# GLONASS (first-generation satellites)

GLONASS (Russian: ГЛОНАСС-М), also known as Uragan (Russian: Ураган) (GRAU Index 11F654) are the first generation of Uragan satellite used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, it had its debut launch on 12 October 1982, with the last launched unit on 25 December 2005 and the retirement of the last unit Kosmos 2403 on 30 April 2009. It has been superseded by the GLONASS-M (GRAU Index 11F654M), the second-generation satellites.

## Design

It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. It weighs 1,413 kg (3,115 lb) generates 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years, but it was extended to 5 years in later models. It had a strict requirement of keeping the internal temperature at ±1 °C. The previous design used an embedded liquid cooling system that weighted 340 kg (750 lb). The Uragan implemented a gaseous cooling system that put most of the heat generating parts on the outside of the pressure vessel, simplifying the system and weighing just 40 kg (88 lb).
The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to the close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for a single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in a single pass. The onboard computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode.
The payload consisted of 3 L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized. It transmits the FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF and L2SF. It uses 2 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 5x10$^{−13}$. And includes retroreflector for accurate orbit assessment by laser ranging.

## Versions

The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had an inferior expected design life of just 1 year. Throughout the years the design was gradually improved to last up to 5 years:
* Uragan Block I: First batch of 10 satellites. Only has an expected design life of 1 year, but averaged 14 months. Where launched between 1982 and 1985.
* Uragan Block IIa: Second batch of 9 satellites. Same design life as Block I, but averaged 17 months. Added new time and frequency standards and improved clock stability by an order of magnitude. Launched between 1985 and 1989.
* Uragan Block IIb: Third batch of 12 satellite. Had a 2-year design life time and averaged 22 months. Two launch failures meant that only 6 were operational. Launched between 1987 and 1988.
* Uragan Block IIv: The most numerous batch of the Uragan design, it had 56 units built and launched. The initial design life was 3 years but later enhancements on radiation hardening increased that to 5 years. Launched between 1988 and 2005.
* Uragan Block III: Transitional to GLONASS-M version with new flight control and power systems. This version was incorrectly named Uragan-M in a RIA Novosti news message issued days before the launch. When contacted by Novosti Kosmonavtiki magazine Roscosmos spokesman said all three launched satellites were first generation versions but one of them featured new upgraded flight control and power systems. The official design life was declared to be 5 years. Novosti Kosmonavtiki also pointed out the fact that GLONASS-M project had been approved on August 20, 2001, just three months before Kosmos 2382 launch. Only one Block III satellite with manufacturer number No.11L was produced.
Block I, II, and III nomenclature was introduced in Western publications. In Russian publications both Block I and II are known as 11F654 while Block III is known as 14F17.

## GLONASS launches

| Satellite | Launch (UTC) | Carrier rocket | Launch site | Satellite type | Launch Block No. | SC s/n | Orbital Plane | Slot | Retired | Remarks |
| Kosmos 1413 | 12 October 1982 14:57 | Proton-K DM-2 | Baikonur, 200/39 | I | 1 | 711 | I | 1 | 12 January 1984 |
| Kosmos 1490 | 10 August 1983 18:24 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | I | 2 | 712 | I | 3 | 5 July 1984 | |
| Kosmos 1491 | 10 August 1983 18:24 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | I | 2 | 713 | I | 2 | 27 September 1984 | |
| Kosmos 1519 | 29 December 1983 00:52 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 3 | 714 | III | 18 | 27 September 1984 | |
| Kosmos 1520 | 29 December 1983 00:52 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 3 | 715 | III | 17 | 30 June 1986 | |
| Kosmos 1554 | 19 May 1984 15:11 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 4 | 716 | III | 19 | 16 August 1985 | |
| Kosmos 1555 | 19 May 1984 15:11 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 4 | 717 | III | 18 | 25 October 1985 | |
| Kosmos 1593 | 4 September 1984 15:49 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 5 | 718 | I | 2 | 28 November 1985 | |
| Kosmos 1594 | 4 September 1984 15:49 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | I | 5 | 719 | I | 3 | 4 September 1986 | |
| Kosmos 1650 | 17 May 1985 22:28 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | I | 6 | 720 | I | 1 | 8 November 1985 | |
| Kosmos 1651 | 17 May 1985 22:28 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 6 | 721 | I | 1 | 9 August 1987 | |
| Kosmos 1710 | 24 December 1985 21:43 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 7 | 722 | III | 18 | 28 February 1987 | |
| Kosmos 1711 | 24 December 1985 21:43 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 7 | 723 | III | 17 | 16 May 1987 | |
| Kosmos 1778 | 16 September 1986 11:38 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 8 | 724 | I | 2 | 20 February 1987 | |
| Kosmos 1779 | 16 September 1986 11:38 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 8 | 725 | I | 3 | 15 July 1988 | |
| Kosmos 1780 | 16 September 1986 11:38 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 8 | 726 | I | 8 | 15 June 1988 | |
| Kosmos 1838 | 24 April 1987 12:42 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 9 | 730 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1839 | 24 April 1987 12:42 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 9 | 731 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1840 | 24 April 1987 12:42 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 9 | 732 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1883 | 16 September 1987 02:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 10 | 733 | III | - | 6 June 1989 | |
| Kosmos 1884 | 16 September 1987 02:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 10 | 734 | III | - | 30 August 1988 | |
| Kosmos 1885 | 16 September 1987 02:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIb | 10 | 735 | III | 17 | 1 February 1989 | |
| Kosmos 1917 | 17 February 1988 00:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 11 | 738 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1918 | 17 February 1988 00:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 11 | 737 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1919 | 17 February 1988 00:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 11 | 736 | | | N/A | Failed to reach correct orbit |
| Kosmos 1946 | 21 May 1988 17:57 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 12 | 739 | I | 7 | 10 May 1990 | |
| Kosmos 1947 | 21 May 1988 17:57 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 12 | 740 | I | 8 | 19 March 1991 | |
| Kosmos 1948 | 21 May 1988 17:57 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIb | 12 | 741 | I | 1 | 11 June 1991 | |
| Kosmos 1970 | 16 September 1988 02:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 13 | 742 | III | 17 | 21 May 1990 | |
| Kosmos 1971 | 16 September 1988 02:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 13 | 743 | III | 18 | 31 August 1989 | |
| Kosmos 1972 | 16 September 1988 02:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 13 | 744 | III | 19 | 1 November 1991 | |
| Kosmos 1987 | 10 January 1989 02:05 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIa | 14 | 727 | I | 2 | 14 March 1993 | |
| Kosmos 1988 | 10 January 1989 02:05 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 14 | 745 | I | 3 | 16 February 1992 | |
| Kosmos 2022 | 31 May 1989 08:32 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIa | 15 | 728 | III | 24 | 25 January 1990 | |
| Kosmos 2023 | 31 May 1989 08:32 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIa | 15 | 729 | III | 19 | 18 November 1989 | |
| Kosmos 2079 | 19 May 1990 08:32 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 16 | 746 | III | 17 | 23 April 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2080 | 19 May 1990 08:32 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 16 | 751 | III | 19 | 27 July 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2081 | 19 May 1990 08:32 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 16 | 752 | III | 20 | 18 August 1992 | |
| Kosmos 2109 | 8 December 1990 02:43 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 17 | 747 | I | 7 | 17 March 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2110 | 8 December 1990 02:43 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 17 | 748 | I | 4 | 29 October 1993 | |
| Kosmos 2111 | 8 December 1990 02:43 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/40 | IIv | 17 | 749 | I | 5 | 9 June 1996 | |
| Kosmos 2139 | 4 April 1991 10:47 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 18 | 750 | III | 22 | 29 September 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2140 | 4 April 1991 10:47 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 18 | 753 | III | 21 | 6 January 1992 | |
| Kosmos 2141 | 4 April 1991 10:47 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 18 | 754 | III | 24 | 26 February 1992 | |
| Kosmos 2177 | 29 January 1992 22:19 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 19 | 768 | I | 3 | 9 January 1993 | |
| Kosmos 2178 | 29 January 1992 22:19 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 19 | 769 | I | 8 | 23 May 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2179 | 29 January 1992 22:19 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 19 | 771 | I | 1 | 25 October 1996 | |
| Kosmos 2204 | 30 July 1992 01:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 20 | 756 | III | 18 | 27 June 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2205 | 30 July 1992 01:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 20 | 772 | III | 21 | 29 June 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2206 | 30 July 1992 01:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 20 | 774 | III | 24 | 18 May 1996 | |
| Kosmos 2234 | 17 February 1993 20:09 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 21 | 773 | I | 2 | 9 March 1994 | |
| Kosmos 2235 | 17 February 1993 20:09 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 21 | 759 | I | 6 | 30 June 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2236 | 17 February 1993 20:09 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 21 | 757 | I | 3 | 27 July 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2275 | 11 April 1994 07:49 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 22 | 758 | III | 18 | 5 March 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2276 | 11 April 1994 07:49 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 22 | 760 | III | 17 | 30 July 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2277 | 11 April 1994 07:49 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 22 | 761 | III | 23 | 24 July 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2287 | 11 August 1994 15:27 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 23 | 767 | II | 12 | 5 November 1998 | |
| Kosmos 2288 | 11 August 1994 15:27 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 23 | 770 | II | 14 | 24 August 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2289 | 11 August 1994 15:27 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 23 | 775 | II | 16 | 13 August 2000 | |
| Kosmos 2294 | 20 November 1994 00:39 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 24 | 762 | I | 4 | 4 September 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2295 | 20 November 1994 00:39 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 24 | 763 | I | 3 | 27 July 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2296 | 20 November 1994 00:39 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 24 | 764 | I | 6 | 27 October 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2307 | 7 March 1995 09:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 25 | 765 | III | 20 | 10 September 1999 | |
| Kosmos 2308 | 7 March 1995 09:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 25 | 766 | III | 22 | 21 November 2000 | |
| Kosmos 2309 | 7 March 1995 09:23 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 25 | 777 | III | 19 | 17 July 1997 | |
| Kosmos 2316 | 24 July 1995 15:52 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 26 | 780 | II | 15 | 3 December 1998 | |
| Kosmos 2317 | 24 July 1995 15:52 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 26 | 781 | II | 10 | 24 January 2001 | |
| Kosmos 2318 | 24 July 1995 15:52 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 26 | 785 | II | 11 | 3 February 2001 | |
| Kosmos 2323 | 14 December 1995 06:10 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 27 | 776 | II | 9 | 13 August 2000 | |
| Kosmos 2324 | 14 December 1995 06:10 | Proton-K//DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 27 | 778 | II | 15 | 29 January 2001 | |
| Kosmos 2325 | 14 December 1995 06:10 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 27 | 782 | II | 13 | 23 July 2001 | |
| Kosmos 2362 | 30 December 1998 18:35 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 28 | 786 | I | 7 | 20 October 2003 | |
| Kosmos 2363 | 30 December 1998 18:35 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 28 | 784 | I | 8 | 19 December 2003 | |
| Kosmos 2364 | 30 December 1998 18:35 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 28 | 779 | I | 1 | 8 July 2002 | |
| Kosmos 2374 | 13 October 2000 14:12 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 29 | 783 | III | 18 | 23 November 2007 | |
| Kosmos 2375 | 13 October 2000 14:12 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 29 | 787 | III | 17 | 16 April 2007 | |
| Kosmos 2376 | 13 October 2000 14:12 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 29 | 788 | III | 24 | 29 March 2006 | |
| Kosmos 2380 | 1 December 2001 18:04 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 30 | 790 | I | 6 | 19 December 2003 | |
| Kosmos 2381 | 1 December 2001 18:04 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 30 | 789 | I | 3 | 11 January 2008 | |
| Kosmos 2382 | 1 December 2001 18:04 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | III | 30 | 711 | I | 5 | 11 January 2008 | with upgraded flight control and power systems |
| Kosmos 2394 | 25 December 2002 07:37 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 31 | 791 | III | 22 | 30 November 2007 | |
| Kosmos 2395 | 25 December 2002 07:37 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 31 | 792 | III | 21 | 12 January 2008 | |
| Kosmos 2396 | 25 December 2002 07:37 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/23 | IIv | 31 | 793 | III | 23 | 16 April 2007 | |
| Kosmos 2402 | 10 December 2003 13:53 | Proton-K/Briz-M | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 32 | 794 | I | 2 | 20 April 2007 | |
| Kosmos 2403 | 10 December 2003 13:53 | Proton-K/Briz-M | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 32 | 795 | I | 4 | 30 April 2009 | |
| Kosmos 2411 | 26 December 2004 13:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 33 | 796 | I | 1 | 18 October 2008 | |
| Kosmos 2412 | 26 December 2004 13:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 200/39 | IIv | 33 | 797 | I | 8 | 16 October 2008 | |
| Kosmos 2417 | 25 December 2005 05:07 | Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur 81/24 | IIv | 34 | 798 | III | 22 | 12 January 2008 | |

### Satellites by version

| Version | Launched | Retired | Launch Failures |
| Uragan Block I | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| Uragan Block IIa | 9 | 9 | 0 |
| Uragan Block IIb | 12 | 6 | 6 |
| Uragan Block IIv | 56 | 56 | 0 |
| Uragan Block III | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 88 | 82 | 6 |