OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hisar Kapia

Hisar Kapia (from Turkish: Hisar Kapı meaning "Castle Gate") is a medieval gate in Plovdiv's old town and one of the most famous tourist sights in the city. The gate was built in the 11th century AD over the foundations of a gate from Roman times (probably from the 2nd century AD). Hisar Kapia is one of the three entrances (Eastern, Northern and Southern) to the acropolis of ancient Plovdiv. During the rule of the Ottoman empire revival houses were embedded in the remains of the old stone walls around the gate.

## History

The first gate on this place was built in the 2nd century AD. In the 6th century during the rule of Justinian the fortification system of the ancient town was expanded and the gate was strengthened. Archeologist suggest that only the foundations of the ancient Roman gate were preserved. The current structure of Hisar Kapia was formed in the Middle Ages (13th - 14th century AD). A construction technique typical from the Second Bulgarian Empire is visible over the arch: a masonry of stones and brick pieces, filled with white mortar.
The importance of the gate faded after the Ottoman invasion in the 14th century. In the 17th and 18th century the rich merchants of Plovdiv built their houses over the ruins of the fortification walls around Hisar Kapia. Today, the lower levels of those houses represent the remains of the ancient walls. Hisar Kapia was reinforced in the beginning of the 20th century due to its poor condition. Today, the medieval gate is one of the landmarks of Plovdiv

## Gallery

* Хисар капия
# Samad aga Agamalioglu

Samad aga Agamalioglu (Azerbaijani: Səməd ağa Ağamalıoğlu; Russian: Самед ага Агамалыоглы; 27 December 1867 – 6 October 1930) was a Soviet statesman and socialist revolutionary, and a participant in the Russian Revolution of 1905 in the Caucasus.
Agamalioglu (real name Samad Hasan oghlu Aliyev) was born in the village of Kyrah Kesemen of Qazakh district, Elisabethpol Governorate to peasant parents. He graduated from Vladikavkaz military school, trained as a surveyor. In 1887 he entered the military service of Ganja, and later he started to read about Marxism and became a socialist revolutionary and active member of Muslim Social Democratic Party. After the February Revolution of 1917, he became a member of the Board and executive committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in Ganja, actively participating in the Hummet activities. Beginning at the end of 1918, he worked in Baku. He was chosen as a deputy to the Muslim Socialist Bloc in the Azerbaijani National Council of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Soon after the overthrow of Musavat rule, Agamalioglu became a member of the People's Commissariat of Azerbaijan SSR and in 1922–29, he served as the CEC Chairman and as one of the chairmen of the CEC of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. At the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR (1922), he was elected a member of the CEC of the USSR, then a member of the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee. He led the introduction of romanized alphabet to the republics of the Soviet East. Agamalioglu is also author of several works on the revolutionary movement, the Cultural Revolution in the eastern parts of the Soviet Union. He was also the first preparer and the publisher of the famous Kamaluddovle Mektublari by the celebrated Azerbaijani playwright Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The cultural icon of the era, Maxim Gorky, called Agamalioglu a "marvelous man" and highly appreciated his works on the newly reformed alphabet. He died in Moscow in 1930.
There are streets named after him in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The villages of Ağamalıoğlu in Goranboy region and (until 2011) Ağamalı in Gadabay region were named in his honour.
# The Republic (film)

The Republic (Turkish: Cumhuriyet) is a 1998 Turkish historical film directed by Ziya Öztan. The film follows the political and historical events of the first years of the Republic of Turkey (1922–1933) and looks at the private life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

## Cast

* Rutkay Aziz as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
* Savaş Dinçel as İsmet İnönü
* Hülya Aksular as Fikriye Hanım
* Dolunay Soysert as Latife Hanım
* Yeşim Alıç as Mevhibe İnönü
* Ayda Aksel as Halide Edip Adıvar
* Macide Tanır as Zübeyde Hanım
* Tarık Günersel as Salih Bozok
# Shaza Fatima Khawaja

Shaza Fatima Khawaja (Urdu: شزہ فاطمہ خواجہ) is a Pakistani politician who is the current Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunication, in office since 12 March 2024. She has been a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since June 2013 and previously served as Special Assistant to Prime Minister on Youth Affairs with the status of Minister of State.

## Early life and education

Shaza completed her education at Lahore Grammar School and Lahore University of Management Sciences before earning a Master’s degree in Political Science from the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom.

## Political career

She was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) on a reserved seat for women from Punjab in Pakistani general election, 2013. In an interview, when asked how she was selected for a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly, she replied "I barely made the 5 p.m application deadline at the Punjab Election Commission. I thought I was applying for the Punjab Assembly, and as I rushed in, I was told in front of 20 live cameras that I was in fact going to be considered for the National Assembly. I found out about my eventual appointment by reading about it in the newspaper, just how the rest of the country found out.". As a niece of PML-N senior leader Khawaja Muhammad Asif, she encountered criticism for her selection to a reserved seat in the National Assembly, with some labeling it as nepotism.
In October 2017, she held the position of parliamentary secretary for the Ministry of Trade, Commerce, and Textile as well as served as the Vice President of the Young Parliamentarians Forum of the National Assembly.
She taught Political Science to undergraduate students at LUMS and served as a faculty member at LUMS from 2012 to 2018.
She was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the PML-N on a reserved seat for women in Pakistani general election, 2018. On 14 May 2022, she officially took on the role of Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Youth Affairs in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, with the rank of Minister of State.
She was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the PML-N on a reserved seat for women in Pakistani general election, 2024. On 11 March, she was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif with the status of Minister of State. She was the sole female member of the 19-member cabinet. On 12 March, she was assigned the ministerial portfolio of Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunication.
In August 2024, during a press briefing, she, as Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunication, attributed internet slowdowns in Pakistan to a surge in VPN usage, and claimed it was stressing the country’s internet infrastructure. This explanation was met with criticism from digital rights advocates, businesses and IT experts, who found it unconvincing.
# Olga Boric-Lubecke

Olga Boric-Lubecke is a Professor of electrical engineering at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. She was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for "contributions to biomedical microwave technology". She co-founded Adnoviv a startup working with sensor technology founded in 2013 with her colleague Victor Lubecke.

## Education

Professor Boric-Lubecke received their Bachelor's degree from University of Belgrade in 1989 and Master's degree from California Institute of Technology in 1990. She got her Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1995, all in electrical engineering.

## Work

Professor Boric-Lubecke has been at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa since 2003. Prior to this, she has worked at Bell Labs, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. Her current research interests include silicon RF integrated circuits, high-frequency integrated circuits, biomedical applications and renewable energy.
She has also founded or co-founded a number of startups such as Adnoviv and Kai Medical. Adnoviv works to create sensors and develop sensor technology for industrial, medical and security applications. On the other hand, Kai Medical works to develop medical technology. Professor Boric-Lubeck was also the Chief Scientific Advisor for the latter company.

## Awards

co-recipient of the Emerging Technology Award at TechConnect in 2007
Several Awards from the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S) as well as IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMB-S).
# Mikhail Chertkov

Mikhail Ivanovich Chertkov (Russian: Михаил Иванович Чертков) (St. Petersburg, August 14, 1829 - Paris, October 19, 1905) was a Russian Cavalry General and statesman who served as Governor-General of Warsaw in Poland between 1900 and 1905.
He joined the Tsarist Army in December 1851 a lieutenant and he took part in the Crimean War. In 1859–1860, he fought against insurgents in the Caucasus.
In 1861-64 he was governor and military commander of the Voronezh Governorate and between 1864 and 1866 of the Volhynian Governorate. In 1867-68 he was deputy governor-general of Vilna, Kaunas, Grodno, and Minsk, and the chief of the Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces.
In 1868 he received the rank of lieutenant general. In 1868-74 he was the military ataman of the Don Army. In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, he accompanied Emperor Alexander II to Chisinau. Between April 16, 1878, and January 13, 1881, he was General Governor and Military Governor of the Southwestern Krai and the Kiev Military District.
From January 1881 he was a member of the State Council and from October to November 1881, he was a member of the Special Meeting for the Reorganization of Military Administration.
From March 1901 until the end of his life he was Governor-General of Warsaw and Commander of the Warsaw Military District. In September 1902, he received the highest Prussian Award, the Order of the Black Eagle, when he visited Posen for German army maneuvers.
He died at the age of 76. The Chertkovsky District, Chertkovo village and Chertkovo railway station were named after him.

## Sources

* Tchertkoff memorial
* KV.COM (in Russian)
* DLIB.RSL (in Russian)
# Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) is a method of microbial community analysis that provides a means of comparing differing environments or treatment impacts without the bias imposed by culture- dependent approaches. RISA involves PCR amplification of a region of the rRNA gene operon between the small (16S) and large (23S) subunits called the intergenic spacer region ISR.
By using oligonucleotide primers targeted to conserved regions in the 16S and 23S genes, RISA fragments can be generated from most of the dominant bacteria in an environmental sample. While the majority of the rRNA operon serves a structural function, portions of the 16S-23S intergenic region can encode tRNAs depending on the bacterial species. However the taxonomic value of the ISR lies in the significant heterogeneity in both length and nucleotide sequence. In RISA, we attempt to exploit the length heterogeneity of the ISR, which has been shown to range between 150 and 1500 bp with the majority of the ISR lengths being between 150 and 500 bp.
The resulting PCR product will be a mixture of fragments contributed by several dominant community members. This product is electrophoresed in a polyacrylamide gel, and the DNA is visualized following staining. The result is a complex banding pattern that provides a community-specific profile, with each DNA band corresponding to a bacterial population on the original assemblage.
# Eläintarha

Eläintarha (Swedish: Djurgården) is a large park in central Helsinki, Finland.
The park serves as a divisor between the districts of Töölö to the west, and Hakaniemi and Kallio to the east. The southern half of the park includes two bays of the Baltic Sea: Töölönlahti to the west, and Eläintarhanlahti to the east. The railroad tracks running northwards from the Helsinki Central railway station run between these bays, effectively splitting the Eläintarha park in half.
At the north-western end of the park, near the district of Laakso, is the Eläintarha Stadium, or "Eltsu" in slang. From 1932 to 1963, the Eläintarha arena hosted annual motorbike and racing car races, known as Eläintarhanajot or "Eltsunajot", but these were later cancelled as too dangerous.
Contrary to the name, there has never been a zoo in Eläintarha. There are two theories for the misleading name. The more popular one is that Henrik Borgström, whose company rented the park area from the City of Helsinki in the middle of the 19th century, had announced plans to build a zoo there, and by the 1880s, the name Eläintarha had been established in advance, anticipating the zoo, which never materialised. The city of Helsinki took back the park from Borgström in 1877. Another theory is that the name is simply a translation from the Djurgården park in Stockholm, Sweden.
The real Helsinki zoo is located on the island of Korkeasaari.
The landscape of Töölönlahti in Eläintarha is portrayed in the famous painting The Wounded Angel by Finnish symbolist painter Hugo Simberg.
# Homalopoma nana

Homalopoma nana is a species of a minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Colloniidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in New Zealand.

## Original description

Homalopoma nana was originally discovered and described as Argalista nana by Harold John Finlay in 1930. Finlay's original text (the type description) reads as follows:
   Argalista nana n. sp.
   Very similar to fluctuata in general appearance, but uniformly smaller when adult. Spiral grooves same in arrangement, but considerably finer. A rather wide band round the umbilicus is free from spiral grooves in fluctuata; in nana this band is much narrower, spirals continuing almost up to perforation. Perhaps the best distinguishing character is the umbilicus, which in nana, is much smaller and almost filled up, appearing much as in Uberella vitrea (Hutton). Colour pattern much the same as in fluctuata.
   Height, 9 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.
   Locality—12 fathoms [22 m], Awanui Bay, type and several others; also 6 fathoms [11 m], Doubtless Bay, several; 25 fathoms [46 m], Hen and Chickens, one, and 38 fathoms [69 m], Cuvier Island, one.
   Type in Finlay collection.
   I have one typical specimen of fluctuata from 38 fathoms [69 m], Cuvier Island, otherwise all my shells of this species are from southern localities. Nana may be the northern representative of fluctuata, but the occurrence of both forms together off Cuvier Island seems to negative this. Nana is somewhat the size of Cirsonella densilirata Suter (a species very easily confused with the young of Argalista), but is much more tightly coiled, and has the typical Argalista pad, etc..
# Kahlestan

Kahlestan (Persian: كهلستان, also Romanized as Kahlestān; also known as Kūlestān) is a village in Lat Leyl Rural District, Otaqvar District, Langarud County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 532, in 149 families.
# Revolutionary Party of National Unification

Revolutionary Party of National Unification (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Nacional, PRUN) was a political party in Mexico. PRUN was founded in 1939, to support the candidacy of General Juan Andreu Almazán in the 1940 presidential election. Almazán got 5.7% of the national vote.
# Cecil Textbook of Medicine

Cecil Textbook of Medicine (sometimes called Cecil Medicine or Goldman-Cecil Medicine) is a medical textbook published by Elsevier under the Saunders imprint.
It was first published in 1927 as the Textbook of Medicine, by Russell LaFayette Cecil. In the United States, it is a prominent and widely consulted medical textbook. Cecil Medicine is often compared with Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, which it predates by three decades. Approximately one third of its authors are changed with each new edition.

## History

It was first edited by Russell LaFayette Cecil. It is now in its 27th edition.
# Venice (film)

Venice (Spanish: Venecia) is a 2014 Cuban drama film directed by Kiki Álvarez. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Claudia Muñiz as Violeta
* Jazz Vilá as Ada-Adalberto
* Maribel Garcia Garzón as Mónica
* Marianela Pupo as Mayelín
# Anil K. Rajvanshi

Anil K. Rajvanshi is an academic from India, and is the current director of the Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute (NARI).
Rajvanshi was born and raised in Lucknow, India. He has been the director of NARI at Maharashtra, India since 1981. Prior to taking this position he served on the faculty at the University of Florida. Rajvanshi has more than 40 years of experience in renewable energy research, rural and sustainable development. He has more than 250 publications and 7 patents to his credit.
Rajvanshi has been inducted into the Solar Hall of Fame (1998). He has received the Jamnalal Bajaj Award in 2001, the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) award in 2002 and an Energy Globe Award in the AIR category in 2004. In 2009 he received the Globe Award for Sustainability Research. and in 2014 he became the first Indian to receive the Distinguished Alumnus Award from University of Florida. Recently he has been given the Distinguished Alumnus Award of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. In 2022 he was given one of the highest civilian award of India Padma Shri.

## Education

* Indian School Certificate St. Francis' College, Lucknow in 1966
* Bachelor's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1972.
* Master's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1974.
* Doctorate in mechanical engineering from the University of Florida, USA in 1979.

## Books and writings

* 1970s America - an Indian Student's Journey
* Nature of Human Thought
* Romance of Innovation - A human interest story of doing R&D in rural setting
* A Life of an ordinary Indian - An exercise in self-importance
* Exploring the Mind of God
* Exploring Deep Science in Patanjali Yoga Sutras
* What is Thought?-Neurobiological and Physical Basis of Its Production, Transmission and Interaction with Matter
Rajvanshi is a regular blogger for Times of India (Speaking Tree), Huffington Post, Thrive Global and South Asia Monitor. He is also a regular podcaster.
# Itzalle

Itzalle or Izal (Basque: Itzalle, Spanish: Izal) is one of the villages that forms the municipality of Galoze in Zaraitzu, Navarre. The village contained 37 inhabitants in 2005.
42°48′18″N 1°07′40″W﻿ / ﻿42.8050°N 1.1278°W﻿ / 42.8050; -1.1278
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# Wang Feng (canoeist)

Wang Feng (Chinese: 王凤; born November 14, 1985, in Ya'an, Sichuan) is a Chinese sprint canoeist who has competed since the mid-2000s. She won two medals in the K-4 1000 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver in 2007 and a bronze in 2006.
Wang also competed in the K-2 500 m event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but was eliminated in the heats.
# Stella í framboði

Stella í framboði (English: Stella running for Office) is a 2002 Icelandic comedy film written and directed by Guðný Halldórsdóttir. It is a sequel to the 1986 comedy Stella í orlofi and stars Edda Björgvinsdóttir as Stella.
# College of the Savior

College of the Savior (Spanish: Colegio del Salvador, formerly Spanish: Jesus-Maria El Salvador Colegio de Zaragoza) is a private Catholic primary and secondary school located in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. The school was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1879. It includes primary through baccalaureate.

## Academics

Colegio del Salvador is a Jesuit school located in the Romareda neighborhood of Zaragoza. Construction began in 1877.
The school has two classrooms dedicated to students who suffer from a communication and relationship disorders, like autism.
In 2013 the school won the National Award for Education for Development "Vicente Ferrer" for its participation in Global Solidarity Week which focuses on global citizenship, solidarity, commitment to the eradication of poverty and its causes, and human and sustainable development.

## Notable students and staff

* Álvaro Arbeloa - footballer
* Xabier Arzalluz - politician
* Luis Buñuel - filmmaker
* Ander Herrera - footballer
* Longinos Navás - naturalist, botanist and Spanish entomologist
* María Teresa Fernández de la Vega - politician
# Zenash Darreh

Zenash Darreh (Persian: زنش دره) is a village in Pir Kuh Rural District, Deylaman District, Siahkal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 6 families.
# Presbyterian Church in Paraguay

The Presbyterian Church in Paraguay is an independent confessional Reformed Calvinist denomination in Paraguay, it was founded by Brazilian missionaries.

## History

The Presbyterian Church in Paraguay (In Spanish: Iglesia Presbiteriana en el Paraguay or IPP) was started as a mission work of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (IPB) in the country of Paraguay. The first missionary was Evandro Luis da Silva, who arrived in Paraguay in the end of the 1960s. He performed the first Presbyterian worship in Concepcion that was then the second largest city in Paraguay. New members were converted and the work begun to develop steadily. The founding date of the church is 1969. The responsibility for the church was with Brazilians till the mid-1980s. In 1984 two national pastors (Silas Augusto Tscherne and Sebastiao Silvestre) were trained in Campinas and they were able to take over this work. The denomination is fully independent from the Brazilian Presbyterians, sister church relations was established between the PCP and the IPB. Official worship language are Spanish and Guarani.
The Presbyterian Church in Paraguay had 200 members in 5 congregation and 5 house fellowships in 2004.

## Statistics

The church has currently 6 congregations and several house fellowships, and 6 ordained pastors, namely Rev. Marcos Vieira, Rev. Francisco Villalba, Rev. Buena Ventura Giménez, Rev. Flavio Sousa, Rev. Eologio Giménez and Rev. Marcos Machado. It has no women ministers, ordained clergy are men only.
The church maintains the Presbyterian Institute of Paraguay - Brazil. It has several mission efforts in Paraguay, the latest outreach is in the Presbyterian Church in Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay. It has congregations in Santa Rita, Concepcion, San Lorenzo, Belén and Asuncion. In late 2013 a new church plant was launched in Asconcion.

## Theology

The church is part of the Reformed Church family, based on the teaching of John Calvin and the Scottish Reformator John Knox. Presbyterianism had great influence of the development of democracy. The IPP has representative church government.
The Iglesia Presbiteriana en el Paraguay adopted the :

### Creeds

* Apostles Creed

### Confessions

* Westminster Confession of Faith
* Westminster Larger Catechism
* Westminster Shorter Catechism
The Presbyterian Church in San Lorenzo celebrates the 25th anniversary of Presbyterianism in San Lorenzo, Paraguay.