OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tsar (disambiguation)

Tsar, or tzar, csar, or czar, is a title used for monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe and Russia.
Tsar, tzar, csar, or czar may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Tsar (film), a 2009 Russian film
* Tsar (band), an American rock band
* The Czars, an American rock band
* "Czar", a song by Frank Black from the 1994 album Frank Black
* Tzar: The Burden of the Crown, a 2000 computer game

## Places

* Czar, Missouri, U.S.
* Czar, West Virginia, U.S.
* Czar, Alberta, Canada
* Zar, Azerbaijan, or Tsar (Ծար)

## Other uses

* Tsar Bomba, a Soviet nuclear weapon
* TSAR Publications, a Canadian publisher
* Tsar Tank, a Russian armoured vehicle 1914–1915
* The TSAR supergroup, which includes the Sar clade (SAR supergroup), named for telomenids, stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians
* Camellia japonica 'The Czar', a camellia cultivar
* Vladimir Kononov (Donetsk People's Republic), nom de guerre Tsar, a Donetsk militia leader
* The Czar of The Style Invitational, a judge of the humor contest
# The Hidden Curriculum

The Hidden Curriculum (1970) is a book by the psychiatrist Benson R. Snyder (March 29, 1923, in Glen Ridge, N.J. – September 4, 2012, in Cambridge, Mass.), the then-Dean of Institute Relations at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Snyder advances a thesis that much of campus conflict and students' personal anxiety is caused by unstated academic and social norms. These hidden norms affect the ability to develop independently or think creatively, and form what Snyder calls the hidden curriculum. He illustrates his thesis with psychological studies and other research conducted at MIT and Wellesley College.

## Summary

The phrase "hidden curriculum" was coined by Philip W. Jackson in his 1968 book entitled Life in Classrooms, in a section about the need for students to master the institutional expectations of school. Snyder develops this with observations of particular institutions. Snyder then addresses the question of why students — even or especially the most gifted — turn away from education. Even honest efforts to enrich curricula frequently fail, says Snyder, thanks to the importance of the tacit and unwritten understanding. He says, that while some students do not realize there is a disjunction between the two curricula, in a demanding environment, students develop strategies to cope with the requirements they face.
Many students find they can not possibly complete all the work assigned them; they learn to neglect some of it. Some student groups maintain files of past examinations, which only worsen this situation.
The difference between the formal and real requirements produced considerable dissonance among the students and resulted in cynicism, scorn, and hypocrisy among students, and particular difficulty for minority students. No part of the university community, writes Snyder, neither the professors, the administration nor the students, desires the end result created by this process.
The Saturday Review said the book "will gain recognition as one of the more cogent 'college unrest' books" and that it presents a "most provocative thesis."
The book has been cited many times in studies.
# Hostages in the Barrio

Hostages in the Barrio (Spanish: La estanquera de Vallecas) is a 1987 Spanish quinqui film directed by Eloy de la Iglesia, consisting of an adaptation of the stage play La estanquera de Vallecas by José Luis Alonso de Santos. It stars Emma Penella, José Luis Gómez, José Luis Manzano and Maribel Verdú.

## Plot

After two criminals attempt to rob a tobacco retailer in Vallecas, they are trapped inside and eventually develop a sort of friendly relationship with their hostages (the clerk and her niece).

## Cast

* Emma Penella as Doña Justa
* José Luis Gómez as Leandro
* José Luis Manzano [es] as Tocho
* Maribel Verdú as Ángeles
* Fernando Guillén
* Jesús Puente as the commissar
* Antonio Gamero
* Nieve Parola
* Antonio Iranzo
* Tina Sainz
* Chari Moreno
* José Luis Fernández "Pirri" [es]
* Azucena Hernández
* Simón Andreu
* Tony Valento as chocolatier

## Production

An adaptation of the stage play La estanquera de Vallecas by José Luis Alonso de Santos, the screenplay was penned by Gonzalo Goicoechea [es], Eloy de la Iglesia and Alonso de Santos. An Ega Medios Audiovisuales production, the film was shot in Madrid in 1986. The soundtrack was composed and performed by Patxi Andión. The budget amounted to 83 million ₧.

## Release

The film premiered on 9 April 1987.

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| 1988 | 2nd Goya Awards | Best Editing | Julio Peña | Nominated | |
# Haven ports

The Haven ports are a group of ports on the east coast of England. Traditionally, only the three deep-water ports of Ipswich, Harwich and Felixstowe, on the confluence of the River Orwell and River Stour, were included. The name has since changed to mean the following five ports:
* Port of Felixstowe in Suffolk
* Port of Ipswich in Suffolk
* Harwich International in Essex
* Harwich Navyard in Essex
* Mistley in Essex

## Local government

As part of the Redcliffe-Maud Report of the 1960s, it was proposed that the Haven ports be placed in a single unitary authority, known as "Ipswich, Suffolk & North East Essex". When Labour lost power in the 1970 election the Redcliffe-Maude plans were scrapped, but the new Conservative government had its own plans for local government reform and also wanted to unite the Haven ports. The government proposed to move the new Colchester and Tendring districts from Essex into Suffolk, so that all the Haven ports would be administered by the same county council.
Although there was some support for this, notably from Cuthbert Alport, former MP for Colchester, the Essex County Council opposed this since it would mean the loss of Colchester (including the main campus of the University of Essex) and the major port of Harwich. The county council launched a campaign against it, and as a result this part of the Conservative government's proposed changes were not implemented. The Local Government Act 1972 was eventually enacted, without major changes to the Essex-Suffolk border.
# Sonia Aquino

Sonia Aquino (born 10 July 1977 in Avellino) is an Italian actress.

## Biography

A theatre, cinema and television actress, Aquino graduated from the National School of the Cinema (Scuola Nazionale di Cinema) in Rome and attended Francesca De Sapio's Duse Studio. She studied also performing arts at the theatre "Bellini" in Naples, taking part in some stages held by Peter Del Monte, Marco Bellocchio, and Maurizio Nichetti. She most notably appeared in the movie The Life and Death of Peter Sellers as Sophia Loren.

## Filmography
### Cinema

* Marquise (1997)
* Il fratello minore (2000) - Role: Ragazza sexy
* Amici Ahrarara (2001) - Role: Maura
* L'italiano (2002) - Role: Luisa
* The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, by Stephen Hopkins (2004) - Role: Sophia Loren
* Signora (2004) - Role: Sarah
* Casa Eden (2004)
* Viva Franconi (2006)

### Television

* Deserto di fuoco Mini-series TV (1997)
* Vivere - Role: Caterina
* Il bambino di Betlemme (2002) - TV film
* Imperium: Nerone Mini-series TV - Role: Messalina
* Il Cuore nel Pozzo Mini-series TV (2005) - Role: Giulia
* Carabinieri - TV series (2005–2008)
* Nati ieri - TV series (2006–2007)
* Un dottore quasi perfetto TV film - Role: Francesca Nocetti
* Incantesimo 9-10 Soap Opera - Role: Rossella Natoli
* Don Matteo 6, TV series - Role: Vanessa
* I Cesaroni 3 - TV series (2009)
* Sant'Agostino (2009)
* Storia di una famiglia per bene (2021) TV mini-series - Role: Angelica Straziota
# Burgalimar Castle

Burgalimar Castle (Spanish: Castillo de Burgalimar) is a historic castle in the town of Baños de la Encina, Jaén Province, Spain. It was built in the 10th century under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.

## History

A marble inscription plaque found at the entrance of the castle records the date of its construction as 967 AD (357 AH), during the reign of the caliph Al-Hakam II, who is also named in the inscription. The marble plaque is now kept at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. The castle was built as a military base and garrison to defend the valley of the Guadalquivir River and the roads to and from the capital city of Córdoba.$^{:131}$
In the 12th and 13th centuries, during the Reconquista, the castle changed hands multiple times between the Muslim rulers of Al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms to the north. Alfonso VII captured it in 1147 but it returned to Muslim control after his death in 1157. Alfonso VIII and Alfonso IX together captured it again for a time in 1189. It was captured by the Kingdom of Castile in 1212, shortly before the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, but returned to Almohad control three days after the battle. The castle was definitively conquered by Castile in 1225, when it conquered the surrounding region. The Castilians later added a keep tower called the Torre del Homenaje ("Tower of Homage") in 1466.
It was designated a National Monument of Spain in 1931.

## Description

The castle consists of a large walled enclosure, of elongated but irregular shape, measuring roughly 100 meters long and 50 meters wide.$^{:131}$ Fifteen towers stand at close intervals around the perimeter. All the towers have a square or rectangular base, which was typical of caliphal fortresses in the 10th century, except for the northernmost tower, the 15th-century Torre del Homenaje, which is larger and has a semi-round profile.$^{:130}$ There are two entrance gates: one in the north and one in the south/southeast. The more important southern gate consists of a straight passage (instead of the bent entrance common in later fortifications) with horseshoe arches, set between two towers. Chambers were located above the passage with slots in the floor where missiles could be thrown down onto attackers.$^{:130}$ Inside the castle today are the remains of a cistern and the foundations of later buildings.
* Exterior view of the walls
* The southern gate of the castle
* The Torre del Homenaje
* The castle's interior, with remains of some later structures
# Teluk Bayur Grand Mosque

0°59′44″S 100°22′11″E﻿ / ﻿0.995672°S 100.369707°E﻿ / -0.995672; 100.369707
The Teluk Bayur Grand Mosque (Indonesian: Masjid Raya Teluk Bayur), also known as Surau Ateh, is an old mosque in Indonesia which is located near the Port of Teluk Bayur, South Padang district, Padang, West Sumatra. Although the mosque was previously a surau (Islamic assembly building) which was recorded to have stood since the 17th century, the building that stands at its current location was built during the Dutch colonization around the 19th century.
Today, other than being used as a religious site of Islam, the first floor of the mosque is also used as an educational place for the religion and a studying place for Pesantren (Islamic boarding school).

## History

The mosque has been established since the 17th century, but previously it was a surau, which was located in a different place from the current building. The surau was founded by an Arabic merchant named Abdullah, who was known to have been killed by being involved in a fight against the Dutch East India Company that was taking control of the Bayur region in 1696.
The current mosque was built following the expansion of Bayur Bay area by the Dutch East Indies in 1888. At the time, all trading activities and sea transportation took place at the port, including the departure of hajj pilgrims who would perform the pilgrimage after a ritual activity in the Ganting Grand Mosque. Because of its location adjacent to the Bayur Bay port, this mosque, which was then still a surau, became more crowded than usual during the hajj season as it was packed with hajj pilgrims.
At first, the shape of the mosque was made simple, with a wall made of wood and a roof made of pua leaves. In 1911, it was restored for the first time and one of the wall was replaced with rock using cement which was imported from Semen Padang (cement factory) in Indarung.
# Shortfin smooth lanternshark

The shortfin smooth lanternshark (Etmopterus joungi) is a shark of the family Etmopteridae found off the northeastern coast of Taiwan, at depths of between 430 and 550 m.
# Vitebsk, Voronezh Oblast

Vitebsk (Russian: Ви́тебск) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Vitebskoye Rural Settlement, Podgorensky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 215 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Vitebsk is located 32 km east of Podgorensky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Saprino is the nearest rural locality.
# Defensive war

A defensive war (German: Verteidigungskrieg) is one of the causes that justify war by the criteria of the Just War tradition. It means a war where at least one nation is mainly trying to defend itself from another, as opposed to a war where both sides are trying to invade and conquer each other.
The right to self-defence in international law is enshrined in Chapter VII, Article 51 of the UN Charter:
   Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of collective or individual self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

## History

American supporters of the war against the British argued that the War of 1812 was a defensive war, citing British harassment of American merchant shipping and impressment of American sailors on the high seas as well as armed support to Indian tribes resisting American expansion in the Midwest in order to create a pro-British Indian barrier state.

## Views

The Islamic scholar Sufyan al-Thawri (716–778), who was called by Majid Khadduri (1909–2007) a pacifist, maintained that jihad (holy war) was only a defensive war.
# John Stowell

John F. Stowell (born July 30, 1950) is an American jazz guitarist, composer, author, and lecturer.

## Biography

Stowell, who plays electric and acoustic guitar, was born in New York and raised in Connecticut. He had private studies with Linc Chamberland and John Mehegan. Several years later he met bassist David Friesen in New York City. Stowell took a trip to Portland, Oregon, where Friesen lives, and decided to stay. The two formed a duo in 1976 that recorded and toured prolifically for seven years, with performances in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. The duo continues to perform thirty years after their first meeting. In 1983, Stowell and David Friesen joined flutist Paul Horn and Paul's son Robin Horn (on drums) for a tour of the Soviet Union. In 1977 Stowell recorded his debut album Golden Delicious; his sidemen were Jim McNeely, Mike Richmond, and Billy Hart
Stowell teaches internationally. He has been an artist-in-residence at schools in Germany, Indonesia, Argentina, the United States and Canada. He served as assistant director and performer at Oregon Public Broadcasting's PDX Jazz Summit in 1991, and since 1995 has been a contributing columnist for a number of magazines, including Down Beat, Guitar Player, Canadian Musician, Soundcheck (Germany), and Guitar Club (Italy). In Germany, he teaches at Jazz & Rock Schulen Freiburg with Frank Haunschild, with whom he plays regularly. He has also worked with Uwe Kropinski, Dave Liebman, Hiram Mutschler, Gérard Pansanel, Gustavo Assis-Brasil, David Becker, and Nicolao Valiensi. In 2005 he published Jazz Guitar Mastery (book and DVD).
Stowell holds his guitar in a diagonal position, which facilitates playing close, piano-like voicings more comfortably.

## Discography

* Golden Delicious (Inner City, 1977)
* Through the Listening Glass with David Friesen (Inner City, 1978)
* Other Mansions with David Friesen (Inner City, 1980)
* Somewhere (Seraphon, 1995)
* Picture in Black and White with Uwe Kropinski (Acoustic Music, 1997)
* Elle (Jardis, 2000)
* Scenes (Origin, 2001)
* The Banff Sessions (Origin, 2002)
* Listen to This with Frank Haunschild (Acoustic Music, 2004)
* Resonance (Origin, 2005)
* Solitary Tales (Origin, 2009)
* Shot Through with Beauty with Michael Zilber (Origin, 2011)
* New York Conversations with Kendra Shank (TCB, 2013)
* Italian Conversation with Michele Campobasso and Viz Maurogiovanni (Terramiamusic, 2014)
* Anytime with Tomas Sauter (Catwalk, 2016)
* Cosmology with Rolf Jardemark (Guitarlandrecords, 2016)
* Night Visitor with Ulf Bandgren (Origin, 2017)
* Petite Fleur with Dave Liebman (Origin, 2018)
* Rain Painting (Origin, 2021)
* 9 Treasures with Kit Garoutte (Kit Garoutte Music, 2023)
# Smirnykh

Smirnykh (Russian: Смирных) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Smirnykhovsky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located in the central part of the Sakhalin Island. Population: 7,399 (2010 Census); 7,561 (2002 Census); 9,693 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

During the period of Japanese rule over the southern half of Sakhalin from 1905-1945, its name was Keton (気屯). During fighting between Soviet and Japanese forces on the island during World War II, Battalion Commander Leonid Smirnykh and Sergeant Anton Buyukly were killed; the localities of Smyrnikh, Leonidovo, and Buyukly are named in their honor.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Smirnykh serves as the administrative center of Smirnykhovsky District and is subordinated to it. As a municipal division, the urban-type settlement of Smirnykh and thirteen rural localities of Smirnykhovsky District are incorporated as Smirnykhovsky Urban Okrug.

## Military

It was home to Smirnykh air base during the Cold War.
# Romantic Comedy (2010 film)

Romantic Comedy (Turkish: Romantik Komedi) is a 2010 Turkish romantic comedy film, directed by Ketche, about three close friends who live very different lives. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on 5 February 2010 (2010-02-05), was one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2010.

## Production

The film was shot on location in Istanbul, Turkey.

## Plot

Esra, Didem and Zeynep are three close friends who live together, but have very different lives, When Zeynep gets married, Esra decides to get away from her job and begin a new life. She gets a job at an advertising company. She becomes interested in the company's Creative Director Mert, while Didem becomes interested in Mert's close friend Cem, who is an actor.

## Cast

* Sedef Avcı as Esra
* Sinem Kobal as Didem
* Burcu Kara as Zeynep
* Cemal Hünal as Mert
* Engin Altan as Cem
* Begüm Kütük as Ece
* Gürgen Öz as Yiğit

## Release

The film opened across Turkey on 5 February 2010 (2010-02-05) at number one in the Turkish box office chart with an opening weekend gross of $923,576.

## Reception

The film has made a total gross of $3,974,799.
# Skakavci

Skakavci (Serbian: Скакавци) is a village in the municipality of Kosjerić, western Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 274 people.
# Nohra al-Shalouhi military base

Nohra al-Chalouhi military base (Arabic: ثكنة نهرا الشالوحي Thouknat Nuhra al-Shaluhi) is a Lebanese Army base under the jurisdiction of the North regional command (Bahjat Ghanem military base). Founded on February 1, 1980, the base is located in Batroun, North Governorate.

## Mission

The mission of the military base includes:
* Defending all the facilities located in the Nohra al-Shalouhi military base
* Supplying food, lubricants and maintenance for deployed units
* Providing back up and defense for the regiments in the region
* Providing development programs in the region
# Papus (disambiguation)

Papus was a pseudonym of the French physician, hypnotist, and occultist Gérard Encausse (1865–1916), founder of the modern Martinist Order.
Papus may also refer to:
* El Papus, a Spanish satirical magazine
* a Roman family name; see Aemilia gens § Aemilii Papi
** Quintus Aemilius Papus (3rd century BC), Roman general and statesman
** Lucius Aemilius Papus (3rd century BC), Roman general and statesman who held a series of offices in the emperor's service
** Marcus Aemilius Papus (2nd century BC), Roman senator
* Protilema papus, an Indonesian species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae
# Ciriaco Álvarez

Ciriaco Álvarez was a businessman from Chonchi, Chiloé who rose to prominence in the exploitation of Pilgerodendron uviferum (Spanish: ciprés de las Guaitecas) in the southern Chilean archipelagoes. His dominance of the industry led him being dubbed "The King of Pilgerodendron" (Spanish: El Rey del Ciprés). The chief export products of Álvarez were poles and vine training stacks that went to northern Chile and Peru. To make vine stacks smaller Pilgerodendron than usual were harvested. In 1880 Álvarez established a small shop at río Álvarez in the Patagonian mainland, between present-day Puerto Chacabuco and Puerto Aysén. Álvarez remained active in the industry until the 1920s.
Álvarez industry had great effects on the incipient economic development that came to link the archipelagoes of Chiloé, Guaitecas and Chonos.
# Wattanavekin family

The Wattanavekin family (Thai: วัธนเวคิน) is a Sino-Thai business family of Hakka origin. The family is descended from its late patriarch Kiat Wattanavekin [th] (丘細見), who migrated to Siam as a child in the 1910s with his mother. Kiat built up businesses in the liquor, construction, sugar, and banking industries, establishing Kiatnakin Finance and Securities Company (now Kiatnakin Phatra Bank) in 1971. Eastern Sugar & Cane Company forms the family's other major holding; it also holds a stake in The Erawan Group, together with the Vongkusolkit family. Forbes lists the family, with Kiat's widow Chansamorn Wattanavekin as its head, as the 48th richest in Thailand, as of 2023.
# Clark ministry

Clark ministry may refer to:
* 21st Canadian Ministry, the Canadian government led by Joe Clark from 1979 to 1980
* Christy Clark ministry, the British Columbia government led by Christy Clark from 2011 to 2017
* Glen Clark ministry, the British Columbia government led by Glen Clark from 1996 to 1999