OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Democratic Party (Spain)

The Democratic Party (Spanish: Partido Democrático), more formally known as the Democratic Progressive Party, was a Spanish political party in the reign of Isabella II (reigned 1833–1868). It was a clandestine organisation except during the Progressive Biennium (1854–1856).
In the 1840s, the parliamentary conservatives of the Moderate Party were in power, to the exclusion of the liberals of the centre-left Progressive Party. The Progressive Party's left-wing grew increasingly critical of the Isabelline Monarchy's political regime, feeling the parliamentary system to be stacked against them. They began to demand a root-and-branch institutional reform, particularly the replacement of electoral property requirements with universal manhood suffrage, and the replacement of the sovereignty of the monarch with the principle of popular national sovereignty.
In this climate the Revolutions of 1848 broke out across Europe, and the Radical wing of the Progressive Party was particularly impressed by the revolution in France that brought about the Second Republic. These examples pushed the Progressives' left-wing to adopt more hardline political demands incompatible with the existing constitutional monarchy, such as republicanism.
In 1849, the left-wing of the progressives broke off to form the Democratic Progressive Party, which they considered to be the true heir to Spain's radical and Jacobin liberal tradition. The new party represented an alliance of radical liberals (see Radicalism) and moderate socialists (see utopian socialism). Led by Francisco Pi y Margall and Cristino Martos, the Democrats called for an end to the conservative parliamentary monarchy of Queen Isabella, and the full application of the Constitution of 1812.
Members of the Democratic Party were involved in a number of attempted insurrections in the 1850s and 1860s, most notably with the Loja Uprising in 1861.
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, which deposed Queen Isabella, the party disintegrated due to conflicts between its different factions.
* The cimbrios faction accepted the replacement of the conservative parliamentary monarchy of Isabel II with a more ceremonial monarchy under Amadeo I; known as the cimbrios, they merged with the Radical Democratic Party of Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla.
* The federalist faction, led by party leader Pi i Margall, rejected the monarchy entirely, calling for a democratic republic. They sought cooperation with incipient Spanish labour movement and the Catalan independentists, and went on to form the Federal Republican Party.
# Rheus Agathopus

Rheus Agathopus or Rheius Agathopus was a companion of Ignatius of Antioch and a second century deacon in Syria. He was mentioned along with Philo of Cilicia in two of his epistles, in the epistle to the Smyrneans and Philadelphians. Rheus Agathopus and Philo of Cilicia accompanied Ignatius on his journey to Rome, and the book Martyrium Ignatii has been attributed to him, along with Philo of Cilicia, though even scholars who believe it is authentic often believe that it has been likely largely interpolated. Rheus Agathopus joined Ignatius in Troas.
# Markus Fuchs (equestrian)

Markus Fuchs (born 23 June 1955 in Abtwil, Switzerland) is a Swiss show jumper who competed at five Olympics between 1988 and 2004. He was part of the Swiss team that won silver at the 2000 Olympics.
He is, jointly with shooter Gabriele Bühlmann, the seventh Swiss sportsperson to compete at five Olympics, after middle-distance runner Paul Martin, equestrians Henri Chammartin and Gustav Fischer, javelin thrower Urs von Wartburg, equestrian Christine Stückelberger, and Alpine skier Paul Accola.
At the European Show Jumping Championships, he came second in the individual event in 1999 on Tinka's Boy. He was also part of the Swiss teams that won gold in 1995, silver in 1999 and 2005, and bronze in 1987, 1989, 1991, and 2003.
Despite being favorites for the 2004 Olympics, Fuchs and Tinka's Boy came in 46th individually. Fuchs was recovering from a thigh injury at the time. He later said, “At Athens I got five years older”.
In 2008, despite ranking third in the global FEI world rankings, Fuchs declined joining the Swiss show jumping team squad for what would have been his sixth Olympic games appearance. The next year, Fuchs announced his retirement from competition on June 6, 2009. He became the coach of the Italian national team, which won a silver medal that same year in the European Show Jumping Championships (2009 Windsor).
In 2024, he was named as the coach of the Swiss show jumping team for the 2024 Paris Olympic Games after the passing of their current coach, Lesley McNaught.
# Bidasoaldea

Bidasoaldea (Basque: Bidasoaldea, Spanish: Bajo Bidasoa) is one of the eight eskualdeak or comarcas of Gipuzkoa, Basque Autonomous Community, corresponding to the basin of the lower Bidasoa extending in Gipuzkoan soil and named after the river, in Spain. The region comprises two municipalities, i.e. Hondarribia and Irun. This is the most easterly land strip of Gipuzkoa, bordering on the east with the region of Labourd (France), on the south with the Bortziriak (Navarre), on the west with Oarsoaldea and on the north with the Bay of Biscay.
# University of Santiago de Cuba

The University of Oriente - Santiago de Cuba (Spanish: Universidad de Oriente - Santiago de Cuba, UO) is a university located in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. It was founded in 1947 and is organized in 12 Faculties.

## Organization

These are the 12 faculties in which the university is divided into:
* Faculty of Social Sciences
* Faculty of Humanities
* Faculty of Law
* Faculty of Economics and Management
* Faculty of Natural Sciences
* Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
* Faculty of Distance Education
* Faculty of Chemical Engineering
* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
* Faculty of Electrical Engineering
* Faculty of Construction
* Faculty of Medicine
# Agios Georgios Tymfristou

Agios Georgios Tymfristou (Greek: Άγιος Γεώργιος Τυμφρηστού) is a village and a former municipality in Phthiotis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Makrakomi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 157.064 km$^2$. Population 1,865 (2021).
# NGC 4203

NGC 4203 is the New General Catalogue identifier for a lenticular galaxy in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It was discovered on March 20, 1787 by English astronomer William Herschel, and is situated 5.5° to the northwest of the 4th magnitude star Gamma Comae Berenices and can be viewed with a small telescope. The morphological classification of NGC 4203 is SAB0−, indicating that it has a lenticular form with tightly wound spiral arms and a weak bar structure at the nucleus.
This galaxy has a fairly large reservoir of neutral hydrogen containing on the order of a billion solar masses (M$_☉$), but it is only undergoing a low rate of new star formation. Hence, the inner star formation of the galaxy is fairly old; roughly ten billion years on average. The neutral hydrogen is arranged in two ring-like structures, with the outer ring having nine times the mass of the inner. In the central region there is around 2.5×10$^7$ M$_☉$ of molecular hydrogen, plus dust structures within 980 ly (300 pc) of the nucleus. The gas in the outer disk may have been accreted from the inter-galactic medium, or captured during a close encounter with a dwarf galaxy.
The nucleus of the galaxy contains a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region of type 1.9. This is being generated by a supermassive black hole of an estimated (6±1)×10$^7$ M$_☉$. An influx of gas of around 2×10$^{−2}$ M$_☉$/yr is sufficient to explain the measured X-ray luminosity. The time-varying emissions from the region are perhaps best explained by an infalling red supergiant star that is losing mass to the black hole along a contrail.
NGC 4203 is a member of the Coma I Group which is part of the Virgo Supercluster.
# Bani Awf

Bani Awf (Arabic: بني عوف) is a sub-district located in Al Madan District, 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. Bani Awf had a population of 5968 according to the 2004 census.
# Wu Kuo-an

Wu Kuo-an (Chinese: 吳國安) is a Taiwanese politician.
He was chief secretary of the Public Construction Commission prior to accepting an appointment as deputy minister of the body in February 2012. Wu was succeeded as deputy minister by Chen Chwen-jing in May 2012.
# Cambodian Para-Commando Battalion

The Cambodian Para-Commando Battalion (French: Bataillon de Commandos Parachutistes – BCP) was one of the main elite military units of the Cambodian Army (French: Armée Nationale Khmère – ANK), part of the Khmer National Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Nationales Khmères – FANK), which fought in the final phase of the Cambodian Civil War of 1970-75.

## Origins

The BCP had its origins in a 60-man contingent sent by the ANK Command in March 1972 to Indonesia to attend the Para-Commando course at the Batujajar Airborne Commando School, near Bandung in West Java. A significant number of the contingent was made of recruits drawn from the Muslim Cham ethnic minority of Cambodia. After a nine-month course conducted by Indonesian Kopassandha instructors, the contingent returned to Phnom Penh in November 1972. Upon their return, however, two dozen of its members were posted to the ANK's 5th Infantry Brigade, a predominantly Muslim formation; the remaining 36 Cham graduates were assigned to a ceremonial unit allocated in the Cambodian Capital until 1974.
The commando courses obtained from Indonesia included abseiling, anti-armoured tactics, bomb disposal, climbing in different situations using ropes, combat and patrolling techniques in urban areas, counter-ambushes, demolition, exfil, fast tactical shooting, forward observer, hand-to-hand combat, hit-and-run tactics, infiltrate the area with a helicopter, jungle warfare, living off the jungle and mountain, marksmanship, mountain warfare, parachuting, parachute packing and problem solving, radio communications, raiding tactics, reconnaissance in urban areas, reconnaissance tactics, small unit tactics, tactical emergency medical, tracking tactics, techniques use explosives, techniques use light and heavy weapons, use a map and compass, unconventional tactics, and other skills related to special operations.

## Operations

They were then used as the cadre for the BCP and in March 1975, loosely under assignment to the Khmer Special Forces, the Para-Commandos were sent to man the defensive perimeter north-west of Phnom Penh.
# Tarek El-Sayed

Tarek El Sayed (Arabic: طارق السيد; born 9 October 1978) is a retired Egyptian football player who played for El Zamalek for most of his football career. He also played for Itesalat, and he played for Tersana in the Egyptian Second Division and retired after one season.
El Sayed made several appearances for the Egypt national football team, including nine qualifying matches for various FIFA World Cups.

## Career
### Zamalek

El Sayed played with El Zamalek for 13 seasons during which he dominated the left wing position. At the end of 2007-2008 season and after winning the Egyptian cup, El Zamalek did not include either Tarek or his teammate Besheer El-Tabei in the new season's team roster, and so both were free agents.

### Itesalat

Shocked to be abandoned by his former team, he moved to Itesalat. He stayed at Itesalat for only half a season and scored 2 goals.

### Tersana

In January 2009, El Sayed agreed to move to Tersana to help the team avoid relegation to the second division. El Sayed scored 2 goals for Tersana by the end of that season, but the club was eventually relegated. El Sayed announced that he would transfer to another team; however, when his transfer to either El Geish or El-Entag El-Harby did not materialize, he decided to retire.
In 2009, Tersana manager Yehia El Sayed convinced Tarek El Sayed to return to football and to lead Tersana in the Egyptian Second Division.

## Career statistics
### International goals

    Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 17 March 2003 | Port Said Stadium, Port Said, Egypt | Qatar | 4–0 | 6–0 | Friendly |
| 2. | 15 December 2003 | Bahrain National Stadium, Manama, Bahrain | Kenya | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2003 Bahrain Prime Minister's Cup |
| 3. | 5 September 2004 | Arab Contractors Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | Cameroon | 3–0 | 3–2 | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 4. | 5 June 2005 | Arab Contractors Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | Sudan | 6–1 | 6–1 | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |

## Honours

Zamalek
* Egyptian Premier League: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04
* Egypt Cup: 1999, 2002, 2008
* Egyptian Super Cup: 2001, 2002
* African Cup Winners' Cup: 2000
* CAF Champions League: 2002
* CAF Super Cup: 2003
* Afro-Asian Club Championship: 1997
* Arab Champions League: 2003
* Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup: 2003
Egypt
* African Cup of Nations: 2006, 2008
# Cheshmeh Qareh

Cheshmeh Qareh (Persian: چشمه قره) is a village in Bavaleh Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 22 families.
# Chmeľnica

Chmeľnica (German: Hopgarten; Hungarian: Komlóskert; Rusyn: Хмельніця; Polish: Chmielnica) is a village and municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia. The village is traditionally inhabited by Carpathian Germans. It is also famous for music producer SIIK.

## History

The village was established in 1315 by German settlers. Another 40 families of ethnic Germans from Silesia arrived here in 1787. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Chmeľnica was part of Szepes County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic. On 24 January 1945, the Red Army dislodged the Wehrmacht from Chmeľnica and it was once again part of Czechoslovakia. The local German-speaking population was not expelled after World War II, but from 1946 until the end of the communist regime, speaking German was outlawed. The survival of German in the village sparked interest in German and Austrian media.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 528 metres (~1750 feet) and covers an area of 12.643 km². It has a population of about 918 people.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Levoca, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1779-1914 (parish A)
# Transverse-rotor aircraft

A transverse-rotor aircraft is an aircraft with two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted side by side.
Single-rotor helicopters (unicopters) need an additional tail rotor or tail exhaust to neutralize the reactional angular momentum produced by the main rotor. Transverse rotor helicopters, however, use counter-rotating rotors, with each cancelling out the other's torque. Counter-rotating rotor blades also won't collide with and destroy each other if they flex into the other rotor's pathway. In addition, transverse rotor configuration has the advantage of higher payload with shorter blades, since there are two sets working to provide lift. Also, all of the power from the engines can be used for lift, whereas a single-rotor helicopter must divert part of its engine power to generate tail thrust.
Transverse rotor design with rotatable nacelles are known as tiltrotors while designs where the whole wing rotates are known as tiltwings.

## List of transverse rotor aircraft
### Transverse-mounted helicopters

* Bratukhin B-11 (1948)
* Bratukhin G-3 (1946)
* Cierva W.5 (1938)
* Cierva W.11 Air Horse (1948) - a three rotor helicopter
* Firth Helicopter (1952)
* Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache (1941)
* Focke-Wulf Fw 61 (1936)
* Kamov Ka-22 (1959)
* Kamov V-100 (1980s) - unbuilt project
* Landgraf H-2 (1944)
* McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway (1946)
* Mil Mi-12 (1967)
* Platt-LePage XR-1 (1941)

### Transverse-mounted tiltrotors

* AgustaWestland AW609
* Bell Eagle Eye
* Bell XV-3
* Bell XV-15
* Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
* Bell V-280 Valor

### Transverse-mounted tiltwings

* Canadair CL-84 Dynavert
# Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights

The Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights was an annual human rights prize founded by the Libyan People's Congress in late 1988, in "indebtedness and gratitude for Muammar Gaddafi and in appreciation for his role in firmly establishing the principle of direct democracy, his persistent struggle, his distinctive inspiration and continuous instigation for the consolidation of human liberty and for issuing the Great Green Document in the era of the masses, for the purpose of bestowing tribute upon symbolic figures of struggle and faith in the values of freedom to all humans, nations, groups and individuals".
Gaddafi made an initial grant of ten million US$ to the Swiss-based foundation North-South XXI which later administered the prize donation. The sum of the prize money was US $250,000 (in case of several recipients the prize money was shared). The prize was given by an international committee, chaired by former President of Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella. Gaddafi himself had no say in choosing the recipient.
The prize was discontinued in 2011, after Gaddafi's overthrow and death during the Libyan Civil War.
Criticism of the organization includes Swiss TV's report claiming that "the Gaddafi prize for Human Rights is an instrument for propaganda for the dictator...Numerous Holocaust deniers and despots are among the prize winners", while other groups have said that it promoted "anti-American and anti-Western hatred".

## List of recipients

| Year | Recipient(s) |
| 1989 | Nelson Mandela |
| 1990 | The children of Palestine |
| 1991 | The indigenous peoples of the Americas |
| 1992 | The African Centre for Combating AIDS |
| 1993 | The children of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 1994 | The Union of Human Rights Societies and Peoples in Africa |
| 1995 | Ahmed Ben Bella, Francisco da Costa Gomes |
| 1996 | Louis Farrakhan |
| 1997 | Gracelyn Smallwood, Melchior Ndadaye, Melba Hernandez, Manal Younes Abdul-Razzak, Doreen McNally |
| 1998 | Fidel Castro |
| 1999 | The children of Iraq |
| 2000 | Souha Bechara, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Evo Morales, the Movement of September, the Third World Center |
| 2002 | Mamadou N'Diaye, Roger Garaudy, Ibrahim Al-Koni, Jean Ziegler (who claimed to have turned the award down but was later found to have accepted it), Nadeem Albetar, Ali M. Almosrati, Khaifa M. Attelisie, Mohamed A. Alsherif, Ali Fahmi Khshiem, Rajab Muftah Abodabos, Mohamed Moftah Elfitori, Ali Sodgy Abdulgader, Ahmed Ibrahim Elfagieh |
| 2003 | Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria |
| 2004 | Hugo Chávez |
| 2005 | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2006 | Evo Morales |
| 2007 | Libraries of Timbuktu |
| 2008 | Dom Mintoff |
| 2009 | Daniel Ortega |
| 2010 | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |

## Postage stamps issue

The Libyan state-owned General Posts and Telecommunications Company (GPTC) dedicated a postage stamps issue to Ghadafi Prize for Human Rights in 1994 (date of issue December 31). The issue consists of a minisheet with sixteen stamps.
Each horizontal strip of four stamps is dedicated to a particular subject:
* Nelson Mandela
* Indigenous peoples of the Americas
* Bosnian War
* Intifada in Palestine
# Avco/Pratt & Whitney T800

The Avco/Pratt & Whitney T800 (company designation APW34) was a turboshaft engine for rotary wing applications, and was produced by Avco/Pratt & Whitney (APW), a joint venture between Avco Lycoming and Pratt & Whitney. The engine was developed for the United States Army's LHX armed reconnaissance helicopter competition to develop the Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche, but lost to the competing LHTEC T800 in 1988.
# Tabacalera House

The Tabacalera House is a heritage house in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga in the Philippines.
Built by Tabacalera-owned by Don Ramon Lopez. The first floor of the house served as the office of La Tabacalera, the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas. The property was owned by Simeon Ocampo. During the Japanese Occupation, it was sequestered by the Japanese Imperial Army together with other residences in San Fernando, and served as the headquarters of the Kempeitai.
* Right side of the house
* Façade of the Tabacalera House
* Driveway
* A peep from the fence, the ground floor of the house
# Barometric light

Barometric light is a name for the light that is emitted by a mercury-filled barometer tube when the tube is shaken. The discovery of this phenomenon in 1675 revealed the possibility of electric lighting.

## The phenomenon and its explanation

The earliest barometers were simply glass tubes that were closed at one end and filled with mercury. The tube was then inverted and its open end was submerged in a cup of mercury. The mercury then drained out of the tube until the pressure of the mercury in the tube—as measured at the surface of the mercury in the cup—equaled the atmosphere's pressure on the same surface.
In order to produce barometric light, the glass tube must be very clean and the mercury must be pure. If the barometer is then shaken, a band of light will appear on the glass at the meniscus of the mercury whenever the mercury moves downward.
When mercury contacts glass, the mercury transfers electrons to the glass. Whenever the mercury pulls free of the glass, these electrons are released from the glass into the surroundings, where they collide with gas molecules, causing the gas to glow—just as the collision of electrons and neon atoms causes a neon lamp to glow.

## History

Barometric light was first observed in 1675 by the French astronomer Jean Picard: "Towards the year 1676, Monsieur Picard was transporting his barometer from the Observatory to Port Saint Michel during the night, [when] he noticed a light in a part of the tube where the mercury was moving; this phenomenon having surprised him, he immediately reported it to the sçavans, ... " The Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli studied the phenomenon while teaching at Groningen, the Netherlands, and in 1700 he demonstrated the phenomenon to the French Academy. After learning of the phenomenon from Bernoulli, the Englishman Francis Hauksbee investigated the subject extensively. Hauksbee showed that a complete vacuum was not essential to the phenomenon, for the same glow was apparent when mercury was shaken with air only partially rarefied, and that even without using the barometric tube, bulbs containing low-pressure gases could be made to glow via externally applied static electricity. The phenomenon was also studied by contemporaries of Hauksbee, including the Frenchman Pierre Polinière and a French mathematician, Gabriel-Philippe de la Hire, and subsequently by many others.