OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lanzalonga

Lanza Longa sometimes also known in Italian as gialda.; modernly known scholarly mostly as lanzalonga, the term was also, normally, translated in Tudor period english as Long Spear, was a medieval polearm typical of Italian municipal infantry, a type of spear between 3 and 4.5 meters long
Known as "lanza longa" (long lance) precisely for the minimum length of its rod of at least 3 meters, it served to counter the charges of the enemy cavalry by forming in front of it the forehead of a forest of spikes. The blade was generally leafy - but varied in length, thickness, width - and the rod was round in section. It evolves or is replaced by the even longer pike.
In detail the lanzalonga was specifically an infantry weapon, a spear, typical of northern Italy; the shorter version known as the gialda was more commonly in use in central Italy, particularly in Tuscany, and was, technically, a long lance used by both infantry and cavalry. The later Lanza Longa as was more commonly known in the British islands was a shorter version used for training and in duels and its use was taught by most of the more famous manuals of the period.

## Notes and References

* ↑ The latter term usually refers to the longer models of Italian medieval lances.
* ↑ From medieval Italian meaning long lance or also, indifferently long spear.
* ↑ https://www.hroarr.com/manuals/fiore/omsg_lanza.pdf
* ↑ Shorter length models, but at least 2.5 meters long, were used for training or dueling.
* ↑ In modern standard Italian it would now be written as lancia lunga.
* ↑ The distinction is specialistic, or find in literary works, and the term commonly used for the weapon is Lanzalonga or, in english, Lanza Longa/Long Spear.
# United Kingdom Rocketry Association

The United Kingdom Rocketry Association (UKRA) is an enabling body set up to promote and represent high power, medium power and model rocketry in the United Kingdom for educational, recreational and amateur research purposes. UKRA is also the specialist body to the BMFA (British Model Flying Association) with responsibilities for High Power Rocketry, and is the United Kingdom body recognized by the Civil Aviation Authority.

## Background

Formed in 1996 at a meeting of UK rocketry societies and clubs established at that time, as well as amateur rocketeers, the formation meeting took place at the International Rocket Week at Largs in Scotland. UKRA works through the current UKRA affiliated rocketry clubs and societies. These rocketry clubs and societies organise rocket launches which take place on a monthly basis at their launch sites. UKRA liaises with government bodies on behalf of UK rocketeers and, through its certification programme and network of Range Safety Officers, ensures safe launches. UKRA has safety rules to ensure that rocket launching takes place in clear skies, and care is taken to ensure that the planned trajectory avoids any passing aircraft. In addition, Notice to Airmen (NOTAM's) are issued to pilots of aircraft notifying them of the rocket launching site and times of rocketry activity. UKRA also has a reciprocal certification arrangement with U.S. equivalent, the Tripoli Rocketry Association (TRA).
UKRA also provides, through the BMFA, 3rd party liability insurance of up to £25 million which is included in Full UKRA membership and allows rocket motors of up to M-class (10,240 Newton seconds total impulse) to be used with the correct certification. UKRA's Large Rocket Scheme caters for rockets exceeding 10,240 Newton seconds total impulse. UKRA also maintains a comprehensive set of tables of UK amateur and experimental rocketry records, and a procedure to enable records to be verified.

## Youth programmes

With the Model Achievement Programme, UKRA extended their activities into schools and youth groups, in an effort to popularise the hobby, and provide encouragement and inspiration to future generations of rocketeers. It was instrumental in starting UKAYRoC (United Kingdom Aerospace Youth Rocketry Challenge). This is a challenge open to 11- to 18-year-olds where teams of 3-5 students with an adult supervisor design, build and launch a model rocket with a specific mission criteria. Details of the competition can be found on the UKAYRoC website. In 2009, the winning school was Royal Liberty School, Romford. In May, they flew out to Washington DC to fly off against the winners of the Team America Rocketry Challenge competition run by The National Association of Rocketry [NAR] and Aerospace Industries Association. The British team was successful for the second year running.

## Media appearances

They have featured twice on British TV Programme Top Gear, first in the Winter Olympics Special in which they help send a Rocket Powered Leyland Mini Cooper down a Ski Jump, and secondly in a later Episode when they help turn a Three-Wheeled Reliant Robin into a Space Shuttle.
# Georgios Koltsis

Georgios Koltsis (Greek: Γεώργιος Κόλτσης; born 22 October 1974) is a Greek retired football defender and later manager.
# Ambaria

Ambaria (Greek: Αμπάρια) is a rock in the Meteora rock formation complex of Thessaly, Greece.
Ambaria has cave hermitages formerly inhabited by Orthodox Christian ascetics. The Panagia Monastery (Μονή Παναγιάς) was likely located at Ambaria.

## Access

Ambaria has about 10 small caves that are used as sheep stables. Visitors can climb directly to the caves from the main asphalt road bordering the western side of the rock.
# Dolon Southwest

Dolon Southwest was a dispersal bomber base in Semipalatinsk Oblast, Kazakhstan, located 43 km south-west of Dolon (air base). It was probably associated with the 8th independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps (1960 - 1980) and then the 37th Air Army VGK, of Soviet Long Range Aviation, because Dolon (air base) nearby was under those commands.
A Central Intelligence Agency document listed the coordinates of the airfield while referencing a 1968 deployment of 21 Tupolev Tu-16 "Badger" bombers, the first deployment of this aircraft at the airfield. Dolon was listed as having eight support buildings, a refueling facility, an instrument landing system, and ground controlled approach (GCA).
Almost no trace remains of the base.
# Šilainiai, Krakės

Šilainiai (formerly Russian: Шилайни) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 31 people. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Pašušvys, between the Šušvė river and its tributary the Pečiupė, nearby the Lapkalnys-Paliepiai Forest.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1902 | 81 | — |
| 1923 | 153 | +3.07% |
| 1959 | 117 | −0.74% |
| 1970 | 113 | −0.32% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1979 | 57 | −7.32% |
| 1989 | 32 | −5.61% |
| 2001 | 34 | +0.51% |
| 2011 | 31 | −0.92% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 :
# Đông Du

Đông Du (Saigon:, Hanoi:, journey to the east; Japanese: 東遊) was a Vietnamese political movement founded by Phan Bội Châu at the start of the 20th century that encouraged young Vietnamese to go east to Japan to study, in the hope of training a new era of revolutionary independent activists to rise against French colonial rule. Other notable proponents of Dong Du include Phan Châu Trinh and Prince Cường Để of Nguyễn house. In 1906 there were only 20 students in Japan, but October 1907, there were over 100 students in Japan, more than half from the South.

## History

At the beginning of the 20th century, France had suppressed almost all revolutionary movements. Yên Thế Insurrection lead by Hoàng Hoa Thám, at the time, had narrowed the scope of operations and fully suppressed in 1913.
In 1903, Phan Bội Châu, a patriotic scholar from Nghệ An traveled through the whole country to contact other scholars to establish a revolutionary party, which later be Duy Tân Hội.

### The establishment of Duy Tân Hội

Early 1904, after coming back from French Cochinchina, on April 4th, Phan Bội Châu, together with Cường Để (one of the descendants of Prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh) and around 20 other nationalists met at Nguyễn Thành's house, located in Quảng Nam to establish Duy Tân Hội, a secret revolutionary movement.
After discussion, the association's founding conference set out three immediate tasks, which were:
* Developing the association's power in terms of both human resources and finances.
* Promoting preparations for the uprising and other tasks after the uprising began.
* Determining the policy for seeking help abroad, and how to carry it out.
The above two items were assigned to all members, while the third item was entrusted to Nguyen Thanh and Phan Boi Chau to discuss in secret and then carry it out, without the other members knowing.
# Hase-dera (disambiguation)

Hase-dera (Japanese: 長谷寺) is a Buddhist temple located in Sakurai, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It can also refer to:
* Hase-dera (Kamakura) in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture
* Iiyama Kannon in Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture
* Hase-dera (Nagano) in Nagano, Nagano Prefecture
# State Museum of Zoology, Dresden

The State Museum of Zoology (German: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde) in Dresden is a natural history museum that houses 10,000–50,000 specimens, including skeletons and large insect collections. Many are types. The collection suffered war damage and whilst catalogued the database is not computerized. Loans are possible and material can be studied in the collection. The address is Augustusstrasse 2, D-01067 Dresden, Germany. The museum's collections contain more than 6 million items from all over the world.
The museum publishes the scientific journal Vertebrate Zoology.
# Qarchak

Qarchak (Persian: قرچک) is a city in the Central District of Qarchak County, Tehran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 173,832 in 42,508 households, when it was capital of the former Qarchak District of Varamin County. The following census in 2011 counted 191,588 people in 52,769 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 231,075 people in 69,029 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Qarchak County. Qarchak was transferred to the new Central District as the county's capital.
# Kirovo-Chepetsky District

Kirovo-Chepetsky District (Russian: Ки́рово-Чепе́цкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-nine in Kirov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,210.27 square kilometers (853.39 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kirovo-Chepetsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 21,317 (2010 Census); 22,193 (2002 Census); 39,688 (1989 Soviet census).

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kirovo-Chepetsky District is one of the thirty-nine in the oblast. The town of Kirovo-Chepetsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Kirovo-Chepetsky Municipal District. The Town of Kirovo-Chepetsk is incorporated separately from the district as Kirovo-Chepetsk Urban Okrug.
# Beauville, Lot-et-Garonne

Beauville (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Bauvila) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# Baryaza, Republic of Bashkortostan

Baryaza (Russian: Барьяза; Bashkir: Баръяҙы, Baryaźı) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kalmiyabashevsky Selsoviet, Kaltasinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 53 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Baryaza is located 25 km southeast of Kaltasy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nadezhdino is the nearest rural locality.
# Collias

Collias (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Colhaç) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
# Stokke Station

Stokke Station (Norwegian: Stokke stasjon) is a railway station on the Vestfold Line in Stokke, Norway. The station is served with regional trains operated by Vy. The station was built as part of the Vestfold Line in 1881.
# Orre Church

Orre Church (Norwegian: Orre kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Klepp Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Pollestad. It is the main church for the Orre parish which is part of the Jæren prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger. The gray, stone church was built in a long church style in 1950 using designs by the architects Gustav Helland and Endre Årreberg. The church seats about 250 people.

## History

The church was built to replace the centuries-old Old Orre Church located in the nearby village of Orre. This church was consecrated on 28 May 1950 by the Bishop Karl Martinussen.
# Ethnic nationalism in Russia

Nationalism in Russia is nationalistic manifestations of the peoples of Russia in the territory of Russia.
The term "Nationalism in Russia" refers not only to ethnic Russian (East Slavic ethnic group) nationalism, but also refers to nationalist activities of national minorities in Russia.
In 1990s during the so-called "parade of sovereignties" Russian regions proclaimed its sovereignty.
In the past 20 years, nationalist activity takes place, for example, in Chechnya and Tatarstan.
Berezovsky argued that throughout its history, Russia has not fully passed through the nationalist idea. France, England, Turkey, Jews and others passed through the idea of nationalism. Berezovsky claimed that Russia would go through the nationalist idea, but he did not know how it would hit the rest of the non-Russians (Jews, Tatars, Caucasian peoples). The entire non-Russian population will certainly face this. Claimed that non-Russians faced nationalism in the 1990s. According to Berezovsky, the nationalist idea is a huge danger that the entire non-Russian population of Russia will face and will face on an increasing scale in the future.
# MV Don Claudio

MV Don Claudio was a Filipino passenger ferry built by Sanosayu Dock Co., Ltd. in Japan and launched in 1965 under ownership of Kansai Kiken KK. It was purchased by Negros Navigation in 1976 and renamed Don Claudio. It is recognized for being one of the vessels that witnessed and helped in rescuing survivors from the MV Doña Paz disaster in December 1987.

## Service history

The ship was originally built by Sanosayu Shipbuilding Co., as the Okinoshima Maru (Japanese: 沖之島丸) in Japan as a replacement for the Kuroshio Maru of Kansai Kiken KK Co., It was launched in 1965 in Osaka and completed in 1966, being 92 m (301 ft 10 in) long with a 14 m (45 ft 11 in) beam, the cruiser ferry was fully air-conditioned and equipped with two cargo booms on its bow and stern, powered by a single Mitsui-B&W engine that allowed it to sail at an average of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) Okinoshima Maru sailed on the Japanese island route for ten years before being purchased second-hand in 1976 by Negros Navigation in the Philippines.
The ferry was then refurbished internally with its passenger capacity now able to accommodate around 895 people, later rising to accommodate 963 passengers. Its hull was painted in white with a red streak across running across it and its funnel being the same color with the Negros Navigation logo on the middle, the ship was inaugurated in December 1976 and sailed on the Manila - Iloilo City route along with Doña Florentina, Don Julio and Don Juan of the same company.
On December 20, 1987, during a regular inter-island voyage the captain and officers of Don Claudio witnessed a large explosion that caused a ball of fire that lit up the sky, later being revealed to be caused by the collision of MT Vector and MV Doña Paz. Don Claudio reached the site of the explosion within an hour to find debris all around the area but no ships to be found, using a net they were able to rescue 24 passengers from MV Doña Paz and 2 crew members from MT Vector.
Don Claudio serviced the Manila - Iloilo City route until the 1990s when it was put in service for Roxas City as Negros Navigation acquired more vessels, its route changed once again with the addition of smaller ports in northern Panay, changing again to feature Dumaguit and then Estancia and San Carlos City to compete with the MV Our Lady of Naju from WG&A Phils., Inc. The ship was later transferred to Jensen Shipping Corporation along with MV Don Julio and Santa Ana serving in the Cebu - Bacolod - Iloilo City - Puerto Princesa route at an unknown date. Don Claudio was reported to have been sent to the breakers in 2005, but other sources state it was scrapped in 2003.
# Afrah Nasser

Afrah Nasser (Arabic: أفراح ناصر, romanized: Afrāḥ Nāṣir) is an independent Yemeni journalist, living in exile in Sweden since 2011. Her reporting on Yemen's political affairs has been published in international publications including the Huffington Post, CNN, Al Jazeera English and The National. In 2015 Arabian Business listed Nasser as the 15th most powerful Arab under 40.
Nasser won the Dawit Isaak Prize in 2014, and the Pennskaft Award in 2016. In 2017, she won the International Press Freedom Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists.
# Bryan Thomas (architect)

Bryan Keith Thomas (28 November 1928 – 19 December 2023) was an English architect in Essex, known for domestic architecture in that county such as the house at Beth Chatto Gardens in Elmstead Market. His church architecture included Church of England, Christian Scientist and Quaker places of worship.

## Early life

Bryan Keith Thomas was born in British India on 28 November 1928. He spent his early years between India and Felixstowe, Suffolk, where he attended preparatory school.

## Career

Thomas trained at the Architectural Association from 1945 to 1950 before working with David Stern and subsequently with the modernist architect Wells Coates and his partner Michael Lyell. As his family were centred around Colchester and the Mersea Island, he moved to north Essex in 1955 where he established his own practice in Colchester in 1957.
Thomas's domestic architecture includes the house at Beth Chatto Gardens (1960), the House on the Heath, Fordham Heath (1967, extended 1974), as well as a number of other houses in Essex. Due to the length of time that Thomas practised, he returned to a number of his houses to update or expand them such as one in Fingringhoe that he originally designed in 1964.
His church architecture included a Friends meeting room for the Quakers (1968), St Andrew and St Peter Church, Alresford (1975–76), First Church of Christ Scientist, Colchester (1975–77), and Christ Church, Ireton Road, Colchester (1978).
In addition, he designed rides and restaurants for Alton Towers, leisure complexes at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, shelters for the elderly and schools such as St Osyth Church of England Primary School. He received a commendation in The Sunday Times British Homes Award in 2013, before retiring at age 91 in 2019.

## Personal life

Thomas' first marriage was to Pauline Venton, with whom he had four sons. His second wife, Wendy Foster, died in 2021. Thomas died on 19 December 2023, at the age of 95.

## Notable works

Notable works by Thomas include:
* House at Beth Chatto Gardens, Elmstead Market, 1960.
* House on the Heath, Fordham Heath, 1967, extended 1974.
* St Andrew and St Peter Church, Alresford, 1975–76.
* First Church of Christ Scientist, Colchester, 1975–77.
* Christ Church, Ireton Road, Colchester, 1978.
* University of Essex's health clinic.
* Wivenhoe House extension, in 1987–88. Here, he added a 40-bed extension.
# Reidar Fauske Sognnaes

Reidar Sognnaes (November 6, 1911 – September 21, 1984) was Dean of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, founding Dean of the UCLA School of Dentistry and scholar in the field of oral pathology.

## Biography

Reidar Fauske Sognnaes was born in Bergen, Norway. Sognnæs grew up in Bergen and took his final exams at Tanks gymnas in 1931. He took the first part of dental education in Leipzig, and concluded with an examination at the Norwegian Dental School (Norges Tannlegehøyskole) in 1936. He participated in a Norwegian scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha during 1937-38. Sognnaes came to America in 1938 as an intern at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children in Boston. He continued on as a Carnegie Dental Fellow at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in New York, where he earned a master of science degree in physiology and a Ph.D. in pathology in 1941.
Following World War II, in which he served in the Royal Norwegian Air Force, Sognnaes accepted a teaching position at Harvard University. There he occupied an endowed chair as the Charles A. Brackett professor of oral pathology and eventually served Director of Postdoctoral Studies at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine between 1956 and 1960, when he came to UCLA. Sognnaes guided the founding of the UCLA School of Dentistry, which was established in 1960. Sognnæs also put his name on scientific publications, primarily on research on tooth enamel and fluoride. Later he published several articles on education and research. He stepped down as dean in 1968, but continued as professor.
Sognnaes is credited with identifying the remains of Adolf Hitler and Martin Bormann, through examination of American and Soviet documents. Sognnaes also disproved the theory that President George Washington had wooden teeth. When the original dentures were stolen from the Smithsonian Institution during 1981, he was able to produce a duplicate.
Reidar Sognnaes was President of the International Association for Dental Research, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and held an honorary doctorate from the University of Oslo. The Reidar Sognnaes Award of Excellence is awarded annually by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in honor of Sognnaes.

## Personal life

Sognnaes married Edel Marie Johanna Holand (1916–2010), the daughter of Jorgen Kristian Holand and Annette Marthea Foldvik in Kristiania (now Oslo) Norway on June 29, 1939. They were the parents of four children, Solveig, Reidun, Thor, and Annelise.

## Selected works

* Oral health survey of Tristan da Cunha ) (1954)
* Microstructure and histochemical characteristics of the mineralized tissues (1955)
* Calcification in Biological Systems (1960)
* Chemistry and prevention of dental caries (1962)
* Mechanisms of Hard Tissue Destruction (1963)
* America's most famous teeth (1974)
* Dental evidence in the postmortem identification of Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, and Martin Bormann (1977)
# The Wings (film)

The Wings (Swedish: Vingarne) is a 1916 Swedish silent film directed by Mauritz Stiller, starring Nils Asther, Egil Eide, Lars Hanson, Lili Bech, and Julius Hälsig [sv]. It was based on Herman Bang's 1902 novel Mikaël, which was the same source Carl Theodor Dreyer used for his 1924 film Michael.
Besides being an early gay-themed film, it is also notable for its innovative use of a framing story and telling the plot primarily through the use of flashbacks.

## Plot

The story is that of a conniving countess (played by Lili Bech) coming between a gay sculptor, Claude Zoret (Egil Eide), and his bisexual model and lover, Mikaël (Lars Hanson), ultimately leading to Zoret's death in a raging storm at the base of a statue of Mikaël as the mythological Icarus.

## Preservation status

The film is largely lost, with only half an hour surviving of the original 69-minute film. A restoration was made using still photos and title cards to bridge the missing sections in 1987.