OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paraw Kukherd

Paraw Kukherd (from Arabic: باراو كوخرد, in Persian: پاراو کوخرد is a water management system used.
The Paraw Kukherd Qanat structures and ruins are located in the Kukherd District (Persian: بخش كوخرد), in Hormozgan Province. They are under the administration of the city of kukherd In Bastak County.
The Paraw Kukherd are an archaeological site of Sassanid architecture.

## Technical features

Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the destination lower than the source, which is typically an upland aquifer. Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage and evaporation.

## Impact of qanats on settlement patterns

A typical town or city in Iran and elsewhere where the qanat is used has more than one qanat. Fields and gardens are located both over the qanats a short distance before they emerge from the ground and after the surface outlet. Water from the qanats defines both the social regions in the city and the layout of the city.
The water is freshest, cleanest, and coolest in the upper reaches and more prosperous people live at the outlet or immediately upstream of the outlet. When the qanat is still below grade, the water is drawn to the surface via water wells or animal driven Persian wells. Private subterranean reservoirs could supply houses and buildings for domestic use and garden irrigation as well. Further, air flow from the qanat is used to cool an underground summer room (shabestan) found in many older houses and buildings.
# Drake Stadium (UCLA)

Drake Stadium is an 11,700-capacity stadium in Los Angeles, California on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The home of the UCLA Bruins men's and women's track and field teams, it was built in 1969 and is named for UCLA track legend Elvin C. "Ducky" Drake, a student-athlete, track coach, and athletic trainer for over 60 years. Drake was also the home of the men's and women's soccer teams until 2017, when the nearby Wallis Annenberg Stadium opened.

## History

There was a proposal in 1965 to build a 44,000 seat "Multi-Purpose Stadium" on campus, for UCLA Bruins track meets and varsity football games, rather than the Bruins using the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for their home field. In both spring and fall 1965, UCLA students "voted by a two-to-one majority against the proposal to use fee funds to build a football stadium." Additionally, the proposal was opposed by influential area residents and politicians. By February 1966, UCLA had scaled back the project to the Drake Stadium configuration. Although the football stadium never became a reality, there have been scrimmage games in the stadium.
Drake Stadium has hosted the Pacific-10 (now Pac-12) Track and Field Championships, the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 1976-77-78, the Pacific-8 Championships in 1970 and 1977 and the CIF California State Meet for high schools in 1969-71-77. The facility hosted the first-ever California-Nevada Championships on April 30-May 1, 1994. It also has hosted other student events such as concerts and graduation ceremonies.
The track at Drake Stadium is named for gold medalist Rafer Johnson and his wife Betty. The field is named for UCLA alumnus Frank Marshall, a film producer.
On May 20, 1990, Randy Barnes set the world record of 23.12 m (75 ft 10 in) in the Shot Put in Drake Stadium. The record lasted over 31 years until it was beaten by Ryan Crouser in Eugene, Oregon. On May 27, 2023, Crouser improved upon his world record with a 23.56 m (77 ft 3+1⁄2 in) at the Los Angeles Grand Prix, returning the record to Drake Stadium.

## Notable athletes

* Carlos Bocanegra
* Ato Boldon
* Jonathan Bornstein
* Tom Bradley
* Lauren Cheney
* Danny Everett
* Benny Feilhaber
* Dawn Harper
* Joanna Hayes
* Monique Henderson
* Florence Griffith-Joyner
* Jackie Joyner-Kersee
* Meb Keflezighi
* Rafer Johnson
* Cobi Jones
* Steve Lewis
* Mike Powell
* Jackie Robinson
* Mike Tully
* C.K. Yang
* Kevin Young
* Marvell Wynne
# Sela pri Jugorju

Sela pri Jugorju (pronounced; German: Sela bei Jugorje) is a small settlement west of Jugorje in the Municipality of Metlika in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlet of Luža (German: Lacken).
# Shah Nazar-e Mirian

Shah Nazar-e Mirian (Persian: شاه نظر ميريان, also Romanized as Shāh Naẓar-e Mīrīān; also known as Shāhnaẓar-e Mīrīān) is a village in Kuhdasht-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 173, in 32 families.
# Alaiyadikkuthu

Alaiyadikkuthu (transl. The waves are hitting) is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language thriller film written and directed by Kalimuthu Arjunaraja and starring Sindhu Tolani, Naveen Dhanush and Akhil Kumar. It was released on 10 August 2005.

## Cast

* Sindhu Tolani as Brindha
* Naveen Dhanush
* Akhil Kumar
* Yugendran as R.G Madhu
* Anand
* Kazan Khan
* Vennira Aadai Moorthy
* Ghilli Sekhar
* Minnal Lakshmanan
* Neha Tolani
* Prabha Reddy
* Vijayan
* Rami Reddy
* Kovai Senthil

## Production

Sindhu Tolani turned down offers to star in Telugu films to work on Alaiyadikkuthu after being impressed by the story. Sindhu's sister, Neha Tolani, was also cast in a role, as was debutant Prabha Reddy. Naveen Dhanush and Aari Arujunan made their acting debuts in the film, with the latter appearing under the name of Akhil Kumar.
Prior to release, it was reported that the film was partially based on the Kanchi Shankaracharyas controversy. In June 2005, director K. Rajan chose to shelve his biopic of Sivakasi Jayalakshmi titled Niram Maraiya Rojakal starring Vindhya, after he felt it was quite similar to Alaiyadikkuthu.

## Soundtrack

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | Chee Chee Poda | Mahathi, Harish Raghavendra | Ilayakamban |
| 2 | Machi Machi | Tippu, Mahathi | Ilayakamban |
| 3 | Mela Paaru | Karthik, Grace Karunas | Ilayakamban |
| 4 | Mercury Baby | Srimathumitha | Pa. Vijay |
| 5 | Vaada Machan | Krishnaraj, Anuradha Sriram | Victor Dass |

## Reception

The film was released on 10 August 2005 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from Sify gave the film a negative review, adding that "Sindhu Tolani as the female crusader and vigilante is adequate though she has to improve in emotional scenes" and that the film "needed more sensitive treatment". A critic from NowRunning.com wrote "though the movie is realistic, relevant and to some extent revitalizing, it misses on a point that you do not feel or sympathize for the pains suffered by victims of lascivious men". A reviewer from BizHat noted the film was "screeching, hysterical and distasteful".
In September 2006, Kalimuthu Arjunaraja announced a follow-up venture titled Minnaladikkuthu (English: The lightning is hitting) starring Namitha in the lead role, with the same producers. However, the film eventually did not have a theatrical release.
# Méma

Méma is a region and former state in Mali, Africa, a key constituent kingdom in the Wagadou, Mali and Songhai Empires.

## Description

A plain of alluvial deposits, Méma is situated north of Massina, west of Lake Debo and the Inner Niger Delta, and southwest of the Lakes Region. The now-senescent basin may have been the first settlement area for communities who migrated from distressed homelands of the Sahara during the last two millennia BC.

## History

Méma was inhabited by 3800 BCE at the earliest by migrants from Azawad fleeing the drying Sahara. It was host to a large number of Stone Age villages, succeeded by hundreds of Iron Age cities, far pre-dating the settlement of Djenne-Jeno.
Historically, Méma was one of the smaller Soninke states, an important vassal or province of the Wagadou Empire. According to local legends it was founded by Biranin Tounkara, a slave or companion of Dinga, the legendary founder of Wagadou. Historian Dierk Lange has argued that Ghana, rather than being situated to the northwest of the Niger Delta, was in fact centered in the Méma area.
After Wagadou's collapse around the end of the 12th century, Méma was one of the most important Soninke successor states. It appears several times in the Epic of Sundiata. The Tunkara (king) of Mema shelters Sundiata when he flees the Manding region, then provides cavalry to help him overthrow Soumaoro Kante and establish the Mali Empire, within which Mema held a special, more autonomous status. In 1433 the kingdom regained its independence before falling to the Songhai Empire by the middle of the century.

## Archaeology
### Toladié

Toladié, which dates between at least 430 CE and 670 CE, is the largest occupation site (76 hectares) in Mema. As a primary center in the region, Toladié utilized smelted iron tools produced by the communities of Akumbu, Boubou, Boundou, Boulel, Kobadie, Kolima, and Nampala for purposes of tribute and trade with the Ghana Empire.

### Akumbu

At the Akumbu mound complex, in Mema, its archaeological findings date between 400 CE and 1400 CE; at the cultural deposit of AK3, which contained three human remains, the dates range between 400 CE and 600 CE. While two out of three human remains were in a fully decomposed state, one of the human remains were able to be determined to be a young adult (17–25 years old) female, who was buried with two copper bracelets - one on each wrist, 13 cowrie shells, 11 stone beads, and a fully intact pot.
# Corycus (Pamphylia)

Corycus (Ancient Greek: Κώρυκος, romanized: Korykos) was a Greek town in ancient Pamphylia, near Attaleia. Strabo mention that Attalus II Philadelphus, who had also founded the city of Attaleia, sent a colony to Corycus and surrounded it with a greater circuit-wall.
The location of the town has not been determined with certainty.
# Silvia Valdés

Silvia Patricia Valdés Quezada (born 1953) is a lawyer who served as the third female president of the Supreme Court of Justice and the judicial branch of Guatemala, from 2019 until 2023.

## Early life and education

Silvia Valdés is daughter of Héctor Augusto Valdés Díaz and Dora Estela Quezada. She has a Bachelor's degree in Social and Juridical Sciences with an Attorney and Notary degree, and two doctorates in law and justice administration from the Mariano Gálvez university. She also has Master degrees in societary and procedural law from several universities.

## Career

She started her career as a bailiff in 1976 and later became judge. She was head of a civil court in 2000 for 9 years and later president of a civil appeals court. She was reportedly backed by the private sector and official apparatus at the time of president of the republic Otto Pérez when she was first elected magistrate of the Supreme Court (CSJ) by the Guatemalan Congress for the period 2014–2019. In 2015 there was controversy after a judge assigned for her use an impounded luxury car that was reported stolen, something that was opposed by the prosecutor's office.

### Voided appointment, resignation, and extended presidency

Silvia Valdés was elected president of the Supreme Court of Justice on 26 September 2016, after Rafael Rojas ended his term. But in January 2017, the Constitutional Court of Guatemala voided her appointment of a year term because of improper procedure in the process. But given that Valdés was the first-magistrate, she was entitled to be interim president. Nery Medina was elected in her place for the top office on 9 February 2017.
On 13 June 2019—after her official term as magistrate expired—she tendered her resignation to Congress, which didn't accept it. On 13 October 2019, she was again appointed president of the Supreme Court by her peers at the same. By October 2022, the legislative body had not elected for three years magistrates for the new term, due to a series of irregularities and legal actions. Valdés and her peers continued in their positions in the Court, required by law. Although the Guatemalan Constitution provides for only a single 5-year period for the magistrates, the Constitutional Court had ruled that per Article 71 of the Law of the Judicial Organism (Spanish: Ley del Organismo Judicial), the bench needed to continue if no successors had yet been appointed.
In April 2022, the Constitutional Court stopped the possibility of investigating Valdés while in office for a corruption case. She was linked by a prosecutor's office (FECI) to a network who sought to peddle influence in the election of judicial officials.
The Department of State compiled a document known as the Engel List to point out controversial personalities in Guatemala. Valdés criticized it, stating that it violated the Guatemalan Constitution and that people are presumed innocent until found guilty in a court of law. She also said that it was an intrusion in Guatemalan internal affairs.
# Saint-Christophe-en-Bourbonnais

Saint-Christophe-en-Bourbonnais (French pronunciation:, lit. 'Saint-Christophe in Bourbonnais'; known as Saint-Christophe until 31 December 2022; Occitan: Sant Cristòu) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

## Geography

Saint-Christophe-en-Bourbonnais is surrounded by the communes of Billezois, Saint-Prix, Le Breuil, Isserpent, Molles, and Saint-Étienne-de-Vicq. Saint-Christophe-en-Bourbonnais lies about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Vichy.
The south of the commune is rolling hills and valleys, whereas the north is flatter and more favorable to agriculture. Le Mourgon, the principal stream of the commune is 18 km long and separates these two parts.

## Population

Its inhabitants are called Christophais.

## Sights

* Bruyères Reservoir, known for its fly fishing.
* Two 19th-century churches.
# Video Pinball (1980 video game)

Video Pinball is a video game programmed by Bob Smith and released by Atari, Inc. in 1980 for the Atari VCS (renamed to the Atari 2600 in 1982). The Sears rebranded version for its Tele-Games system is Arcade Pinball.

## Gameplay

Video Pinball is a loose simulation of an arcade pinball machine: ball launcher, flippers, bumpers, and spinners. Hitting the Atari logo on the playfield four times awards an extra ball.
Pulling down on the Atari joystick pulls the pinball machine plunger back while pressing the joystick button shoots the ball into the playfield. The left and right flippers are activated by moving the joystick controller left or right. The ball can be nudged (as in nudging a table gently in real life) by holding down the joystick button and moving the controller in a particular direction. Nudging too much results in a tilt, forcing the ball to drain.

## Development

Bob Smith applied to work for Atari at the end of the 1970s and was hired on the spot. Smith shared an office Brad Stewart who had worked on the Atari 2600 version of Asteroids. After a week in the office, Smith was offered a list of possible games to work on from his boss Dennis Koble and opted to work on Video Pinball. While he did play the original Video Pinball arcade game in Atari headquarters, he played the Superman pinball game by Atari for inspiration.
# FITALY

FITALY is a keyboard layout specifically optimized for stylus or touch-based input. The design places the most common letters closest to the centre to minimize distance travelled while entering a word. The name, FITALY, is derived from the letters occupying the second row in the layout (as QWERTY comes from the first row of standard keyboards).
In the first of several keyboards in the system, lowercase letters are arranged in the following pattern:
| z | v | c | h | w | k |
| f | i | t | a | l | y |
| | | n | e | | |
| g | d | o | r | s | b |
| q | j | u | m | p | x |
There are uppercase, numeric, and symbol keyboards as well, and various strokes (rather than taps) are used for both shifting case and selecting symbols. For details, see the manufacturer's site (below).
Fitaly was invented and patented by Jean Ichbiah and is commercialised by the company he founded, Textware Solutions.
The aim of the design is to optimise text entry by organising keys to minimise key-to-key finger movement, allowing faster input through one-finger entry (compared to ten digits required to type efficiently on QWERTY layout). As compared to the three-row QWERTY keyboard, FITALY has five rows with at most six letters in a row (as opposed to the ten on QWERTY).
Keys are arranged based on individual frequencies of letters in the English language, and the probability of transitions. The ten letters at the very centre (i, t, a, l, n, e, d, o, r, s) account for 73% of keystrokes in English; adding the four letters at top and bottom of the middle columns (c, h, u, m) brings this number to 84%. The user nearly always finds the next likely letter on a key very close to the one previously tapped.
Currently supported platforms are Pocket PC / Windows Mobile, and Windows Tablet PC. There was a version for the Palm. An Android version is under consideration, but Barry Shaffer had a DIY Android port. That port is impractical for inserting text anywhere but after the last character of a document.
# Cephalaria gigantea

Cephalaria gigantea (syn. Scabiosa gigantea), the giant scabious or yellow scabious, is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae. It is native to the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Turkey, but also cultivated as an ornamental.
This erect perennial has deciduous leaves, and pale yellow, ruffled flower heads in summer. The flowers resemble those of the closely related scabious plants. Growing to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), it may require staking in more exposed situations. It has a diploid chromosome number of 10 (2n = 10).
# Bazargulovo

Bazargulovo (Russian: Базаргулово; Bashkir: Баҙарғол, Baźarğol) is a rural locality (a village) in Uralsky Selsoviet, Uchalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 47 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Bazargulovo is located 32 km southwest of Uchaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rasulevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Kasakstan

Kasakstan (Persian: كسكستان, also Romanized as Kasaḵstān) is a village in Baqeran Rural District, in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 10 families.
# Great Partition

Great Partition (Swedish: storskiftet Finnish: isojako) was an agricultural land reform in Swedish Empire. It was a reform supported by the government with the purpose of shifting the land of the village communities, from the solskifte, where every farmer owned several pieces of land split about the village, to a new system, where every farmer owned a connected piece of farmland. The purpose was to increase profit. This was the greatest land reform in Swedish history.
The shift began in 1749 by the initiative of Jacob Faggot, and in 1757 a regulation was issued to given the reform a set organization. Initially, the request to start a reform of a peasant community demanded consensus, but in the regulation of 1757, a village could be shifted upon the request of only one farmer.
The reform greatly changed the rural life. According to the old rules, solskifte, the farmers of a village all had equal share in the land owned by the village collectively, and the land belonging to their farm were split around the area. This made the land belonging to each farm hard to access and work, as it was spread with long distances, but it also secured a greater social justice, as everyone had both bad and good land in their possession.
The result of the reform was that each farm possessed fewer but larger land parcels. This made the land easier to use, but also lessened the standard of living for those being allotted bad land.
The reform was slow, however, and new reform laws were introduced: the radical enskiftet of 1803-07 by initiative of Rutger Macklean signified the partition of the traditional villages in to separate farms, while the laga skiftet of 1827 was a more mild reform with better consideration for local necessities.
# Chelopech

Chelopech (Bulgarian: Челопеч) is a village in the western part of Bulgaria. It is the only village in the Chelopech Municipality, Sofia Province.

## Geographical outline

Chelopech is situated in the Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley enclosed between the Balkan Mountains to the north and Sredna Gora to the south. The major railroad connecting Sofia and Burgas passes through the village.

## History

The history of the village dates back to antiquity, which is proved by the remains, discovered on its territory - the "Ginova Mogila", "Gradishte", etc. The name of the village is first mentioned in a preserved Turkish document which dates back to the year 1430. It was designated an independent municipality on 15 August 1991.
Chelopech Hill on Trinity Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the village.

## Cultural and natural resources

The St. Nikolas the Wonderworker Church was built in 1835. The Municipality is in charge of the Murgana chalet, located at 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) above sea level at the foot of the Mourgana Peak in the Balkan Mountains.

## Demographics

According to December 2018, there are 1,526 people residing in Chelopech, most of whom ethnic Bulgarians (95%), followed by Romani people (4%).

### Religion

According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following:
Religious composition of Chelopech Municipality
Orthodox Christianity
86.2%
Catholicism
0.4%
Protestantism
1.4%
Islam
0.0%
No religion
9.2%
Prefer not to answer, others and indefinable
2.8% :
An overwhelming majority of the population of Chelopech Municipality identify themselves as Christians. At the 2011 census, 86.2% of respondents identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.

## Industry

Copper mining is the main branch of the local producing structure. Chelopech is the biggest and richest copper-gold-pyrites deposit in Europe, which is one of the reasons for the stable economic situation in the region.

## Gallery

* Chelopech
* St Nikolay Church
* The inscription above the church door
* A monument to the fallen in the wars
* The chitalishte.