OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Friedrich Wilhelm Konstantin Hermann Thassilo; 16 February 1801 – 3 September 1869), was the last Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. Constantine was the only child of Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and his wife, Princess Pauline of Courland, the daughter of the last Duke of Courland, Peter von Biron.

## Regency and reign

Constantine served as regent for his ill father, Frederick, beginning in 1834. Upon his father's death in 1838, Constantine became Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and after the death of his mother in 1845, he also inherited the Duchy of Sagan. Following the Revolutions of 1848, Constantine and Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen both agreed to cede their principalities to the Kingdom of Prussia and renounced their rights as sovereign princes and heads of government on 7 December 1849.

## Marriages and issue

Constantine married firstly to Princess Eugénie de Beauharnais (1808–1847) on 22 May 1826 in Eichstätt. They had no children.
After her death in September 1847, he married secondly (and morganatically) to Baroness Amalie Schenk von Geyern; upon their marriage, Frederick William IV of Prussia bestowed Amalie with the title Countess of Rothenburg. The couple had three children:
* Countess Friederike Wilhelmine Elisabeth von Rothenburg (1852–1914)
* Count Friedrich Wilhelm Karl von Rothenburg (1856–1912)
* Count Wilhelm Friedrich Louis Gustaf von Rothenburg (1861–1929)
He also sired a daughter out of wedlock with Sophie Scherer:
* Ludovika Sophia (1824–1884)

## Death and dynastic end

Constantine died on 3 September 1869 at his estate in Silesia. Because Constantine was the final dynast male member of the Hohenzollern-Hechingen dynastic line, having no legitimate heirs from his two marriages, his title passed to the head of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern.

## Honours

He received the following orders and decorations:
* Baden:
** Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1821
** Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1823
* Württemberg:
** Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1830
** Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1846
* Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1835
* Kingdom of Prussia:
** Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar, 24 December 1838
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
** Service Award Cross
* Hohenzollern: Joint Founder of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 5 December 1841
* Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 21 July 1843
* Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
* Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen :
# Blendecques

Blendecques (French pronunciation:; West Flemish: Blendeke) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

## Geography

The town is situated 3 miles (5 km) south of Saint-Omer, at the junction of the D77, D210 and D211 roads. The river Aa flows through the commune. The town has a football team and a basketball team.

## Notable people

* Alfred Machin, filmmaker
* Hugo Vandermersch, footballer

## Sights

* The nineteenth-century church of St. Gilles.
* The Chapelle de Soyecques.
* The eighteenth-century Château de La Garenne.
* Another Château of the 19th century.
* The abbey of Sainte-Colombe, dating from the twelfth century.
* The remains of some old watermills and lime-kilns.
# Sardar, Bashagard

Sardar (Persian: سردر) is a village in Gafr and Parmon Rural District, Gafr and Parmon District, Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 8 families.
# USDT

USDT may refer to:
* USDT, the ticker symbol for the Tether stablecoin cryptocurrency
* United States Department of the Treasury
* Ultra-slim desktop, a computer formfactor used by Hewlett-Packard, see HP business desktops
* University of Science and Defense Technologies, an Iranian research institute of the Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
* Tazovsky Airport (ICAO airport code: USDT), in Tazovsky, Tazovsky District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia
# Ferdows Rural District (Shahriar County)

Ferdows Rural District (Persian: دهستان فردوس) is in Juqin District of Shahriar County, Tehran province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Ferdowsiyeh.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of the Central District) was 15,225 in 3,848 households. There were 8,041 inhabitants in 2,279 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 12,003 in 3,724 households. The most populous of its seven villages was Yusefabad-e Seyrafi, with 5,308 people.
After the census, the rural district was separated from the district in the formation of Juqin District.
# City Gate of Capua

The City Gate of Capua (Italian: Porta di Capua or Porta delle due Torri, 'Gate of the Two Towers') was a monumental fortified gate constructed between 1234 and 1239 at Capua, on the road between Naples and Rome, on the orders of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
While it survived, the gate was famous, and is often thought to have been influential on other constructions and sculptures of the period, especially in respect of the large statue of the seated emperor himself, which mostly survives in different museums.
The gate was destroyed in 1557 on the orders of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the viceroy of Naples. Much of the sculpture is preserved today in the Museo Campano in Capua, but the sculpture of Frederick was severely damaged when French troops marched south to support the Parthenopean Republic in 1799. The head is now in the Bode Museum in Berlin, and most of the body in the Museo Campano.

## Description and context

The gateway itself was a Romanesque arch in a façade between two large towers. The façade was programmatically decorated with sculptures to glorify the emperor, including one of Frederick himself.
Medieval Capua was built on the site of ancient Casilinum (while ancient Capua is today Santa Maria Capua Vetere). A Roman bridge known as the Ponte Casilino crossed the Volturno from the north. Frederick II had a new gate built on the north side of the Volturno before the bridge. The gate was built to greet travellers coming from the Papal States.
# Podgora pri Ložu

Podgora pri Ložu (pronounced, Italian: Piedimonte d'Olisa) is a village south of Stari Trg in the Municipality of Loška Dolina in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Podgora to Podgora pri Ložu in 1955.

## Cultural heritage

There is a small chapel in the settlement dedicated to the Holy Family. It was built in 1996 and belongs to the Parish of Stari Trg.
# Collegiate church of Saint Ursus

The Collegiate church of Saint Ursus (Italian: Collegiata di Sant'Orso, French: Collégiale de Saint-Ours) is a collegiate church in Aosta, northern Italy, dedicated to Saint Ursus of Aosta.
The original church had a single hall, delimited by a semicircular apse. It was entirely rebuilt during the 9th century, during the Carolingian age. Later, bishop Anselm of Aosta further renovated the church, introducing a basilica plan with three naves with wooden trusses. These were replaced by Gothic cross vaults in the 15th century.

## Description

The church has a nave and two aisles divided by quadrangular pillars.
The vault was rebuilt in the 15th century. Fragments of a Romanesque series of paintings are preserved in good condition in the space between the current vault and the original ceiling. These portray scenes from the New Testament as well as a martyrdom. Stylistically they resemble the bright colours and strongly marked outlines of some of the frescoes at the Galliano Basilica near Cantù. In the right aisles is a chapel housing the altar of St. Sebastian, also with frescoes (15th century).
The cloister has historiated capitals depicting the life of Ursus. 37 of the 42 original capital remains: they were originally in white marble, though now they mostly appear in dark gray color after being washed with ash paint.
The quadrangular-plan bell tower, dating to 989, has kept some of the lower 15 metres (49 ft) of the original medieval structure. The present structure, in Romanesque style, dates to the 12th century and has a total height of 44 metres (144 ft).
The church is home to numerous missals and reliquaries, including the relics of Ursus, which rest in the crypt. It also holds the relics of Saint Gratus of Aosta.
# Sidi El Hari Mosque

Sidi El Hari Mosque (Arabic: مسجد سيدي الحاري) was a Tunisian mosque for Aissawa brotherhood located in the north-east of the medina of Tunis. It does not exist anymore.

## Localization

The mosque was located in Sidi El Hari Street, bear Bab Cartagena, one of the gates of the medina that got destroyed.

## Etymology

It got its name from a saint, Sidi El Hari whose zaouia is a classified monument.
# Odorrana aureola

Odorrana aureola, also known as the Phu Luang cliff frog or gold-flanked odorous frog (Thai: กบชะง่อนผาภูหลวง), is a true frog species from northeastern Thailand. The specific name aureola is Latin and means ornamented with gold, in reference to the characteristic yellow markings on the limbs and flanks of this frog. It is notable for its ability to change color between green and brown, according to the surroundings.

## Description

Adult males measure 64–67 mm (2.5–2.6 in) and adult females 87–97 mm (3.4–3.8 in) in snout–vent length. The overall appearance is moderately slender. The head is longer than it is wide. The snout is obtusely pointed in dorsal view and round in profile. The tympanum is visible. The finger and toe tips are expanded into discs. The toes are fully webbed. The dorsum is green to coppery-brown, sometimes with markings. Dark brown band runs from the side of head to the dorsal half of flank. The posterior surface of forearm, ventral half of flank, anterior and posterior surface of thigh, posterior surface of shank, and dorsal surface of foot are black with distinct, vermiform, bright yellow markings. The upper lip stripe is yellow while the lower lip is black. The belly is white. Males have often white spinules.

## Habitat and conservation

The species was originally found in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, and was later confirmed in the neighboring Phu Kradueng National Park as well. It occurs in hilly evergreen forests at elevations of 1,100–1,500 m (3,600–4,900 ft) above sea level, Specimens can be found on boulders, rock outcrops, and fallen trees near swift, rocky streams and cascades, or occasionally, slow streams.
This species is currently known from protected areas, but its true distribution is probably somewhat wider. It can be locally abundant, but it probably cannot adapt to anthropogenic habitats.

## Photos

* Odorrana aureola (brown morph) - Phu Kradueng National Park
# Timur Aliev

Tamerlan Magomedovich Aliev, better known as Timur Aliev (Aliyev), (Chechen: Тамерлан Магомедович Алиев) (born September 18, 1973, in Grozny, Chechnya) is a prominent Chechen journalist and the former editor-in-chief of the Grozny-based publication The Chechen Society.
Aliev graduated from Grozny State Oil Institute in 1995.
He has written extensively on the First and Second Chechen Wars and the political situation in the North Caucasus, and has been published in newspaper of records such as Financial Times, The Moscow Times, The Daily Telegraph, and People magazine.
In 2008, Aliev left his job as a journalist to become employed as an assistant of the president of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov.
# Tirak Deh-e Olya

Tirak Deh-e Olya (Persian: تيركده عليا, also Romanized as Tīrak Deh-e ‘Olyā; also known as Nīrak Deh-e Bālā and Tīryak Deh-e Bālā) is a village in Mian Band Rural District, in the Central District of Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 426, in 99 families.
# Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens

The Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens (AAIA) (Greek: Αυστραλιανό Αρχαιολογικό Ινστιτούτο Αθηνών) is one of the seventeen foreign archaeological institutes in Greece. Founded in 1980, it aims to promote Greek studies in Australia, as well as to enable Australian scholars to engage in archaeological fieldwork in Greece. The Institute has been involved in projects in excavations at Torone (Greek Macedonia), Zagora (Andros), and in the Paliochora survey (Kythira).

## The Visiting Professorship

Each year the Institute brings to Australia a distinguished academic who undertakes a lecture tour to all Institutional members across the country.

## Hostel in Athens

The Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens also runs a Hostel in Athens for visiting Academics and students
# Carl Gustaf Lewenhaupt

Carl Gustaf Moritz Thure Lewenhaupt (7 January 1884 – 11 May 1935) was a Swedish equestrian who competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the individual jumping event. In 1924 he was a non-scoring member of the Swedish team that won a silver medal in team three-day eventing; he failed to finish his individual routine.

## Biography

Lewenhaupt came from a noble family and was the son of Count Carl-Johan Lewenhaupt. In 1904, he became second lieutenant in a King's dragoons regiment, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1906. After completing his studies at the National Defence College in 1909-11 and at the French Riding School in Saumur he briefly served in the Belgian army in 1913, though his main appointment was with the General Staff, where he served in 1912-14 and 1916–22, reaching the rank of captain in 1917. After that he headed the Swedish railway police and co-founded the Brunkeberg Club, a Swedish nationalist political association.
In parallel to his military activities Lewenhaupt acted as a sport functionary, being the secretary of a jockey club. As a member of the Swedish Olympic Committee he represented Sweden at the Olympic Congresses in Lausanne and Paris.
# Luso-Chinese agreement

The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were until then officially barred from trading in the region.

## Military conflicts

In 1517 an embassy led by Fernão Pires de Andrade to the Ming court failed. After several military conflicts in 1521 and 1522 failed to establish a foothold in China, trade was conducted as smuggling and was fought by the authorities, who considered Portuguese to be "Folangji" (Frankish) pirates. Several Portuguese were captured at Shuangyu in 1548 near the Dongshan Peninsula and in 1549 where two Portuguese junks and Galeote Pereira were captured.

## Leonel de Sousa

The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver taels to Ming China. Leonel de Sousa, Captain-Major of the voyage to Japan, had reached the coast of Guangdong in 1552, where he learned that all foreigners could trade through the payment of taxes to the Chinese, except the "Folanji" including Portuguese, then considered as pirates. He then asked that they comply with the assumptions of peace and payment of taxes, pledging to change this "name".
In 1554 Leonel de Sousa made an agreement with Guangzhou's officials to legalise trade with the Portuguese, on condition of paying certain customs duties. The single surviving written evidence of this agreement is a letter from Leonel de Sousa to Infante Louis, king John III's brother, dated 1556, which states that the Portuguese undertook fee payments and were not erecting fortifications. The letter describes the protracted negotiations with the haitao Wang Bo, who was identified in Chinese sources as having accepted a bribe from the Portuguese to dry their cargo and pay taxes in Guangzhou. Both sides were available to find a solution, as the port of Guangzhou was also facing a depletion since it was closed to foreign trade. Leonel de Sousa tried to negotiate only 10% fees, which Wang Bo countered with the mandatory 20%, but focusing only on half the cargoes, to which Leonel de Sousa agreed. This treaty would be followed by the recognition of Macau as an official Portuguese warehouse in 1557. Leonel de Sousa became the second Captain-Major of Macau in 1558 (the equivalent of the later governor of Macau).
Chinese historical documents claim the Portuguese bribed corrupt local officials in Guangzhou to sign the agreement in private; however, the legitimacy of such claim has been debated in more recent academic studies.
# Pedra Selada State Park

The Pedra Selada State Park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual da Pedra Selada) is a state park in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

## Location

The Pedra Selada State Park lies in the municipalities of Resende and Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro. It has an area of about 8,036 hectares (19,860 acres). The park provides opportunities for visitors to use the area for recreation, education and research, and contributes to the rural economy in tourism-related businesses. The park is named after the Pedra Selada (Stone Saddle), which is 1,755 metres (5,758 ft) high. A well-marked trail leads to the peak, from which there is a 360$^o$ degree view of the surrounding country.

## Environment

* Panoramic view from the Pedra Selada
Vegetation includes remnants of Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forests and alpine meadows. The state park forms part of an important ecological corridor with the Itatiaia National Park and other nearby public and private conservation units, which protects the source of rivers feeding some of the main rivers of the southeast – the Paraná and Paraíba do Sul – and contributes to preserving the mountain chain in which the Pedra Selada is located.

## History

The Pedra Selada State Park was created by state decree 43.640 of 15 June 2012. The objective is to preserve populations of native plants and animals, and to provide refuges for migratory species. It was the first fully protected state-level conservation unit in the Mantiqueira Mountains. It is part of the Mantiqueira Mosaic of conservation units. The consultative council was create on 15 August 2014. The management plan came into effect in 2014.
# San Bonifacio

San Bonifacio (Venetian: San Bonifaso) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Verona.
San Bonifacio borders the following municipalities: Arcole, Belfiore, Gambellara, Lonigo, Monteforte d'Alpone, and Soave.

## Main sights

* Abbey of St. Peter, founded in the 7th century. It is a Romanesque church with an apse and two aisles. Notable are the crypt and the imposing bell tower, dating to 1131.
* Cathedral (12th century, but mostly rebuilt in 1437)
* Church of St. Abondius (15th century)

## People

* Germano Mosconi (1932–2012), journalist
* Davide Rebellin (1971–2022), road bicycle racer

## Economy

Perlini International SpA was established in San Bonifacio in 1957 by Robert Perlini. Today Perlini is a major employer with its two main truck manufacturing plants occupying an area of 130,000 square metres (1,400,000 sq ft).

## Transport

* San Bonifacio railway station
# Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif

The Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif (French: Abbaye de Saint-Pierre-le-Vif) was a Benedictine monastery just outside the walls of Sens, France, in the Archdiocese of Sens.

## History

The first abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif, Saint Ebbo, was bishop of Sens before 711. In 731 he led the people of Sens to compel the Saracens to lift their siege of the city.
Before the 9th century there was in the cemetery near the monastery a group of tombs, among which are those of the founders of the diocese and the first bishops, Savinian and Potentian. In 847, the transfer of their remains to the church of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif inspired popular devotion towards the two saints. In the middle of the 10th century their relics were hidden in a subterranean vault of the abbey to escape the pillage of the Hungarians, but in 1031 they were placed in a reliquary established by the writer Odorannus, a monk of the abbey. Odorannus attributed the founding of the monastery to a Merovingian princess named Theodechild. Later historians came to identify her as a daughter of Theuderic I.
The Chronicle of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif of Sens is a Latin chronicle written at the Abbey between about 1100 and 1125 with continuations added into the 13th century. The Chronicle is mainly a history of the abbey and of the city of Sens.
In 1238, Baldwin II, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, sold the Crown of thorns to Louis IX of France. The following year, during the royal progress of the relic to the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, the court stopped at Sens. the king allowed the relic to repose overnight in the abbey.
During the Revolution, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, who had signed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, bought the former abbey and had the majestic church, burial place of his predecessors as Archbishop of Sens, demolished, installing himself in the abbot's house with members of his family.
# Pegasus Theatre

The Pegasus Theatre (Greek: Θέατρο Πήγασος) is an association of professional and amateur actors. The repertoire is extensive and ranges from plays for children to the interpretation of classical Greek tragedies. The theatre is located in Agias Ekaterinis district, Katerini, Greece.

## History

Pegasus Theatre was officially founded in 1982 by students of the Drama School of the National Theatre of Northern Greece. As early as 1980, the first members of the theater started preparatory activities, so that in 2020 the 40th anniversary was celebrated. In the meantime many plays, written by domestic and foreign authors, have been performed. For example:
* Anton Tschechow
* Franz Kafka
* Dario Fo
* Aristophanes
* Sophokles
* Euripides

## Education

In addition to the operation of the theatre and the necessary rehearsals, emphasis is placed on the training of the next generation of actors. Divided by age, three groups were formed:
* Children (6 to 12 years)
* Teenagers (13 to 18 years)
* Adults
The children are introduced to the subject with games. Later they learn to use gestures and facial expressions and to improvise. For the teenagers, expression is honed, they are introduced to the art of acting and the history of theatre.

## Performances

The theatre group performs mainly in northern Greece, but has also had several performances in other parts of Greece. The adults perform usually two new plays annually. Pegasus Theatre takes place regularly as part of the Olympus Festival.