OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions

This is a timeline of states of matter and phase transitions, specifically discoveries related to either of these topics.

## Timeline
### 19th century

* 1879 – Sir William Crookes first identifies plasma in laboratory
* 1895 – Pierre Curie discovers that induced magnetization is proportional to magnetic field strength

### 20th century

* 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on superconductivity
* 1912 – Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid
* 1924–1925 – Bose–Einstein condensate was first predicted, generally, by Albert Einstein
* 1925 – Ernst Ising presents the solution to the one-dimensional Ising model
* 1928 – Felix Bloch applies quantum mechanics to electrons in crystal lattices, establishing the quantum theory of solids
* 1929 – Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac and Werner Karl Heisenberg develop the quantum theory of ferromagnetism
* 1932 – Louis Eugène Félix Néel discovers antiferromagnetism
* 1933 – Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discover perfect superconducting diamagnetism
* 1933–1937 – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the Landau theory of phase transitions
* 1937 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and John Frank Allen/Don Misener discover superfluidity
* 1941 – Lev Davidovich Landau explains superfluidity
* 1942 – Hannes Alfvén predicts magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasmas
* 1944 – Lars Onsager publishes the exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising model
* 1957 – John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer develop the BCS theory of superconductivity
* End of the 50s – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the theory of Fermi liquid
* 1959 – Philip Warren Anderson predicts localization in disordered systems
* 1972 – Douglas Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson, and David M. Lee discover that helium-3 can become a superfluid
* 1974 – Kenneth G. Wilson develops the renormalization group technique for treating phase transitions
* 1980 – Klaus von Klitzing discovers the quantum Hall effect
* 1982 – Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui discover the fractional quantum Hall effect
* 1983 – Robert B. Laughlin explains the fractional quantum Hall effect
* 1986 – Karl Alexander Müller and Georg Bednorz discover high critical temperature ceramic superconductors
* 1995 – Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produce the first Bose–Einstein condensate using rubidium atoms

### 21st century

* 2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter.
* 2023 – Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state
* 2024 – Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order
# W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963

W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 is the second installment of historian David Levering Lewis's two-part biography of W.E.B. Du Bois published by Henry Holt and Company in 2000. The book deals with Du Bois's involvement in the Harlem Renaissance, his fight for equality and justice, and the Communist witch-hunts that ultimately left him rejected and exiled in Ghana. Like the first part of the Lewis's study, which won in 1994, the book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 2001, making Lewis the first author to win two Pulitzer Prizes for back-to-back volumes.
# March, Iran

March (Persian: مرچ) is a village in Sheykh Fazlolah-e Nuri Rural District, Baladeh District, Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 16 families.
# Ernie Symes

Herbert Charles Symes (22 August 1892 – June 1977) was an English professional football left back who appeared in the Football League for Aberdare Athletic, Queens Park Rangers and Fulham.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1924–25 | Third Division South | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1925–26 | Third Division South | 18 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 26 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
# Municipal council (Jordan)

Municipal council (Arabic: المجلس البلدي Al-Majlis Al-Baladi) is the elected assembly of the Municipality in Jordan. The first municipal councils were established in Jordan in 1925, and were elected consistently till today.
The latest amendment to the Municipalities law divided the Kingdom into 100 municipalities; 82 municipalities with 355 local councils, and 18 municipalities with none (due to their small size). Each local council consists of 5 members, including at least one woman. The highest voted for members of the local council is assigned a seat in the municipal council, whose number depends on what is assigned to each local council.
# Nasino

Nasino (Ligurian: Naxin) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Savona.
Nasino borders the following municipalities: Alto, Aquila di Arroscia, Castelbianco, Erli, Garessio, Onzo, Ormea, and Ranzo.
# Miltiadis Kaibalis

Miltiadis Kaibalis (Greek: Μιλτιάδης Καϊμπαλής) was a Greek Army officer who reached the rank of major general.
Kaibalis was born at Makrinitsa in 1869. At the time the area was part of the Ottoman Empire, but it became part of Greece in 1881. He joined the Hellenic Army as a volunteer on 18 September 1888 (O.S.), and after studies in the NCO School, he was commissioned as an infantry second lieutenant on 9 August 1889 (O.S.).
He fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, and at the Strymon River sector of the Macedonian front during World War I. He fought in the Asia Minor Campaign as a regimental commander, before being appointed divisional infantry commander for the 11th Infantry Division, and then commander of the 13th Infantry Division.
In 1924 he was placed in command of the 1st Infantry Division, and of the II Army Corps later.
# Pulitzer Prize for Drama

Pulitzer Prize :
Joseph Pulitzer
Columbia University
Pulitzers by year
Winners
Multi-award winners
Special Citations and Awards :
Journalism :
Letters
Drama
Music :
Biography
Memoir or Autobiography
History
General Nonfiction
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Music :
vte :
The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. (No Drama prize was given, however, so that one was inaugurated in 1918, in a sense.) It recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U.S. during the preceding calendar year.
Until 2007, eligibility for the Drama Prize ran from March 1 to March 2 to reflect the Broadway "season" rather than the calendar year that governed most other Pulitzer Prizes.
The drama jury, which consists of one academic and four critics, attends plays in New York and in regional theaters. The Pulitzer board can overrule the jury's choice; in 1986, the board's opposition to the jury's choice of the CIVIL warS resulted in no award being given.
In 1955 Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. pressured the prize jury into presenting the Prize to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, which the jury considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees ("amateurishly constructed... from the stylistic points of view annoyingly pretentious"), instead of Clifford Odets' The Flowering Peach (their preferred choice) or The Bad Seed, their second choice. Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that award's committee. However, the committee's selection was overruled by the award's advisory board, the trustees of Columbia University, because of the play's then-controversial use of profanity and sexual themes. Had Albee been awarded, he would be tied with Eugene O'Neill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama (four).

## Awards and nominations

In its first 106 years to 2022, the Drama Pulitzer was awarded 91 times; none were given in 15 years and it was never split.
The most recipients of the prize in one year was five, when Michael Bennett, James Kirkwood, Jr., Nicholas Dante, Marvin Hamlisch, and Edward Kleban shared the 1976 prize for the musical A Chorus Line.
# Agustín Sant'Anna

Ariel Agustín Sant’Anna Quintero (born 27 September 1997) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Argentine Primera División club River Plate.

## International career

Sant’Anna is a former youth international. He was part of the Uruguay under-20 team which won the 2017 South American U-20 Championship.
In September 2024, Sant'Anna received his first call-up to the Uruguay national team for FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Paraguay and Venezuela.
# Republican Party of Dahomey

The Republican Party of Dahomey (French: Parti Républicain Dahoméen, PRD) was a political party in French Dahomey led by Sourou-Migan Apithy.

## History

The party was established by Apithy in 1951. It emerged as the largest party in the 1952 Territorial Assembly elections, winning 19 of the 32 second college seats. The party came first in the 1956 French National Assembly elections, returning Apithy to the Assembly.
The PRD went on to win the 1957 Territorial Assembly elections, taking 35 of the 60 seats. In 1958 the party merged with the Dahomeyan Democratic Rally (RDD) to form the Dahomeyan Progressive Party, which was to be the Dahomeyan branch of the African Regroupment Party. However, internal disagreements led to the parties splitting back into their original forms in 1959.
The PRD also won the 1959 elections, despite receiving fewer votes than the Dahomeyan Democratic Union (UDD). Due to accusations of fraud, it later agreed to give nine seats to the UDD, but remained the largest party in the Assembly. In February 1960 it was transformed into the Dahomey Nationalist Party (Parti des Nationalistes du Dahomey, PND) after admitting federalists led by Émile Derlin Zinsou. In November 1960 the PND agreed to merge with the RDD and the National Liberation Movement led by Jean Pliya and Albert Teveodjré, this time under the name Dahomeyan Unity Party.
# Zəyəm, Qakh

Zəyəm (also, Zagam, Zagyam, and Zeyam; Avar: Закам) is a village and municipality in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,553. It was named in memory of the historic bazaar town of Zagem, destroyed in the early 17th century, but there is no proof that this was Zagem's original site, which was on the bank of the Alazani River.
# 55th Corps (German Empire)

The 55th Corps (German: Generalkommando zbV 55) was a corps formation of the German Army in World War I. It was formed as a temporary Bernhardi Corps (named for its commander) on 6 June 1916 before being established on 1 October 1916. It was still in existence at the end of the war.

## Chronicle

The 55th Corps (z.b.V.) was formed as a temporary Bernhardi Corps on 6 June 1916, named for its commander General der Kavallerie Friedrich von Bernhardi. On 1 October 1916, Bernhardi Corps was established as 55th Corps.
With the onset of trench warfare, the German Army recognised that it was no longer possible to maintain the traditional Corps unit, that is, one made up of two divisions. Whereas at some times (and in some places) a Corps of two divisions was sufficient, at other times 5 or 6 divisions were necessary. Therefore, under the Hindenburg regime (from summer 1916), new Corps headquarters were created without organic divisions. These new Corps were designated General Commands for Special Use (German: Generalkommandos zur besonderen Verwendung).
Bernhardi Corps was formed hastily in the summer of 1916 on the Austro-Hungarian front in the Volhynia region as a multi-national force defending against the Brusilov Offensive. German and Austrian troops were able to fend off the Russians in the area of the Styr and Stochid rivers. After two years on the Eastern Front, the Corps was transferred to the Western Front in February 1918 where was engaged at Armentières.
By the end of the war, the Corps still serving on the Western Front as part of 6th Army, Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht with the following composition:
* 38th Division
* 12th Bavarian Division
* 5th Bavarian Division
* two thirds 4th Ersatz Division
* 9th Reserve Division

## Commanders

The 55th Corps was commanded by General der Kavallerie Friedrich von Bernhardi throughout its existence.
# Budoni

Budoni (Gallurese: Budùni, Sardinian: Budùne) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) northeast of Cagliari and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Olbia. As of 31 December 2014, it had a population of 5,125 and an area of 55.9 square kilometres (21.6 sq mi).
Budoni borders the following municipalities: Posada, San Teodoro, Torpè.

## Frazioni

The municipality of Budoni contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets):
* Agrustos (Gall.)
* Berruiles (Gall.)
* Birgalavò (Gall.)
* Limpiddu (Log.)
* Li Troni (Gall.)
* Ludduì (Gall.)
* Lu Linnalvu (Gall.)
* Luttuni (Gall.)
* Lutturai (Gall.)
* Maiorca (Gall.)
* Malamurì (Gall.)
* Muriscuvò (Log.)
* Nuditta (Gall.)
* Ottiolu (Gall.)
* San Gavino (Log.)
* San Lorenzo (Log.)
* San Pietro (Gall.)
* San Silvestro (Gall.)
* S'Iscala (Log.)
* Solità (Log.)
* Strugas (Gall.)
* Tanaunella (Log.)
* Tamarispa (Log.)
# Raseborg Castle

The Raseborg Castle (Swedish: Raseborgs slott, Finnish: Raaseporin linna), is a medieval castle in Raseborg, Finland. The castle was active from 1370s to 1553. Today the ruins are open to the public in the summer and the castle is host to the yearly Raseborg Summer Theatre.

## History

It has been suggested that the castle was founded by Hermann of Dorpat, the successor of Albert of Riga, and Livonian Brothers of the Sword after Livonian Crusade. They would have named the castle Ratzeburg after Bishopric of Ratzeburg. The castle is also suggested to be founded by Bo Jonsson Grip and it is thought that the castle's first phase was completed sometime between 1373 and 1378.
The first written data about the castle is from 1378. Its main purpose was to protect Sweden's interests in southern Finland against the Hanseatic city of Tallinn. The castle was originally built on a small island in the north end of a sea bay. The historians think that the castle was built in 3 different stages over time from the 14th to the 16th century.
The layout of the castle resembles a capital 'D', with a round, thick-walled donjon on one corner and the straight part of the D forming the keep, and an inner bailey in center. The castle has had outer walls forming two outer baileys. The outer wall has had one square tower and a barbican.
The ruins of the outer wall of the castle do still exist. According to the historians the outer wall was built to protect the foundations of the castle itself. When the use of the artillery became more commonplace, it was vital to protect the basic walls of the castle. There was also one more protection outside the castle. That was a wooden barrier, which surrounded the castle and it prevented any foreign ships to approach the castle harbour. There still exists some small parts of that barrier. The barriers are today on the mainland, but in the 15th century they were located on a peninsula by the sea. The sea level became lower over time due to postglacial rebound, and it became increasingly difficult to approach the castle by boat. This is one of the main reasons why the castle lost its importance.
Battles were fought between Swedish and Danish forces and even pirates over control of the castle in the Middle Ages. The castle was abandoned in 1553, three years after Helsinki was founded in 1550 and Helsinki became strategically more important.

## Present Day

Restoration work began in the 1890s and in these days the castle ruins are open to the public.
Close to the castle ruins is one of the largest open-air theatre stages in Finland, the Raseborg Summer Theatre. The theatre was founded in 1966, and gives numerous performances in Swedish every year in July, often with a connection to the castle history.
# The Magnificent Beast

La bestia magnífica (Lucha libre) ("The Magnificent Beast (Wrestling)") is a 1953 Mexican film directed by Chano Urueta. It tells the story of two good friends who become wrestlers to leave poverty behind, but the arrival of an ambitious woman will tragically change their destiny.
Director Urueta was so enthusiastic about the project that he filmed three fights in their entirety, and the final cut came to 128 minutes, which was very unusual in the Mexican film industry. The production is regarded as the film that started the genre of "wrestling movies", which became immensely popular in Mexico for many decades.
José Elías Moreno won the Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actor and Jorge Bustos for Best Film Editing.

## Cast

* Crox Alvarado: David
* Wolf Ruvinskis: Carlos
* José Elías Moreno:'Maravilla' López
* Irma Dorantes: Teresita
* Miguel Manzano: Benjamín Aguilar
* José Luis Rojas: Luis Rojas
* Ismael Pérez: Poncianito
* Enrique Llanes: Wrestler
* Rito Romero: Wrestler
* Miroslava: Meche
# Panagiotis Macheras

Panagiotis Macheras (Greek: Παναγιώτης Μαχαίρας; born 12 September 1976) is a retired Greek football defender.
# Luang Saranupraphan

Luang Saranupraphan (Nuan Pachinphayak) (Thai: หลวงสารานุประพันธ์ (นวล ปาจิณพยัคฆ์); 24 August 1896–14 June 1954) was a Thai writer. He is most known for writing the lyrics of the Thai National Anthem.
Saranupraphan edited the journals Sena sueksa lae phae witthayasat ("Military studies and the spread of science") and Saranukun. His most important novels are Phrae Dam ("Black Satin") and Na Phi ("The Ghost Face").
In 1939, when the name of the country was changed from Siam to Thailand, a competition was launched to create new lyrics, with those by Luang Saranupraphan winning.
# Hendu Marz

Hendu Marz (Persian: هندومرز, also Romanized as Hendū Marz) is a village in Mian Band Rural District, in the Central District of Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 372, in 102 families.
# Neryuktyay

Neryuktyay (Russian: Нерюктяй; Yakut: Нөөрүктээйи, Nöörükteeyi) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tyubyaysky Rural Okrug of Suntarsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 97 kilometers (60 mi) from Suntar, the administrative center of the district and 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) from Tyubyay, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 9.
# Yan Wei

Yan Wei (born 4 October 1973) is a retired Chinese middle distance runner who specialized in the 1500 metres.
She finished tenth at the 1993 World Championships, won the 1993 Asian Championships and took the silver at the 1994 Asian Games.
Her personal best time was 3:58.74 minutes, achieved in October 1997 in Shanghai.
# JDS Uranami

Uranami (浦波, "Shore Wave") was the third of seven Ayanami-class destroyers, built for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) following World War II. The ship was the third destroyer of to be named so, following the World War I-era Kamikaze-class Uranami (1907), and the World War II-era Fubuki-class Uranami (1928).

## Operational history

Ordered in 1955, the 1,720-ton destroyer escort Uranami was built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe. She was laid down on 1 February 1957, launched on 29 August 1957 and commissioned on 30 March 1958. Following her commissioning, the ship was assigned to the JMSDF fleet in Yokosuka. She was given the hull designation DD-105.
On 16 March 1958 Uranami was attached to the 8th Escort Division, and then subsequently to the 8th Division of the 1st Escort Flotilla on 25 October 1958. In 1969, the destroyer transferred to the 9th Division of the 1st Escort Flotilla 1 April, and the 9th Division of the 3rd Escort Flotilla on 15 March 1969, then finally the 9th Division of the 4th Escort Flotilla on 1 February 1971. When the 9th Division was disbanded on 30 March 1983, Uranami was reclassified as an auxiliary vessel, and reassigned hull designation ASU-7005.
In 1962 Uranami had her sonar upgraded. In 1963 her radar was likewise exchanged. In 1971 the ship's anti-submarine armament was retrofit.
Uranami was finally decommissioned on 25 December 1986.
# Costin Pavăl

Costin Pavăl (born 1 September 1990 in Bucharest) is a Romanian tennis player.
Pavăl has a career high ATP singles ranking of 722 achieved on 9 June 2014. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 138 achieved on 3 August 2015.
Pavăl won his first ATP Challenger Tour doubles title at the 2014 Internazionali di Tennis Castel del Monte, partnering Patrick Grigoriu, defeating Roman Jebavý and Andreas Siljeström in the final, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 6–7$^{(4–7)}$, [10–5].
# Victor A. Savchenko

Victor A. Savchenko (Ukrainian: Савченко, Виктор Анатольевич), born December 13, 1961, in Odessa in the then Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, is a writer and historian.

## Biography

In 1985 he graduated from the Faculty of History, University of Odessa. In 1990 he defended his thesis on the history of the anarchist movement in Ukraine in 1917-1921. One of his first articles "Treason, Makhno and the iron broom L. Trotsky" (History of the USSR. - Moscow, 1990. - 2. - S. 75-90) marked the beginning of rehabilitation of Nestor Makhno in historical scholarship and public consciousness.
Since 1985, Savchenko has taught history and sociology at universities in Odessa. In 1995-1996 he worked at the Ukrainian Institute. Shevchenko (Paris) Associate Professor of the Odessa University of Internal Affairs and professor of sociology (2002).
He became the head of the Odessa organization All-Ukrainian Party "Cathedral" (2000-2001), the All-Ukrainian Party of Peace and Unity (since 2002, deputy chairman of the party since 2006). He was nominated to the Supreme Rada (1995) and worked in political PR.
As a public figure, Savchenko leads the "Association of European culture" (2000) and scientific Local History Society "Odessika" (since 2009). Since 1990, Savchenko has been working in the field of journalism.
He authored 320 articles that were published in the Weekly Peak Politics and Culture (Kiev), Passage Alliance (Odessa) and others in the newspaper Russian idea (Paris), 'Ukrains'ke word (Paris), Bulletin of the region, South, Word, Chernomorsk News, Porto-Franco (Odessa) and others is the co-author of the modern coat of arms of Odessa (1999).
He edits the literary anthology Southwestern ART and is the chief editor of a history and local lore scientific almanac" In 2000, Savchenko began his writing career as a publicist.
He is a member of the Writer's Union of Ukraine.

## Works

Savchenko authored or co-authored 19 books:

### Screenplays and Consultant on historical issues, TV films

* "Who killed Kotovs'kogo" (RTR, 2004),
* "Skoropadsky", "Adventurers of the Civil War", "Kotovsky", "as was done in Odessa" ( Channel 5, Russia)
* "Legends of the gangster Odessa" 48 episodes (NTN, 2008),
* Painter teleser ala "Kill Stalin (UMG, 2009).
* "We Poshuk істини (Kotovsky, Jap, Блюмкін, Рейлі, Ostap Bender) (STB. 2007-2009)
* "Labyrinths of History" (URA - Studio, Odessa, 2009)
* "Makhno" (UT-1. 2008)
# Pinerolo Cathedral

Pinerolo Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Pinerolo; Cattedrale di San Donato) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Pinerolo, Piedmont, Italy, dedicated to Saint Donatus of Arezzo.
It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Pinerolo.