OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Semiz Mehmed Pasha

Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1596 – July 1646) was an Ottoman grand vizier and a descendant of Suleiman the Magnificent.

## Biography

He was born in 1596. His father, Sultanzade Abdurrahman Bey, was a son of Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan, daughter of Rustem Pasha and Mihrimah Sultan. His mother was Ayşe Hanım, daughter of Saliha Hanımsultan, sister of Abdurrahman, and Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha. He was a great-great-grandson of Suleiman the Magnificent and Hurrem Sultan. For this, he was nicknamed Sultanzade (lit. Sultan's descendant), although he had not really right to the title, since it was reserved for the sons of the Sultan's daughters or the sons of the Şehzade princes' daughters.

## Early years

In 1637, he was appointed as the governor of Egypt. Three years later, during the reign of Ibrahim, he returned to Istanbul as a vizier in the Ottoman divan. In 1641, he was appointed as the governor of Özü (modern Ochakiv in Ukraine) and tasked with capturing the fort of Azak (modern Azov in Russia), which had recently been lost to the Cossacks. He was successful in recapturing the fort. In 1643, he was appointed as the governor of Damascus (in modern Syria). This appointment was probably due to the secret power struggle between him and the grand vizier, Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha.

## Grand Vizier

In 1644, he succeeded the grand vizier Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha, who was executed. Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha was a victim of palace intrigues and a hodja quack named Djindji Khodja. Well aware of the hodja's influence on the sultan and the tragedy of the previous grand vizier, he was too cautious in governance and became an ineffective grand vizier. He became a yes man of the sultan. According to Lord Kinross, one day the sultan asked why he never opposed any opinion, to which he replied, "Every opinion of the sultan has a deep aphorism even if subjects are unable to understand." Although he was against declaring war on the Republic of Venice, his cautious objections were not taken into consideration and the Cretan War (1645–1669) soon began in 1645, which was financially disastrous to both sides.

## Later years

Sultan Ibrahim deposed him in 1645 and sent him to Crete, the theatre of the recently started war, as the commander of the army (Turkish: serdar). Shortly thereafter he died of natural causes.
# Eshel HaNasi

Eshel HaNasi (Hebrew: אֵשֶׁל הַנָּשִׂיא, lit. Tamarisk of the President) is a youth village in southern Israel. Located between Beersheba and Ofakim, it falls under the jurisdiction of Merhavim Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 309.

## History

A school was established on the site in 1951, and took its name from the tamarisk trees that grow in the region, and from the title of the President of Israel, in honor of Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann. Taken together, the name means "Tamarisk of the President."
The following year an agricultural school and youth village were founded on the site, taking the name of the original school. Today it contains a boarding school and a high school teaching around 1,500 pupils from 7th to 12th grade.
# Cerro Veronese

Cerro Veronese (Cimbrian: kame Cire; Venetian: El Sèro) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Venice and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Verona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,274 and an area of 10.2 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi). It is part of the Thirteen Communities, a group of villages which historically speak the Cimbrian language.
Cerro Veronese borders the following municipalities: Bosco Chiesanuova, Grezzana, and Roverè Veronese.

## Celebrations
### Sant'Osvaldo

Cerro people used to celebrate their saint protector, Saint Oswald, every 5 August with a religious ceremony in the main church. In addition, the celebration lasts a pair of days with local food stands (in particular typical salami and cheese) and popular fairs.

### Fragolosa

Also known as Festa della fragola (Strawberry festival), it's the most important event concerning a typical fruit of the zone, strawberry (in Italian fragola). It's the most awaited celebration after Giocondo's death. Fragolosa is mainly celebrated on the second weekend of July and it's one week long. A lot of stands are exposed, especially in the Piazza Alferia, the largest square of the town.
# Canarian wrestling

Canarian Wrestling is a form of folk wrestling, originally from the Canary Islands, where it is known as Lucha Canaria.

## Description

Wrestlers start in the middle of a sand circle, called terrero. The aim is to make their opponent touch the sand with any part of their body, except the feet. To accomplish this, they use different techniques called mañas to throw their opponent off balance. Two falls are required to win a bout. A match ends when all the members of one team have been defeated.

## History

Canarian wrestling comes from the history of the Guanches, the earliest known natives of the Canary Islands, although with limited contact between the islands, each island then developed different rules.
In 1420, shortly after the Spanish conquest, Alvar García de Santa María first recorded the wrestling techniques, including the use of referees, or hombres de honor (men of honor). Only some of these early rules and techniques have survived to modern times. After the conquest, the sport became part of the islands’ folklore, only usually being fought at celebrations or local festivals.
The rules were first laid down in 1872, making it one of the earliest defined forms of wrestling. In the 1940s several provincial federations were formed, leading to formation of the Federación Española de Lucha in 1984. As it needs a sand circle, lucha is usually fought on special pitches, and important matches, particularly inter-island contests, are covered by local Canarian TV.

## Techniques

Mañas, moves, or series of moves, can be divided in three groups. Punching, hitting and strangling is not permitted.
* Grasping: The wrestler may grasp any part of the opponent's body to try to un-balance and knock down the opponent.
* Block: The wrestler can block a move by his opponent, and use his strength to un-balance his opponent.
* Deflect: The wrestler can move his body to deflect a move by his opponent, and use the opponent's strength to un-balance him.
# Abu Raita al-Takriti

Abu Raita al-Takriti (Arabic: حبيب ابن خدمة أبو رائطة التكريتي, Ḥabīb ibn Khidma Abū Rāʾiṭa l-Takrītī), was a 9th-century Syriac Orthodox theologian and apologist.

## Biography

Little is known about Abu Raita's life, and although some sources portray him as a bishop of Tikrit there is no contemporary evidence to support this. Abu Raita referred to himself as a "teacher" (Classical Syriac: ܡܠܦܢܐ malfono). It appears that his reputation as a theologian made him so well known that he was recalled to defend his fellow non-Chalcedonian co-religionists in Armenia.
Armenian tradition mentions that Abu Raita was recalled by the prince Ashot Msaker to defend the miaphysite against the Melkite teachings of Theodore Abū Qurra who was on a missionary activity in Armenia. Abu Raita was unable to travel to Armenia but sent his relative Archdeacon Nonnus of Nisibis with a letter defending his doctrine. Another story has Abu Raita personally engaging in a debate with Abu Qurra and the East Syriac metropolitan Abdishu ibn Bahriz.
It is possible that his name appears as "Ibn Rabita" in a list of translators of scientific and philosophical works to Arabic provided by Ibn al-Nadim.
He probably died in Tikrit no later than 830 A.D.

## Works

Abu Raita's writings are mainly Dialectical aimed at providing answers to questions asked about Christian doctrines. He relies heavily on Christian scriptures and apologetic methods coupled with principles of Hellenistic philosophy. His methods became highly regarded by later Christian apologetics in the Middle East.
Despite not quoting from the Quran or the Hadith, Abu Raita's writings show deep knowledge of Islam.
# Gümüşköy Geothermal Power Plant

The Gümüşköy Geothermal Power Plant (Turkish: Gümüşköy Jeotermal Elektrik Santralı) is an air-cooled Organic Ranking Cycle (ORC) system geothermal power plant located at Gümüşköy village of Germencik district in Aydın Province, Turkey. The power plant feeds from the 182 °C Gümüşköy Geothermal Reservoir, which was discovered with the GK-1 geothermal well in October 2008.
The power plant has a gross installed power capacity of 13.20 MW divided in two units and uses two Ormat, Israel manufactured units for energy generation. Annual production is 108.24 GWh gross. The systems also feeds a CO$_2$ purification and production plant having a 12-ton daily production capacity.

## Gümüşköy Geothermal Reservoir

The Gümüşköy Geothermal Reservoir was discovered by BM Geothermal Group in 2008, as the first private sector high enthalpy geothermal discovery in Turkey. The reservoir is a lithologically capped hydrothermal system with three layers of reservoirs underlying one another.
The first reservoir is located between 100- and 400-meter depths, with an average temperature of 100 °C. The second (interim) reservoir is located between 800- and 1400-meter depths, with an average temperature of 150 °C. The final reservoir is located around 2,000-meter depths with an average temperature of 180 °C.
The Gümüşköy Geothermal Power Plant produces from and re-injects into the interim and the bottom reservoirs.

## Geothermal fluid production

Full capacity operation requires 740 tons per hour of geothermal brine from the reservoir. The geothermal fluid is supplied from a total of 4 production wells, GK-1, GK-3, GK-7 and GK-9. Re-injection of the fluid into the reservoir is realized through two re-injection wells, R-GK-4 and R-GK-6. A third, temporary re-injection well R-GK-1 is kept standby at the power plant site.
Two production wells yielding a total of 450 tons per hour geothermal fluid are already completed. The production well GK-1 blows steam since January 2011.
# Juego del palo

Juego del palo or banot (Spanish pronunciation:, game of the stick; Guanche: banod) is a traditional martial art/folk sport of stick-fighting practiced in the Canary Islands. It involves the combative use of a slender stick from 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) long, wielded in both hands, and characterised by fluid motion in attacks and defences.

## History

Though similar stick fighting techniques are present in the Iberian peninsula (e.g. Portuguese and Galician jogo do pau), the origins of juego del palo may be traced back to the Guanches, the indigenous people of the Canary Islands in pre-colonial times during the early 15th century. A Spanish engineer named Leonardo Torriani wrote a history of the Canary Islands in 1590 and included a record of early juego del palo, accompanied by an illustration of two Guanche warriors performing a type of ritual combat with short staves in a small arena. Torriani wrote;
   "When two Canarians went to duel, they met at a special place established for this purpose. It was a small enclosure with a level, raised stone platform at each end. To begin, they each stood upon a platform, armed with three of the smooth throwing stones they call tahuas, and also with the stick called magodo or amodeghe. Then they dodged the stones as they were thrown, skillfully twisting their bodies without moving their feet. Next, they stepped down and fenced with the staves, each one trying to gain advantage over the other, as is our custom also."
The art has been maintained through to the present day, undergoing a particular renaissance during the 1970s as part of a general effort to maintain native Canarian folk traditions. It bears resemblance to the Portuguese martial art jogo do pau and the Venezuelan form juego del garrote.
Juego del palo is now a popular sports activity in the Canaries and has been the subject of considerable academic interest as well, with a number of professional conferences having been held at local universities to investigate the history, culture, and technique of the art.

## Description

This may be described as a form of stick fencing between two players that is characterized by the spontaneous interplay of attacking techniques and defense techniques. No protective equipment is worn in traditional juego del palo; safety is maintained through the skilled control of attacks, which are restrained rather than being made with full force upon the opponent's body.

## Styles

Juego del palo is divided into a number of specific styles or local traditions that have been developed on particular islands within the archipelago, and/or by particular families. The nine primary styles practiced in modern juego del palo include (mostly named after founders of the styles): Deniz, Morales, Verga, Acosta, Quintero, Vidal, Confiero, juego del garrote ('game of the club') and juego de la lata ('game of the tin'). Each style is distinguished from the others by specific fighting techniques and strategies, and also by the rules under which it is played as a competitive game.
# Birkbeck Building

The Birkbeck Building is a four-storey office building in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a National Historic Site of Canada and is protected under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act since 1976 with an Ontario Heritage Trust easement on the property.

## History

It was built in 1908–10 for the Canadian Birkbeck Investment and Savings Company. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1986 as an example of a transitional building which combines historical style with modern technology. The Ontario Heritage Foundation restored it in 1987 to use for their offices. The Ontario Heritage Act designation notes that it was built for the Canadian Birkbeck Investment and Savings Company in 1908, designed by George W. Gouinlock. The City of Toronto designated the property in 1976 and the Ontario Heritage Trust holds an easement on the property since 1985. "This former financial building boasts an impressive marble lobby, manually operated elevator and beaux arts architecture. The Gallery, with a separate street-level entrance, has high ceilings, a second-storey mezzanine and an elegant staircase. The Birkbeck Room, located on the second floor, has original oak-trimmed windows, a dedicated foyer and cloakroom, as well as access to the Oval Boardroom."
# Robert McCann (mathematician)

Robert John McCann FRSC is a Canadian mathematician, known for his work in transportation theory. He has worked as a professor at the University of Toronto since 1998, and as Canada Research Chair in Mathematics, Economics, and Physics since 2020.

## Life and work

McCann was raised in Windsor, Ontario. He studied engineering and physics at Queen's University before graduating with a degree in math, and earned a PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in 1994. McCann was a Tamarkin Assistant Professor at Brown University from 1994, before joining the University of Toronto Department of Mathematics in the fall of 1998. He served as editor-in-chief of the Canadian Journal of Mathematics from 2007 to 2016, and again since 2022. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul in 2014. He was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012, of the Royal Society of Canada in 2014, of the Fields Institute in 2015 and of the Canadian Mathematical Society in 2020. In 2025 he received the Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics.
# Mihail Shkaratov

Mihail Škartov (1 February 1883 in Kavadarci – 25 June 1936 in Sofia) was a Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary, voivode of Veles and a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. He is considered an Ethnic Macedonian in North Macedonia.

## Biography

Mihail Shkartov was born in Kavadarci in 1884. He graduated from the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. He taught in the village of Dolni Poroy, today in Sintiki, Demirhisar and in Kavadarci. During his time as a teacher in Kavadarci he was elected a member of the District Revolutionary Committee of TMORO in 1904. In the same year he became illegal and acted as a komitadji under the leadership of Dobri Daskalov, and later in the band of Jane Sandanski. He participated in the campaign against Istanbul in 1908 led by Jane Sandanski in support of the Young Turk Revolution. After the formation of the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section) Shkaratov joined it. In 1911 he acted again as a voivoda in Veleško. He was one of the main organizers of the Tikvesh Uprising in 1913. After the Balkan wars he continued the anti-Serbian struggle in this area, where he awaited the Bulgarian occupation of Serbia.
After World War I he supported the Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization. In 1920 he was elected head of the Thessaloniki Revolutionary District, and was elected district voivoda. In 1924 he was appointed voivoda of Tikvesh County. He was one of the delegates to the Sixth Congress of the Organization in 1925. After the split in the organization in 1928, he joined the Protogerovist wing. At a meeting on July 20, 1928, Shkartov and other members of the leadership of the Protogerovist wing, decided to make an attempt to take over Ivan Ivan Mihailov's bases in Pirin Macedonia, which led to heavy fratricidal conflict. In 1930 he joined IMRO (United) and was elected a member of the Central Committee. Shkartov, together with Mihail Gerdzhikov, headed the national-revolutionary wing of the organization, which opposed the pro-communist faction. In 1931, on the orders of Vancho Mihailov and a promise that his life would be spared, he withdrew from revolutionary activity. He died in Sofia, Bulgaria 1936.
# Flag of Eswatini

The flag of Eswatini was adopted on 6 October 1968 after Eswatini (then known as Swaziland) gained independence from the British Empire one month before. The design by King Sobhuza II features a black and white shield, with a staff and two spears, on a field of blue, yellow, and red horizontal bands.

## History

The flag is based on the military flag given by King Sobhuza II to the Swazi Pioneer Corps in 1941 to remind them of the nation's military traditions. On 25 April 1967, the day the pledge of oath was taken by the king, the flag was hoisted for the first time. The College of Arms in London registered the flag on 30 October 1967. The first official hoisting of the flag was conducted on this day.

## Specifications

The flag is rectangular with length and breadth in a ratio of 3:2 respectively. The red stands for past battles, the blue for peace and stability, and the yellow for the resources of Eswatini. The central focus of the flag is a Nguni shield and two spears, symbolising protection from the country's enemies. Its colour is meant to show that white and black people live in peaceful coexistence in Eswatini.
The flag has five horizontal stripes — two blue stripes at the top and bottom while the center stripe is red, and two thin yellow stripes border the red stripe. On the red stripe is an ox hide combat shield from the traditional Swazi Emabutfo Regiment, laid horizontally. The shield is reinforced by a staff from which hangs injobo tassels — bunches of feathers of the widowbird and the lourie, which are only used by the king - and two assegais above it. In 2011, some versions of the flag began using black for the colour of the tassels to match the widowbirds’s natural colour.
The flag has a variant with lighter shades described by the government's visual identity manual and regularly used on the government's website and other social medias. Sometimes, a variant with black tassels, and white spears can also be seen during governmental press meetings and international affairs.

## Other flags

* Flag of Swaziland (c. 1890–1894)
* Flag of Swaziland (1894–1902)
* Royal standard of Eswatini
* Queen Mother standard of Eswatini
# Pridorozhny

Pridorozhny (Russian: Придорожный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Tatarobashmakovsky Selsoviet, Privolzhsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 164 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Pridorozhny is located 36 km southwest of Nachalovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Atal is the nearest rural locality.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Miarinarivo

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Miarinarivo (Latin: Miarinariven(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Miarinarivo in the ecclesiastical province of Antananarivo in Madagascar.

## History

* December 13, 1933: Established as Mission “sui iuris” of Miarinarivo
* May 25, 1939: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Miarinarivo
* September 14, 1955: Promoted as Diocese of Miarinarivo

## Bishops

* Vicar Apostolic of Miarinarivo (Roman rite)
** Bishop Ignazio Ramarosandratana (1939.05.25 – 1955.09.14); see below
* Bishops of Miarinarivo (Roman rite)
** Bishop Ignazio Ramarosandratana (1955.09.14 – 1957); see above
** Bishop Édouard Ranaivo (1958.06.24 – 1959.04.30)
** Bishop François Xavier Rajaonarivo (1960.04.05 – 1985.11.15)
** Bishop Armand Toasy (1987.07.03 – 1993.10.18)
** Archbishop Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra (Apostolic Administrator 1994.07 – 1998.02.14) (Cardinal later in 1994)
** Bishop Raymond Razakarinvony (1998.02.14 – 2007.02.15)
** Bishop Jean Claude Randrianarisoa (since 2007.02.15)

### Other priest of this diocese who became bishop

* Roger Victor Rakotondrajao, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Mahajanga in 2008
# Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics

The Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics is a $5000 prize awarded, every three years, for an outstanding contribution to "applied mathematics in the highest and broadest sense." It was endowed in 1967 in honor of Norbert Wiener by MIT's mathematics department and is provided jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and first issued in 1970. The recipient of the prize has to be a member of one of the awarding societies.

## Winners

* 1970: Richard E. Bellman
* 1975: Peter D. Lax
* 1980: Tosio Kato and Gerald B. Whitham
* 1985: Clifford S. Gardner
* 1990: Michael Aizenman and Jerrold E. Marsden
* 1995: Hermann Flaschka and Ciprian Foias
* 2000: Alexandre J. Chorin and Arthur Winfree
* 2004: James A. Sethian
* 2007: Craig Tracy and Harold Widom
* 2010: David Donoho
* 2013: Andrew Majda
* 2016: Constantine M. Dafermos
* 2019: Marsha Berger and Arkadi Nemirovski
* 2022: Eitan Tadmor
* 2025: Robert McCann
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Labuan Bajo

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Labuan Bajo (Latin: Dioecesis Portus Bajavensis) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, located in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. The diocese was split from Roman Catholic Diocese of Ruteng and was established on 21 June 2024. Its cathedral episcopal see is the Cathedral of The Holy Spirit in Labuan Bajo.

## History

The diocese was established on 21 June 2024, on territory split from Roman Catholic Diocese of Ruteng. Its erection was the result of the 3rd diocesan synod in Ruteng in 2021. All preparation was about to do. On 21 June 2024 The Holy See announced its erection and appointed Fr. Maximilianus Rex as its first bishop.

## Episcopal Ordinaries
### Suffragan Bishops

* Maximilianus Rex (2024-...)
# Abhilashi University

Abhilashi University (AU) is a private university located in Chailchowk, in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India. The university was established in 2015 by the Abhilashi Educational Society through the Abhilashi University (Establishment and Regulation) Act, 2014.

## Faculties

The university comprises the following faculties:
* Faculty of Agriculture
* Faculty of Ayurveda
* Faculty of Engineering & Management
* Faculty of Pharmacy
* Faculty of Humanities, Education & Basic Science

## Approval

Like all universities in India, AU is recognised by the University Grants Commission (India) (UGC), which has also sent an expert committee and accepted compliance of observations and deficiencies. The Abhilashi Ayurvedic College and Research Institute is approved by the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM).
The School of Pharmacy is approved by the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI).
The university is also a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU).