# Poznań Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Poznań Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Poznańskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1919–1939, created after World War I from the Prussian-German province of Poznań (Province of Posen). The borders were changed in 1939: the city of Bydgoszcz passed to the Pomeranian Voivodeship, but some eastern areas were included (see Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938).
During World War II, it was occupied by Nazi Germany and annexed as Reichsgau Wartheland "(Reich province of the Land of the Warta River)".

## Area and counties

Between April 1, 1938 and September 1, 1939, the Voivodeship's area was 28 089 km$^2$, and its population - 2 339 600 (according to the 1931 Polish census). It consisted of 29 powiats (the highest number in Poland, however, most of them were very small, both in area and population), 100 towns (the highest number in Poland) and 237 villages. Railroad density was high, with 10.1 km. per 100 km$^2$ (total length of railroads within the Voivodeship's area was 2684 km, the highest in the whole country). Forests covered 19.8% of the Voivodeship, which was lower than the national average (in 1937 the average was 22.2%).
Poznańskie Voivodeship was one of the richest and best developed in interwar Poland. With numerous cities and well-developed rail, it also was a breadbasket of the country, its highly efficient agriculture was well-mechanized. The city of Poznań was a big industrial center, as well as a key railroad junction. Only 7.6% of population was illiterate, which was much lower than the national average of 23.1% (as of 1931). Poles made up the majority of the population (90.5%), with 9.2% Germans and 0.3% Jews.
After World War I the number of Germans was 224,254 in 1926 and 203,135 in 1934.
This is the list of the Poznań Voivodeship counties as for August 31, 1939:
* Chodzież county (area 893 km$^2$, pop. 44 500),
* Czarnków county (area 919 km$^2$, pop. 43 300),
* city of Gniezno county (area 18 km$^2$, pop. 30 700),
* Gniezno county (area 1 126 km$^2$, pop. 57 300),
* Gostyń county (area 701 km$^2$, pop. 55 900),
* Jarocin county (area 1 124 km$^2$, pop. 87 500),
* Kalisz county (area 1 478 km$^2$, pop. 196 700),
* Kępno county (area 1 179 km$^2$, pop. 86 900),
* Koło county (area 1 097 km$^2$, pop. 109 800),
* Konin county (area 2 152 km$^2$, pop. 168 000),
* Kościan county (area 1 057 km$^2$, pop. 78 900),
* Krotoszyn county (area 915 km$^2$, pop. 75 500),
* Leszno county (area 827 km$^2$, pop. 61 200),
* Międzychód county (area 755 km$^2$, pop. 31 000),
* Mogilno county (area 1 059 km$^2$, pop. 70 300),
* Map of the administrative division in 1938.Nowy Tomyśl county (area 1 276 km$^2$, pop. 87 300),
* Oborniki county (area 966 km$^2$, pop. 50 400),
* Ostrów Wielkopolski county (area 1 194 km$^2$, pop. 104 100),
* city of Poznań county (area 77 km$^2$, pop. 246 500),
* Poznań county (area 1 227 km$^2$, pop. 91 200),
* Rawicz county (area 523 km$^2$, pop. 49 900),
* Szamotuły county (area 1 076 km$^2$, pop. 67 700),
* Środa Wielkopolska county (area 800 km$^2$, pop. 49 900),
* Śrem county (area 921 km$^2$, pop. 57 300),
* Turek county (area 1 591 km$^2$, pop. 130 500),
* Wągrowiec county (area 1 037 km$^2$, pop. 54 300),
* Wolsztyn county (area 754 km$^2$, pop. 47 900),
* Września county (area 608 km$^2$, pop. 43 700),
* Żnin county (area 739 km$^2$, pop. 41 500).

## Main cities

The biggest cities of the Voivodeship were (data according to the 1931 census):
* Poznań (pop. 246 500),
* Kalisz (pop. 68 300),
* Gniezno (pop. 30 700),
* Ostrów Wielkopolski (pop. 24 400),
* Leszno (pop. 19 400),
* Koło (pop. 13 800)
* Krotoszyn (pop. 13 000),
* Konin (pop. 10 300).

## Ethnic and religious structure

According to the 1921 census the voivodeship was inhabited by 1,967,865 people, of whom by nationality 1,636,316 were Poles (83.2%), 327,846 were Germans (16.7%), 1,485 were Jews (0.1%) and 2,218 were all others (0.1%). By religion, according to the 1921 census, 1,632,087 were Roman Catholics (83%), 322,872 were Protestants of all kinds (16.4%), 10,397 were Jews (0.5%) and 2,509 were all others (0.1%).
The detailed results of the 1931 census by county are presented below:
Linguistic (mother tongue) and religious structure of Poznań Voivodeship according to the 1931 census :
| County | Pop. | Polish | % | Yiddish & Hebrew | % | German | % | Other language % | Roman Catholic | % | Jewish | % | Protestant | % | Other religion % |
| Poznań City | 246470 | 238167 | 96.6% | 1067 | 0.4% | 6387 | 2.6% | 0.3% | 236829 | 96.1% | 1954 | 0.8% | 6516 | 2.6% | 0.5% |
| Bydgoszcz City | 117200 | 104647 | 89.3% | 912 | 0.8% | 11276 | 9.6% | 0.3% | 103594 | 88.4% | 1692 | 1.4% | 10648 | 9.1% | 1.1% |
| Bydgoszcz County | 58139 | 50247 | 86.4% | 144 | 0.2% | 7517 | 12.9% | 0.4% | 44831 | 77.1% | 148 | 0.3% | 12700 | 21.8% | 0.8% |
| Chodzież | 44508 | 31930 | 71.7% | 47 | 0.1% | 12493 | 28.1% | 0.1% | 30831 | 69.3% | 150 | 0.3% | 13384 | 30.1% | 0.3% |
| Czarnków | 43256 | 36764 | 85.0% | 138 | 0.3% | 6273 | 14.5% | 0.2% | 36997 | 85.5% | 259 | 0.6% | 5894 | 13.6% | 0.2% |
| Gniezno City | 30675 | 29873 | 97.4% | 102 | 0.3% | 675 | 2.2% | 0.1% | 29802 | 97.2% | 137 | 0.4% | 678 | 2.2% | 0.2% |
| Gniezno County | 57256 | 50391 | 88.0% | 24 | 0.0% | 6790 | 11.9% | 0.1% | 49215 | 86.0% | 174 | 0.3% | 7595 | 13.3% | 0.5% |
| Gostyń | 55929 | 53461 | 95.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 2456 | 4.4% | 0.0% | 53270 | 95.2% | 28 | 0.1% | 2543 | 4.5% | 0.2% |
| Inowrocław City | 34364 | 33498 | 97.5% | 51 | 0.1% | 753 | 2.2% | 0.2% | 33356 | 97.1% | 139 | 0.4% | 750 | 2.2% | 0.3% |
| Inowrocław County | 48599 | 40956 | 84.3% | 5 | 0.0% | 7584 | 15.6% | 0.1% | 40796 | 83.9% | 25 | 0.1% | 7605 | 15.6% | 0.4% |
| Jarocin | 87546 | 83692 | 95.6% | 52 | 0.1% | 3744 | 4.3% | 0.1% | 84355 | 96.4% | 113 | 0.1% | 2912 | 3.3% | 0.2% |
| Kępno | 86849 | 82685 | 95.2% | 102 | 0.1% | 3273 | 3.8% | 0.9% | 77658 | 89.4% | 296 | 0.3% | 8393 | 9.7% | 0.6% |
| Kościan | 78899 | 76019 | 96.3% | 1 | 0.0% | 2832 | 3.6% | 0.1% | 75984 | 96.3% | 24 | 0.0% | 2675 | 3.4% | 0.3% |
| Krotoszyn | 75456 | 69733 | 92.4% | 44 | 0.1% | 5625 | 7.5% | 0.1% | 69264 | 91.8% | 152 | 0.2% | 5833 | 7.7% | 0.3% |
| Leszno | 61211 | 51240 | 83.7% | 115 | 0.2% | 9814 | 16.0% | 0.1% | 55120 | 90.0% | 222 | 0.4% | 5729 | 9.4% | 0.2% |
| Międzychód | 31032 | 28013 | 90.3% | 7 | 0.0% | 2992 | 9.6% | 0.1% | 27107 | 87.4% | 11 | 0.0% | 3844 | 12.4% | 0.2% |
| Mogilno | 89186 | 81347 | 91.2% | 35 | 0.0% | 7719 | 8.7% | 0.1% | 80814 | 90.6% | 158 | 0.2% | 7965 | 8.9% | 0.3% |
| Nowy Tomyśl | 87331 | 70946 | 81.2% | 25 | 0.0% | 16289 | 18.7% | 0.1% | 71915 | 82.3% | 150 | 0.2% | 14888 | 17.0% | 0.4% |
| Oborniki | 50388 | 42296 | 83.9% | 48 | 0.1% | 7960 | 15.8% | 0.2% | 42216 | 83.8% | 193 | 0.4% | 7785 | 15.5% | 0.4% |
| Ostrów Wlkp. | 104126 | 100017 | 96.1% | 6 | 0.0% | 3985 | 3.8% | 0.1% | 93636 | 89.9% | 106 | 0.1% | 10082 | 9.7% | 0.3% |
| Poznań County | 91182 | 86466 | 94.8% | 8 | 0.0% | 4596 | 5.0% | 0.1% | 86134 | 94.5% | 32 | 0.0% | 4654 | 5.1% | 0.4% |
| Rawicz | 49882 | 44834 | 89.9% | 61 | 0.1% | 4812 | 9.6% | 0.4% | 44254 | 88.7% | 94 | 0.2% | 5258 | 10.5% | 0.6% |
| Szamotuły | 67742 | 62933 | 92.9% | 82 | 0.1% | 4709 | 7.0% | 0.0% | 62640 | 92.5% | 250 | 0.4% | 4578 | 6.8% | 0.4% |
| Szubin | 47825 | 38091 | 79.6% | 35 | 0.1% | 9638 | 20.2% | 0.1% | 37770 | 79.0% | 119 | 0.2% | 9776 | 20.4% | 0.3% |
| Śrem | 57304 | 54269 | 94.7% | 20 | 0.0% | 2996 | 5.2% | 0.0% | 54107 | 94.4% | 82 | 0.1% | 3000 | 5.2% | 0.2% |
| Środa Wlkp. | 49902 | 47833 | 95.9% | 17 | 0.0% | 2016 | 4.0% | 0.1% | 47667 | 95.5% | 75 | 0.2% | 2029 | 4.1% | 0.3% |
| Wągrowiec | 54259 | 47159 | 86.9% | 36 | 0.1% | 7039 | 13.0% | 0.0% | 46574 | 85.8% | 100 | 0.2% | 7424 | 13.7% | 0.3% |
| Wolsztyn | 47892 | 37993 | 79.3% | 12 | 0.0% | 9857 | 20.6% | 0.1% | 38708 | 80.8% | 48 | 0.1% | 8968 | 18.7% | 0.4% |
| Września | 43698 | 41119 | 94.1% | 42 | 0.1% | 2506 | 5.7% | 0.1% | 41370 | 94.7% | 77 | 0.2% | 2188 | 5.0% | 0.1% |
| Wyrzysk | 66873 | 53057 | 79.3% | 20 | 0.0% | 13736 | 20.5% | 0.1% | 53414 | 79.9% | 132 | 0.2% | 13069 | 19.5% | 0.4% |
| Żnin | 41521 | 36719 | 88.4% | 33 | 0.1% | 4738 | 11.4% | 0.1% | 36573 | 88.1% | 71 | 0.2% | 4724 | 11.4% | 0.4% |
| Total | 2106500 | 1906395 | 90.5% | 3291 | 0.2% | 193080 | 9.2% | 0.2% | 1886801 | 89.6% | 7211 | 0.3% | 204087 | 9.7% | 0.4% |

## German minority

In 1926 and 1934 German minority in Poznań Voivodeship carried out their own censuses, counting themselves. Here are their results:
| County (German name in brackets) | ethnic German population (1926) | ethnic German population (1934) |
| Odolanów (Adelnau) | 10,038 | 9,442 |
| Międzychód (Birnbaum) | 4,655 | 4,377 |
| Bydgoszcz (Bromberg, town) | 11,016 | 10,021 |
| Bydgoszcz (Bromberg, district) | 13,281 | 12,211 |
| Czarnków (Czarnikau) | 5,511 | 4,773 |
| Gniezno (Gnesen) / Witkowo | 8,616 | 7,876 |
| Gostyń (Gostyn) | 2,395 | 2,162 |
| Grodzisk Wielkopolski (Grätz) / Nowy Tomyśl (Neutomischel) | 16,576 | 16,555 |
| Inowrocław (Hohensalza) | 8,455 | 8,096 |
| Jarocin (Jarotschin) / Pleszew (Pleschen) | 4,667 | 4,019 |
| Kępno (Kempen) / Ostrzeszów (Schildberg) | 16,631 | 10,889 |
| Chodzież (Kolmar) | 14,246 | 12,348 |
| Koźmin (Koschmin) / Krotoszyn (Krotoschin) | 6,542 | 5,807 |
| Leszno (Lissa) | 9,917 | 8,371 |
| Mogilno (Mogilno) / Strzelno (Strelno) | 8,727 | 7,770 |
| Oborniki (Obornik) | 9,417 | 8,410 |
| Poznań (Posen, town) | 5,980 | 4,387 |
| Poznań (Posen, district) | 4,687 | 4,252 |
| Rawicz (Rawitsch) | 6,184 | 5,038 |
| Szamotuły (Samter) | 5,029 | 4,841 |
| Śmigiel (Schmiegel) / Kościan (Kosten) | 3,636 | 3,488 |
| Śrem (Schrimm) | 2,802 | 3,574 |
| Środa Wielkopolska (Schroda) | 2,269 | 2,029 |
| Szubin (Schubin) | 10,193 | 8,879 |
| Wyrzysk (Wirsitz) | 13,495 | 12,410 |
| Wolsztyn (Wollstein) | 10,369 | 9,313 |
| Wągrowiec (Wongrowitz) | 8,401 | 7,143 |
| Września (Wreschen) | 2,436 | 2,115 |
| Żnin (Znin) | 5,404 | 4,539 |
| Poznań Voivodship (total) | 224,254 | 203,135 |

## Voivodes

* Wojciech Trąmpczyński 1 August 1919 – 23 October 1919
* Witold Celichowski 1 August 1919 – 2 January 1923
* Adolf Bniński 10 January 1923 – 9 May 1928
* Piotr Dunin-Borkowski 9 May 1928 – 11 October 1929
* Roger Adam Raczyński 11 October 1929 – 31 July 1934
* Stanisław Kaucki 1 August 1934 – 15 January 1935 (acting)
* Artur Maruszewski 16 June 1935 – 23 June 1935
* Mikołaj Kwaśniewski 26 June 1935 – 13 September 1935
* Tadeusz Walicki 19 September 1935 – 29 October 1935 (acting)
* Artur Maruszewski 29 October 1935 – 19 May 1939
* Ludwik Bociański 19 May 1939 – 12 September 1939
* Cyryl Ratajski 4 September 1939 – 12 September 1939 (acting)