OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Fraser (academic)

John Fraser (March 22, 1827 – June 4, 1878) was an American soldier and educator. He was the third president of the Pennsylvania State University, serving from 1866 until 1868, and the second Chancellor of the University of Kansas serving from 1867 to 1874.
Fraser was born in Cromarty, Scotland, and studied at Aberdeen University. He graduated with a master's degree in mathematics. He emigrated to Bermuda to teach and then relocated to New York City to take charge of a private school. In 1851, he moved to western Pennsylvania and became professor of mathematics at Jefferson College.
During the American Civil War, he enlisted in the 140th Pennsylvania Infantry in 1862 and rose through the ranks to be the regiment's colonel. He fought at the Battle of Gettysburg in the Wheatfield area, taking charge of the 140th when all the senior officers were incapacitated. He was taken as a prisoner of war during the Siege of Petersburg and incarcerated in Charleston, South Carolina.
In recognition of his service, on January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Fraser for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.
# Hajji Kheder

Hajji Kheder (Persian: حاجي خدر, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Kheder and Ḩājī Kheder) is a village in Samen Rural District, Samen District, Malayer County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 29 families.
# Oshane Glacier

Oshane Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Ошане, romanized: lednik Oshane, IPA:) is the 3 km long and 2.5 km wide glacier on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica, situated south of Dodelen Glacier, west of Lister Glacier and north of Ralitsa Glacier. It drains the west slopes of Cushing Peak in Stribog Mountains, and flows westwards into Guyou Bay.
The glacier is named after the settlement of Oshane in Northwestern Bulgaria.

## Location

Oshane Glacier is centred at 64°05′30″S 62°28′00″W﻿ / ﻿64.09167°S 62.46667°W﻿ / -64.09167; -62.46667. British mapping in 1980 and 2008.
# Lit Bar-e Zivdar

Lit Bar-e Zivdar (Persian: ليت برزيودار, also Romanized as Līt Bar-e Zīvdār) is a village in Afrineh Rural District, Mamulan District, Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 425, in 85 families.
# Beirut Air Base

33°49′16″N 35°29′18″E﻿ / ﻿33.82111°N 35.48833°E﻿ / 33.82111; 35.48833
Beirut Air Base (Arabic: قاعدة بيروت الجوية Kaidat Bayrut al-jawiya) is a military base owned by the Lebanese Armed Forces and operated by the Lebanese Air Force. It is located 9 km (5.6 mi) from the city center in the southern suburbs of Beirut, Lebanon.
Currently, the Lebanese Air Force occupies part of the west end of the Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport and has been the base of most of the helicopter force for almost 50 years, which include the Hawker Hunters, Fouga Magisters and other aircraft during certain periods.

## History

After the formation of the air force, the Beirut Air Base was established in 1950. During the early years, Rayak was the main air base; however, the air force wanted to establish another air base close to the capital and after studying most of the areas around Beirut, it was concluded that the new site for the Beirut International airport in Khalde was best fit.

## Inventory

* 30 Huey II Helicopters
* 2 Twin Huey Helicopters (3 more to be restored)
* 3 Cessna 208 Caravan close air support planes
* AW139 Presidential Helicopter
The Twin Huey's will have multiple role purposes like fire-fighting, utility and patrolling the ocean to protect the oil extraction as well as modifications for light attack purposes.
# Diodorus of Adramyttium

Diodorus (Greek: Διόδωρος) of Adramyttium, was a rhetorician and Academic philosopher. He is known only from the account given by Strabo. He lived at the time of Mithridates (1st century BC), under whom he commanded an army. In order to please the king, he caused all the senators of his native place to be massacred. He afterwards accompanied Mithridates to Pontus, and, after the fall of the king, Diodorus received the punishment for his cruelty. Charges were brought against him at Adramyttium, and as he felt that he could not clear himself, he starved himself to death in despair.
# Shchekino (disambiguation)

Shchekino (Russian: Щекино) or Shchyokino (Щёкино) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

## Kursk Oblast

* Shchekino, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Shchekinsky Selsoviet of Rylsky District

## Moscow Oblast

* Shchekino, Moscow Oblast, a village in Nudolskoye Rural Settlement of Klinsky District

## Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

* Shchekino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Nikolo-Pogostinsky Selsoviet of Gorodetsky District

## Perm Krai

* Shchekino, Perm Krai, a selo in Usolsky District

## Smolensk Oblast

* Shchekino, Gagarinsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Pokrovskoye Rural Settlement of Gagarinsky District
* Shchekino, Ugransky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Zakharyevskoye Rural Settlement of Ugransky District
* Shchekino, Yartsevsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Yartsevskoye Urban Settlement of Yartsevsky District

## Tula Oblast

* Shchekino, a town in Shchyokinsky District
* Shchekino (rural locality), Tula Oblast, a village in Shevelevskaya Rural Administration of Shchyokinsky District

## Tver Oblast

* Shchekino, Molokovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Deledinskoye Rural Settlement of Molokovsky District
* Shchekino, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Maryinskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District

## Vladimir Oblast

* Shchekino, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Kameshkovsky District
* Shchekino, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Vyaznikovsky District

## Vologda Oblast

* Shchekino, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Tregubovsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District
* Shchekino, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Chushevitsky Selsoviet of Verkhovazhsky District
* Shchekino, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podlesny Selsoviet of Vologodsky District
* Shchekino, Vytegorsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Tudozersky Selsoviet of Vytegorsky District
# Sangan, Tehran

Sangan (Persian: سنگان, also Romanized as Sangān and Sankān; also known as Sangān-e Pā’īn) is a village in Sulqan Rural District, Kan District, Tehran County, Tehran Province, Iran. In 2006, its population comprised 749 residents in 195 families. Sangan Waterfall is located nearby.
# Helsinki City Theatre

The Helsinki City Theatre (Finnish: Helsingin Kaupunginteatteri; Swedish: Helsingfors stadsteater) is a theatre located in Helsinki, Finland. Owned by the Helsinki Theatre Foundation, it calls itself a "modern popular bilingual repertoire theatre."
The Helsinki City Theatre is the only Finnish representative in the European Theatre Convention. In addition to drama and musicals, the theatre operates a concert dance oriented branch, the Helsinki Dance Company.
Annual figures reported by the theatre include 20 new productions, 1,100 performances, and 350,000 spectators. The theatre has 250 permanent members of staff, and operates across 6 stages.

## History

The theatre has its roots in two organizations: Helsingin Työväenteatteri ("Workers' Theatre of Helsinki", established in 1902) and Helsingin Kansanteatteri (People's Theatre of Helsinki, established in 1934). These two merged in 1948 to form Helsingin Kansanteatteri-Työväenteatteri ("People's and Workers' Theatre of Helsinki"), which eventually transitioned into the Helsinki City Theatre in 1964. The rebranding was largely a result of the emergence of the Helsinki Theatre Foundation, who owns the theatre, and whose members are elected by the City Council of Helsinki.
Prior to 1965, the Helsinki City Theatre operated on third-party stages, after which the organization chose to construct a theatre building of their own. They held an architectural competition for the design of the new building, which was won by architects Timo Penttilä and Kari Virta. The building designed by Penttilä opened in 1967. In 1989, an annex building was constructed, which was also designed by Penttilä's architectural firm. The working drawings for the theatre building were later donated to the Museum of Finnish Architecture. A bronze model of the theatre building is on display in the theatre vestibule.

## Stages

* Big stage (Finnish: Suuri näyttämö) — 947 seats
* Arena stage — 500 seats
* Small stage (Finnish: Pieni näyttämö)— 347 seats
* Studio Pasila — 324 seats
* Lilla Teatern — 267 seats
* Studio Elsa — 240 seats
# Svecoman movement

The Svecoman (Swedish: Svekoman, IPA:, Finland Swedish:) movement was a Suecophile or pro-Swedish nationalist movement that arose in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the end of the 19th century chiefly as a reaction to the demands for increased use of Finnish vigorously presented by the Fennoman movement. The Fennoman nationalist movement had demanded that Swedish be replaced by Finnish in public administration, courts, and schools. At the time, Finnish and Swedish were spoken by about 85 and 15 percent respectively of the duchy's population.
The ideas of the "Svecomans" were an important part of the public debate of the 1870s and 1880s that was evoked by the reinstatement of the Diet of Finland, which now convened every third year.

## History

Finland had been a part of Sweden from the early Middle Ages until the Finnish War of 1808–1809, when it was ceded to Russia and made a Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Although Finnish was the language of the majority of the new Grand Duchy, a significant minority was Swedish-speaking. Swedish had been the language of administration and in educational institutions when Finland was part of the Swedish realm.
The Svecomans promoted the idea that Finland harbours two peoples, or nations, speaking different languages, with different cultures, and originating from separate parts of the country. In accordance with contemporary science, these two peoples were consequently denoted as members of different "races". This idea was radically new. Until then, the Swedish-speaking rural population had been mostly ignored, but now this minority was considered important and directly associated with the elite of Finland.
The language strife between Fennomans and Svecomans in these decades also mirrored more general political divisions:
* The Fennomans were favoured by the Russian authorities, while the Svecomans channeled the remaining fear of the Russians and the cultural attachment to their old enemy Sweden.
* After the Crimean War, when the Swedish-speaking towns on Finland's south coast and the merchant fleet had been severely damaged, neutralist views received strong support among educated Eastern-Swedish.
* The Fennomans were chiefly dominated by the clergy, the Svecomans by industrialists and academics from other faculties besides the theological one. The spiritual leader of the Svecomans was the linguist Axel Olof Freudenthal, who also had claims of racial supremacy.
The feeling of unity between the Swedish-speaking rural population and the (remains of the) Swedish-speaking elite is the lasting legacy of the Svecoman movement, and this became the core idea of the Swedish People's Party, which was founded after the introduction of equal and common suffrage in 1906.
# Firuz Kuh, Razavi Khorasan

Firuz Kuh (Persian: فيروزكوه, also Romanized as Fīrūz Kūh) is a village in Jamrud Rural District, in the Central District of Torbat-e Jam County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 826, in 166 families.
# Sam Menning

Sam Menning (January 5, 1925 – March 29, 2010) was an American character actor and photographer.
Menning began his career in the 1950s as a photographer in New York City before switching to acting during the 1980s. His talent agent, Bonnie Howard, made him her first professional client. Howard noted that Menning was the last person to photograph pin-up model Bettie Page before her retirement from the modelling industry.
Before becoming a professional actor in the 1980s, Menning worked in a number of positions within the entertainment industry, including a still photographer, grip, gaffer and lighting technician. His television credits included Yes, Dear, Guideposts Junction, Sabrina the Teenage Witch (in the episode "Pancake Madness"), and In Case of Emergency, and he portrayed a homeless man called Pickled Egg Guy in My Name Is Earl. In film, Menning appeared in Mel Brooks' 1991 movie Life Stinks, portrayed another homeless man in Speedway Junky, and a blind stagehand in the 2006 thriller, The Prestige, directed by Christopher Nolan.
Sam Menning died of emphysema at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, on March 31, 2010, at the age of 85. He was survived by his daughter Sherree Casusol, and her four children; his brother, Rod Menning, and his nephew Garrett Menning. His memorial service was held at Angeleno Valley Mortuary in North Hollywood.
# Downward causation

In philosophy, downward causation is a causal relationship from higher levels of a system to lower-level parts of that system: for example, mental events acting to cause physical events. The term was originally coined in 1974 by the philosopher and social scientist Donald T. Campbell.

## Examples

According to practopoietic theory of system organization, downward causation in biological systems always involves the environment. Downward causation does not occur by direct causal effects from higher to lower levels of system organisation. Instead, downward causation occurs indirectly because the mechanisms at higher levels of organisation fail to accomplish the tasks dictated by the lower levels of organisation. As a result, inputs from the environment signal to the mechanisms at lower levels of organisation that something is wrong and therefore, to act. For example, a species may find itself under evolutionary pressure to adjust to novel circumstances—which is a form of downward pressure for adjustment. Similarly, an organism may be under downward pressure to express different genes if the expression patterns from the past did not lead to desired results. Another special case of downward causation is supervised learning (of neuronal networks) in which both behavior and environment govern the propagation from higher to lower levels.
This leads to a unique form of a causal interaction pattern—called a practopoietic loop (cycle) of causation. The end result is that the mechanisms responsible for mental events cause physical events only based on their joint interaction with the environment.
An interesting consequence is that neither behavior of an organism nor its mental operations can be considered fully or exclusively supervenient on the body of the organism. On the one hand, behavior is not supervenient on all parts of the body. On the other hand, due to the necessary interactions with the environment at all levels of organization, behavior is supervenient also on some aspects of the environment. The same holds for the mental operations, or the mind.
# Dolní Lhota (Ostrava-City District)

Dolní Lhota (German: Klein Ellgoth) is a municipality and village in Ostrava-City District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.

## Transport

Trams from Ostrava run to Dolní Lhota. There are three tram stops: U Obory, Dolní Lhota and Dolní Lhota osada, and three bus stops.
# Peoria calamistis

Peoria calamistis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Colombia.
The wingspan is about 28 mm. The forewings are ochreous, irrorated (sprinkled) with black brown. There is a black antemedial mark and a terminal series of points. The hindwings are ochreous with a brownish termen.
# Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa

Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་མཉམ་རུབ་ཚོགས་པ།; Wylie: ’brug nyam-rub tshogs-pa; lit. 'Bhutan United Party'), formerly the Social Democratic Party, is one of the five registered political parties in Bhutan. It was registered on 20 January 2013. The DNT was Bhutan's governing party from 2018 to 2023.

## Electoral performance

Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa contested the National Assembly elections of 2013, 2018 and 2023.

### 2013 National Assembly election

In the primary round of the 2nd National Assembly elections held in 2013, the DNT had 35,962 votes and came third place, and so could not take part in the final round. However the then party president, Aum Dorji Choden, who placed first in her constituency, as well as several other DNT candidates who placed second in their own constituencies, resigned from the party to become successful candidates for the People's Democratic Party in the final round.

### 2018 National Assembly election

In the 2018 elections, the party won 30 seats with 54.95% of the votes.

### 2023–24 National Assembly election

The party failed to advance to the second round of the 2023–24 elections.

## Election Results
### National Assembly

| Election | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Seats | +/– | Outcome |
| Election | Votes | % | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Outcome |
| 2013 | 35,962 | 17.04% | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | 0 / 47 | New | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2018 | 92,722 | 31.85% | 172,268 | 54.95% | 30 / 47 | 30 | Government |
| 2023–24 | 41,106 | 13.13% | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | 0 / 47 | 30 | Extra-parliamentary |
# Die stumme Serenade

Die stumme Serenade, Op. 36, (The silent serenade), is a German-language musical comedy by Erich Wolfgang Korngold to a libretto by Victor Clement. The style of the work is a mix of operetta and 1920s-style revue songs. The roles are written for eight singers and eight actors and the work is scored for a small chamber orchestra: two pianos, the first doubling on celesta, two violins, cello, flute, clarinet or saxophone, trumpet, and percussion. The plot is set in 1820s Naples. Korngold worked on the piece from 1946 to 1951. A version shortened from 180 to 100 minutes was premiered by Radio Vienna in 1951. The first full version staged in 1954 by Theater Dortmund met with a negative critical response.

## Recordings

The recording of the shortened version by Radio Vienna in 1951 featured sopranos Hilde Ceska (Silvia), Rosl Schwaiger (Luise), Liane Synek, mezzo-soprano Tonja Sontis, contralto Hansi Schenk (Probierdamen), baritone Kurt Preger [de] (Caretto), the actors Fred Liewehr (Andrea Cocle), Egon von Jordan (Benedetto), Franz Böheim (Borzalino), Susi Witt (Geschäftsführerin), Felix Dombrowsky (Carlo Marcellini), Herbert Hauk (Pater); conducted by the composer. Issued 2011 by Line Music (cantus classics, CACD 5.01371).
The first full-length recording was made in 2009 with Sarah Wegener, Birger Radde, Frank Buchwald, Werner Klockow, Young Opera Company, Holst-Sinfonietta, Klaus Simon recorded 2009, released by CPO 2011.
# Crossed Lines (film)

Crossed Lines (Chinese: 命运呼叫转移; pinyin: Mìngyùn Hūjiào Zhuǎnyí) is a Chinese comedy anthology film.

## Cast
### Segment 1: "The Misunderstanding"

* Director: Liu Yiwei
* Yang Lixin
* Xu Zheng
* Xu Fan
* Liu Yiwei

### Segment 2: "The Eulogy"

* Director: Lin Jinhe
* Fan Bingbing
* Wang Xuebing
* Che Yongli
* Jin Sha

### Segment 3: "The Sticks"

* Director: Sun Zhou
* Ge You
* Yan Ni
* Mao Junjie
* Sun Zhou

### Segment 4: "The Boy Who Cried Wolf"

* Director: Shen Lei & Alfred Cheung
* Chiu Hsin-chih
* Yao Chen
* Annie Yi
* Kong Wei
* Michelle Bai
* Aya Liu

## Reception

The film was released on 29 November 2007, and reached number one at mainland China box office for two consecutive weeks. It earned a total of 35 million RMB as of 23 December 2007.
# Luděk Munzar

Luděk Munzar (20 March 1933 in Nová Včelnice – 26 January 2019 in Modřany, Prague) was a Czech actor. He appeared in the Czech New Wave film The Joke (Jaromil Jireš, 1969) and starred in the film Poslední propadne peklu under director Ludvík Ráža in 1982.
Quote of the article at Radio Praha: "Munzar war einer der bedeutendsten Film- und Bühnendarsteller seiner Zeit, er genießt hierzulande den Ruf einer Legende. Er gehörte über 30 Jahre zum Schauspielensemble des Prager Nationaltheaters. Auf der Bühne trat er oft gemeinsam mit seiner Frau Jana Hlaváčová auf." (in English: "Munzar was one of the most important film and stage actors of his time, he enjoys the reputation of a legend here in the Czech Republic He belonged to the acting ensemble of the Prague National Theatre for more than 30 years. On stage he often appeared together with his wife Jana Hlaváčová.")
In the Czech Republic he was also known as the synchronized voice of Paul Newman in movies.

## Decorations

Awarded by Czech Republic
* Medal of Merit (2024)
# Alsancak Shuttle

The Alsancak–Halkapınar Shuttle (Turkish: Alsancak–Halkapınar Ring Treni, Alsancak–Halkapınar Ring Train) is a shuttle train operated by İZBAN to service Alsancak Terminal. As of June 10, 2012, İZBAN's mainline will temporarily bypass Alsancak, due to the construction of a new transfer station near Hilal. Until the station is complete, shuttle trains will operate every 10–12 minutes between Alsancak and Halkapınar, where passengers can transfer to other trains.