OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alexander Smakula

Alexander Smakula (Ukrainian: Олександр Теодорович Смакула) (1900 in Dobrovody, Austria-Hungary, today Ukraine – 17 May 1983 in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA) was a Ukrainian physicist known for the invention of anti-reflective lens coatings based on optical interference.

## Biography

Smakula was born to a peasant family in Dobrovody village, Austria-Hungary (today Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine). After finishing his studies at the Ternopil gymnasium he applied to the University of Göttingen from which he graduated in 1927. Afterwards he worked as an assistant of Prof. Robert Pohl. After his short stay at Odessa University, Smakula returned to Germany as head of an optics laboratory in Heidelberg. From 1934 he worked at the Carl Zeiss AG company in Jena. While at Zeiss, in 1935, Smakula invented and patented interference-based optical anti-reflective coatings, a significant advance in optical technology. The patent mentions practically almost no light absorbing organic and inorganic materials can be used for such coatings. These coatings remained a German military secret for several years, until the Allies discovered the secret during World War II. During World War II, Smakula collaborated with the Nazi regime and worked on infrared guidance for missiles. After the end of World War II Smakula went to the US with other German physicists, where he first worked in Virginia investigating materials for infrared technology. In 1951 he was offered a professorship at MIT, where he mainly did research into crystalline materials. Olexander Smakula died on May 17, 1983, and is buried in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA.
# ASV Berlin

ASV Berlin :
| Founded | 1908 |
| Arena | Ravené-Halle (500-1000) |
| Team History | ASV Berlin (1908–present) |
| Team Colors | Green, White |
| Bundesliga | 0 |
| German Cup | 0 |
| SuproLeague | 0 |
| Euroleague | 0 |
| Cup Winners' Cups (Saporta Cup) | 0 |
| Korac Cup | 0 |
| Owner | no data |
| Head coach | Liviu Negrita |
| Assistant coach | |
ASV Berlin is a prominent local German basketball club based in Berlin, and is also known as Allgemeiner Sportverein Moabit.
* This article about a basketball team in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Sutham Sangprathum

Sutham Sangprathum (Thai: สุธรรม แสงประทุม, born October 26, 1953) is a Thai politician of the Thai Rak Thai Party. He was deputy minister of the Ministry of Interior from 2004 to 2005.
He received a BA in Law at Chulalongkorn University and an MBA at Kasetsart University. Before becoming Deputy Interior Minister, he was the Minister of University Affairs of Thailand and Vice President of the National Assembly of Thailand.
# CSV Olympia 1897

Charlottenburger Sport Verein Olympia 1897 is a German association football club from the district of Charlottenburg in the city of Berlin, formed following a 1992 merger with BFC Olympia 1953 Berlin. One of the city's earliest football clubs, SC des Westens 97 Berlin, is now part of CSV Olympia.

## History

Sport-Club des Westens 97 Berlin was established 3 October 1897 and in 1902 was joined by Charlottenburger FC Triton 1898. The team was part of the Märkischer Fußball-Bund and enjoyed its greatest success in the 1908–09 season when they finished as runners-up to FC Tasmania 1900 Rixdorf in a season-ending match that went into several overtime periods before Tasmania won 4:3 after three hours of play.
On 22 June 1912, the club merged with Westender Fußball und Cricket Club Hamburg 1896 to form Sportliche Vereinigung des Westens 1897 Charlottenburg before readopting its original name on 1 July 1914. A forced merger under the Nazi regime in 1933 with Charlottenburger SC Sparta 08 saw the formation of Westliche Spielvereinigung 1897 Berlin. The club disappeared in the aftermath of World War II before being reformed later in 1945 as SG Spandauer Berg and again taking on its original name on 20 April 1947. Throughout this period, Westens played as a lower tier local side.
Westens came briefly to note with a two season long turn in the Amateurliga Berlin (III) in 1971–73. After finishing 15th in their debut season, they were relegated after a 17th-place result.
On 22 June 1979, the club joined with DJK SV Charlottenburg to form Charlottenburger SV 1897. DJK SV was first established on 20 June 1911, before disappearing in the Nazi purge of faith-based and workers' clubs in 1935. It was then newly reformed on 20 June 1950. Finally, on 8 May 1992, Charlottenburger fused with BFC Olympia 1953 Berlin to create present-day club Charlottenburger SV Olympia 97. Partner Olympia was established 1 August 1953 and within a month had joined Charlottenburger TSV 1858. On 2 July 1959, the club was independent again as BFC Olympia Berlin.
Today, Charlottenburger SV Olympia 1897 plays in the Kreisliga A Berlin after promotion from the Kreisliga B in 2016.
# Adamantas

Adamantas (Greek: Αδάμαντας, older form Αδάμας, from the Greek αδάμας adamas 'diamond') is the harbour town of Milos island. It has a population of 1,268 people (2021).
Highlights include the French cemetery, used in the years of the Crimean war; the 600-year-old church of the Holy Trinity; the Milos Mining Museum; and the Maritime Museum.
Adamantas is the cultural and commercial centre of the island.
# Roland Bartholomew

Roland Bartholomew (15 January 1915 – 8 December 1991) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside left.

## Career

Born in Great Harwood, Bartholomew grew up in Manchester and played for North Manchester Secondary School and Urmston Old Boys. He signed amateur forms for Leeds United in 1934, but never played a first-team game for the club. He moved from Leeds United to Bradford City in May 1935; he moved from Bradford City to Grimsby Town in June 1938. For Bradford City, he made 100 appearances in the Football League, scoring 14 goals; he also scored 7 goals in 10 FA Cup appearances. He played in every League game of the 1936–37 season for Bradford City. Bartholomew scored four goals in 12 League appearances for Grimsby Town, before World War Two ended his career.

## Sources

* Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City A Complete Record 1903-1988. Breedon Books Sport. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.
# Demetros of Amhara

Demetros was a military commander under several Emperors, from Yohannes I to Tewoflos. He was regarded as a founder of a local dynasty in his native Merhabete, from where he initiated wars of reconquest of Shewan territories against the Oromos. Under Iyasu I he was elevated to the governorship (Sahafe Lam) of Shewa.

## Biography
### Background

Of Amhara lineage, Demetros was a native from the Shewan district of Merhabete. While most of Shewa was conquered by the Oromo invasions, Christian communities survived in his homeland of Merhabete. There were unbroken links with the empire, and the Christian regeneration took place well before the better known case of the Menz dynasty of his Shewan Amhara contemporary, Negasi Krestos.

### Lasta campaign

In December 1679, after months of tensions between the crown and the region of Lasta, Emperor Yohannes I launched an punitive expedition into Lasta. On the 7th day of the campaign, the imperial forces were hindered by unfavorable weather conditions. Detached from the imperial army by the order of his majesty, dejazmach Demetros destroyed a fortress in Dabot, seizing glory that day.
On the 8th day, Demetros further distinguished himself by taking a mountain settlement called Maskot, which previous emperors and commanders failed to conquer.

### Conflict against the Oromos - 1684

In 1684, the Edju Oromos invaded Amhara, dejazmach Demetros fought alongside Emperor Iyasu I to expel them. The enemy were caught in a narrow defile, from each end of which they were attacked and slain in large numbers.

### 1690's

Throughout the 1690s Demetros was a close confidant of Iyasu I, helping plan attacks on the Oromos and participating in Iyasu's campaigns. By 1693 he held the title of Sahafe Lam of Shewa. By the end of the decade, however, he had lost favour at Iyasu's court. In March 1699, at the conclusion of yet another campaign against the Oromo, Iyasu stripped Demetros of his appointment as Sahafe Lam of Shewa, and reduced his territorial control to his homeland, the district of Merhabete.
# Redikor

Redikor (Russian: Редикор) is a rural locality (a selo) in Cherdynsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 201 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Redikor is located 31 km south of Cherdyn (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bolshaya Anikovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# D. Jacob Davies

D. Jacob Davies (5 September 1916 – 11 February 1974) was a Welsh Unitarian minister who became a prominent figure within Welsh public life and within his denomination in Wales and beyond.

## Early life

Jacob Davies was born on 5 September 1916 at Penlon, Tregroes, near Llandysul, one of the five children of David and Mary Davies. He was educated at Tregroes Primary School before earning a scholarship to Llandysul Grammar School in 1929, where he remained until 1936. He then became a student at Carmarthen Presbyterian College to prepare for the Unitarian ministry. After some years in Carmarthen he became minister of the Capel Bach, the Unitarian chapel in Aberystwyth, where he enrolled as a student at the University and graduated in 1945.

## Hen-Dy-Cwrdd

Although Davies had intended to study for an MA degree, he received a call to minister the Unitarian churches at Highland Place, Aberdare and Hen-Dy-Cwrdd, Trecynon. The latter was the oldest nonconformist place of worship in the Aberdare Valley. As well as his duties as a minister, Davies played a wider role in the life of Aberdare, including supporting the movement to establish a Welsh-medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Aberdar.

## Return to Cardiganshire

In 1957, Jacob Davies returned to his native area to minister the three Unitarian churches at Alltyblacca; Capel y Bryn, Cwrtnewydd and Cwmsychbant. He remained there until his death in 1974.
Davies was an active broadcaster, writer and journalist, and edited the Unitarian journal, Yr Ymofynnydd. He was an active campaigner for pensioners' rights and the Pensioner of Wales from 1955 until 1973. He was in demand to preside at the National Eisteddfod of Wales and the Llangollen International Eisteddfod. Politically, Davies supported Plaid Cymru, and unsuccessfully stood as a candidate in the inaugural Dyfed County Council election in 1973. He finished fourth with 21% of the vote.
Together with these various activities, Davies was prominent in his denomination beyond Wales and at the time of his death was President of the General Unitarian Assembly.

## Death

Davies died suddenly on 11 February 1974. He was buried four days later at Bwlchydadfa Cemetery, Talgarreg.
# Aromanian diaspora

The Aromanian diaspora (Aromanian: Diaspora armãneascã) is any ethnically Aromanian population living outside its traditional homeland in the Balkans. The Aromanians are a small Balkan ethnic group living scattered throughout Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Historically, they also used to live in other countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, although they have ever since been assimilated.
Much of the Aromanian diaspora originates from the village of Moscopole. Formerly, Moscopole was an important city and one of the biggest in the Balkans, being rivaled only by Istanbul within the European Ottoman Empire. However, it was destroyed in 1788 by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. Many Aromanians were murdered or enslaved, and many left Moscopole and went to other parts of the Balkans, founding settlements such as Kruševo (Crushuva), but also leaving the region and going to places like Budapest (now in Hungary), Vienna (in Austria) or what is now Italy.
As a result of this, in the 19th century, Budapest and Vienna became gathering points for the Aromanian diaspora. These Aromanians began to publish texts in their native language and promoted the Aromanian language and culture. The Aromanian diaspora in these cities stands out for being one of the first Aromanian populations of which some of their members developed a strictly Aromanian identity. Some important Aromanian figures from Austria and Hungary of this epoch are Mihail G. Boiagi, Gheorghe Constantin Roja and Constantin Ucuta. The Aromanian diaspora here also came into contact with the also Romance-speaking Romanian national movement in Transylvania (which also was part of Austria or Austria-Hungary at the time), which may have impulsed them into their actions.
Additionally, before, despite being a mostly Aromanian cultural center, Moscopole was also notably Greek-speaking and was influenced by Greek culture. Because of this, many individuals usually considered part of the Greek diaspora in Austria and Hungary were in fact Hellenized ethnic Aromanians. Additionally, some Aromanians from these places opposed the Greek influence over the Aromanians, with Roja accusing the "new Greeks" that "how could they dare to separate my people and those at the other side of the Danube". He also considered the Romanians as "our own brothers".
Today, the Aromanian diaspora engages in important actions for the preservation of their culture. Those in for example Hungary are long assimilated, but some in Australia, Canada, France, Germany and the United States have founded Aromanians cultural organizations with the aim of promoting Aromanian culture, identity and language. Some examples are the Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians (France), the Union for Aromanian Language and Culture (Germany) and the Society Farsharotu (United States).
# Olympiade Mathématique Belge

The Olympiade Mathématique Belge (English: Belgian Mathematical Olympiad; OMB) is a mathematical competition for students in grades 7 to 12, organised each year since 1976. Only students from the French community participate, Dutch-speaking students can compete in the Vlaamse Wiskunde Olympiade.
The competition is split up in three age categories:
* Mini-Olympiade for grades 7 and 8
* Midi-Olympiade for grades 9 and 10
* Maxi-Olympiade for grades 11 and 12
Among the participants, three are selected to represent Belgium in the International Mathematical Olympiad, together with three students selected through the Vlaamse Wiskunde Olympiade.
These three participants are chosen through a series of contests. The first round is the « éliminatoire » in which anyone who is eligible to participate in their own category can. Out of these students, about 10% of the highest scoring ones are selected to participate in the « demi-finale ». In this round, a similar multiple choice test (almost identical in layout to the first round) is given to the contestants. Out of the top-scorers from this round, participants are invited to take part in the « finale ». In this final test, 4 or 5 questions are given (instead of 30) and the answers and reasoning must be thoroughly explained. Finally, some promising students, from this final test, are then picked to attend a maths camp at which the 3 imo team members shall be selected.
# White mullet

The white mullet or silver mullet (Mugil curema) is a tropical and subtropical marine fish of the family Mugilidae. It is commonly about 30 cm (12 in) long.
Note that silver mullet is also a common name used for fantail mullet (Mugil trichodon).

## Distribution and habitat

The white mullet is an Atlantic and Pacific fish mainly found on American coasts. In the Western Atlantic it ranges from Argentina to Cape Cod and rarely even up to Nova Scotia. In the Eastern Atlantic it occurs from Namibia to Senegal, and in the Eastern Pacific from Chile to the Gulf of California.
The white mullet is found along sandy coasts and in littoral pools, but also occurs in brackish lagoons and estuaries on muddy substrates and sometimes even in rivers. Juveniles in particular invade estuaries and coastal lagoons. Adults occur in schools.

## Atlantic USA

In the US, owing to their small size (less than 12 in (300 mm)), white mullet are primarily used for bait. In some parts of Florida and southern Alabama, they are occasionally eaten in the place of the much larger striped mullet (or flathead mullet) (Mugil cephalus). Adult white and striped mullet consume the mud found on the bottom of estuarine waters, digesting the algae, plankton, and plant and animal detritus therein. These mullet are unique in having a muscular gizzard. They are an important part of the ecologies of estuarine and coastal waters of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of America.
# Come to the Blue Adriatic

Come to the Blue Adriatic (German: Komm mit zur blauen Adria) is a 1966 Spanish-West German comedy film directed by Lothar Gündisch and starring Dietmar Schönherr, Hannelore Auer and Gustavo Rojo. In Spain it was known as The Red Bikini (Spanish: El bikini rojo).
Although set on the Adriatic Sea, it was actually shot on the Costa del Sol around Málaga.

## Cast

* Dietmar Schönherr as Walter Thomas
* Hannelore Auer as Ingrid
* Gustavo Rojo as Sr. Hernández
* Maria Brockerhoff as Renate
* Margitta Scherr as Tina
* Thomas Alder as Heribert Kindlein
* Ruth Stephan as Frl. Habicht
* Fritz Benscher as Hugo Becker
* Uschi Mumoth as Lilo
* Hannelore Hartline as Helen
* Sadie Mertzger as Katja
* Johanna König as Frl. Schnebeli
* Manfred Schnelldorfer as Joachim
* Vivi Bach as Sängerin
* Roy Etzel as Trompeter
# Zaitegi

Zaitegi (Spanish: Záitegui) is a hamlet and concejo located in the municipality of Zigoitia, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. During the Middle Ages, a castle [es] was built in a nearby summit, a chapel stands at its former location.
# Ahlainen

Ahlainen (Swedish: Vittisbofjärd) is a former municipality in the province of Satakunta, Finland. It was annexed with the city of Pori in 1972. The population of Ahlainen was 2,445 in 1971.
The estimated population in 2022 was 339. But during the summer, the population is said to double when residents return to the village.

## History

The people of Huittinen originally held the area as hunting grounds, reflected in the Swedish name Vittisbofjärd. The village and inlet called Keikvesi are named after Keikyä, originally a part of Huittinen. Soon after Satakunta became part of Sweden, the area of Ahlainen and Merikarvia was settled by Swedes. Ahlainen was first mentioned in 1427 when it was a part of the Ulvila parish. It became a chapel community in 1736. Noormarkku was subordinate to the chapel community of Ahlainen until 1861 when Noormarkku became an independent parish, after which Ahlainen and Pomarkku were subordinated to it. Ahlainen eventually became a separate parish in 1908.
In the 17th century, Ahlainen was predominantly Swedish-speaking. By the 18th century, the proportion of Finnish-speakers had grown in the area. During the 19th century, Finnish had become the majority language, and most Swedes knew how to speak Finnish. Local priests began to oppose the use of Swedish in the church in the 1860s, believing that the local dialect was "distorted" compared to standard Swedish. There were 476 Swedish-speakers (out of 3,618 people) living in Ahlainen according to an 1885 census, while a census in 1960 only found one Swedish-speaker out of 2,984 people.
Ahlainen was consolidated with the town of Pori in 1972. The parish was also merged into the Pori parish.
# Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Cathedral, Sonsón

Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Cathedral (Spanish: Catedral de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá) is a Roman Catholic cathedral situated in the city of Sonsón, Colombia. The present cathedral was built to replace the original destroyed by an earthquake in 1962.

## History

The Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Cathedral, also called Sonsón Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral under the patronage of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá. The church is situated on the side of the main square (Ruiz Zapata) of the municipality and city of Sonsón, Antioquia, Colombia. It is one of the bishoprics of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonsón–Rionegro, together with the co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Great, and the Marian shrine in Rionegro.
The current building is contemporary in design and replaced the previous Romanesque-Gothic style granite building, which was demolished after a strong earthquake on July 30, 1962, caused it serious damage.
To carry out the reconstruction of the new temple, the Pro-Cathedral Board was formed to manage the project, taking into account that the selected design was highly avant-garde and dissonant with the traditional environment of the town. One of the promoters of the board for the reconstruction of the temple was the journalist, writer, and merchant Néstor Botero Goldsworthy.
# Machinak

Machinak (Persian: مچينك, also Romanized as Machīnak; also known as Mīchīnak and Mīchītak) is a village in Bayat Rural District, Nowbaran District, Saveh County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 121, made up of 38 families.
# POINT Foundation (environment)

The POINT Foundation was a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco and founded by Stewart Brand and Dick Raymond. It published works related to the Whole Earth Catalog, an American magazine and product catalog. It was also a co-owner of The WELL.
# Khak Mardan

Khak Mardan (Persian: خاكمردان, also Romanized as Khāk Mardān and Khākmardān; also known as Khaimar Dan, Khaymardan, and Kheymardan) is a village in Qarah Su Rural District, in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 650, in 141 families.
# Marichgan

Marichgan (Persian: مريچگان) is a village in, and the capital of, Radkan Rural District of Radkan District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Radkan, now a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 198 in 51 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 111 people in 31 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 233 people in 67 households.
In 2019, the rural district was separated from the district in the establishment of Radkan District.