OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Loïc Guguen

Loïc Guguen (29 July 1972 – 20 January 2023) was a contemporary French dramatic baritone.

## Biography

Guguen studied with Rachel Yakar and in London with Laura Sarti at the "Opera Course" of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from which he graduated in March 2006. He began the same year in London with the title role of Simon Boccanegra by Giuseppe Verdi. In 2008, Guguen starred as Valentin in the Edinburgh Grand Opera production of Gounod's Faust, and in 2011, he performed in the Théatre du Chatelet production of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, starring Caroline O'Connor.
Guguen died on 20 January 2023, survived by his wife and three children.

## Career
### Opera

* Ford (Falstaff by Giuseppe Verdi) in London, under the direction of Paolo Olmi [de]
* Don Cassandro (La Finta Semplice by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
* The sculptor monk (Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame by Jules Massenet) in Metz
* Germont (La traviata by Giuseppe Verdi) and Sharpless in (Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini) at the Besançon opera,
* Renato (Un ballo in maschera by Giuseppe Verdi), in Northern Ireland
* Valentin (Faust by Charles Gounod) in Edinburgh
* The Director and Presto (Les Mamelles de Tirésias by Francis Poulenc) at the Feldkirch festival in Austria,
* Marcello (La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini) at the Metz opera,

### Oratorio

* St Matthew Passion by Johann Sebastian Bach (Pilate) under the direction of John Nelson
* L'Enfance du Christ by Hector Berlioz (Polydorus)
* Messa da requiem by Giuseppe Verdi with the Orchestre Colonne
# Polymerase cycling assembly

Polymerase cycling assembly (or PCA, also known as Assembly PCR) is a method for the assembly of large DNA oligonucleotides from shorter fragments. The process uses the same technology as PCR, but takes advantage of DNA hybridization and annealing as well as DNA polymerase to amplify a complete sequence of DNA in a precise order based on the single stranded oligonucleotides used in the process. It thus allows for the production of synthetic genes and even entire synthetic genomes.

## PCA principles

Much like how primers are designed such that there is a forward primer and a reverse primer capable of allowing DNA polymerase to fill the entire template sequence, PCA uses the same technology but with multiple oligonucleotides. While in PCR the customary size of oligonucleotides used is 18 base pairs, in PCA lengths of up to 50 are used to ensure uniqueness and correct hybridization.
Each oligonucleotide is designed to be either part of the top or bottom strand of the target sequence. As well as the basic requirement of having to be able to tile the entire target sequence, these oligonucleotides must also have the usual properties of similar melting temperatures, hairpin free, and not too GC rich to avoid the same complications as PCR.
During the polymerase cycles, the oligonucleotides anneal to complementary fragments and then are filled in by polymerase. Each cycle thus increases the length of various fragments randomly depending on which oligonucleotides find each other. It is critical that there is complementarity between all the fragments in some way or a final complete sequence will not be produced as polymerase requires a template to follow.
After this initial construction phase, additional primers encompassing both ends are added to perform a regular PCR reaction, amplifying the target sequence away from all the shorter incomplete fragments. A gel purification can then be used to identify and isolate the complete sequence.

## Typical reaction

A typical reaction consists of oligonucleotides ~50 base pairs long each overlapping by about 20 base pairs. The reaction with all the oligonucleotides is then carried out for ~30 cycles followed by an additional 23 cycles with the end primers.

## Gibson assembly

A modification of this method, Gibson assembly, described by Gibson et al. allows for single-step isothermal assembly of DNA with up to several hundreds kb. By using T5 exonuclease to 'chew back' complementary ends, an overlap of about 40bp can be created. The reaction takes place at 50 °C, a temperature where the T5 exonuclease is unstable. After a short timestep it is degraded, the overlaps can anneal and be ligated. Cambridge University IGEM team made a video describing the process. Ligation independent cloning (LIC) is a new variant of the method for compiling several DNA pieces together and needing only exonuclease enzyme for the reaction.
# Tetrakomia

Tetrakomia (Ancient Greek: Τετρακομία) was a town of ancient Bithynia.
Its site is located near Keramet in Asiatic Turkey.
# Theodosiopolis

Theodosiopolis or Theodosioupolis (Ancient Greek: Θεοδοσιούπολις, "city (polis) of Theodosius") can refer to several cities of classical antiquity (re)named after emperor Theodosius:

## In Europe

* Panion in Thrace, modern Barbaros in Turkey
* Aprus in Thrace, modern Kermeyan in Turkey

## In Asia

* Erzurum in Turkey
* Perperene, located today near Bergama in Turkey
* Euaza in the region of Ephesus, located today in Turkey
* Resaina, the modern Ras al-Ayn in Syria

## In Africa

* Theodosiopolis in Arcadia in Lower Egypt
* Tebtunis in Lower Egypt
* Hebenu in Upper Egypt
# El Hafsia Mosque

El Hafsia Mosque (Arabic: جامع الحفصية) is a small mosque in the Hafsia Hood in the north of the medina of Tunis.

## Localization

It is located in 23 Achour Street.

## History

According to the panel at the entrance of the mosque, it was built during the reign of Muhammad VIII al-Amin. The construction started in 1954 thanks to the grant offered by Salah Ben Ali Ben Belgacem Bouzinbila El Douiri, and finished two years later in 1956. It was restored in 2011.

## Etymology

The mosque got its name from the hood in which it is located that was originally called El Hara or the Jewish hood.
* Entrance of the mosque
* Commemorative panel of the mosque
* A marbel plaque with the restoration date
# Norwegian Automobile Federation

Norwegian Automobile Federation (Norwegian: Norges Automobil-Forbund, NAF) is a Norwegian association of car owners, established in 1924, and member of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The federation has 73 local chapters and more than 500,000 members. NAF is running a number of test stations, skidpans and camping sites. Among its publications is the monthly magazine Motor and the triannual NAF Veibok.
# 1872 in New Zealand

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1872 in New Zealand.

## Incumbents
### Regal and viceregal

* Head of State — Queen Victoria
* Governor — Sir George Ferguson Bowen

### Government and law

The 5th New Zealand Parliament continues.
* Speaker of the House — Sir Francis Dillon Bell
* Premier — On 11 October George Waterhouse replaces Edward Stafford after the latter loses a vote of confidence. Stafford had only been in office for 1 month having taken over when William Fox was forced to resign on 10 September.
* Minister of Finance — Julius Vogel loses his position on 10 September when the Fox ministry is forced to resign and is replaced by Thomas Gillies. Vogel regains the post on 11 October after he moves a vote of no confidence in the new ministry.
* Chief Justice — Hon Sir George Arney

### Main centre leaders

* Mayor of Auckland — Philip Philips
* Mayor of Christchurch — James Jameson followed by Henry Sawtell
* Mayor of Dunedin — Henry Fish
* Mayor of Wellington — Joseph Dransfield

## Events

* Vaccination of babies against smallpox made compulsory by the Public Health Act 1872
* 2 May: The Waikato Times and Thames Valley Gazette begins publishing in Ngāruawāhia. Initially it was produced three times a week. It moved to Hamilton in 1875 and became the Waikato Times. The paper, a daily since the late 19th century, continues to publish today.
* 4 September: The Bay of Plenty Times publishes its first issue. The Tauranga-based newspaper continues to publish today.
* 5 October: The Poverty Bay Standard begins publishing as a weekly newspaper in the Gisborne area. It increased its frequency over the next two years to become tri-weekly. It was later called the Gisborne Standard.

## Sport
### Athletics

The first recorded amateur athletic meeting takes place, in Christchurch.

### Golf

The first golf club in New Zealand is formed in Otago to play on a 9-hole course at Mornington, Dunedin.

### Horse racing
#### Major race winners

* New Zealand Cup winner – Detractor
* New Zealand Derby winner – Culumny

### Lawn bowls

The Dunedin Bowling and Quoiting Club opens its own green.

### Rugby union

* 20 July: Wanganui Rugby Club founded.

### Shooting

Ballinger Belt — Captain Wales (Otago)

## Births

* 22 February: Frank Worsley, sea captain and explorer.
* 21 June: Winter Hall, silent movie actor.
* 18 November: Frederick Augustus Bennett, first Bishop of Aotearoa.

## Deaths

* 27 July: Richard Packer, politician.
* 11 August: Richard Cantrell, politician.
# Adrantus

Adrantus (Ancient Greek: Ἄδραντος), or Ardrantus or Adrastus, was a contemporary of Athenaeus in the 2nd or 3rd century AD who wrote a commentary in five books upon the work of Theophrastus, entitled Περὶ Ἠθῶν, to which he added a sixth book upon the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle.
# 1878 in New Zealand

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in New Zealand.

## Incumbents
### Regal and viceregal

* Head of State – Queen Victoria
* Governor – The Marquess of Normanby

### Government and law

The 6th New Zealand Parliament continues.
* Speaker of the House – Sir William Fitzherbet
* Premier – Sir George Grey
* Minister of Finance – William Larnach resigns on 5 March. He is succeeded by John Ballance on 12 July.
* Chief Justice – Hon Sir James Prendergast

### Main centre leaders

* Mayor of Auckland – Henry Brett followed by Thomas Peacock
* Mayor of Christchurch – James Gapes followed by Henry Thomson
* Mayor of Dunedin – Richard Henry Leary followed by Henry John Walter
* Mayor of Wellington – Joseph Dransfield

## Events

* 2 February: Alois Lubecki makes the first telephone call in the country, between Dunedin and Milton. Later in the year the first public demonstration of the telephone is made with a call between Blenheim and Nelson.
* 30 September: Great Flood of 1878, caused by the rapid melting of heavy winter snows in Central Otago, kills at least three people and destroys several bridges in Clutha and Southland.

### Undated

* Ashburton is made a borough.

## Sport
### Cricket

An Australian team tours New Zealand in January and February, playing seven provincial teams. None of the matches have first-class status as the home sides fielded between 15 and 22 players. A win by the Canterbury XV is the first ever win by a New Zealand side over an international touring team.
* See Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1877–78

### Horse racing

* New Zealand Cup winner: Maritana
* New Zealand Derby winner: Natator
* Auckland Cup winner: Ariel
* Wellington Cup winner: Lara

### Rugby union

New clubs were formed in Featherston and Carterton, both in the south Wairarapa. Existing football clubs in Gisborne, Palmerston North and Feilding adopted rugby rules.

### Shooting

Ballinger Belt: No competition

## Births

* 10 September: Fanny Irvine-Smith, teacher and writer
* 9 May: Jessie Buckland, photographer

## Deaths

* 9 February: William Williams, first Bishop of Waiapu.
* 11 February: William Barnard Rhodes, businessman and politician.
* 6 December: Sir John Richardson, politician.
* 25 December Thomas Bartley, politician.
# Belchin Rock

Belchin Rock (Bulgarian: скала Белчин, ‘Skala Belchin’ ska-'la bel-'chin) is a rock off the north coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated in Hero Bay 2.2 km (1.4 mi) northeast of Siddins Point and 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Melta Point.
The rock is named after the settlement of Belchin in western Bulgaria.

## Location

Belchin Rock is located at 62°31′37″S 60°24′26″W﻿ / ﻿62.52694°S 60.40722°W﻿ / -62.52694; -60.40722. Bulgarian mapping in 2009 and 2010.
# Keshavardeh-ye Sofla

Keshavardeh-ye Sofla (Persian: كشورده سفلي, also Romanized as Keshavardeh-ye Soflá; also known as Keshavarzeh-ye Soflá) is a village in Honam Rural District, in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 18 families.
# Amirabad-e Amirqoli

Amirabad-e Amirqoli (Persian: امیرآباد امیرقلی, also Romanized as Amīrābād-e Amīrqolī) is a village in Balvard Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15, in 4 families.
# Nesebar Archaeological Museum

The Nesebar Archaeological Museum (Bulgarian: Археологически музей Несебър, Arheologicheski muzey Nesebar) is a museum located in Nesebar, a town on the Black Sea coast of southeast Bulgaria.

## Description

The Nesebar Archaeological museum is founded in 1956 and its first home was the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Nesebar.
In 1994 the museum was hosted in a new building, designed by architect Hristo Koev. The museum exposition contains cultural monuments from different ages of the history of Nesebar.
# Frank Cope (weightlifter)

Frank Albert Cope (8 December 1928 – 5 November 2012) was an English male weightlifter.

## Weightlifting career

He represented England in the −56 kg Combined division and won a silver medal at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada.
# Lumbreras, Salta

Lumbreras is a village and rural municipality in Salta Province in northwestern Argentina.
# List of mayors of Chimichagua

The following is a list of mayors of the city of Chimichagua, Colombia. (Spanish: Alcaldes de Chimichagua)
| Term | Mayor | Notes |
| 1995–1997 | Manuel Muñoz | |
| 1998–2000 | Andres Palomino Martinez | |
| January 1, 2008 – Present | Rigoberto Perez | Member of the Colombian Conservative Party |
# Breadcrumbs (film)

Breadcrumbs (Spanish: Migas de pan) is a 2016 Spanish-Uruguayan drama film directed by Manane Rodríguez, starring Cecilia Roth and Justina Bustos. It was selected as the Uruguayan entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated. It was selected by Uruguay to compete for the Oscar 2017 to Best non-English speaking film.

## Plot

The young Liliana Pereira (Justina Bustos), in Montevideo, a university student and mother of a baby, participates in student struggles against the Civic-Military Dictatorship in Uruguay. Together with other women, she is kidnapped, locked up and tortured, and dispossessed of her son's parental rights. Mutual support with her confinement partners strengthens and accompanies her. After years of exile in Spain, and upon learning that she will be a grandmother, Liliana Pereira (Cecilia Roth) decides to return to Uruguay to participate with her ex-companions in denouncing the hell suffered in her youth and to recover the sentimental ties with her son.

## Cast

* Cecilia Roth as Liliana Pereira
* Justina Bustos as Liliana Pereira
* María Pujalte
* Margarita Musto
* Patxi Bisquert
* Ernesto Chao
* Quique Fernández
* Andrea Davidovics
* Ignacio Cawen
* Stefanía Crocce
* Sonia Méndez
* Nuria Fló
* Sergio Quintana
* María Vidal
* Artur Trillo
# Taygete

In Classical Greek mythology, Taygete (/teɪˈɪdʒətiː/; Ancient Greek: Ταϋγέτη, Ancient Greek:, Modern Greek:) was a nymph, one of the Pleiades according to the Bibliotheca (3.10.1) and a companion of Artemis, in her archaic role as potnia theron, "Mistress of the animals", with its likely roots in prehistory. Mount Taygetos in Laconia, dedicated to the goddess, was her haunt.
The Taygetus mountain on the Peloponnese was named after her.

## Mythology

As he mastered each of the local nymphs one by one, Olympic Zeus pursued Taygete, who invoked her protectress Artemis. The goddess turned Taygete into a doe with golden horns, any distinction between the Titaness in her human form and in her doe form is blurred: the nymph who hunted the doe in the company of Artemis is the doe herself. As Pindar conceived the myth-element in his third Olympian Ode, "the doe with the golden horns, which once Taygete had inscribed as a sacred dedication to Artemis Orthosia", ("right-minded" Artemis) was the very Ceryneian Hind that Heracles later pursued. For the poet, the transformation was incomplete, and the doe-form had become an offering. Pindar, who was a very knowledgeable mythographer, hints that the mythic doe, even when slain and offered to Artemis, also continues to exist, to be hunted once again (although not killed) by Heracles at a later time. Karl Kerenyi points out (The Heroes of the Greeks) "It is not easy to differentiate between the divine beast, the heroine and the goddess".
According to Pausanias (3.1.2, etc.) Taygete conceived Lacedaemon, the mythical founder of Sparta, through Zeus, and Eurotas. Pausanias noted, at Amyclae, that the rape of Taygete was represented on the throne.
According to Pseudo-Plutarch, Taygete was the wife of Lacedaemon, sometimes referred to as Sparta, whose name was given to the city of Sparta. Their son was named Himerus.
In a rare variant of the myth, Taygete was called the daughter of Agenor.
# Natolin, Grodzisk Mazowiecki County

Natolin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grodzisk Mazowiecki, within Grodzisk Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Grodzisk Mazowiecki and 28 km (17 mi) west of Warsaw.
# Apyrexy

In pathology, apyrexy, or apyrexia (Greek Ancient Greek: απυρεξια, from α-, privative, Ancient Greek: πυρεσσειν, to be in a fever, Ancient Greek: πυρ, fire, fever) is the normal interval or period of intermission in a fever or the absence of a fever.
# Naserabad, Birjand

Naserabad (Persian: نصراباد, also Romanized as Nāşerābād) is a village in Baqeran Rural District, in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 111, in 33 families.
# The Listening Housewife

The Listening Housewife (1655) is an oil on panel painting by the Dutch painter Nicolaes Maes. It is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom.
This painting shows a woman as eavesdropper, a theme in interiors painted several times by Maes in the 1650s. There is a pair of lovers in the cellar that the woman is amused by, and her look directly at the viewer invites a collaborative peek at what they are doing. Another version of this painting, also painted by Maes, is on display in the Wallace Collection.
This painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1914, who wrote; "123. A GIRL WITH TWO MEN IN A CELLAR, WITH A YOUNG WOMAN LISTENING. Sm. 7. The woman comes down a winding stair in the centre. She holds on to a rope with her right hand, and lays her left forefinger on her lips. She has a sly smile as she listens to the girl and the two men in the cellar below to the left; one of the men caresses the girl by the light of a lantern. To the right, near the stairs, is a chair with a cat on it. On the wall to the right is a map. Signed in full on the lowest step, and dated 1655 not 1665, as Sm. and Waagen wrongly state; panel, 29 inches by 23 inches.
    A copy was in the sale: Brunswig and others, Cologne, July 3, 1899, No. 34; another is in the Wesendonck collection, lent to the Bonn Museum, 1914 catalogue, No. 127.
    Engraved in the Le Brun Gallery.
    Exhibited in the British Institution, London, 1822, No. 6, 1826, No. 138,
and 1827, No. 104; in the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition, London, 1877, No. 71, and 1892, No. 85.
Sales. Dubois, Paris, 1782 (852 francs); see C. Blanc, ii. 65.
    Hill, London, 1811 (£157 : 10s., Lord Yarmouth for the Prince Regent).
In the Royal collection, Buckingham Palace, London, 1885 catalogue, No. 45."
# Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan

Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan (Persian: اروج قشلاق حاج الماس خان, also Romanized as Orūj Qeshlāq-e Ḩājj Almās Khān) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Parsabad County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 102, in 21 families.
# Pitkyarantsky District

Pitkyarantsky District (Russian: Питкяра́нтский райо́н; Karelian: Pitkänrannan piiri; Finnish: Pitkärannan piiri) is an administrative district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Pitkyaranta. As of the 2010 census, the total population of the district was 19,895, with the population of Pitkyaranta accounting for 57.4% of the population.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pitkyarantsky District is one of the fifteen in the Republic of Karelia and has administrative jurisdiction over one town (Pitkyaranta) and thirty-five rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Pitkyarantsky Municipal District. The town of Pitkyaranta and three rural localities are incorporated into an urban settlement, while the remaining thirty-two rural localities are incorporated into four rural settlements within the municipal district. The town of Pitkyaranta serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.

## Sights

The Cross of Sorrow, a memorial to soldiers perished on both sides of the Winter War of 1939–1940, is located in Pitkyarantsky District at the crossroads of Pitkyaranta–Suoyarvi–Petrozavodsk.
# Sofia Valley

The Sofia Valley (Bulgarian: Софийска котловина, romanized: Sofiyska kotlovina), or Sofia Field (Bulgarian: Софийско поле, romanized: Sofiysko pole), is a valley in central western Bulgaria bordering Stara Planina to the northeast, the Viskyar, Lyulin, Vitosha and Lozen mountains to the southwest, the Vakarel Mountain to the southeast and the low Slivnitsa Heights to the northwest.
After the valley's bottom was formed, the stream of the Iskar River was blocked and the whole valley became a lake, causing the gritty and clay-like soils that now cover most of the valley. The lake ceased to exist when the river drove through the Stara Planina, forming the Iskar Gorge.
The Sofia Valley is rich in mineral springs such as Gorna Banya, Pancharevo and Bankya, which are, together with the valley's predisposal to seismic activity, the result of its fault character.
# Gaurium

Gaurium or Gaurion (Ancient Greek: Γαύριον), also known as Gaureleon, was a town of ancient Greece on the island of Andros that acted as the harbour for the poleis of Andros.
Its site is located near modern Gavrio.
# Khvor Khvor-e Olya

Khvor Khvor-e Olya (Persian: خورخورعليا, also Romanized as Khvor Khvor-e ‘Olyā and Khūr Khūr-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Sharqi Rural District, Qeshlaq Dasht District, Bileh Savar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 191, in 48 families.
# Aristocleides

Aristocleidas (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοκλείδης) was a celebrated musician and citharode of ancient Greece. He was known as a master of the cithara, and traced his descent from the renowned Terpander. He lived around the time of the Persian War. He was the teacher of Phrynis of Mytilene. Some claimed that he came from Lesbos and was the person identified in the saying "after the Lesbian poet", which arose out of a tradition in Spartan competitions that gave primacy to Lesbian poets . The phrase was first referenced in a play by Cratinus and Aristotle also associated the poet in this saying with Terpander. Aristocleides' fame as one of the notable Lesbian diadokhê (along with Euainetidas and Phrynis of Mytilene) led some scholars to say that he was the subject of the proverb.
# Qarah Bolagh, Bijar

Qarah Bolagh (Persian: قره بلاغ, also Romanized as Qarah Bolāgh and Qareh Bolāgh; also known as Qārā Bolāgh, Qara Bulāq, Qarah Bolāgh-e Ḩowmeh Bījār, and Qareh Būlāgh) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 4 families. The village is populated by Kurds.