# Duke of Berwick

Duke of Berwick (/ˈbɛrɪk/) (Spanish: Duque de Berwick) is a title that was created in the Peerage of England on 19 March 1687 for James FitzJames, the illegitimate son of James II and VII, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Arabella Churchill. The title's name refers to the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in England, near the border with Scotland.
Its creation is not considered part of the illegitimate Jacobite peerage, and no Writ of attainder was issued by Parliament for the Dukedom (although it was for the Duke himself), the title is still considered by some as theoretically extant, albeit dormant, in the Peerage of England and could be petitioned for reinstatement by the legitimate heirs male of the body (as detailed below in the list of Jacobite succession).
Since 13 December 1707, when Philip V, King of Spain confirmed the title in his country, and conferred the dignity of Grandee to the 1st Duke of Berwick, the dukedom is also a title of Spanish nobility. However, unlike the English peerage, the Spanish title follows the rule of absolute primogeniture, which allows a female to succeed if she is the first-born child. Thus following the death of the 10th Duke of Berwick in September 1953, who had only a daughter, the succession has divided into two separate lines.
At this point, the English title was inherited by the nephew of the 10th Duke, Don Fernando Fitz-James Stuart y Saavedra, 19th Duke of Peñaranda (1922–1971), and subsequently Fernando's son Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Gómez, 20th Duke of Peñaranda (born 1947), who became the 12th Duke of Berwick in 1971. The heir presumptive to the Dukedom is the 12th Duke’s younger brother Don Luis Fitz-James Stuart y Gómez, 14th Marquess of Valderrábano (born 1950). Under the English rule of male primogeniture, since Jacobo and his brother Luis do not have male issue, it is expected that the English peerage title will become extinct.
In contrast, in 1953, the Spanish title was inherited by the 10th Duke’s only daughter, Doña Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba (1926-2014), who was, in her own right, the 11th Duchess of Berwick. When she died in 2014, her son Don Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba (born 1948) succeeded to the title. The heir apparent to the dukedom is his eldest son Don Fernando Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Huéscar (born 1990).

## History

The peerage and its subsidiary titles were generally considered to have been forfeit by the English parliament in 1695, when James FitzJames was attainted following the enforced exile of his father. The College of Arms in its Roll of the Peerage does not list any such title, which means that it is non-existent today in England.
Nevertheless, the titles were recognized in France as de facto Jacobite peerages by Louis XIV, King of France to please the exiled James II & VII, along with other Jacobite peerages recognized in France, like Duke of Perth, Duke of Melfort, etc. On 13 December 1707, Philip V confirmed or issued the title in Spain, and he conferred the dignity of Grandee of Spain on James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick. The grandeeship is attached to the Spanish title of Duke of Berwick.
If the English peerage title was still extant, that title is only inheritable in the male line. At the death of Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba and 10th Duke of Berwick, the English title would have been inherited by his nephew Don Fernando FitzJames Stuart, 15th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero (1922–1971), and subsequently by Fernando's son Don Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 16th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero and current head of the House of FitzJames (born in 1947 and without children).
The Spanish title, with the accompanying dignity of Grandee of Spain, follows the inheritance rules of that country. Spanish noble titles historically have followed the rule of male-preference primogeniture, which allows a female to succeed if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. With the death of the 10th Duke of Berwick in September 1953, his only child, Doña Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba, succeeded him in his Spanish titles, including the Spanish dukedom of Berwick. With her death in November 2014, the dukedom passed to her eldest son, Don Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo.

## Dukes of Berwick (1687–1695)

| Descendant | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
| James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 1670–1695 | | 21 August 1670 Moulins, Allier son of James II of England and Arabella Churchill | Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan 26 March 1695 1 child Anne Bulkeley 18 April 1700 10 children | 12 June 1734 Philippsburg aged 63 |

## Jacobite Dukes of Berwick (1695–present)

| Descendant | Birth | Marriages | Death |
| James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 1695–1734 | 21 August 1670 Moulins, Allier son of James II of England and Arabella Churchill | Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan 26 March 1695 1 child Anne Bulkeley 18 April 1700 10 children | 12 June 1734 Philippsburg aged 63 |
| James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick 1734–1738 | 21 October 1696 son of James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick and Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan | Catalina Colón de Portugal y Ayala, 9th condesa de Gelves 31 December 1716 6 children | 2 June 1738 Naples aged 41 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick 1738–1785 | 28 December 1718 Madrid son of James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick and Catalina Colón de Portugal y Ayala, 9th condesa de Gelves | María Teresa de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo 26 June 1738 1 child | 30 September 1785 Valencia aged 66 |
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Berwick 1785–1787 | 25 March 1752 Liria son of James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick and María Teresa de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo | Carolina Augusta, Prinzessin zu Stolberg-Gedern 15 September 1771 2 children | 7 September 1787 Madrid aged 35 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick 1787–1794 | 25 February 1773 Paris son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 4th Duke of Berwick and Carolina Augusta, Prinzessin zu Stolberg-Gedern | María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox 24 January 1790 2 children | 3 April 1794 died aged 21 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 6th Duke of Berwick 1794–1795 | 3 January 1792 son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick and María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox | never married | 5 January 1795 aged 3 |
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 7th Duke of Berwick 1795–1835 | 19 May 1794 Madrid son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick and María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox | Rosalia Ventimiglia e Moncada, nobile dei principi di Grammonte 15 February 1817 3 children | 7 October 1835 Sion aged 41 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 8th Duke of Berwick 1835–1881 | 3 June 1821 Palermo son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 7th Duke of Berwick and Rosalia Ventimiglia e Moncada, nobile dei principi di Grammonte | María Francisca Portocarrero Palafox y Kirck Patrick, 12th duquesa de Peñaranda 14 February 1848 3 children | 10 July 1881 Madrid aged 60 |
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 9th Duke of Berwick 1881–1901 | 4 December 1849 Madrid son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 8th Duke of Berwick and María Francisca Portocarrero Palafox y Kirck Patrick, 12th duquesa de Peñaranda | María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th condesa de Siruela 10 December 1877 3 children | 15 October 1901 New York City aged 51 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 10th Duke of Berwick 1901–1953 | 17 October 1878 Madrid son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 9th Duke of Berwick and María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th condesa de Siruela | María del Rosario de Silva y Gurtubay, 9th marquesa de San Vicente del Barco 7 October 1920 1 child | 24 September 1953 Lausanne aged 74 |
| Fernando Fitz-James Stuart, 11th Duke of Berwick 1953–1970 | 24 January 1922 El Guadalperal son of Carlos Fernando Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 14th duque de Peñaranda, grandson of the 9th Duke of Berwick, and María del Carmen de Saavedra y Collado, 13th marquesa de Villaviciosa | María Isabel Gómez y Ruiz 1944 4 children | 20 July 1970 El Guadalperal aged 48 |
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 12th Duke of Berwick 1970–present | 15 November 1947 son of Fernando Fitz-James Stuart, 11th Duke of Berwick and María Isabel Gómez y Ruiz | Marta Gómez-Acebo Calonje no issue | |

## Spanish Dukes of Berwick (1707–present)

Before 1953, the Spanish Dukes were also the Jacobite Dukes of Berwick. The line split due to the differences between the Spanish and Jacobite succession laws (male-preference primogeniture and agnatic primogeniture respectively).
| Descendant | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
| Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 11th Duchess of Berwick 1953–2014 | | 28 March 1926 Liria Palace, Madrid daughter of Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 10th Duke of Berwick, and María del Rosario de Silva, 9th Marquise of San Vicente del Barco | Honorable Luis Martínez de Irujo y Artázcoz m. 1947; dec. 1972 with him 6 children Jesús Aguirre y Ortiz de Zárate m. 1978; dec. 2001 Alfonso Díez Carabantes m. 2011 | 20 November 2014 Palacio de las Dueñas, Seville aged 88 |
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 12th Duke of Berwick 2014–present | | 2 October 1948 Madrid son of Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 11th Duchess of Berwick, and Don Luis Martínez de Irujo y Artázcoz | Doña Matilde de Solís-Beaumont y Martínez-Campos m. 1988; div. 2004 with whom he had 2 children | |