OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bolsheignatovsky District

Bolsheignatovsky District (Russian: Большеигна́товский райо́н; Erzya: Покш Игнадбуе, Pokš Ignadbuje; Moksha: Оцю Игнатовань аймак, Otsü Ignatovań ajmak) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is 834.2 square kilometers (322.1 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Bolshoye Ignatovo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 8,313, with the population of Bolshoye Ignatovo accounting for 34.2% of that number.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Bolsheignatovsky District is one of the twenty-two in the republic. The district is divided into twelve selsoviets which comprise thirty-seven rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Bolsheignatovsky Municipal District. Its twelve selsoviets are incorporated into twelve rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Bolshoye Ignatovo serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.
# Samarovka

Samarovka (Russian: Самаровка; Bashkir: Һамар, Hamar) is a rural locality (a village) in Partizansky Selsoviet, Meleuzovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Samarovka is located 14 km north of Meleuz (the district's administrative centre) by road. Daryino is the nearest rural locality.
# Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company

Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company (Swedish: Sveriges Utbildningsradio or simply Utbildningsradion; UR) is a public-service corporation providing educational programming on radio and television.
The company is a member of the European Broadcasting Union and Nordvision.

## History

The company originates from experiments with Skolradio [sv] (school radio) by the Skolöverstyrelsen [sv] (National Board of Education) in 1928, a business that became permanent in 1929. In 1931, Radiotjänst became the principal for its broadcasts. In 1961, test broadcasts of school television began, an activity that in 1964 merged with school radio. To this was later added SR's adult education and the activity was financed with tax funds.
In 1967, Kommittén för Television och Radio i Utbildningen (TRU), the committee for television and radio, was started in the education of the state as an experimental activity of sending wireless teaching materials to universities and preschools. The location was in Stocksund and the business continued until 1978 when it was taken over by the newly started Sveriges Utbildningsradio AB.
In 1978, an extensive reorganization was carried out in which Sveriges Radio (SR) was split into four subsidiaries owned by SR: Sveriges Riksradio [sv] (RR), Swedish National Radio; Sveriges Lokalradio [sv] (LRAB), Swedish Local Radio; Sveriges Utbildningsradio (UR), Swedish Educational Broadcasting; and Sveriges Television (SVT), Swedish Television. In 1985, the tax financing ceased and UR's program was financed by the television fee. In 1994, another reorganization was made and UR became an independent company.
Between 1999 and 2006, a series of books on the history of educational programs and UR have been published by Arkiv förlag [sv]. A total of 16 volumes were published in this series of publications. In 2016, UR was rejected by the Discrimination Ombudsman after placing a job advertisement where dark skin color was included in the applicant's qualifications.

## Distribution

UR broadcasts their programming on Sveriges Radio's channels P1, P2, P3 and P4 as well as Sveriges Television's SVT1, SVT2 and SVT Barn. On 27 September 2004, Kunskapskanalen (The Knowledge Channel) started broadcasting. The channel is run as a collaborative project between UR and SVT. Each company accounts for fifty percent of the content and airtime.

## Management

CEOs:
* Börje Dahlqvist [sv] (1977–1986)
* Lars Hansson [sv] (1986–1998)
* Rolf Svensson (1998–1999, acting)
* Christina Björk (2000–2009)
* Erik Fichtelius [sv] (2009–2015)
* Christel Tholse Willers [sv] (2015–2017)
* Per Bergkrantz (2017–2018, acting)
* Sofia Wadensjö Karén [sv] (2018–2023)
* Kalle Sandhammar [sv] (2023–)
# Kostas Themistocleous

Kostas Themistocleous (Greek: Κώστας Θεμιστοκλέους born in 1949) is a Cypriot politician.
He studied Economics and political sciences in Athens. He also studied MSc Economics Developing in London.
He is married with Avgi Lymbouri and has two daughters and one son.
Themistocleous was a Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment in the G. Kliridis' government, member of the United Democrats and was independent candidate of Cypriot presidential election. He gained only 0.17%.
He was one of the supporters of the Annan Plan for Cyprus.
# Zisis Sotiriou

Zisis Sotiriou (Greek: Ζήσης Σωτηρίου) was a Greek revolutionary of the Greek War of Independence.

## Biography

He was born in Servia of Kozani in the 1800s, but his family soon moved to Budapest. He was the son of klepht captain Sotiris. He was one of the first Diaspora Greeks who returned to fight for the Greek War of Independence. He fought together with Emmanouel Pappas and his army in many operations in Macedonia, as well as in the Peloponnese and in Central Greece.
From 1830, he took part in most revolutionary movements in the Greek state and abroad. He took place in the Second Italian War of Independence on the side of Giuseppe Garibaldi as a volunteer along with Ilias Stekoulis, Spyridon Sasellas, Alexandros Dosios, Nikolaos Makris, Nikolaos Smolenskis and others. He was the author of dozens of revolutionary proclamations, as well as the First Proclamation of Volunteer army of Garibaldi, released on 8 June 1859.
Later, he returned to Greece, and worked as a guard at the Acropolis Museum. An article in the newspaper Eleftherotypia refers to his great selflessness and love for his homeland: He was a man of labor, a patriot, selfless, full of zeal, who when was offered for a medal and salary increase for the services he offered, he denied both, stating that "I have never asked for any remuneration or increase of my salary, if I do not fulfill my duty faithfully and honestly, doing so according to my principles and the oath which I gave to my homeland..."
# Hat Ngio

Hat Ngio (Thai: หาดงิ้ว, pronounced) is a village and tambon (sub-district) of Mueang Uttaradit District, in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. In 2005, it had a population of 4,979 people. The tambon contains 10 villages.
# Escalation dominance

Escalation dominance refers to a nation's ability to control the escalation ladder in a conflict, ensuring that it can escalate or de-escalate the situation to its advantage.
# Tigres Strait

The Tigres Strait, formerly known as Tigres Bay or Great Fish Bay, is a strait in Angola, located in Namibe Province, serving as a separation between the Angolan mainland and the Tigres Island.

## Geography

It once had a small peninsula on its eastern side, with its isthmus in the south and a well established fishing village named Saint Martin of the Tigers (in Portuguese: São Martinho dos Tigres). The ocean broke through the isthmus of the peninsula in 1962 and the water line was severed. Tigres became an island overnight, Tigres Island, the largest island of Angola.
Currently, most of the area of the former bay has become a strait between the island and the mainland. Of the original bay, only a small inlet open to the north —the Saco dos Tigres— remains at the southern end.

## History

On 6 December 1904 the Russian fleet proceeding to the pacific to fight the Battle of Tsushima of stopped at the bay to take on coal. They left the following afternoon. The British HMS Barrosa arrived the next day looking for the fleet before heading to Moçâmedes.
# Union of Valencia

The Union of Valencia (Spanish: Unión de Valencia, Catalan: Unió de València) was an anti-royalist movement in the Kingdom of Valencia begun in 1283 and lasting into the fifteenth century. The Union was formed in the aftermath of the formation of the Union of Aragon in October 1283. Its essential purpose was as a tool of the Valencian nobility to be used against the influence of Catalans and foreigners on the actions of the Crown. By 1285 the Unions had severely curtailed the powers of the king and were hindering his efforts in the War of the Sicilian Vespers and against the Aragonese Crusade that invaded Catalonia that year.
In 1347 during the cortes of Zaragoza, the Union of Valencia allied with that of Aragon and demanded the right to appoint a Justícia in Valencia like the Aragonese Unidos had. They then successfully besieged the royalist castle of Xàtiva. The Union persuaded Ferdinand, Prince of Aragon to be their lieutenant-general and, with an army of 30,000, he dealt the royalists a second defeat. Then Peter IV went from Barcelona to Valencia to negotiate with the leaders of the Union. The Aragonese union sent a troop of reinforcements, around 20,000, to Ferdinand. Peter offered to declare Ferdinand his heir, but negotiations broke down. Peter was briefly imprisoned in Morvedre in early 1348; only the arrival of the Black Death forced his release. When he had again obtained the upper hand, Peter ordered the "great bell" that had been used to rally the Unidos to be melted and its liquor poured down the throats of the Union's leaders. Peter was even implicated in the death (by poisoning) of his brother James I, Count of Urgell, that year; James had been a supporter of the Union. On 1 November 1348, the Union attacked the Jews of Morvedre because they, being by law serfs of the Crown, were considered de jure royalists.
In 1401 King Martin granted the Union the right to use the royal flag, the senyera (actually a likeness of the penó de la conquesta), with the Union symbol on it.

## Sources

* Durham, Samuel Astley. History of Spain and Portugal. Harper & Brothers, 1854.
* Fowler, Kenneth Alan. The Great Companies. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-15886-3.
* Holmes, George. Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-631-21382-1.
* Meyerson, Mark D. "Victims and Players: The Attack of the Union of Valencia on the Jews of Morvedre" (pp. 70–102) in: Religion, Text, and Society in Medieval Spain and Northern Europe: Essays in Honour of J. N. Hillgarth, edd. T. Burman, M. D. Meyerson, and L. Shopkow. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.
* Meyerson, Mark D. Jews in an Iberian Frontier Kingdom: Society, Economy, and Politics in Morvedre, 1248–1391. BRILL, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13739-4.
* Mott, Lawrence V. "Serving in the Fleet: Crews and Recruitment Issues in the Catalan-Aragonese Fleets During the War of Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302)" in: Medieval Encounters, Vol. 13, Iss. 1 (April, 2007), pp. 56–.
* Reilly, Bernard F. The Medieval Spains. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-39741-3.
# Maloja Wind

The Maloja Wind (German: Malojawind) is a Foehn-type mountain wind that occurs in the upper Engadin, an alpine valley located in Switzerland. The wind blows up-valley during the nighttime and down-valley during the day, a deviation of the typical direction of mountain and valley winds. The phenomenon is caused by wind from the Val Bregaglia crossing the Maloja Pass and intruding into the Engadin. The Maloja Wind occasionally produces a weather phenomenon known as the Maloja Snake (German: Malojaschlange), a low-lying cloud so named for its long, serpentine shape.

## Description
### Maloja Wind

The Maloja Wind is a Foehn-type wind that occurs in the upper Engadin in Switzerland. The wind blows up-valley during the nighttime and down-valley during the day, contradicting the typical direction of mountain and valley winds.
The phenomenon is caused by wind from the Val Bregaglia crossing the valley's terminus at Maloja Pass and intruding into the adjoining Engadin. The roughly 1 km-wide Maloja Pass creates a box canyon that blocks moist air from the southern Po Valley from entering the Engadin. When combined with the height difference between Val Bregaglia and the Engadin, the rising air from the latter creates a pressure gradient between the high pressure Val Bregaglia and the low pressure Engadin. The air eventually rises over the Maloja Pass and into the Engadin.
The Maloja Wind reaches a velocity of 20 to 30 knots, with the variation resulting from atmospheric conditions as the wind develops. It is generally less intense in evenings due to reduced insolation.

### Maloja Snake

If the dew point in the Maloja Pass is met as a Maloja Wind passes, a low-lying cloud begins to form. The cloud takes on a narrow and elongated form as it is shaped by the walls of the valley, which shear and rotate its flow. This phenomenon is known as the "Maloja Snake", so named because of the long, serpentine shape of the resulting cloud. The Maloja Snake typically forms roughly 500 to 700 metres above ground level, and is roughly 50 metres thick. It travels through the Engadin and generally dissipates over Lake Sils and Lake Silvaplana, but can reach as far as St. Moritz.

## In popular culture

The Maloja Snake is depicted in the 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria. In the film, "Maloja Snake" is additionally the title of a play by fictional Swiss playwright Wilhelm Melchior, which depicts a tumultuous romance between two women. The film is credited with bringing popular attention to the Maloja Snake phenomenon.

## Other examples

Two valleys that drain from Mount Rainier in Washington produce Maloja Wind-like effects. They are the only valleys in the United States where these effects have been documented.
# Palin (game)

Palin (Mapuche: palin, Spanish: palín) is a traditional game of the Mapuche people of South America. It is broadly similar to field hockey, with two teams using sticks to move a ball across a goal line defended by their opponents. The Spanish conquistadors called it chueca, because it resembled a Spanish game of that name [es]. Palin is the only pre-Columbian Mapuche game that has survived into the present day.

## History

Nineteenth-century scholars, such as Chilean historian Diego Barros Arana, believed that the Spanish had introduced the game of chueca to the Mapuche. However, more recent scholarship indicates that palin was already widely played by the Mapuche when the Spanish first conquered the region, and was most likely an ancient indigenous custom that the Spanish named after the similar game from their own homeland.
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, palin was often played for ritual purposes or as preparation for warfare. Because of these associations, the Spanish colonial government of Chile repeatedly banned palin during the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was revived when Chile gained independence in the early 19th century. In more recent times it has been played primarily as a recreational sport, although some communities still hold palin games as a ritual for special occasions and other social gatherings.

## Description

Palin is played by two opposing teams on a long, narrow, rectangular field on flat ground. Exact dimensions vary, but a typical field would be 200 meters long and 12 meters wide. The number of players on the teams can vary, as long both teams are of equal size.
Play begins with a wood or leather ball placed in the center of the field. Players use curved wooden sticks to move the ball down the long axis of the field and across the goal line on the opposing team's side. Score is kept as the difference in goals between the two teams. Each goal is worth one point, and when the trailing team makes a goal, a point is deducted from score of the team in the lead. A team must score four consecutive unanswered points to win a game.
Players often make strong physical contact as they maneuver for control of the ball; injuries during a game are common.
# Hillel Yaffe Medical Center

The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center (Hebrew: מרכז רפואי הלל יפה) is a major hospital on the western edge of Hadera, Israel. It serves a population of about 450,000 residents in an area ranging from Zikhron Ya'akov in the north to Netanya in the south, from the Mediterranean coast in the west to Umm el-Fahm and the Green Line in the east. The center is named after Hillel Yaffe, a pioneering Yishuv doctor who worked in nearby Jewish settlements during the First Aliyah in the early 20th century.

## History

* 1957 – The hospital was founded in a number of small wooden shacks that were erected on the sand dunes to the west of Hadera.
* 1967 – The academic school named after Pat Matthews was founded.
* 1970–1975 – The hospital was the national center for organ transplants, under the leadership of Dr. Erwin Ya'akov, the manager of the surgery division.
* 1980 – The modern building for patients was populated. It continues to serve the majority of units at the hospital.

## Buildings

The hospital complex includes the following buildings:
* The main building was designed by the architect Ilya Belzitzman and was dedicated in 1980. North of this building, facing the entrance to the emergency department, stands a statue of the professor and doctor Rafi Karso, who was the manager of the neurology division, the institute for alternative medicine, and the institute for pain management.
* Laboratories and institutes building was designed by the architect Alex Shohet.
* Inpatient B building opened in 2010
* Birthing Center

## Diverse population and staff

A diverse group of doctors and nurses works at the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center: Arabs and Jews, natives and immigrants. The patients also reflect the diversity of the region's population: urban people alongside rural farmers, natives and immigrants, Jews and Arabs. The hospital thus serves as an example of peaceful coexistence between Arabs and Jews, and of absorbing immigrants from the Soviet Union, Ethiopia and other lands.

## Divisions and units

| Urology Orthopedics 1 Orthopedics 2 Endocrinology and diabetes Ear, nose and throat Day hospitalization The unit for fertility and assisted reproductive technology Anesthesia and operating rooms General intensive care Cardiac intensive care | General pediatrics Neonatology Plastic surgery Surgery 1 Surgery 2 Pediatric surgery Vascular surgery Emergency department Neurology | Gynecology and obstetrics Ophthalmology Internal medicine 1 Internal medicine 2 Internal medicine 3 Psychiatry Cardiac catheterization Rehabilitation |

## Institutes

* Gastroenterology and hepatology
* Pediatric development and rehabilitation
* Nephrology and high blood pressure
* Radiology
* Cardiology
* Pathology
* Sexual health
* Hematology
* Dermatology
* Holistic (alternative) medicine
* Mental health
# Bessarion II of Larissa

Bessarion II (Greek: Βησσαρίων Β΄, fl. 1489/90–1540) was a metropolitan bishop of Larissa and a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
He was born Vasileios Tsigaridas (Βασίλειος Τσιγαρίδας) or Ganas (Γκανάς), in the village of Porta. His family had a tradition of monasticism, and at the age of 10 he became a novice monk to the Metropolitan of Larissa Mark. He advanced rapidly, being consecrated a deacon, a presbyter, and at age 20 he was appointed bishop of the Thessalian villages of Domeniko and Elassona. However, his very youth caused the local inhabitants to reject him, so that he returned to serve alongside Metropolitan Mark for four more years, before being appointed exarch of the bishopric of Stagoi. Finally, in 1526/7, when Mark died, he succeeded him as Metropolitan of Larissa with the support of both the local clergy and the people. For two years, he remained as locum tenens of Stagoi as well.
His tenure was marked by important social and charitable work, particularly with the construction of the Korakou and Portaikos bridges. Along with his brother Ignatius, who was the Bishop of Kappoua and Fanari, he re-founded the Dousikou Monastery. The katholikon founded by Bessarion was later replaced by another, still surviving one, by his nephew, Metropolitan Neophytus II of Larissa.
He died on 13 September 1540 and was buried in the Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Agios Vissarion, which now bears his name. His head is preserved in the Dousikou Monastery as a relic.
# Ignatovka, Belgorod Oblast

Ignatovka (Russian: Игнатовка) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Starooskolsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 57 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Ignatovka is located 20 km south of Stary Oskol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vypolzovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Asparuhovo, Montana Province

Asparuhovo (Bulgarian: Аспарухово) is a village in Northwestern Bulgaria. It is located in Medkovets Municipality, Montana Province.
# David Cowan (footballer, born 1982)

David Cowan (born 5 March 1982 in Whitehaven, Cumbria) is an English former footballer who played as a defender for Newcastle United, Motherwell, St Johnstone, Ross County, Gretna, Dundee, Livingston, East Fife and Cowdenbeath.

## Youth career

Cowan started his career with Newcastle United at Academy and reserve level before being released in 2002.

## Career

After trial spells at Walsall, Livingston, Wigan Athletic and Oldham Athletic, Cowan joined Motherwell but was to suffer a double ankle fracture in a game against Celtic that sidelined him for a year and put his playing career in some doubt.
Recovering fitness but failing to get back into the first team, he joined St Johnstone in January 2005, before an 18-month stint in the Highland town of Dingwall with Ross County.
Returning to England for an unsuccessful trial at Blackpool, Cowan signed for Gretna.
Snapped up by Dundee in January 2008, within days of his former Newcastle reserve colleague Colin McMenamin who made the same switch from Gretna, he became a regular starter at Dens Park, earning an extended two-year deal. He was released by the club on 4 May 2010, along with eight other players.
In February 2011, after recovering from an injury suffered whilst with Dundee that had kept him out for over a year, he joined Livingston. He was released at the end of the season and after a short trial spell at East Fife, signed for Cowdenbeath on a short-term deal until January 2012.
On 31 January 2014, Cowan was released by Cowdenbeath.
Cowan rejoined East Fife on 7 February 2014. He was released by the club in May 2014 following their relegation to Scottish League Two.