OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Knezha

Knezha (Bulgarian: Кнежа, pronounced) is a town in Pleven Province, Northern Bulgaria. It is the administrative center of the homonymous Knezha Municipality.

## History

The town's name is most probably derived from the Slavic word knyaz ("prince, duke"), most likely after a local ruler that defended the population in the area during the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria. Knezha is the third-largest town in the province, after Pleven and Cherven Bryag, and is the administrative centre of a municipality. The town was located in Vratsa province until 2001, when a boundary change shifted the town into Pleven province.
A local landmark is the 17-metre (56 ft) steel Christian cross constructed on a hill overlooking the town. The cross' construction was financed entirely by donations. It has luminescent lighting bodies attached to it and is illuminated in blue at night. The cross is similar to the larger Millennium Cross above Skopje. Knezha also has a historical museum and an amateur theatre performing in the local community centre (chitalishte). The Institute on Maize of the Agricultural Academy is based in Knezha; it was founded in 1924.

## Notable people

Notable natives include weightlifter and Sydney 2000 Olympic gold medalist Galabin Boevski (b. 1974), Bulgaria international footballer Valentin Iliev (b. 1980), and Bulgarian Army general and long-time Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria Ferdinand Kozovski (1892–1965).

## Climate

Knezha has a continental climate (Dfb) with hot summers and cold winters, and relatively large temperature variations.
Climate data for Knezha, Bulgaria(1970-2004) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20.8 (69.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 32 (90) | 36.5 (97.7) | 38.2 (100.8) | 41.2 (106.2) | 42.7 (108.9) | 41.6 (106.9) | 37.4 (99.3) | 27.9 (82.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 42.7 (108.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.5 (41.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.5 (85.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 17.9 (64.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 4.1 (39.4) | 16.9 (62.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | 0.8 (33.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.8 (69.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.3 (73.9) | 18.2 (64.8) | 12.7 (54.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 0.2 (32.4) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.1 (22.8) | −4.0 (24.8) | 0.8 (33.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.5 (52.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 16.8 (62.2) | 16.9 (62.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 7.5 (45.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −3.7 (25.3) | 6.3 (43.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.5 (−31.9) | −32 (−26) | −30.2 (−22.4) | −7.5 (18.5) | −1.5 (29.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 9.5 (49.1) | 8.8 (47.8) | −2.7 (27.1) | −7.4 (18.7) | −15.4 (4.3) | −28.2 (−18.8) | −35.5 (−31.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) | 25 (1.0) | 41 (1.6) | 55 (2.2) | 64 (2.5) | 72 (2.8) | 60 (2.4) | 42 (1.7) | 45 (1.8) | 40 (1.6) | 43 (1.7) | 38 (1.5) | 557 (21.9) |
| Source: Stringmeteo ||||||||||||||
# Pouzdřany

Pouzdřany (German: Pausram) is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.

## Geography

Pouzdřany is located about 27 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of Břeclav and 27 km (17 mi) south of Brno. It lies on the border between the Dyje–Svratka Valley and Lower Morava Valley. The municipality is situated on the left bank of the Svratka River. A part of the Nové Mlýny Reservoir lies in the southern part of the municipal territory.

## History

The first written mention of Pouzdřany is from 1244, when it was called Pauzrams in a deed of King Wenceslaus I. The village often changed owners. In the 13th century, it was property of Boček of Obřany, the convent in Dolní Kounice, and Jindřich of Liechtenstein. In the 14th century, the owners were lords of Lipá or Mikuláš Dítě, then the manor was split between two Liechtensteins.
From 1556 to 1575, Pouzdřany was owned by Ambrož of Ottersdorf, who gave it various rights, including right to plant vineyards. In 1581, during the rule of Friedrich of Zierotin, Poudřany was promoted to a market town by Emperor Rudolf II. In 1538 the Anabaptists settled in the town, however, they were expelled in the early 17th century. Pouzdřany suffered from the passage of troops between 1597 and 1608. It was looted and almost completely burned down during the following Austro-Turkish War in 1663.
In 1865, a school was built here. From 1928 to 1938, a school for the Czech minority existed here.
After World War I and the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Pouzdřany became part of the new Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the municipality was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Niederdonau until 1945. After World War II, the municipality fell back to Czechoslovakia and the German population was expelled as a result of the Beneš decrees.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,235 | — |
| 1880 | 1,236 | +0.1% |
| 1890 | 1,296 | +4.9% |
| 1900 | 1,218 | −6.0% |
| 1910 | 1,213 | −0.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,143 | −5.8% |
| 1930 | 1,184 | +3.6% |
| 1950 | 1,067 | −9.9% |
| 1961 | 1,098 | +2.9% |
| 1970 | 988 | −10.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 876 | −11.3% |
| 1991 | 767 | −12.4% |
| 2001 | 786 | +2.5% |
| 2011 | 736 | −6.4% |
| 2021 | 746 | +1.4% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

Pouzdřany is known for viticulture. The municipality lies in the Mikulovská wine subregion. There are 39 hectares (96 acres) of vineyards.

## Transport

Pouzdřany is located on the railway line Tišnov–Hustopeče via Brno.

## Sights

The main landmark of Pouzdřany is the Church of Saint Nicholas. It was built in the late Gothic style around 1498, and in this form it has been preserved to this day. A massive Renaissance tower was added to it.
# Surf, California

Surf is an unincorporated area of Santa Barbara County, California, located along the Pacific coast within a publicly accessible area of Vandenberg Space Force Base west of the city of Lompoc. The site originally was established as a railroad town, with its growth peaking after Vandenberg was established in 1941. Since 2000 the site has just consisted of Surf Beach and the unstaffed Lompoc–Surf Amtrak Station. California State Route 246 used to run to Surf, but in 1984 the highway was truncated at Lompoc and the road from Lompoc to Surf is designated West Ocean Avenue.
Sections of Surf Beach are closed between March 1 and September 30 every year during the nesting season of the western snowy plover. The affected areas may be opened earlier than September 30 if all the newly hatched birds reach their fledgling stage beforehand. The closures are in place to protect the bird under the Endangered Species Act. If a set number of trespass violations have been reached during any nesting season (currently 50), the beach is closed entirely.

## History

Surf grew as a railway town to accommodate the personnel needed to maintain the trains and tracks after Southern Pacific Railroad built a station here for its Coast Line in 1900. In 1909, the schooner cargo ship Sibyl Marston sank off the coast south from Surf. The station at Surf became popular with U.S. Army soldiers stationed at Camp Cooke (now Vandenberg Space Force Base) during World War II. The population of the town peaked at 40, with most residents being employed with the railroad. As trains modernized, Surf experienced depopulation, to the point where Southern Pacific was only operating a telegraph station. The telegraph station closed in 1985, and it was not until 2000 that the current Surf Amtrak Station was completed. The unstaffed Amtrak station is currently the only structure left standing in Surf.
Two fatal shark attacks have occurred near Surf Beach: one on October 22, 2010, and the other on October 23, 2012. Travel + Leisure has listed it as one of the worst beaches for shark attacks.
# Skierniewice Voivodeship

Skierniewice Voivodeship (Polish: województwo skierniewickie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 1975 to 1998, superseded by Łódź Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Skierniewice.

## Major cities and towns (population in 1995)

* Skierniewice (47,900)
* Żyrardów (43,500)
* Sochaczew (39,700)
* Łowicz (31,500)
# Kim Se-jin (politician)

Kim Se-jin (1965–1986) was a student activist and anti-war peace activist in South Korea who committed suicide by self-immolation.
# Patleyna Glacier

Patleyna Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Патлейна, romanized: lednik Patleyna, IPA:) is the 3.4 nautical miles (6.3 km; 3.9 mi) long and 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) wide glacier on the east side of north-central Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica, situated north of the upper course of Ellen Glacier. It is draining the east slopes of Mount Todd and the north slopes of Chepino Saddle, and flowing north-northwestwards to join Embree Glacier southeast of Mount Goldthwait and west of Oreshak Peak.
The glacier is named after the nature reserve of Patleyna in Northeastern Bulgaria.

## Location

Patleyna Glacier is centred at 78°03′50″S 85°47′20″W﻿ / ﻿78.06389°S 85.78889°W﻿ / -78.06389; -85.78889. US mapping in 1961, updated in 1988.
# Ano Lechonia

Ano Lechonia (Greek: Άνω Λεχώνια) is a town and community in the Magnesia regional unit, Greece. Ano Lechonia was the seat of the former municipality of Artemida. The community includes the coastal village Platinidia. Ano Lechonia is situated in the northwestern part of the Pelion peninsula, 1.5 km from the Pagasetic Gulf coast, 3 km southwest of Agios Georgios Nileias, 4 km southeast of Agria and 11 km (7 mi) southeast of Volos.

## Population

| Year | Town population | Community population |
| 1981 | 1,335 | - |
| 1991 | 1,224 | - |
| 2001 | 1,220 | 1,439 |
| 2011 | 1,068 | 1,429 |
| 2021 | 983 | 1,252 |

## History

The name Lechonia may come from the Slavic word lech meaning "field". Historians say it was the ancient city Methone. At the hill named Nevestiki the ruins of an ancient wall have been found. The residents of Methone supported the Argonauts with ships. After four centuries of Ottoman rule, Ano Lechonia became part of Greece in 1881, as a consequence of the transfer of Thessaly to Greece following the Treaty of Berlin (1878). It was connected by a railway to Volos in 1895.
# Dodona (Thessaly)

Dodona (Ancient Greek: Δωδώνη) was a city of Perrhaebia in ancient Thessaly, situated near Scotussa. There is a more famous Dodona in Epirus, the site of a famous oracle of Zeus. The ancients wrote that there were two places of the name of Dodona, one in Thessaly, in the district of Perrhaebia near Mount Olympus, and the other (the Thesprotian Dodona) in Epirus in the district of Thesprotia.
The Thessalian Dodona is mentioned in the Catalogue of Ships in the Homer's Iliad along with Cyphus, Gonnos, and the "banks of the Titarisios", all ruled by Guneus, and belonging to the Enienes and Peraebi. These places and ethnic groups are all located in ancient Thessaly, not Epirus; and thus, there can be no doubt, that this passage in Homer refers to the Dodona in Thessaly. However, the other Dodona, and its oracle which Odysseus consulted, is mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey.
There is another mention by Homer in the Iliad of Dodona, with a difference of opinion concerning which Dodona is meant; some supposing that Achilles prayed to Zeus in the Thessalian Dodona as the patron god of his native country; but others maintaining that the mention of Selli, whose name elsewhere occurs in connection with the Thesprotian Dodona, points to the place in Epirus. As there is no evidence of the existence of an oracle at the Thessalian Dodona, it is probable that the prayer of Achilles was directed to the god in Epirus, whose oracle had already acquired great celebrity, as we see from the passage in the Odyssey. The Thessalian Dodona is said to have been also called Bodona (Βωδώνη); and from this place the Thesprotian Dodona is said to have received a colony and its name.
# Seven Slavic tribes

The Seven Slavic tribes (Bulgarian: Седемте славянски племена, romanized: Sedemte slavyanski plemena), or the Seven clans (Bulgarian: Седемте рода, romanized: Sedemte roda) were a union of Slavic tribes in the Danubian Plain, that was established around the middle of the 7th century and took part in the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire together with the Bulgars in 680−681.
Since its establishment, it faced attacks from the Byzantine Empire. The Bulgars crossed the Danube and in the 670s they concluded an alliance with the Slavic Union. Theophanes writes that the Bulgars became masters of the Slavs. The Slavic Union recognized the sovereignty of Khan Asparuh and together, in the spring of 681, they won a major victory over the Byzantines.
In the late 7th century the Seven tribes were assigned the defence of the newly-established Bulgar Khanate's western and northwestern border (the Iskar River up to its mouth in the Danube) against Avar raids, as well as some of the passes of the Balkan Mountains, whereas the Severi, whose possible participation in the union is not clear, would guard the eastern part of the mountains.
The Seven Slavic tribes, together with other Slavic and non-Slavic tribes of the Bulgarian Empire, gradually formed the Bulgarian ethnicity in the 9th century due to the Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I and the preceding administrative reforms that deprived them of their autonomy and self-government through the Comitatus.
# Bosdarros

Bosdarros (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Lo Bòsc d'Arròs) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.
# Argura

Argura (Ancient Greek: Ἄργουρα), called Argissa (Ἄργισσα) in Homer's Iliad, was a town and polis (city-state) in Pelasgiotis in ancient Thessaly, on the Peneus, and near Larissa. The name of the town was also given as Argusa (Ἆργουσσα) in some ancient sources. The distance between this place and Larissa is so small as to explain the remark of the Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes, that the Argissa of Homer was the same as Larissa. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World and The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites identify the site of Agura with a place called Gremnos Magoula, approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of Larissa, which has a nearby tumulus.

## Archaeology

Excavations of the site have yielded a walled enclosure of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE opus isodomum style, with square towers. The agora has been located and the temples have been identified. The ceramic material found covers from the seventh century BCE to the third century CE. Dedications found attest to the cult of Apollo Pythius and of Artemis.
# Šent Jurij

Šent Jurij (pronounced; German: Sankt Georgen, commonly abbreviated as Št. Jurij) is a village in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Sveti Jurij pri Grosupljem (literally, 'Saint George near Grosuplje') to Podtabor pri Grosupljem (literally, 'below the fort near Grosuplje') in 1952. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. The name was restored as Šent Jurij in 1992.

## Church

The parish church from which the settlement gets its name is dedicated to Saint George (Slovene: sveti Jurij) and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It is a Gothic building that was restyled and rebuilt in 18th and 19th centuries.
# Eyshabad, Balvard

Eyshabad (Persian: عيش اباد, also Romanized as ʿEyshābād and Ayshabad) is a village in Balvard Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11, in 4 families.
# Carves

Carves (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Carvas) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Novo Selo, Vidin Province

44°09′43″N 22°47′02″E﻿ / ﻿44.1618173°N 22.7840164°E﻿ / 44.1618173; 22.7840164
Novo Selo (Bulgarian: Ново село, "New village") is a village in northwesternmost Bulgaria, part of Vidin Province. It lies on the right (south) bank of the Danube and is the administrative centre of a municipality with the same name.
As of December 2017 Novo Selo has a population of 970 and the mayor is Georgi Stoenelov. It lies at 44°10′N 22°47′E﻿ / ﻿44.167°N 22.783°E﻿ / 44.167; 22.783, 45 m above sea level. The village is located 25 km north-northwest of the provincial centre Vidin and 12 km east of the Serbian border at the Timok River mouth, with Mehedinți County of Romania directly across the Danube to the north. The main occupation in Novo Selo is vine growing.
According to the travel notes of the Italian traveller Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, the village was founded around 1700 and was initially named Prosǎnǎc (Просънъц). Due to the plague and a fire the villagers abandoned the village only for their descendants to return in 1772 to found the modern Novo Selo. After the Crimean War a local government was set up and a knez (mayor) and councillors were elected.
Following the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 Novo Selo became part of Vidin District, and has since 1 January 1979 been the seat of a municipality also including the villages of Florentin, Negovanovtsi, Vinarovo and Yasen.
The construction of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in the village, a cultural monument, began in 1825, during the Ottoman era. The bells were shipped from Pest, Austria-Hungary. The Zemedelets chitalishte (community centre) was built in 1930; it is also a memorial to all locals who perished in the wars. The Cyril and Methodius School dates to 1939. Another landmark is the characteristic clock tower from 1931, which is a symbol of Novo Selo. Novo Selo also has a small river port, a beach and an orphanage.
Novo Selo is also known for its typical vernacular, sharing features with the Serbian dialects to the west and the Torlakian vernacular to the south, as well as showing lexical influences from Romanian. Novo Selo's motto, in the local vernacular, is Mi smo si mi (Ми смо си ми), "We are (just) ourselves".

## Population

As of December 2017 Novo Selo has a population of 970 people, down from its peak of 4,535 people in 1934. Most inhabitants are ethnic Bulgarians (93%), with a large "Vlach" (Romanian) minority (who declared themselves as Bulgarians) and a few Romani people (7%). An overwhelming majority of the population of the village identify themselves as Christians (95%). Most inhabitants identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
The Bulgarian language spoken in Novo Selo has many similarities with the neighbouring Serbian language and Romanian language.

## Gallery

* Location in Bulgaria
* The Church of St Nikola
* The community centre
* View of the Danube from Novo Selo
* Field in Novo Selo
* Field in Novo Selo
# Koźle

Koźle (German: Cosel) is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the western part of the city at the junction of the Kłodnica and Oder rivers, c. 50 km southeast of Opole. The district has a Roman Catholic church, a medieval chateau, remains of a 19th-century fortress and a high school. Koźle's industries include a shipyard and an inland port.

## History

The settlement was first mentioned in the early 12th-century Gesta principum Polonorum, the oldest Polish chronicle. Its name comes from the Polish word kozioł, which means "goat". As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, from 1281 to 1355 Koźle was the seat of a splinter eponymous duchy ruled by a local branch of the Piast dynasty. Also in 1281, Koźle obtained town rights. After 1355, it remained under the rule of other branches of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1532, when it was absorbed to Bohemia. In 1431, Duke Konrad VII the White founded a Monastery of the Order of Friars Minor in Koźle. It was besieged several times during the Thirty Years War, and in 1645, it returned to Polish rule under the House of Vasa.
It fell to Prussia by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau. Frederick II converted it into a fortress which held against Austrian sieges in 1758, 1759, 1760 and 1762. In 1807 it almost withstood a siege by the Von Deroy brigade of the Bavarian Army, which was allied with Napoleonic France. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. In 1903, the Polish Bank Ludowy was founded in the town. Polish insurgents captured the part of the town east of the Oder during the 1921 Third Silesian Uprising, however, the town remained part of Germany in the interbellum. Local Polish activists were intensively persecuted by the Germans since 1937. During World War II, the Germans operated three forced labour subcamps (E2, E153, E155) of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town. In the final stages of the war, in 1945, a German-conducted death march of thousands of prisoners of several subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp passed through the town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. With the bulk of Silesia, it was among territories regained by Poland after World War II. However, 6,000 bomb craters were recorded in the Koźle Basin ranging from 16 feet (4.9 m) to 49 feet (15 m) in diameter, as American and British bombers dropped a total of 39,137 bombs in the region starting from February 1943, which was used by the German government for industrial fuel production.
In the wake of Polish takeover of the region, many of the townspeople were expelled and some were arrested for speaking German.

## Notable residents

* Theodor von Scheve (1851–1922), chess master
* Moritz Hadda (1887–1942), Jewish-German architect
* Heinrich Tischler (1892–1938), German painter
* Irene Eisinger (1903–1994), singer
* Georg Wahl (1920–2013), equestrian
* Hanno von Graevenitz (1937–2007), German diplomat
* Ullrich Libor (1940–), German sportsman
* Mathias Fischer (1971–), sportsman
# Tomsky District

Tomsky District (Russian: То́мский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the sixteen in Tomsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 10,064.2 square kilometers (3,885.8 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 68,652 (2010 Census); 85,888 (2002 Census); 92,340 (1989 Soviet census).

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tomsky District is one of the sixteen in the oblast. The city of Tomsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a city under oblast jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Tomsky Municipal District. Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated separately from the district as Tomsk Urban Okrug.
# Novobiryusinsky

Novobiryusinsky (Russian: Новобирюсинский) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Tayshetsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,767 (2010 Census); 4,984 (2002 Census); 4,551 (1989 Soviet census).
# Emporio, Kozani

Emporio (Greek: Εμπόριο) is a village and a community of the Eordaia municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Mouriki, of which it was a municipal district and the seat. The 2021 census recorded 744 inhabitants in the village.

## History

According to Ottoman document from 1626 to 1627, there were 71 Christian households in the village in the first half of the 17th century.

## Notable natives

* Kroum Pindoff, Bulgarian-Canadian businessman
# Kaltasy, Karaidelsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Kaltasy (Russian: Калтасы; Bashkir: Ҡалтасы, Qaltası) is a rural locality (a village) in Uryush-Bittulinsky Selsoviet, Karaidelsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Kaltasy is located 71 km southwest of Karaidel (the district's administrative centre) by road. Burkhanovka is the nearest rural locality.