OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shrub–steppe

Shrub-steppe is a type of low-rainfall natural grassland. While arid, shrub-steppes have sufficient moisture to support a cover of perennial grasses or shrubs, a feature which distinguishes them from deserts.
The primary ecological processes historically at work in shrub-steppe ecosystems are drought and fire. Shrub-steppe plant species have developed particular adaptations to low annual precipitation and summer drought conditions. Plant adaptations to different soil moisture regimes influence their distribution. A frequent fire regime in the shrub-steppe similarly adds to the patchwork pattern of shrub and grass that characterizes shrub-steppe ecosystems.

## North America

The shrub-steppes of North America occur in the western United States and western Canada, in the rain shadow between the Cascades and Sierra Nevada on the west and the Rocky Mountains on the east. They extend from south-central British Columbia down into south central and south-eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and eastern California, and across through Idaho, Nevada, and Utah into western Wyoming and Colorado, and down into northern and central New Mexico and northern Arizona. Growth is dominated primarily by low-lying shrubs, such as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), with too little rainfall to support the growth of forests, though some trees do occur. Other important plants are bunchgrasses such as Pseudoroegneria spicata, which have historically provided forage for livestock as well as wildlife, but are quickly being replaced by nonnative annual species like cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum), and Russian thistle (Salsola kali). There is also a suite of animals that call the shrub-steppe home, including sage grouse, pygmy rabbit, Western rattlesnake, and pronghorn.
Historically, much of the shrub-steppe in Washington state was referred to as scabland because of the deep channels cut into pure basalt rock by cataclysmic floods more than 10,000 years ago. Major threats to the ecosystem include overgrazing, fires, invasion by nonnative species, development (since much of it is at lower elevations), conversion to cropland, and energy development. Less than 50% of the state of Washington's historic shrub-steppe remains; according to some estimates, only 12 to 15% remains.
Shrub-steppe ecoregions of North America include:
* Great Basin shrub steppe in eastern California, central Nevada, western Utah, and southeastern Idaho.
* Snake–Columbia shrub steppe in south-central Washington state, eastern Oregon, northeastern California, northern Nevada, and southern Idaho.
* Wyoming Basin shrub steppe in central Wyoming, reaching into south-central Montana, northeastern Utah, southeastern Idaho, and northwestern Colorado.
* Okanagan shrub steppe in the Okanagan Valley in south-central British Columbia, and the southern Similkameen Valley in south-central British Columbia and north-central Washington state.
The South Central Rockies forests, Montana valley and foothill grasslands, and Blue Mountains forests also contain shrub-steppes.
# Safarovo

Safarovo (Russian: Сафарово; Bashkir: Сафар, Safar) is a rural locality (a village) in Yenebey-Ursayevsky Selsoviet, Miyakinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 288 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Safarovo is located 36 km southwest of Kirgiz-Miyaki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tuksanbayevo is the nearest rural locality.
# 1868 in New Zealand

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in New Zealand.

## Incumbents
### Regal and viceregal

* Head of State — Queen Victoria
* Governor — Sir George Grey is recalled by the British government and is replaced on 5 February by Sir George Ferguson Bowen.

### Government and law

The 4th Parliament continues. The first four Māori MPs are elected in 1868.
* Speaker of the House — Sir David Monro
* Premier — Edward Stafford
* Minister of Finance — William Fitzherbert
* Chief Justice — Hon Sir George Arney

### Main centre leaders

* Mayor of Christchurch — William Wilson
* Mayor of Dunedin — John Hyde Harris followed by Thomas Birch

## Events

* 1–6 February: The Great storm of 1868 sweeps across the country causing major damage and loss of life.
* 1 June: The New Zealand Advertiser, which had been absorbed into the New Zealand Times in 1867, is revived. It ceases publication for good in December.
* 13 August: A tsunami caused by the 1868 Arica earthquake in South America causes the only fatalities recorded from tsunamis in New Zealand, with about twenty people swept away in the Chatham Islands.
* 24 August: Wanganui Horticultural Society established.
* Nelson Football Club founded.
* 2 November: New Zealand Mean Time adopted throughout the colony; New Zealand may be the first country to have adopted a standard time throughout the country.
* Coromandel Gold Rush (1867–68)

## Sport
### Cricket

The Basin Reserve is first used for cricket.

### Horse racing
#### Major race winners

* New Zealand Cup: Flying Jib
* New Zealand Derby: Flying Jib

### Shooting

Ballinger Belt: Sergeant Taylor (Otago)

## Births

* 23 February Sir Andrew Hamilton Russell, soldier.
* 19 March: Alfred Ransom, politician and cabinet minister.

### Full date unknown

* Asajiro Noda, seaman, cashier, gum-digger and farmer (d. 1942)

## Deaths

* 9 October: George Macfarlan, politician
# Novitsky

Novitsky (Russian: Новицкий; Ukrainian: Новицький; masculine) or Novitskaya (feminine) is a surname of Slavic origin. It may refer to:
* Craig Novitsky (born 1971), American football player
* Edward Novitski (1918–2006), American geneticist
* Evgeny Novitsky (born 1957), Russian hi-tech entrepreneur, former President of AFK Sistema
* Gennady Novitsky (born 1949), former Prime Minister of Belarus
* Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky, Russian general
* Jeff Novitzky (born 1967), Food and Drug Administration agent
* Mike Novitsky (born 1999), American football player
* Oleg Novitsky, Russian cosmonaut
* Pavel Novitsky (disambiguation)
* Sergei Novitski (born 1981), Russian ice dancer
# Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand

The Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (I-EA-T), (Thai: การนิคมอุตสาหกรรมแห่งประเทศไทย) is a state enterprise under control of the Ministry of Industry of Thailand. It was established by the Declaration of the Revolutionary Council No. 339 in 1972. The responsibilities of the authority are to create and organize industrial estates, grouping together industrial facilities in a synergistic manner. The authority also has the responsibility of decentralization of industrial activity away from the capital to outlying provinces of Thailand. The authority is active in fields of environmental issues, workplace safety, land use, insurance, import and export management and promotion, and factory-related infrastructure development such as water supply, electricity distribution, telephony, shopping, housing, and roads.
As of May 2021, there were 62 industrial estates in operation across 16 provinces, of which 12 are operated by I-EA-T and 50 are jointly operated with developers. I-EA-T claims they employ 605,234 workers.
In 2024 Yuthasak Supasorn is president of Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand

## Role and responsibilities

As a state enterprise under the Ministry of Industry, the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand is responsible for the development and establishment of industrial estates, where factories for various industries are systematically clustered together. With industrial estates as an implementation tool, I-EA-T also serves as a governmental mechanism to decentralize industrial development to provincial areas throughout the country.
# Nosratabad, Hamadan

Nosratabad (Persian: نصرت اباد, also Romanized as Noşratābād; also known as Ghal’eh Jowzan, Noşratābād-e Qūzān, Qal‘eh Qowzān, Qal‘eh Qūzān, and Qal‘eh-ye Qowzān) is a village in Jowkar Rural District, Jowkar District, Malayer County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 89, in 21 families.
# İzmit Körfez Circuit

İzmit Körfez Circuit (Turkish: İzmit Körfez Yarış Pisti) is a motor sports race track about 17 km (11 mi) west of İzmit, in Körfez district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Sponsored by the Turkish Automobile Sports Federation (TOSFED) and built by the Istanbul Motorsports Club (İMK), it was inaugurated in 1993 as the first asphalted race track in Turkey. The venue is home to motor sport races in various categories.
Located at the northeastern coast of Marmara Sea, İzmit Körfez Circuit is situated around a small Fener Lake (Fenergölü), which belongs to the Municipality of Körfez District. The venue can be easily reached from Istanbul and İzmit by the motorway O-4 or highway D-100 at the exit Körfez. The race track, 1.950 km (1.212 mi) at length, has nine turns and runs clockwise.
The circuit provides the greatest number of motor sport racing events in Turkey. In addition to Turkish championships, several racing organizations of private companies as well as various motor sport types in different categories are held here. On an average racing day, several events are carried out in five to six categories. The circuit is used also for test runs by motor magazines, tire and motor companies. Some motorcycle and auto racing schools train here also. Around 5,000 spectators in every age group come to the circuit on racing days. Events at the race track find growing interest in the TV and press.

## Events

Scheduled racing events throughout the year include

### Karting

* Karting Mini, Junior, Super championships

### Auto

* Street car drag racing
* Formula 3 championship

### Motorcycle

* Superbike A, B championships
* Supersport A, B, C championships
* Supermoto A, B championships
* Honda 125cc, 250cc Cup

## Accident

The renowned Turkish motorcycle racer Sinan Sofuoğlu died on May 9, 2008, in a nearby hospital after a fall-off with severe injuries and traumas he suffered during a training session at the race track.
# Mozaffarabad, Khoy

Mozaffarabad (Persian: مظفرآباد, also Romanized as Moz̧affarābād; also known as Muzafarābād, and Muzaffarābād) is a village in Ivughli Rural District, Ivughli District, Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 289, in 64 families.
# Wiesbaden-Mitte

Mitte is a borough of the city of Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany. With over 21,000 inhabitants, it is one of the most-populated of Wiesbaden's boroughs. It is located in the centre of the city.

## Places and Buildings of Interest

* Schloßplatz
** Altes Rathaus [de]
** Neues Rathaus
** Marktkirche
** Stadtschloss, today Hessischer Landtag
* Dernsches Gelände
** Backside from Neues Rathaus
* Wilhelmstraße
* Hessische Staatskanzlei / Kranzplatz
* Kochbrunnenplatz / Kranzplatz
* Taunusstrasse [de] (English: Taunus Street)
# Khanloq, Tehran

Khanloq (Persian: خانلق, also Romanized as Khānloq and Khānlūq) is a village in Koleyn Rural District, Fashapuyeh District, Ray County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 740, in 183 families.
# Ilyiny

Ilyiny (Russian: Ильины) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Starooskolsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 90 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Ilyiny is located 14 km east of Stary Oskol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kotovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Moen Church

Moen Church (Norwegian: Moen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Gran Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the northern part of the village of Jaren. It is one of the churches for the Moen/Ål parish which is part of the Hadeland og Land prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1914 using plans drawn up by the architect Harald Aars. The church seats about 170 people.

## History

Around 1910, the municipality began planning for a new annex chapel in Jaren. After a public meeting in October 1910, a committee was appointed in the Moen district, which at that time numbered 915 inhabitants. A three-acre plot of land was donated by Kjersti and Johan Trulserud and the people of the Tingelstad area gave timber, and a fundraising campaign was initiated. In 1912, the architect Harald Aars was hired to design the building which was expected to cost about 20,000 kr. The church was designed as a long church in the National Romantic style. The new Moen Chapel was consecrated on 18 June 1914. Around the turn of the 21st century, the chapel was re-titled as a church in a new combined parish with Ål Church.
# LCCA

LCCA may refer to:
* Life Care Centers of America, an elder care company in the US
* Life cycle cost analysis, a tool to determine the most cost-effective option among different competing alternatives
* London Climate Change Agency in the United Kingdom
* Lutheran Church of Central Africa, a Christian denomination of the Lutheran tradition based in the African countries of Zambia and Malawi
* Lancashire Combined County Authority, a proposed combined authority in the United Kingdom
# Panayiotis Simopoulos

Panayiotis Simopoulos (Greek: Παναγιώτης Σιμόπουλος) is one of Greece's top male fashion models. He has appeared in numerous fashion magazines and events promoting Greek and international products and appearing on ad campaigns for department stores such as JC Penney. He booked the campaign for the Dolce & Gabbana catalogue Summer 2006, shooting by Marianco Vivanco. He is represented by Ace Model Agency, based in Athens, Greece.

## Job Appearances

* Dolce & Gabbana, S/S 06 campaign
* Autumn Cashmere
* Armani
* Cole Haan
* Beau Brummel
* Velvet Underground
* Levi's *Givenchy
* Paul Smith
* Giorgio Armani
* Rene Lezard, F/W 06 campaign
"Daniel Hechter, F/W 06 campaign" "Levi’s Silver Tab, F/W 05 campaign " "Edwin, F/W 04 campaign"

## Agencies

* KULT, Hamburg
* DNA, New York
* Models One, London
* New Madison, Paris
* WHY NOT, Milan
# DJMax Portable Hot Tunes

DJMax Portable: Hot Tunes (Korean: 디제이맥스 포터블 핫튠즈; Japanese: DJマックス ホットチューンズ) is an action-rhythm video game for the PlayStation Portable published and developed by Pentavision. It is a compilation of the DJMax Portable and DJMax Portable 2 games. The game is intended to be beginner-friendly and Pentavision stated that players who have never played the DJMax series would find it easy to play. It also has been specifically designed for a Japanese audience and precautions have been taken in avoiding translation errors. It is the second DJMax game to be formally released in Japan. Hot Tunes is the sixth installment of the DJMax series for the PlayStation Portable platform. Currently only a UMD distribution for the game is available. A total of 2000 limited edition sets was made available. Each package included a wooden case, calendar, original soundtrack and piano collection, and eight mini-posters.

## Features

The main menu UI was based on DJMax Portable and other features were derived from Portable 2. The game uses the opening from DJMax Portable, Ask to Wind Live Mix. The game introduced '4B Lite', an easier 4B (4-button) mode for beginners which can be compared to 2B (2-button) mode in DJMax Portable Clazziquai Edition. Alongside 4B Lite, the game includes traditional 4B, 6B, and 8B modes. The Link Disc and Album sections are both absent. The Auto-Correction feature (in which any button can be used to hit a note), introduced in Black Square and used in Fever and Trilogy, has been removed. The green 'Specialized Note' introduced in DJMax Portable Black Square and DJ Max Fever, giving bonus points when hit and stops the background music when missed, has been removed as well.

## Glitches

Inside MV Edition mode, there are two music videos labeled "Sunset Rider". One of them is actually the music video for "Sunny Side".
# Gerard of Toul

Gerard (French: Geraud; German Gerhard; c. 935 – 23 April 994) was a German prelate who served as the Bishop of Toul from 963 until his death. His entrance into the priesthood came about due to his mother being struck dead in a lightning strike which he believed was divine judgment for his sins and a call to service. But he had been known for his piousness and he accepted the position to the Toul diocese despite his reluctance. His concern as a bishop was to the restoration of all properties the Church managed and to ensure secular involvement in Church affairs ceased.
His reputation for holiness was evident in his life and miracles at his tomb were recorded after his death; Pope Leo IX – a successor in Toul – later canonized him on 21 October 1050 in Rome.

## Life

Gerard was born circa 935 in Cologne to the nobles Ingranne and Emma and was known for his piousness and he was educated in Cologne. It is believed that he entered the priesthood after lightning struck his mother and killed her which he believed to be divine judgment for his sins. Upon his ordination he became the canon for the Cologne Cathedral.
It was at this time that Toul had great independence under its bishops and Gerard himself proved to be quite successful and a respected leader after he was appointed as the Bishop of Toul (3 March 963) and consecrated (the following 19 March in Trier) as such. Bruno the Great – on the behalf of Pope John XII – appointed him to the Toul diocese He established religious schools in the diocese and he invited European scholars – more so Greeks – to come and teach at the school as well as learn there themselves. He rebuilt churches and the notable example to this is the Toul Cathedral which he himself consecrated in 981. Gerard also founded a convent for nuns. Gerard avoided meeting with Emperor Otto II who desired to have the bishop close to him as an advisor.
The "'Vita Sancti Gerardi" states that he had the relics of both Saint Mansuetus and Saint Aprus – earlier bishops of the diocese – brought and placed in the church of Saint John the Baptist while he was ill. He is said to have come up with the use of goutweed (once known as "herb Gerald") which was used in the Middle Ages to treat gout. Gerard also fought against secular intervention in ecclesial matters and also invited monks from Ireland to come to his schools to teach. He also studied Sacred Scripture and the lives and teachings of the saints.
He died during the night on 23 April 994 and was interred in the diocesan cathedral in the choir loft.

## Sainthood

His canonization was celebrated under Pope Leo IX in Rome on 21 October 1050 – that pontiff served as a successor in Toul and venerated the late bishop. Gerard's remains were exhumed in Leo IX's presence in Toul on the night of 20 October 1051 and he was found with his white hair to still be in good preservation.
# Bolbomyia

Bolbomyia is a genus of snipe flies, and the sole genus in the family Bolbomyiidae; until 2010, it was placed in the family Rhagionidae. They are a small 2 to 3.5 mm, brown or black in color, with lightly infuscate (darkened) wings. They are restricted to the north temperate region of North America, Japan and Russian Far East (Kamchatka).

## Species

* †B. loewi Meunier, 1902 - fossil Baltic
* B. melanderi Chillcott, 1963 - Nearctic
* B. nana Loew, 1862 - Nearctic
* B. wuorentausi (Szilády, 1934) - Nearctic
# HMS Ariadne (1898)

HMS Ariadne was a Diadem-class protected cruiser of the Royal Navy, which was launched in 1898, In March 1913, she was converted to a stokers' training ship and in 1917 was converted to a minelayer and assigned to the Nore Command. She was torpedoed and sunk off Beachy Head by the German submarine UC-65 (Otto Steinbrinck) on 26 July 1917.

## Service history

Ariadne was built by J&G Thompson of Clydebank and launched on 22 April 1898, when she was named by Lady Balfour of Burleigh, wife of Lord Balfour of Burleigh, who served as Secretary of State for Scotland. She arrived at Portsmouth from Chatham Dockyard in March 1900, and was placed in the Fleet reserve.

## North Atlantic service

In March 1902 she was ordered to prepare for service on the North America and West Indies Station, where she would act as flagship to Vice-Admiral Sir Archibald L. Douglas when he took up command on the station in July that year. She was commissioned at Portsmouth on 5 June 1902 by Captain Montague Browning, who was appointed flag captain in command of the ship from the same day. Leaving Portsmouth in early July, she arrived at the station headquarters at Halifax and formally succeed HMS Crescent as flagship to the station on 15 July. In August–September 1902 she visited St. John's, Newfoundland, Quebec City and Charlottetown. In November the same year, she visited the Bermuda headquarters of the station and Trinidad.
Ariadne took part in the naval blockade of Venezuelan ports during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903.
# I-5 road (Bulgaria)

Republic road I-5 (Bulgarian: Републикански път I-5) is a major road in central Bulgaria. It runs between Danube Bridge, at the Danube border with Romania, and the Makaza pass, at the border crossing to Greece. The total length of the road is 397.3 km (246.9 mi). Most of it provides one driving lane per direction. Road I-5 follows European route E85 from Ruse to Haskovo.

## Description

Road I-5 begins from Danube Bridge, at the Danube border with Romania. The road bypasses Ruse and runs south. It bypasses Veliko Tarnovo and then turns southwest before reaching Gabrovo. In February 2015, the government announced plans to build Veliko Tarnovo–Ruse motorway, that will supersede I-5.
Currently the road passes through the Balkan Mountains via the Shipka Pass (el. 1,150 m (3,770 ft). To improve the traffic conditions, a 3.2 km tunnel is planned to be built. The construction of the Gabrovo bypass, the first stage of the project, already has begun in 2013. The heavyweight freight traffic uses another road through the Pass of the Republic to cross the mountain.
The road leaves the Balkan Mountains at Shipka and then passes through the centre of Kazanlak. It bypasses Stara Zagora before connecting with Trakia motorway (A1) at Stara Zagora interchange.
South of Dimitrovgrad, road I-5 will make connection with Maritsa motorway (A4), which shall provide fast and comfortable access to Turkey, at Kapitan Andreevo border checkpoint.
A new 24 km section of road I-5 between Kardzhali and the village of Podkova opened to traffic in February 2014, providing safer and faster access to Makaza border crossing to Greece.
# Toumpa, Serres

Toumpa (Greek: Τούμπα) is a village in Serres regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece, located 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Serres. Since 2011 it is a municipal unit of the municipality of Emmanouil Pappas and has a population of 468 inhabitants (2021). The village bore the same name before 1928.

## History

On the hillside of Phakistra, located very close to Toumpa, a lot of archaeological finds have been unearthed over time and between them two Greek inscriptions of Roman imperial times (2nd century AD). All these testifies to the existence of an ancient settlement with a continuous life from prehistoric to Byzantine times.