OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Decree of Kutná Hora

The Decree of Kutná Hora (Czech: Dekret Kutnohorský) or Decree of Kuttenberg (German: Kuttenberger Dekret) was issued on 18 January 1409 in Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg), Bohemia, by King Wenceslaus IV to give members of the Bohemian nation a decisive voice in the affairs of the Charles University in Prague.
Since the university was founded by King Charles IV in 1348, the studium generale was divided among Bohemian (including German-speaking inhabitants), Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish "nations". From 1403 onwards, the religious Lollard movement and the doctrines of the Oxford theologian John Wycliffe led to controversy at the Prague University. The Bohemian reformers around Jan Hus wanted to teach this new doctrine, but most German masters and professors voted against the new "heretic" thinking.
In anticipation of the Council of Pisa, the three "foreign" nations (Poland, Bavaria and Saxony) at the university opposed the request of Wenceslaus to take a neutral attitude between the two rival popes in the Western Schism. Wenceslaus himself hoped for support of a new Pope to regain the German kingship after his deposition by Rupert of the Palatinate nine years before. However, King Rupert, relying on the support of Pope Gregory XII and the Prague archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk, pressured German teachers and students not to side with his Bohemian rival.
A delegation led by Jerome of Prague went to Wenceslaus' court staying at the royal city of Kutná Hora (according to other sources at Točník Castle), where the king promised to change the constitution of the university. On 18 January 1409, he had the statutes amended: with his decree, he gave the Bohemian nation three votes and one single vote to the other three nations combined. Shortly after that, Hus himself became rector of the university, succeeding Johannes Hoffmann von Schweidnitz. As another result of the Decree of Kutná Hora, numerous German academics (about 80 percent of the teaching staff) and their students left the university. This exodus resulted in the foundation of the University of Leipzig in the Margravate of Meissen, among others, and led to a considerable isolation of the Prague university. In 1417 the university officially adopted the Hussite confession and henceforth, Utraquist scholars taught and studied here. The rising influence of this doctrine and the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 culminated in the outbreak of the Hussite Wars.
# Lagerstroemia calyculata

Lagerstroemia calyculata known as the "Guava Crape Myrtle" (Vietnamese: Bằng Lăng Ổi, Bằng Lăng Cườm; Thai: ตะแบก tabaek; Cambodian name: Khmer: ដើមស្រឡៅ, romanized: Srolao); the name is derived from its very characteristic mottled flaky bark. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Lythraceae and found in Southeast Asia and Oceania.
It is a medium-sized tree growing up to a height between 10 and 20 m (35 and 65 ft). Like other species of the same genus, it is quite common as a decorative tree in the parks of Thailand owing to its beautiful bunches of pink flowers. Its wood has a low commercial value, which is why it thought to have maintained the forest structure in previously logged parts of Cat Tien National Park, where it may constitute >25% of tree counts.
# Rift.Canyon.Dreams

Rift.Canyon.Dreams is the second EP by the U.S. doom metal band Burning Witch. It was originally released in 1998 on Merciless Records, to a limited distribution of 500 copies. It is available on the compilation Crippled Lucifer (Seven Psalms for Our Lord of Light), through Southern Lord Records.

## Track listing

* "Warning Signs" – 8:22
* "Stillborn" – 11:57
* "History of Hell (Crippled Lucifer)" – 6:03
* "Communion" – 8:43

## Personnel

* Stephen O'Malley – guitar
* G. Stuart Dahlquist – bass
* B.R.A.D. – drums
* Edgy 59 – vocals
# Olu Iwenofu

Olu Iwenofu (born 28 September 1981 in Lambeth, London, England) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s. He played for London Broncos and London Skolars, as a wing.
He previously played for London Broncos in the Super League.
Olu Iwenofu also competes in Crossfit as a Masters (over 40 years old) Athlete.
# Adolphus Buschbeck

Adolphus (Adolph) Buschbeck (March 23, 1822 – May 28, 1883) commanded the 27th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Army of the Potomac and a brigade in that army and later in the Army of the Cumberland during the American Civil War.

## Early life

Buschbeck was born in Koblenz, Kingdom of Prussia. He migrated to the United States in 1849 and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He taught mathematics at a Philadelphia high school.

## Civil War

Buschbeck volunteered for service in the Civil War, becoming lieutenant colonel of the 27th Pennsylvania Infantry in September 1861. He was appointed colonel of the 27th Pennsylvania Infantry by October 2, 1861, following the resignation of Colonel Max Einstein. As colonel, Buschbeck took part in the Battle of Cross Keys under the command of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont.
Buschbeck next served in 2nd Brigade, 1st Division of the I Corps of the Army of Virginia, which later became XI Corps. He became acting brigade commander at the Second Battle of Bull Run, when Julius Stahel was promoted to division command. In the Army of the Potomac, Buschbeck served under Franz Sigel and Oliver Otis Howard. At the Battle of Chancellorsville he commanded 1st Brigade, 2nd Division of the XI Corps under Adolph von Steinwehr. Buschbeck's brigade was on the left of the corps when the Confederate flanking attack hit the corps under the command of General Howard. His brigade was redeployed into the path of the Confederate advance; and Buschbeck's stand against the Confederates, until flanked out of his position, earned him praise even from critics of the German troops present at Chancellorsville. Howard, in his report, even lauded Buschbeck's "praiseworthy firmness".
After Chancellorsville, Buschbeck went on leave, missing the Battle of Gettysburg. (Charles Coster commanded the brigade in his absence.) After returning to the army, he was transferred to the Western Theater, under the command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker. Buschbeck's brigade was present at the Battle of Wauhatchie and the Battle of Missionary Ridge, where it was engaged on the Union left under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in the attack on Tunnel Hill. When XI Corps was combined with XII Corps into the XX Corps under Hooker, Buschbeck was the highest ranking German officer retained in command. He led a brigade under John W. Geary (2nd Brigade, 2nd Division) in the Atlanta Campaign, in action at the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the Battle of Resaca, and the Battle of Dallas before being mustered out of the service. Buschbeck's regiment left for Philadelphia on March 25, 1864. Nonetheless, he is listed as brigade commander April 16 to May 22, 1864. Buschbeck served with distinction but never received a promotion, even by brevet, to the rank of brigadier general.

## Postbellum career

After leaving armed service, Buschbeck taught at the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. He married a Miss Horner in 1871, and his wife and a daughter survived him. In ill health, he left for Europe where he died, in Florence, Italy in 1883.
# Taglak

Taglak (Persian: تگلك; also known as Taglag) is a village in Rahal Rural District, in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 912, in 216 families.
# Nikitinsky

Nikitinsky (Russian: Никитинский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Kumylzhenskoye Rural Settlement, Kumylzhensky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 399 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Nikitinsky is located in forest steppe, on Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, on the bank of the Sukhodol River, 21 km northeast of Kumylzhenskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zhukovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Bilyanska

Bilyanska (Bulgarian: Билянска) is a village in Smolyan Municipality, located in the Smolyan Province of southern Bulgaria. The village is located 174.093 km from Sofia. As of 2007, the village had a population of 29 people.
# Crowne Plaza Foshan Hotel

The Crowne Plaza Foshan is a hotel in Foshan, Guangdong. It opened in 1987 as the Foshan Hotel (simplified Chinese: 佛山宾馆; traditional Chinese: 佛山賓館; pinyin: Fóshān Bīnguǎn). Located in the heart of the Pearl River Delta, Foshan is an old town that has recently seen a transformation brought about by China's booming economy.

## History

The hotel became the Crowne Plaza Foshan in December 2008 and is now managed by the InterContinental Hotels Group
# Samsung (disambiguation)

Samsung (Korean: 삼성; Hanja: 三星; RR: Samseong; lit. 3 stars) is a South Korean conglomerate.
Samsung or Sam Sung may also refer to:

## Places

* Sam Sung district (Thai: ซำสูง), Khon Kaen, Thailand
* Samsung Plaza, Seohyeon-dong, Bundang, Seongnam, South Korea; a shopping plaza
* Samsung Town, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea; an office park

## People

* Lee Sam-sung, South Korean wrestler, who won gold in Graeco-Roman Wrestling at the 1986 Asian Games

## Other uses

* Samsung Cup (disambiguation), several competitions
# Sean O'Brien (footballer)

Sean O'Brien (born 13 October 2001) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder and striker.

## Career

O'Brien began his career with Millwall, moving on loan to Bromley in August 2021. After leaving Millwall he signed for Forest Green Rovers in September 2022. He joined Gloucester City on loan in November 2022.
He was released by Forest Green at the end of the 2022–23 season.

## Style of play

O'Brien has been described by the BBC as a "versatile forward" who can play "as a central striker or attacking midfielder".
# Alavan, West Azerbaijan

Alavan (Persian: علاوان, also Romanized as ʿĀlāvān and Ālāvān) is a village in Gavork-e Nalin Rural District, Vazineh District, Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 119, in 15 families.
# Ioannis Petridis

Ioannis Petridis (Greek: Ιωάννης Πετρίδης; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.
Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.
# Sean Ryder

Sean Ryder (born 18 June 1987) is a British water polo player.
Born in Nottingham, Ryder has been playing water polo since he was 14. He has competed for Rapid Bucharest, SV Weiden and the Great Britain National Team. In 2012 he was selected to represent Great Britain in the 2012 London Olympics, the first British Olympic water polo team since 1956.
# Cinema Palace

Cinema Palace is an old movie theatre in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It was formally known as Theater Hall.

## History

In 1928, before the independence during the British rule in India, Cinema Palace started as a Theater Hall in Chittagong. Later in 1943, the hall was converted into the Cinema Palace Theatre. In September 2023, Cinema Palace was announced to be closed due to unsafe buildings.
# To the Ladies' Paradise

To the Ladies' Paradise (German: Zum Paradies der Damen) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Lupu Pick. It is based on the 1883 novel Au Bonheur des Dames by Emile Zola.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert A. Dietrich.

## Cast

* Edith Posca
* Lupu Pick
* Harry Nestor
* Walter Brügmann
* Mathilde Sussin
* Hermann Picha
* Olga Limburg
* Leopold von Ledebur
# JNR Class DD15

The Class DD15 (DD15形) is a four-axle Bo-Bo wheel arrangement diesel-hydraulic locomotive type operated in Japan as a self-propelled snowplough unit since 1961 by the national railway company Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West). A total of 50 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1966, and as of 1 April 2016, 6 locomotives remain in service.

## Variants

A total of 50 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1966, divided into the following sub-classes.
* Class DD15-0: 46 locomotives built between 1961 and 1965
* Class DD15-300 4 locomotives built in 1966 with modified gearing

## Design

The Class DD15 was developed from the Class DD13 locomotive design, with the addition of snowplough units at either end. The snowplough units could be detached, allowing the locomotives to be used for shunting and other duties outside the winter periods. However, with the snowplough units mounted, the locomotive axle load was nearly 16 t, restricting use on rural lines, and so the class was superseded by the later Class DE15 locomotives, which had separate snowplough units. As with the Class DD13 locomotives, the Class DD15 had two 500 hp (370 kW) DMF31SB diesel engines.

## History
### DD15-0

46 Class DD15-0 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1965 by Nippon Sharyo, with the first locomotive delivered in November 1961.
As of 1 April 2016, six Class DD15-0 locomotives remain in service.

### DD15-300

Four Class DD15-300 locomotives were built in 1966 by Nippon Sharyo. These locomotives had a modified gear ratio, changed from 1:3.143 to 1:3.196.
As of 1 April 2016, no Class DD15-300 locomotives remain in service.

## Fleet status

At the time of privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, 32 Class DD15 locomotives remained in service, with JR East receiving 19 and JR West receiving 13. By 1 April 1995, 25 locomotives were still in service, operated by JR East and JR West, including two DD15-300 locomotives.
As of 1 April 2016, six locomotives remain in service, all operated by JR West.

## Preserved examples

As of 2014, three Class DD15 locomotives are preserved.
* DD15 17: Preserved at the Mikasa Railway Park in Mikasa, Hokkaido
* DD15 30: Preserved at the Tsuyama Railroad Educational Museum in Tsuyama, Okayama (Built in 1964, Previously operated by Toyama Chiho Railway, and moved to Tsuyama following its withdrawal in 2011.)
* DD15 37: Preserved at the Otaru Museum in Otaru, Hokkaido
* Preserved DD15 17 in May 2007
* Preserved DD15 37 in August 2009

## Classification

The DD15 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
* D: Diesel locomotive
* D: Four driving axles
* 15: Locomotive with maximum speed of 85 km/h or less
# Bogen, Germany

Bogen (Central Bavarian: Boong) is a town in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of 10,105. Bogen is located between the southern slopes of the Bavarian Forest and the River Danube. The town lies at the foot of the Bogenberg, a hill immediately on the Danube. The pilgrimage church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Mariä Himmelfahrt) on the Bogenberg is the destination of one of the oldest pilgrimages for Saint Mary in Bavaria (first mentioned in 1103).
This was also the seat of power of the Counts of Bogen, who died out in 1242, before the fief passed over to the Wittelsbachs. Since 1958, the German Army has been based at the Graf-Aswin-Kaserne military barracks in Bogen. The barracks are home to army engineers and are used for training medics.

## Sport

The town's sport club TSV Bogen, whose football division was formed in 1926, experienced its greatest success in 2013 when it won promotion to the Bayernliga for the first time.

## Twinnings

* Arco - Trentino - 3 September 1983
* Arthez-de-Béarn (fr) - 4 August 1982
* Schotten - Hesse - 3 June 2001
* Wilhering - Austria - 22 October 2002

## Notable natives

* Anna Krauss (1884-1943), German resistance fighter and victim of national socialism
* Max Eberl (born 1973), footballer and football functionary
# Belfast City Bruins

The Belfast City Bruins are an ice hockey team in the Irish Ice Hockey League. They were coached by Gordon Ferguson.

## History

The Belfast Bruins were established in February 2007 to compete in the Irish Ice Hockey League, representing Belfast. They are distinct from the Belfast Giants, who play in the British Elite League. Notably, players like Johnson, Stewart, Martin, and Hamill transferred from the Giants to the Bruins when the league was formed. The Bruins' logo is inspired by the NHL's Boston Bruins, though the team does not have any developmental ties to the Boston Bruins farm system
# Regional Council of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

The Regional Council of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italian: Consiglio regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia; Friulian: Consei Regjonâl di Friûl Vignesie Julie; Slovene: Deželni svet Furlanije Julijske krajine; German: Regionalrat der Region Friaul Julisch Venetien) is the legislative assembly of the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
The assembly was elected for the first time in 1964. Its first location was in Piazza Unità d'Italia; then, in 1972, the seat of the council was moved to Piazza Oberdan.

## Composition

Following the amendment of the Statute approved in January 2013 by the Parliament, the assembly is made up of a variable number of councillors, one of every 25,000 inhabitants according to the data of the last census; from the foundation to the 10th regional legislature it was elected a councillor for every 20,000 people. This change led to the election of 49 councillors, including the president, in the 2013 elections, while previously the council was composed of 59 members.

### Political groups

The Regional Council of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is currently composed of the following political groups:
| Party | Seats | Status |
| Democratic Party | 11 / 48 | In opposition |
| League FVG | 10 / 48 | In government |
| Brothers of Italy | 8 / 48 | In government |
| Fedriga for President | 8 / 48 | In government |
| Pact for Autonomy – Civica FVG | 5 / 48 | In opposition |
| Forza Italia | 3 / 48 | In government |
| Mixed Group | 3 / 48 | In opposition |
# Columbus Discovers Kraehwinkel

Columbus Discovers Kraehwinkel (German: Columbus entdeckt Krähwinkel) is a 1954 West German comedy film directed by Ulrich Erfurth and Alexander Paal and starring Eva Kerbler, Rudolf Platte and two sons of Charlie Chaplin, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin .
The film's sets were designed by the art director Albrecht Becker and Herbert Kirchhoff. It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg and on location around Michelstadt.

## Partial cast

* Charles Chaplin Jr. as Jimmy Hunter
* Sydney Chaplin as Clark Hunter
* Eva Kerbler as Eva Wagner
* Paola Loew as Suzi Merzheim
* Rudolf Platte as Lüttgen
* Paul Henckels as Wagner
* Ursula Herking as Mrs. Wagner
* Carl Wery as Merzheim
* Paul Westermeier as Maier
* Hubert von Meyerinck as Regwitz
* Joseph Egger as Wiebel
# Barry Charlesworth

Barry Charlesworth is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played at club level for Castleford.

## Playing career
### County League appearances

Barry Charlesworth played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire League during the 1964–65 season.
# Henry A. Cole

Henry Alexander Cole (July 25, 1838 – May 26, 1909) was an American colonel who commanded the 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade across the operations at his home state of Maryland and Virginia during the American Civil War.

## Biography

Henry was born on July 25, 1838, at Frederick, Maryland. He enlisted in the Union Army on August 10, 1861, and was appointed captain of Company A of the 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade on November 27, 1861, which would later go on to be known as "Cole's Cavalry". He was promoted to major on August 1, 1862, after Companies A, B, C, and D merged within the 1st Maryland. He would begin active combat by participating in the First Battle of Kernstown and the Battle of Mile Hill. Cole would go on to participate at the Battle of Harpers Ferry of the Maryland campaign during a cavalry breakout at the final stages of the battle. He also delivered the dispatch from a beleaguered garrison to George B. McClellan, receiving a personal thanks for the retrieval. After the Battle of Harpers Ferry, Cole would remain at Northern Virginia as they were facing John S. Mosby's Operations in Northern Virginia and would go on to participate at the Battle of Loudoun Heights and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel for his victory at the battle on March 15, 1864. He was then fully promoted to colonel April 20, 1864. Cole was then mustered out along with his men on June 28, 1865, at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. He died on May 26, 1909, in Baltimore. He is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.
# Bolshemedvedevsky

Bolshemedvedevsky (Russian: Большемедведевский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovka Urban Okrug, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 114 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Bolshemedvedevsky is located 43 km northwest of Mikhaylovka. Rekonstruktsiya is the nearest rural locality.
# Qatlish-ye Olya

Qatlish-ye Olya (Persian: قتليش عليا, also Romanized as Qatlīsh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Qatlīsh and Kātlīsh) is a village in Gifan Rural District, Garmkhan District, Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 419, with 104 families.
# Cargo Studios

Cargo Studios was a recording studio located on Kenion Street, off Drake Street, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. It was opened in 1977 by John Brierley (who had gained notoriety in the early 1970s as producer of Tractor's first two albums) and lasted in its first incarnation until 1984. The studio is synonymous with the rise of the post-punk music scene in the North of England and as the incubator of many bands that would go on to make their mark in the UK and worldwide, including Joy Division, the Fall, the Teardrop Explodes, Blue Orchids, the Chameleons, the Membranes, Echo and the Bunnymen, Flight and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark.
One of the best known songs recorded at the studio is Joy Division's "Atmosphere".
On 23 September 2009, a blue plaque was placed on the building, in recognition of the role it played in the British music scene.
# Pyatovskaya, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast

Pyatovskaya (Russian: Пятовская) is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Pyatovskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 109 as of 2002. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Pyatovskaya is located 1 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Totma is the nearest rural locality.
# Jamian

Jamian (Persian: جميان, also Romanized as Jamīān) is a village in Torjan Rural District, in the Central District of Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 10 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# Ur (Mandaeism)

In Mandaeism, ʿUr (Classical Mandaic: ࡏࡅࡓ) is the king (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡋࡊࡀ, romanized: malka) of the World of Darkness (alma ḏ-hšuka) or underworld. He is the son of Ruha, the queen of the underworld, and her brother Gaf (also spelled Gap), one of the giants in the World of Darkness described in book 5 of the Ginza Rabba. Ur is typically portrayed as a large, ferocious dragon or snake. He is represented by the image of a serpent on the skandola talisman.$^{:37}$
The Mandaean Book of John contrasts Ur, the King of Darkness, with the King of Light (Hayyi Rabbi).

## Names

Ur has also been referred in Mandaean texts as Leviathan (Classical Mandaic: ࡋࡉࡅࡉࡀࡕࡀࡍ, romanized: liuiatan; from Right Ginza 15.1). According to the Right Ginza 5.1, his mother Ruha called him "the Great Giant, the Power of Darkness" (gabara rba, haila ḏ-hšuka).
Ur's epithets include Bar-Spag (Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡓ ࡎࡐࡀࡂ, lit. 'Son of Spag') and other names.

## Parallels

Aldihisi (2008) compares Ur to Tiamat in Babylonian mythology and Samael in Gnostic literature.