OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pesanggrahan River

The Pesanggrahan River (Indonesian: Sungai Pesanggrahan or Kali Pesanggrahan) is a river with the upstream in the Bogor Regency, flowing through the cities of Depok, Jakarta and Tangerang, Banten. The river passes the districts of Tanah Sereal, Bojong Gede, Sawangan, Limo, Kebayoran Lama, Pesanggrahan, Kembangan, and Kebun Jeruk before flowing into the Cengkareng Drain. Based on 2005 data, 55 percent of the watershed area of the Pesanggrahan River is occupied by housing, only 7 percent is still forests, 20 percent rice fields, and 13 percent other agriculture fields.

## Geography

The river flows in the northwest area of Java with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 29 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is January, at 28 °C. The average annual rainfall is 3674 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 456 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 87 mm rainfall.

## Flooding

The river causes regular flooding on both banks. In August to October 2010 the river walls were broken three times due to high debit and old wall age. The decreasing capacity and low maintenance caused the flooding in November 2012, affecting two areas in Ulujami. On 10 August 2017 the river overflowed and flooded four areas in Pondok Pinang.

## Water quality

The joint research by HSBC, Green Radio, Sanggabuana, and Transformasi Hijau during June 2011 discovered that the water of the Pesanggrahan River was 100 percent polluted, so it could not be used for fish farming. The water condition was dirty with an oxygen level of 3.2 ppm, compared with the normal level of 6 ppm. Only two river biota were found, namely snails and worms. Moreovoer, heavy metal pollutants were also detected, including lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium. Therefore, the river could not be categorized as a category C source water anymore. The decrease in water quality was thought to be the results of higher density of housing on the river banks.

## Normalisation projects

In December 2010 river normalisation was planned to increase the debit from 50 cubic meters to 115 cubic meters, but was delayed multiple times due to a long contractor selection process. The project was continued through the Jakarta Emergency Dredging Initiative (JEDI) of the government of Jakarta with the ministry of general work at the end of 2013 until 2014, with the support of the building project to straighten the flow of Pesanggrahan river around ITC Cipulir, and the building of dams in South Jakarta to hold the water at upriver, as to lessen the burdens of the downstream rivers in Jakarta.
The dam building was halted as the inhabitants requested more reimbursements, but could be resolved by the direct negotiation with Joko Widodo, the governor of Jakarta at that time.
# Belenky, Volgograd Oblast

Belenky (Russian: Беленький) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bukanovskoye Rural Settlement, Kumylzhensky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2010.

## Geography

Belenky is located in forest plain, on Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, 44 km southwest of Kumylzhenskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Andreyanovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Krakra, Bulgaria

Krakra (Bulgarian: Кракра) is a village in Valchi Dol Municipality, in Varna Province, north-eastern Bulgaria. The village is named after the 11th century Bulgarian noble Krakra, governor of Pernik. As of 2007 it had a population of 20 people.
# Kosatka Island

Kosatka Island (Bulgarian: остров Косатка, romanized: ostrov Kosatka, IPA:) is the mostly ice-covered island 653 m long in west–east direction and 195 m wide in the Dannebrog Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Its surface area is 8.86 ha.
The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a killer whale ('kosatka' in Bulgarian), and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

## Location

Kosatka Island is located at 64°59′57″S 64°02′06″W﻿ / ﻿64.99917°S 64.03500°W﻿ / -64.99917; -64.03500, which is 6.3 km northwest of Booth Island, 3.18 km northeast of Meduza Island, 1.24 km southeast of Kalmar Island, and 7.37 km west of Kril Island in the Wauwermans Islands group. British mapping in 2001.

## Maps

* British Admiralty Nautical Chart 446 Anvers Island to Renaud Island. Scale 1:150000. Admiralty, UK Hydrographic Office, 2001
* Brabant Island to Argentine Islands. Scale 1:250000 topographic map. British Antarctic Survey, 2008
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated
# Sratsimir (village)

Sratsimir (Bulgarian: Срацимир) has been a settlement since 1830. Its population comes from the villages in Ludogorie after the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). The settlers were tricked by the Russian authorities into settling in Moldavia, but on the way they found that there were many free and rich lands with chernozem in the area. In addition, the 20-mile Silistra region is under occupation by the Russian Empire as a guarantee for the implementation of the peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and in particular for the payment of reparations.
Due to the fact that the emigrants were very awake, violent and rebellious, they settled and hid the village in the area of a wild forest, which is why the village was first called Ottoman-Turkish Kara Orman, which in English literally means Black Mountain.
Until 1836, the land of the village was under de facto Russian control from Silistra (since 1837 the Medjidi Tabia fortress was built), which is why the local Bulgarians decided that the forest surrounding the village would be the largest secret weapons depot for the prepared but thwarted an uprising called the Velcho's Conspiracy (1835). At the head of the conspiracy in the region is Georgi Mamarchev, a Bulgarian and Russian officer, as well as Georgi Rakovski's uncle.
From 1913 to 1940, the village was part of Durostor County in the Kingdom of Romania.
# Balagannakh, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic

Balagannakh (Russian: Балаганнах; Yakut: Балаҕаннаах, Balağannaax) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kurbusakhsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Aldansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 91 kilometers (57 mi) from Borogontsy, the administrative center of the district and 18 kilometers (11 mi) from Us-Kyuyol, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 103.
# Save Urdu Movement

Save Urdu Movement (Urdu: اردو بچاؤ تحریک) is a movement found in both India and Pakistan. In India, it is represented by the statewide units in different states of that country. In Pakistan, the movement is dedicated to ensure that Urdu is protected in Pakistan as its national language. It has especially argued for safeguarding Urdu education in schools.

## India
### Save Urdu Movement and Indira Gandhi

Former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a long and fruitful association with the representatives of the Save Urdu Movement. They had frequent access with her and she tried address some of their grievances related to Urdu in India.

### Role of Save Urdu Movement in highlighting Problems of Urdu in India

This organisation has pointed out that partisan treatment is being meted out to Urdu language in many states of India. One such glaring example highlighted is that in spite of the status of official language in Uttar Pradesh, Urdu is now totally absent from government offices. There are now too few schools in the state where Urdu teaching has remained intact because Urdu teachers have not been inducted since the last 14 years. All this information was furnished in a press statement issued by Irshad Ahmad, the general secretary of the state unit of ‘Urdu Bachao Tahreek’ (Save Urdu Movement) in Uttar Pradesh.

## Pakistan
### Rift with the Sindh Government

This organisation particularly had a problematic time in Sindh where the Government tried to promote Sindhi over Urdu. One such scheme introduced by the Sindh Government of the Sindhi Salees scheme to promote Sindhi as a compulsory subject by slashing a 100-marks paper of Urdu taught to the students in Class XI. Save Urdu Movement argued that efforts should be made to teach Urdu and Sindhi to the students at schools in a meaningful way with a spirit to enable the students understand significantly the language and its uses in the daily life, and the government should not try to impose Sindhi or Urdu teaching as a compulsory subject to the students at the intermediate level.
# Turkish Federation Cup

The Turkish Federation Cup (Turkish: Federasyon Kupası) was the first professional national football league in Turkey and the predecessor to the Super League. It was organized by the Turkish Football Federation and was held in order to bring forth a national champion that would represent Turkey in the European Cup. It was held in 1956 and 1957. Beşiktaş won both editions.

## Winners

| Year | Winners | Runners-up |
| 1956–57 | Beşiktaş | Galatasaray |
| 1957–58 | Beşiktaş | Galatasaray |
# Khana Darreh-ye Sofla

Khana Darreh-ye Sofla (Persian: خنا دره سفلي, also Romanized as Khanā Darreh-ye Soflá and Khenā Darreh-ye Soflá; also known as Khenadarah, Khenā Darreh Pā’īn, and Khenā Darreh-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Hendudur Rural District, Sarband District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 118, in 30 families.
# Hoseynabad-e Sofla, Mazandaran

Hoseynabad-e Sofla (Persian: حسين ابادسفلي) is a village in Kelarestaq-e Sharqi Rural District of the Central District of Chalus County, Mazandaran province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,344 in 343 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,635 people in 479 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,950 people in 606 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Lars Mathias Blank

Lars Mathias Blank, (born 27 November 1969 in Hilden, Germany) is a German engineer, biologist and professor at the RWTH Aachen University, and head of its Institute of Applied Microbiology.

## Career

Blank studied Chemical Engineering from 1990 to 1997 at the University of Dortmund and Biology from 1992 to 1997 at the Ruhr University of Bochum (Germany). For his master's, he worked in the field of Metabolic Engineering in the group of E. T. Papoutsakis at Northwestern University, IL, USA and in yeast cell biology in the group of Prof. W.-H. Kunau at the Ruhr University of Bochum. He worked for his Ph.D. under L. K. Nielsen at the University of Queensland, Australia (1998 to 2002), where he developed a continuous process for hyaluronic acid production using lactic acid bacteria. During his Ph.D. he worked as a visiting scientist at the Technical University of Denmark (DtU), Lyngby, Denmark) from September until December 1999. From November 2004 until June 2011. Blank lead the group Systems Biotechnology at the Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology at the TU Dortmund and was a senior research fellow at the Leibniz-Institute ISAS in Dortmund. In January 2010 he finalized his Habilitation.

## Research

Blank focuses in his research on fundamental and applied aspects of microbial metabolism. Of specific interest is the interaction between the metabolic network and the introduced genetic and environmental perturbations. The research on in silico/in vivo metabolic network operation is aimed at a deeper understanding of cell function, with the ultimate goal of rational cell engineering. He is associate editor of Engineering in Life Sciences, Microbial Biotechnology, Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, and Metabolic Engineering Communication.

## Publications

A list of his publications is available online.
# Sandon, Staffordshire

Sandon is a village in the civil parish of Sandon and Burston, in the Stafford district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of Stafford. The village is in the Trent Valley on the A51 road. On 6 September 1989 the parish was renamed from "Sandon" to "Sandon & Burston".

## Sandon Park

There is a rectangular moated site in Sandon Park, about 186 yards (170 m) northeast of the parish church. The site measures about 110 yards (100 m) by 87 yards (80 m) and the moat varies from 11 yards (10 m) to 16 yards (15 m) wide. It was the site of the parish's manor house, which was the home of the Erdeswick family from 1338 until the middle of the 17th century. The moat site is a scheduled monument.
In 1776 Nathaniel Ryder was ennobled as Baron Harrowby. He commissioned the architect Samuel Wyatt to transform the manor house into Sandon Hall and the landscape gardener William Emes to create a 400 acres (160 ha) park. Creating the park involved demolishing Sandon village, which was close to the house and parish church, and building a new village further away from the house and church.
In 1848 a workman on the roof of Sandon Hall accidentally set the building on fire, which caused such damage that it had to be demolished. The current Sandon Hall is a Jacobethan country house of nine bays built for Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby in 1852. It was designed by the Scots Baronial architect William Burn — apart from the conservatory, which was added in 1864. Sandon Hall is a Grade II* listed building.

## Parish church

The Church of England parish church of All Saints was built in about 1200 and almost completely rebuilt about 1300. The north aisle was built in the 14th century, but was remodelled in 1851 as a family chapel for the Earls of Harrowby. The church was restored in 1923 under the direction of the architect W. D. Caroe. All Saints' is a Grade I listed building.

## Economic history

The Trent and Mersey Canal passes through the area and was completed in 1777.
The North Staffordshire Railway opened the Stone to Colwich Line through Sandon in 1849. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway closed Sandon railway station in 1947 but the railway remains open as part of the West Coast Main Line.

## Amenities

Sandon has a public house, the Dog and Doublet Inn, that was designed by the architect Sir Guy Dawber and built in 1906.
Sandon has a village shop.
# Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, São João del Rei

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar (Portuguese: Catedral Basílica Nossa Sehora do Pilar), also known as the São João del Rei Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic Marian Pontifical shrine in São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is a great representative of Brazilian colonial art, which contains a rich decoration in gold, paintings and statues, being under the protection of the Institute of National Artistic Patrimony of Brazil (IPHAN). The cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del Rei (established in 1960).
Pope Pius XII crowned the venerated Marian image within the shrine on 12 October 1954. Pope Paul VI issued a Pontifical decree Religione almae which raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica on 24 September 1964.

## History

The history of the basilica is closely linked to the history of the city and begins at the beginning of the 18th century, when there was built between 1703 and 1704 a chapel of mud covered in straw at the top of the Morro da Forca dedicated to the Virgin of the Pillar. Around this chapel, the first of the city, formed a camp. In 1709 the chapel was burned down during the Emboabas War.
A few years later the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, founded in 1711 and reserved for the wealthy white men of the town, wanted to erect a new church to replace the original chapel that was destroyed, but placing it in the center of the town. The license for the construction was granted the 12 of September 1721.

## Protected status

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar was listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1938. It is listed in the Book of Historical Works # 68.
# Lycée Français de Jérusalem

Lycée Français de Jérusalem (LFJ; Hebrew: בית הספר הצרפתי בירושלים, Arabic: المدرسة الفرنسية في القدس), or the Jerusalem French School, is a French international school in Jerusalem. Operating out of rented space in the Convent of St. Joseph, it serves levels maternelle (preschool) through lycée (senior high school/sixth form college).
The Petite Ecole Francaise de Jerusalem, the predecessor to the LJF, was established in 1967. It currently rents its facilities from the Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Apparition.
As of circa 2015 the school has 14 classes with a total of 205 students. Historically enrollment ranged from 100 to 150 students.
# Egindikol

Egindikol (Kazakh: Егіндікөл, Egındıköl; Russian: Егиндыколь) is a village in northern-central Kazakhstan. It is the administrative center of Egindikol District in Akmola Region. Population: 3,522 (2009 Census results);3,285 (1999 Census results).
# Mbeku

Mbeku // (from the Igbo word for tortoise) is the trickster tortoise in Igbo and West African folktales.

## Tales

In one aetiological tale Mbekwu gets taken by the birds to a feast in the sky. When he eats all the food, the birds stop him from flying back to the earth, and he falls, which is how the tortoises got the patterns on their shells.
In an Igbo fable Mbekwu (or Mbe) persuades Grasshopper (Ukpana) to help fake sadness on the death of his father-in-law, so that he can get food from his kinsmen, but breaks his pledge to share the food. The grasshopper betrays him to his kinsfolk, who kill him.
# Takyeh

In Iran, the word takyeh (Iranian Persian: تکیه, romanized: takye) is mostly used as a synonym of husayniyya (or hoseyniyeh in Iranian Persian; building where Shia Muslims gather to mourn the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the month of Muharram), although some takyehs also include a zaynabiyya (or zeynabiyeh, in honor of Husayn's sister Zaynab bint Ali) or an abbasiyya (or abbasiyeh, in honor of Husayn's paternal half-brother Abbas ibn Ali), like the Takyeh Moaven-ol-Molk. Many takyehs are found in Iran, where there are takyehs in almost every city.

## History

In Classical Persian, a takya in the religious sense was originally a place for Sufi gatherings; Sufis were called تکیه‌نشین takya-nishīn or تکیه‌دار takya-dār. Following the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam, existing takyas became used as husayniyyas, and the majority of takyehs built in Iran since Iran's conversion have been built to be used as husayniyyas, like the Takyeh Dowlat built by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. Tehran alone is said to have had up to 50 takyehs under the Qajar dynasty.

## Architecture

Takyehs throughout Iran are usually designed with observable elements of Persian architecture.

## Usage

Takyehs usually host ta'ziyeh performances.

## Notable takyehs

* Takyeh Dowlat in Tehran
* Takyeh Mir Chakhmaq in Yazd
* Takyeh Moaven-ol-Molk in Kermanshah
* Takyeh Beyglarbeygi in Kermanshah
# National Charter Association

The National Charter Association (NCA) (1840-1858) was formed on July 20, 1840, in a conference chaired by James Leach, of twenty three Chartist delegates in Manchester.

## Origin

The NCA was formed in response to the decline of the Chartist position. In 1839, many of the Chartist leadership had been imprisoned or exiled and the formation of the NCA was intended to restructure Chartist groups into one body. The establishment of the NCA and its national executive paved the way for a more structured kind of working-class organisation, one which included membership fees and elected representatives; therefore in historiography it has often been described as one of the world’s first mass political parties to exist that had a large working-class membership.
After the formation of the NCA, each Chartist locality put forward its own nominees for the general council, this allowed the NCA to become an undivided body of several hundred members, which permitted the NCA to stay within the law and effectively bypass the Unlawful Societies Act. Membership of the NCA was open to both men and women who agreed with its objective to obtain radical reform of the House of Commons.
In 1841, a year after its formation, many local Chartist and Working Men's Associations were drawn to the NCA due to its revised and now legal constitution; in conjunction with its formation, a mechanism became available through which these associations could subscribe to the Chartist movement. Furthermore, by December 1841 there were 282 localities with 13,000 members; by April 1842, its membership rose rapidly with 50,000 members and 401 localities.
# Richard Blanton

Richard E. Blanton (born November 16, 1943) is an American anthropologist, archaeologist, and academic. He is most renowned for his archaeological field and theoretical research into the development of civilizations in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, particularly those from the central Mexican plateau and Valley of Oaxaca regions. Blanton taught at Rice University and Hunter College of the City University of New York before joining the faculty at Purdue University in 1976. He is currently (as of 2017) Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Purdue's College of Liberal Arts.
Blanton helped to develop full coverage survey methods, which he and colleagues applied to the Valley of Oaxaca to help understand the evolution of the Monte Alban state. The particular method developed by Blanton and his students influenced a generation of archaeologists and are still widely used today.
Due to his interest in regional survey, Blanton helped to introduce methods of spatial analysis into archaeology. In particular he took an application of graph theory used by architects evaluate movement through buildings and developed it into a method for analyzing prehistoric houses and communities. He was able to demonstrate that variation in the layout of houses and communities was associated with wealth differences. In addition, Blanton's method was used to develop a measure of prehistoric warfare frequency that has proven useful in a number of settings.
Blanton was an early proponent of world-systems theory, and actively applied it to the evolution of Mesoamerican polities. Although this work was criticized at the time, it was further developed an employed by many scholars
Blanton also helped to develop dual processual theory, Dual-processual theory posits that political leaders employ one of two basic processes to build and maintain power. Using the first, called a “network” strategy, political leaders use ties to other polities, supernatural powers, or sources of esoteric knowledge and goods to build power, and maintain it by excluding others from access to those sources of power. Using the second, called a “corporate” strategy, political leaders use the bonds of kinship and social groups to build power, sharing access to those groups broadly, but positioning him or herself as the “first among equals.” These are not intended to be seen as exclusive categories, but rather as ends of a continuum of political strategy. Dual-processual theory has had significant impact on archaeological thought.