OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Xerophile

A xerophile (from Greek ξηρός : xērós 'dry' and φίλος : phílos 'loving') is an extremophilic organism that can grow and reproduce in conditions with a low availability of water, also known as water activity.
Water activity, a thermodynamical value denoted a$_w$, is defined as the partial water vapor pressure p in equilibrium with the substance relative to (divided by) the (partial) vapor pressure of pure water p* at the same temperature: $a_{w}\equiv {\frac {p}{p^{*}}}$ The thermodynamical water activity is thus equal to the relative humidity (RH), and the chemical activity of pure water is equal to one: a$_w$ = 1.0.
When the atmosphere above a substance, or a solution, is undersaturated in water vapor (p < p$^*$), its water activity is lower than one.
Xerophiles are "xerotolerant", meaning tolerant of dry conditions. They can often survive in environments with water activity below 0.8; above which is typical for most life on Earth. Typically xerotolerance is used with respect to matrix drying, where a substance has a low water concentration. These environments include arid desert soils. The term osmophile, or osmotolerant, is typically applied to microorganisms that can grow in solutions with high solute concentrations (salts, sugars), such as halophiles.
The common food preservation methods of reducing water activity (food drying) may not always be sufficient to prevent the growth of xerophilic organisms, often resulting in food spoilage. Some mold and yeast species are xerophilic. Mold growth on bread is an example of food spoilage by xerophilic organisms.
Complete dehydration based on the freeze-drying technique with effective protection inside a tight packaging system, strictly impervious to water and atmospheric gases (O$_2$ and CO$_2$), may be required for long-term preservation of food and pharmacochemical substances (antibiotics, vaccines…). Freeze drying can limit the microbial activity on the long term, as long as the product remains perfectly dry in a hermetically sealed and intact package, but it is not a sterilisation technique per se, because after rehydration, even if many dehydrated cells suffer irreversible and lethal damages, some resistant spores and bacterial endospores can still be revived again, and multiplied, by means of microbiological cultures if the product was not initially sterilized by applying a proven technique.
Examples of xerophiles include Trichosporonoides nigrescens, Zygosaccharomyces, and cacti.
# Chingchai Mongkoltham

Chingchai Mongkoltham (Thai: ชิงชัย มงคลธรรม; RTGS: Chingchai Mongkhontham) is a Thai politician and activist currently serving as the leader of New Aspiration Party. He was Minister of Education for three months during 1997 Asian financial crisis. (15/8/1997-8/11/1997)
# General Indian Court (New Spain)

The General Indian Court of Mexico (Juzgado General de Indios) was a judicial body established 1585-1607 by the Spanish crown in New Spain to adjudicate disputes between indigenous communities and individuals. Creating a court that allowed Indians swift, inexpensive, and effective justice came after the failure of crown efforts to provide legal redress through Spanish courts and legal procedures. A monograph by historian Woodrow Borah examines the precedents for establishing the court, the procedures it adopted, and the financing legal aid to Indians through a tax of a half real. Previous to the court’s formal establishment, viceroys handled a good number of complaints by indigenous, a practice initiated by New Spain’s first viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza.

## Background

The court was established after the almost complete destruction of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean and the precipitous fall in those populations in Central Mexico during the sixteenth century. Similar processes were at work in Peru and Viceroy Francisco de Toledo established the Juzgado General de Indios del Peru, which set the precedent for the Indian court in Mexico. Spanish officials came to recognize that the access of indigenous individuals and communities to courts for summary judgments at low cost and without the possibility of extended litigation would benefit them. The legal theory underpinning the establishment of the court was that the crown had the duty to protect miserables, such as widows and orphans, and the classification was extended to the indigenous peoples. The crown had already established a legal division between the Indians and the non-Indian populations broadly conceived (Spaniards, Africans, and mixed-race castas) with the República de Indios and the República de Españoles. Although with the establishment of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in 1571, indigenous were deemed perpetual neophytes and excluded from its jurisdiction, but the establishment of the General Indian Court under Viceroy Luis Velasco II, indigenous, particularly in Central Mexico, had standing in the legal system. With the help of legal aides funded by a half-real tax, indigenous could pursue legal redress through the courts. Vested Spanish interests opposed the establishment of the court, since their practices could be blocked by complaints by indigenous about exploitation.
# Virtual Volleyball

Virtual Volleyball is a video game developed and published by Imagineer Co. for the Sega Saturn.

## Gameplay

Virtual Volleyball is the first volleyball game using polygons to be published for any game system.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Famitsu | 24/40 |
| Mean Machines Sega | 61% |
| Next Generation | |
| Sega Power | 31% |
| Sega Pro | 39% |
| Sega Saturn Magazine (JP) | 18/30 |
| Ultimate Future Games | 25% |
Next Generation reviewed the Saturn version of the game, rating it one star out of five, and stated, "There are inherent problems in doing a volleyball game when considering the matter of trying to control an entire team, but Virtual Volleyball seems to make no effort to solve any of these problems, leaving the gamer with an extremely vacant feeling."
# A Lesson of Belarusian

A Lesson of Belarusian (Polish: Lekcja białoruskiego) is a 2006 documentary by Polish director Mirosław Dembiński. It follows the activities of several Belarusian pro-democracy youth activists in the four weeks running up to the highly controversial presidential re-election of Alexander Lukashenko on March 19, 2006. The film has won multiple festival prizes.
In 2008, a CD-disk with a film and some other disks became the first informational products that a court in Belarus recognized as extremist.

## Synopsis

In the documentary, 18-year-old Franak Viačorka, a youth activist with the Belarusian Popular Front, and his friends prepare for the run-up to the 2006 presidential election. Their activities range from handing out newspapers, organising rock concerts, distributing flyers, composing protest songs and interviewing Alaksandar Milinkievič, opposition candidate. Aside from the main theme of the elections, it also touches briefly on the incarceration of Franak's father, Vincuk Viačorka, a professor at the banned Belarusian Humanities Lyceum, where Franak and many of his friends were students.
Events come to a climax on the night of the election results, March 19. Following the suspicious landslide victory of Lukashenko, opposition activists and supporters take to the streets in protest, many of them setting up a 'tent city' in October Square in Minsk. By the night of March 23, riot police are deployed to clear the remaining protesters.
Two days later on March 25, Belarusian Independence Day riot police clash violently with anti-Lukashenko demonstrators, detaining several, among them Alaksandar Milinkievič. By the end of the film, Franak's father has been released from detention, the battle has temporarily been lost, but the people's spirit is unquenched. According to Franak, the end is nigh for Lukashenko.
# Korenbeurs (Groningen)

The Korenbeurs (Dutch pronunciation:; English: Grain Exchange) is a neoclassical building in Groningen in the Netherlands. It was originally used as an exchange for food grain trade. Its current tenant is Albert Heijn.
The building is a rijksmonument (national heritage site) since 1971 and is one of the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites that was selected in 1990.
* Korenbeurs in 2009, with the tower of Der Aa-kerk behind it
* Backside of the building in 1992
* Interior in 1992
* Detail frontage. (East side).
# Holy Beasts

Holy Beasts (Spanish: La Fiera y la Fiesta; lit. 'The Fiera and the Party') is a 2019 Dominican drama film directed by Laura Amelia Guzmán and Israel Cárdenas. It was selected as the Dominican entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards.

## Cast

* Geraldine Chaplin as Vera
* Udo Kier as Henry
# XM22

XM22 may refer to either:
* Gravel mine, a small mine
* Stoner 63, a rifle
# Kompaniivka Raion

Kompaniivka Raion (Ukrainian: Компаніївський район) was a raion (district) of Kirovohrad Oblast in central Ukraine. The raion's administrative center was located in the urban-type settlement of Kompaniivka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kirovohrad Oblast to four. The area of Kompaniivka Raion was merged into Kropyvnytskyi Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 14,694 (2020 est.).
At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of one hromada, Kompaniivka settlement hromada with the administration in Kompaniivka.
# Economides

Economides (Greek: Οικονομίδης), also transliterated as Economidis, Oikonomides, "Ekonomidis", Economides", "Iconomides" or Oikonomidis, is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Georgios Oikonomidis (born 1978), Greek sprinter
* Giorgos Economides (born 1990), Cypriot footballer
* Konstantinos Economidis (born 1977), Greek tennis player
* Luc Economides (born 1999), French figure skater
* Nicholas Economides, American academic
* Nikolaos Oikonomides (1934–2000), Greek-Canadian Byzantist
* Phil Economidis, Australian rugby league coach
* Yannis Economides, Cypriot film director
# Constitution of the Cretan State

The Constitution of the Cretan State (Greek: Σύνταγμα της Κρητικής Πολιτείας) was the constitution of the Cretan State, an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty and guaranteed by the Great Powers, encompassing the island of Crete (now in Greece). It came into effect on 8 February 1907. It remained in force until 1908, when the Cretans unilaterally proclaimed the island's union with Greece during the Bosnian Crisis. Although this act was not internationally recognized, Crete was governed thereafter according to the laws of the Kingdom of Greece, until it was formally united with Greece in December 1913, following the Balkan Wars.
* This article about Greek history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Somalia national under-23 football team

The Somalia national u23 football team nicknamed The pirates of the oceans (Arabic: نجوم المحيط), represents Somalia in men's international u23 football. It is controlled by the Somali Football Federation (SFF), and is a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA).

## History

The Somali Youth League (SYL), the nation's first political party, had put together a team of local youth to play against the Italian expatriate teams. This was seen as the first Somali youth team. To this day, most Somalis see the Somali Youth League (SYL) as the main source of Somali youth footballers. Somalia's national u23 football team is relatively new and they have only played 1 match (against Rwanda u23 for u23 CAF 2017) in which the coach, Mbabazi stated the team was "too weak for Rwanda U23."

## Current squad

| Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| Hassan Abdinur Gesey | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abdinasir Yusuf | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Hamsa Mohamed Mukhtar | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Bile Muhudin Burale | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Mohamed Salah Hussein | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Salahudiin Mohamed Nuh | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Ahmed Mohamed Hussein | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Mustaf Khalib Hussein | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abas Amin Mohamed | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Hassan Hussein Mohamed | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Hassan Ibrahim Ali | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Mahad Muhudin Haji | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Hassan Farid Hassan | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Mohamed Ali Ibrahim | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Osman Yusuf Hajow | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abukar Abdikarim Nur | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Ali Hassan Babay | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abdifatah Abdi Osman | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abdulahi Nur Ali | {{>23}} | Unknown |
| Abdulahi Abdirahman Jama | {{>23}} | Unknown |

## Managerial history

* Yousef Adam (2010)
# Wat Phra Dhammakaya Manchester

Wat Phra Dhammakaya Manchester (Thai: วัดเจริญภาวนา แมนเชสเตอร์; lit. 'the temple for cultivation of meditation'), also known in English as the North-West Centre for Buddhist Meditation, is a Thai Buddhist temple in Salford, England. Established on 8 February 2004 in a converted curtain-rail factory, it was the first Thai Buddhist temple in the northwest of England.
The temple was named Wat Phra Dhammakaya Manchester by the Thai community, and was consecrated with the blessing of the Most Venerable Phrarajbhavanavimol, head of the Thai Buddhist mission to England.
The temple was accepted as an official place for religious worship (no.81212) on 4 June 2004 with the help of the Thai Culture Forum UK.
Originally the temple had no Buddha image. The eight-foot Buddha image which has pride of place in the main shrine room was rescued from a roadside in Cardiff.
The temple runs a variety of pastoral services for the Buddhist community in Manchester and marks most of the events in the Thai Buddhist calendar. A variety of evening classes on Buddhism and meditation are run on weekdays and Thai language classes on weekends.
# Vunga Lilo

Vungakoto Filimone Lilo (born 28 February 1983, in Ha'apai, Tonga) is a rugby union footballer who plays for Montauban having previously played for a number of clubs, including Bordeaux and Bristol. He also plays internationally for Tonga and competed at the 2007 Rugby World Cup and the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He plays as a fullback.
# Meonstoke (hundred)

The Hundred of Meonstoke was a small Hundred of Great Britain situated in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. The Hundred of Meonstoke contained the parishes of; Abbots Worthy, Alverstoke, Corhampton, Exton, Hambledon, Liss, Meonstoke, Soberton, Warnford, and West Meon (which was partly in the East Meon Hundred). Before the time of the Domesday Survey, Bramdean was included in the Meonstoke Hundred until it was transferred to the Finchdean Hundred. The land comprising the hundred was assessed in the reign of Edward the Confessor at 89 hides, and at the time of the Domesday survey of 1086 was estimated to be about 56 hides and comprised 12 places in Hampshire.
By the beginning of the fourteenth century the area of the hundred had much decreased. West Meon, Exton, Alverstoke, Abbots Worthy, Liss and a large part of the parish of Hambledon had been removed and transferred into the Odiham Hundred. From this date the extent of the hundred remained practically unchanged until after 1831.
This hundred has always belonged to the Crown. In a survey of the hundred taken in the Commonwealth period it was stated that the courts-leet and law-days of the hundred were still then held at Easter and Michaelmas and that the three-weeks' courts or sheriff's tourns were also regularly held.
The Hundred of Meonstoke is one of the smallest hundreds in Hampshire.
# Nam Pung Dam

The Nam Pung Dam (Thai: เขื่อนน้ำพุง, RTGS: Khuean Nam Phung, pronounced) is a hydroelectric dam on the Phung River in the Phu Phan District of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.
# Nor Rizah Ishak

Nor Rizah Ishak (born (1969-04-21)21 April 1969) is a Malaysian female compound archer and part of the national team. She won the bronze medal at the 2015 Asian Archery Championships in the women's team event.
# Diaphorus oculatus

Diaphorus oculatus is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is found in the Palearctic.
# Valeriya Zaklunna

Valeriya Gavriilovna Zaklunna-Myronenko (Ukrainian: Вале́рія Гавриїлівна Заклу́нна-Мироненко, Russian: Вале́рия Гаврии́ловна Заклу́нная; 15 August 1942, Stalingrad – 22 October 2016, Kyiv) was a Soviet and Ukrainian actress and politician. A member of the Communist Party of Ukraine, she was a co-winner, with other members of the cast of the film To The Last Minute, of the 1975 Shevchenko National Prize.

## Awards

* People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR (1979)
* People's Artist of Russia (22 May 2004).
* USSR State Prize (1979)
* Hero of Ukraine (2012)
# Lake Constance Belt Railway

Lake Constance Belt Railway (German: Bodenseegürtelbahn) is the name used for several contiguous railway lines, either around the entire Upper Lake of Lake Constance (Bodensee) or only along its northern shore. It was coined around 1900, when the trinational railway ring around the lake (Konstanz–Radolfzell–Friedrichshafen–Lindau–Bregenz–Rorschach–Romanshorn–Konstanz) was completed, but today the term is only used for the line from Radolfzell to Lindau in southern Germany.

## Railway lines

In its original meaning, the belt railway consists of the following sections in southern Germany, northwestern Austria and northeastern Switzerland:
* Konstanz–Radolfzell, part of the High Rhine Railway line (opened in 1863)
* Radolfzell–Stahringen, part of the Radolfzell–Mengen railway line (opened in 1867)
* Stahringen–Friedrichshafen railway line between Stahringen and Friedrichshafen Stadt (opened in 1895–1901)
* Friedrichshafen–Lindau railway line between Friedrichshafen Stadt and the junction near Lindau-Aeschach (opened in 1899)
* Lindau-Aeschach junction–Lindau-Insel, part of the Buchloe–Lindau railway line (opened in 1854)
* Lindau-Insel–Wolfurt-Lauterach Nord, part of the Lindau–Bludenz railway line (opened in 1872). This line crosses the Germany–Austria border
* St. Margrethen–Lauterach line between the Lauterach Nord junction (Wolfurt) and St. Margrethen (opened in 1873). This line crosses the Austria–Switzerland border
* St. Margrethen–Rorschach, part of the Chur–Rorschach railway lline (opened in 1858)
* Rorschach–Konstanz, part of the Lake Line (opened in 1869–1871), which crosses the Switzerland–Germany border
The lines mostly run parallel to the lake shore. Only the Konstanz–Ludwigshafen (Bodensee), Uhldingen-Mühlhofen–Friedrichshafen-Fischbach and Bregenz–Staad sections run through the hinterland.

## Services

The lines are operated by S-Bahn services of Bodensee S-Bahn, which includes lines of Vorarlberg S-Bahn (ÖBB) and St. Gallen S-Bahn (SOB, Thurbo) and several regional train (RB) services (e.g. DB Regio, SWEG) in southern Germany.
# Methodios Fouyias

Methodios Fouyias (Greek: Μεθόδιος Φούγιας; 12 September 1924 in Corinth – 7 July 2006) served as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain (concomitantly apokrisiarios of the Ecumenical Patriarch to the Archbishop of Canterbury) from 1979 to 1988. After studies in the Theological Faculty of the University of Athens and parochial responsibilities in Munich, he served in various positions within the Patriarchate of Alexandria culminating in that of Metropolitan of Axum covering Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Fouiyas' studies and encounters led to a favourable understanding of the Church of England which he saw in some respects as a continuator of the Saxon Church before the Norman Conquest, the Gregorian Reform and most importantly the East–West Schism of 1054. He was thus seen as the ideal candidate for the post of archbishop in London. Several years experience however of deepening division within Anglicanism led him openly to suggest (in an article in The Times) that the road to unity for Anglicans lay in submission to the discipline of the Roman Catholic church. As his post involved close relations with Lambeth it was judged expedient that he should be recalled. Methodios assumed the title of Pisidia and continued his studies (notably on Bessarion) in Greece.
# Jay Sommers

Jay Sommers (January 3, 1917 – September 25, 1985) was an American producer, director and comedy writer whose career spanned four decades. He wrote more than 90 television comedy episodes, produced 63, and was creator and producer of the Green Acres television show. He also wrote for and executive produced Petticoat Junction during its second and third seasons, and also worked for The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.

## Early years

Sommers studied chemistry at City College of New York before becoming a comedy writer.

## Career

In 1940, he got a break by being brought in to write for a Milton Berle radio show. (Berle at the time was one of the most popular radio personalities.) He wrote for The Alan Young Show, Eddie Cantor, Spike Jones, and Red Skelton on the radio, and for the radio comedy series Lum and Abner.
In 1950, he was the producer, writer and director for the Granby's Green Acres radio show. Although it only ran for two months, it later served as the basis for the highly successful Green Acres television show that he created 15 years later, on which he served as main producer and writer.
His first television work was in 1955, as a writer for The Great Gildersleeve. He wrote three episodes of Hello, Larry toward the end of his life. He is credited for the story and screenplay for the movie Gordy, released 10 years after his death.

## Pilot

Sommers produced, created and co-wrote Pioneer Spirit, a pilot that was broadcast on NBC television July 21, 1969.

## Recognition

In 1984, the USC School of Cinematic Arts honored Sommers by giving a retrospective of Green Acres.

## Death

Sommers died of a heart disease September 25, 1985, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his wife, five sons and a grandson.