OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ivan Petrizhitsky-Kulaga

Ivan Petrizhitsky-Kulaga, also Petrazhytsky-Kaluha (Ukrainian:Іван Петражицький-Кулага; ca. 1570 – 1632) was a Cossack hetman in the years 1631–32. Seen as a supporter of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was stripped of his hetman position in an internal Cossack conflict and executed in 1632.

## Biography

Petrizhitsky-Kulaga was born around 1570 into a notable Cossack family. Little is known from his earlier years. He participated in the battle of Chocim (Khotyn) in 1621 and, later, in large scale Cossack expeditions against the Ottomans in 1628 and 1630.
Petrizhitsky-Kulaga succeeded the hetman Tymofii Orendarenko after the Cossack hetman election in 1631. He was seen as a supporter of Poland. Shortly after his election in 1631 he handed the Swedish diplomats l'Admiral and Des Greves, who attempted to negotiate with the Cossacks, to the Polish government.
He is remembered for submitting the Cossack petition at the election sejm of 1632. In this petition, the Cossacks requested that they, as warriors and defenders of the state, be given full political equality with the Polish nobility (szlachta). They also asked that the Cossacks be allowed to participate in the royal election. Not only did the Polish senators reject the petition, but in response to the Cossacks' describing themselves in the petition as the "limbs of the nation", they infamously replied that the Cossacks were like nails or hair that needs to be cut down.
That same year Petrizhitsky-Kulaga declared his support for the newly founded Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. His unpopular stance as a Polish loyalist and an internal power struggle among the Cossacks triggered a coup d'etat. He was accused of supporting the unpopular Uniate sect (see Union of Brest). His opponents, supported by bishop Isaia Kopynsky, elected a new hetman. Petrizhitsky-Kulaga himself was executed in Kiev later that year by other Cossacks and succeeded as hetman by Andrii Didenko.
# Biberstein Castle

Biberstein Castle (German: Schloss Biberstein) is a castle in the municipality of Biberstein in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

## History

The municipality of Biberstein, probably including the castle, is first mentioned in 1280 which indicates a late 13th century construction date. The castle was built for the Counts of Habsburg-Laufenburg. By 1319 Biberstein was listed as a town, though no town charter or market was mentioned. In 1335 the Habsburgs sold the castle and town to Rudolf von Büttikon who established a Knights Hospitaller commandry in the castle. After 1368 the Habsburgs attempted to secretly repurchase Biberstein Castle from the Knights by using a minor noble as a straw purchaser. However, the Knights refused an exchange or purchase. By 1399 the town of Biberstein was fortified with a ring wall.
In 1415 the city-state of Bern occupied part of Aargau including Biberstein, though the Knights continued to own and rule over the town and castle. During the Swabian War of 1499 Bernese troops occupied Biberstein Castle to protect their northern border. In 1527 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and began to suppress the monasteries in their lands. In the following year a Bernese vogt occupied the castle and administered the lands around Biberstein. The Knights protested, but in 1535 the commander of the Knights, Johann von Hattstein, was forced to sell the castle to Bern, which gave the city de jure ownership. The document selling the Knights' estates is the last time Biberstein was referred to as a town.
After 1535 the castle became the seat of one of the smallest vogtei in the Canton of Bern. In the period between 1535 and 1798 a total of 51 vogt ruled over the land. However, as one of the smallest and poorest vogtei, most office holders sought additional or other appointments as soon as possible. In 1587 the castle was gutted by a fire. A suspected witch, Elsa Schiblerin, was accused of causing the fire and burned at the stake. Over the next few years the castle was rebuilt by the city of Bern. The castle was rebuilt as a more comfortable home for the resident vogt. The Biberstein coat of arms was painted above the main gate in 1627 and in 1643 Hans Balthasar Fisch painted the Bernese coat of arms on the tower. A fire in 1784 threatened the castle, but a quick response limited the damage to the roof.
The 1798 French invasion and the Helvetic Republic swept away the old system of vogt and vogtei. With the creation of the Canton of Aargau in the 1803 Act of Mediation the three villages of the old vogtei; Biberstein, Küttigen and Erlinsbach, were combined into one municipality and the castle became the property of the new canton. The castle was renovated in 1889 and became a home for children. It became a home for mentally handicapped adults in 1987.

## Castle site

The castle sits on a tuff hill above the Aare river. Of the medieval castle, only portions of the outer wall and the foundations of the donjon remain. The remaining walls and castle structure generally date to the 16th century reconstruction or later renovation projects.
# Battle of Lillo

The Battle of Lillo was a naval battle that took place during the Eighty Years' War. A Dutch fleet under the command of Lodewijk van Boisot [nl] defeated a Spanish fleet at anchor between the fortresses of Lillo and Liefkenshoek [nl] near Antwerp. The Spanish lost ten ships which were captured by the Dutch.
# Bulgarian Communist Party – Marxists

Bulgarian Communist Party – Marxists (Bulgarian: Българска комунистическа партия – марксисти), abbreviated BCP-Marxists (Bulgarian: БКП-марксисти) is a communist party in Bulgaria, founded in 1990. The chairman of the Executive Committee of the party is Boris Petkov.
BCP-M took part in the 1991 parliamentary elections. It got 7663 votes (0.14%).
The BCP-M has close ties with the Workers' Party of Korea.
# Ceropegia dichotoma

Ceropegia dichotoma (Spanish: cardoncillo) is a flowering plant in the genus Ceropegia (Apocynaceae). It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it grows on Tenerife (Macizo de Anaga, Buenavista del Norte and Barranco del Infierno in Adeje), El Hierro, La Gomera, and La Palma in the Tabaibal-Cardonal zone at up to about 600 m altitude. It was first described in 1812.
It can grow up to 1.2 m in height, and is abundant in terrains with good drainage in grainy soil and plenty of sun and prolonged dry climate. The flowers are grouped from two to seven at the end of the trunk; each flower 3 cm long, tubular, pale yellow, with five narrow lobes joined at the tip; flowering is in autumn and winter. The fruit is a pair of large horn-shaped capsules up to 12 cm long.

## Uses

The plant is used as an ornamental plant in arid gardens. It requires hot conditions to grow well.
# Petrovsky District, Stavropol Krai

Petrovsky District (Russian: Петро́вский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Stavropol Krai, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Petrovsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the krai. The area of the district is 2,741 square kilometers (1,058 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Svetlograd. Population: 78,067 (2010 Census); 82,449 (2002 Census); 76,718 (1989 Census). The population of Svetlograd accounts for 49.3% of the district's total population.
# Ildus

Ildus (Russian: Ильдус; Bashkir: Илдус, İldus) is a rural locality (a village) in Starobaishevsky Selsoviet, Dyurtyulinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 41 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Ildus is located 32 km southeast of Dyurtyuli (the district's administrative centre) by road. Aygildino is the nearest rural locality.
# Phra kiao

Phra kiao (Thai: พระเกี้ยว), the Thai equivalent of the coronet, is a headgear traditionally worn by young princes and princesses. King Chulalongkorn adopted it as his personal emblem, as it coincided with the literal translation of his name.
When King Chulalongkorn founded the Royal Pages School, he granted permission for the Phra Kiao to be used as the school's cap badge and symbol. The school later became Chulalongkorn University, which has since inherited and retained the symbol's use.
The symbol is also used by several schools historically associated with King Chulalongkorn and the university, most notably Triam Udom Suksa School.
# Cooper

Cooper, Cooper's, Coopers and similar may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Cooper (producers), an alias of Dutch producers Klubbheads
* "Cooper", a song by Roxette from the 1999 album Have a Nice Day
* Cooper Prize, an international playwriting prize based in Melbourne, Australia, since 2024

## Businesses and organisations

* Cooper (company), an American user experience design and business strategy consulting firm
* Cooper (motorcycles), an American brand of motorcycles
* Cooper Canada, a defunct sporting goods manufacturer
* Cooper Car Company, a British car company
** Mini Cooper, the name of several cars
* Cooper Chemical Company, an American chemical manufacturer
* The Cooper Companies, an American medical device company
* Cooper Do-nuts, Los Angeles cafe which was the site of alleged uprising in reaction to police harassment of LGBT people
* Cooper Enterprises, a Canadian boat builder
** Cooper 353, a Canadian sailboat
** Cooper 416, a Canadian sailboat
* Cooper Firearms of Montana, an American firearms manufacturer
* Cooper Foundation, an American charitable and educational organization
* Coopers Inc., now part of Jockey, an American manufacturer of underwear
* Cooper Industries, an American electrical products manufacturer
* Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, an American company
* Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, or Cooper Institute, a private college in New York City, U.S.
* Cooper University Hospital, in Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
* Coopers Brewery, an Australian beer company
* Cooper's (bakery), in Bangladesh
* Coopers' Company and Coborn School, in Upminster, UK
* Frank Cooper's, a British brand of marmalade
* Worshipful Company of Coopers, a City of London Livery Company

## People

* Cooper (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the surname Cooper
* Cooper (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Cooper
* Cooper (artist), American artist Brian Cooper (born 1976)
* Cooper baronets, several baronetcies, including lists of baronets whose last name is Cooper

## Places
### United States

* Cooper City, Florida
* Cooper, Illinois
* Cooper, Iowa
* Cooper, Kentucky
* Cooper, Maine
* Cooper, Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Cooper, Passaic County, New Jersey
* Cooper, Ohio
* Cooper, Texas, Delta County, Texas
* Cooper, U.S. Virgin Islands
* Cooper, Houston County, Texas
* Coopers, West Virginia
* Coopers, Georgia
* Coopers, in Logan Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey

### Elsewhere

* Cooper (crater), on the Moon
* Division of Cooper, an electoral division in Victoria, Australia
* Electoral district of Cooper, electoral division in Queensland, Australia
* Cooper's Cave, South Africa

## Other uses

* Cooper Nuclear Station, power plant in Brownville, Nebraska
* Cooper Stadium, in Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
* Cooper, a dog who accompanied travel author Peter Jenkins in A Walk Across America, 1973–1979
# Zamin Bon

Zamin Bon (Persian: زمين بن, also Romanized as Zamīn Bon) is a village in Baladeh Rural District, Khorramabad District, Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 58, in 16 families.
# Our Choice (Russia)

Russian Democratic Party «Our Choice» (RDP Our Choice; Russian: Российская демократическая партия «Наш выбор», romanized: Rossiyskaya demokraticheskaya partiya «Nash vybor»)—was a liberal opposition unregistered political party in Russia, existed from 2004 to 2006 under the chairmanship of the former co-chair of the Union of Right Forces - Irina Khakamada

## History

The founding congress of the party was held on October 30, 2004 in Moskovsky. A decision was made to create a party, the charter and the "Manifesto of a Free Man" (Party Program) were adopted. Irina Khakamada was elected chairman of the party.
176 delegates from 58 constituent entities of the Russian Federation were elected to the party congress. The guests at the congress were members of the Committee 2008 - A Free Choice: Boris Nemtsov, Sergei Ivanenko, editor-in-chief of Moskovskiye Novosti Yevgeny Kiselyov, members of the leadership of the Union of Right Forces party Boris Nadezhdin, Leonid Gozman and others.
Irina Khakamada began to develop the idea of building a party after she left the Union of Right Forces.
On October 9, 2005, for the elections to the Tomsk City Duma, the Republican Party of Russia and the RDP "Our Choice" nominated a single electoral bloc to the City Duma, which was subjected to pressure from the authorities.
At the end of 2005, Irina Khakamada announced that it was inexpedient to submit documents for registration of the RDP Our Choice, urging its members to join the Democratic Party of Russia (DPR) to elect former Prime Minister of Russia Mikhail Kasyanov as the party leader.
On December 17, 2005, two alternative congresses of the DPR were held, but the Ministry of Justice did not recognize the legitimacy of the congress, at which Kasyanov was elected leader.
On April 8, 2006, the founding conference of the Russian People's Democratic Union movement was held, Mikhail Kasyanov was elected chairman, Irina Khakamada became a member of the Presidium of the movement, after which the activities of the party RDP Our Choice finally ceased to exist.
In 2004, the party had 52,000 members in 52 regions of Russia.
# Bogi Ágústsson

Bogi Ágústsson is a public television news reporter in Iceland.
He graduated in history from the University of Iceland in 1977. He began working as a reporter of foreign news on TV News in January 1977. He moved to Copenhagen in 1984, and brought news from the Nordic countries until 1986. In 1988, he became a press officer and director of the Radio company's communications department. In later years, he largely confined himself to the anchorship.
He received the knight's cross of the Order of the Falcon in 2019. As of 2019, he was the chairman of the Icelandic branch of Foreningen Norden.
# Thryon

Thyron (Ancient Greek: Θρύον), sometimes Latinized as Thryum, or Thryoessa (Θρυόεσσα) was a town in Triphylia in ancient Elis, mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships of the Iliad, where the town is noted to be in the dominions of Nestor. The town is also noted in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. Later in the Iliad, the poet describes Thyron was at the ford of the river Alpheius. In the same passage, Homer calls the town Thryoessa, places it upon a lofty hill, and relates how it withstood a siege by the Epeii during their war against the Eleans. Strabo identified Thyron with the later Epitalium; but the identity is uncertain.
# Dinaran

Dinaran (Persian: ديناران, also Romanized as Dīnārān) is a village in Alan Rural District, in the Central District of Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 31 families.
# Going Places (Australian TV series)

Going Places was an Australian television series broadcast by the Nine Network in late 2007. It consisted of 8 half-hour-long episodes. Australian actor Sue McIntosh narrated the series, while her husband, John McIntosh, produced.

## Overview

The series goes behind the scenes at Australian airline Jetstar as it moves into the highly competitive international market. The focus is on the people who make the airline tick, in particular cabin crew.
It is similar to the British show Airline and its American counterpart, which also follow low cost airlines.
# Ibn Hammad (historian)

Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥammād ibn ʿĪsā ibn ʿAbī Bakr al-Ṣanhāj̲ī, known as Ibn Ḥammād (Arabic: ابن حماد) or Ibn Ḥamādu (1153/54–1230 / AH 548–628), was a medieval Berber qadi and historian, author of a chronicle on the Fatimid caliphs in the Maghreb, known as Akhbar muluk bani Ubayd wa-siratuhum ("account of the kings of the house of Ubaid and their deeds"), written in 1220 / AH 617. He was related to the Banu Hammad and a native of a village near their Qal'a.

## Editions

* Histoires des Rois Obaidides, ed. and trans. M. Vanderyheiden, Paris, 1927.
* Akhbar muluk Bani Ubayd wa-siratuhum: Tahlil li-tarikh al-Dawlah al-Fatimiyah min khilal masdar turathi , Dar al-Ulum, 1981, ISBN 978-977-286-267-2
# Minister of Employment, Workforce, and Labour

The Minister of Employment, Workforce, and Labour was a position in the Canadian government from 2015 to 2019. On November 20, 2019, this portfolio was split into:
* the Minister of Labour, and
* the Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Disability Inclusion
# Bohdan Boyko

Bohdan Fedorovych Boyko (Ukrainian: Богдан Федорович Бойко; born 29 September 1954) is a Ukrainian politician who formerly served as a People's Deputy of Ukraine from 1990 to 2002 as a member of the People's Movement of Ukraine. He was also a candidate in 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, nominated by the Movement of Ukrainian Patriots. In 2000, he formed a third faction within the People's Movement of Ukraine aimed at reconciling the differences between two other opposing factions.

## Biography

He was born on 29 September 1954 in the village of Pidiarkiv, in the western Ukrainian Lviv Oblast in what was then the Soviet Union.

### Education

* Ivan Franko Lviv State University, Faculty of Economics (1971–1976), economist;
* graduate student at the Department of Political Economy, Lviv University (1979–1982);
* Candidate's dissertation "Efficiency of commodity turnover of means of production in the period of developed socialism" (1982).

### Career

1982–1986 – Assistant Professor of Political Economy, Lviv Agricultural Institute.
1986–1990 – Art. Lecturer, Department of Philosophy and Political Economy, Ternopil Pedagogical Institute.
From 1990 – 1st Deputy Chairman of the Ternopil Oblast Council.
Since 15 January 1992 – Chairman of the Executive Committee and Regional Council.
April 1992 – June 1994 – Chairman of the Ternopil Oblast Council.
7 September 1996 – 20 April 1998 – Governor of Ternopil Oblast.
Since 1990 – co-chairman, chairman of the Ternopil Oblast council of the People's Movement of Ukraine.
1993 – co-chairman of the Ternopil Regional Council of the People's Movement of Ukraine.
1995–1999 – Deputy Chairman of the People's Movement of Ukraine.
1995–1997 – c. at. Chairman, Chairman of the People's Movement of Ukraine Secretariat.
# Munir Sheikh

Munir Sheikh (born 1947) is a Canadian economist.

## Early career

Born in Pakistan in 1947, Sheikh received a Master of Arts in economics from McMaster University in 1970, and earned his doctorate in economics from the University of Western Ontario in 1973. He is married with 3 children.
Sheikh began his public service career as an economist with the Economic Council of Canada from 1972 to 1976. After a brief stint with the National Energy Board between 1976 and 1978, he joined the Department of Finance and rose to the rank of Senior Assistant Deputy Minister in 2000.
Between 2001 and 2006, he held senior positions with Health Canada, the Privy Council Office, and Human Resources and Social Development Canada. He has also taught at the University of Ottawa and Carleton University. Later in his career, Sheikh oversaw a $100-billion tax-reduction policy and helped craft the 2005 budget. He was praised by a former colleague as "the best economist in the federal government."

## Statistics Canada and controversial resignation

Sheikh was appointed as the head of Statistics Canada by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. He officially became the Chief Statistician of Canada on June 16, 2008, replacing Ivan Fellegi.
On July 21, 2010, Sheikh resigned from that post, following a controversy resulting from the Conservative government's decision to no longer require mandatory completion of the Canada 2011 Census long form. The decision has been heavily criticised; opponents have argued that the decision was politically motivated and that it will compromise the value of census data.
Following his resignation, in a public letter, Sheikh expressed his disapproval of the government's decision, writing:
   I want to take this opportunity to comment on a technical statistical issue which has become the subject of media discussion. This relates to the question of whether a voluntary survey can become a substitute for a mandatory census.
   It can not.
Industry Minister Tony Clement has stated that the change to voluntary forms was made because of privacy-related complaints, though he acknowledged that the decision was made without consultations with governments that rely on the census data. Media reports claiming Clement had said that this change was made on the advice of Statistics Canada were later shown to be incorrect, although this did not change Mr. Sheikh's decision to resign, as he felt the mere perception StatsCan supported the decision was cause for resignation. Emails and a speech prepared by Sheikh, which have subsequently been released, demonstrate that Sheikh had always been opposed to the decision. It appeared that the government had misrepresented his position. In an interview with the CBC he stated that the government has tried to make it "quite clear that it was my view that the quality of the data from the voluntary survey would be as good as data from the mandatory census, which isn't what I believed in." Clement has denied allegations that he misrepresented Sheikh's position in relation to the change.
# Moharam Bek

Moharam Bek (Arabic: محرم بك) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. It is known for the Alexandria Stadium, which sometimes hosts football games.

## Gallery

* Tram in Moharam Bek street
* Abur Elmyah
* Karmoz Court
* Sadat Academy
* Chinese consulate inside
* Chinese consulate outside
* Alexandria stadium
* Suez canal street
* Suez canal street
* Awlad Elshikh mosque 🕌
* Margerges Church ⛪
* Suez Canal Street tunnel at the railway bridge
# Pfänder

The Pfänder is a mountain in western Austria close to Lake Constance (German: Bodensee). The city of Bregenz lies at the foot of the mountain on the shores of the lake. With its views over the lake and the surrounding mountain peaks, the Pfänder is one of the most famous lookout points of the region.
With good visibility, the view from the summit reaches from the Allgäu and Lech valley Alps in the east, over to the Bregenz Forest, the steep mountain peaks of Arlberg region, Silvretta, and the Rätikon to the Swiss Alps and the foothills of the Black Forest in the west. Below is Lake Constance, surrounded by the Rhine valley and the Swabian hills.
A radio tower designated BREGENZ 1 is located near the peak of the Pfänder, standing 95 meters tall. It is operated by the Österreichische Rundfunksender (Austrian Broadcasting Services) and transmits television, DAB and analogue radio services.
The mountain is a popular tourist destination, with hiking paths, an alpine wildlife park and restaurants.

## Transport

The Pfänder Tunnel takes the A14 motorway underneath the Pfänder, bypassing Bregenz. This is a now a dual tunnel, having opened in July 2013.
The summit of the Pfänder can be reached by a cable car called the Pfänderbahn, with the valley station in the town of Bregenz, ca. 600 m (0.37 mi) from Bregenz Hafen and 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from Bregenz railway stations. The cable car covers a height difference of over 600 m (2,000 ft) in around 6 minutes.
# Vathylakkos

Vathylakkos (Greek: Βαθύλακκος, "deep ditch") may refer to several places in Greece:
* Vathylakkos, Drama, a village in the municipality of Drama
* Vathylakkos, Karditsa, a village in the Menelaida municipal unit
* Vathylakkos, Kozani, a village in the Kozani regional unit
* Vathylakkos, Thessaloniki, a town in the municipality of Chalkidona, Thessaloniki regional unit