OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Colobopsis explodens

Colobopsis explodens is a species of ant which is found in Southeast Asia. Like some other species in its genus, it is noted for a rare combat mechanism of workers exploding in self-defense, smothering the enemy with toxic and often deadly secretion. This suicidal defensive adaptation also occurs among some species of termites: it is termed autothysis, and as ants and termites are members of practically unrelated insect orders, it comprises a dramatic example of convergent evolution.

## Defenses

In the past, it was informally known as "yellow goo," named after the brightly colored "goo" produced by its exploding worker ants.

## Territory

They are found in countries in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Borneo. Their colonies can contain thousands of individual ants and inhabit the leafy canopies of trees. The species "Dipterocarpaceae" is noted as a main source of shelter for this particular kind of ants. They fit within the species nesting needs around 131 feet (40 meters) and 197 feet (60 meters) and cover an area of at least 26,900 square feet (2,500 square meters).

## Self-defense

This species is known for its unusual way of self-defense. The earliest recording was in 1916, but it was detailed fully in 1974. When threatened, it will voluntarily flex its gasters and explode, producing a highly toxic chemical sludge (with a spice-like smell) that will hopefully cover and kill or repel said instigator. In addition to helping protect the ant against potentially threatening predators, it is thought due to its "strong antimicrobial and low insecticidal activity of the mandibular gland." to be a way the ants disinfect and protect their nest against harmful bacteria and fungus that could be problems for the colony.

## Diet

They are omnivores, and they are the majority of scavengers. They eat fruits, dead insects, and even fish if it's near their nests.

## Gallery

* Head of Colobopsis explodens worker
* Colobopsis explodens worker
* Colobopsis explodens worker. (a) vertex of major worker (paratype), (b) gastral tergite I, (c) gastral tergite IV of minor worker (holotype), (d) labels of holotype, minor worker
* Colobopsis explodens soldier. (a) full-face view, (b) frontal shield (c) lateral view, (d) dorsal view
* Colobopsis explodens queen. (a) full-face view, (b) frontal shield (c) lateral view, (d) dorsal view, (e) forewing with indicated measurements 2r and 4RsM
* Colobopsis explodens male. (a) full-face view, (b) wings (c) lateral view, (d) dorsal view
* Colobopsis explodens male reproductive system and genitals. (a) dorsal, (b) ventral (c) lateral view, (d) left penis valve, (e) right volsella and gonostylus
# Kory Stamper

Kory Stamper is a lexicographer and former associate editor for the Merriam-Webster family of dictionaries. She is the author of Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries (Pantheon, 2017).

## Early life

Stamper grew up in Colorado. She attended Smith College, where she undertook an interdisciplinary major that involved studying Latin, Greek, Norse, Old English, and Middle English after enrolling in a course on Icelandic family sagas of the 13th and 14th centuries. She says, "I loved the style, the rhythm. They're very bleak, but they have this black humor."

## Career

Stamper worked in a college development office before applying for an editorial assistant position with Merriam-Webster in 1998. She left Merriam-Webster after working there for nearly 20 years. She was associate editor at Merriam-Webster for more than ten years. As of 2019, Stamper worked freelance with Cambridge University Press. As of December 2023, she was senior editor of lexicography at Dictionary.com, where she worked until April 2024.
In addition to her editorial duties, she presented many of Merriam-Webster's "Ask the Editor" videos, a series on the publisher's website and YouTube that discusses the English language, especially unusual or controversial words and usages. She undertook speaking engagements on behalf of Merriam-Webster and provides expert advice and response to general enquiries on language and lexicography from the public. Stamper drew attention as the associate editor responsible for explaining the addition of the term "F-bomb" into the dictionary.
Stamper also provides lexicographical and language-related commentary for various media outlets including the Chicago Tribune and has written on other, non-language-related topics.
Stamper's first book, Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries, was released by Pantheon in March 2017.
Stamper appears in all six episodes of the 2021 Netflix series History of Swear Words, providing commentary on the linguistic histories of various obscenities. The Hollywood Reporter described Stamper as "probably the breakout among the expert talking heads".

## Personal life

Stamper is married with two children. She lives in Collingswood, New Jersey.
# Order of the Hatchet

The Order of the Hatchet (Catalan: Orde de l'Atxa; Spanish: Orden del Hacha) is a female honorific order supposedly founded in 1149, bestowed upon the women of the town of Tortosa, in Catalonia (Spain).
This order was founded during the Reconquista to honor women combatants in the site of Tortosa against Muslims. During that year, amid heavy fighting between the two fronts, Muslims besieged Tortosa after a withdrawal of Berenguer. In the absence of men to defend the city, women joined the fight, dressing as men and attacking with hatchets and anything else they could lay their hands on. They successfully repelled the attackers. Their participation was essential to the defense of Tortosa. In appreciation of these facts, Count Ramon Berenguer instituted the order of the hatchet for women who participated in that defense, which brought them privileges and tax exemptions, among other things.
This was not a military order, but it was one of the few female honorific orders.

## Origin

The city of Tortosa, in northeastern Spain, was held by Islamic Moors until the Second Crusade. In 1148, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona led his forces to wrest control of the city. The crusading armies then moved on to attack other places. This left the city open to counter-attack in 1149. Moorish armies found the city well-defended, though, for the ladies of the town donned men's clothing and fought with whatever weapon was closest to hand, including hatchets. Berenguer was so impressed with the spirited defense that he created the Order of the Hatchet and bestowed it upon the women soldiers.

## Rights and Privileges

They were styled thus, according to Ashmole, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3:
"The example is of the Noble Women of Tortosa in Aragon, and recorded by Josef Micheli Marquez, who plainly calls them Cavalleros or Knights, or may I not rather say Cavalleras, seeing I observe the words Equitissae and Militissae (formed from the Latin Equites and Milites) heretofore applied to Women, and sometimes used to express Madams or Ladies,though now these Titles are not known.",
Those in the Order were exempt from all taxes, and received precedence ahead of men in the public assemblies of the town. Furthermore, it was granted "that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own."

## Status of the Order

No other members were admitted to the order, and it is presumed that the order went defunct when the last member died.
# The Biblical Church

The Biblical Church (Japanese: 聖書キリスト教会, romanized: Seisho Kirisuto Kyōkai) is a Protestant Christian denomination in Japan that was founded by Reverend Reiji Oyama (尾山令仁牧師) in 1953. The group grew up around him to a Presbyterian Reformed denomination and is evangelical. In 2004 it had 19 congregations and 908 members.
The Biblical Church subscribes to the Apostles Creed, Athanasian Creed, Nicene Creed, and Reformed Confessions like the Heidelberg Catechism, Second Helvetic Confession and the Westminster Confession of Faith. The denomination ordains women to ministry. It is a member of the Japan Evangelical Association.
# Calonarius osloensis

Calonarius osloensis is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.

## Taxonomy

The species was described in 2014 and classified as Cortinarius osloensis.
In 2022 the species was transferred from Cortinarius and reclassified as Calonarius osloensis based on genomic data.

## Description
### Macroscopic characteristics

The cap of Calonarius osloensis is 3-7 cm, first convex, then flattening out with age. The surface of the cap is sticky, glossy and smooth, though the centre sometimes has dense, matted hairs. The colour of the cap changes little with age, other than the margin darkening from white to ochre, the rest of the cap staying ochre yellow to brown.
The flesh is white when young, with spots on the stipe that stain yellowish-gray when wet. When damaged by a snail bite, the flesh can turn yellow.It does not change colour when stained with KOH. It has a radish- to dust-like earthy smell. Similarly, it tastes like radishes.
The stipe measures 4-6 x .8-1.5 cm and has a marginate bulb at its bottom that is up to 3 cm wide. It has a universal veil that can vary in prominence, and is yellow when young, later turning brown, and slightly sticky. The stipe has a white, abundant cortina.
Calonarius osloensis has crowded, 3-6 mm wide, yellowish gills, with slightly scalloped to serrated edges.

### Microscopic characteristics

The spores measure 11-12.5 x 6.5-7.5 μm, and are lemon-shaped, with distinct warts, and a suprahilar plage (smooth part of spore next to hilar appendix). The basidia are 9 x 11 μm wide, and bear 4 spores each. The trama of the gills measure 3-20 μm wide.

## Habitat and distribution

It is native to south east Norway, specifically the Oslofjord area. It forms mycorrhiza with small-leaved linden trees, in calcareous (calcium-carbonate rich), shallow, soils with little leaf litter or humus.
The IUCN estimates there are 260 mature individuals of this species left, with a continuing decline. It is therefore listed as endangered. Threats to the species include the decline of calcareous linden forests due to the land being developed for residential areas, or limestone quarries. Additionally, the invasion of Picea abies (Norway spruce) trees from adjacent plantations, as well as increased thickets of Ash and Maple, cause the soils to become more humid and acidic.

## Similar species

It can be distinguished from Cortinarius calochrous by its yellow gills. Cortinarius humolens, while having a similar odour to Calonarius osloensis, has larger fruiting bodies, and smaller spores, as well having an olive-greenish tint and a larger, flatter bulb. Cortinarius humolens is also found with holly oak rather than the small-leaved linden. The cap of Cortinarius langeorum is stained dark red by KOH, and its gills are gray rather than yellow, which distinguishes it from Calonarius osloensis.
# Exum Ridge

The Exum Ridge is the name of a prominent rock buttress on the Grand Teton, the high point of the Teton Range in Wyoming. Grand Teton towers 13,770 feet above Jackson Hole, with an ascent of 6,700 feet which by any route requires a combination of hiking, rock climbing and rappelling.
The Ridge is named after Glenn Exum who pioneered a route, via a solo climb, on a day when his mentor Paul Petzoldt was guiding a couple up the original Owen-Spaulding Route. Today the route is split into the Upper and Lower Exum Ridge Routes. It is common for parties to bypass the more technically challenging lower section and climb exclusively the upper section. The Direct Exum Ridge Route which includes both section is recognized in the historic climbing text Fifty Classic Climbs of North America.
In 1931 Exum and Petzoldt started Exum Mountain Guides, which has grown to be a prestigious climbing school and mountain guide service. In 1982 Exum, accompanied by many distinguished mountaineers, made one last climb of the Exum Ridge route on the fiftieth anniversary of his first ascent.
# Adolphus Frederick III

Adolphus Frederick III (German: Adolf Friedrich III; 7 June 1686 – 11 December 1752) was a Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He founded the town of Neustrelitz as the capital of Mecklenburg-Strelit to replace the old capital which had burnt down.

## Biography

He was born in Strelitz the son of Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his wife Princess Maria of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1659–1701). His father founded the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701 after reaching an agreement with Frederick William, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
He succeeded his father as Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz on 12 May 1708. In 1712 the ducal family’s castle and the town of Strelitz burnt down. Because of this Adolphus Frederick and his family were forced to live in their hunting lodges. In 1726 Adolphus ordered a construction of a new residence, Glienecke [de], at Lake Zierke. The construction was finished in 1733. The town of Neustrelitz was founded around the new residence, and it became the official capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1736.
Adolphus Frederick died at Neustrelitz and was succeeded as Duke by his nephew Adolphus Frederick IV.

## Marriage and children

Adolphus Frederick was married to Princess Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (daughter of John Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön) on 16 April 1709 at Reinfeld. They had two children:
* Duchess Marie Sofia (1710–1728)
* Duchess Madalena Cristina (1711–1713)
# Montlauzun

Montlauzun (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Montliausut) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.
# Palčje

Palčje (pronounced, in older sources Paličje, German: Palitschje) is a village east of Pivka in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

## Geography

North of the village lies an intermittent lake named Lake Palčje. It is the largest among the Pivka lakes, with an average maximum water area around 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi). The highest elevations are in the Javornik Hills in the far eastern part of the settlement's territory, at Kozlovka Peak (Vrh Kozlovke, 1,047 meters or 3,435 feet), Mount Kalič (1,016 meters or 3,333 feet), and Mount Lamovšek (1,004 meters or 3,294 feet) above the small Prevale Valley.

## Name

Palčje was attested in written sources in 1498 as Palitschach. The medieval transcription indicates that today's name (a neuter singular) is derived from the accusative plural demonym *Paličane, derived from the common noun *palič, likely meaning 'small lake' (cognate with Lake Palić, Serbia), a diminutive of the Slavic noun palъ, preserved in the Slovene common noun pal 'mud' (and cognate with German Pfuhl 'puddle', English pool). The name thus refers to Lake Palčje north of the settlement.

## Church

The local church, built on the central village square, is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and belongs to the Parish of Trnje.
# Periyalvar Tirumoli

The Periyalvar Tirumoli (Tamil: பெரியாழ்வார் திருமொழி, romanized: Periyāḻvār Tirumoḻi, lit. 'Sacred verses of Periyalvar') is a Tamil Hindu work of literature written by Periyalvar, one of the twelve Alvars, the poet-saints of Sri Vaishnavism. Comprising 473 verses, it is part of the compendium of hymns called the Nalayira Divya Prabandham, dating back to the 9th century CE.

## Hymns

A hymn of the Periyalvar Tirumoli describes the temple of Srirangam as the home of the Dashavatara, as translated by Vasudha Narayanan:
   This is the temple of him who became the divine fish, tortoise, boar, lion, and dwarf. He became Rama in three forms, he became Kanna, and as Kalki, he will end [these worlds].
Periyalvar also extols Krishna's act of lifting the mountain, Govardhana:
   Like the king of the serpents opening his many hoods and supporting the vast worlds on it, The five fingers of Damodara's hand opened like the petals of a flower and held aloft Govardhana.
# Vital Panasyuk

Vital Panasyuk (Belarusian: Віталь Панасюк; Russian: Виталий Панасюк; born 9 February 1980) is a Belarusian former professional footballer.

## Honours

Dinamo Brest
* Belarusian Cup winner: 2006–07
# Icelandic Esperanto Association

The Icelandic Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Islanda Esperanto-Asocio; Icelandic: Íslenska esperantosambandið, Esperantosamband Íslands) is one of the national associations of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). It was founded in 1950 and joined the Universal Esperanto Association in 1975. It publishes a magazine called La velo (The Sail). Its president is Hannes Högni Vilhjálmsson (as of November 2014).
The association has twice hosted the World Esperanto Congress: the 62nd in the summer of 1977 and the 98th in Reykjavík from July 20 to July 27, 2013.
The first national Esperanto association in Iceland, Samband íslenzkra esperantista, was founded in 1931.
# Julia DeVillers

Julia DeVillers is an American writer of books including How My Private, Personal Journal Became A Bestseller. She had a cameo in the 2006 Disney Channel Original Movie, Read It and Weep, which was based on the book.

## Life

DeVillers attended Colonie High School in Albany, New York. She studied Communications at the State University of New York, Oswego and obtained an MA in Journalism from Ohio State University. Her twin sister, Jennifer Roy, six minutes older, is also a writer.
DeVillers lives in New Albany, Ohio, with her husband and two children. She lived overseas for a year in Tbilisi, Georgia, while her husband worked in the US Embassy.
# Masjid Hajjah Fatimah

The Hajjah Fatimah Mosque (Malay: Masjid Hajjah Fatimah; Jawi: مسجد حاجة فاطمة‎; Arabic: مَسْجِد ٱلْحَاجَّة فَاطِمَة‎, romanized: Masjid Al-Ḥājjah Fāṭimah) is a mosque located along Beach Road in the Kampong Glam district within the Kallang Planning Area in Singapore. The mosque was designed in a mix of Islamic and European architectural styles, and completed in 1846. The mosque is named after an aristocratic Malay lady, Hajjah Fatimah, who commissioned its construction.

## History

The building of the mosque was initiated by Hajjah Fatimah, who was originally from a wealthy Malaccan family. She married a Bugis prince from Celebes who ran a trading post in Singapore. In the late 1830s, her house was attacked twice, but she was away for the second one, and to express her gratitude for her safety, she instructed the building of a mosque on the site where the house once stood.
The mosque was designed by an unnamed British architect. It has been suggested that the minaret was designed by John Turnbull Thomson due to a perceived similarity to the design of the first spire of St Andrew's Cathedral, there is however no evidence for this. The mosque was built in 1846. The resulting tower leans slightly (around 6 degrees) off center.
The main prayer hall was rebuilt in the 1930s, based on design by architects Chung & Wong, and constructed by French contractors Bossard & Mopin with Malay workers. The rebuilding added more Islamic elements to the mosque, giving the mosque a mixture of styles.
Masjid Hajjah Fatimah was gazetted as a national monument on 28 June 1973. Today the mosque is owned by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS).

## Architecture

The tower leans about six degrees off centre due to moisture seepage, shifting of bricks used in the construction of the tower, and the sandy soil on which it sits. The minaret is flanked by two houses in European style but with Chinese features, for example in its windows and woodwork.
# Zenroren National Union of General Workers

The Zenroren National Union of General Workers (Japanese: 全労連・全国一般労働組合, Zenroren Zenkokuippan) is a general union in Japan. Its origins lie in the National Union of General Workers (Zenkokuippan), an affiliate of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo). In 1989, Sohyo merged into the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, to the chagrin of a substantial minority of members who split away from Zenkokuippan to form a new National Union of General Workers, 35,203 members strong, which affiliated with the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren). By 2019, membership had fallen to 22,052.
# Šenov u Nového Jičína

Šenov u Nového Jičína (German: Schönau) is a municipality and village in the Nový Jičín District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,100 inhabitants.

## Geography

Šenov u Nového Jičína is located north of Nový Jičín and is urbanistically fused with this town. It is located 26 km (16 mi) southwest of Ostrava. It lies mostly in the Moravian-Silesian Foothills, only a small part of the municipal territory extends into the Moravian Gate. The highest point is at 346 m (1,135 ft) above sea level. The Jičínka River flows through the municipality. The northwestern part of the municipal territory lies within the Poodří Protected Landscape Area.

## History

The first written mention of Šenov is from 1383.
From 1949 to 1993, it was an administrative part of Nový Jičín.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,267 | — |
| 1880 | 1,631 | +28.7% |
| 1890 | 2,105 | +29.1% |
| 1900 | 2,584 | +22.8% |
| 1910 | 2,964 | +14.7% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,766 | −6.7% |
| 1930 | 3,218 | +16.3% |
| 1950 | 2,450 | −23.9% |
| 1961 | 2,600 | +6.1% |
| 1970 | 2,484 | −4.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 2,300 | −7.4% |
| 1991 | 1,946 | −15.4% |
| 2001 | 1,957 | +0.6% |
| 2011 | 2,021 | +3.3% |
| 2021 | 2,001 | −1.0% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

PO Lighting Czech, a manufacturer of lighting systems for automotive industry, has its headquarters and a production plant in the municipality.

## Transport

Šenov u Nového Jičína is situated at the crossroads of two main roads: the I/48, which replaces the unfinished section of the D48 motorway, and the I/57 (the section from Nový Jičín from Opava).
Šenov u Nového Jičína is located on a short railway line of local importance from Nový Jičín to Suchdol nad Odrou.

## Sights

The main landmark of the municipality is the Church of Saint Martin. It is originally a Gothic church from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, rebuilt in the Baroque style in the mid-18th century.

## Notable people

* Franz Barwig (1868–1931), Austrian artist
# Quantum master equation

A quantum master equation is a generalization of the idea of a master equation. Rather than just a system of differential equations for a set of probabilities (which only constitutes the diagonal elements of a density matrix), quantum master equations are differential equations for the entire density matrix, including off-diagonal elements. A density matrix with only diagonal elements can be modeled as a classical random process, therefore such an "ordinary" master equation is considered classical. Off-diagonal elements represent quantum coherence which is a physical characteristic that is intrinsically quantum mechanical.
A formally exact quantum master equation is the Nakajima–Zwanzig equation, which is in general as difficult to solve as the full quantum problem.
The Redfield equation and Lindblad equation are examples of approximate Markovian quantum master equations. These equations are very easy to solve, but are not generally accurate.
Some modern approximations based on quantum master equations, which show better agreement with exact numerical calculations in some cases, include the polaron transformed quantum master equation and the VPQME (variational polaron transformed quantum master equation).
Numerically exact approaches to the kinds of problems to which master equations are usually applied include numerical Feynman integrals, quantum Monte Carlo, DMRG and NRG, MCTDH, and HEOM.