OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Engerdal Church

Engerdal Church (Norwegian: Engerdal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Engerdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Engerdal. It is the church for the Engerdal parish which is part of the Sør-Østerdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1873 using by an unknown architect. The church seats about 250 people.

## History

The first church in Engerdal was built in 1871–1873. Johan Olsen from Elverum and Teodor Embretsen Nordvi from Trysil were responsible for the carpentry work. The new church was a timber-framed long church. The altarpiece was painted by teacher Peder Haugen from Haugen in Engerdal. The church building was consecrated in 1873.
# Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)

Rastriya Prajantantra Party (Samyukta) (Nepali: राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी (संयुक्त)), literally the National Democratic Party (United) and abbreviated RPP (U), was a political party in Nepal. It was formed on 6 August 2017 by Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana after splitting from the Rastriya Prajatantra Party as the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic). On 31 January 2019, it merged with the Unified Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist), another splinter group of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, to form Samyukta.

## History
### Formation

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic) was formed by Pashupati SJB Rana after disagreements with Rastriya Prajatantra Party chairman Kamal Thapa about joining the government. The party was formed with 18 members to the Legislature Parliament of Nepal from Rastriya Prajatantra Party. The party was absent for the vote on the constitution amendment bill on 22 August 2017.
The party joined the Sher Bahadur Deuba led government on 10 September 2017. Deepak Bohara, Bikram Panday and Sunil Bahadur Thapa were inducted as ministers in the cabinet. Deepak Bohara was also elected parliamentary party leader. Two more ministers were inducted in the cabinet on 17 September 2017.

### Merger and dissolution

In response the electoral alliance by the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), the party joined an electoral alliance with Nepali Congress and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party. In the 2017 legislative and provincial elections, the party did not win any seat to the House of Representatives. The party did win a single seat to the Provincial Assembly of Province No. 3 however through proportional representation. The party merged into Rastriya Prajatantra Party on March 12, 2020.

## Electoral performance

| Election | Leader | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Position | Resulting government |
| Election | Leader | No. | % | No. | +/- | Position | Resulting government |
| 2017 | Pashupati SJB Rana | 88,377 | 0.93 | 0 / 275 | | 8th | In opposition |

## Presence in various provinces

| Province | Seats | Year of election |
| Province No. 3 | 1 / 110 | 2017 |

## Leadership
### Chairmen

* Pashupati SJB Rana, 2017–2020
* Prakash Chandra Lohani, 2019–2020
# Mikrokleisoura, Grevena

Mikrokleisoura (Greek: Μικροκλεισούρα, before 1927: Σαδοβίτσα – Sadovitsa) is a village of the Grevena municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Ventzio. The 2021 census recorded 24 residents in the village. Mikrokleisoura is a part of the community of Knidi.
Following the Greek–Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Sadovitsa were from Pontus (26) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 98 village inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 26 (86 people).
# Ukrainians in Sweden

The Ukrainians in Sweden (Swedish: Ukrainare i Sverige; Ukrainian: українці у Швеції, romanized: ukrayintsi u Shvetsiyi) refers to Swedish citizens of Ukrainian descent, or Ukraine-born people who emigrated to Sweden. They are an ethnic minority in Sweden. Ukrainian asylum seekers in Sweden increased considerably following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Ukrainian diaspora, present in Sweden constituted a relatively small migrant group compared to other groups in Sweden of European descent before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
In 1999, there were 1,200 Ukrainians (born in Ukraine) in Sweden, and in 2021 that number had risen to 12,900. In 2010, the majority of Ukrainian nationals were women.

## Notable people

* Marina Schiptjenko
# The Colour of the Chameleon

The Colour of the Chameleon (Bulgarian: Цветът на Хамелеона, translit. Tsvetat Na Chameleona) is a 2012 Bulgarian black comedy thriller film directed by Emil Hristov. The film was selected as the Bulgarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

## Cast

* Lilia Abadjieva as Pravda Cherneva
* Mihail Bilalov as Aleko Polyanski
* Rousy Chanev as Mlyakov
* Deyan Donkov as Kokalov
* Samuel Finzi as Chamov
* Hristo Garbov as The Minister of Interior
* Vassilena Getschkova as Diana Manolova
* Vasilena Getskova as Diana Manolova
* Iordanka Ioveva as Tribadzhakova
# Qeshlaq-e Malard

Qeshlaq-e Malard (Persian: قشلاق ملارد, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e Malārd) is a village in Malard Rural District, in the Central District of Malard County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,340, in 838 families.
# Pudivere, Lääne-Viru County

Pudivere is a village in Väike-Maarja Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia. It has a population of 41 (as of 1 January 2011).
Pudivere Manor (German: Poidifer) was established in 1586 by detaching it from neighbouring Võivere Manor. Until the dispossessing in 1919 it belonged to the owners of Avanduse Manor the Bremen family. Since the fire in 1999 the 1896–97 built stylish wooden historicist main building is in the ruins.
Estonian writer Eduard Vilde was born in 1865 as the son of local overseer of Pudivere Manor. In his 100th anniversary in 1965 a memorial stone was opened 1 km east of Pudivere in a place known as Pelgulinn.
# Oshnavieh

Oshnavieh (Persian: اشنويه) is a city in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Oshnavieh County is bordered by Naqadeh County to the east, by Piranshahr County to the south, by Urmia County to the north, and by Iraqi Kurdistan Province to the west.

## History

Oshnavieh lies on the historic route from Urmia basin to Rawandiz over the Kalashin Pass. An Urartian stele from about 800 BCE exist near the city. After the Mongol invasion, the city became the seat of the Nestorian Church for a brief moment.
Medieval geographers from the 10th century wrote that the city was fair-sized, attached to Urmia, fertile and having good pasture. Kurds from the Hadhabani tribe would settle in the area during the summer, pasture their livestock and sell their products for manufactures and textiles from the city. The city came under the rule of the Rawadids in the 10th century and continued to flourish. The city also fostered scholars and traditionalists.
Ali ibn al-Athir wrote in 1205/6 that Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr of the Eldiguzids handed over the city to the ruler of Maragheh ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Qara Sonqor. In 1226, the city was under the Ivāʾiya Kurds until its capture by Jalal al-Din Mangburni. In 1220/1, when Yaqut al-Hamawi passed the city, the city was in ruins, but had been rebuilt by the time of the visit of Hamdallah Mustawfi. Mustawfi described the city as being Sunni, in a rural district of 120 villages and producing a total revenue worth 19,300 dinars annually. It was mentioned by traveller Fraser in 1840 that the city was populated Zerza Kurds, whose presence is possibly attested as being present in the city as early as the 14th century.
In the 19th century, the population was mostly Kurdish with a small population of Assyrians which perished during the Sayfo.
When Sheikh Ubeydullah and his forces advanced from Ottoman Hakkari towards Urmia, he captured Oshnavieh and made it his capital until he was defeated in 1880.

### 20th century

The town was incorporated into the short-lived Republic of Mahabad in 1946.

#### Mahsa Amini protests

Protesters briefly took over the city during the Mahsa Amini protests, from 24 to 25 September 2022.

## Demographics
### Language and ethnicity

The city is populated by Kurds who speak Sorani.

### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 29,896 in 6,572 households. The following census in 2011 counted 32,723 people in 8,149 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 39,801 people in 10,667 households.
# Cheshmeh Choli

Cheshmeh Choli (Persian: چشمه چلي, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Cholī and Cheshmeh Chelī; also known as Cheshmeh Chowlī) is a village in Dasht-e Zarrin Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 8 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Poltavsky, Volgograd Oblast

Poltavsky (Russian: Полтавский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Novokiyevskoye Rural Settlement, Novoanninsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 102 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Poltavsky is located in forest steppe on the Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, on the bank of the Karmanchik River, 59 km southeast of Novoanninsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Drobyazkin is the nearest rural locality.
# Salehabad-e Hesar-e Shalpush

Salehabad-e Hesar-e Shalpush (Persian: صالح ابادحصارشالپوش, also Romanized as Şāleḩābād-e Ḩeşār-e Shālpūsh; also known as Şāleḩābād and Şāleḩābād-e Şādeq) is a village in Malard Rural District, in the Central District of Malard County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 350, in 98 families.
# Sora, Medvode

Sora (pronounced; German: Zaier) is a village in the Municipality of Medvode in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlets of Farjevec (or Pri Farjevcu) and Komarnija.

## Geography

Sora is a clustered village at the foot of Hom Hill (718 m) on an alluvial fan above Ločnica Creek, where it exits a narrow valley in the hills to the southwest. The soil is loamy and fields lie below the village, extending toward the Sora River to the north. The surrounding hills are karstified and there is a large cave on Kravjek Hill.

## Name

Sora was attested in written sources in 1154 as Zower (and as Ceur in 1161 and Zevra in 1252). The name is derived from the Sora River and comes from the archaic Slovene common noun sǫ̋vьra from the verb *sъ-vьrěti 'to pour out, boil over', referring to a flashy stream, and presumably turbulent confluences along the course of the river. In the past the German name was Zaier.

## History

The remnants of a Roman building and graves have been found between Sora and neighboring Rakovnik, attesting to early settlement in the area. A regular school was established in Sora in 1874, and the school building was remodeled in 1907. A catchment basin for water was built below the church in 1911 at the initiative of the writer Fran Saleški Finžgar. Engagements in the area during the Second World War are commemorated by a stone commemorating a fallen female Partisan along the road to Topol pri Medvodah and a monument with the names of seven fallen Partisans next to the road along Ločnica Creek. After the Second World War, the local school was named after the communist people's hero Avgust Barle. This name was removed in 1992, when the school was renamed the Sora Branch School (Slovene: Podružnična šola Sora).

## Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Stephen (Slovene: sveti Štefan). A church already stood at the location in the 13th century and its parish priest was cited in a document from 1295. The church was remodeled several times, and in 1882 a new church was built in the pseudo-Gothic style. The church contains a painting of Saint Stephen by Valentin Metzinger (1699–1759).

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Sora include:
* Jožef Bevk (1811–1860), journalist and writer
* Fran Saleški Finžgar (1871–1962), writer
* Leopold Podlogar (1878–1925), historian
* Valentin Vodnik (1758–1819), poet
# Letter on Humanism

"Letter on Humanism" (German: Über den Humanismus) refers to a famous letter written by Martin Heidegger in December 1946 in response to a series of questions by Jean Beaufret (10 November 1946) about the development of French existentialism. Heidegger reworked the letter for publication in 1947. He distanced himself from Sartre's position and existentialism in general in this letter.

## Content

Heidegger responds to Sartre's famous address, Existentialism is a Humanism, employing modes of being in an attempt to ground his concept of freedom ontologically by distinguishing between being-in-itself and being-for-itself. Sartre's existentialism is criticized in the letter:
   Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia. Sartre reverses this statement. But the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement. With it, he stays with metaphysics, in oblivion of the truth of Being.
# 1856 in New Zealand

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1856 in New Zealand.
After several previous attempts, New Zealand finally achieves "Responsible Government", with a majority of the members of the House of Representatives supporting the Government.

## Population

The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1856 is 58,300 Māori and 45,540 non-Māori. The total population reaches the 100,000 mark during the year.

## Incumbents
### Regal and viceregal

* Head of State – Queen Victoria
* Governor – Colonel Thomas Gore Browne

### Government and law

The 2nd Parliament is formed on 15 April. The election of its members had in fact concluded on 28 December the previous year.
* Speaker of the House – Sir Charles Clifford
* Colonial Secretary – Henry Sewell becomes New Zealand's first Colonial Secretary on 7 May. The Sewell Ministry is defeated on 20 May and he is replaced by William Fox. The Fox Ministry is in turn defeated on 2 June and Fox is replaced by Edward Stafford's Stafford Ministry.
* Colonial Treasurer – Dillon Bell becomes the first Colonial Treasurer on 7 May. When the Sewell government is defeated on 20 May he is replaced by Charles Brown. When the Fox government is defeated on 2 June Brown is replaced by William Richmond
* Chief Justice – William Martin

## Events

* 31 July – By Royal Charter, Christchurch is proclaimed New Zealand's first city.
* 18 September – The Wanganui Chronicle publishes its first issue. The paper starts as a fortnightly publication, moves to tri-weekly in 1867, and then to daily in 1871. It continues today.
* 11 December – The Auckland Examiner begins publishing. It continues until 1861.
* 26 December – The Otago Colonist publishes its first issue. The newspaper changes its name to The Colonist in 1862 and is absorbed into the Daily Telegraph at the beginning of 1863.

## Arts and literature
### Music

* A choral society performance of Handel's Messiah is given in Auckland. This the first known performance by such a musical ensemble in New Zealand.
* A Harmonic Society is formed in Dunedin in this year (or possibly earlier).

## Births

* 28 July: Arthur Remington, politician.
* 10 October: Florence Young, missionary.
* 27 December: Arthur Brown, Mayor of Wellington.

## Deaths

* 13 April: Nōpera Panakareao, tribal leader, evangelist and assessor

### Unknown date

* Te Kani-a-Takirau, Māori chief who refused to sign the Treaty of Waitangi
# Jijian Rud

Jijian Rud (Persian: جيجان رود, also Romanized as Jījīān Rūd and Jījeyānrūd; also known as Jeyjān Rūd) is a village in Haram Rud-e Sofla Rural District, Samen District, Malayer County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 274, in 70 families.
# UL (Sweden)

Kollektivtrafikförvaltningen UL (English: Public transport administration UL) (formerly Upplands Lokaltrafik until 1 January 2012) is the integrated transport authority (Swedish: Trafikhuvudman) responsible for public transport buses and trains at the county level (Swedish: länstrafik) in Uppsala County, Sweden. Their name is derived from the historical province of Uppland, which included the modern county along with part of what is now Stockholm County.

## Buses

The green city buses (Stadsbussarna) in Uppsala are operated by UL in co-operation with Gamla Uppsala Buss. Yellow regional buses (Regionbussarna) cover most of the county, with a major hub at Uppsala Central Station; some run on to major destinations in neighbouring counties. UL's long-distance services are operated by private contractors, including Keolis and others.

## Trains

UL's former commuter railway route, Upptåget, connected Uppsala and neighbouring small towns with Tierp and Gävle in the north, and Morgongåva, Heby and Sala in the west.
Until 2012 Upptåget also connected Uppsala with Arlanda, and Upplands-Väsby where SL had further connection, but after that year SL operates this route as part of Stockholm Commuter Rail.
Operation of Upptåget trains was previously contracted out to the national railway SJ, who also operate services through the county on their own behalf, connecting it with destinations farther afield including Stockholm, Sundsvall, and Falun. DSB won a contract to operate Upptåget from June 2011 until September 2017, when Transdev took over the contract.
From December 2021, Upptåget was planned to disappear as its own traffic system and from 12 June 2022 it became a part of Mälartåg [sv], which is a system for regional train traffic in the Mälar Valley, established in 2019.
There are 16 stations, of which 3 (Furuvik, Gävle and Sala) are outside Uppsala County.

### Former

* X10 (from 1991 until 1998)
* X11 (3 units on loan from Krösatågen (sv) from April 2017 to December 2019)
* X12 (from 1997 until 2003)
* X52 (from 2002 until 2022)
* Stadler DOSTO (from 2019 until 2022)
# Gurshad Kandi

Gurshad Kandi (Persian: گورشادكندي, also Romanized as Gūrshād Kandī; also known as Āq Qabāq-e Golshād Kandī and Gūrshādī Kandī) is a village in Aslan Duz Rural District, Aslan Duz District, Parsabad County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 14 families.
# Ghulam Farooq Wardak

Ghulam Farooq Wardak (born 1959) is a politician in Afghanistan, formerly serving as the Minister of Education. He was appointed to that position by Afghan President Hamid Karzai on October 11, 2008. On June 2022, Farooq Wardak was returned to Afghanistan after temporary self-exile following the Taliban takeover of the country in August 2021.

## Early life

Farooq Wardak was born in the Saydabad Wardak District, in the Wardak Province of Afghanistan. He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Wardak tribe, who is fluent in Pashto, Persian, English and Urdu. His primary education was from a government elementary school in Wardak Province. He completed his high school in Kabul City. With the collapse of President Daud Khan's regime, Wardak joined the jihad against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan with Hezb-e Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.
After the end of the first Taliban regime in late 2001, Farooq Wardak has continued to support Hezb-e Islami followers by appointing them to interesting administrative positions.

## Higher education

After Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Wardak stopped his studies in the faculty of Pharmacy of Kabul University and took refuge in Pakistan with the Afghan refugees. In 1982, he was admitted to the Faculty of Pharmacy in Punjab University, and graduated with a degree in 1986. While working with the United Nations from 1996 to 2001 in Pakistan, he received a master's degree in Administration from Preston University, in Peshawar, Pakistan. He received an honorary doctorate from KIIT University in 2012, other recipients at the ceremony were eminent economist, Baidyanath Misra, and Jigme Thinley, the then Prime Minister of Bhutan.

## Work life

* 1986 - 1991: He worked with The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan as a health officer.
* 1996 - 2001: United Nations Development program in Peshawar, Pakistan.
* 2002 - 2004: worked as Director of the Constitutional Commission Secretariat and later the Secretariat of the Constitutional Loya Jirga, the grand Assembly that ratified the constitution.
* 2004 - 2005: he was appointed as Director of the Joint Election Management Body’s Secretariat (a UN and Afghan Government body), organized the first voter registration process and first ever presidential election.
* 2005: Was appointed as Cabinet Secretary and Director General of Office of Administrative Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
* 2006: Was appointed as the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs.
* 2008: Was appointed as the Minister of Education in Afghanistan.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Afghanistan Online: Members of President Hamid Karzai's Cabinet". Archived from the original on 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
* ↑ "Former Minister of Education aka Founder of "Ghost Schools" Returns to Afghanistan". Khaama Press. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
* ↑ Wardak, Mohammad Ghulam Farooq, Dr.
* ↑ "دغلام فاروق وردګ ژوند لیک". Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
* ↑ "8th Annual Convocation". September 9, 2012.
* ↑ Wardak, Farooq. "Afghanistan" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-06-26.
# Udappu

Udappu or Udappuwa is a traditional Tamil fishing, goldsmithing and shrimp farming village, situated 65 miles (105 km) north of Colombo the capital of Sri Lanka in the North Western Province. It is situated few miles north of Chilaw city and Munneswaram temple.

## Topography

It is a coastal village bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean and on the south by Andimunai sand dunes a noted tourist attraction. It also has the Mundal Lagoon to east of the village.

## Demography

The estimated population of the village is 15,000 people. The people of the village are Hindu Tamils and are generally considered to be Karaiyar caste. And other castes like, Ambalavanar and Asary(goldsmith). There are also Chettis. and practice their unique brand of Hinduism; their culture and lifestyle are notably different from other people engaged in fishing along the coast of Chilaw. Most of their neighboring villages belonging to the kindred Karave caste and are Catholics or Buddhists and identify themselves as Sinhalese.
Due to the continuing effects of the Sri Lankan civil war, there are also a number of Tamil refugees from rest of the country living in the village, specifically from the eastern Trincomalee district. People in the village are adversely affected by the effects of the civil war.

## Culture

The village is known for its elaborate Hindu temples and unique festivals. In the Tamil month of Avani which corresponds to late July to early August, an 18-day festival commences with the flag-hoisting ceremony and ending with fire-walking in front of Udappu's Draupati Amman Temple. The 18-day period is spent in prayer and fasting, with a priest reciting the Mahabharata epic to remind everyone of the story of Draupadi, the five Pandava brothers' common wife, whose chaste and virtuous ways enabled her to recover the kingdom they been deprived of by King Duryodhana. The Draupadi festival comes to a conclusion on the final evening when the entire male population of Udappu walk barefoot over a bed of red-hot coals without injury in a ceremony called Tee Mithi in Tamil language.