OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hendi, Iran

Hendi (Persian: هندي, also Romanized as Hendī; also known as Ḩoseynābād-e Hendī) is a village in Doab Rural District, in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 466, in 93 families.
# Landvik Church

Landvik Church (Norwegian: Landvik kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Grimstad Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is just south of the village of Roresand in the Landvik area. It is the church for the Grimstad parish which is part of the Vest-Nedenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1824 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 400 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1378, but the first church was likely built during the 12th century. That first church was a stone church and it was the main church for the Hommedal parish, so the church was sometimes called Hommedal church. The old church had a rectangular nave and narrower, rectangular chancel on the east end. In 1660, a tower and entryway was constructed on the west end of the building. In 1723, the church was sold into private ownership to help the King pay off war debts. In 1730, the new owner constructed a sacristy on the east end of the building. In 1761, a group of 60 local farmers purchased the church from the private owner and gave the ownership of the church to the parish. In 1795, the shape of the tower was reconstructed so that it was described as tall and slender.
In 1814, this church served as an election church (Norwegian: valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.
Over time, the old stone church became too small for the parish, so in 1823 it was torn down. Some of the old stones were re-used in the construction of the new wooden church which was built in 1824 on the same site. Some local traditions say that the entry porch of the current church was reused from the old stone church, but that is not proven. The newly constructed building was consecrated on 17 July 1825.
In the 1890s, the interior was transformed into a Neo-Gothic style with colors in brown and beige, but in 1955 the church underwent an extensive restoration with a return to the original style.
In 2000, a small addition was built on the northern cross arm which included a baptismal sacristy and in 2001 a bathroom was added. In 2014, a new pipe organ was purchased and installed in the balcony above the altar instead of in the back balcony where the previous organ was located. In 2017, the tower was restored.

### Cemetery

The church has a graveyard located in the yard surrounding the church. This graveyard has been expanded several times over the years. In 1898, another graveyard was built about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away in the nearby village of Roresand because the old cemetery was running out of room.
# Izvor, Burgas Province

Izvor (Bulgarian: Извор) is a village in Burgas Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria. It is known for the long stay of Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski during the preparation of an uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
After a referendum in 2011 Izvor became part of Burgas Municipality.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the village has 541 inhabitants, down from 1,544 in 1946. Nearly all inhabitants are ethnic Bulgarians. There are also a few Roma people living in the village of Izvor.
As of 2022 census, the village has 605 inhabitants.
# Stříbrná

Stříbrná (German: Silberbach) is a municipality and village in Sokolov District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

## History

The first written mention of Stříbrná is from 1601.
# Pervomaysky, Pervomaysky District, Tambov Oblast

Pervomaysky (Russian: Первомайский) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Pervomaysky District of Tambov Oblast, Russia. Population: 12,654 (2010 Census); 13,748 (2002 Census); 13,767 (1989 Soviet census).
# Motaz Okasha

Pellah Al Motaz Okasha (born 14 February 1990) is an Egyptian basketball player for Gezira of the Egyptian Basketball Premier League.
He represented Egypt's national basketball team at the 2017 Arab Nations Basketball Championship, where he recorded most minutes, assists and steals for his team and helped secure the gold medal.
# Marchena (surname)

Marchena is a surname of Spanish origin with Mozarabic influence and may refer to:
* Adriana Marchena (born 1956), Venezuelan runner
* Carlos Marchena (born 1979), Spanish footballer
* Héctor Marchena (born 1965), Costa Rican footballer
* José Marchena Ruiz de Cueto (1768–1821), Spanish author
* Manuel Marchena (born 1959), Spanish supreme court judge
* Pepe Marchena, Spanish flamenco singer José Tejada Marín (1903–1976)
# Spanish Courts for Violence against Women

The Courts for Violence Against Women (Spanish: Juzgados de Violencia Sobre la Mujer) are Specialised criminal courtrooms associated to the Inquiry Courts, established by the Organic Law 1/2004 of Comprehensive Protection Measures against Violence against women. Extraordinarily these courts also have powers in the civil jurisdiction acting as Courts of First Instance and Inquiry. They are associated to the Judicial District, even though one court can be created to cover the area of two or more districts.

## Powers

The Courts for Violence Against Women have the power to inquire on the following crimes:
* Homicide (manslaughter or murder), abortion, battery, harm to the fetus, crimes against freedom, crimes against moral integrity, sexual crimes or any other crime committed by the present or past spouse or significant other, independently or living together, as well as against minor and unable that are under the legal custody or care of the offender.
* On crimes against family obligations when the victim is one of the mentioned before
To rule on misdemeanor cases when the victim is one of the before mentioned.
They establish any legal measures necessary to protect the victims. In the Civil jurisdiction, and as long the process is due to the initiation of a criminal process in these courts, the courts have the power to know in the business related to family law.

## Staff

Staff associated with this Court are given special training in relation to gender violence due to the trauma suffered by victims, and the existence of emotional links with the offender. Additionally, the Courts are usually assisted by psychologists and social assistants.

## Criticism and support

The creation of this court, founded and strongly supported by Women's institutions, has generated quite a range of criticism within Spanish society.
A non-binding legal report by the General Council of the Judiciary (CGPJ), considered that the law on which the court is based violated the principle of equality as established in the Constitution. Many associations, like the Conservative the Professional Association of Magistrates (APM) or divorced fathers groups are opposed to the courts. As to March 2008, over 200 Spanish Judges have challenged the constitutionality of the law at the Constitutional Court via the constitutionality question procedure.
The law was founded and has extensive support of feminist organizations and specialised jurists, that believe it to be a necessary step in their goal of "eradicating" gender violence against women in Spain, however official figures from the National Institute of Statistics show that deaths have steadily increased since the start of the campaign.
In May 2008 the Constitutional Court ruled the constitutionality of the Organic Law for the Prevention of Violence Against Women, discarding any legal criticism of the law.
In 2019, a conservative Catholic Spanish group launched a bus campaign against 'Feminazis' with an image of lipstick-wearing Hitler, as a protest against sexist laws on domestic violence, demanding that laws are made gender-neutral.
# Francis Wollaston (astronomer)

Francis Wollaston (23 November 1731 in London – 31 October 1815) was a British astronomer and Church of England priest. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1769.

## Life

Wollaston was the son of Francis Wollaston (1694–1774) and his wife Mary Fauquier. He was educated privately and at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1754. Though admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1750, Wollaston was never called to the bar, but became a clergyman. Ordained deacon in 1754 and priest in 1755, he became Rector of Dengie in 1758. From 1761 to 1769 he was Rector and Vicar of East Dereham, and from 1769 to 1815 Rector of Chislehurst.
Wollaston wrote a rare privately printed autobiography The Secret History of a Private Man. In it, he explains that his pursuit of astronomy was intended to separate him at a "distance from the misrepresentations of narrow minded biggots." He had a private observatory with a triplet telescope by Peter Dollond. He was buried at Chislehurst.
He achieved some distinction as an astronomer, becoming a member of the Royal Society in 1769 and later serving on its council. He also produced a catalogue of stars and nebulae in 1789, which was used by many including his friend William Herschel.

## Beliefs

Wollaston was suspected of unorthodox beliefs, perhaps Unitarianism, a denial of the Trinity. His actual belief, which he kept secret, was much more distinctive. It was that "the Archangel Michael had created mankind and was subsequently incarnated as Jesus".

## Family

He married Althea Hyde, daughter of John Hyde, in 1758 and they had many children:
* Mary Hyde Wollaston (1760–1843), married, in 1803, William Panchen, vicar of St Mary and St Benedict, Huntingdon
* Althea Hyde Wollaston (1760–1785), married Thomas Heberden (1754–1843), a priest and canon of Exeter Cathedral
* Francis John Hyde Wollaston (1762–1823), philosopher
* Charlotte Hyde Wollaston (1763–1835)
* Katherine Hyde Wollaston (1764–1844), conchologist
* George Hyde Wollaston (1765–1841)
* William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828), physiologist, chemist, and physicist
* Henrietta Hyde Wollaston (1767–1840)
* Anna Hyde Wollaston (1769–1828), unmarried
* Frederick Hyde Wollaston (1770–1839?; went to America in 1796)
* Louisa Hyde Wollaston (1771–1772)
* Charles Hyde Wollaston (1772–1850)
* Henry Hyde Wollaston (1774), died in infancy
* Amelia Hyde Wollaston (1775–1860)
* Henry Septimus Hyde Wollaston (1776–1867), married Maria Anna Blanckenhagen, the daughter of a well-known merchant family originating from the Baltic.
* Sophia Hyde Wollaston (1777–1810), unmarried
* Louisa Decima Hyde Wollaston (1778–1854), married James Leonard Jackson, a priest from Dorsetshire
* unknown child
* unknown child
# Tazlarovo

Tazlarovo (Russian: Тазларово; Bashkir: Таҙлар, Taźlar) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Tazlarovsky Selsoviet, Zianchurinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,119 as of 2010. There are 25 streets.

## Geography

Tazlarovo is located 9 km southeast of Isyangulovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ivanovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Varus

Varus may refer to:
* Var River or Varus, a river in France
* Stura di Lanzo or Varus, a river in Italy
* Varus deformity, a medical term for the inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint
** Coxa vara, affecting the hip
** Genu varum, affecting the knee
** Hallux varus, affecting the big toe
** Cubitus varus, affecting the elbow
** Club foot (talipes equinovarus), affecting the heel

## People with the name

* Publius Attius Varus (died 45 BC), Roman governor of Africa
* Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC–AD 9), politician and general of the Roman Empire
* Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger (c. AD 1–27), son of Publius Quinctilius Varus
* Marcus Plancius Varus (1st century AD), politician of the Roman Empire
* Gaius Plancius Varus (1st–2nd century AD), son of Marcus Plancius Varus and politician of the Roman Empire
* Titus Clodius Vibius Varus, Roman consul, 160 AD
* Titus Vibius Varus, Roman consul, 134 AD
* Titus Vibius Varus, Roman suffect consul, 115 AD
* Alfenus Varus, 1st-century Roman jurist and possible consul
* Saint Varus (died c. AD 307), early Christian martyr, soldier from Egypt
* Varus of Laodicea (Ancient Greek: Οὔαρος), a Greek sophist
# Chana Schneerson

Chana Schneerson (née Yanovsky; 1880–1964) was the wife of Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, a Chabad Hasidic rabbi in Yekatrinoslav, Ukraine and the mother of the seventh Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.
Chana Schneerson's great grandfather was Abraham David Lavut, a composer of Jewish literature upon which Chabadic prayer books are based (including the Siddur Im Dach).

## Early life

She was born Chana Yanovsky in 1880, on the 28th of Tevet in the city of Nikolayev (now Mykolaiv, Ukraine) to Rabbi Meir Shlomo Yanovsky and Rachel Yanovsky. She was the eldest of four children, having two sisters, Gittel and Ettel, and a younger brother, Yisrael Leib, who died in his youth. Rabbi Meir Shlomo was the chief rabbi of Nikolayev.
As a teenager, she was educated by her father, and when a maamar would arrive from Lubavitch, she would meticulously and faithfully transcribe it, making it available for other Chasidim.

### Marriage to Levi Yitzchak

In 1900, she married Levi Yitzchak, a great-great-grandson of the third Rebbe of Lubavitch, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, also known as the Tzemach Tzedek. The wedding took place on the 13th of Sivan, in Nikolayev. The couple produced three sons, Menachem Mendel, Dov-Ber, and Yisroel Aryeh Leib. Their eldest son, Menachem Mendel, was later to become the seventh Rebbe of Lubavitch.
Levi Yitzchak was arrested in 1939, and exiled in 1940 for his religious practice. Schneerson joined him in exile. Levi Yitzchak died in 1944.

### Later years

Widowed, Schneerson left the Soviet Union in 1947. She transported Levi Yitzchak's religious writings, considered illegal contraband under the communist soviet regime, focused around the Kabbalah, upon moving. That year she went to Paris, France, where she met with her son, Menachem Mendel. They both immigrated to the United States, and lived in Brooklyn, New York.
She held extensive interviews with journalist Nissan Gordon, which have been published in Di Yiddishe Heim.
She died on September 12, 1964 (6 Tishrei 5725).
In 2002, her memoirs, which she penned during the years 1947 until 1963, were published by the Kehot Publication Society.
# John Thomas Underwood

John Thomas Underwood (April 12, 1857, in London, England – July 2, 1937, in Osterville, Massachusetts) was an American entrepreneur and investor who founded the Underwood Typewriter Company.

## Biography

He was the elder brother of missionary Horace Grant Underwood and helped finance Horace's missionary work.
John and his two sisters, Hannah Underwood Stephens and Helen Underwood Conard, and his brothers, the Rev. Dr. Horace Grant Underwood and Frederick Wills Underwood, were all born in London. Their father, John Underwood (son of Thomas Underwood), operated an ink business in England and then moved to New Jersey. John met the engineer Franz Wagner, who had patented the H. L. Wagner Typewriting Machine. John subsequently bought the company, and founded the Underwood Typewriting Co. He set the office up in Manhattan and moved to Brooklyn where he and his wife, Grace, and their daughter, Gladys, lived at 336 Washington Avenue. He supported his brother Horace, who was one of the early Protestant missionaries to Korea, starting in 1885. John was active in Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn. This was where the Rev. Dr. Frank L. Gosnell was assigned for student ministry while attending Union Theological Seminary in NY and met Helen Evelyn Conard.
Underwood became a successful entrepreneur. His typewriters were even used at the Imperial Court in Vienna. He was made an official Purveyor to the Imperial and Royal Court by emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
Underwood died in "Blink Bonnie", his summer home in Wianno, MA, on Cape Cod, and is buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. The site of Underwood's mansion in Clinton Hill was donated by his widow and daughter to the borough of Brooklyn as a public park, named in his honor.
# Pihlajavesi railway station

The Pihlajavesi railway station (Finnish: Pihlajaveden rautatieasema, Swedish: Pihlajavesi järnvägsstation) is located in the town of Keuruu, Finland (formerly the municipality of Pihlajavesi), in the village of Pihlajavesi. It is located along the Haapamäki–Seinäjoki railway, and its neighboring stations are Haapamäki in the south and Myllymäki in the north.

## History

During the building of the Tampere–Vaasa railway, the municipal authorities of Pihlajavesi made an appeal to the Railway Administration for the opening of a station in its territory. It cited the long distance between the stations of Keuruu – contemporarily known as Haapamäki – and Ähtäri, and estate owner Isak Valkeajärvi pledged to donate the land required free of charge. On 28 December 1880, the decision to build a road from the Pihlajavesi church to the future station was made. The project of building a bridge over river Koipijoki proved controversial among the estate owners of the municipality. Pihlajavesi became one of the original stations of the railway, being opened on 29 September 1883 as a pysäkki (a station of lower significance, translating to "stop").

### List of stationmasters

The following people served as the stationmasters at Pihlajavesi in 1887–1970:
* Johan Alfred Holm (1887–1888)
* Karl Alfred Hjelt (1893–1895)
* Johan Ulrik Nörlund (1895–1909)
* Oskar Alarik Gröndahl (1909–1926)
* Väinö Gustaf Nikolainen (1928–1929)
* Edvard Alarik Lybeck (1929–1930)
* Väinö Verneri Louhivaara (1930–1937)
* Hugo Henrik Puusaari (1937–1952)
* Bruuno Vilhelm Helminen (1952–1966)
* Matti Aatami Ravantti (1967–1970)

## Architecture

The station building in Pihlajavesi was constructed according to the stock blueprints for the smaller pysäkki stations on the Tampere–Vaasa railway in 1881–1883. After its promotion to a class V station in 1888, it was expanded according to plans from Bruno Granholm in 1902. Some of the finer details of the design have been simplified and the doors changed since then, though the design is still reflective of its state in 1902. The station building suffered a fire in the 1980s, which prompted the construction and use of a temporary "shipping container" building until the original station was repaired.

## Services

VR Group operates two daily regional train services in each direction on the route Jyväskylä–Seinäjoki, all of which call in Pihlajavesi. These services are operated with Dm12 railbuses. The station does not have ticketings services nor a VR ticket vending machine, though it does have 55 centimetres (22 in) high platforms. The station building is not open for use by passengers.
# Marquess of Casa Fuerte

Marquess of Casa Fuerte (Spanish: Marqués de Casa Fuerte) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain granted in 1708 by Philip V to Juan de Acuña on his merits as Captain General of the Royal Armies. Acuña later became the 37th viceroy of New Spain, between 1722 and 1734.

## Marquesses of Casa Fuerte (1708)

* Juan de Acuña y Bejarano, 1st Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Joaquín José de Acuña y Figueroa, 2nd Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Juan Manuel de Acuña y Vázquez-Coronado, 3rd Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Francisco Xavier de Acuña y Prado, 4th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Joaquín de Acuña y Prado, 5th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Antonio María de Acuña y Fernández-Miranda, 6th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Manuel Lorenzo de Acuña y Fernández-Miranda, 7th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Manuel Antonio de Acuña y Dewitte, 8th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* María del Carmen Lucía de Acuña y Dewitte, 9th Marchioness of Casa Fuerte
* Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Acuña, 10th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Illán Álvarez de Toledo y Lèfebvre, 11th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Alonso de Heredia y del Rivero, 12th Marquess of Casa Fuerte & 14th Marquess of Bedmar
* Julio Heredia y Halcón, 13th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Juan Illán Álvarez de Toledo y Giraud, 14th Marquess of Casa Fuerte
* Cayetana Álvarez de Toledo y Peralta-Ramos, 15th Marchioness of Casa Fuerte
# Theodore Kastamonites

Theodore Kastamonites (Greek: Θεόδωρος Κασταμονίτης) was a Byzantine aristocrat and the all-powerful chief minister for most of the first reign of his nephew, Emperor Isaac II Angelos.

## Life

The Kastamonites family probably hailed from Kastamon in Paphlagonia, and had emerged in the late 11th century as one of the Byzantine Empire's aristocratic clans, its members holding various civil and military offices under the Komnenian emperors. Theodore was the brother of Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa, wife of Andronikos Doukas Angelos and mother of the emperors Isaac II Angelos (r. 1185–1195, 1203–1204) and Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203).
When Isaac II ascended the throne, he was unable to rely on the support of the restive and ambitious noble families, and turned to the bureaucracy for support. Immediately after his accession, Isaac II placed his uncle in charge of the financial administration.
Although suffering from gout so that he had to be carried about in a litter, according to his contemporary Niketas Choniates, Kastamonites was a capable official, particularly in taxation matters—the Pisan and Genoese merchants in particular complained that he always exacted full customs duties from them—and an eloquent speaker. As a result, Isaac soon promoted him to logothetes ton sekreton, putting him in charge of supervising all the civilian departments. Indeed, Kastamonites became the de facto ruler of the empire, as he handled all government affairs, and his nephew always acceded to his requests. Officials and nobles alike had to stand in his presence and show him deference. His position was so exalted that Isaac allowed him to use imperial attributes, such as the purple military cloak and a purple saddle cover, or signing with the special purple ink reserved for the emperor. He was the first official to be called megas logothetes ("Grand Logothete"), in a chrysobull granted to the Genoese by Isaac II in 1192, a title which soon replaced that of logothetes ton sekreton.
Nevertheless, on 15 August 1193, during the procession of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Kastamonites was hailed by the crowd as lord and emperor; hearing that, he was stricken by apoplexy, and although he briefly recovered, he died a few days later. He was succeeded as chief minister of the Empire by Constantine Mesopotamites.
# Talkheh Char

Talkheh Char (Persian: تلخه چار, also Romanized as Talkheh Chār; also known as Talkh Chāh) is a village in Bezenjan Rural District, in the Central District of Baft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 20 families.
# Varskhowran

Varskhvaran (Persian: ورسخوران, also Romanized as Varskhvārān, Varakshvārān, Varaskhvāran, and Vereskeh Vārān) is a village in Doboluk Rural District, Arjomand District, Firuzkuh County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 463, in 141 families.