OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Swedish Board for Computing Machinery

The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (Swedish: Matematikmaskinnämnden, MMN) was a Swedish government agency which built Sweden's first computers: BARK and BESK.
A governmental study into the need for computing machinery in Sweden had been conducted in 1947 by initiative of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Naval Procurement Agency. The study recommended the immediate purchase of computing machinery from the United States and a budget of 2 million SEK was allocated for the purpose.
The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery was established on November 26, 1948, to handle the purchase. The Academy of Engineering Sciences had initiated some activities already in 1947 by sending five young engineers and scientists to research groups in the United States to study the ongoing activities. Two were sent to John von Neumann at Princeton, two to Howard H. Aiken at Harvard, and one to IBM.
When it turned out that it would not be possible for Sweden to get export licences for US-built computers, the activities of MMN quickly changed into constructing rather than importing computing machinery. The relay-based BARK, operational in 1950, was built as an interim measure. This was followed by the vacuum tube-based BESK, operational in 1954, which for a short time was the fastest computer in the world.
In 1963, MMN was closed down. At that time, the Swedish government felt that there was no need for further computer development by a government agency, as computers were now an industrial product. MMN had never received funds to launch developments of a new generation of transistor-based computers, so when they were closed down, they were no longer in the forefront of computer development. Some years before, FACIT had recruited many key employees from MMN to its new division for electronic computers. FACIT EDB that were completed in 1957 was essentially a transistor-based version of BESK.
# Eriksberg Crane

The Eriksberg Crane (Swedish: Eriksbergskranen) is a full gantry crane in the Eriksberg district of Gothenburg, part of the former Eriksberg shipyard. It is a listed building, and is considered to be one of the city's main landmarks and an important relic of its industrial and maritime heritage.
The company Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad was founded in the Eriksberg district of Gothenburg in 1876, and initially specialised in manufacturing iron and steel parts, but later switched its focus to shipbuilding and built up a sizeable shipyard on the north bank of the Göta Älv, on the island of Hisingen.
The main structure of the crane was fashioned in eight sections by NOHAB in Trollhättan in 1968, and was transported by barge down the Göta Älv to Gothenburg. The crane was assembled and erected at one of the dry docks in the Eriksberg shipyard in 1969. The lifting gear was manufactured by Pohlig-Heckel-Bleichert (PHB) in Cologne.
However, in the event the new gantry crane only saw a decade of use. Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad was bought out by the Swedish state in 1975, becoming part of the nationalised Svenska Varv, and production at the Gothenburg shipyard was wound down in 1978–1979, with the yard's final vessel, the M/T Atland, being delivered on 15 June 1979.
From 1993 the crane has been used for bungee jumping, and at 84 metres in height, it is Sweden's highest bungee-jumping location.
It was recognised as a listed building in 2012.
Although no longer operational, the Eriksberg Crane is the only remaining full gantry crane in Sweden. There were once similar cranes at shipyards in Uddevalla and Malmö, but the former was scrapped in 1986 and the latter (the so-called Kockums Crane) was sold to Hyundai Heavy Industries in 2002, for the nominal sum of $1 (USD), and transported to Ulsan in South Korea.
# Alexander Monteith Currie

Doctor Alexander Monteith Currie OBE (2 May 1926 – 24 August 2014) was a university administrator secretary of The University of Edinburgh from 1978 to 1989.
In 1989 Currie was awarded Sweden's Order of the Polar Star (first class) in recognition of his work increasing cooperation between British and Swedish universities.
Curry attended Stevenston High School in Ayrshire. He served on HMS Boxer during the Second World War. He studied English literature at Bangor University and St Catherine's College, Oxford. He then worked in administrative roles in The University of Manchester, University of Liverpool and Sheffield University before moving to Edinburgh.
# North Polar Spur

The North Polar Spur is one of the largest structures in the Milky Way galaxy. A giant plume of bright, polarised emission, it extends into the northern galactic hemisphere, roughly perpendicular to the galactic plane. It cannot be seen at optical wavelengths, but is visible at radio and xray wavelengths.
It is thought to be produced by ionised gas in a strong magnetic field. Its size, and distance from Earth, are yet to be established.
# Coressia

Coressia or Korissia (Ancient Greek: Κορησσία), also spelt Coresia or Koresia (Κορησία), also known as Coressus and Arsinoe (Ἀρσινόη), was a town of Ceos, and functioned as the harbour of Iulis. Near it was a temple of Apollo Smintheus, and the small stream Elixus flowed by it into the sea. There are a very few remains of the town on the heights upon the west side of the bay. The harbour is large and commodious.
The site of Coressia is located near modern Livadi, which wa renamed to Korisia in 1922.
# RCB Oued Rhiou

Raed Chabab Baladiat Oued Rhiou (Arabic: رائد شباب بلدية واد رهيو), known as RCB Oued Rhiou or simply RCBOR, is an Algerian football club located in Oued Rhiou, Algeria. The club was founded in 1936 and its colours are red and white. Their home stadium, El Maghreb El Arabi Stadium, has a capacity of 6,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Ligue Régional I.

## History

On August 5, 2020, RCB Oued Rhiou were promoted to the Algerian Ligue 2.
# Hannah Holgersson

Hannah Holgersson (born 1976) is a Swedish operatic soprano.
She was born in Höör, Skåne County, Sweden. In 2003, Holgersson made her opera début as Zerlina in Mozart’s Don Giovanni. In May 2004, she graduated from the Royal College of Music, Stockholm, receiving diplomas in voice performance and pedagogy. Her main professor during her years at the RCM was Christina Öqvist-Matton.
As a soloist, she has performed with orchestras including the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Opera Orchestra of Stockholm, the Drottningholm Baroque Orchestra and Kroumata (percussion-ensemble), with the Eric Ericson Chamber Choir, and with conductors such as Alan Gilbert, Siegfried Köhler and Laurence Reenes. She has also collaborated with the composers Ingvar Lidholm, Steve Dobrogosz and Kjell Perder.
Holgersson often produces her own concerts, both in Sweden and abroad. She is also a soloist on several CD-recordings. In addition to her career as a soloist, she also teaches singing. She also performed the 2007 Therion's album, Gothic Kabbalah, but not on the band's tour promoting the album.

## Sources

* Bain, Sara, Scottish Chamber Orchestra returns to DG One, Dumfries Standard, 11 December 2009
* Kvällsposten, Sångerskan Hannah från Höör gör succé, 8 February 2010
* Kosman, Joshua, Ligeti's comic-book Requiem, San Francisco Chronicle, 7 March 2009
* Sveriges Radio, Hannah fick Östgöta Gilles stipendium, 3 December 2008
# Little Black Bear First Nation

Little Black Bear First Nation (Cree: ᑲᐢᑭᑌᐤ ᒪᐢᑿ ᒪᐢᑯᓯᐢ kaskitêw-maskwa-maskosis) is a Cree and Assiniboine First Nation in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Their reserves include:
* Little Black Bear 84
* Little Black Bear 84SC
* Treaty Four Reserve Grounds 77, shared with 32 other bands.
# Mirza Ali Bahram Beygi

Mirza Ali Bahram Beygi (Persian: ميرزاعلي بهرام بيگي, also Romanized as Mīrzā ʿAlī Bahrām Beygī; also known as Sartol (Persian: سرتل ) and Sar Tall and Sartol) is a village in Pataveh Rural District, Pataveh District, Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 250, in 48 families.
# Northern Military District (Milo N)

Northern Military District (Swedish: Norra militärområdet, Milo N) was a Swedish military district, a command of the Swedish Armed Forces that had operational control over Northern Sweden, for most time of its existence corresponding to the area covered by the counties of Västernorrland, Jämtland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten. The headquarters of Milo N were located in Boden.

## History

The Northern Military District (Milo N) was created in 1993 when the number of military districts of Sweden was decreased to three, and as a consequence of that, the Upper Norrland Military District (Milo ÖN) was merged with the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN), except Gävleborg County, to create this new military district. In 2000, these last three military districts were disbanded and the command for the whole of Sweden was placed at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters, in accordance with the Defence Act of 2000.

## Heraldry and traditions
### Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Northern Military District Staff 1994–2000. It was also used by the Northern Military District Staff (MD N) 2000–2005 and the Northern Military Region (MR N) 2018–present. Blazon: "Azure, the provincial badge of Västerbotten, a reindeer courant, armed gules, followed by a mullet, both argent. The shield surmounted an erect sword or."

### Medals

In 2000, the Norra militärområdesstabens (MilostabN) minnesmedalj ("Northern Military District Staff (MilostabN) Commemorative Medal") in silver (MiloN SMM) of the 8th size was established. The medal is oval in shape and the medal ribbon is of white moiré with blue edges and a blue stripe on each side.
* Medal ribbon

## Commanding officers
### Military commanders

* 1993–1996: Curt Sjöö
* 1996–1998: Lars G. Persson
* 1998–2000: Mertil Melin

### Chiefs of Staff

* 1993–1995: Tomas Warming
* 1995–1996: Folke Rehnström
* 1996–1996: Lars G. Persson
* 1996–1998: Kjell Nilsson
* 1998–2000: Lars Frisk

## Names, designations and locations

| Name | Translation | From | | To |
| Norra militärområdet | Northern Military District | 1993-07-01 | – | 2000-06-30 |
| Avvecklingsorganisation | Decommissioning Organisation | 2000-07-01 | – | 2001-03-31 |
| Designation | | From | | To |
| Milo N | | 1993-07-01 | – | 2000-06-30 |
| Location | | From | | To |
| Boden Garrison | | 1993-07-01 | – | 2001-03-31 |
# Callum A.S. Hill

Callum A.S. Hill (born in 1957) is a Scottish materials chemist and wood scientist, who worked at Bangor University and Edinburgh Napier University, and is an elected fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science.

## Research career

Hill started his research in wood science and bio-composites at Bangor University in 1994. Transitioning to Edinburgh Napier University in 2007, he assumed the role of the Edinburgh Research Partnership Chair in renewable materials until 2013. Since 2010, he has served as the director at the JCH Industrial Ecology Ltd, a private consultancy specializing in sustainability.
His research contributions in chemical and thermal modification of wood, and lignocellulosic fibres have been well recorded.
He currently holds the position of senior consultant at the Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research in Ås, Norway. His research contributions have gained international recognition especially his book entitled Wood Modification in 2007, having >2,700 international citations. In total, he has had almost 17,000 citations for his research works in Google Scholar, possessing an h-index of 58.
In October 2023, a meta-research carried out by John Ioannidis et al. at Stanford University, included Callum Hill in Elsevier Data 2022, where he was ranked at the top 2% of researchers in wood science (forestry – materials), having a composite index of 4.023, the highest one in this scientific area globally.
As of June 2024, the research work of Hill has received almost 12,000 citations at Scopus.
# George Goyan

George Goyan (born Gevorg OvsepovichTer Nikogosyan, (Armenian: Գևորգ Հովսեփի Գոյան born November 10, 1901 - date of death unknown) was a Doctor of Theater Studies and Art History (1949), and a Meritorious Artist Armenian SSR (1961).
He was born in Tiflis. In 1944 he took part in Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography, then taught there until 1949. He is the author of several works on the history of theater, the most significant of which are those on the history of Russian theatre in the seventeenth century, such as "2000 years of Armenian Theatre "(1952).
# USS Major

USS Major (DE-796) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1948. She was scrapped in 1973.

## History

USS Major was named after Charles Nance Major, who died when the ship on which he was serving as armed guard, the SS R. P. Resor, was torpedoed off Manasquan, New Jersey, by U-578 late 26 February 1942.
Major (DE-796) was laid down by Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas, 16 August 1943; launched 23 October 1943; sponsored by Ens. Margaret Roper Major, Ensign Major's widow; and was commissioned at Orange, Texas, 12 February 1944.

### Battle of the Atlantic

Following her shakedown cruise off Bermuda, Major served in the Caribbean Sea frontier and escorted convoys between Cuba and Trinidad until she arrived at Boston, Massachusetts on 11 June. She underwent training out of Casco Bay, Maine, with ships of Escort Division 56 before she subsequently arrived at Yorktown, Virginia on 2 July for convoy escort duty. On 4 July, she sailed as part of Task Force 61 and escorted UGS-47, a 68 ship convoy, to Bizerte, Tunisia, where she arrived 23 July. Between 30 July and 18 August she escorted a westbound convoy back to the United States.
Major again sailed with Task Force 61 as convoy escort 12 September, but on the 25th she left UGS-54 and steamed to Plymouth, England, where she arrived on 29 September. There she met a convoy of 18 LSTs and 20 LCIs, and between 5 and 24 October she sailed as escort to Charleston, South Carolina. During the next 2 months Major made another convoy run to North Africa and back; and, after she returned to Boston 29 December, she served as a submarine training target ship out of New London, Connecticut. Thence she sailed 21 February 1945 for duty in the Pacific.

### Pacific War

After she arrived at Manus, Admiralties, 1 April, Major escorted a convoy from Hollandia, New Guinea, to Leyte Gulf, Philippines, where she reported for duty with the Philippine Sea frontier. During the remainder of the war she operated out of Leyte Gulf, where she patrolled for enemy submarines, provided passenger and mail service to islands in the southern Philippines, and conducted periodic convoy escort duty, including a run to New Guinea and back. Late in July she reached Okinawa as an escort for an LST convoy, thence she departed 1 August guarding LSTs bound for Leyte. Three days later, as Earl V. Johnson (DE-702) dueled with a Japanese submarine, Major protected the convoy, which arrived at Leyte Gulf 7 August.
Following the cessation of hostilities 15 August, Major steamed to Manila 18 August and escorted LSTs to Japan. She anchored near mighty Missouri (BB-63) in Tokyo Bay 1 September and the following day witnessed the Japanese surrender on board the giant battleship. After returning to the Philippines later that month, she operated out of Leyte.

### Decommissioning and fate

Late in 1945 she steamed to the U.S. West Coast. Major decommissioned at Long Beach, California, 13 March 1948 and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet berthed with the Pacific Inactive Fleet at Stockton, California. Major was sold for scrapping 27 November 1973.
# Poisonblack

Poisonblack was a Finnish gothic metal band led by singer and guitarist Ville Laihiala.

## History

In 2003, the band's first album, Escapexstacy, was on the Finnish national charts for three weeks, peaking at No. 21. They opened for Iron Maiden at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki on 21 December 2003 for the Dance of Death World Tour.
Singer Juha-Pekka Leppäluoto left in the autumn of 2003 to concentrate on his work with Charon. Ville Laihiala, the band's principal songwriter, assumed vocal duties and has since led Poisonblack out of the gothic genre of their first album and in a musical direction that closely mirrors that of his former band Sentenced.
In 2006, the band toured Europe with Lacuna Coil and their second album, Lust Stained Despair, reached No. 2 in Finland for one week.
In 2008, they released A Dead Heavy Day which hit the Finnish Album Chart in position 6. After this success, they toured Europe with Dark Tranquillity and Fear My Thoughts. In 2010, Poisonblack released Of Rust and Bones, their fourth album. The fifth album, Drive, was released in 2011 on Hype Records and the band's latest album, Lyijy, was released in September 2013 by Warner Music Finland. The album reached No. 4 on the Finnish album chart.
On 23 August 2015, singer Ville Laihiala posted a statement that the band had broken up. The band played their final show at Oulu, Finland on August 21, 2015, with Leppäluoto joining their final shows.
Poisonblack reunited and performed some shows in 2023 for Escapexstacy's 20th anniversary. All of the band's members throughout their tenure reunited except Dahlgren and Kukkonen.

## Band members
### Last known lineup

* Juha-Pekka Leppäluoto – vocals (2001–2003, 2015, 2023)
* Ville Laihiala – vocals (2003–2015, 2023), guitars (2000–2015, 2023)
* Antti Leiviskä – guitars (2010–2015, 2023)
* Janne Markus – guitars (2004–2010, 2023)
* Antti Remes – bass (2004–2015, 2023)
* Marco Sneck – keyboards (2000–2015, 2023)
* Tarmo Kanerva – drums (2000–2015, 2023)

### Former members

* Janne Dahlgren – guitars (2000–2003)
* Janne Kukkonen – bass (2000–2004)

### Tour members

* Veli-Matti Kananen – keyboards (2008)

### Timeline
## Discography
### Albums

* Escapexstacy (2003)
* Lust Stained Despair (2006)
* A Dead Heavy Day (2008)
* Of Rust and Bones (2010)
* Drive (2011)
* Lyijy (2013)

### Video albums

* A Dead Heavy Day (DVD) (2008)

### Singles

* "Love Infernal" (2003)
* "Rush" (2006)
* "Bear the Cross" (2008)
* "Mercury Falling" (2011)
* "Scars" (2011)
* "Home Is Where the Sty Is" (2013)
* "Down the Ashes Rain" (2014)

### Compilation

* Classics (2009)
# Qingyuan, Baoding

Qingyuan (Chinese: 清苑; pinyin: Qīngyuàn) is a district of the city of Baoding, in the central part of Hebei province, China, covering part of the southern and eastern suburbs of Baoding. As of 2020, it has a total population of 625,246 residing in an area of 953 km$^2$ (368 sq mi).

## Administrative divisions

There are 13 towns and 5 townships under the county's administration.
Towns:
* Qingyuan (清苑镇), Ranzhuang (冉庄镇), Yangcheng (阳城镇), Weicun (魏村镇), Wenren (温仁镇), Zhangdeng (张登镇), Dazhuang (大庄镇), Zangcun (臧村镇),Baituan (白团镇), Shiqiao (石桥镇)， Donglü (东闾镇), Heqiao (何桥镇),Wangting (望亭镇)
Townships:
* Beidian Township (北店乡), Lizhuang Township (李庄乡), Beiwangli Township (北王力乡), Suncun Township (孙村乡), Yanzhuang Township (阎庄乡)

## Notable people

* Joseph Wei Jingyi (born 1958), a Chinese Catholic priest and bishop
# Buffer Zone, Karachi

Buffer Zone (Urdu: بفر ذون ) is one of the residential neighbourhoods of North Nazimabad Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, namely it's Union Council (UC9). The Government of Pakistan reserved this land in the 1950s as "Buffer Zone" from Urban sprawl in Karachi for future construction of Government offices and residential neighborhoods for bureaucrats but in the early 1960, the capital was transferred from Karachi to newly built Islamabad and this land was sold to land developers.
This is where the Pakistani cricket star Sarfraz Ahmed lives.
# USRC Wissahickon

USRC Wissahickon was one of two Winnisimmet-class harbor tugs constructed by Spedden Company for the Revenue Cutter Service. She was initially stationed at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ellsworth P. Bertholf served as captain of her from 9 November 1906 to 20 September 1907 in his first tour as a commanding officer. Bertholf would later serve as the Commandant of the Coast Guard. After the U.S. Coast Guard was formed in 1915, she was known as USCGC Wissahickon. In 1916, she was transferred to Baltimore, Maryland. The Navy assumed control of her from 6 April 1917 to 28 August 1919 during World War I. On 1 January 1923 she was transferred from Baltimore to New York City, where she remained in service until being decommissioned on 8 May 1935. On 8 May 1935 Wissahickon was decommissioned and later sold.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Canney, p 60
* 1 2 Record of Movements, p 395
* ↑ Kroll, pp 68–69
* ↑ King, p 225

## References used

* "Record of Movements, Vessels of the United States Coast Guard, 1790–December 31, 1933" (PDF). Historic Documents. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
* Canney, Donald L. (1995). U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790–1935. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-101-1.
* King (1996), Irving H. (1996). The Coast Guard Expands, 1865–1915: New Roles, New Frontiers. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-458-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* Kroll, C. Douglas (2002). Commodore Ellsworth P. Bertholf: First Commandant of the Coast Guard. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-474-6.
# Institut d'histoire du temps présent

The Institut d’histoire du temps présent, also known as IHTP (English: Institute of the history of the current age), is a French research unit within the CNRS. Since September 2019 IHTP has been located on the Condorcet campus of the Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis at Aubervilliers. IHTP focuses on the phenomenon of war in the 20th-century and on systems of political domination such as authoritarianism, totalitarianism and colonialism. It also examines the cultural history of contemporary societies and the epistemology of present day history in terms of its relationship to the past through the specific medium of memory, witness and the role of historians amidst population centres.

## History

It owes its foundation in 1978 to historian François Bédarida and was formally inaugurated in 1980. In 2016 it was constituted as a UMR and was attached to Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis when it absorbed the former Comité d'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (CHSGM), dating back to 1951. Its membership consists of specialist researchers into World War II and those analysing particular themes of contemporary history. It is headed as of 2014 by the historian Christian Delage [fr].

## Research areas

Aside from conducting direct projects into recent and current history, it serves as a hub for several national and international research networks. Its laboratory holds a library comprising monographs, periodicals, oral and written archives, devoted to the Second world war, to decolonization and to spoken history. In 2019 the IHTP collections were integrated with the major documentary holdings of the Condorcet campus.

## Staffing

IHTP teams are led by CNRS researchers who include Christian Ingrao, Malika Rahal, Henry Rousso, Peter Schöttler and Nicolas Werth.

### Directors

* 1978-1990 : François Bédarida
* 1990-1994 : Robert Frank
* 1994-2005 : Henry Rousso
* 2006-2008 : Fabrice d'Almeida
* 2008-2013 : Christian Ingrao
* Depuis 2014 : Christian Delage