OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Epping

Joseph Epping (1 December 1835 – 22 August 1894) was a German Jesuit astronomer and Assyriologist.

## Life

Joseph Epping was born at Neuenkirchen near the Rhine in Westphalia on 1 December 1835. His parents died while he was very young, and he owed his early education to relations. After completing the usual Gymnasium at Rheine and at Münster, he matriculated at the academy in Münster, where he devoted himself particularly to mathematics.
In 1859 he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Münster and after his philosophical studies was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy at Maria-Laach. He spent the years from 1867 to 1871 in the study of theology and was ordained priest in 1870.
Gabriel García Moreno, President of Ecuador, had petitioned the General of the Jesuits in the early seventies for members of the Society to form the faculty of the Polytechnicum in Quito, which he had recently founded. A number of German Jesuits responded to the call, among them Epping, who set out in June, 1872, for Quito to become professor of mathematics. He learned Spanish and wrote a textbook of geometry.
The political disturbances which followed the assassination of Moreno (6 August 1875) made it necessary for the Jesuits to return to Europe, and Epping arrived in the Netherlands in the fall of 1876. He spent the remaining years of his life at Blijenbeck, and later at Exaeten, teaching astronomy and mathematics, devoting his leisure to research and literary work.
He died at Exaeten, in the Netherlands, on 22 August 1894

## Works

Epping's first published volume, Der Kreislauf im Kosmos, appeared in 1882. It was an exposition and critique of the Kant–Laplace nebular hypothesis; and a refutation of the pantheistic and materialistic conclusions which had been drawn from it.
His most important work, however, was begun in collaboration with Johann Strassmaier [de] who, in connection with his own studies in Assyriology, had induced him to undertake a mathematical investigation of the Babylonian astronomical observations and tables. After considerable labour the key was found. He discovered the table of differences for the new moon in one of the tablets, and identified Guttu with Mars, Sakku with Saturn, and Te-ut with Jupiter (Epping and Strassmaier in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, vol. 21, pp. 277–292).
Eight years later he published Astronomisches aus Babylon oder das Wissen der Chaldäer über den gestirnten Himmel (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1889). This work was of importance both from the standpoint of astronomy and chronology. It contains an exposition of the astronomy of the ancient Babylonians, worked out from their Ephemerides of the moon and the planets. This was supplemented by Die babylonische Berechnung des Neumondes (Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 229–240). He was also the author of a number of articles in the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie.
# Elena Azarova

Elena Yuryevna Azarova (Russian: Еле′на Ю′рьевна Аза′рова; born 5 June 1973) is a Russian synchronized swimmer.
She has two won Olympic gold medals (2000, 2004), and a winner of World (1998) and European Championships (1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000), World Cups and other tournaments.
She is a member of National team since 1989 and retirement in 2004, and now she is media relations manager of Special Olympics.
# Hillary Peak

Hillary Peak (Nepali: हिलारी शिखर) is the name which has been proposed by the Government of Nepal for a 7,681 metres (25,200 ft) peak in the Himalayas in honour of Edmund Hillary, who made the first ascent of Everest with Tenzing Norgay in 1953.
In September 2013 a government panel recommended that two mountains be renamed Hillary Peak and Tenzing Peak as part of a batch of summits that would be opened to climbers in 2014. The coordinates given by the government indicate that it is one of a clutch of peaks on the Nepal and Tibet border between Cho Oyu and Gyachung Kang, known variously as Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang and Ngojumba Ri. The designated peak in most sources is Ngojumba Kang III at 7,681 m (25,200 ft).
In the fall of 2016, two time Everest summiter Elia Saikaly along with Pasang Kaji Sherpa made an expedition to Hillary Peak. They called off their summit bid due to dangers encountered including rock-falls, bad weather, hidden crevasses, and snow related issues.
# Ministry of the Interior (Cuba)

The Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Ministerio del Interior de la República de Cuba), also known as MININT, is the Cuban government ministry which oversees the home affairs of Cuba. Its headquarter is in a building of Plaza de la Revolución, a central and famous square of Havana.

## History

It was founded on June 6, 1961, replacing and expanding the old Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio de Gobernación), inherited by the Cuban Revolution from the previous governments.

## Functions

The organs and structures that are part of the Minister fulfill functions of citizen security, and the establishment of the internal order. The MININT also includes various logistics agencies, force preparation, etc. In addition, it has commercial companies that provide security services as SEPSA (Specialized Protection Services, S.A.), SEISA or ACERPROT), which include chain stores selling to the population.
The Ministry oversees the functions of security and public order through the National Revolutionary Police Force (PNR) and the auxiliary body of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR).
The MININT has its own teaching system, with several national schools (higher institutes) and schools in the provinces. In Havana, it has a polytechnic institute (named Instituto Superior del MININT Eliseo Reyes Rodríguez), for the training of media technicians in specialties related to criminal and police investigation lines.

## Structure

The following structure is in place with MININT as of 2021:
* National Revolutionary Police Force
* Dirección de Inteligencia
* Special National Brigade (or Black Berets)
* State Security Department
* Technical Directorate of Investigations
* Directorate of Border Guard Troops
* Cuban Fire Department
* Directorate of Personal Security
* Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Operations
* Directorate of Penitentiary Establishments
* Directorate of Attention to Minors
* Directorate of Identification, Immigration and Aliens

## Ministers

† denotes people who died in office.
| No. | Minister | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Ref. |
| 1 | Valdés Menéndez, RamiroRamiro Valdés Menendéz (born 1932) | 1961 | 1968 | 6–7 years | PCC | — |
| 2 | del Valle Jiménez, SergioSergio del Valle Jiménez (1927–2007) | 1968 | 1979 | 10–11 years | PCC | — |
| (1) | Valdés Menéndez, RamiroRamiro Valdés Menendéz (born 1932) | 1979 | 1985 | 5–6 years | PCC | — |
| 3 | Abrahantes Fernández, JoséJosé Abrahantes Fernández [es] | 1985 | 1989 | 3–4 years | PCC | — |
| 4 | Colomé Ibarra, AbelardoCorps General Abelardo Colomé Ibarra (born 1939) | 1989 | 2015 | 25–26 years | PCC | — |
| 5 | Fernández Gondín, CarlosDivisional General Carlos Fernández Gondín (1938–2017) | 26 October 2015 | 7 January 2017 † | 1 year, 73 days | PCC | |
| 6 | Gandarilla Bermejo, Julio CésarDivisional General Julio César Gandarilla Bermejo (1943–2020) | 10 January 2017 | 24 November 2020 † | 3 years, 319 days | PCC | |
| 7 | Álvarez Casas, Lázaro AlbertoDivisional General Lázaro Alberto Álvarez Casas | 24 November 2020 | Incumbent | 3 years, 338 days | PCC | |
# Canetti Peak

Canetti Peak (Bulgarian: връх Канети, romanized: vrah Kaneti, IPA:) is a 400 m peak in the Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak has precipitous and ice-free western slopes and overlooks Zagore Beach and False Bay to the west and north, and Charity Glacier to the south. The peak was named after Elias Canetti (1905–1994), a Bulgarian-born Nobel laureate in literature.

## Location

The peak is located at 62°43′25.3″S 60°19′10″W﻿ / ﻿62.723694°S 60.31944°W﻿ / -62.723694; -60.31944 which is 1.06 km west-southwest of MacKay Peak, 2.13 km north by west of the summit of Veleka Ridge and 1.62 km south-southeast of Ogosta Point.
The peak was mapped by Bulgaria in 2005 and 2009.

## Maps

* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
# Gorgany

Gorgany (Ukrainian: Ґорґани) is a mountain range in Western Ukraine in Outer Eastern Carpathians, adjacent to Chornohora range. The highest peak of Gorgany is Syvulia (1,836 m) with the other high peaks including Ihrovyshche, Vysoka [uk] (1,804 m), Lopushna [uk] (1,772 m) and Grofa. The mountains are made of flysch rock, mostly sandstone, which create typical for Gorgany debris fields (local names: gorgan, grekhot). They are bordered by the Mizunka River and Vyshkiv Pass in the west and the Prut River and Yablunytsia Pass in the east.
Gorgany are the least populated part of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The western parts of Gorgany are inhabited by Boykos, whose primary occupation is herding and timber exploitation. The major towns in the area include Vorokhta and Yaremche.

## Sources

* ↑ "Gorgany: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering". summitpost.org. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
* - official page
* Gorgany Race — 30-hour Adventure Race happening every year in Gorgany
* Gorgany

## Maps

* Syvulia
* Debris field (gorgan)
* Pink morning in the Gorgany mountains, Ukraine.
* Lake at Arshytsia Range
* Central Gorgany
48°30′N 24°00′E﻿ / ﻿48.500°N 24.000°E﻿ / 48.500; 24.000
* This article about a location in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a location in Zakarpattia Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Grace Darling (disambiguation)

Grace Darling (1815–1842) was an English lighthouse keeper's daughter.
Grace Darling may also refer to:
* Grace Darling: Maid and Myth, a 1965 biography by Richard Armstrong
* "Grace Darling" (song), a 1974 song by Strawbs
* MV Grace Darling (1919), a ferry that operated on Okanagan Lake in British Columbia
* MV Grace Darling (1923), a replacement for the 1919 ferry
* Grace Darling (actress) (1893–1963), American actress
* Grace Darkling, singer of Nocturna (band)
# Ogilvie Mountains

The Ogilvie Mountains are a mountain range in the Yukon Territory of northwestern Canada.
Geologically they are part of the Yukon Ranges, in the upper Laramide Belt of the North American Cordillera.

## Geography

The range lies north of Dawson City, and is crossed by the Dempster Highway.
The area was first surveyed by William Ogilvie and the range subsequently named after him.

### Sub-ranges

* Nahoni Range

### Peaks

The best known mountain peaks of the Ogilvie Mountains are located within Tombstone Territorial Park.
The highest mountain within the range is Mount Frank Rae, at 2,362 m (7,749 ft) in elevation.
The range's most familiar mountains, with their jagged granite peaks, are:
* Tombstone Mountain
* Mount Monolith

## Climate

Ogilvie River is a weather station near the Ogilvie Maintenance Compound in the northern Ogilvie Mountains, situated at an elevation of 597 m (1959 ft).
Climate data for Ogilvie River, Yukon, 1981-2006 normals, 1971-2008 extremes: 1959ft (597m) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7 (44) | 7 (44) | 8 (46) | 16 (61) | 28 (82) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 31 (87) | 26 (79) | 22 (72) | 7 (45) | 10 (50) | 31 (88) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.2) | −1.3 (29.6) | 1.4 (34.6) | 10.2 (50.3) | 19.9 (67.9) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.4 (79.6) | 24.8 (76.6) | 18.1 (64.5) | 7.8 (46.0) | −4.1 (24.6) | −2.7 (27.1) | 27.7 (81.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −22.4 (−8.4) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −11.9 (10.6) | −0.2 (31.6) | 10.4 (50.8) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.0 (68.0) | 16.6 (61.8) | 9.2 (48.6) | −4.4 (24.0) | −18.3 (−1.0) | −19.9 (−3.9) | −1.7 (28.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −28.3 (−19.0) | −25.6 (−14.1) | −21.4 (−6.6) | −9.7 (14.6) | 3.6 (38.4) | 11.3 (52.4) | 12.9 (55.2) | 9.7 (49.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | −9.9 (14.1) | −24.0 (−11.2) | −25.7 (−14.2) | −8.7 (16.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −35.5 (−31.9) | −33.3 (−28.0) | −30.9 (−23.6) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −3.2 (26.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.8 (42.5) | 2.7 (36.9) | −3.1 (26.4) | −15.2 (4.6) | −29.4 (−21.0) | −31.9 (−25.4) | −15.7 (3.7) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −48.9 (−56.0) | −48.3 (−55.0) | −44.7 (−48.5) | −33.7 (−28.6) | −13.1 (8.4) | −1.7 (29.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | −4.1 (24.6) | −10.7 (12.7) | −29.8 (−21.7) | −41.2 (−42.2) | −45.1 (−49.1) | −50.9 (−59.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −57 (−71) | −56 (−69) | −54 (−66) | −43 (−45) | −27 (−17) | −6 (21) | −3 (27) | −10 (14) | −25 (−13) | −42 (−44) | −51 (−59) | −53 (−63) | −57 (−71) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.57) | 14 (0.56) | 9.9 (0.39) | 7.9 (0.31) | 22 (0.86) | 43 (1.70) | 53 (2.07) | 40 (1.56) | 33 (1.30) | 27 (1.07) | 18 (0.69) | 18 (0.71) | 299.8 (11.79) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 15 (5.8) | 14 (5.6) | 9.9 (3.9) | 7.1 (2.8) | 5.3 (2.1) | 0.25 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.51 (0.2) | 8.4 (3.3) | 24 (9.5) | 18 (6.9) | 18 (7.1) | 120.46 (47.3) |
| Source: XMACIS2 (normals, extremes & precip/snow) ||||||||||||||
# Rasteqan

Rasteqan (Persian: راستقان) is a village in, and the capital of, Rasteqan Rural District of Gholaman District, Raz and Jargalan County, North Khorasan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,073 in 253 households, when it was in Gholaman Rural District of the former Raz and Jargalan District of Bojnord County. The following census in 2011 counted 840 people in 249 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 922 people in 312 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Raz and Jargalan County, and the rural district was transferred to the new Gholaman District. Rasteqan was transferred to Rasteqan Rural District created in the district.
# Sermon on Law and Grace

The Sermon on Law and Grace (Church Slavonic: Слово о законѣ и благодѣти, romanized: Slovo o zakoně i blagoděti) is a sermon written by Hilarion, the metropolitan of Kiev. It is one of the earliest Slavonic texts available, having been written several decades before the Primary Chronicle. Since Hilarion was considered to be a writer worthy of imitation, this sermon was very influential in the further development of both the style and content of literature in Kievan Rus'.
The Sermon was an important event to be mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, and by matching against other events from the Chronicle it was concluded that the Sermon was written somewhere between 1037 and 1050.

## Title

Although commonly called the Sermon on Law and Grace, the work bears a much longer title:
       Concerning: the Law given by Moses and the Grace and Truth which came by Jesus Christ. And: how the Law departed, and Grace and Truth filled all the earth, and Faith spread forth to all nations, even unto our nation of Rus'. And: an encomium to our kagan Volodimer, by whom we were baptized. And: a prayer to God from all our land.
       Church Slavonic: О законѣ мωѵсѣомъ данѣѣмъ, и ω благодѣти и истинѣ исоусомъ христъмъ бывшϊи. И како законъ ѿтиде, благодѣть же и истина всю землю исполни, и вѣра въ всѧ ꙗзыкы простреся и до нашего ꙗзыка роускаго, и похвала каганоу нашемоу влодимероу, ѿ негоже крещени быхомъ и молитва къ богѫ ѿ всеа зьмлѧ нашеа

## Summary

The sermon is divided into two distinct parts.
The first part presents the Grace of the New Testament surpassing and replacing the Law of the Old Testament. Hilarion retells the Old Testament account of Hagar, the handmaiden of Abraham, and Sarah, his wife. He likens Isaac, "the free son of a free mother", to the followers of Christianity, and Ishmael, "a servant (not a truly free man)", to the Jews. Hilarion emphasizes that the Law came first, and then came Grace, just as Ishmael came before Isaac. He then explains that the Gospel now spreads over the whole earth, while the "lake of the Law" has dried up.
The second part serves as a eulogy to Vladimir, the grand prince of Kiev, and baptizer of Rus'. It is written in a highly rhetorical panegyric, possibly for the purpose of presenting Vladimir as a candidate for canonization.

## Audience

While the sermon was most likely composed for the Christian elite of Kievan Rus' and given at the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, scholars are still uncertain of many details pertaining to the presentation of the sermon. Russian philologist Aleksander Uzhankov considers that The Sermon on Law and Grace was pronounced in the evening of 25 March 1038, in the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the Golden Gate in Kiev, Some scholars suggest that the two parts of the sermon were presented on different occasions and were brought together only during later compilation.
# Boris Markin

Boris Markin is a Ukrainian sprint canoer who competed in the early 2000s. He won a bronze medal in the K-4 200 m event at the 2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań. Borys was born in 1979 and now he lives in the United States.
# Grauer's swamp warbler

Grauer's swamp warbler (Bradypterus graueri) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Locustellidae. It is native to the Albertine Rift montane forests. Its natural habitats are freshwater lakes and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Grauer's swamp warbler is endemic to the Albertine Rift and is found in montane papyrus swamps above 1900m. An investigation of the species population genetic structure revealed three clades across this region: clade 1, Virunga Volcanoes and Kigezi Highlands; clade 2, Rugege Highlands; and clade 3, Kahuzi-Biega Highlands (with clades 2 and 3 being sister groups). The divergence between these clades is thought to be a result of landscape dynamics and a historic period of aridity.
The name commemorates the German zoologist Rudolf Grauer who collected natural history specimens in the Belgian Congo.
# Asserus

Asserus or Asseros (Ancient Greek: ἤ Ἄσσηρος), also known as Assorus or Assoros (Ἄσσορος), was a town of Mygdonia in ancient Macedonia.
The site of Asserus is tentatively located near modern Assiros.
# Jamie McGuinness

Jamie McGuinness (born 5 May 1990) is an English footballer who plays as a defender and is currently without a team.

## Career

After spending time in Luton Town's youth system, McGuinness joined Football Conference side Rushden & Diamonds where he made five appearances during the 2008–09 season. In the 2009–10 season, McGuinness was sent on loan to Bedford Town and Weymouth before signing a permanent deal with Weymouth in 2010-11 and made 10 appearances for the club during the year.
In 2012, McGuinness moved to the U.S. and joined PDL side VSI Tampa Flames where he made 16 appearances and scored his only goal of the year in the season opener on 6 May which ended in a 4–2 defeat to Ocala Stampede. He also led the club with five assists.
On 5 February 2013, McGuinness signed with newly formed USL Pro side VSI Tampa Bay FC. He made his debut on 1 June as a substitute in an inter-league match with the Portland Timbers Reserves which ended in a 4–4 draw after Tampa Bay conceded three unanswered goals in the second half.
On 23 January 2015, it was announced that McGuiness that was the second player on the squad of Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC
McGuinness was announced on 14 April 2016 as a member of the initial roster for the Tampa Bay Rowdies' NPSL reserve side Rowdies 2. Despite being rostered with the NPSL, McGuinness never appeared in a match with Rowdies 2.
# Alicudi

Alicudi (Italian pronunciation:) is the westernmost of the seven islands that make up the Aeolian archipelago, a volcanic island chain north of Sicily. The island is about 40 km (25 mi) west of Lipari, has a total area of 5.2 km$^2$ (2.0 sq mi), and is roughly circular.

## History

The island was formed by the long-extinct Montagnola volcano, roughly 150,000 years ago. It has been suggested that the last evolutive act of the island took place only 27,000 years ago.
The island was first populated as long ago as 17th century BC, as some archaeological evidence from this period has been found. Roman ceramic fragments, dating from many centuries later, can be found on the eastern coast of the island.
The modern name of "Alicudi" is descended from the island's Ancient Greek name of Ἐρείκουσα Ereikousa, derived from Erica (heather) growing on the island’s slopes. For many centuries, Alicudi was the target of frequent incursions by pirates. Consequently, the island’s population was forced to find shelter in small houses constructed on high terraces and also meant that simple agriculture and cultivation of the peach were the foundations of the modest island economy.
In more recent times, the island became known for its alleged witches and sorcerers whose explanation has come to be attributed to ergotism in local grain-based foodstuff which, due to scarcity, was consumed regardless of the fungal infection.
In 1807, King Ferdinand IV created the title of Count of Alicudi in favor of the Spanish diplomat Alonso de Rivero.

## Demography

Today there are around 120 inhabitants who mostly live off fishing, or the small agriculture of the island. There is only one restaurant on the island and the menu depends greatly on what fish the local fishermen have caught, or what food supplies the hydrofoil brings.
# Arja Vas

Arja Vas (pronounced; Slovene: Arja vas, German: Arndorf) is a roadside settlement in the Municipality of Žalec in east-central Slovenia. The A1 motorway crosses the territory of the settlement north of the village. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## Name

Arja Vas was attested in written sources in 1368 as Bernstorf (and as Wernstorf in 1428, Bernsdorff in 1441, and Wernsdorff in 1454). The name in modern German was Arndorf, and in the local dialect the settlement is known as Vrja ves. Based on the local name and the medieval transcriptions, the name is based on an adjective form of the personal name *Var or *Varo, thus originally meaning 'Var(o)'s village'. The initial Slovene V- and German W- was lost because it was reanalyzed as the Slovene preposition v 'in'.

## Shrine

The village chapel-shrine dates to the early 20th century and was renovated in 2008.
# Pithus

Pithus or Pithos (Ancient Greek: Πίθος) was a deme in ancient Attica of the phyle of Cecropis, sending three, four, or five delegates to the Athenian Boule.
The name of the deme comes from Pittheus, the maternal grandfather of Theseus; so Theseus was originally a local hero. Pithus was head of Athena Pallene's league, along with Gargettus, Pallene, both neighboring Pithus, and Acharnae. The deme also celebrated its thesmophoria, led by two local women.
Its site was unlocated.
# Catarina Portas

Catarina de Sousa Lobo Martins Portas (born 1969) is a Portuguese journalist and businesswoman.

## Biography

She is the daughter of the architect Nuno Portas and of his second wife, Margarida Maria Gomes de Sousa Lobo and half sister of the politicians Miguel Portas and Paulo Portas. Catarina became a journalist in 1988 and worked on the radio (Correio da Manhã Rádio and Rádio Comercial) and on television, firstly in RTP (Onda Curta, Falatório, Raios e Coriscos and Frou Frou), and then in SIC. Since 2004, she became a businesswoman, with the inauguration of the A Vida Portuguesa stores, dedicated to the reselling of vintage Portuguese brands. In December 2009, she was nominated by Monocle magazine as one of the twenty worldwide names that deserve "a bigger stage".