# Marta Matamoros

Marta Matamoros (1909–2005) was one of the labor leaders of Panama. In Panamanian history, she is known as a shoemaker, seamstress, trade unionist, communist and nationalist leader and is "synonymous with organized labor" in the Panamanian psyche. She is known for leading strikes in the 1940s which resulted in workers gaining maternity leave with pay and job security while they were on leave. In 1951, she became the first woman general secretary of the Trade Union Federation of Workers of Panama. "The Hunger and Desperation March" Matamoros led in 1959, resulted in the first minimum wage law in Panama. After she joined the Communist movement of Panama, she became the subject of investigations, though it did not stop her from protesting U.S. involvement in Panamanian affairs. In 1994, she was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Omar Torrijos Herrera and in 2006, a meritorious order was named in her honor, the Order of Marta Matamoros to recognize those who have promoted gender equality in Panama.

## Biography

Marta Matamoros Figueroa was born on 17 February 1909 in the Santa Ana neighborhood of Panama City, Panama to Josefa Figueroa and Gonzálo Matamoros. Her father was a professional musician and had come to play in Panama City with the Banda de Batallón Colombia. Both of her parents were from the border area between Costa Rica and Panama, known as the [Coto Region]. Because it was unclear at that time whether the area belonged to Costa Rica or Panama, when the Coto War broke out, the family were forced to flee back to Panama City. Her father's nationalism and humanitarianism became guiding spirits for Matamoros' life.

## Career

Forced to stop high school for lack of funding, Matamoros began working as a shoemaker and then became a dressmaker. In 1941, she started working in the El Corte Inglés factory and came into contact with the harsh conditions under which laborers worked. Seventy percent of the textile manufacturer's work force were women, swing in small cramped cubicles. The women labored for 12 to 13 hours per day and were paid between $5 and $7 per week. Comparably, men were paid $15 to $20 per week. There was no type of maternity leave, so if a worker became pregnant, they had to work up to their delivery and return promptly, or face losing their job.
In 1945, Matamoros joined the Union of Tailors and Allied Workers of Panama (Spanish: Sindicato de Sastres y Similares de Panamá) and quickly worked her way through the ranks to become secretary of finance for the organization. By 1946, aware of labor developments in the region, Matamoros led a strike for the dressmakers of the Bazar Francés. Though the strike lasted only 38 days, was declared illegal and the workers, including Matamoros were fired, the women had succeeded in bringing attention to their need for better pay and working conditions. Esther Neira de Calvo and Gumercinda Páez, the first two women to serve in the National Assembly, agreed to take up the issue. Matamoro's strike resulted in workers gaining paid maternity leave with pay and job security while they were on leave. It also ensured that they have job security for one year after their child's birth, when the Labor Code was changed in 1947.
Later that same year Matamoros led groups in protest of the Filós-Hines Convenant [es], which attempted to extend World War II concessions for United States Military Bases in Panama to permanent status. In 1951, she became the first woman general secretary of the Trade Union Federation of Workers of Panama (Spanish: Federación Sindical de Trabajadores de Panamá) and was involved in protests against the United Fruit Company, which called for better working conditions and pay. She served as the Union's delegate to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) Congress held in Vienna in 1953. In the 1950s, Matamoros began studying the works of Marx and Lenin, traveling to the Soviet Union to see first-hand the gains made by workers there. She joined the People's Party of Panama and served on its Central Committee. She was arrested in 1951 and spent 99 days in the Modelo Prison for supporting a strike of bus drivers from Río Abajo, who were demanding salary and social insurance reforms.
The McCarthyism which existed in the 1950s, led to job insecurity for Matamoros and she had to quit her factory employment. Instead she turned her focus to working independently and union organization. In 1959, Matamoros led the strike called "The Hunger and Desperation March" (Spanish: Marcha del Hambre y la Desesperación), in which protesters walked from Colón to Panama City in protest of high unemployment and inflation. The march was successful in establishing the first minimum wage law in the country and a new renter's law. She led protests against the U.S. Army intervention of the riots of 9 January 1964 and protests in 1967 against the Robles-Johnson Treaty, which would have returned sovereignty of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama but allowed U.S. troops to remain in perpetuity.
Matamoros never married or had children because she realized that marriage would have required her to give up her autonomy and ability to take risks. She founded many organizations to help women, including the Alliance of Panamanian Women (Spanish: Alianza de Mujeres Panameñas), the Vanguard of Women (Spanish: Vanguardia de Mujeres), the Women's Commission for the Defense of the Rights of Women and Children (Spanish: Comisión Femenina por Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño) and the National Union of Panamanian Women (Spanish: Unión Nacional de Mujeres Panameñas).

## Death and legacy

Matamoros died on 28 December 2005 in her apartment in Santa Ana and has become, along with Domingo Barría and Angel Gómez, "synonymous with organized labor" in the Panamanian psyche. In 1994, she was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Omar Torrijos Herrera. She was honored by the University of Panama as one of the 100 outstanding women of Panama during the centennial celebration of Panama and the Institute for Women of the university is named in her honor. The Library of the National Confederation of Workers of Panama bears her name, as does a conference room in the Ministry of Labor and Workforce Development. In 2006, an executive decree created the Order of Marta Matamoros to honor women who have been role models and strengthened the nation by working for socio-economic, political or cultural aims to improve gender equality of society.