# Parco Sempione

Parco Sempione ("Simplon Park") is a large city park in the historic center of Milan, region of Lombardy, Italy. Established in 1888, and designed by Emilio Alemagna, it has an overall area of 38.6 hectares (95 acres), and it is located inside the Zone 1 administrative division.
The vaguely polygonal park is anchored to the southeast by grounds of the Sforza Castle and a linear axis leads in the northwest to the Arch of Peace. The perpendicular axis to these two landmarks is flanked on the northeast by the oval Arena Civica and in the southwest by the Palazzo dell'Arte ("Palace of Art"), built in 1933 to house the Fifth Triennale di Milano art and design exposition, and now a permanent museum, theater, and exhibition hall. Contemporary and near the Palazzo dell'Arte is the steel tower-spire Torre Branca, designed in 1933 by Gio Ponti as Tower Littoria (Lictor's Tower). Near the Arena, stands the public aquarium.

## History

Prior to the Sempione Park, this site formed the Visconti ducal park or "Barcho". This oak and chestnut woodland was enlarged and enclosed by the Sforza to encompass 3 million square meters in area. In addition to housing hunted game, exotic animals were also introduced by members of the house of Sforza.
By the 18th century, the land was in disuse, and in 1861 was partly used for agriculture. The current parkland was used for martial exercises and parades for the troops barracked in the Sforza Castle. During the Napoleonic era the architect Giovanni Antonio Antolini proposed the construction of the Foro Buonaparte or Bonaparte Forum, a large building complex around the castle. That was never completed, and instead the parade ground was transformed into a large lawn for civic use, adorned on the north-eastern side by the Arena, and on the north-western side by the Arch of Peace, starting point of the axis of the Sempione.
After the unification of Italy, the military use of the area ceased, and the city began to experience a demographic increase that required the construction of new neighbourhoods. A real estate company proposed redevelopping the castle area (which was expected to be demolished) and the parade ground, similar to what was done in the area of the hospital, but the proposal caused strong protests from the citizenship of Milan. This led to the development of a committee established to draw up the first urban regulatory plan, developed up by the engineer Cesare Beruto (the Beruto Plan). This plan, which initially included a partial incorporation of proposed building on the area, was modified several times and allocated the entire parade ground to a public garden. For the castle a restoration was planned, with the intention to create a destination for cultural uses.
The park, called "Parco Sempione", was built between 1888 and 1894 according to the project of architect Emilio Alemagna, providing avenues for carriages, a pond and a belvedere where the Biblioteca del Parco Sempione currently stands. The green was designed according to the romantic model of the English parks.

## Toponymy

It owes its name to Corso Sempione, a major thoroughfare of Milan, dating back to the Napoleonic Empire.

## Monuments and Sculptures

The park has accumulated an eclectic set of public art-works. Most were retained after their display in a recent Triennale exhibition:
* Teatro Continuo (1973): a prominent sculpture by Alberto Burri, dismantled in 1989, but restored and repositioned in its original location for Expo 2015.
* Accumulazione Musicale e Seduta (or amphitheater) (1972): architectural monument designed by Arman
* Equestrian Monument to Napoleone III: bronze statue by the sculptor Francesco Barzaghi, completed by 1881, but deemed controversial and not installed until 1927
* I Bagni Misteriosi (Mysterious Baths) (1973): Multicolor whimsical fountain with sculptures designed by Giorgio de Chirico
* Ponte delle Sirenette (Bridge of Mermaids): Pedestrian bridge designed by Francesco Tettamanzi and inaugurated in 1842 to span a canal (naviglio) located where now runs via Uberto Visconti di Modrone, and moved to the park in 1930.
* Chiosco Scultura (1973): abstract sculptural monument by Giorgio Amelio Roccamonte
* Feroce Equilibrio (Fierce Equilibrium) (1973): Steel abstract sculpture by Carlo Mo
* Public Library (1954): Display pavilion building from the X Triennial, converted to library.

## Communications

The whole area of the park is covered by a free wireless network.