OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cardiff United Synagogue

The Cardiff United Synagogue, also called the Cardiff Shul, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, located in Cyncoed Gardens, in the Cyncoed suburb of Cardiff, Wales, in the United Kingdom.
The synagogue maintains daily prayer services, led by Rabbi Michoel Rose. The synagogue also provides educational classes, youth and festivals programming and is instrumental in interfaith work in South Wales.

## History

A Jewish community existed in Cardiff by 1841, when the Marquess of Bute donated land at Highfield for a Jewish cemetery. The congregation that is now established in Cyncoed is the result of the merger of several historic congregations, and can trace its roots to the Old Hebrew Congregation, which erected a synagogue building on Trinity Street in 1853, and to the Bute Street synagogue of 1858. Bute Street was the centre of the Jewish community in the nineteenth century.
Former locations and ancestral congregations in Cardiff include the following:
* Original (Old Hebrew) congregation:
** Trinity Street, Cardiff (1853–1858)
** East Terrace, Bute Street, Cardiff (1858–1897; redeveloped 1888)
** Cathedral Road, Cardiff (1897–1989)
* New (Orthodox) congregation:
** Edwards Place, Cardiff (1889–1900)
** Merches Place, Cardiff (1900–?)
* Windsor Place congregation, Windsor Place, Cardiff (1918–1955)
* Penylan congregation, Ty Gwyn Road, Penylan (1955–2003)
The most architecturally distinguished of the several historic synagogue buildings was the classical/eclectic synagogue in Windsor Place. One of the congregation's former buildings was purchased in 1979 and converted into a Hindu temple. With the diminution of the Cardiff Jewish community and a drift away from the older neighbourhoods, these congregations consolidated in the present, modern building in Cyncoed Gardens, Cyncoed, dedicated by Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks in 2003.

## Notable members

* Joe Jacobson (born 1986), footballer
# 1989 Ballon d'Or

The 1989 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Marco van Basten on 26 December 1989. There were 27 voters, from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Scotland, Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, West Germany and Yugoslavia. Van Basten was awarded to Ballon d'Or for the second time.

## Rankings

| Rank | Name | Club(s) | Nationality | Points |
| 1 | Marco van Basten | AC Milan | Netherlands | 119 |
| 2 | Franco Baresi | Milan | Italy | 80 |
| 3 | Frank Rijkaard | Milan | Netherlands | 43 |
| 4 | Lothar Matthäus | Internazionale | West Germany | 24 |
| 5 | Peter Shilton | Derby County | England | 22 |
| 6 | Dragan Stojković | Red Star Belgrade | Yugoslavia | 19 |
| 7 | Ruud Gullit | Milan | Netherlands | 16 |
| 8 | Gheorghe Hagi | Steaua București | Romania | 11 |
| 8 | Jürgen Klinsmann | Internazionale | West Germany | 11 |
| 10 | Jean-Pierre Papin | Marseille | France | 10 |
| 10 | Michel Preud'homme | Mechelen | Belgium | 10 |
| 12 | Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko | Dynamo Kyiv | Soviet Union | 6 |
| 13 | Míchel | Real Madrid | Spain | 5 |
| 14 | Andreas Brehme | Internazionale | West Germany | 3 |
| 14 | Paulo Futre | Atlético Madrid | Portugal | 3 |
| 14 | Karl-Heinz Riedle | Werder Bremen | West Germany | 3 |
| 17 | John Barnes | Liverpool | England | 2 |
| 17 | Packie Bonner | Celtic | Republic of Ireland | 2 |
| 17 | Glenn Hysén | Liverpool | Sweden | 2 |
| 17 | Oleh Kuznetsov | Dynamo Kyiv | Soviet Union | 2 |
| 17 | Andreas Möller | Borussia Dortmund | West Germany | 2 |
| 17 | Julio Salinas | Barcelona | Spain | 2 |
| 23 | Thomas Häßler | 1. FC Köln | West Germany | 1 |
| 23 | Ronald Koeman | Barcelona | Netherlands | 1 |
| 23 | Robby Langers | Nice | Luxembourg | 1 |
| 23 | Gary Lineker | Tottenham Hotspur | England | 1 |
| 23 | Paolo Maldini | Milan | Italy | 1 |
| 23 | Theo Snelders | Aberdeen | Netherlands | 1 |
| 23 | Gianluca Vialli | Sampdoria | Italy | 1 |
| 23 | Oleksandr Zavarov | Juventus | Soviet Union | 1 |

## Super Ballon D'Or

France Football awarded Alfredo Di Stéfano with the Super Ballon d'Or as the Argentinian legend came out on top beating Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in the vote. All the previous winners of the award since 1956 were considered eligible for the nomination.
# 1993 Ballon d'Or

The 1993 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Roberto Baggio on 28 December 1993.

## Rankings

| Rank | Name | Club(s) | Nationality | Points |
| 1 | Roberto Baggio | Juventus | Italy | 142 |
| 2 | Dennis Bergkamp | Internazionale | Netherlands | 83 |
| 3 | Eric Cantona | Manchester United | France | 34 |
| 4 | Alen Bokšić | Lazio | Croatia | 29 |
| 5 | Michael Laudrup | Barcelona | Denmark | 27 |
| 6 | Franco Baresi | Milan | Italy | 24 |
| 7 | Paolo Maldini | Milan | Italy | 19 |
| 8 | Emil Kostadinov | Porto | Bulgaria | 11 |
| 9 | Stéphane Chapuisat | Borussia Dortmund | Switzerland | 9 |
| 9 | Ryan Giggs | Manchester United | Wales | 9 |
| 11 | Andreas Möller | Juventus | Germany | 7 |
| 12 | Ruud Gullit | Sampdoria | Netherlands | 6 |
| 12 | Peter Schmeichel | Manchester United | Denmark | 6 |
| 12 | Hristo Stoichkov | Barcelona | Bulgaria | 6 |
| 15 | Basile Boli | Marseille | France | 5 |
| 15 | Rune Bratseth | Werder Bremen | Norway | 5 |
| 17 | Enzo Scifo | Monaco | Belgium | 4 |
| 18 | Andreas Herzog | Werder Bremen | Austria | 3 |
| 18 | Ronald Koeman | Barcelona | Netherlands | 3 |
| 18 | Jari Litmanen | Ajax | Finland | 3 |
| 21 | Dino Baggio | Juventus | Italy | 2 |
| 21 | Sergei Kiriakov | Karlsruher SC | Russia | 2 |
| 21 | David Platt | Sampdoria | England | 2 |
| 21 | Franck Sauzée | Atalanta | France | 2 |
| 21 | Giuseppe Signori | Lazio | Italy | 2 |
| 26 | Tomas Brolin | Parma | Sweden | 1 |
| 26 | Martin Dahlin | Borussia Mönchengladbach | Sweden | 1 |
| 26 | Georges Grün | Parma | Belgium | 1 |
| 26 | Stelios Manolas | AEK Athens | Greece | 1 |
| 26 | Paul McGrath | Aston Villa | Republic of Ireland | 1 |
# Delli-ye Mohsaleh Aqa

Delli-ye Mohsaleh Aqa (Persian: دلي محصالح اقا, also Romanized as Dellī-ye Moḥṣāleḥ Āqā) is a village in Rud Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Bagh-e Malek County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 10 families.
# Jean Alix Holmand

Jean Alix Holmand (born 10 August 1966) is a Haitian judoka. He competed in the men's half-middleweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Stanislava Komarova

Stanislava Stanislavovna Komarova (Russian: Станислава Станиславовна Комарова; born 12 June 1986 in Moscow) is a retired Russian swimmer. She won the silver medal in the 200 m backstroke at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Komarova was one of the few modern swimmers who competed without goggles.
In 2006, having parted with her long-time coach Alexey Krasikov, she moved to Tenero, Switzerland, where for a while she trained with Guennadi Touretski. She retired in 2008, aged 22, after a conflict with the Russian Swimming Federation. In 2012-2015 she worked as a sports commentator for NTV (Russia) and hosted the programme "Football Haute Couture". As of 2018 she works as a trainer, for her own Stanislava Komarova Swimming Group (SKSG) which she started in 2014 in Moscow.
Komarova is the recipient of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (2005). She is decorated with the title Meritorious Master of Sports in Russia.
In 2009 she married the volleyball player Aleksey Ostapenko, they divorced in 2011. Her second husband Andrey is a grandson of the tennis player and later commentator Anna Dmitrieva.
# Ferhat Akdeniz

Ferhat Akdeniz (born October 26, 1986, in Switzerland) is a Turkish volleyball player. He is 203 cm and plays as middle blocker. He plays for Fenerbahçe S.K.
# Ahmet Altun

Ahmet Altun (born 25 January 1958) is a Turkish former long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# İlyas Demir

İlyas Demir (born June 16, 1985 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish karateka competing in the kumite -60 kg division. He is a member of the İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.

## Achievements
### 2010

* Gold Baku Open - September 14 Baku AZE - kumite -60 kg
* Silver 45th European Championships - May 7, Athens GRE - kumite -60 kg

### 2009

* Bronze 44th European Championships - May 8, Zagreb CRO - kumite -60 kg

### 2007

* Bronze German Open - September 15, Aschaffenburg GER - kumite -60 kg
* Silver 42nd European Championships - May 4, Bratislava SVK - kumite -60 kg
* Bronze Italian Open - March 31, Monza ITA - kumite -60 kg
# Serdar Demirel

Serdar Demirel (born 4 September 1983, in Sivas) is a Turkish sport shooter specialized in 10 meter air pistol events. He is the police chief of the public security branch office at Nevşehir provincial directorate of security.

## Achievements

* Bronze 2002 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Lahti, Finland (unior men's),
* Bronze 2021 European Shooting Championships, Osijek, Croatia (Team),

## Records

* 50 metre pistol
** Qualification: 553
** With final: 653.4
* 10 metre air pistol
** Qualification: 575
** With final: 675.5
# Hasan Hüseyin Kaçar

Hasan Hüseyin Kaçar (born 11 July 1988) is a Turkish middle and long distance runner competing in the T11 class.
Hasan Hüseyin Kaçar began his sporting career in 2006. He competes for Çankaya Belediyesi SK in Ankara.
Kaçar competed at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships held in Lyon, France, and won the bronze medal in the 800m T11 event.
In 2013, he took the bronze medal in the 800m T11 event at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, France. In 2015, he took the bronze medal in the 1500m T11 event at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, Qatar.
Kaçar captured the silver medal in the 5000m T11 event at the 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships in Swansea, Wales, UK.
In 2016, he took the gold medal in the 5000m T11 event and he won the silver medal in the 1500m T11 event at the 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships in Grosseto, Italy.
He represented his country at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil competing in the 1500m T11 and 5000m T11 events. He finished fourth place in the 5000m T11 event at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
# Richard Fanshawe (equestrian)

Richard Gennys Fanshawe (22 June 1906 – 14 April 1988) was a British horse rider who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## Early life

He was born at Rathmore, Naas, Kildare, third son of Lieutenant-General Edward Arthur Fanshawe (1859–1952), K.C.B., of the Royal Artillery, and Frances Rose, daughter of Sir James Macaulay Higginson, K.C.B., Governor of British Mauritius from 1851 to 1857, formerly Governor of Antigua 1847 to 1850. His middle name, 'Gennys', derived from the marriage on 6 December 1769 of Captain Robert Fanshawe, R.N. to Christiana, daughter of John Gennys, of Whitleigh Hall, Devon, and had been given to members of the Fanshawe family including his grand-uncle Admiral Edward Gennys Fanshawe (1814–1906), Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth.

## Career

Fanshawe had a military career in the cavalry; he attained the rank of Major in the 16th/5th Lancers.
In 1936 he and his horse Bowie Knife won the bronze medal as part of the British eventing team, after finishing 26th in the individual eventing competition.

## Personal life

In 1932 Fanshawe married Ruth Violet Mary, daughter of Sir Walter Farquhar, 5th Baronet, and maternal granddaughter of Thomas Bateson, 1st Baron Deramore. Before they divorced in 1961, they had two sons:
* David Fanshawe (1933–2012), a Colonel in the Grenadier Guards.
* Brian Fanshawe (1936–2019), who served as a captain in the 9th/12th Royal Lancers; "an exceptional horseman", he was also Master of the Cottesmore Hunt. Brian's son James Fanshawe is a racehorse trainer.
In 1963 Fanshawe married secondly Araby Diana, daughter of Philip Ransom. Together, they were the parents of one son:
* Richard Fanshawe (b. 1964).
Fanshawe died at Cheltenham.
# Weyprecht Glacier

Weyprecht Glacier (Norwegian: Weyprechtbreen) is a glacier in Jan Mayen. It is the longest glacier located in the Beerenberg area.
The glacier is named after Austro-Hungarian Arctic explorer Karl Weyprecht.
# Antheia (Argolis)

37°30′11″N 23°20′54″E﻿ / ﻿37.50303°N 23.34845°E﻿ / 37.50303; 23.34845 Antheia or Anthea (Ancient Greek: Ἄνθεια) was a town in the Troezene in ancient Argolis, said to have been founded by the mythological figure Anthes. In mythology, King Pittheus transferred the town's population (synoecism) to Troezen.
The site is near modern Damala.
# Yuko Kitai

Yuko Kitai (北井 裕子, Kitai Yūko, born 15 January 1973 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese Olympic dressage rider. Representing Japan, she competed at two Summer Olympics (in 2008 and 2016). Her best Olympic results came in 2008 when she placed 9th in the team and 45th in the individual dressage events.
She also competed at the 2010 World Equestrian Games, where she achieved 13th and 54th positions in team and individual competitions, respectively.
# Atyashevo, Republic of Bashkortostan

Atyashevo (Russian: Атяшево; Bashkir: Әтәс, Ätäs) is a rural locality (a selo) in Balyklinsky Selsoviet, Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 290 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

## Geography

Atyashevo is located 23 km southeast of Fyodorovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Veselovka and Balykly are the nearest rural localities.
# Kalovo, Bulgaria

Kalovo (Bulgarian: Калово) is a village in Malko Tarnovo Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria. It is situated in Strandzha Nature Park.
Kalovo village is located 54 km from Malko Tarnovo and 56 km from Bourgas. The name comes from the Greek word "Kalos", which means "beautiful". There is a legend which says that prior to moving to Kalovo, the village founders lived in the area Strandjan Sarzhdevo, but their children are sick and dying. Then the people decided to move to another place and asked the Greek merchant, who traveled around the world to show their place. People on the left of the dealer, and when they reached the land of this village, garkat them as the most suitable place and since then the village is here.
Kalovo village has narrow, winding streets and old houses. The village church, St. George's Church, was built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
St. Panteleimon is located just 2 km from the village of St. Todor "at the end of the village, and St. Petka - 4 km north of Kalovo in place" Paroria.
In the vicinity of the village, in the district Zmeyuvi, there are three dolmens, 5 meters long. Also 1.5 km northwest of Kalovo is "not a stone point", where there are a lot of dolmens.
East Kalovo Paroria is a protected area, and the village is the starting point for a number of "Eco Tours".
# Advantage (film)

Advantage (Bulgarian: Авантаж, translit. Avantazh) is a 1977 Bulgarian drama film directed by Georgi Djulgerov. It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival, where Djulgerov won the Silver Bear for Best Director.

## Cast

* Rousy Chanev - Petela
* Plamen Donchev - Gerchev
* Maria Statoulova - Roumiana
* Plamena Getova - Gela
* Radosveta Vassileva - Uchitelkata
* Dimitr Ganev - Lyubo
* Veljo Goranov - Palikamara
* Diana Chelebieva - Keranka
* Stefan Popov - Zordan
* Mariana Krumova - Kradlata na znameto
* Valcho Kamarashev - Mazhat na Rumiana
* Evtim Kirilov - Starshinata Dryanski
* Kliment Mihaylov - Sluzhitel ot grazhdanckoto otdelenie
* Iskra Yossiffova - Stazhantka
* Krikor Hugasjan - Chichoto na Rumyana
# Fiend

Fiend may refer to:
* An evil spirit or demon in religion or mythology
* A person addicted to either a pernicious act, a cause, a hobby or sport

## Music

* Fiends (album), by Christian post-hardcore band Chasing Victory
* Fiend (rapper) (born 1976), rapper formerly with No Limit Records
* "Fiend" (song), a 2002 song by Coal Chamber
* "Fiend", a song by Orgy from Candyass
* "Fiend", a song by Pestilence from the album Resurrection Macabre
* "F(r)iend", a song by In Flames from the album Soundtrack to Your Escape
* Fiend, a musical project by Brendan O'Hare
* Fe!n, a 2023 song by Travis Scott

## Film

* The Fiend (film), a 1972 British serial killer horror film
* Fiend (film), a 1980 American B movie science fiction horror film

## Other

* The Fiend, an alter-ego of professional wrestler Bray Wyatt
* The Fiend, a Russian fairy tale
* Fiend (Dungeons & Dragons), a collective term for malicious creatures in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
# Artaiouteichos

Artaiouteichos (Ancient Greek: Ἀρταίων τεῖχος) was a Greek town located near the coast of the Propontis in ancient Mysia. According to the historian Craterus, it was located on the banks of the river Rhyndacus. The first part of the town's name was of Persian origin, the second part means 'wall' in Greek. The town belonged to the Delian League since it appears in the tribute registry of Athens for the years 425/4 and 422/1 BCE where it had to pay a phoros of 1000 drachmae.
It has been suggested that it could be the same city that Pliny the Elder mentions by the name of Ariace but most scholars consider that the Ariace of Pliny should be identified with Artace.
Its site is located on the lower Rhyndacus.
# Karl Kappeler

Johann Karl Kappeler (23 March 1816 – 20 October 1888) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss Council of States (1851/1852, 1854/1855, 1872 and 1881).
# Önder Şipal

Önder Şipal (born 1 May 1987) is a Turkish amateur boxer competing in the welterweight (69 kg) division. He is member of Istanbul Fenerbahçe Boxing Club.
His brother Onur Şipal is also an amateur boxer.

## Career

Şipal participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain and won a bronze medal. He boxed a gold medal at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara, Italy.
At the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, he lost his first match against Ionut Gheorghe.
He won the gold medal in welterweight division at the 2010 World University Boxing Championship held in Ulan Bator, Mongolia.
# Sedat Taşcı

Sedat Taşcı (born July 8, 1985) is a boxer from Turkey, who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his country. There he was stopped in the first round of the Men's Featherweight (57 kg) division by South Korea's eventual third Jo Seok-hwan. He qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in second place at the 3rd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Gothenburg, Sweden. In the final he lost to Romania's Viorel Simion.
# Kara-Shoro Nature Park

Kara-Shoro Nature Park (Kyrgyz: Кара-Шоро мамлекеттик жаратылыш паркы, Russian: Государственный природный парк Кара-Шоро) is a national park in Kyrgyzstan established in August 1996. The purpose of the park is conservation of the nature complex including geological formations, hydrological regimes, flora and fauna, and endangered species. It covers 14,440 hectares. Kara-Shoro River passes through the central part of the park.

## Topography

The park is situated at the south-western slopes of the Fergana Range, in Özgön District, on the upper course of the river Jazy. The topography embraces rocky mountains with pinnacle summits and cliffy crests, narrow and deep gorges with long and steep-sided slopes and rockslides. The slopes of the ridges are chasmy with numerous branching gorges forming a complex system of the secondary fissures. Slope gradients reach 35-45 degrees and more. The lowest altitude of the park is 1,900 m above sea level and the maximum - 3,500.

## Ecology
### Flora

The flora diversity is high. Among dominant species supported by the park are subspecies of Schrenk's spruce (Picea schrenkiana subsp. tianschanica), Savin Juniperus sabina, Juniperus semiglobosa, Birch, Acer turkestanicum, Malus, Populus, Willow, Crataegus, Sorbus tianschanica and various shrubs. Additionally, around 50 species of herbaceous plans are reported. Medicinal herbs occurring in the park include Mongolian ephedra, Urtica dioica, Aconitum soongaricum, Adonis (Adonis chrysocyathus Hook.f. & Thomson), and Leonurus (Leonurus turkestanicus V.I.Krecz. & Kuprian).

### Fauna

The park is inhabited by 12 species of animals, of them 4 are listed in the Red Book of Kyrgyz Republic, specifically Brown bear, Eurasian lynx, Snow leopard, and Capreolus. Of 21 species of birds occurring the park 8 are included in the Red Book: Saker falcon, Pallas's fish eagle, White-tailed eagle, Egyptian vulture, Cinereous vulture, Eastern imperial eagle, Golden eagle, and Great bustard.
# Cem Uluğnuyan

Cem Uluğnuyan (born December 12, 1989) is a Turkish taekwondo practitioner competing in the bantamweight division. He transferred to Ankara PTT S.K. from İzmir Büyükşehir Belediye S.K.
Cem Uluğnuyan was a member of the Turkey national team, which became world champion at the 2009 World Cup Team Championships held in Baku, Azerbaijan. He won the bronze medal at the 2009 World Taekwondo Championships held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The same year, he became European champion at the U-21 European Championships held in Vigo, Spain. At the 2010 European Championships held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, he won the bronze medal in bantamweight division.
# Mehmet Nadir Ünal

Mehmet Nadir Ünal (born 13 January 1993) is a Turkish kickboxer specialized in the K-1 event, and amateur boxer competing in the light heavyweight (-81 kg) division. He is a member of Fenerbahçe Boxing in Istanbul.
Ünal was born in Adana on 13 January 1993. He moved with his family to Konya, where he began boxing at age of 14.
He won the bronze medal in the K-1 event at the 2012 WAKO European Senior Kickboxing Championships in Ankara, Turkey.
He earned a quota spot for 2016 Summer Olympics after taking a bronze medal at the 2016 European Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament in Samsun, Turkey.
# Subinfeudation

In English law, subinfeudation is the practice by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new and distinct tenures in their turn by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands.
The tenants were termed mesne lords, with regard to those holding from them, the immediate tenant being tenant in capite. The lowest tenant of all was the freeholder, or, as he was sometimes termed, tenant paravail. The Crown, who in theory owned all lands, was lord paramount.
The great lords looked with dissatisfaction on the increase of such subtenures. Accordingly, in 1290 a statute was passed, Quia Emptores, which allowed the tenant to alienate whenever he pleased, but the person to whom he granted the land was to hold it for the same immediate lord, and by the same services as the alienor held it before.

## Scotland

In Scots law, the feudal system was abolished by the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000. The length of a lease was limited to 175 years to prevent the existence of perpetual landlord–tenant relationships similar to those that existed under feudal tenure.

## Holy Roman Empire

Within the Holy Roman Empire, mesne fiefs were known as Afterlehen, which became inheritable over time and could have up to five "stations" between the actual holder of the fief and the overarching liege lord.