OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Japanese Shorthorn

The Japanese Shorthorn (Japanese: 日本短角種, Nihon Tankaku Washu) is a breed of small Japanese beef cattle. It is one of six native Japanese cattle breeds, and one of the four Japanese breeds known as wagyū, the others being the Japanese Black, the Japanese Brown and the Japanese Polled.
All wagyū cattle derive from cross-breeding in the early twentieth century of native Japanese cattle with imported stock, mostly from Europe.$^{:5}$ In the case of the Japanese Shorthorn, the principal foreign influence was from the Shorthorn, with some contribution from the Ayrshire and Devon breeds.

## History

Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.$^{:209}$ Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertiliser. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.$^{:2}$
Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported. At first there was little interest in cross-breeding these with native stock, but from about 1900 it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910, when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower. From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as breeds in 1944. These were the four wagyū breeds, the Japanese Shorthorn, the Japanese Black, the Japanese Brown and the Japanese Polled.$^{:8}$
The Japanese Shorthorn developed in the northernmost part of Honshu, in the prefectures of Akita, Aomori and Iwate. In Aomori and Iwate, the only foreign influence was from British Shorthorn cattle, while in Akita Prefecture there was also some admixture of Ayrshire and Devon, also British breeds.$^{:8}$ The Japanese Shorthorn is distributed in northern Honshu, and also in Hokkaido.
It was listed by the FAO as "not at risk" in 2007.$^{:71}$ In 2008 the total population was reported to be about 4500. The Japanese Shorthorn constitutes about 1.2% of the beef cattle herd of Japan.$^{:17}$

## Characteristics

The coat of the Japanese Shorthorn may be red, roan, or red-pied; both sexes are horned.

## Use

The Japanese Shorthorn is raised only for beef. The meat has less marbling than that of the Japanese Black, and so commands a lower market price.
# Usmansky District

Usmansky District (Russian: У́сманский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eighteen in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,910 square kilometers (740 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Usman. Population: 50,166 (2021 Census); 50,906 (2010 Census); 54,027 (2002 Census); 57,637 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Usman accounts for 39.2% of the district's total population.
# Costas Soukoulis

Costas M. Soukoulis (Greek: Κώστας Μ. Σούκουλης; 15 January 1951 – 14 March 2024) was a Greek physicist, who was a senior scientist in the Ames Laboratory and a Distinguished Professor of Physics Emeritus at Iowa State University. He received his B.Sc. from University of Athens in 1974. He obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Chicago in 1978, under the supervision of Kathryn Liebermann Levin. From 1978 to 1981 he was at the Physics Department at University of Virginia. He spent three years (1981–1984) at Exxon Research and Engineering Co. and from 1984 was at Iowa State University (ISU) and Ames Laboratory. He was part-time Professor at the Department of Materials Science and Technology of the University of Crete (2001–2011) and an associated member of IESL-FORTH at Heraklion, Crete, Greece, since 1984. He died on 14 March 2024, at the age of 73.

## Research

Soukoulis and his collaborators at Ames Lab/ISU in 1990 and 1994, suggested photonic crystal designs (lattice diamond and the woodpile structure, respectively), which gave the largest omnidirectional photonic band gaps. Many experimental groups all over the world still use his woodpile structure to fabricate photonic crystals at optical wavelengths, enhance the spontaneous emission and produce nanolasers with low threshold limit. Soukoulis and Wegener demonstrate magnetic responses and negative index of refraction at optical frequencies in metamaterials, which do not exist in natural materials. His other researches includes light and Anderson localization, random lasers, graphene and plasmonics.

## Awards and honours

* He was a Fellow of the American Physical Society (1991), Optical Society (2003), American Association for the Advancement of Science (2002), and National Academy of Inventors (2018).
* He was a recipient of Senior Humboldt Research Award (2002), and the first Frances M. Craig endowed chair in Physics Department at ISU (2007).
* Soukoulis shared (Pendry, Smith, Özbay and Wegener) the 2005 Descartes Prize, awarded by the European Union, for contributions to metamaterials.
* Honorary Doctorate from Vrije University in Brussels (2011).
* Soukoulis, Pendry and Smith recipients of the 2013 APS James C. McGroddy Prize “for discovery of metamaterials.”
* He was a recipient of the 2014 Max Born Award given by the OSA.
* Soukoulis was selected in 2014, 2015 and 2016 among the Highly Cited Researchers published by Thomson-Reuters.
* The Rolf Landauer Medal of the International ETOPIM Association (2015).
# State bar association

A state bar association is a bar association that represents or seeks to represent the attorneys practicing law in a particular U.S. state. Their functions differ from state to state, but often include administration of the state bar examination for admission of attorneys to practice law, regulation of continuing legal education (CLE) and other requirements, collection and monitoring of attorney client trust accounts, collection of fees and discipline of attorneys for ethical or other violations. Some state bars also provide services for members such as maintaining a directory of attorneys in the state, facilitating networking and social events for attorneys, publishing a bar journal and providing classes to fulfill CLE requirements.

## Voluntary and mandatory bars

A mandatory or integrated bar association is one to which a state delegates the authority to regulate the admission of attorneys to practice in that state; typically these require membership in that bar association to practice in that state. Mandatory bars derive their power from legislative statute and/or from the power of the state court system to regulate practice before it.
In the other states, membership in the bar associations is voluntary. In some states, a mandatory organization exists primarily for the purpose of regulating admission to practice, while a voluntary organization exists for other purposes. For example, in Virginia, the Virginia State Bar is the mandatory organization and the Virginia Bar Association is voluntary.
There are many bar associations other than state bar associations. Usually these are organized by geography (e.g. county bar associations), area of practice, or affiliation (e.g. ethnic bar associations).

## Continuing legal education requirements

The rules of most state bar associations require members to complete continuing legal education (CLE) requirements, and also offer courses for lawyers in their area, with discounts to members of the particular bar association. A great many organizations offer CLE programs, including most or all state bar associations. Uniquely, the Kentucky Bar Association offers a two-day program known as Kentucky Law Update, conducted in at least seven locations throughout the state, that allows its members to satisfy their annual CLE requirement without a registration fee.
# Thavisouk Phrasavath

Thavisouk Phrasavath is a New York-based Laotian-American film director/editor, writer and visual artist.

## Biography

Thavisouk (Thavi) Phrasavath is a 2008 Academy Award and Film Independent Spirit Award Nominated Filmmaker. As well as being one of the creators, writer, director, a narrator and a subject of the 2010 Creative Arts Primetime Emmy award winner for Exceptional Merit in Nonfiction Filmmaking - The Betrayal (Nerakhoon).
His background in community work includes assisting Gang Prevention for Youth and Family Crisis Intervention through the Church Avenue Merchants Block Association. He also worked with the police as a liaison and consultant for the Lao community. Phrasavath has also consulted for the New York City Board of Education.

## Filmography

His projects as editor Summer School, Cuba Libre, Americanos, Streaming with the Prez, Vietnam on the Cusp, Sound Painting, "Golden Venture", and most recently, Water Buffalo Don't Cry.
Thavisouk Phrasavath is also the first Laotian American writer to be a member of Writers Guild of America, West (WGAW) in 2008. He is also a creative consultant for film, television and other media, directing documentaries, dramatic short and music video for independent record label and artists. As a writer he has published poetry and won awards for paintings and illustrations.
# Revolutionary Communist Group of Colombia

Revolutionary Communist Group of Colombia (Spanish: Grupo Comunista Revolucionario de Colombia) (RCGC) is a communist group in Colombia. It was founded in 1982, by a group originating in the Marxist–Leninist League of Colombia. It is a founding member of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement.
# Jane Wiseman (judge)

Jane P. Wiseman is an American judge. She currently sits on the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals, the intermediate appellate court of the state of Oklahoma.
Governor Brad Henry appointed her to this position in March 2005 and she was retained for District 1, Office 2 by voters statewide in the November 2006 election. She was again retained by voters in November 2008 and in November 2014, despite an aggressive campaign to unseat her. She was most recently retained again in November 2020. She has served twice as Chief Judge of the Court of Civil Appeals, the most recent being 2020 at the start of the pandemic.

## Education

Wiseman received her B.A. degree from Cornell University in 1969, her M.A. degree in American history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1971, and her J.D. degree from the University of Tulsa College of Law in 1973.

## Legal career

Wiseman began her legal career during law school as a clerk for the firm Rosenstein, Fist & Ringold, where she then became a legal intern, and then an associate until 1975. She then worked as a sole practitioner until January 1977, when she was appointed a special district judge for Tulsa County. She worked in this position until February 1981, when she was appointed a district judge. On this court, she worked in the Family Relations Division and then the Civil Division. She was the judge for nearly a thousand civil jury trials in the District Court.
She served on the District Court until she was appointed to the Court of Civil Appeals in Tulsa by Governor Brad Henry in March 2005.
Outside her normal duties, Wiseman has served as president of the Oklahoma Judicial Conference and currently serves on its executive board and its education and diversity committees. As a member of the National Judicial College faculty in Reno, Nevada, she taught trial court case management. She has served the Oklahoma Bar Association on its Professionalism Committee, Evidence Committee, and the Special Task Force on Tort Reform. She is often a continuing legal education presenter for the OBA and the Tulsa County Bar Association, where she serves on its Awards and Nominations and Bench and Bar Committees.

## Personal life

Wiseman married Oklahoma legislator Bill Wiseman, but they later divorced after having two sons together. She married attorney Jim Hodges in 1994, retaining her professional name, and became stepmother to his two sons from a previous marriage. She has two granddaughters and a grandson.
Wiseman has a number of outside interests. In a 1991 interview, she said that she had taken a course in music at Tulsa Junior College, then leaned to play the recorder, a medieval woodwind instrument. She plays handbells and sings in the women's choir of the First Presbyterian Church of Tulsa and served on the Board of the local Gilbert & Sullivan Society. Wiseman currently serves as the chair of the advisory board for the University of Tulsa's Nimrod International Journal.
# Udayam (TV series)

Udayam (Tamil: உதயம்) is a Singaporean Tamil language reality makeover show produced by Lavin Selvan ( 2 seasons only ). Its first season aired on MediaCorp Vasantham from 7 September to 26 October 2017 on every Thursday at 9:00PM for 8 episodes, and its third season aired in 2020. Its initial concept is an adaptation from American reality television series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. The show was hosted by television personality Udaya Soundari and clinched the awards for its production and host being the best info-ed series for its first 2 seasons.

## Overview

In seasons 1 and 2, Udaya visits 8 homes of deserving families to plan and carry out a room makeover. In season 3, the show visited hawker stalls to give them a makeover with the help of celebrity chef S. R. Bala.

## List of episodes
### Season 1

| Episodes | Family Member | Celebrities | Telecast date |
| 01 | Samunisveri Lalitha Eswari | Divya | 7 September 2017 |
| 02 | Kadar Sultan | Suthasini | 14 September 2017 |
| 03 | C. Sangari | Mahalakshmi | 21 September 2017 |
| 04 | Sinathamby Silvalingam Emma Jay | Gayathri | 28 September 2017 |
| 05 | Jayamalini | Leena | 5 October 2017 |
| 06 | Durga Laxmidevi Anandan | Kokila | 12 October 2017 |
| 07 | Tamilarasi | Magalakshmi Sudarsan | 19 October 2017 |
| 08 | Ambika | Sajini | 26 October 2017 |

## Producer

Lavin Selvan

## Broadcast

Series was released on 7 September 2017 on Mediacorp Vasantham. It aired in Singapore and Malaysia on Mediacorp Vasantham, Its full length episodes and released its episodes on their app Toggle, a live TV feature was introduced on Toggle with English and Tamil Subtitle.
# José Castro House

The José Castro House (Spanish: Casa José Castro), sometimes known as the Castro-Breen Adobe, is a historic adobe home in San Juan Bautista, California, facing the Plaza de San Juan. The Monterey Colonial style house was built 1838-41 by General José Antonio Castro, a former Governor of Alta California. It was later sold to the Breen family, who lived there until 1933, when the house became a museum as part of San Juan Bautista State Historic Park.

## History

José Antonio Castro's father José Tiburcio Castro was a soldier, member of the Diputación (the legislature of Alta California), administrator of Mission San Juan Bautista after it was secularized, and grantee of Rancho Sausal.
The elder Castro used his position to obtain land grants for relatives and friends. His son was granted land facing the Plaza de San Juan, where he built an adobe house in 1841. José Antonio Castro used the house as an administrative base for his military operations (soldiers' barracks were next door) and let his secretary use it as a residence.
In 1848, José Antonio Castro sold the home to Patrick Breen, a survivor of the Donner Party. His family occupied the home until 1933, when it was declared a California Historical Landmark and purchased by California State Parks, which incorporated it into the San Juan Bautista State Historic Park.
Currently, the park uses the José Castro House as a fully furnished house museum, displaying a snapshot of how domestic life was in mid-19th century California. The house was made a National Historic Landmark in 1970.

## Architecture

José Castro House is a two-story adobe home, completed in a Monterey Colonial style. The home is clad in stucco and includes a second-story full-length covered porches on both long sides, characteristic of Monterey Colonial architecture.
The pane glass windows beside the front door of the José Castro House are not typical of Monterey architecture and reflect the influence of Greek Revival architecture, which was also popular in the mid-19th century.
Nowadays, the José Castro House property includes a half-acre orchard and garden, open to the public as part of the state historic park.
# Karimabad, Charuymaq

Karimabad (Persian: كريم اباد, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Quri Chay-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Charuymaq County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 68, in 15 families.
# Martin Dressler

Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer is a 1996 novel by Steven Millhauser. It won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was a finalist for the 1996 National Book Award. It follows the exploits of Martin Dressler, a young, optimistic entrepreneur, in late nineteenth-century New York City. It vividly evokes its time and place through elaborate description.

## Plot summary

From humble beginnings as an assistant in his immigrant father's cigar shop, Martin begins employment as a bellboy at the Vanderlyn hotel. He rises through its hierarchy through promotions, due to his reputation as a bright, conscientious worker. When he is offered the position of assistant manager, he quits to focus instead on managing a chain of restaurants. Later, he builds his own new concept for an extravagant hotel, the Hotel Dressler.
He finds a friend and business partner in sister-in-law Emmeline Vernon, while his ambiguous, distant marriage to her withdrawn sister, Caroline, is a source of confusion and disappointment. A focus of the novel is Martin's imagination for grand, sweeping business ideas, and his instinctive sense for orchestrating large systems. Through all this Martin has the persistent feeling that there must be something bigger waiting around the next corner. One of the novel's themes is that emptiness may lie behind the ideal of the American Dream.
# Forces for Change in Finland

The Forces for Change in Finland (Finnish: Muutosvoimat Suomi; Swedish: Förändringskrafterna i Finland) was a Finnish election cartel formed for the 2003 parliamentary election. It was founded in 2002 by six eurosceptic organisations, ranging from far-right and ultranationalists to hardline communists, and it opposed Finland's membership in European Union and NATO.
In the 2003 election, the party received a total of 11,485 votes, or about 0.4% of the popular votes. This was not enough for a seat in the Finnish Eduskunta, or parliament, and the party was disbanded after the election. The MVS did not take part in the 2007 election. It was removed from the list of registered parties for having failed to elect MPs in two consecutive parliamentary elections.
# Churicheni

Churicheni (Bulgarian: Чуричени) is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. As of 2013, it had a population of 24.

## Honours

Churicheni Island in Antarctica is named after the village of Churicheni.
# Vilhelm Lie

Vilhelm Gabriel Heiberg Lie (1877 – 1935) was a Norwegian civil servant.
He was a son of Emil Bernhard Lie (1836–1891), a brother of Bernt Lie and a nephew of writer Jonas Lie. His father was a first cousin of Erika (Nissen) and Ida Lie, and so Vilhelm was a second cousin of the children in the next generation; Erika Lie, Karl Nissen, Michael Strøm Lie, Mons Lie, Erik Lie, painter Jonas Lie, and Eyolf Soot.
Together with Anna Benedicte Aars Nicolaysen (1880–1965) he had the son Nils Aars Nicolaysen Lie, a notable writer. His son was a first cousin of Emil Lie, a second cousin of the Nazi Jonas Lie, and father of professor of medicine Mons Lie.
Vilhelm Lie took the cand.jur. degree in 1899. He was a tax collector in Bergen from 1914 to 1919, and from 1920 to 1921 he was the State Conciliator of Norway. In 1921 he was hired as chief financial officer (Norwegian: finansborgermester) in Bergen city.
# Torani Canal

The Torani Canal in northeastern Guyana serves to move water from the Berbice River into the Canje River. It was to serve as irrigation for the sugar industry, and subsequently the rice industry.
The canal is 14 miles long. The Berbice River inlet is located some 80 km from the sea where, although subject to tidal influence, flow is fresh throughout the year. A five-door sluice controls the flow of water into the canal. The outlet on the Canje River is near the community of Wel te Vreeden. A three-door sluice controls flow out of the canal.
It was rehabilitated by BK International Inc. under the supervision of the Caribbean Engineering Management Consultancy Guyana Limited in collaboration with Mott Mac Donald. The dual purpose of the canal is to transfer water from the higher elevation along the Berbice River to irrigate the backlands of the Black Bush Polder rice cultivation and at the same time to reduce the excessive surface runoff precipitation during the rainy season. Hence, the Canje River is at a lower elevation and it's the shortest distance of the two to the Atlantic Ocean “storehouse”.
# Dudu, a Human Destiny

Dudu, a Human Destiny (German: Dudu, ein Menschenschicksal) is a 1924 German silent film directed by Rudolf Meinert and starring Alfred Abel, Robert Garrison, and Maly Delschaft. It is part of the tradition of circus films.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Seemann.

## Cast

* Alfred Abel
* Robert Garrison
* Maly Delschaft
* Philipp Manning
* Lotte Sachs
* Max Schreck
* Margot Morgan
* Margarete Kupfer
* Olga Limburg
* Johanna Ewald
* Leopold von Ledebur
* Kurt Katch
* Wilhelm Diegelmann
* Emil Albes
* Paul Henckels
# Sadi, Kerman

Sadi (Persian: سعدی, also Romanized as Sa‘dī; also known as Sa‘dīābād) is a village in Baghin Rural District, in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,382, in 377 families.
Iranian General Hossein Hassani Sa'di is from here.
# Blokkøya

Blokkøya (English: Block Island) is an island in the southwestern part of Scareholmane, an island group in Thousand Islands, an archipelago south of Edgeøya.
# Wat That Noi

Wat That Noi (Thai: วัดธาตุน้อย; "Temple of the Little Reliquary") is a ruined temple of the Wiang Kum Kam archaeological area, outside of Chiang Mai in northern Thailand, so named because of its relatively restricted scale.
It is adjacent to Wat Chang Kham, a larger site in the same group.