OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siegfried Passarge

Otto Karl Siegfried Passarge (28 November 1866 – 26 July 1958) was a German geographer from East Prussia.

## Life

Siegfried Passarge was born in Königsberg, the son of travel writer Ludwig Passarge [de]. He attended Collegium Fridericianum, and after graduation studied geography in Berlin and Jena. He also trained in medicine, and worked as a doctor during his military service.
In 1894 Passarge took part in an expedition to Adamawa, at the northern boundary of the former German colony of Cameroon. From 1896 to 1899 Passarge worked as a geologist and surveyor for the British West Charterland Company in South Africa, during which time he made extensive ethnographic studies of the Khoisan and Bantu. In 1901–1902 he took part in an expedition to the Orinoco, followed by travel in Algeria in 1906 and 1907. His travel memoirs record his experiences, including the violences he committed whilst in Africa.
From 1904–1905 Passarge held the post of Associate Professor of Geography in Berlin and in 1905 he became Professor of Geography in Breslau. In 1908 he joined the Colonial Institute in Hamburg, where he worked until 1936. He theorised that it should be possible for geographers to set up a taxonomic system for landforms, in much the same way as the biological sciences, although he favoured an empirical, descriptive system rather than a genetic one.
Passarge's theories of racial geography (expounded in the 1920s in Das Judentum als landschaftskundlich-ethnologisches Problem) were embraced by the Nazi Party after 1933. On 11 November 1933, he was among the signatories of the commitment of the professors at German universities and colleges to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi state.

## Works (selection)

* Die Kalahari, 1904
* Südafrika, 1908
* Physiologische Morphologie, 1912
* Die Grundlagen der Landschaftskunde, 3 Bde. 1919–1920
* Die Landschaftsgürtel der Erde, Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt 1923
* Das Buch vom Kahal, 2 Bände. Leipzig: Hammer-Verlag 1928
* Das Judentum als landschaftskundlich-ethnologisches Problem, München: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag 1929
* Geographische Völkerkunde, Berlin: Safari-Verlag 1951
# Dongshan Shouchu

Dongshan Shouchu (Chinese: 洞山守初; Wade–Giles: Tung-shan Shou-ch'u; Japanese: Tozan Shusho) (died 900) was a Chinese Zen teacher and an heir to Yunmen Wenyan. Dongshan is the subject of Case 18 "Three Pounds of Flax" in The Gateless Barrier, a collection of koans authored by the Chan master Wumen Huikai in 1228.
# War of Lanka

The War of Lanka is the fourth book in the acclaimed Ram Chandra Series by Amish Tripathi, set in 3400 BCE. This installment continues the epic retelling of the Ramayana, focusing on the climactic battle between Ram and Raavan. The book was released on 3 October 2022 and published by HarperCollins India.

## Plot

The narrative begins with the abduction of Sita by Raavan, which triggers a monumental conflict. Sita, embodying defiance and courage, challenges Raavan to kill her rather than allow Ram to surrender. Ram, consumed by grief and rage, channels these emotions into a calm and focused preparation for war. His meticulous strategy is driven by a profound sense of duty (dharma) and the determination to rescue his beloved wife. The book intricately details the preparations for the war, highlighting the formation of battalions, the innovative use of the Elephant Corps, and the strategic challenges of crossing the seas to Lanka. Raavan, initially confident in his invincibility, underestimates Ram's resolve. The author presents Raavan as a multifaceted character motivated by ego, grief, and love, offering a sympathetic view of his tragic backstory and adherence to certain codes of honor. The book stands out for its vivid portrayal of characters as ordinary humans with exemplary skills and flaws, rather than the larger-than-life figures of traditional lore. Ram is depicted as a noble man, deeply affected by Sita's abduction, and striving to uphold his ideals in the battle for dharma. The narrative balances action with philosophical content, exploring the theme of dharma through dialogues and dream sequences featuring sages like Vishwamitra and Vashishta.

## Critical response

Reeta Ramamurthy Gupta's gave 3.5/5 in her review in Forbesindia.com, saying “the book has a bit of everything. It's a re-imagination of an epic with several management lessons”.
# Gymnopilus josserandii

Gymnopilus josserandii is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.
# Cruces River

The Cruces River (Spanish: Río Cruces) is a river in south-central Chile. Río Cruces originates from hills near the Villarica volcano and flows then in south-west direction. The southern and final part of the river flows in a south-south-west direction following the eastern flank of Cordillera de Oncol. At the latitude of the city of Valdivia it is crossed by Río Cruces Bridge next to its outflow into Valdivia River.
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake caused c. 2 m of subsidence around Valdivia. As a result of this, a large area of former pastures and cultivated fields around the lower course of Cruces River was permanently flooded. Over the years the new wetlands were colonized chiefly by Egeria densa (Spanish: luchecillo). Egeria densa and other aquatic plants created a rich aquatic ecosystem that attracted a permanent bird fauna, notably black-necked swans. The protected area of Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary was created in 1981 to protect the ecosystem.
Coincident with the opening of the Valdivia Pulp Mill in 2004 there was a sharp decline of the black-necked swan population in the wetlands of the lower course of Cruces River. An estimated 96.4% of the black-necked swan population died or migrated in about six months. The event unleashed a large environmental conflict between citizens of Valdivia and nearby areas and Celulosa Arauco y Constitución, the owner of the pulp mill. A decline of the Egeria densa that swans feed on has been linked to the death and migration of the swans.
A 2020 study indicate that whenever the sum of the water discharge of Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers falls below 74 m$^3$/s (2,600 cu ft/s) saltwater reaches Valdivia's water supply site at Cuesta Soto in Calle-Calle River. Such events tend to happen in autumn and are expected to become more frequent in the future due to a trend of diminished rainfall.
Soils around the lower course of the river are trumaos and red clay soils.

## Gallery

* Aerial view of Cruces River at its confluence with Valdivia River
* View of Valdivia from the western side of Cruces River
# Sayanogorsk

Sayanogorsk (Russian: Саяногорск; Khakas: Наа Сойан Тура, Naa Soyan Tura) is a town in the Republic of Khakassia, Russia, located on the left bank of the Yenisei River, 80 kilometers (50 mi) south of Abakan, the capital of the republic. Population: 49,887 (2010 Census); 50,255 (2002 Census); 50,188 (1989 Soviet census).

## Geography

The town has road and water links with Abakan and Minusinsk. The town itself is located in the steppe zone.

### Climate

Moderately sharp continental climate. Annual precipitation: 250–300 mm. Fall mainly in the warm period. Average temperature in July: +28.6 °C (83.5 °F) Average temperature in January: −27.0 °C (−16.6 °F) Vegetation period: 160 days.

## History

Sayanogorsk was founded on November 6, 1975, in connection with the construction of the Sayan-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant on the Yenisei River and the Sayan Aluminum Plant in the town; the latter opened ten years later.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two work settlements (Cheremushki and Mayna) and one rural locality (the village of Bogoslovka), incorporated as the Town of Sayanogorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Sayanogorsk is incorporated as Sayanogorsk Urban Okrug.

## Economy

Despite being a small town, Sayanogorsk is located near to the Khakas Aluminium Smelter, one of the largest aluminum smelter plants in the world. The aluminum plant provides work for the majority of the town's residents. Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam, the largest hydro-electric dam in Russia and the world's 5th-largest by installed capacity, lies to the south of the town.

## Culture
### Education

The town has ten schools, a subsidiary of KSU, a subsidiary of TUSUR, Stam, www.wtu.ru, Sayanogorsk Polytechnic College, South-Siberian Regional College.

### Media
#### Television

In Sayanogorsk there is one local channel TV-7, on which there are broadcasts are on TV channel STS (TV Channel).

#### Newspapers

Sayanogorsk publishes many periodicals some are "Environment", "Sayanogorsk Courier", "Sayan statements", and "Business Sayanogorsk.

### Sports

The volleyball club "Borus" is based in Sayanogorsk.
The bandy player Yevgeny Shadrin was born in Sayanogorsk.

### Tourism and recreation

The Ski resort "Gladenkaya" is in Sayanogorsk.

## Industry

The main industrial enterprises of the town are: Sayan Aluminum Plant - has Production of primary aluminum and alloys on its basis Khakas aluminum plant - has production of primary aluminum and alloys on its basis, Plant Rusal SAYANAL - has production of aluminum foil and packing materials on its basis, Company Stroyservice Company Sayanstroy Plant Sayanmoloko and JSC Branch Temporary Use - has the enterprise of industrial railway transport. The town is economically dependent on the Rusal-operated aluminum plant.

### Energy

Sayano-Shushenskaya GES (starting the second hydraulic unit 1-December 18, 1978), Mainsk HPS.
# Kostandovo

Kostandovo (Bulgarian: Костандово) is a small town in the Pazardzhik Province, southern Bulgaria. In 2010, it had 4342 inhabitants. It gained its town status in 2005. It is located in the Rhodope Mountains close to the Batak Dam and the town of Rakitovo.
# Robert Alt

Robert Alt (2 January 1927 – 4 December 2017) was a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the mid-1950s. He won a gold medal in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. Alt also won a gold medal in the four-man event at the 1955 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz.
# James Webb

James, Jim or Jimmy Webb may refer to:

## Arts

* Jim Webb (born 1946), American author, also politician (see below)
* James Webb (historian) (1946–1980), Scottish historian
* James Webb (painter) (1825–1895), British painter
* James Webb (South African artist) (born 1975), South African artist known for sound installations
* James R. Webb (1909–1974), American screenplay writer
* Jim Webb (audio engineer), American film audio engineer
* Jim Webb (poet), American poet, playwright, and essayist
* Jimmy Webb (born 1946), American musician
* J. Watson Webb Jr. (1916–2000), American film editor
* Jim Webb (Family Affairs), a fictional character in UK soap opera Family Affairs
* Jimmy Webb (stylist) (1957–2020), American punk fashion stylist

## Public service

* James E. Webb (1906–1992), American official, the second Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), namesake of the James Webb Space Telescope
* James Webb (Royal Navy officer) (died 1761), commodore governor for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador for 1760
* J. B. Webb (James B. Webb, 1929–2009), influential in shaping Australia's international relations and aid during the 1950s, 60s and 70s
* Jim Webb (born 1946), former senator from Virginia, former U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and 2016 presidential candidate
* James H. Webb (jurist), early 20th century Yale University lecturer in law; cowrote Outlines of Criminal Law with Courtney Kenny
* James H. Webb (Pennsylvania politician) (1820–1896), Pennsylvania state legislator
* James L. Webb (1854–1930), North Carolina judge and politician
* James Watson Webb (1802–1884), American newspaper publisher and New York politician
* Jim Webb (Canadian politician), founding member of the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party
* James Webb (Texas politician) (1792–1856), Attorney General in the Republic of Texas, Secretary of State for the State of Texas
* James Webb (Australian politician) (1887–1939), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
* James C. Webb, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
* James Webb (Medal of Honor) (1841–1915), American Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

## Sports

* James Webb (rugby union) (1863–1913), Wales rugby international player
* Skeeter Webb (James Laverne Webb, 1909–1986), Major League Baseball player
* Jim Webb (judo) (James R. Webb), president of the United States Judo Association
* Jim Webb (rugby) (1878–1955), Welsh rugby international player
* Jimmy Webb (American football) (born 1952), American football player
* James Watson Webb II (1884–1960), American polo champion
* Jimmy Webb (climber) (born 1987), rock climber specializing in bouldering
* James Webb III (born 1993), American professional basketball player
# Henry Harmer

Henry Sutton Harmer (8 July 1883 – 9 January 1958) was a British athlete who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. He was born in West Ham and died in Sidmouth. His brother, Frederick Harmer, was also a British Olympian. In the 100 metres event, Harmer did not finish in his first round heat and was eliminated from competition.
# Aloysius Martinich

Aloysius Patrick Martinich (born June 28, 1946), usually cited as A. P. Martinich, also Al Martinich, is an American analytic philosopher. He is the Roy Allison Vaughan Centennial Professor Emeritus in Philosophy at University of Texas at Austin. His areas of interest are the nature and practice of interpretation, history of modern philosophy, the philosophy of language, the history of political thinking and Thomas Hobbes.

## Biography

Martinich has specialized in the philosophy of language and the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. He is the author of The Two Gods of Leviathan (1992), Hobbes: A Biography (1999), and Hobbes's Political Philosophy (2021).

## Publications
### Books

* Thomas Hobbes, Computatio sive Logica: Part One of De Corpore, translation and commentary, New York: Abaris Books, 1981.
* The Philosophy of Language (Critical Concepts in Philosophy), New York: Oxford University Press, 1985 (sixth edition edited with David Sosa, 2012).
* Philosophical Writing: An Introduction, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989; fourth edition Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, 2015.
* The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
* Thomas Hobbes Perspectives on British History, London: Macmillan, 1997.
* Hobbes: A Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
* A Companion to Analytic Philosophy, edited with David Sosa, Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
* Leviathan, Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2002; revised edition with Brian Battiste, 2011.
* Hobbes (The Routledge Philosophers), New York: Routledge, 2005.
* Early Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary, Malden: Blackwell Readings in the History of Philosophy, 2007.
* Much Ado About Nonexistence: Fiction and Reference (with Avrum Stroll), Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
# Juan de Escobedo

Juan de Escobedo (1530 in Colindres, Cantabria – March 31, 1578 in Madrid), Spanish politician, secretary of John of Austria (Don Juan de Austria), and chiefly notable as having been the victim of one of the mysteries of the 16th century, began life in the household of Ruy Gómez de Silva, prince of Eboli, the most trusted minister of the early years of the reign of Philip II.
By the will of the prince he was endowed for life with the post of Regidor, or legal representative of the king in the municipality of Madrid. He was also associated with Antonio Pérez as one of the secretaries who acted as the agents of the king in all dealings with the various governing boards which formed the Spanish administration. When Don John of Austria, after the battle of Lepanto in 1571, began to launch on a policy of self-seeking adventure, Escobedo was appointed as his secretary with the intention that he should act as a check on these follies. Unhappily for himself and for Don John he went heart and soul into all the prince's schemes. He began to disobey orders from Madrid and became entangled in intrigues to manage or even to coerce the king.
In July 1577, and contrary to the king's orders, he came to Spain from Flanders, where Don John was then governor. It is said that he discovered the love intrigue between Antonio Pérez and the widowed princess of Eboli, Ana de Mendoza e de la Cerda. This is, however, mere gossip and supposition. There can be no doubt that he was a busy intriguer, or that the king, acting on the then very generally accepted doctrine that the sovereign has a right to act for the public interest without regard to forms of law, gave orders to Antonio Pérez that he was to be put out of the way. After two clumsy attempts had been made to poison him at Pérez's table, he was killed by bravos on the night of Easter Monday, 1578. According to an old tradition the murder took place outside the church of St. Maria in Madrid, which was pulled down in 1868.
# Kishan, Iran

Kishan (Persian: كيشان, also Romanized as Kīshān) is a village in Pol-e Doab Rural District, Zalian District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 326, in 94 families.
# The Breeze (North Somerset)

The Breeze (North Somerset) was an Independent Local Radio station serving North Somerset, England.
The station was folded into Greatest Hits Radio South West, as part of a rebrand, on 1 September 2020.

## History

The Breeze started life as 107.7 WFM with presenters Steve Carpenter, Anthony Ballard, Andy Saunders and launched on 23 October 1999. It was later rebranded by the then new owners UKRD as a way of recognition of its existing Star brand. The station was then known as Star 107.7 before changing to Star Radio in North Somerset.
In November 2009, Star Radio (North Somerset) was sold by UKRD and renamed Nova Radio on 26 September 2010. At midnight on 29 March 2013, the station was re-launched as The Breeze following a takeover by Celador Radio.
In 2019, the station & The Breeze Network was purchased by Bauer Radio and on 1 September 2020 the network was closed and replaced with Greatest Hits Radio.
# Zgornji Brnik

Zgornji Brnik (pronounced; in older sources also Zgornji Bernik, German: Oberfernig) is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
The church in the village is dedicated to John the Baptist. Remains of a Gothic presbyterium have been excavated, but the current church dates to 1742.
The central part of Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport is built within the territory of Zgornji Brnik. The head office of Adria Airways was located on the airport property in Zgornji Brnik until the airline ceased operations in 2019.
# JDS Harusame (DD-109)

JDS Harusame (DD-109) was the third ship of the Murasame-class destroyer of Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

## Construction and career

Murasame was laid down by Mitsubishi at Kobe in Japan on 17 June 1958, launched on 18 June 1959 and commissioned with the pennant number DD-109 on 15 December 1959. She was incorporated into the Maizuru District Force.
On January 16, 1960, he was transferred to the 10th Escort Corps under the 1st Escort Corps.
On February 1, 1961, the 10th Escort Corps was reorganized into the 2nd Escort Group under the Self-Defense Fleet.
The Maritime Self-Defense Force began research on domestically produced fire control systems in 1959, made prototypes, and conducted practical experiments with Harusame. In 1965, the Mk.63 and Mk.57 fire control systems on the bridge were removed and replaced with prototype fire control systems. After undergoing technical and practical tests on this ship, the 68-type fire control system (GFCS-0 type) was officially adopted in 1968.
In March 1967, the stern depth charge rail and depth charge projector were removed and equipped with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar).
In 1968, participated in a practicing voyage to the ocean.
On March 15, 1969, the 10th Escort Corps was reorganized under the 3rd Escort Corps group.
From August 1 to September 14, 1979, anti-submarine weapons were replaced, the short torpedo launcher was removed, and a 68-type triple short torpedo launcher was installed.
On March 30, 1984, the 10th Escort Corps was abolished and transferred to the 3rd Escort Corps as a ship under direct control.
On March 5, 1985, the type was changed to a special service ship, and the ship registration number was changed to (ASU-7008). It was transferred to the 1st Submarine Group as a ship under direct control.
She was decommissioned on May 31, 1989. In her 29-year history, she has sailed about 660,000 nautical miles, which is equivalent to about 30 laps of the earth.

## Citations

* ↑ "Murasame 1958 class Destroyer". Helis.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* ↑ "History of Japanese destroyers since 1952". Ships of the World (in Japanese) (742). Kaijin-sha: 91–97. June 2011.
# Steve Anderhub

Steve Anderhub (born 12 July 1970) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He won a silver medal in the two-man event with teammate Christian Reich at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
Anderhub also won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 2001 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz.
# Larée

Larée (French pronunciation:; Occitan: L'Arrea) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# Alyaksandr Vyazhevich

Alyaksandr Viktaravich Vyazhevich (Belarusian: Аляксандр Віктаравіч Вяжэвіч; Russian: Александр Викторович Вяжевич; Aleksandr Viktorovich Vyazhevich; born 7 June 1970) is a former Belarusian football player.

## Honours

Metallurg Molodechno
* Belarusian SSR League: 1991
* Soviet Amateur Cup: 1991
Belshina Bobruisk
* Belarusian Premier League: 2001
# Anáhuac metro station

The Anáhuac Station (Spanish: Estación Anáhuac) is part of the expansion of Line 2 of the Monterrey Metro.
This station was planned to be a hub for the "Transmetro" BRT program, but those plans were later scrapped.
This station serves the San Nicolás centre and the Anahuác neighborhood, from which the station takes its name. It is accessible for people with disabilities.
Its logo represents the tower of the House of Culture La Pérgola, which is representative of the neighborhood. The station was opened on 1 October 2008 as part of the extension of the line from Universidad and Sendero.