OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# People's Liberation Army of Turkey – Revolutionary Path of Turkey

People's Liberation Army of Turkey-Revolutionary Path of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtulus Ordusu-Türkiye Devriminin Yolu) was a splinter group of the People's Liberation Army of Turkey (THKO). People's Liberation Army of Turkey-Revolutionary Path of Turkey appeared in 1975.
# Harrington jacket

A Harrington jacket (originally known only as a Baracuta jacket or a G9) is a lightweight, waist-length jacket made of cotton, polyester, wool or suede. Designs often incorporate traditional Fraser tartan or checkerboard-patterned lining.

## History

The first Harrington-style jackets were claimed to be made in the 1930s by the British clothing company, Baracuta. Baracuta's original design, the G9, is still in production. The British company Grenfell, previously known as Haythornthwaite and Sons, also claims to have invented an identical jacket around the same time based on their golf jackets, which is also still in production using their own signature cotton. The Harrington from either original source is based on lightweight, roomy jackets worn to play golf hence the G in the G4 or G9 naming convention for Baracuta. Both versions were originally made in Lancashire, England. Baracuta originally manufactured their jacket in Manchester whereas Grenfell were based in Burnley then London.
The character Rodney Harrington from the television series Peyton Place was so frequently seen wearing Baracuta jackets that the style of jacket came to be named after him.

## Trademark

In France, HARRINGTON has been a registered trademark since 1985.
# Mae Suat

Mae Suat (Thai: แม่สวด) is a village and tambon (sub-district) of Sop Moei District, in Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 7,827. The tambon contains 12 villages.
# HMS K7

HMS K7 was a K class submarine built by HM Dockyard, Devonport. She was laid down on 8 November 1915 and commissioned in July 1917.
K7 was the only one of the disastrous K class to engage with an enemy; on 16 June 1917 she fired a salvo of torpedoes at the U-boat U-95 and scored a direct hit. However, the torpedo failed to explode with what has been described as typical "K" luck; K-7 escaped retaliation by steaming away at speed.
K7 was involved in an accident with the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron. She was also involved in the catastrophic series of accidents during a night exercise that came to be known sarcastically as the Battle of May Island; K7 was damaged by running over the sinking K4. K7 was sold on 9 September 1921 at Sunderland.

## Design

K7 displaced 1,800 long tons (1,800 t) when at the surface and 2,600 long tons (2,600 t) while submerged. It had a total length of 338 feet (103 m), a beam of 26 feet 6 inches (8.08 m), and a draught of 20 ft 11 in (6.38 m). The submarine was powered by two oil-fired Yarrow Shipbuilders boilers supplying one geared Brown-Curtis or Parsons steam turbine that developed 10,500 ship horsepower (7,800 kW) to drive two 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) screws. Submerged power came from four electric motors each producing 350 to 360 horsepower (260 to 270 kW). It also had an 800 hp (600 kW) diesel engine to be used when steam was being raised, or instead of raising steam.
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 24 kn (44 km/h) and a submerged speed of 9 to 9.5 kn (16.7 to 17.6 km/h). It could operate at depths of 150 ft (46 m) at 2 kn (3.7 km/h) for 80 nmi (150 km). K7 was armed with ten 18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes, two 4-inch (100 mm) deck guns, and a 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bows, the midship section, and two were mounted on the deck. Its complement was fifty-nine crew members.
# Hieracium sabaudum

Hieracium sabaudum, also known as New England hawkweed, European hawkweed or a Savoy hawkweed, is a European species of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe but has become naturalized in parts of North America. In Canada, it grows in British Columbia, Québec, and Nova Scotia. In the United States, it has been found in Washington state in the Northwest as well as Wisconsin and the Northeast (from Maine to Ohio). The species is considered a noxious weed in Washington state.

## Habitat and distribution

The plant can be found growing in the fields, roadsides and forests, and usually in well-drained soil.

## Common names

English: New England hawkweed, European king devil
French: épervíère de Savoie
# Jennifer B. Coffman

Jennifer Lynne Burcham Coffman (born January 8, 1948) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky and the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky.

## Education and career

Born in Union City, Tennessee, Coffman received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Kentucky in 1969, a Master of Science from the same institution in 1971, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Kentucky College of Law in 1978. She was in private practice in Lexington, Kentucky from 1977 to 1993, also teaching as an adjunct instructor at the University of Kentucky College of Law from 1979 to 1981.

## Federal judicial service

On August 6, 1993, Coffman was nominated by President Bill Clinton to a joint appointment to both the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky and the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, both seats having been vacated by Eugene Edward Siler Jr., who had been elevated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on September 20, 1991. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 30, 1993, and received her commission on October 1, 1993. She served as the Chief Judge of the Eastern District from 2007 to 2012. She also served a seven-year term on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court starting in 2011 until she retired from all of her appointments, effective January 8, 2013. She was the first female judge appointed to the federal courts in Kentucky, and as of 2020 Coffman is the last judge appointed by a Democratic president to the Eastern District of Kentucky.

### Response to Judge Philpot

In 2013, following the gay rights decisions in Hollingsworth v. Perry and United States v. Windsor, Kentucky circuit court Judge Tim Philpot wrote an opinion editorial titled "Rulings do not change Ky. law on gay marriage." Coffman wrote an opinion editorial in response, highly critical of Philpot's judgement in writing the piece and declaring that he had risked his judicial integrity and concluded that "Philpot might have foreclosed his ability to sit on any case involving gay marriage because his comments raise a question of bias on the topic of sexual orientation." Coffman also criticized Philpot for dismissing principles of judicial interpretation as "boring and technical", for gratuitously mentioning Walker's sexuality, and for ridiculing judicial review with his observation that then-Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Vaughn Walker's declaration that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional amounted to "one trial judge trump[ing] every voter in California."
# Reaction Motors XLR11

The XLR11, company designation RMI 6000C4, was the first liquid-propellant rocket engine developed in the United States for use in aircraft. It was designed and built by Reaction Motors Inc., and used ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen as propellants to generate a maximum thrust of 6,000 lbf (27 kN). Each of the four combustion chambers produced 1,500 lbf (6.7 kN) of thrust. The engine was not throttleable but each chamber could be turned on and off individually.

## Development

Development of the engine began in 1943. Reaction Motors called the engine "Black Betsy", though informally it was referred to as "The Belching Black Bastard". Its first official designation was the 6000C4, and it was later given the military designation XLR11.

## Operational history

The XLR11-RM-5 engine was first used in the Bell X-1. On October 14, 1947, the X-1 became the first aircraft to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The XLR11-RM-5 was also used in the X-1A and X-1B, and as a booster engine in the U.S. Navy's D-558-2 Douglas Skyrocket turbojet (where it was designated the XLR8-RM-5).
In 1959 and 1960, while development of a more powerful engine was still under way, a pair of XLR11-RM-13's were used as an interim power plant for the initial flights of the X-15 research aircraft. These engines were boosted to 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust per chamber for a total of 16,000 lbf (71 kN). In comparison, the thrust of the X-15's XLR99 engine could be varied from 15,000–57,000 lbf (67–254 kN). After 24 powered flights, the XLR11 engines were replaced by the new XLR99 engine in November 1960.
The XLR11-RM-13 was also used in the Dryden lifting bodies, and as a booster engine in the Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor turbojet.

## Variants
### RMI 6000C4

    Company designation of the LR11 family.

### XLR8-RM-6

    (RMI A6000C4-2)

### XLR11-RM-13
## Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)

Data from:Aircraft engines of the World 1959/60

### General characteristics

* Type: quadruple chamber liquid propellant rocket engine
* Length:
* Diameter:
* Dry weight:
* Fuel: ethanol (C$_2$H$_5$OH / EtOH)
* Oxidiser: liquid oxygen (LO$_2$ / LOX)

### Components

* Pumps:

### Performance

* Thrust: 8,000 lbf (36,000 N)
* Burn time:
# Flaviopolis (Cilicia)

Flaviopolis (Ancient Greek: Φλαβιόπολις or Φλαοϋιόπολις), or Phlaouiopolis, or Flavias, was a town of ancient Cilicia. Respecting its history scarcely anything is known, and it cannot be ascertained whether it owed its name to the emperor Vespasian, or to some member of the family of Constantine. In later times it was the see of a Christian bishop.
Its site is located near Kadirli in Asiatic Turkey.
# Anan, Nagano

Anan (阿南町, Anan-chō) is a town located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the town had an estimated population of 4,616 in 2058 households, and a population density of 38 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the town is 123.07 square kilometres (47.52 sq mi).

## Geography

Located at the southern tip of Nagano Prefecture, Anan is surrounded by the Japanese Alps. The center of the town located on the right bank of the Tenryū River.

### Climate

The town has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Anan is 11.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2023 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.0 °C.

### Surrounding municipalities

* Aichi Prefecture
** Toyone
* Nagano Prefecture
** Achi
** Hiraya
** Shimojō
** Tenryū
** Urugi
** Yasuoka

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Ana has been declining over the past 70 years.

## History

The area of present-day Anan was part of ancient Shinano Province. The modern town was established on July 1, 1957 by the merger of the villages of Oshimojo, Wago and Asage.

## Education

Anan has four public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education.

## Transportation
### Railway

* The town does not have any passenger railway service.

### Highway

* National Route 151
* National Route 418
# Pagoh

Pagoh (Jawi: ڤاڬوه) is a town in Muar District, Johor, Malaysia. Pagoh is situated 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Muar via Johor State Route J32 (Muar–Labis trunk road) and is accessible via one of the main interchanges on the North–South Expressway, the major expressway on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. There are several federal government institutions in that town, including Institut Kemahiran Belia Negara (IKBN) and Malaysian National Service Nasuha Camp.

## History

During the Malayan Emergency, British and Commonwealth forces publicly displayed the corpses of communist guerrillas in Pagoh.

## Education

Primary education is provided by several primary schools in Pagoh. One example is SJKC (national type Chinese school) Soon Mong which is approximately 50 years old. One of the secondary schools in Pagoh is SMK Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I (SARS1), named after the sultan of Malacca who died in Pagoh.
Pagoh Educational Hub (EduHub Pagoh), the largest public higher education hub area in Malaysia, is being constructed at Bandar Universiti Pagoh, a new well-planned education township in Muar, has cemented Pagoh's name as a college town, housing the branch campuses of the International Islamic University of Malaysia and Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia and the research centre of University of Technology Malaysia. The first phase has been launched in the middle of September 2011.

## Tourist attractions

* Damai Orchard (Dusun Damai)
* Kampung Raja Mosque and Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I's tomb
* Nasuha Spice Garden (Taman Rempah Ratus Nasuha)

## Sports and recreation

* Pagoh National Sports Council Complex

## Health

* Pagoh Health Clinic (Klinik Kesihatan Pagoh)
# Chang Nien-chung

Yen Chiu-lai (Chinese: 張念中; pinyin: Zhāng Niànzhōng) is a Taiwanese politician. He has served as the Deputy Minister of the Directorate-General of Personnel Administration of the Executive Yuan since 16 January 2013.

## Education

Yen obtained his bachelor's degree in political science and master's degree in public administration from National Chengchi University in 1975 and 1981, respectively.

## Directorate-General of Personnel Administration Deputy Ministry
### Dispatched labor in Taiwan

Commenting on the widespread use of dispatched labor in Taiwan, which was alleged to cause wage stagnation, Yen said that the banning of such practice would be difficult because the needs to reduce personnel costs.
# Øyeflaten Station

Øyeflaten Station (Norwegian: Øyeflaten stasjon) is a railway station along the Bergensbanen railway line. It is located in the village of Øyeflaten in the Raundalen valley in the municipality of Voss, Vestland county, Norway. The station is served by the Bergen Commuter Rail, operated by Vy Tog, with up to five daily departures in each direction. The station was opened in 1931.
# Reyes Airport

Reyes Airport Spanish: Aeropuerto de Reyes, (IATA: REY, ICAO: SLRY) is an airport serving Reyes, the capital of the José Ballivián Province in Bolivia's Beni Department. The runway is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the town.
The Reyes non-directional beacon (Ident: REY) is located on the field.
# Grindheim Church (Agder)

Grindheim Church (Norwegian: Grindheim kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Lyngdal Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Grindheim. It is the church for the Grindheim parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1783 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 250 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1425, but the church was not new that year. The old medieval church was torn down in 1783 and replaced with a new building on the same site. In 1791, the church interior was decorated with rosemåling by Tore Asbjørnson Risøyne. In 1898, the decorations were painted over, because it was felt that the congregation spent too much time looking at them during services. In 1941, the decorations were uncovered as part of a major restoration project.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Dolisie

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dolisie (Latin: Dioecesis Dolisiensis) is a Catholic diocese located in the city of Dolisie in the ecclesiastical province of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of the Congo.

## History

On 24 May 2013, Pope Francis established the Diocese of Dolisie from the Diocese of Nkayi.

## Ordinaries

* Bienvenu Manamika Bafouakouahou (24 May 2013 – 18 April 2020), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Brazzaville
# Clyde Gates

Edmond Darell "Clyde" Gates (born June 13, 1986) is an American former professional football wide receiver. Gates was selected by the Miami Dolphins as the 111th overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft. He is the cousin of running backs Bernard Scott and Daryl Richardson.

## Early life

Gates had a rough childhood, growing up in a troubled neighborhood with his father serving 18 years in prison for murder. He intended on playing in the NBA after earning a scholarship to play basketball at Tyler Junior College in Texas. He was asked not to return for a second season. He was recruited by Abilene Christian to play football in 2007.

## College career

As a freshman in 2007, Clyde played in 11 games finishing with 12 catches for 285 yards and 1 touchdown. He also carried the ball 14 times for 189 yards and 4 more scores. He had 876 all-purpose yards in 2007. Gates finished his sophomore year playing 10 games, missing two games due to a leg injury early in the season, resulting in 31 catches for 716 yards and 8 touchdowns. His Junior year earned him the "top receiver for the Wildcats" with 702 yards with 5 touchdown, averaging 14.3 yards per catch.

## Professional career
### Miami Dolphins

Upon entering the 2011 NFL draft, Gates was selected in the 4th round with the 111th pick by the Miami Dolphins. He scored his first touchdown in the Dolphins first preseason game on August 12, 2012 vs Atlanta.
Gates was released by the Dolphins on August 31, 2012.

### New York Jets

Gates was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets on September 1, 2012.
Gates suffered a season-ending shoulder injury on October 13, 2013 and was placed on the injured reserve list two days later. He was released on August 30, 2014.

### Tennessee Titans

On January 14, 2015, the Tennessee Titans signed Gates to a futures/reserve contract. He was waived on August 17, 2015.

### Dallas Cowboys

On August 20, 2015, Gates signed with the Dallas Cowboys. He was released by the Cowboys on September 5, 2015.
# Istishab

Istiṣḥāb (Arabic: استصحاب transl. continuity) is an Islamic term used in the jurisprudence to denote the principle of the presumption of continuity. It is derived from an Arabic word suhbah meaning accompany. It is one of the fundamental principles of the legal deduction that presumes the continuation of a fact. It is based on probability and can be applied in the absence of other proofs.
Istishab, an initiative of ash-Shafii, is the rationalistic principle of extracting a legal solution according to which changes are not considered to occur until clear signs of these changes are apparent. It serves as the basis for many legal rulings such as the presumption of innocence—the person is regarded as innocent unless proven guilty. Malik ibn Anas and ash-Shafii regarded it to be a proof until it is contradicted. Several classical jurists differed over this principle with some Hanafi jurists refusing to regard it as an evidence. It is now widely employed by the contemporary scholars.

## Definition

Ibn al-Qayyim defined it as
   The continuation of what is established or the negation of what does not exist, i.e. it is the judgement, negative or positive, continues until there is evidence of a change of state. This continuance is not proved by positive evidence, but by the absence of the existence of new evidence.
Al-Qarafi expressed it as the validity of the former state in the following words.
   Istishab means the belief that the past or present matter must be assumed to remain as it is in the present or future.

## Types

Istishab is divided into several types. The majority of the scholars agree upon three types.

### Presumption of the original absence

It is the absence of any Shariah norms on an adult Muslim, until their legitimacy is established. An example is the absence of the mandatory sixth prayer for a Muslim, the presumption of the person's innocence of a crime, etc. Islamic theologians are unanimous regarding the validity of this type.

### Basis in everyday life is permissibility

The overwhelming majority of jurists believe that the basis in useful everyday things is permissibility and in harmful things is prohibition. For example, a certain type of food is allowed until a Sharia argument is established, proving its prohibition.

### Presumption of existence before evidence is available

If there are Sharia texts with respect to any norm, backed up by the Istishab, then statements about the abolition of this rule will not be accepted until they are backed up by evidence. An example is the continued ownership of property rights. The application to terminate property will not be accepted until evidence is submitted supporting these statements. Another example is the validity of the ablution, which will not invalidated on the mere basis of doubt.
# Thomas Wakeman

Thomas Wakeman (Sioux: Wowinape) (1846 – January 13, 1886) was a Dakota (also known as Sioux) based in Dakota Territory who organized the first Sioux Indian YMCA. Over the years, 66 Sioux associations have been founded, and they have more than 1000 members. As of 2000, Sioux YMCAs, under the leadership of a Lakota Board of Directors, operate programs serving families and youth on the 4,500-square-mile (12,000 km$^2$) Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.

## Background

Chief Little Crow (Sioux: Thaóyate Dúta; English: His Red Nation) of the Dakota had a son named Wowinape (Sioux: Wówinaphe; English: Place of Refuge) born in 1846. Little Crow and Wowinape survived the Dakota War of 1862 and moved west to Dakota Territory when the Dakota and Winnebago were expelled from southern Minnesota.
They lived at Devil's Lake. On June 10, 1863, they left to make a raid into Minnesota to get horses for their family. On July 3, 1863, Little Crow and his son were in the "Big Woods" picking raspberries. They were spotted by two settlers, Nathan Lamson and his son Chauncey. The four engaged in a brief firefight. Little Crow wounded the elder Lamson, but was mortally shot by both Lamson and his son. The chief told his own son Wowinape to flee. The father and son got the bounty posted against the Sioux, as they had been expelled from the state. Wowinape, who had fled back to Devil's Lake, was later captured, tried and sentenced to hang. He was sent to a prison camp in Davenport, Iowa. There he converted to Christianity and took the name Thomas Wakeman. He was pardoned in 1865 and settled in Dakota Territory.
Wakeman married Judith Minnetonka in January 1874. They had four sons and two daughters: Solomon, Ruth, John, Jesse, Ida, and Alex Wakeman.

## Career

On April 27, 1879 Thomas Wakeman and his friends started the Koskad Okodakiciye, a Young Man's Association, at Flandreau, Dakota Territory, now in South Dakota. In 1885, it was recognized by the national YMCA and its name was changed to Sioux YMCA. The term Sioux was used by European Americans, who did not distinguish among the various tribes.

## Death

Wakeman contracted tuberculosis and died at Redwood Falls, Minnesota on January 13, 1886. His son Jesse Wakeman succeeded his father at the YMCA.