OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Highway 1 (Peru)

Highway 1, most widely known as the Pan-American Highway (Spanish: Carretera Panamericana), is the most important highway in Peru, forming part of the larger Pan-American Highway.

## Route
### Northern Highway

This road is the Peruvian portion of the Pan-American Highway. It runs north–south through the whole length of the country and connects all major cities in the country's coastal area. The northern terminus of the highway is located in the Macará International Bridge (Piura Region) at the border with Ecuador. Starting in this point, the highway is known as Carretera Panamericana Norte ("North Pan-American Highway").

### Lima

The highway crosses coastal and central Lima, the country's capital. Once it reaches a roundabout in Santa Anita, the Northern part of the highway stops. Going south from this point, the highway is called Carretera Panamericana Sur ("South Pan-American Highway").
The section between Caquetá (Habich, according to the concessionaire) and Javier Prado avenues is called the Vía de Evitamiento and is licensed to Lima Expresa, from the French group Vinci SA.

### Southern Highway

The Southern part of the highway continues from the roundabout in Lima until it reaches the southern terminus, located in the Santa Rosa Border Post, in the Tacna Region at the border with Chile.
# Chen Chao-min

Chen Chao-min (traditional Chinese: 陳肇敏; simplified Chinese: 陈肇敏; pinyin: Chén Zhàomǐn; born 10 July 1940) is a Taiwanese politician who was the Minister of National Defense of from 2008 to 2009.

## Education

Chen studied at the War College of the Armed Forces University.

## Minister of National Defense

Chen resigned from the Ministry of National Defense ministerial post with the other cabinet members of Executive Yuan following the slow disaster response after Typhoon Morakot hit Taiwan in August 2009.
# Kiyebak

Kiyebak (Russian: Киебак; Bashkir: Кейебәк, Keyebäk) is a rural locality (a village) in Krasnokholmsky Selsoviet, Kaltasinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 394 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Kiyebak is located 17 km east of Kaltasy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasnokholmsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Vortaro de Esperanto

The Vortaro de Esperanto (English: Dictionary/Lexicon of Esperanto), published by Kazimierz Bein in 1911, was the first monolingual dictionary ever published in Esperanto.
It is considered the predecessor of the Plena Vortaro de Esperanto, published in 1930, and of the current Plena Ilustrita Vortaro, whose last edition came out in 2020.
The first edition of the Vortaro de Esperanto was published in 1911, the second in 1922 and the third in 1925 (they were, in truth, merely reprints). Overall 8500 copies of the dictionary were printed; the book was 175 pages long.
The only Esperanto dictionary published previously had been the Plena Vortaro, an Esperanto–Esperanto and Esperanto–French dictionary published in 1909 by Émile Boirac; nevertheless, it contained somewhat imprecise definitions in its monolingual section.
Esperantologists consider the Vortaro de Esperanto a valuable source of information about the Esperanto of the early 20th century, given the presence of many archaisms and old-fashioned meanings of words.

## Structure

The definitions, brief but clear, contain example phrases. However, the dictionary lacks any etymological references to the first use of a word and does not mention whether or not a word was personally introduced to the language by Zamenhof, or possibly even mentioned in his Fundamento de Esperanto.
The structure has remained essentially the same throughout the Plena Vortaro of 1930 and in the modern Plena Ilustrita Vortaro.
# Up 'n' Under

Up 'n' Under is a comedy by English playwright John Godber, first staged at the Hull Truck Theatre in 1984. It won The Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy that same year. The sequel, Up 'n' Under II, followed in 1985.

## Plot

It followed the story of an inept pub team from the Wheatsheaf Arms pub in a rugby league sevens competition in Kingston upon Hull in England. Ex-pro Arthur's only passions in life are his wife and rugby league. When he hears about the 'Cobblers Arms' pub team and their corrupt manager, Arthur bets his life savings with Reg Welch that he can train any team to beat them.
However, the 'Wheatsheaf Arms' can only muster a side of four whose pride lies in their unbroken record of defeat. The pitifully unfit set of men have to accept the help of a coach, who just happens to be a woman.
They have to struggle through adversity, come up triumphant and become a team. They are given a bye to the final of the competition where they have to play The Cobblers.

## Up 'n' Under II

The sequel to the original play is centred on the return match between the amateur rugby league team from the 'Wheatsheaf Arms' and the 'Cobblers Arms'.

## Film adaptation

Godber scripted and directed the film adaptation in 1997 with Samantha Janus, Gary Olsen, Ralph Brown, Neil Morrissey, Richard Ridings, Tony Slattery, Brian Glover, David MacCreedy, Griff Rhys Jones, John Thomson, Susan Tully, and Iain Rogerson. The film was shot in Cardiff, Wales.
# Bluewater Park, Queensland

Bluewater Park is a suburb of Bluewater in the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Bluewater Park had a population of 1,066 people.

## Geography

The suburb is to the immediate south-west of the Bluewater township, approximately 33 kilometres WNW of Townsville.
The Bluewater Park district is made up of the residential housing area on the southern end of Forestry Road, beginning approximately halfway down the road at the turnoff to Bluemountain Drive. However, the community recreational area that also goes by the name of "Bluewater Park" is situated in the actual township of Bluewater.

## History

The locality was named and bounded on 27 July 1991. It was designated a suburb on 28 February 2003.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Bluewater Park had a population of 903 people.
In the 2016 census, Bluewater Park had a population of 992 people.
In the 2021 census, Bluewater Park had a population of 1,066 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Bluewater Park. The nearest government primary school is Bluewater State School in neighbouring Bluewater to the north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Northern Beaches State High School in Deeragun to the south-east.
# Vashian-e Nosrati

Vashian-e Nosrati (Persian: واشيان نصرتي, also Romanized as Vāshīān-e Noṣratī) is a village in Miyankuh-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 78, in 16 families.
# Makresh

Makresh (Bulgarian: Макреш, pronounced) is a village in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Vidin Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Makresh Municipality, which lies in the western part of Vidin Province, close to the Bulgarian-Serbian border. Makresh is situated 35 kilometres from the provincial capital Vidin, in the westernmost Danubian Plain, with the western reaches of the Balkan Mountains to its west.

## Municipality

Makresh municipality has an area of 229 square kilometres includes the following 7 places:
* Kireevo
* Makresh
* Podgore
* Rakovitsa
* Tolovitsa
* Tsar Shishmanovo
* Valchek
Makresh municipality is mainly agricultural, growing wheat, barley, corn and rye. Sights in the area include the Rabisha Lake and the Rakovitsa Monastery dating to the 10th-11th century with the Holy Trinity Church.

## Honour

Makresh Rocks off Robert Island, South Shetland Islands are named after Makresh.
# Berkovitsa Municipality

Berkovitsa Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Берковица) is a municipality (obshtina) in Montana Province, Northwestern Bulgaria, located in the area of the so-called Fore-Balkan to the northern slopes of the western Stara planina mountain. It is named after its administrative centre - the town of Berkovitsa.
The municipality embraces a territory of 470 km$^2$ (180 sq mi) with a population of 18,503 inhabitants, as of February 2011.
Todorini Kukli peak, 1,785 m (5,856 ft), is located in the southeastern part of the area almost on the very border with Varshets Municipality.

## Settlements

Berkovitsa Municipality includes the following 20 places (towns are shown in bold):
| Town/Village | Cyrillic | Population (September 2022) |
| Berkovitsa | Берковица | 12,768 |
| Balyuvitsa | Балювица | 52 |
| Bistrilitsa | Бистрилица | 141 |
| Bokilovtsi | Бокиловци | 77 |
| Borovtsi | Боровци | 657 |
| Barziya | Бързия | 1,259 |
| Chereshovitsa | Черешовица | 40 |
| Gaganitsa | Гаганица | 269 |
| Komarevo | Комарево | 67 |
| Kostentsi | Костенци | 46 |
| Kotenovtsi | Котеновци | 111 |
| Leskovets | Лесковец | 43 |
| Mezdreya | Мездрея | 182 |
| Pesochnitsa | Песочница | 23 |
| Parlichevo | Пърличево | 62 |
| Rashovitsa | Рашовица | 5 |
| Slatina | Слатина | 165 |
| Tsvetkova Bara | Цветкова бара | 14 |
| Yagodovo | Ягодово | 176 |
| Zamfirovo | Замфирово | 1,110 |
| Total | | 17,267 |

## Demography

The following table shows the change of the population during the last four decades.
Berkovitsa Municipality :
| Year | 1975 | 1985 | 1992 | 2001 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 |
| Population | 28,639 | 26,565 | 24,992 | 22,664 | 20,812 | 20,277 | 19,642 | 18,503 |
| Sources: Census 2001, Census 2011, „pop-stat.mashke.org“, |||||||||

### Religion

According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following:
Religious composition of Berkovitsa Municipality
Orthodox Christianity
77.0%
Catholicism
0.2%
Protestantism
1.7%
Islam
0.0%
No religion
11.1%
Prefer not to answer, others and indefinable
10.0% :

## Economy
### Transportation

Berkovitsa has a terminus railway station. It is connected to Montana and has access to the railway connecting Vidin and Vratsa. There is infrequent passenger traffic.
# Bryson of Achaea

Bryson of Achaea (or Bryson the Achaean; Greek: Βρύσων ὁ Ἀχαιός Vryson o Acheos, gen.: Βρύσωνος Vrysonos; fl. 330 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher.
Very little information is known about him. He was said to have been a pupil of Stilpo and Clinomachus, which would mean that he was a philosopher of the Megarian school. He was said to have taught Crates the Cynic, Pyrrho the Skeptic, and Theodorus the Atheist. Diogenes Laërtius includes him among a list of philosophers who left no writings.
He is probably not the same person as Bryson of Heraclea, the sophist and mathematician who seems to have lived in the time of Socrates. The Suda, in its entry on Socrates, may be confusing the two Brysons when it refers to Bryson of Heraclea:
   Bryson of Heraclea introduced eristic dialectic after Euclides, whereas Clinomachus augmented it, and whereas many came on account of it, it came to an end with Zeno of Citium, for he gave it the name Stoic, after its location, this having occurred in the 105th Olympiad; but some [say that] Bryson was a student not of Socrates but of Euclides
# Drengene fra Angora

Drengene fra Angora (English: The Boys from Angora) is a Danish television satirical comedy series. First airing in 2004, it has acquired cult status in its native Denmark. Among its more popular sketches are Team Easy On, Landmandssønnerne og far, and Spændende mennesker.
The actors were Esben Pretzmann, Rune Tolsgaard and Simon Kvamm.
In 2004 the group made the hit song "Jul i Angora".
"Angora" is a reference to the Turkish city of Ankara, one of whose historic names is "Angora."
# Immortals (Byzantine Empire)

The Immortals (Greek: Ἀθάνατοι, Athanatoi) were one of the elite tagmata military units of the Byzantine Empire, first raised during the late 10th century. The name derives from a- ("without") + thanatos ("death").

## History

The Athanatoi were a body of young men of noble status that was originally raised by John I Tzimiskes (r. 969-976) in 970 for his war with the Rus', where they played a decisive role in the battles before Preslav and during the Siege of Dorostolon. The unit was commanded by a domestikos, as with most of the other tagmata (the professional standing regiments), and on campaign camped near the imperial bodyguard, the Hetaireia. The contemporary historian Leo the Deacon describes the Athanatoi as heavily armoured shock cavalry, "sheathed in armour" or as "armed horsemen adorned with gold". Tzimiskes' unit was probably disbanded shortly after his death, since it does not appear again in the sources.
The name of the Athanatoi was revived under the Emperor Michael VII (r. 1071–1078), when his minister Nikephoritzes reorganised the army. This reconstruction was part of an effort to address a major military crisis for the Empire, following the disastrous defeat suffered by the Byzantines against the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuks had subsequently overrun most of Asia Minor, which had provided the main recruiting ground for the pre-Manzikert army. As part of the reorganisation process, the remnants of the provincial troops of the Eastern themata (military provinces) were brought together as the Immortals, providing a new element of the tagma. The new Immortals may have been cavalry, like the bulk of the old Byzantine field army, but this is not certain.
Contemporary documents seem to place the Athanatoi among other foreign contingents, but modern scholars usually consider the unit to have been composed of native Byzantines. A schematic diagram of the standard field camp layout of the Byzantine army in the late 10th century shows the Immortals as deployed by the Imperial tent, within an outer square of Thematic units.
The Byzantine historian Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger records that the Immortals numbered 10,000, but this is most likely an allusion to the old Persian Immortal Guard. The new unit fought under the future emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the Battle of Kalavrye (1078) against the rebel general Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, and are mentioned in the wars against the Pechenegs in the 1090s, but disappear thereafter, along with another contemporary creation, the Archontopouloi.

## In popular culture

In Walter Scott's novel Count Robert of Paris the Immortals appear as rivals to the Viking or Anglo-Saxon Varangian Guard for Imperial favour.
In Rise of The Tomb Raider (2015) the “Athanatoi” or “deathless ones” are armoured warriors who speak Greek and guard the fictional city of Kitezh.
# Cholera Basin

The Cholera basin (Finnish: Kolera-allas, Swedish: Kolerabassängen) is the established name for the western harbour basin in front of the Market Square in Helsinki, Finland.

## History

The harbour basins were built in the early 19th century. At that time, the Market Square area consisted of the muddy Kaupunginlahti bay. Its shores had many shore huts and small piers. Where the edge of the Market Square is now was the Eteläinen Rantakatu street.
As the city developed, the harbour needed a continuous pier. The shore was low, and this allowed the shoreline to be moved outwards by filling the shore. The work took years. For small steam ships, rowing and sailing ships, three basins were built. At the northwestern corner was built the so-called Fish basin (Kala-allas). In the city documents, the name of the basin was Stadfiskarens båthamn, meaning city fishers' boat harbour, Fiskarhamnen meaning fishers' harbour.
In 1893, Johannes Michelsson, a sailor from Nagu who had come to the herring market died of cholera on his ship. Later it was found out that the excrement and vomit of the sick man had been dumped into the harbour basin. As a safety precaution, the herring ships were towed away from the harbour, and guards were briefly posted at the shore, because it was feared that the citizens might start to use the contaminated water. After the incident, the colloquial name of the basin was established as Kolerabassängen - the Cholera basin.
In the 19th century, the water in the Fisher's harbour and in the entire Eteläsatama harbour was still contaminated by sewers. Rats infested the harbour. On the northern shore of Katajanokka, there was a sewage pier, also bringing dirt and stench. The products of outdoor toilets were loaded onto barges there, where they were taken to the countryside to be used as manure.
There were rumours in the city that in the night, the barges silently dump their cargo straight into the water. This was even claimed to be a stinking revolt against Governor General Nikolai Bobrikov's politics.

## Trivia

Saint Jacob is connected with a tradition of carrying a stone on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela and then throwing it away to symbolize absolution - this associates Jacob with stone-casting. Finnish tradition holds that on the name day of Jaakko (Jacob), July 25, "Jaakko throws a cold stone into the water". The swimming season peaks and waters begin to gradually cool. In order to celebrate this manifestly unscientific knowledge, the Finnish Unscientific Society (Epätieteellinen seura), a whimsical society with members mainly from the University of Helsinki, organizes an event where a chosen Jaakko throws a cold stone into the Cholera basin. Since 1995, various objects have been thrown into the basin, including an iron, a deep frozen rock, a cosmic meteorite, a wooden cobble stone, a lava rock from Etna, half of a runestone, a rock from the Volga river, "an egg of a mummy" (cooled by 180 degrees by transport 180 degrees west in longitude) and a blade sharpening stone. In 2017, the stone was taken from the basement of the Parliament House.
# Deh-e Qazi, Kerman

Deh-e Qazi (Persian: ده قاضي, also Romanized as Deh-e Qāẕī) is a village in Derakhtengan Rural District, in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 14 families.
# Terje Grøstad

Terje Grøstad (16 December 1925 – 10 July 2011) was a Norwegian painter. graphic artist and illustrator.

## Biography

He was born in Drammen in Buskerud and lived in Flatdal in Telemark from the 1950s. He attended the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry (1945) where he trained under Karl Høgberg. He was a student at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts under Per Krohg (1947–50). He made his debut in 1948 at the Larvik Kunstforening.
He painted altarpieces in churches including at Havøysund Church and Tana Church and at Brevik Church.
Books illustrated by him (using woodcut technique) include Aust or Markom (1968 edition of Sven Moren's book from 1909), Dølen (1971–1972 reprint of Aasmund O. Vinje's magazine originally issued from 1858 to 1870), Den fjerde nattevakt (1972 edition of Johan Falkberget's novel) and Vann av klippen (2007, Eyvind Skeie).
His work is owned by the National Gallery of Norway and the National Museum of Fine Arts of Sweden. He was awarded the King's Medal of Merit in gold in 1996. He died in 2011.
# Sedyakbash

Sedyakbash (Russian: Седякбаш; Bashkir: Сиҙәкбаш, Siźäkbaş) is a rural locality (a village) in Bizhbulyaksky Selsoviet, Bizhbulyaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 428 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Sedyakbash is located 14 km northwest of Bizhbulyak (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maly Sedyak is the nearest rural locality.
# Castillo de San José

The Castillo de San José (Castle of San José) is an historic fortress and art museum in Arrecife on the Canary Island of Lanzarote.

## History

Built between 1776 and 1779 the fort was constructed to provide a defensive stronghold in case of pirate attacks, and as a public works project to provide much needed employment during a time of famine and poverty on the island. It became commonly known as the Fortress of Hunger (Fortaleza del hambre). The famine was caused by a number of factors including periods of drought, and the earlier eruption of Timanfaya between 1730 and 1736, which devastated most of the productive agricultural areas on the island. Charles III of Spain, who was concerned for the plight of the islanders, ordered that the fortress be built.
Situated on a cliff above the Port of Naos, the D-shaped fort has semi-circular walls facing the sea. On the landward side, the rear wall is protected by two small turrets, with a moat crossed by a lifting drawbridge leading to the main gateway. The fortress is constructed of masonry and ashlar blocks of volcanic origin. The interior which is made up of barrel vaulted rooms was mainly used as a powder store.

## International Museum of Contemporary Art

In the 1970s the fortress was renovated and the interior redesigned by the artist César Manrique, who was born nearby, to house a museum of modern art. The museum opened to the public in 1976 as the International Museum of Contemporary Art (Spanish: Museo Internacional de Arte Contemporaneo, abbreviated as MIAC).
The exhibits are primarily from the period between 1950 and 1980, with a focus on various abstract art forms, such as modern sculpture, kinetic art, and geometric abstraction. The works are mainly by Spanish artists including Antoni Tàpies, Eusebio Sempere and the El Paso group, one section is also dedicated to the Canarian artist Pancho Lasso.
The courtyard is also used as a display space for outdoor sculptures and designs. Beneath the museum, the annexe of the fort was renovated and converted into a restaurant, the two connected by a spiral staircase. With curved floor to ceiling windows, the dining room has panoramic views overlooking the harbour and docks below.

## Gallery

* La semilla (Francisco Barón 1976)
* Cuadro 201 (Manuel Millares 1962)
* Géminis III (Amadeo Gabino 1975)
* Formas de silencio (Maria Belén Morales 1976)
* 'Blanco con agujero y madera de Sabina (Gustavo Torner 1963)
# Abu ol Qasemabad

Abu ol Qasemabad (Persian: ابوالقاسم اباد, also Romanized as Abū ol Qāsemābād) is a village in Dasht-e Zarrin Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 10 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Kushulevo

Kushulevo (Russian: Кушулево; Bashkir: Көшөл, Köşöl) is a rural locality (a selo) in Takarlikovsky Selsoviet, Dyurtyulinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 407 as of 2010. There are 15 streets.

## Geography

Kushulevo is located 7 km northwest of Dyurtyuli (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yuntiryak is the nearest rural locality.
# Metapa (Greece)

Metapa (Ancient Greek: ἡ Μέταπα) was a town in ancient Aetolia, situated on the northern shore of Lake Trichonis, at the entrance of a narrow defile, and 59stadia from Thermum. It was burnt by Philip V of Macedon, on his invasion of Aetolia, in 218 BCE, as he returned from the capture of Thermum.
Its site is located near the modern Analipsis.
# Gol Tappeh, Kermanshah

Gol Tappeh (Persian: گل تپه) is a village in Agahan Rural District, Kolyai District, Sonqor County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 12 families.
# Anastasios Voulgaris

Anastasios or Athanasios Voulgaris (Greek: Αναστάσιος, Αθανάσιος Βούλγαρης) was a Greek revolutionary of Bulgarian origin, from Piyanets, a hero of the Greek War of Independence. Anastasios Voulgaris died in 1839, leaving a widow, a daughter and a son, Leonidas Voulgaris.
# Boyanska reka

The Boyanska reka (Bulgarian: Боянска река, "Boyana river") is a river in western Bulgaria, a left tributary to the river Perlovska.
The river flows from the northern slopes of Cherni Vrah in Vitosha Mountain, crossing Torfeno Branishte Nature Reserve; at the northern foothills of Vitosha the river drops abruptly forming the Boyana waterfall and then crosses the village of Boyana (suburb of Sofia, from which the river takes its name) to flow through various neighborhoods of the capital Sofia, partially underneath the city, to finally flow into Perlovska river, near the National Palace of Culture, in the central part of Sofia.
* The upper course of Boyanska River flowing beneath a stone run on Vitosha Plateau
* The river at Boyana Waterfall
* This article related to a river in Bulgaria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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