OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Model 1816 Musket

The Springfield Model 1816 was a .69 caliber flintlock musket manufactured in the United States during the early 19th century.

## History

The War of 1812 had revealed many weaknesses in American muskets. The Springfield Model 1812 was created in an attempt to improve both the design and manufacture of the musket. The Model 1816 made further improvements, and replaced the Model 1812. The Model 1812 had borrowed heavily from the design of the French Charleville Model 1777, and this design was retained for the Model 1816. The Model 1816 had a 42-inch (107 cm) long .69 caliber smoothbore barrel, similar to the Model 1812, but had a longer lock plate, a shorter trigger guard, and a longer bayonet than the Model 1812. The Model 1816 also had a more straight lined stock. The overall length of the weapon was 58 inches (147 cm).
The Model 1816 musket was originally manufactured at the Springfield and Harpers Ferry armories along with independent contractors between 1816 and 1844. Around 700,000 were made, more than any other flintlock in U.S. history.
The Model 1816 was originally manufactured as a flintlock musket. Like many flintlock muskets, many of these were later converted to percussion cap, as the percussion cap system was much more reliable and weather resistant. Some also had their barrels rifled as well.
This model of Springfield musket was used by Texans during the Texas Revolution and by the U.S. Army and militia during the Mexican–American War. During this conflict, the flintlock version of the Model 1816 was preferred by U.S. regular forces, due to percussion cap supply concerns.
It was also used during the early years of the American Civil War until around 1862. The large majority of Model 1816 muskets had been converted to percussion firing by 1860. Muskets made prior to 1821 were considered too outdated to be serviceable weapons and were not converted. Most of them were in Southern arsenals and a large number of Confederate soldiers for the first year of the Civil War had the misfortune of carrying flintlock muskets, some of which dated back to the War of 1812.
Many improvements to the Model 1816 were made, producing the Springfield Model 1822, Springfield Model 1835, Springfield Model 1840, and Springfield Model 1842. U.S. Ordnance Department referred to these as different models, but in other U.S. government documents they are referred to as a continuation of the Model 1816 with the first model designated as the Type I, the Model 1822 as the Type II, and the Model 1835 as the Type III. Modern histories are similarly inconsistent in the nomenclature of these weapons.
| Preceded byModel 1812 Musket | United States Army rifle 1816-1855 | Succeeded bySpringfield Model 1855 |
# Darreh Gavmish, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari

Darreh Gavmish (Persian: دره گاوميش, also Romanized as Darreh Gāvmīsh) is a village in Bazoft Rural District, Bazoft District, Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 4 families.
# Dear Thomas

Dear Thomas (German: Lieber Thomas) is a 2021 German biographical film directed by Andreas Kleinert. It is based on the life of German author, poet and film director Thomas Brasch.

## Cast

* Albrecht Schuch - Thomas Brasch
* Peter Kremer - Thomas Brasch (age 56)
* Anja Schneider [de] - Gerda Brasch
* Jella Haase - Katharina Thalbach
* Ioana Iacob - Sanda Weigl
* Jörg Schüttauf - Horst Brasch
# Taifa of Alpuente

The Taifa of Alpuente (Arabic: طائفة ألبونت) was a medieval taifa kingdom, of Berber origin, that existed from around 1009 to 1106 created following the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the Iberian Peninsula in 1010. It was centered at the city of Alpuente. It was ruled by a Berber family of the Banu Qasim tribe.

## List of Emirs
### Qasimid dynasty

* 'Abd Allah I: c. 1009–1030
* Muhammad I Yumn ad-Dawla: 1030–1042
* Ahmad b Muhammad 'Izz (o Adud) al-Dawla: 1042–1043
* Muhammad II: 1043
* 'Abd Allah II: 1043–c. 1106
# Ihor Lutsenko (politician)

Ihor Viktorovych Lutsenko (Ukrainian: І́гор Ві́кторович Луце́нко; born 10 November 1978) is a Ukrainian journalist and politician.
Lutsenko took part in the Euromaidan protests in Kyiv. In January 2014, he was abducted and beaten along with Yuriy Verbytsky who died.
In 2014, he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada on the party list of Batkivshchyna. But in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election he lost reelection for this party in constituency 154 (Rivne Oblast). In October 2019 Lutsenko became an adviser of the Mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko.
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Lutsenko joined the 72nd Mechanized Brigade.

## Awards

* On 3 May 2022 President Zelensky awarded Ihor Lutsenko with Order for Courage for his participation starting from Spring 2014 in the Russo-Ukrainian war mostly for his impact as operator of drones in deterring Russian aggressors first of all during the Battle of Kyiv. Lutsenko is a member of the 72nd Mechanized Brigade.
# Menéndez

Menéndez or Menendez is a Spanish name of Germanic origin. In English, the name is often spelled without the diacritic. A shorter form sharing the same root is Mendez.
Menéndez or Menendez may refer to:

## People named Menéndez or Menendez

* Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1879–1962), President of El Salvador twice, in 1934–1935 and 1944
* Emilio Menéndez (born 1945), Spanish politician and member of the European Parliament
* Francisco Menéndez (1830–1890), President of El Salvador 1885–1890
* Francisco Menendez (creole) (18th century), former slave who led a militia against the British in 1740
* Jorge Fernández Menéndez (contemporary), Mexican editor and columnist
* José Menéndez Menéndez (1846–1918), Spanish businessman based in Argentina and Chilean Patagonia.
* Katherine M. Menendez, American judge
* Luciano Benjamín Menéndez (1927–2018), Argentine general, Provisional Federal Interventor of Córdoba, Argentina 1975
* Mario Benjamín Menéndez (1930–2015), Argentine general, military Governor of the Falklands during the Falklands War
* Lyle and Erik Menendez, American brothers who were convicted of murdering their parents in 1989
* Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847), President of Peru for three brief periods 1841–1845
* Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo (1856–1912), Spanish scholar, historian, and literary critic
* Matilde Menéndez (born 1944), Argentine psychiatrist and public official
* Osleidys Menéndez (born 1979), Cuban Olympic championship javelin thrower
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (1519–1574), first governor of Spanish Florida & governor of colonial Cuba
* Pidal Juan Menéndez (1861–1915), Spanish archivist, jurisconsult, historian, and poet
* Pidal Luis Menéndez (1860–1932), Spanish genre painter
* Pidal María Goyri de Menéndez (1873–1955), Spanish Hispanicist, professor, and author
* Ramón Menéndez Pidal or Pidal Ramón Menéndez (1869–1968), Spanish philologist and historian
* Robert "Bob" Menendez (born 1954), American politician, Representative and Senator from New Jersey

## Fictional characters

* Raul Menendez, the main antagonist of Call of Duty: Black Ops II

## Places

* San Francisco Menéndez, municipality in the Ahuachapán department of El Salvador

## Other uses

* Pedro Menendez High School, St. Johns County, Florida, United States
# Grigorios

Grigorios or Gregorios (Greek: Γρηγόριος “watchful; alert; awake”, from ἐγρήγορᾰ ), and the variant Grigoris (Γρηγόρης), are the Greek forms of the name Gregory. It can refer to:
* Grigoris (catholicos), 4th-century catholicos of Caucasian Albania and martyr
* Grigorios Argyrokastritis (died 1828), Archbishop of Athens
* Grigoris Arnaoutoglou (born 1973), Greek television presenter and radio producer
* Grigorios Athanasiou (born 1984), Greek football player
* Grigoris Balakian (1875–1934), bishop of the Armenian Apostolic Church
* Grigoris Georgatos (born 1972), Greek footballer
* Grigorios Konstantas (1753–1844), Greek scholar
* Grigoris Lambrakis (1912–1963), Greek politician
* Grigoris Makos (born 1987), Greek footballer
* Grigorios Polychronidis (born 1981), Greek boccia player
* Grigorios Spandidakis (1909–1996), Greek general and minister
* Grigorios Vegleris, Greek-Ottoman official and Prince of Samos
* Gregorios Xenopoulos (1867–1951), Greek writer and educationalist
* Grigorios Zalykis (1785–1827), Greek scholar and diplomat
# Portrait of a Black Man with a Sword

Portrait of a Black Man with a Sword is a circa 1640s Flemish School painting which Sotheby's last sold in London for GDP 34,850 in 2011.
The motif of an imposing Black man presented in a landscape follows the style of the Portrait of Dom Miguel de Castro, Emissary of Congo in the National Gallery of Denmark, in Copenhagen. Previously attributed to Jaspar Beckx and Albert Eckhout, the experts are still undecided on the authorship of that 1643 and other 1640s paintings from the gift of 26 paintings from John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg as souvenirs of his Brazil expedition. In any case they have concluded that this painting, though dated on stylistic grounds to the same period, was not by the same hand. It is possible that this painting was produced in Antwerp, which became the primary center to order an "Adoration of the Kings" and this could be one of many studies for the magi Balthazar. On this basis it has recently been attributed to Jacob Jordaens and Jan Boeckhorst. Because of the various disagreements in the scholarship, Sotheby's kept the "mid 17th-century Flemish School" attribution given in the 2008 exhibition Black is beautiful: Rubens tot Dumas.
* Portrait of Dom Miguel de Castro, Emissary of Congo
* His servant holding a box of beads
* His servant holding an elephant tusk
# Oskar von Miller Tower

48°15′41.0″N 11°39′50.4″E﻿ / ﻿48.261389°N 11.664000°E﻿ / 48.261389; 11.664000
The Oskar von Miller Tower (German: Oskar-von-Miller-Turm) is a tower for meteorological measurements located in Garching, Germany. Built in 2007–2009, it is named after Oskar von Miller and operated by the Technical University of Munich.
A concrete structure surrounded by a coat of acrylic glass, the Oskar von Miller Tower has a height of 62 metres and carries measuring devices to all directions 5, 10, 20, 35 and 50 metres above ground. 1350 LEDs display the logo of the Technical University of Munich, while 3750 display the actual weather data. It replaced a guyed mast used for the same purpose on the area.
# Murad (tribe)

The Murad (Arabic: مراد) are an Arab tribe of eastern Yemen.
The Murad belong to the southern group of the Madhhij. They are described as retaining a typically Beduin character and their territory, called Bilad Murad, lies in the governorate of Marib and parts of al-Baydha and Dhamar Governorates in northern Yemen.
# Jaray Gewog

Jarey Gewog (Dzongkha: རྒྱ་རས་) is a gewog (village block) of Lhuntse District, Bhutan. Jarey Gewog, like other parts of Lhuntse, faces challenges such as poor road infrastructure, with construction of new roads in progress to improve connectivity. Some parts of Jarey Gewog fall under protected areas, contributing to Bhutan's commitment to environmental conservation.
# Bannang Sata (town)

Bannang Sata (Thai: บันนังสตา) is the principal town of the Bannang Sata district in the Yala Province of Thailand. A subdistrict municipality (thesaban tambon), it covers parts of the subdistrict (tambon) of Bannang Sata. In 2007 it had a population of 2,856.
The municipality was created as a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) in 1956. Like all sanitary districts, it was upgraded to a subdistrict municipality in 1999.
# Photinus (name)

Photinus or Photeinos (Greek: Φωτεινός, 'bright') is a Greek given name.
It is commonly associated with Photinus of Sirmium (died 276), a Christian bishop and heresiarch.
Other people with the name include:
* Photinus of Thessalonica (fl. late 5th century)
* Photeinos (strategos) (fl. 820s), Byzantine commander
# Volodymyr Melnyk

Volodymyr Petrovych Melnyk (Ukrainian: Володимир Петрович Мельник; born 25 November 1952) is a Ukrainian professor of philosophy currently serving as rector of the University of Lviv since 10 June 2014.
He graduated from Lviv Polytechnic. Between 1996 and 2014 he was decan of Faculty of Philosophy in Lviv University.
# Fedis

Fedis (Oromo: Aanaa Fadis) is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the East Hararghe Zone, Fedis is bordered on the southwest by Garamulleta zone, Meyumuluke woreda, on the west by Girawa, on the northwest by Haro Maya, on the north by the Harari Region, on the east by Babille, and on the southeast by the Erer River which separates it from the Somali Region at south by Midega tola district. The administrative center of this district is Boko.
Fedis was a historical region mentioned as far back as the fourteenth century.

## Overview

The altitude of this woreda ranges from 500 to 2100 meters above sea level; Hakim Gara is the highest point. A survey of the land in Fedis (reported in 1995) shows that 10.8% is arable or cultivable, 24.7% pasture, 19.5% forest, and the remaining 45% is considered built-up, degraded or otherwise unusable. The Harar Wildlife Sanctuary is a local landmark. Groundnuts and onions are important cash crops.
Industry in the woreda includes 18 grain mills employing 48 people, as well as 231 registered businesses including wholesalers, retailers and service providers. There were 23 Farmers Associations with 29,713 members and 4 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 346 members. Fedis has only dry-weather roads, but how many is not known. About 19.1% of the urban and 1.8% of the rural population have access to drinking water.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 113,108, of whom 57,250 were men and 55,858 were women; 4,574 or 4.04% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they were Muslim, with 99.22% of the population reporting they observed this belief.
Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 207,473, of whom 101,410 are men and 106,063 women; 4,638 or 2.24% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 6.9%. With an estimated area of 2,150.63 square kilometers, Fedis has an estimated population density of 96.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average of 102.6.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 150,253, of whom 77,256 were men and 72,997 women; 2,595 or 1.73% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of several rural kebeles, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 25,507 inhabitants, of whom 13,040 were men and 12,467 women.) The largest ethnic group reported in Fedis was the Oromo (98.95%), and Oromo was spoken as a first language by 98.97% of the population. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 99.15% of the population having reported they practiced that belief.
# Hamrah Dom

Hamrah Dom (Arabic: حمرة دوم) is a small village in Upper Egypt. It is situated near the city of Qena, about 80 kilometres north-west of Luxor.

## Overview

Located on the west bank of the Nile in the Qena Governorate. It is known for being near the Jabal al-Tarif cliff in which the Gnostic Gospels of the Nag Hammadi library were found by Mohammed Ali Samman in December 1945. Known to have been inhabited by the Hawara tribe at least during the period prior to and including 1945.
# Gavriil Marinakis

Gavriil Marinakis (Greek: Γαβριήλ Μαρινάκης, c. 1826 - 1866) was the hegumenos of Arkadi Monastery and a fighter of the Cretan Revolution of 1866. He was killed in November 1866 during the siege of the monastery by the Ottoman forces.

## Biography

Gavriil Marinakis was born in Margarites, Rethymno round 1826. In 1856 he was elected hegumenos of Arkadi Monastery. From that position, he took important initiatives for the reconstruction of the monastery. He was quite active at the management of monastic property making sure the monastery land was properly registered. He also donated numerous olive trees to the monastery land.
When the Cretan Revolution of 1866 broke out, Gabriel decided to participate. On 1 October 1866 he participated in the General Assembly of the revolutionaries in Fres, a village near Chania, as chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Rethymno. Through the General Assembly they tried to appeal to the consuls of the Great Powers in Crete, in order to ensure that a general massacre of women and children by the Ottoman troops would be avoided. At the end of the same month, he participated in a war council held at Arkadi Monastery. There, together with other monks and the chieftain Georgios Daskalakis he disagreed with the proposal of colonel Panos Koronaios to abandon Arkadi, because it was not strong enough for effective defense in a possible Turkish attack. At the same time, he rejected another proposal of Koronaios to destroy the stables and the mill that could provide a bridgehead for enemy forces. However, that was a significant mistake, as Koronaios’ fears proved to be well founded.
On 6 November 1866, a powerful force of Ottoman troops encircled the monastery. In the monastery there were about 950 people, of which only 300 were armed. Two days later the hostilities began. The hostilities led to the fall of the monastery on 9 November. Gabriel took part in the battle not only by carrying munitions, but also by encouraging the fighters and fighting along their side. Most historians speculate that Gabriel was killed on the last day of the siege. It seems that he either committed suicide to avoid being captured or that he was shot in the stomach. Ottoman soldiers cut off his head, after stripping his dead body of his clothes. Afterwards, they carried his severed head as a trophy and displayed it in different regions of Crete. The day after the monastery's capture, Gabriel’s decapitated body was buried in the courtyard of the monastery.
# Rinat Morozov

Rinat Morozov (Ukrainian: Рінат Вікторович Морозов; born October 24, 1969, in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian football manager. He is the current head coach of amateurs FC Arsenal-Politekhnik Kharkiv \amateurs\ in the First League of the Kharkiv Oblast.

## Career

Morozov, after graduating of Kharkiv State Institute of Physical culture and Sport in 1991, he began coaching career. During 2006-2010 he worked in Russian Federation as Director of Sport in FC Gornyak Stroitel in Belgorod Oblast. He spent some years as manager in FC Helios.
# Dzaïr TV

Dzaïr TV (Arabic: دزاير تي في) was an Arabic-language satellite television channel broadcasting from Hydra. Dzaïr TV was set up by an Algerian businessman Ali Haddad was a number of Arab intellectuals from Algeria and the Arab World.

## History

Dzaïr TV was founded on 8 May 2013, it has started to broadcast its programs on 8 May 2013.

## Events

Notable events to which Dzair TV and its sister channels hold broadcasting rights include:
* Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2
* Algerian Handball Championship
* Algerian Basketball Championship
* Algerian Basketball Cup

## Programs
### Current affairs

* Dzaïr Foot Show (دزاير فوت شو; 2017)

### Series

* The Big Bang Theory

### Cartoons

* Adventure Time
* Ben 10
* Chowder
* Kral Şakir
* Eliot Kid
* SpongeBob SquarePants
* Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
* The Powerpuff Girls
* Teen Titans
* The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack
* Tom and Jerry

## On-air staff

* Meryem Adjal
# Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation

Makwa Sahgaiehcan is a Cree First Nation band government in Loon Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. Their reserve is northeast of Lloydminster. The English translation of "Makwa Sahgaiehcan" is from Plains Cree language ᒫᑿ ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ, mâkwa sâkahikan, meaning "loon lake". It is also the administrative headquarters of the Eagles Lake band government.
The First Nation has reserved for itself four reserves:
* Makwa Lake 129
* Makwa Lake 129A
* Makwa Lake 129B
* Makwa Lake 129C
# Broken Angel (2022 film)

Broken Angel (Cree: MaaShwaKan MaNiTo) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Jules Arita Koostachin and released in 2022. The film stars Sera-Lys McArthur as Angel, an indigenous woman who undertakes a journey of spiritual and emotional recovery after taking her daughter Tanis (Brooklyn Letexier-Hart) and fleeing an abusive relationship with her husband Earl (Carlo Marks) to return to her home community.
The cast also includes Jessie Anthony, Isla Grant, Asivak Koostachin, Blu Mankuma and Quanah Style.
The script was inspired in part by women that Jules Arita Koostachin had met and worked with in her prior career in social services. It features dialogue in both English and Cree, and entered production in November 2021 in British Columbia.
The film had its theatrical premiere at the 2022 imagineNATIVE Film and Media Arts Festival, and screened in the Borsos Competition at the 2022 Whistler Film Festival.
The film was longlisted for the Jean-Marc Vallée DGC Discovery Award at the 2022 Directors Guild of Canada awards.
# Šegova Vas

Šegova Vas (pronounced or; Slovene: Šegova vas, German: Sigisdorf) is a village in the Municipality of Loški Potok in southern Slovenia. The entire municipality is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
# Kaem Ling

Kaem Ling ('monkey cheeks') (Thai: แก้มลิง) is a flood control measure based on the vision of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The idea stems from his observation that monkeys store bananas in their cheeks, conserving them to eat later. He applied this concept to the problem of flooding in Bangkok. Storing excess water in north Thailand would slows its progress towards Bangkok and allow it to be used when rainfall slackened. The monkey cheeks concept was the inspiration for the design of Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park by Kotchakorn Voraakhom.

## Mechanics

* The canals used as the water storage reservoirs are filled with water when the rain is very heavy.
* Floodgates are opened to let water flow out to the sea when the sea level is lower than the level of the water in the canals.
* Floodgates are closed when the sea level is higher than the level of water in the canal to prevent seawater from flowing into the canals.

## Procedures

* Find the place to serve as storage reservoirs to divert flood water into
* Build connections to the storage reservoirs
* Release the water so that it flows out of the reservoir regularly when the water level of storage canals is higher than sea level.
# Lughaya

Lughaya (Arabic: لوغهيا) is a coastal town in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland.

## Demographics

The broader Lughaya District has a total population of 101,104 residents. The town is mainly inhabited by the Mahad 'Ase subclan of the Gadabuursi Dir clan who make up the predominant clan in the district, dominating local government representation and having always occupied the seat of the mayor.
Malte Sommerlatte (2000) states:
   "In the centre of the study area are the Gadabursi, who extend from the coastal plains around Lughaye, through the Baki and Borama districts into the Ethiopian highlands west of Jijiga."
In the Ruin and Renewal: The story of Somaliland (2004), the author states:
   "So too is the boundary of Lughaya district whose predominant (if not exclusive) inhabitants are today Gadabursi."
The FSAU Monthly Food Security Report March (2003) states that the Gadabuursi clan are the main local inhabitants of the Lughaya District whilst Issa pastoralists migrate to the region seasonally from Ethiopia:
   "Following discussions with the Issa (from Ethiopia) and Gadabursi (local inhabitants) livestock owners and local leaders in Gerissa , Jidhi, Karuure, Ceel Gal, Kalalwe and Osooli."
There is also a sizeable minority of the Issa subclan of the Dir who mainly inhabit the Zeila District.