OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Khatha

Khatha (Khmer: គាថា) (Thai: คาถา), or "Gatha", as originally called in Pali Language), is the Khmer and Thai name used for Sacred Pali prayers, mantras and other magical incantations. Khatha are used in general by Thai people for a great many purposes; be it for protection, charm or business ventures, there is a Khatha which can be summoned. The word Khatha, or "Gatha" in Pali, means "Speech", and thus the original meaning of the word implies that Khatha were used only as spoken language, and not written form. In spite of this fact, the word Khatha is used to refer to both that which is spoken, and also written.

## Uses of Khatha

Khatha are used in Buddhist chanting, by Thai Ruesi practitioner for their magical spells, inscribed on Thai Buddha amulets and yantra cloths, as well as being the main body of content in Sak Yant tattooing; The sacred yantra tattoo designs are both filled with Pali Khatha, as well as being used to embellish the spaces between each of the designs too.
Image to the right shows a sacred yantra used in Thailand as amulets and shamanistic sak yant.

## Khatha inscriptions

When a Khatha is inscribed on paper, cloth, metal, skin, or any other surface for that matter, it is traditionally done using the Ancient Khmer script (known as "Khom" in Thailand). The ancient Khmer script is only permitted to be used for sacred or scriptural texts, and never for common speech or everyday matters. This alphabet is considered by some Thai people to be extremely sacred and to possess spiritual power within the letters. This is the lettering seen used in Sak Yant tattoos.

## Related links

* Kun Khmer Warrior
* Buddha Magic Ezine - The Importance of Chanting Pra Katha
# Hardenstein Castle

Hardenstein Castle (German: Burg Hardenstein) is a ruined castle in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The remains lie east of Herbede on the Ruhr River, surrounded by mountains, and are not easily accessible. Nearby ruins show that the castle was once part of an important mining centre, probably dating to the Middle Ages; the earliest records, from the 16th century, support this. The castle features in the legend of the Nibelungs.
The castle's association with mining led to a legend that King Goldemar, a dwarf or kobold, dwelled there. One version of the story, recorded by Thomas Keightley in 1850, says that King Goldemar lived with Neveling von Hardenberg at the castle. For three years, he brought the inhabitants good luck until a curious man tried to see his footprints by casting tares and ashes about. Goldemar cut the man up, roasted his body, boiled his head and legs, and ate him. He was gone the next day, vowing through a note that the house would be as unlucky as it had been lucky while he lived there.
# Martovsky

Martovsky (Russian: Мартовский) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in "Posyolok Verkhny Baskunchak" of Akhtubinsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2010.

## Geography

Martovsky is located 60 km southeast of Akhtubinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhny Baskunchak is the nearest rural locality.
# Emily Townshend

Emily Caroline Townshend (1849 – 1934) was a British social reformer.

## Early life and education

Born Emily Gibson in 1849, she was the first applicant to, and one of the first five students at Girton College, Cambridge, then in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. She studied there from 1869 to 1872, and while there met her husband, Cambrey Corker Townshend, through a fellow student, Isabella Townshend.

## Social reform and activism

Emily Townshend joined the Fabian Society in 1894, becoming active in its Research Department and writing several tracts for the group. She also served a term on its executive in 1915/16. Townshend spent two years as editor of the School Child journal, and was also active on the Walham Green Juvenile Advisory Committee.
In 1907, age 57, Townshend spent two weeks in Holloway Prison for her part in a suffragette protest. In 1909, her daughter Rachel Townsend spent two months imprisoned there for similar activities.
Her daughter Caroline Townsend (1878–1944) was a leading stained glass artist and followed her mother in membership of the Fabian Society and interest in women's suffrage.

## Legacy

In November 1979 the historian, Brian Harrison, interviewed Townshend’s granddaughter, Mrs Joan Radice (née Keeling), as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews. Joan talked about Emily’s career, household arrangements, relationship with her daughter Rachel and with the suffrage movement. Joan was the daughter of Emily’s daughter Rachel, who married social reformer Frederic Keeling (known as Ben) in 1909. Although the couple later divorced, Keeling kept in touch with his former mother in law. After Frederic’s death in the trenches of the First World War in 1916, Townshend edited and published his letters in a 1918 volume titled Keeling Letters & Recollections, with a foreword by H. G. Wells.
# Podborze, Ostrów Mazowiecka County

Podborze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and 94 km (58 mi) north-east of Warsaw.
# Vienna Coronation Gospels

The Vienna Coronation Gospels, also known simply as the Coronation Gospels (German: Krönungsevangeliar), is a late 8th century illuminated gospel book produced at the court of Charlemagne in Aachen. It was used by the future emperor at his coronation on Christmas Day 800, when he placed three fingers of his right hand on the first page of the Gospel of Saint John and took his oath. Traditionally, it is considered to be the same manuscript that was found in the tomb of Charlemagne when it was opened in the year 1000 by Emperor Otto III. The Coronation Evangeliar cover was created by Hans von Reutlingen, c. 1500. The Coronation Evangeliar is part of the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer) in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria (Schatzkammer, Inv. XIII 18).

## History

The Coronation Evangeliar is the principal work among a small group of manuscripts produced at the court of Charlemagne at Aachen, some time between 794 and late 800.

## Description
### Manuscript

The Coronation Evangeliar manuscript consists of 236 crimson-dyed parchment pages with gold and silver ink text. The pages measure 32.4 cm × 24.9 cm (12.8 in × 9.8 in), and contain text presented in one column, 26 lines per page. The incipit page of each Gospel shows the three writing styles common to valuable illustrated manuscripts from the late antique period—the capitalis rustica of the first line, followed by the monumental capitalis quadrata of the second line, which introduces the Latin text of the Gospel in gold ink, which is presented in continuous uncial script with no spaces between the words or punctuation.
The book is decorated with 16 plates and four portraits depicting the Evangelists—one at the start of each Gospel. The portrait paintings are in a Carolingian style derived from Byzantine art. In the margin of the first page of the Gospel of Luke the Greek name Demetrius presbyter is written in gold capital letters. This may be the signature of the scribe or illuminator and may indicate that there were Byzantine artists in the court of Charlemagne.

### Cover

The Coronation Evangeliar cover was created by the goldsmith Hans von Reutlingen of Aachen c. 1500. Designed in high relief, the gold cover shows God the Father seated in front of the canopy of his throne. His left hand is closed over the Bible, and his right hand is raised in a gesture of blessing directed at Mary, who is shown grasping her heart during the Annunciation. The right side of the cover shows the Angel of the Annunciation. God the Father is dressed in imperial vestments and wearing a mitre crown, similar to the one worn by Maximilian I, who was Holy Roman Emperor at the time the cover was produced. The four corners of the front cover are decorated with four medallions bearing symbols of the Four Evangelists.
# Vlasios Skordelis

Vlasios Skordelis (Greek: Βλάσιος Σκορδέλης; romanized: Vlásios Skordélis) was a Greek writer and educator of the 19th century.

## Biography

He was born in 1835 in Stanimaka, then Ottoman Empire (now Asenovgrad, Bulgaria). From an early age he showed a strong inclination towards letters and went to Athens to complete his high school studies. He subsequently studied Pedagogy at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, graduating as a teacher in 1857. A year later, he went to Leipzig, Germany, to pursue postgraduate studies, and then returned to Stenimaka where he became schoolmaster of the Greek school. He later settled in Filibe (now Plovdiv), taking over the Greek School and theorically controlling all the Greek schools of the province.
Skordelis assumed this position at a critical historical period. His education initiatives appear to have sought to cultivate national self-awareness and stimulate national unity in Bulgaria, in response to the challenges of Bulgarians through the provision of high quality education. One of his projects for this purpose was to enhance and enrich the Central School Library.
In 1868, following episodes between the Ottoman Empire and the Ecumenical Patriarchate over issues that satisfied the claims of the Bulgarians, the Greek community of Philippopolis (officially Filibe) decided to send Skordelis as its representative to Konstantiniyye. He remained there at least until August 1869, participating in negotiations to resolve the Bulgarian ecclesiastical issue, informing the Greek community and giving it international prominence. For this reason he worked with the several newspapers and also published his own publications and magazines.
After the negotiations were completed, Skordelis returned to Philippopolis and continued to deal with the educational issues of the province. In 1872 he founded the Philomousos Society, while he was already declared an honorary member of the Philological Association of Constantinople. At the suggestion of Georgios Zariphis, who had founded the Zariphios School in Philippopolis, Skordelis again went to Leipzig to pursue further pedagogical studies. He returned in 1875 and assumed the position of head teacher during the period 1877–1878.
In 1880 he moved to the free Greek state, initially to Tripoli, where he headed the local school, and then to Athens, where he founded a Girls' School, of which he was the head teacher until October 15, 1898, when he died.

## Works

* Θρακικαί Μελέται. (Thracian study)
* Διδασκαλικός οδηγός: ήτοι θεωρητικός και πρακτικός οδηγός των Δημοτικών Σχολείων και Παρθεναγωγείων. (Teacher guide: theoritical and practical guide of Primary schools and Girl schools)
* Ημερολόγιον δημοδιδασκάλου: ήτοι η παιδαγωγία εν τη πράξει. (Diary of a teacher: Pedagogy in practise)
* Περί Θράκης: Λόγος εκφωνηθείς κατά την επέτειον εορτήν της εν Φιλιππουπόλει κεντρικής Ελλ. Σχολής λ' Ιανουαρίου αωξε΄. (Thrace: Speech during anniversary in the Greek school of Philippopolis in January)
* Το χωρίον της Ροδόπης. (The village of Rhodope)
* Ἑλληνικόν λεξιλόγιον. (Greek vocabulary)
# Dodecahedral prism

In geometry, a dodecahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope. This 4-polytope has 14 polyhedral cells: 2 dodecahedra connected by 12 pentagonal prisms. It has 54 faces: 30 squares and 24 pentagons. It has 80 edges and 40 vertices.
It can be constructed by creating two coinciding dodecahedra in 3-space, and translating each copy in opposite perpendicular directions in 4-space until their separation equals their edge length.
It is one of 18 convex uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs of parallel Platonic solids or Archimedean solids.

## Alternative names

* Dodecahedral dyadic prism Norman W. Johnson
* Dodecahedral hyperprism

## Images

* Transparent Schlegel diagram.
* An orthographic projection with a wireframe model and has half of the pentagonal faces colored to show the two dodecahedra. The dodecahedra are regular, but look flattened because of the projection and direction of viewing.
* Wireframe perspective projection render of a double rotating dodecahedral prism.

## Structure

The dodecahedral prism consists of two dodecahedra connected to each other via 12 pentagonal prisms. The pentagonal prisms are joined to each other via their square faces.

## Projections

The pentagonal-prism-first orthographic projection of the dodecahedral prism into 3D space has a decagonal envelope (see diagram). Two of the pentagonal prisms project to the center of this volume, each surrounded by 5 other pentagonal prisms. They form two sets (each consisting of a central pentagonal prism surrounded by 5 other non-uniform pentagonal prisms) that cover the volume of the decagonal prism twice. The two dodecahedra project onto the decagonal faces of the envelope.
The dodecahedron-first orthographic projection of the dodecahedral prism into 3D space has a dodecahedral envelope. The two dodecahedral cells project onto the entire volume of this envelope, while the 12 pentagonal prism cells project onto its 12 pentagonal faces.
# Tzantzismo

Tzantzismo was a cultural movement in the 1960s, Ecuador. It was founded in Quito in 1962 by Marco Muñoz and Ulises Estrella, and joined by other members throughout the 1960s. They were greatly influenced by other Ecuadorian intellectuals such as Jorge Enrique Adoum, César Dávila Andrade and Agustin Cueva. Tzantzismo was mainly expressed in poetry, and to a lesser extent in stories and theater. This literary revolutionary movement arose in response to a supposed degradation and gentrification in Ecuadorian literature.
Its members, called Tzántzicos, wore long, unkempt beards, as a symbolic tribute to Fidel Castro, and also grew their hair long and wore jeans. They began gathering at the home of the painter Eliza Aliz (birth name Elizabeth Rumazo) and her husband the Cuban painter Rene Aliz. Later the Tzántzicos would meet on Friday nights at the Café Aguila de Oro, which they renamed "77 Café", to have discussions on poetry, politics and other cultural matters.
In april 1962, Estrella and the Argentine poet Leandro Katz, an expert in printing processes, published four handmade poetry plaquettes with the work of Marco Muñoz “Infierno y sangre”, Simón Corral “Color de Vidrio”, Ulises Estrella “Clamor”, and Leandro Katz “Tzantzas - Un Día Para Evi”. Lacking colored paper for printing, they used red blotting paper, and folded each author's work into square, rhomboidal, and rectangular shapes, creating signed and numbered editions that marked the birth and inauguration of the Tzántzicos movement. The first Tzántzico Manifesto was signed on August 27, 1962, by Marco Muñoz, Alfonso Murriagui, Simón Corral, Teodoro Murillo, Euler Granda and Ulises Estrella.
Tzántzicos had a revolutionary attitude in their art as well as in politics. One of the main representatives of the movement is probably Raúl Arias, whose poetry collection Poesia en bicicleta is considered one of the best examples of Tzantzismo. The movement dissolved in 1969, particularly due to ideological differences between its founders. The term tzántzico comes from the Shuar language: “maker of tzantzas”, which means to cut off and shrink an enemy's head and show it off as a sign of victory and power.

## List of notable Tzántzicos

* Abdón Ubidia
* Agustín Cueva
* Alejandro Moreano
* Alfonso Murriágui (1929)
* Álvaro Juan Félix
* Antonio Ordóñez (1946)
* Bolívar Echeverría
* Euler Granda (1935)
* Fernando Tinajero
* Francisco Proaño Arandi
* Humberto Vinueza
* Iván Carvajal (1948)
* Iván egüez
* José Ron
* José Corral
* Leandro Katz
* Luis Corral
* Marco Muñoz
* Marco Velasco
* Rafael Larrea
* Raúl Arias
* Simón Corral (1946)
* Sonia Romo Verdesoto, the movement's only female member.
* Teodoro Murillo (1944)
* Ulises Estrella (1939)

## Sources

* ↑ TZANTZISMO. Movimiento cultural ecuatoriano de la década de 1960 (1962-1969)
* ↑ The Autobiographical Dictionary of Ecuador: ULISES ESTRELLA MOYA
* ↑ LOS TZÁNTZICOS/ POESÍA DE ECUADOR: LOS 60`S
* ↑ El tzantzismo en Ecuador: Iván Carvajal
# Novy Aktanyshbash

Novy Aktanyshbash (Russian: Новый Актанышбаш; Bashkir: Яңы Аҡтанышбаш, Yañı Aqtanışbaş) is a rural locality (a selo) in Shushnursky Selsoviet, Krasnokamsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 735 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Novy Aktanyshbash is located 31 km south of Nikolo-Beryozovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novonagayevo is the nearest rural locality.
# ZIL Karatel

ZIL Karatel (Russian: ЗИЛ Каратель) is a family of Russian multi-functional, modular, armoured, mine resistant MRAP vehicles.

## Versions

Can be used as reconnaissance, command and staff vehicles, machinery of EW or communications, ambulance or to conduct engineering, radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance or transportation. It is based on the KamAZ-4911.
# Royal Karlskrona Admiralty Parish

The Royal Karlskrona Admiralty Parish (Swedish: Karlskrona amiralitetsförsamling) in Karlskrona, Sweden, is a non-territorial Lutheran parish for navy personnel and their families, which has existed in Karlskrona since 1685. Its church is the wooden "Admiralty Church" (Ulrica Pia) built in 1685, located close to the naval shipyard area. There was also an "Admiralty Parish" in Stockholm on Skeppsholmen between 1672 and 1970.
# Hamar Cathedral School

Hamar katedralskole (English: Hamar Cathedral School) is an upper secondary school in Hamar, Norway.

## History

Founded in 1153 as Schola cathedralis hamarensis, it is the second oldest school in Norway together with Bergen katedralskole and Oslo katedralskole, which were founded the same year, one year after the founding of Trondheim katedralskole. Hamar Cathedral School was founded by Cardinal Nicolas Breakspear, later to become Pope Adrian IV (c. 1100 – 1159).
With the Protestant Reformation, Hamar Diocese was closed and in 1602 and the school was merged with Oslo Cathedral School. The school remained closed until 1876, when it was reopened under the name Hamar offentlige skole for høyere allmenndannelse. The old name was reintroduced in 1936. The current headmaster is Stig Johannessen.

## Notable alumni

* Nils Collett Vogt (1864–1937), writer
* Per Imerslund (1912–1943), writer
* Sigurd Evensmo (1912–1978), writer
* Ivar Giæver (1929–), physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
* Knut Faldbakken (1941–), writer
* Dag Fornæss (1948–) speed skater
* John Erik Fornæss (1946–) mathematician, Princeton University
* Morten Andreas Meyer (1959–), politician
* Jan Åge Fjørtoft (1967–), football player
* Matias Faldbakken (1973–), writer and artist
* Anette Trettebergstuen (1981–), politician
* Anders Baasmo Christiansen (1976-), actor
* Lasse Sætre (1974-), speed skater
# Behzadi-e Neqareh Khaneh

Behzadi-e Neqareh Khaneh (Persian: بهزادي نقاره خانه, also Romanized as Behzādī-e Neqāreh Khāneh; also known as Behzādī) is a village in Kabgian Rural District, Kabgian District, Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 122, in 28 families.
# Sweden–Israel Friendship Association

The Sweden–Israel Friendship Association (Swedish: Vänskapsförbundet Sverige-Israel) is a Sweden-based organization which describes its purpose as to "establish and increase knowledge about – and the understanding of – Israel in Sweden, and in different ways work to strengthen Swedish–Israeli bonds of friendship."
The Sweden–Israel Friendship Association established its first local branch in Stockholm in 1953. The founding was marked with an appeal written by Hugo Valentin, Swedish historian, in the Riksdag building on May 8. In 1954 local branches were also established in Gothenburg and Malmö. The nationwide association was established in 1978.
The association currently comprises 26 local branches with about 3,000 members. The current chairman of the association is Lars Adaktusson — member of the Riksdag for the Christian Democrats.
# Husayn Ali Jum'ah

Husayn Ali Jum'ah (Arabic: حسين علي جمعة, romanized: Ḥusayn Jumʻah; born 4 September 1949) is a Syrian literary scholar and poet, known for his studies on classical Arabic literature and headed Arab Writers Union from 2005 until 2011.

## Biography and career

Hussein Ali Jumaa was born in Yabroud north of Damascus on 4 September 1949 and grew up in the Damascene Al-Nawfara neighborhood near the Umayyad Mosque. He obtained his high school diploma in the city of Damascus in 1967, then joined the Institute of Teachers’ Preparation and obtained his certificate before joining the Faculty of Arts at the University of Damascus to obtain a Bachelor’s degree in Arabic in 1978, then a Postgraduate Diploma and then a Master’s. He received his PhD in Arts from Damascus University in 1987, then joined the Arab Writers Union in the early 1990s.
He was a principal of the "Khair al-Din al-Zarkali" secondary school from 1977 to 1984. He was appointed as professor of classical Arabic literature at the University of Damascus, since 1983, and at the Qatar University in the Faculty of Humanities during 1992 to 1997. He started fiction writing in 1982, and then changed to non-fiction in his writings. He was appointed president of the Arab Writers Union on 4 September 2005, succeeding Ali Uqla Arsan, who had headed it since 1977. In 2011 he was replaced by Ghassan Wannous. He has been criticized for his political views. In July 2011, an Egyptian writer, Magdy Yusuf, denounced him as the head of the Writers Union for his support of what Yusuf described as “the repression and killing of peaceful Syrian demonstrators by the Syrian regime”.
# Bill Schanes

William D. Schanes (born 1958) is an American publishing executive, active for many years in the comic book industry. One of the founders of Pacific Comics, Schanes later worked for many years for Diamond Comic Distributors.

## Career

Bill and his brother Steve Schanes co-founded Pacific Comics in 1971. Pacific Comics was an early pioneer in the direct market method of selling comic books, as well as a publisher in its own right (beginning in 1981) which actively promoted creator-owned properties. At Pacific, Bill Schanes "took on the nuts-and-bolts aspects of business and accounting." Pacific collapsed in 1984.
Schanes joined Steve Geppi's Diamond Comic Distributors company in 1985, rising to the position of Vice President for Purchasing. After 28 years with Diamond, Schanes departed the company in April 2013.
CEO Steve Geppi remarked at the time of Schanes' departure:
   As a co-founder of Pacific Comics in 1971, Bill already had over a dozen years of experience in comic retailing, distribution and publishing when he came to work for me in 1985. Since then, Bill’s vision, creativity and dedication have contributed greatly not just to Diamond’s success, but to the success of our industry as a whole. I’m extremely grateful to Bill for all of his contributions ....

## Controversy

In 1987, Puma Blues publisher Dave Sim fell into dispute with Diamond over Sim's decision not to use Diamond to distribute the Cerebus graphic novel High Society. As a result, Schanes, in his role as National Account Representative, informed Sim: "If it is your intention to pick and choose which products you want distributors to carry, it should be our privilege to choose what we wish to distribute. Therefore, it is our feeling we should no longer carry and promote Puma Blues." At that time, Diamond distributed an estimated 33% of the series' print run. Puma Blues creators Stephen Murphy and Michael Zulli responded with an open letter titled "Not Fade Away," stating their intent to continue with or without Diamond's support.
Later in 1988, Diamond backed down and agreed to distribute The Puma Blues, but the incident was one of the primary factors leading to Sim's participation in developing the Creator's Bill of Rights.

## Awards

* Schanes was the recipient of an Inkpot Award, presented at San Diego Comic-Con in 1987.