OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Troika

Troika or troyka (from Russian тройка, meaning 'a set of three' or the digit '3') may refer to:

## Cultural tradition

* Troika (dance), a Russian folk dance
* Troika (driving), a traditional Russian harness driving combination, a cultural icon of Russia

## Politics

* Triumvirate, a political regime ruled or dominated by three powerful individuals, usually troika in the context of the Soviet Union and Russia
* Troika (Bosnia and Herzegovina), a three-party alliance in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Troika (Soviet leadership), one of the temporary triumvirates in the Soviet Union
* Troika (Tunisia), a three-party alliance that governed Tunisia from 2011 to 2014
* European troika, the decision group formed by the European Commission (EC), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
* OSCE troika, the leadership of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: the chairman-in-office and the previous and incoming chairmen-in-office
* NKVD troika, a commission of three for express judgment in the Soviet Union during the time of Joseph Stalin
* "The troika" during the U.S. presidency of Ronald Reagan: James Baker, Ed Meese, and Michael Deaver
* Troika of tyranny, a term coined by John R. Bolton for three Central and South American nations (Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela)

## Arts and entertainment
### Literature

* The Troika, a 1997 novel by Stepan Chapman
* Troika, a 1979 novel by David Gurr
* Troika, a 2011 novella by Alastair Reynolds
* Troika, the fourth novel of the Indigo Saga by Louise Cooper
* Tale of the Troika, a novel by Russian authors Arkady and Boris Strugatsky

### Music

* "Troika", the first movement of The Blizzard suite by Georgy Sviridov (1974, movie version — 1964)
* Troika (Julia Kogan album), 2011
* Troika (D'Virgilio, Morse & Jennings album), 2022
* "Troika", the fourth movement of Suite from Lieutenant Kijé by Prokofiev
* "Troika", the eleventh movement of The Seasons by Tchaikovsky

### Other uses in arts and entertainment

* Troika (video game), a 1991 video game
* Troika! (role-playing game), a 2019 tabletop role-playing game
** The fictional city in the Troika! RPG
* Troika [ru], a painting by Vasily Perov
* Troika (series), a 2010 Israeli-Russian short TV series by Leonid Prudovsky
* Troyka, a British jazz band featuring pianist Kit Downes
* Troika (1930 film), a German drama film
* Troika (1969 film), an American experimental comedy film by Fredric Hobbs

## Businesses

* Troika Games, a video games developer 1998–2005
* Troika Pottery, a Cornish pottery company 1963–1983
* Troika Dialog, the former name of Sberbank CIB, a multinational investment banking and asset management firm

## Other uses

* Troika (chocolate), a confection by Nidar AS, Norway
* Troika (crater), on Mars
* Troika (ride), an amusement park ride
* The Troika (Kuala Lumpur), a condominium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Troika card, a contactless reusable card designed to pay for public transport in Moscow, Russia
* VAZ-2103, a Soviet sedan car nicknamed Troika
# Souk El Trouk

Souk El Trouk (Arabic: سوق الترك) is one of the souks of the medina of Tunis. It is specialized in clothing and embroidery trading.

## History

Souk El Trouk was initiated in the early 17th century by Yusuf Dey to satisfy the Turkish community. At the start, it was dedicated to tailors and embroiders of Turkish costumes such as the kaftan. Its main clients were the Turkish militia in Tunis and the dignitaries of the beylical regime.

## Location

The souk is located at the intersection of the Sidi Ben Arous and Tourbet El Bey streets, next to the Youssef Dey Mosque.
# Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi

Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi (Manipuri: ꯈꯝꯅꯨꯡ ꯀꯤꯀꯣꯢ ꯂꯧꯑꯣꯟꯕꯤ)) is a goddess in Sanamahism, the indigenous religion of Manipur. She is a divine feminine personification of death who carries off the souls of the dead to the underworld (Meitei: khamnung). If any soul will not go willingly, she either feeds it a magical fruit that makes it compliant or takes on the appearance of one of the soul's loved ones, especially that of its mother, and persuades it to accompany her. By one means or another, she takes every soul to the netherworld. She is the consort of Thongalel, the God of the death and the ruler of the underworld. She is said to have been created from the very body of Atingkok, the Supreme Being.
# The Adventurer of Tortuga

The Adventurer of Tortuga (Italian: L'avventuriero della tortuga) is a 1964 Italian historical film directed by Luigi Capuano, released in 1965. It is based on the novel by Emilio Salgari.

## Cast

| Actor | Role |
| Guy Madison | Alfonso di Montélimar |
| Ingeborg Schöner | Soledad Quintero |
| Rik Battaglia | Pedro Valverde |
| Nadia Gray | Dona Rosita |
| Andrea Aureli | Enrico Vallejo |
| Aldo Bufi Landi | Mendoza |
| Mino Doro | Tarsarios |
| Linda Sini | Paquita |
| Giulio Marchetti | father of the bride |
| Giulio Battiferri | filibuster Pen |
| Riccardo Pizzuti | filibuster |
# Inferential programming

In most computer programming, a programmer keeps a program's intended results in mind and painstakingly constructs a program to achieve those results. Inferential programming refers to (still mostly hypothetical) techniques and technologies enabling the inverse. This would allow describing an intended result to a computer, using a metaphor such as a fitness function, a test specification, or a logical specification, and then the computer, on its own, would construct a program needed to meet the supplied criteria.
During the 1980s, approaches to achieve inferential programming mostly involved techniques for logical inference. Today the term is sometimes used in connection with evolutionary computation techniques that enable a computer to evolve a solution in response to a problem posed as a fitness or reward function.
In July 2022, GitHub Copilot was released, which is an example of inferential programming.

## Closely related concepts and technologies

* Logic programming
** Prolog
* Constraint programming
* Artificial intelligence
* Genetic programming
* Machine learning
* Artificial life
* Evolution
* Metaprogramming
# Negin Altooni

Negin Altooni (born 1 March 2001) is an Iranian karateka. She won bronze medal at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics, and won gold medal at the Youth Asian karate championships 2018 Japan She also finished third in the Croatia 2018 Youth Karate1 League Championship and Earned the Youth Olympics quota.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Rank | Event |
| 2018 | Summer Youth Olympics | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 3rd | Kumite +59 kg |
# First Balgimbayev Government

The First Balgimbayev Government was the third government of Kazakhstan, led by Prime Minister Nurlan Balgimbayev. The government was formed after Prime Minister Akezhan Kazhegeldin resigned on 10 October 1997 due to apparent health reasons. That same day, President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Balgimbayev as Prime Minister, and he was promptly approved by the Parliament.
Balgimbayev focused on addressing economic challenges, particularly following the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which significantly affected Kazakhstan's economy. His handling of the situation drew criticism, leading to an attempted motion of no confidence against him in October 1998. Following the 1999 presidential election, Balgimbayev resigned on 21 January 1999 but was reappointed shortly after, leading the newly formed government.

## Composition

| Functions | Holder | Start | End |
| Prime Minister | Nurlan Balgimbayev | 10 October 1997 | 1 October 1999 |
| First Deputy Prime Minister | Akhmetzhan Yessimov | 24 October 1996 | 20 February 1998 |
| First Deputy Prime Minister | Oraz Jandosov | 20 February 1998 | 21 November 2001 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Aleksandr Pavlov | 14 September 1996 | 3 October 1999 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Baltash Tursumbaev | 25 October 1998 | 2 November 1998 |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | Erlan Idrissov | 18 April 1994 | 12 October 1994 |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev | 13 October 1994 | 12 October 1999 |
| Ministry of Defense | Mukhtar Altynbayev | 30 October 1996 | 9 August 1999 |
| Ministry of Internal Affairs | Kairbek Suleimenov | 18 October 1995 | 20 December 2000 |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Serik Aqymbekov | March 1996 | January 1998 |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Sergey Kulagin | January 1998 | September 1998 |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Toleuhan Nurkiianov | September 1998 | January 1999 |
| Ministry of Justice | Bauyrzhan Mukhamedzhanov | 13 October 1997 | September 2000 |
| Ministry of Science and New Technologies | Vladimir Shkolnik | 21 August 1994 | October 1999 |
| Minister of Education, Culture and Healthcare | Krymbek Kusherbayev | 17 October 1997 | January 1999 |
| Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population | Natalya Korzhova | November 1996 | October 1999 |
| Ministry of Transport, Communications, and Tourism | Erkin Kaliev | 1997 | September 1998 |
| Ministry of Transport, Communications, and Tourism | Serik Burkitbaev | September 1998 | January 1999 |
| Ministry of Information and Public Accord | Altynbek Sarsenbayuly | October 1997 | January 1999 |
| Ministry of Finance | Aleksandr Pavlov | October 1994 | February 1998 |
| Ministry of Finance | Sauat Mynbayev | February 1998 | January 1999 |
| Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade | Asygat Jabagin | October 1997 | April 1998 |
| Ministry of Energy and Trade | Mukhtar Ablyazov | 21 April 1998 | October 1999 |
| Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources | Serikbek Daukeev | October 1997 | January 1999 |
# Jonathan Saidel

Jonathan A. Saidel is a politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is a former Philadelphia city controller.

## Political career
### Philadelphia City Controller

After incumbent Philadelphia City Controller Joe Vignola announced his resignation in late 1987, in preparation for a campaign against incumbent Republican Senator John Heinz in 1988, Saidel announced his intention to enter the Democratic primary for the race to succeed him. He won the Democratic primary, held in the spring of 1989, and narrowly defeated the Republican nominee, State Senator Joe Rocks, in the fall general election.
He would go on to be re-elected to the position three more times, each by a wide margin. He did not seek re-election in 2005, and left office the following year.

### Lieutenant gubernatorial campaign

Saidel sought the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in 2010. Ultimately came in second in a three-person field, ahead of Doris Smith-Ribner, a former Commonwealth Court Judge from Pittsburgh, and behind the winner, State Representative Scott Conklin of Philipsburg, Centre County. Conklin ultimately defeated Saidel by just under 4,000 votes, out of a total of over 900,000 votes cast.

## Post-political career

Saidel has since returned to private practice.
# Dawn Over the Drava

Dawn Over the Drava (Bulgarian: Зарево над Драва, romanized: Zarevo nad Drava) is a Bulgarian war-drama film from 1974, directed by Zako Heskiya.

## Plot

After the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état the political prisoner Boyan Vassilev is freed from prison. He is appointed as political officer in the Bulgarian Army, fighting Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia and Hungary. On the banks of the Drava the Bulgarian Army stopped the last major German offensive of World War II.

## Cast

* Georgi Georgiev-Getz as Boyan Vassilev
* Georgi Cherkelov as Colonel Demirev
* Peter Slabakov as Delcho
* Stoyan Gadev as big man
* Stefan Danailov as Lieutenant Bozhev

## Awards

* Golden Rose Bulgarian Feature Film Festival (1974):
** Best Film
** Best Actor — Georgi Georgiev-Getz, Georgi Cherkelov
** Best Screenplay — Pavel Vezhinov, Rangel Ignatov
** Best Cinematography — Krum Krumov
* Screenplay Award of Union of Bulgarian Writers (1974):
** Pavel Vezhinov, Rangel Ignatov
# The Great Mandarin

The Great Mandarin (German: Der große Mandarin) is a 1949 West German comedy drama film directed by Karl-Heinz Stroux and starring Paul Wegener, Carsta Löck, and Käthe Haack. It was the final film of the veteran actor Wegener.

## Cast

* Paul Wegener as Mandarin
* Carsta Löck as Schreiberin
* Käthe Haack as Mutter
* Christiane Felsmann as Tochter
* Hubert von Meyerinck as Chinesischer Staatsbeamter
* Rudolf Reiff
* Friedrich Siemers
* Clemens Hasse
* Karl Hellmer
* Hans Stiebner
* Herbert Weissbach
* Karl Hannemann
* Gustav Püttjer
* Annemarie Hase
* Steffie Spira
* Margarete Schön
* Michael Günther
* Erich Dunskus
* Franz Weber
# Gower's distance

In statistics, Gower's distance between two mixed-type objects is a similarity measure that can handle different types of data within the same dataset and is particularly useful in cluster analysis or other multivariate statistical techniques. Data can be binary, ordinal, or continuous variables. It works by normalizing the differences between each pair of variables and then computing a weighted average of these differences. The distance was defined in 1971 by Gower and it takes values between 0 and 1 with smaller values indicating higher similarity.

## Definition

For two objects $i$ and $j$ having $p$ descriptors, the similarity $S$ is defined as: $S_{ij}={\frac {\sum _{k=1}^{p}w_{ijk}s_{ijk}}{\sum _{k=1}^{p}w_{ijk}}},$
where the $w_{ijk}$ are non-negative weights usually set to $1$ and $s_{ijk}$ is the similarity between the two objects regarding their $k$-th variable. If the variable is binary or ordinal, the values of $s_{ijk}$ are 0 or 1, with 1 denoting equality. If the variable is continuous, $s_{ijk}=1-{\frac {|x_{i}-x_{j}|}{R_{k}}}$ with $R_{k}$ being the range of $k$-th variable and thus ensuring $0\leq s_{ijk}\leq 1$. As a result, the overall similarity $S_{ij}$ between two objects is the weighted average of the similarities calculated for all their descriptors.
In its original exposition, the distance does not treat ordinal variables in a special manner. In the 1990s, first Kaufman and Rousseeuw and later Podani suggested extensions where the ordering of an ordinal feature is used. For example, Podani obtains relative rank differences as $s_{ijk}=1-{\frac {|r_{i}-r_{j}|}{\max {\{r\}}-\min {\{r\}}}}$ with $r$ being the ranks corresponding to the ordered categories of the $k$-th variable.

## Software implementations

Many programming languages and statistical packages, such as R, Python, etc., include implementations of Gower's distance. The implementations may follow Kaufmann and Rousseeuw's extensions, which change the similarity for continuous variables to $s_{ijk}={\frac {|x_{i}-x_{j}|}{R_{k}}}$
| Language/program | Function | Ref. |
| R | StatMatch::gower.dist(X) | |
| Python | gower.gower_matrix(X) | |
# National Sports Committee of Indonesia

The National Sports Committee of Indonesia (Indonesian: Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia, abbreviated KONI) is the sports governing body of Indonesia. It was founded in 1946 to unite the various satellite sports associations that was created within the regions of Indonesia. KONI is responsible on sport development as well as organising sporting events within Indonesian national boundary on national level. It organizes the Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON), multi-sport event held every four years where Indonesian athletes compete. It is the largest sporting event in Indonesia.
In 2005, KOI (Komite Olimpiade Indonesia or Indonesian Olympic Committee) was formed as a separate entity from KONI. KOI is responsible as Indonesian National Olympic Committee, to organise Indonesian participation in international sporting events, such as Olympic Games, Asian Games, Southeast Asian Games, etc. The KONI-KOI separation was based according to Act No. 3 of 2005 on National Sport System, and further enforced with Government Regulation No. 17 of 2007 about the organizing of sporting events.

## List of general chairmen of the Indonesian national sports committee

| No | Name | Start job title | End job title |
| 1 | Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX | 1967 | 1986 |
| 2 | Surono Reksodimedjo | 1986 | 1994 |
| 3 | Wismoyo Arismunandar | 1995 | 2003 |
| 4 | Agum Gumelar | 2003 | 2007 |
| 5 | Rita Subowo | 2007 | 2011 |
| 6 | Tono Suratman | 2011 | 2019 |
| 7 | Marciano Norman | 2019 | incumbent |
# Kalokastro

Kalokastro (Greek: Καλόκαστρο) is a village in Serres regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece, located 26 km southwest of the city of Serres. Since 2011 administrative reform it is a municipal unit of the municipality of Irakleia. It has a population of 368 inhabitants and its former name was “Sartikli”.

## History
### Antiquity

On the hill "Assar", which rises right next to Kalokastro, the ruins of an important ancient city are preserved, where inscriptions, coins and various other archaeological finds (clay statuettes, vases and numerous pottery shells) of Classic, Hellenistic and Roman times, were found. The city, which belonged to the Bisaltia, is probably identified with the Euporia (Greek: Ευπορία) mentioned by the geographer Ptolemy and the Roman itineraries. This identification is also reinforced by her position near the river Strymonas as well as by etymology of her name from the words "ευ" and "πόρος" meaning a city that is near an easy crossing of the river.

### Modern

The area was the subject of fighting in the First World War. The Struma War Cemetery was added in 1920 to a design by Sir Robert Lorimer.
# Nik & Jay (album)

Nik & Jay is the self-titled, first studio album by the Danish pop duo Nik & Jay.

## Track listing

* "Det vi gør" - 2:30
* "Hot!" – 3:12
* "Elsker hende mere" – 3:44
* "Ryst din røv" – 3:21
* "Nik & Jay" – 3:42
* "Tch-Tching" – 4:04
* "Tag mig tilbage" – 4:52
* "Gå for det" – 3:07
* "Lær mig at elske dig" – 4:49
* "Freaky" – 3:39
* "Pige (er du fri i nat?)" – 3:47

## Charts

The album reached No. 2 in the Danish Albums Chart.

## Certifications

Certifications for Nik & Jay :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | 8× Platinum | 160,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Singles

Four singles were released from the album: "Nik & Jay" was the debut single and reached No. 3 in the Danish Singles Chart in 2002. This was followed by "Hot" also in 2002, "Elsker hende mere" and "Ta' mig tilbage", each released in 2003.
# Monte Generoso Observatory

The Monte Generoso Observatory (Italian: Osservatorio del Monte Generoso) used to be located atop Monte Generoso in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. As of season 2021 it has been moved to the Park im Grünen in Bern, also supported by the Migros Culture Percentage.
* This article about a Swiss building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a specific observatory, telescope or astronomical instrument is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Last Men in Aleppo

Last Men in Aleppo (Arabic: آخر الرجال في حلب, romanized: Ākhir al-Rijāl fī Ḥalab) is a 2017 documentary film about the Syrian Civil War. Written and directed by Feras Fayyad, produced by Kareem Abeed and Søren Steen Jespersen, it documents the life in Aleppo during the war and particularly sheds light on the search-and-rescue missions of the internationally recognized White Helmets, an organization consisting of ordinary citizens who are the first to rush towards military strikes and attacks in the hope of saving lives. The documentary highlights the lives of three White Helmets founders, Khaled Omar Harrah, Subhi Alhussen and Mahmoud as they grapple the dilemma to flee their country or stay and fight for it.
The film won the World Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival in 2017 and was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 90th Academy Awards. The film also won Best Documentary Feature Film at the 11th Asia pacific Screen Awards in 2017. After its theatrical run, it aired on the PBS series POV.

## Synopsis

Government forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad initiate the military offensive to recover the city of Aleppo from the rebels, this triggers a humanitarian crisis in the city and its surroundings. The film follows the day-to-day life of the White Helmets as they work to rescue survivors from the ruins of the city, also explores the debate between the humanitarian workers of leaving the city for good.

## Reception
### Critical response

Last Men in Aleppo has an approval rating of 97% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 8.06/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Heartbreaking and hopeful, Last Men in Aleppo paints an urgent portrait of war-torn Syria, putting faces on an ongoing and complicated conflict". It also has a score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
# Non ti scordar mai di me (EP)

Non ti scordar mai di me (Italian: Never Forget Me) is the debut EP by Italian pop singer Giusy Ferreri, released in Italy on 27 June 2008 by Sony BMG, following Ferreri's participation on the television talent show X Factor.
It was primarily produced by Fabrizio Giannini, with additional contribution from Tiziano Ferro and Michele Canova.

## Recording

In June 2008 Ferreri, after her participation on the first edition of X Factor, entered the recording studios to start working on modern versions of classic songs from the '60s and '70s with Lucio Fabbri and his production team. While Fabbri contributed most to the album, the singer also worked with producers Fabrizio Giannini and Michele Canova, songwriter Roberto Casalino, and fellow Italian pop singer Tiziano Ferro.

## Reception

Critical reception of Non ti scordar mai di me was generally positive. Many noted that although the album was heavily influenced by an old-school sound, mainly from the '60s, it was able to catch a young aged audience. The EP became one of the best-selling albums of 2008 in Italy: it sold over 50,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at the top spot of the Italian Albums Chart. As of September 2008, Non ti scordar mai di me has been certified four times platinum by the FIMI for shipments of over 300,000 copies.
Non ti scordar mai di me, being an EP, spawned one single, the title track "Non ti scordar mai di me", which reached number one in Italy for thirteen non-consecutive weeks, making it one of the most successful debuts of the year. It also reached the top thirty in Switzerland and is planned to be released in the rest of Europe during the first quarter of 2009.

## Track listing

* "Non ti scordar mai di me" (Roberto Casalino, Tiziano Ferro) – 3:27
* "Remedios" (Gabriella Ferri) – 2:32
* "Che cosa c'è" (Gino Paoli) – 2:29
* "La bambola" (Franco Migliacci, Bruno Zambrini, Ruggero Cini) – 3:11
* "Ma che freddo fa" (Migliacci, Claudio Mattone) – 3:40
* "Insieme a te non ci sto più" (Paolo Conte, Vito Pallavicini, Michele Virano) – 3:06

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak position | Certification | Sales |
| Italian FIMI Albums Chart | 1 | 4× platinum | 320,000 |
# Eshcol

Eshcol (/ˈɛʃˌkɒl/, Hebrew: אֶשְׁכֹּל ’Eškōl) is a term in the Hebrew Bible. It may refer to:
* One of three Amorite confederates of Abram in the Hebron area, who, with his brothers Mamre and Aner, joined forces with those of Abram in pursuit of king Chedorlaomer and his armies who had taken Abram's nephew Lot and others as captives. (Genesis 14:13–24)
* A valley in which the twelve spies obtained an enormous cluster of grapes in Numbers 13:23–24 "the brook Eshcol," (called "the valley of Eshcol" in Numbers 32:9 and Deuteronomy 1:24), which they took back with them to the camp of Israel as a specimen of the fruits of the Promised Land.
# Kanna (Lycaonia)

Kanna or Kana (Latin: Canna) was a town of ancient Lycaonia, inhabited in Roman and Byzantine times, when it was a bishopric suffragan of Iconium.
Its site is located near Beşağıl, Karatay, Konya Province, Turkey.