OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mælefjell Tunnel

The Mælefjell Tunnel (Norwegian: Mælefjelltunnelen) is a 9.35-kilometre-long (5.81 mi) road tunnel along the European route E134 highway in Telemark county, Norway. The southern end of the tunnel is located at Århus on the north side of the village of Seljord in Seljord Municipality. The northern end of the tunnel is at Gvammen, just east of the village of Hjartdal in Hjartdal Municipality. The tunnel was opened on 19 December 2019, as Norway's seventh longest road tunnel. It is part of the European route E134 highway, and upon its completion, it made the highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) shorter, saving trucks about 18 minutes of driving time between those two places. Construction started in 2013 and the breakthrough occurred on 3 May 2017.

## Background

The tunnel was built to shorten the travel time along the European route E134 highway and provide better accessibility especially for heavy vehicles by avoiding the Åsebrekken pass, as well as increasing traffic safety along a congested section of road. The 9,355-metre (30,692 ft) long tunnel passes beneath the mountain Mælefjell. A total of 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) of new road was built, replacing 22.6 kilometres (14.0 mi) of the former route through Flatdal. The project was financed by the government of Norway. The total cost was 2 billion kr.

## Media gallery

* Northern entrance
* Southern entrance
# Norwegian Medical Society

The Norwegian Medical Society (Norwegian: Det norske medicinske Selskab, Latin: Societas Medica Norvegica) is a medical organisation in Norway.
It has its roots in an informal group created in 1826, which subscribed to and shared foreign medical journals. In 1833 it was formally inaugurated as Lægeforeningen i Christiania, the physician's association in Christiania. The name Norwegian Medical Society was taken in 1847.
From 1826 to 1837 it published Norway's first medical journal, Eyr, named after Eir. From 1840 to 1939 it published the journal Norsk Magazin for Lægevidenskaben, and since 2004 the journal Michael Quarterly. It also hosts symposia and debates.
# Chamonate Airport

Chamonate Airport Spanish: Aeródromo Chamonate, (ICAO: SCHA) is an airport serving Copiapó, the capital of the Atacama Region of Chile. It served as the main airport for the region until February 2005 when Desierto de Atacama Airport opened.
The airport is in the valley of the Copiapó River, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) downstream from the city. There is rising terrain in all quadrants.
# Byala Slatina

Byala Slatina (Bulgarian: Бяла Слатина pronounced) is a town in Northwestern Bulgaria. It is located in Vratsa Province. As of December 2016, the town had a population of 10,282.
It is the seat of Byala Slatina Municipality.

## History

The first hospital in the village was opened in 1889. In 1904 the village of Byala Slatina became a town. Ilia Kalkanov is the mayor in which the settlement becomes a town.
At the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912, three people from Byala Slatina were volunteers in the Macedonian-Adrianople Corps. Byala Slatina was declared a town by a decree of King Ferdinand on June 27, 1914.
# Diocese of Lapua

The Diocese of Lapua (Finnish: Lapuan hiippakunta, Swedish: Lappo stift) is one of nine dioceses within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The diocese was founded in 1956.
The diocese attained national attention in September 2015, when Finnish media reported that the diocese had purchased a luxury penthouse apartment for the bishop's official residence. Due to the controversy, hundreds of Finns resigned from the church during the days following the media exposure.

## Bishops of Lapua

* Eero Lehtinen 1956–1974
* Yrjö Sariola 1974–1995
* Jorma Laulaja 1995–2004
* Simo Peura 2004–2022
* Matti Salomäki 2022–
# The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America is a 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History. The book recounts the lives and intellectual work of the handful of thinkers primarily responsible for the philosophical concept of pragmatism, a principal feature of American philosophical achievement: William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey. Pragmatism had a significant influence on modern thought, by, for example, spurring movements in legal thought such as legal realism.

## Development

The book takes its title from societies for philosophical discussion that Peirce founded in 1872 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in 1879 at Johns Hopkins University. Peirce recalled the former 30 years later as being named the Metaphysical Club, and the latter officially bore that name.
Menand traces the biography of each of the members, showing ways in which they were connected and how all were influenced by their times and by thinkers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. The book begins by examining the family history and early life of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., future U.S. Supreme Court justice, then describes how Holmes, James, Peirce, Dewey, and others were acquainted with each other, and how their association led to James's development of pragmatism.
A main focus of the book is the influence of the American Civil War on Americans in general and on the subjects of this book, as well as how the war inspired pragmatism. For Holmes, the Civil War destroyed his entire perspective on the world and greatly shaped his judicial philosophy, which developed at roughly the same time that Dewey, James, and Peirce were beginning to develop pragmatist ideas. The book also addresses the emerging sciences of statistics and evolutionary biology.

## Criticism

Philosophers Susan Haack, Paul Boghossian, and Thomas L. Short have criticized Menand's portrayal of pragmatism. In a review of his earlier anthology Pragmatism: A Reader (1997), Haack criticized Menand's historical introduction for distorting the tradition of classical pragmatism into a form of "vulgar Rortyism". Short, in his review of The Metaphysical Club, echoed Haack and criticized Menand for following Rorty in pushing "the relativistic tendencies in James and Dewey to an extreme, 'postmodern' relativism." After a detailed analysis of the philosophical limitations of Menand's account of pragmatism, Boghossian concluded that "All of this book’s problems can be traced to its author’s weak command of the philosophical ideas whose history he wishes to recount."
# Wings of Change Chinhook Bi

The Wings of Change Chinhook Bi (English: Chinook) is an Austrian two-place paraglider that was designed by Markus Gründhammer and produced by Wings of Change of Fulpmes. It is now out of production.

## Design and development

The aircraft was designed as a tandem glider for flight training and as such was referred to as the Chinhook Bi, indicating "bi-place" or two seater.
The aircraft's 14.9 m (48.9 ft) span wing has 44 cells, a wing area of 40.9 m$^2$ (440 sq ft) and an aspect ratio of 5.44:1. The take-off weight range is 140 to 210 kg (309 to 463 lb). The glider is DHV 1-2 and EN/LTF A certified.

## Specifications (Chinhook Bi)

Data from Bertrand and manufacturer
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Wingspan: 14.9 m (48 ft 11 in)
* Wing area: 40.9 m$^2$ (440 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 5.44:1
* Empty weight: 8.90 kg (20 lb)
* Gross weight: 210 kg (463 lb)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 44 km/h (27 mph, 24 kn)
* Cruise speed: 38 km/h (24 mph, 21 kn)
* Stall speed: 24 km/h (15 mph, 13 kn)
# Hojjatabad-e Yazdiha

Hojjatabad-e Yazdiha (Persian: حجت‌آباد یزدی‌ها, also Romanized as Ḩojjatābād-e Yazdīhā; also known as Ḩojjatābād) is a village in Ekhtiarabad Rural District, in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. In the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 11 families.
# Central District (Malard County)

The Central District of Malard County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان ملارد) is in Tehran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Malard.

## History

After the 2006 National Census, Malard District was separated from Shahriar County in the establishment of Malard County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Malard as its capital.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2011 census, the district's population was 333,772 people in 97,204 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 324,788 inhabitants in 99,644 households.

### Administrative divisions

Central District (Malard County) Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2011 | 2016 |
| Malard-e Jonubi RD | 11,673 | 12,399 |
| Malard-e Shomali RD | 31,282 | 31,362 |
| Malard (city) | 290,817 | 281,027 |
| Total | 333,772 | 324,788 |
| RD = Rural District |||
# Hinje, Žužemberk

Hinje (pronounced; German: Hinnach) is a small village in the Municipality of Žužemberk in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Hinje was attested in written sources in 1372 as Bechyn (and as Hynoch in 1382 and Pchin in 1422). The name is derived from *Bhinje or *Bihinje, likely derived from the plural demonym *Byxyn′ane based on the hydronym *Byxyn′a (which yielded the name of Hinja Creek near Hinje in the Municipality of Sevnica). The first unaccented syllable was lost through modern vowel reduction. The name therefore means 'people living along Hinja Creek' and may refer to settlers from the Hinja Creek area that moved to Hinje in the Municipality of Žužemberk. The village was known as Hinnach in German in the past.

## Parish church

The local parish church is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. The church, originally erected around 1800, was burned in January 1945, during World War II, by the Slovene Partisans, and rebuilt only in 1971. It was reconsecrated in 1972.

## Gallery

* Postcard of Hinje before World War II
# Upsurge

Upsurge is a novel by Australian writer J. M. Harcourt. Set in Perth, Western Australia, during the Great Depression, it was the first novel to be banned by the then Commonwealth Book Censorship Board and the first to be prosecuted by police in Australia.

## Plot summary

The book tells the stories of Theodora Luddon, a 20-year-old receptionist, Peter Groom, a member of the bourgeoisie who claims unemployment benefits, city magistrate James Riddle, working-class man Colin Rumble who hangs himself after murdering his family, and Paul Kronen, the owner of a big drapery store. It is set in the 1930s, starts with Theodora fined two pounds by Riddle for indecent exposure at the beach and ends with Peter sentenced to a month in jail with hard labour after a riot in the city. "For a country in Depression, the writing about life in relief camps and corrupt officials was considered potentially incendiary."

## Banning

Three months after it was published, detectives removed copies of the novel from a Perth bookstore and asked that other copies be handed in to them. Sydney police also seized the book. In May 1934 police complained about the book to the Attorney-General's Department. All copies were removed from Perth bookstores and Harcourt left Perth following threats of prosecution. Federal authorities received complaints the novel was "Communist propaganda" and filled with obscene sexual content. The Trade and Customs Department released a report saying that the book was not without merit, but that it was grossly indecent. Upsurge was banned federally on 20 November 1934 on grounds of indecency.
Upsurge was the first Australian book to be officially banned under the guidelines of the Commonwealth Book Censorship Board (Norman Lindsay's Redheap had been banned under different legislation in 1930), which had been established in 1933 by Prime Minister Joseph Lyon's United Australia Party (later renamed the Literature Censorship Board). It was initially banned as seditious, later reviewed and the ban confirmed, ostensibly on grounds of indecency and explicit depictions of sex under the Indecent Publications Act, after the recently established Book Censorship Board had suggested the ban. However the main cause of its ban was its socialist tone and subversive agenda which criticised capitalism, featuring Communist characters in its portrayal of life in the relief camps of the Depression.

## Critical reaction

"The sort of stuff in Upsurge may have provided excitement of some sort to the author in the writing of it", The West Australian reported. "It may provide excitement for some of his readers - those who carry prohibited Parisian picture-cards in their pocket wallets and scribble on walls".
It was admired by Katharine Susannah Prichard (1883–1969, co-founder of the Communist Party of Australia, who said it was the first Australian novel to be written in the socialist realism style, and the first Australian proletarian novel. University of New South Wales academic Richard Nile later described Upsurge as "one of the most radical Australian books written during the interwar period".
# India House, Penang

The India House is a historical building in George Town within the Malaysian state of Penang. It is located at Beach Street, within the city's Central Business District.

## History

In the early 20th century, the land of the building was used by the Huttenbach Brothers & Co. for their business. The present building was constructed in 1937. During the Japanese occupation of Malaya in World War II, the building was left unoccupied. Following the destruction of the earlier George Town Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation headquarters in World War II, the India House served as the location of the bank until the bank returned to the reconstructed HSBC building in 1951. The India House was later used by the United States Information Service until the 1970s.

## Architecture

The building is a two-story building with Indian art deco style designed by S.N.A.S Sockalingam Chettiar.
# Brumunddal Church

Brumunddal Church (Norwegian: Brumunddal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ringsaker Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Brumunddal. It is one of the two churches for the Brumunddal/Veldre parish which is part of the Ringsaker prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown wood and white brick church was built in a long church design in 1965 using plans drawn up by the architects Molle Cappelen, Per Cappelen, and Svein Erik Lundby. The church seats about 350 people.

## History

The parish made plans for a new church in Brumunddal during the 1960s. Molle Cappelen, Per Cappelen, and Svein Erik Lundby were hired to design the new church. The large nave has seating for about 350 people. On one side of the nave there is a church hall and on the other side is an extension with a priest's office, sacristy, and baptismal waiting room.
# Texas FFA Association

The Texas FFA Association (Future Farmers of America) is one of fifty-two state associations of the National FFA Organization. It was the 34th state organization to be chartered, in 1929. As of the 2016–2017 year, it had the largest membership enrollment. It also has the largest number of chapters in the organization. It has 115,941 members and 1,032 chapters. The state is led by a team of 12 state officers representing each of the 12 areas of the Association.

## Leadership

The Texas FFA Association State Officer Team consists of twelve members to serve as officers for a year running from the state convention in July to the following convention. There are ten vice-presidents, one first vice-president, and one president. The twelve individuals make up the board of student officers. The responsibilities of an officer for the Texas FFA are to serve as a representative of the association, represent the members at the Texas FFA Board of Directors meetings, and carry out the day-to-day operations outlined in the Texas FFA Program of Activities. In order to run for state office a student must either be a graduating senior from high school, or be no more than one year removed from high school, hold the Lone Star FFA degree, and be willing to contribute many hours of service to the association.

## Texas FFA State Officers
### 2024-2025

President: Hunter Lawson - Area IV, Paradise FFA
First Vice-President: Thomas Barton - Area IX, Shepherd FFA
Area I Vice-President: Addie Carlson, Vega FFA
Area II Vice-President: Walton Marshall, Glasscock County FFA
Area III Vice-President: Augustus Mushinski, Bridgeland FFA
Area V Vice-President: Caden Garner, Howe FFA
Area VI Vice-President: Jeremiah McGee, Union Grove FFA
Area VII Vice-President: Luke Anderson, James Madison FFA
Area VIII Vice-President: Tanner Williams, Dawson FFA
Area X Vice-President: Kasadi Neel, Goliad FFA
Area XI Vice-President: Cash Smith, Fayetteville FFA
Area XII Vice-President: Brady Lambert, College Station FFA

## Texas FFA State Staff

* Jennifer Jackson, Executive Director
* Mary Edwards, Membership Services Coordinator/Assistant to the Executive Director
* Tammy Glascock, SAE Coordinator/Swine Validation Coordinator
* Carolee Frampton, Budget and Finance Coordinator
* Ashley Dunkerley, Communications Coordinator
* Bre Fowler, Competitive Events and Recognition Coordinator
* Ashlee Laird, Student Recognition and Scholarship Coordinator
# Present at the Creation

Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department is a memoir by US Secretary of State Dean Acheson, published by W. W. Norton in 1969, which won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for History. Acheson explained the title: Following World War II, the US administration faced a task "just a bit less formidable than that described in the first chapter of Genesis: That was to create a world out of chaos; ours, to create half a world, a free half, out of the same material without blowing the whole to pieces in the process."
# Kyrkoköpinge Church

Kyrkoköpinge Church (Swedish: Kyrkoköpinge kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church just outside Trelleborg, Sweden. It belongs to the Diocese of Lund.

## History and architecture

The oldest parts of Kyrkoköpinge Church are the nave, choir and apse, dating from the 12th century. The builder of the church was either Mårten stenmästare, known to have worked on the construction site of Lund Cathedral, or his apprentice, known as Oxiemästaren. This can be deducted from the baptismal font of the church, which is original and bears the markings of both craftsmen.
The building material is whitewashed fieldstone, except for some of the more important details, which are of limestone. At the beginning of the 13th century, a tower was added to the church. Sometime during the Gothic era, crow-stepped gables were added to the façade. During the 15th century an original wooden ceiling was replaced by brick vaults, and during the same century a church porch was added.

## Interior

The church interior is partly decorated with murals, dating from the end of the 15th century. The paintings depict religious subjects: Genesis, the Last Judgment and a number of saints. Among the furnishings, the triumphal cross is an example of medieval sculpture in a transitional style between Romanesque and Gothic art. The aforementioned baptismal font is decoratively sculptured with vines and a lion. The altarpiece dates from 1631. The pulpit is possibly from the same time.
# Sahinat

Sahinat (Persian: صحينات, also Romanized as Şaḩīnat, Saheynat, and Şoḩaynāt) is a village in Gheyzaniyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 156, in 28 families.
# Mohammadabad-e Mokhtar-e Yek

Mohammadabad-e Mokhtar-e Yek (Persian: محمداباد مختار1, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād-e Mokhtār-e Yek; also known as Moḩammadābād and Moḩammadābād-e Mokhtār) is a village in Azadegan Rural District, in the Central District of Rafsanjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 21 families.
# Zhana Yaneva

Zhana Yaneva (Bulgarian: Жана Янева; born 1990) is a Bulgarian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Bulgaria 2012 and represented Bulgaria in the 2012 Miss Universe pageant.

## Miss Universe Bulgaria 2012 & Miss Universe 2012

Zhana Yaneva was crowned Miss Universe Bulgaria 2012 during a new competition held at the Big Apple club in the Sin City of Sofia, on September 29. Standing 178 cm in height, Vaneva represented Bulgaria in the 2012 Miss Universe pageant held on 19 December 2012 in Las Vegas. This marks the return of Bulgaria to international competition after a two-year absence. Their last participation took place in 2009. She represented Bulgaria in Miss Universe 2012.
She has previous experience in pageants prior to becoming Miss Universe Bulgaria, including as "Miss Blagoevgrad 2008", first runner-up at "Miss Sofia Autumn 2010", and winning "Miss Marilyn Blagoevgrad 2010".
# Colonia Suiza

Colonia Suiza (In English, Swiss Colony) is a town in the municipality of San Carlos de Bariloche, in the Bariloche Department, Río Negro, Argentina. It is located about 25 km from the city of San Carlos de Bariloche at the foot of Cerro López.

## History

The first population arrived in 1883, when Henriette Goye-Borgeat and Joseph Goye, along with four of their children emigrated to Argentina from Saxon, Canton of Valais, Switzerland

## Commercial activity

It has places to spend the night and restaurants that offer services to tourists who visit the region. The preparation of a meal called curanto stands out, originating in the south of Chile and Argentina, in which the food is cooked in a hole dug in the ground, filled with hot stones. There is also exploitation of small crops of raspberries and fruits from cold climates.

## Population

It has increased to 150 in 2010 which represents an increase of 74% compared to the 86 of the previous census.
# Louey

Louey (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Luei) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.

## Notable people

* Jacques Duclos (1896–1975), communist politician
* Jean Duclos (1895–1957), French politician
# 1844 in New Zealand

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1844 in New Zealand.

## Population

The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1844 is 73,900 Māori and 12,447 non-Māori.

## Incumbents
### Regal and viceregal

* Head of State – Queen Victoria
* Governor – Captain Robert Fitzroy

### Government and law

* Chief Justice – William Martin

## Events

* 26 January: Governor Robert FitzRoy arrives in Wellington to investigate the Wairau Affray.
* February: The Bay of Islands Advocate ceases publishing. It began in 1843.
* 25 September: The New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator prints its final issue. 369 issues were produced.
* 12 October: The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian begins publishing in Wellington. It publishes weekly until its demise in 1865.

## Births
### Unknown date

* (in Ireland): James Colvin, politician.
* John Sheehan, politician.

## Deaths

* 10 October: Tūhawaiki, tribal leader

### Unknown date

* Te Pareihe, tribal leader