Proposed scope

The South Amazon Ecological Corridor was one of five Amazon region corridors identified. It included eight priority areas in three main Amazon ecoregions, and was identified as vulnerable, locally important, and moderate priority at a regional level in a 1994 Miami workshop. The proposed corridor mostly lies in the state of Pará, but extends west into Amazonas and east across the north of Tocantins into Maranhão. The corridor would have an area of 31,646,600 hectares (78,200,000 acres).
Conservation units would include the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, Urariá Sustainable Development Reserve, Xingu National Forest (now part of the Terra do Meio Ecological Station), Tapajós National Forest, Maués State Forest, Amazônia National Park, Itaituba II National Forest, Tapirapé-Aquiri National Forest, Gurupi Biological Reserve, Tapirapé Biological Reserve and Carajás National Forest.
# Eobisan

Eobisan (Korean: 어비산) is a mountain in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Its area extends across Yangpyeong County and Gapyeong County. Eobisan has an elevation of 828 m (2,717 ft).
# İmanlar, Lachin

İmanlar is a village in the Lachin District of Azerbaijan.

## History

The village was located in the Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh, coming under the control of ethnic Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in the early 1990s. The village subsequently became part of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province, referred to as Himnashen (Armenian: Հիմնաշեն). It was returned to Azerbaijan on 1 December 2020 as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.
# Klisura Peak

Klisura Peak (Bulgarian: връх Клисура, romanized: vrah Klisura, IPA:) is a peak rising to approx. 600 m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak overlooks Macy Glacier to the northeast, east and southeast and was named after the Bulgarian town of Klisura.

## Location

The peak is located at 62°41′41″S 60°10′26″W﻿ / ﻿62.69472°S 60.17389°W﻿ / -62.69472; -60.17389 which is 3.83 km south-southwest of Lyaskovets Peak, 2.8 km south by east of Mount Friesland, 1.75 km east of Simeon Peak, 1.75 km north of Preslav Crag and 2.55 km west by north of the Peshev Peak (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).

## Maps

* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
# Urazay, Aktanyshsky District

Urazay (Tatar: Уразай, romanized: Urazay) is a rural locality (a derevnya) in Aqtanış District, Tatarstan. The population was 406 as of 2010. Urazay, Aktanyshsky District is located 10 km from Aqtanış, district's administrative centre, and 367 km from Qazan, republic's capital, by road. The earliest known record of the settlement dates from 1674. There are 6 streets in the village.

## Notable people

* Rauis Gosmanov
# Gabriela Antova

Gabriela Antova (Bulgarian: Габриела Антова; born 6 January 2002) is a Bulgarian chess player.

## Biography

Antova started playing chess at the age of seven. She repeatedly represented Bulgaria at the European Youth Chess Championships and World Youth Chess Championships in different age groups, where she won four medals: gold (in 2010, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U8 girls age group), silver (in 2016, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U14 girls age group) and two bronze (in 2013, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U12 girls age group, and in 2018, at the European Youth Chess Championship in the U16 girls age group). In 2014, she ranked 4th in World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 girls age group. She is multiple winner of Bulgarian and European Girl's Championships in fast chess and chess blitz in different age groups.
Since 2014, Antova has regularly participated in the Bulgarian Women's Chess Championship finals, where she presented the best result in 2017 when she shared 3rd-5th place, but stayed fourth due to tiebreaks.
In 2017, in Riga, Antova participated in Women's European Individual Chess Championship.
She received the Woman FIDE Master (WFM) title in 2010, the FIDE Master (FM) title in 2016, and the Woman International Master (WIM) title in 2018.
# Novo River (Jamanxim River tributary)

The Novo River (Portuguese: Rio Novo) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
The Novo is a major tributary of the Jamanxim River. It is formed by the juncture of the Inambé and Marrom rivers, and has its headwaters in the Rio Novo National Park, a 538,151 hectares (1,329,800 acres) conservation unit created in 2006.
# Roman Thermae (Varna)

The Roman Thermae (Bulgarian: Римски терми, Rimski termi) are a complex of Ancient Roman baths (thermae) in the Black Sea port city of Varna in northeastern Bulgaria. The Roman Thermae are situated in the southeastern part of the modern city, which under the Roman Empire was known as Odessus. The baths were constructed in the late 2nd century AD and rank as the fourth-largest preserved Roman thermae in Europe and the largest in the Balkans.

## History

Ancient Varna, first a Thracian settlement and then an Ancient Greek colony, became part of the Roman Empire in 15 AD and was assigned to the province of Moesia with a certain degree of local autonomy. The Roman baths of Varna were built towards the end of the 2nd century and remained in use for about a hundred years, till the late 3rd century. Coins of Roman emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) have been discovered among the bath ruins. Much later, in the 14th century, the ruins of the Roman Thermae were the site of craftsmen's workshops.
The ruins were first scientifically recognized as an ancient object in 1906 by the Austro-Hungarian researcher E. Kalinka. The site was further researched by Czech-Bulgarian archaeologist brothers Karel and Hermann Škorpil. Further parts of the ruins were uncovered between 1959 and 1971 by a team under M. Mirchev. In August 2013, Varna Municipality ordered an urgent reconservation project for the Roman Thermae worth 125,000 Bulgarian leva.

## Layout

The remains of the Roman Thermae lie in the southeastern part of modern Varna, at the intersection of San Stefano Street and Han Krum Street. They have an area of some 7,000 m$^2$ (75,000 sq ft), with the vaults reaching up to 20–22 m (66–72 ft) in height. By area, the Roman baths of Varna are the fourth-largest among the preserved thermae in Europe, behind the Baths of Caracalla and Baths of Diocletian in the imperial capital Rome and the baths of Trier. The thermae are the largest in the Balkan region and the biggest surviving ancient building in what is today Bulgaria.
The Roman Thermae of Varna feature the whole range of facilities including an apodyterium (changing room), a frigidarium (cold pool), a tepidarium (warm pool) and a caldarium (hot pool) as well as a palaestra (a space with social and athletic functions). Heating was provided by means of a hypocaust, an underfloor heating system of pipes.
# Kahriz-e Jamal

Kahriz-e Jamal (Persian: كهريزجمال, also Romanized as Kahrīz-e Jamāl and Kahrīz Jamāl; also known as Kahrīz-e Jamāl od Dīn) is a village in Khezel-e Sharqi Rural District, Khezel District, Nahavand County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, in 91 families.
# Tuddenham

Tuddenham is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. In 2005 it had a population of 450. falling to 423 at the 2011 Census.

## RAF Tuddenham

Between 1943 and 1963, RAF Tuddenham was a Royal Air Force station close to the village. During the Second World War, Short Stirling and Avro Lancasters Squadrons were stationed at the base, and between 1959 and 1963, 107 Squadron operated three Thor nuclear missiles. Today, the site has been returned to agricultural use, and little remains of the airfield facilities.

## Local features

The nearby Cavenham Heath National Nature Reserve is breeding ground of stone curlews and woodlarks.
The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists also passes through the village.

## Notable residents

* Charles James Blomfield (1786-1857), clergyman and classicist, Bishop of Chester (1824–1828), and Bishop of London (1828-1856).
* Mesac Thomas (1816-1892), clergyman, and inaugural Bishop of Goulburn (1863-1892).
* Joseph Thomas Last (1849-1933), missionary, explorer and naturalist.
# Durreck

The Durreck (3,135 m, also called the Durreckspitze, Italian: Cima Dura) is the highest mountain in the Durreck Group, a South Tyrolean range that divides the Ahrntal valley in the north from the Reintal valley in the south.

## Location

The Durreck lies on the main chain of the mountains that runs from northeast to southwest. This main crest forks only about 100 metres to the southwest at the nearby subpeak of the Zwieselnöckl (3,088 m). One branch runs southwards to the Großer Moosstock (3,059 m) and the other northwards, via the Klausnock (2,819 m), Rauchkofel (2,653 m) and Pojenspitze (2,453 m) near the Obersteiner Holm (2,395 m) above Luttach. Northeast of the Durreck at a distance of half a kilometre is a very prominent, but unnamed subpeak at 3,056 metres. Further along the main chain to the northwest is the Gamskarschneide, several peaks just under the 3000-metre mark and finally the Hirbernock (3,010 m). Northwest of the Durreck are the last remnants of glaciation in the Durreck Group, the Klausenkees glacier, that still descended as low as 2,300 metres in 1910. The whole area is part of the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park.

## First ascents

The Durreck was first climbed in July 1877 by C. Arnold from Munich and Josef Außerhofer from Rein. They approached from the south, from Moosmaier Alm. In summer 1883 the Durreck was first crossed by V. H. Schnorr from Zwickau with a guide, Stabeler, from Taufers. They started from the Ahrntal to the north and descended into the Reintal valley. On 20 August 1909 another route up the Durreck was ascended for the first time by O. Primus and F. Schaufler from Innsbruck and H. Schwarweber from Pforzheim, following the northern ridge above the Klausenkees to the top.
# Batmanqelenj-e Sofla

Batmanqelenj-e Sofla (Persian: باتمانقلنج سفلي, also Romanized as Bātmānqelenj-e Soflá; also known as Bātmānqelīch and Bātmānqelīch-e Soflá) is a village in Almalu Rural District, Nazarkahrizi District, Hashtrud County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 431, in 70 families.
# Ivan Ilchev

Ivan Ilchev (Bulgarian: Иван Илчев), Ph.D. in history, the rector of Sofia University (the oldest and biggest higher education facility in Bulgaria) between 2007 and 2015. He specialized in modern history of the Balkan peoples.
Ivan Ilchev was born on June 25, 1953, in Sofia. His father is Ilcho Dimitrov, also a famous historian and former minister of education. His mother is of Jewish descent. Ilchev graduated from the 114 English High School in Sofia. He continued his education in Sofia University, where he graduated in history. After his graduation, in 1978, he became assistant professor at the History Department of the Sofia University and associate professor in 1987. He was awarded the title of professor of modern history of the Balkan Peoples in 1995.
Ivan Ilchev has lectured in Ohio State University in Columbus, Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., the University of Chiba, Japan, the universities of Leipzig, Thessaloníki, Oxford, Chicago and many other famous universities.
He was dean of the History Department of Sofia University and member of the Academic Council from 2003 to 2007. Ilchev is also an active member of the Social Council of Bulgarian National Television and the Public Museum Council at the Ministry of Culture.
At the beginning of November 2007, professor Ilchev was elected rector of the Sofia University, after a ballot, by 218 votes to 90 for the other candidate. He was reelected in 2011.
He is corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

## Selected publications

Ivan Ilchev has published 13 books, 2 of them in co-authorship with other academics. The most renowned of them - in Bulgarian, titles translated - are:
* The Rose of the Balkans. A Short History of Bulgaria. Sofia 2005
* Bulgarian Parliament and Bulgarian Statehood. 125 Years National Assembly 1879-2005 (with V. Kolev, V. Yanchev). Sofia 2005
* Middle Time. Or the Bulgarian between two centuries. Sofia, Colibri 2005
* Touching America (with Plamen Mitev). Sofia 2003
* To the Wester, To the Westest — Japan. Letters of a gaijin. Sofia, Colibri 2001
* My Fatherland — right or not. Exterior propaganda of Balkan peoples. 1821-1923. Sofia 1995
* Advertisement during Bulgarian Renaissance. Sofia 1995
* Bulgaria and the Triple Entente during World War I. Sofia 1990
* Winston Churchill and the Balkans. Sofia 1989, second issue Riva, 2007

## Honours

Ilchev Buttress on Graham Land, Antarctica is named after Ivan Ilchev.