OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.

## Function

SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the cell nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
Like other SMADs, SMAD2 plays a role in the transmission of extracellular signals from ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors into the cell nucleus. Binding of a subgroup of TGFβ superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of SMAD2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its extreme C-terminus. Phosphorylated SMAD2 is then able to form a complex with SMAD4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression.

## Nomenclature

The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD), and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene MAD in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added, since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues, e.g., Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or (MADD). The nomenclature for this protein is based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.

## Interactions

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 has been shown to interact with:
* ANAPC10,
* DAB2,
* EP300,
* FOXH1,
* HDAC1,
* TGIF1,
* Insulin receptor,
* LEF1,
* Myc,
* MEF2A,
* PIAS3,
* PIN1,
* SKI protein,
* SKIL,
* SMAD3,
* SMURF2,
* SNW1,
* STRAP
* WWTR1
# Vågsbygd Upper Secondary School

Vågsbygd High School (Norwegian: Vågsbygd videregående skole) is a high school in Kristiansand, Norway. The school is located at the centrum of the borough Vågsbygd at Kristin Flagstads vei. The school has over 800 students.
# Darville

Darville is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

## People

* Eka Darville (born 1989), Australian actor
* Helen Darville (born 1972), Australian writer and lawyer
* Jeanne Darville (1923–1995), Danish actress
* Liam Darville (born 1990), English footballer
* Michael Darville, Bahamian politician
# Castúo

Castúo is the generic name for the dialects of Spanish spoken in the autonomous community of Extremadura, in Spain. It shouldn't be confused with Extremaduran, a language between Asturleonese and Castilian, or with Fala, another language spoken in Extremadura that is most similar to Galician-Portuguese.

## Phonology

* Debuccalization (reduction to [h]) of and in syllable-final position, as is common in Spanish varieties in the southern half of Spain.
* Frequent loss of d, in any position, as is common in Spanish varieties in the southern half of Spain.
* Simplification of the consonantic group -nf, to f
* Simplification of the consonantic group -rj, to j
* Simplification of the consonantic group rn, to nn
* Pronunciation of word-initial 'h' as a glottal fricative, [h], in many words in which Latin had an initial 'f', as is common in most Andalusian varieties.
* Occasional consonantic change l/r and r/l, which occurs in Andalusian Spanish as well
* General loss of r in final position

## Morphology

* Anteposition of article before possessive pronoun, as in Extremaduran
* Use of diminutives ino and ina, a product of contact with Leonese
* Use of masculine article er before a consonant

## Writers

* José María Gabriel y Galán
* Luis Chamizo Trigueros
* Miguel Herrero Uceda
* Elisa Herrero Uceda
# Ing. Fernando Espinoza Gutiérrez International Airport

Querétaro-Ing. Fernando Espinosa Gutiérrez Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Ing. Fernando Espinosa Gutiérrez) (IATA: QRO, ICAO: MMQT) was an international airport situated in Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico. It functioned as the primary airport for Querétaro, facilitating both domestic and international flights, in addition to supporting flight training, charter, cargo, and general aviation activities. The airport was named in honor of Fernando Espinosa Gutiérrez, a prominent engineer from Querétaro. It underwent dismantling in 2004, and the remaining facilities were subsequently donated to the Autonomous University of Querétaro, now operating as a university campus. The closest airport currently handling commercial flights is Querétaro Intercontinental Airport.

## History

Ing. Fernando Espinosa Gutiérrez Airport had its beginnings in 1955 as a civilian aerodrome. In 1986, the State Government decided to expand and modernize it, granting operational rights to the state-owned entity Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA). Scheduled commercial flights began in 1992, with airlines like Aerolitoral and TAESA offering flights, and by 1993, Aeromar initiated regular flights. It received the official designation as an International Airport in 1997, serving 110,000 passengers and accommodating 11,000 operations by 2003.
In the 1990s, there were efforts to establish Querétaro, alongside Toluca, Cuernavaca, and Puebla airports, as alternatives to alleviate air traffic congestion in the Mexico City Area. In 1999, preparations started for the construction of a new airport, situated 19 kilometres (12 mi) to the east of the old facilities. The construction process kicked off on July 12, 2002, and the new Querétaro Intercontinental Airport commenced operations on November 28, 2004. After its inauguration, several airlines, including Aeromar and Continental Express, transferred their flight services to the new airport, along with the IATA and ICAO airport codes. Following its operational phase, the airport underwent dismantling and was subsequently donated to the Autonomous University of Querétaro.
# Émile Barral

Émile Louis Vincent Barral (24 September 1891 – 5 April 1961) was a sailor and runner from Monaco. As a sailor, he represented his country in the Monotype event at the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 12 foot dinghy event at the 1928 Summer Olympics. As a runner, he competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Edward Mørk

Edward Mørk (28 November 1888 – 1962) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party.

## Biography

He was a typographer by profession but entered politics via the Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund in 1906. He was the national leader of the organization in 1909, 1911, and 1914. He then chaired Oslo Faglige Samorg from 1920 to 1932 and was also a secretariat member of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1925 to 1927. He was a proponent of local trade union confederations (Norwegian: samorganisasjon). At the 1923 Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions congress, he proposed that fourteen representatives from the local confederations get a place in the supervisory council. The proposal was voted down with 102 against 101 votes. From 1932 on, he led the Employment Office (Arbeidskontoret) in Oslo.
In 1934, he was excluded from the Labour Party for failing to deny accusations of corruption. He died in 1962.
# Ropczyce-Sędziszów County

Ropczyce-Sędziszów County (Polish: powiat ropczycko-sędziszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Ropczyce, which lies 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of the regional capital Rzeszów. The only other town in the county is Sędziszów Małopolski, lying 6 km (4 mi) east of Ropczyce.
The county covers an area of 548.89 square kilometres (211.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 74,416, out of which the population of Ropczyce is 15,836, that of Sędziszów Małopolski is 12,357, and the rural population is 46,223.

## Neighbouring counties

Ropczyce-Sędziszów County is bordered by Mielec County and Kolbuszowa County to the north, Rzeszów County to the east, Strzyżów County to the south, and Dębica County to the west.

## Administrative division

The county is subdivided into five gminas (two urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
| Gmina | Type | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2019) | Seat |
| Gmina Ropczyce | urban-rural | 139 | 27,449 | Ropczyce |
| Gmina Sędziszów Małopolski | urban-rural | 156 | 23,740 | Sędziszów Małopolski |
| Gmina Wielopole Skrzyńskie | rural | 93 | 8,166 | Wielopole Skrzyńskie |
| Gmina Iwierzyce | rural | 65 | 7,707 | Iwierzyce |
| Gmina Ostrów | rural | 96 | 7,354 | Ostrów |
# Karimabad-e Sardar

Karimabad-e Sardar (Persian: كريم ابادسردار, also Romanized as Karīmābād-e Sardār) is a village in Mahan Rural District, Mahan District, Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13, in 4 families.
# Hemimont Plateau

Hemimont Plateau (Bulgarian: плато Хемимонт, romanized: plato Hemimont, IPA:) is the long and narrow ice-covered plateau of elevation about 1600 m in southern Graham Land, Antarctica bordering Avery Plateau on the north. It is situated midway between Loubet Coast and Fallières Coast on the west, and Bowman Coast on the east, and extends 100 km from the heads of Finsterwalder Glacier and Demorest Glacier on the north to Neny Glacier on the south. Its higher southern part rises to 1862 m and features McLeod Hill (1741 m), Beacon Hill (1770 m) and Armadillo Hill (1775 m).
The plateau is named after the Roman province of Hemimont in Southeastern Bulgaria.

## Location

Hemimont Plateau is centred at 67°43′00″S 66°06′00″W﻿ / ﻿67.71667°S 66.10000°W﻿ / -67.71667; -66.10000. British mapping in 1974.

## Maps

* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* British Antarctic Territory: Graham Land. Scale 1:250000 topographic map. BAS 250 Series, Sheet SQ 19–20. London, 1974.
# Geluksburg

Geluksburg is a small village in the Northern of Drakensberg in the KwaZulu Natal province in South Africa, located approximately 24 km from Bergville, close to Green Point and to the Free State border between the Oliviershoek and Van Reenen Mountain passes. The village lies 6 km below the base of the Tintwa mountains.
These ridges provide views of the Northern Drakensberg. Furthermore, these foothills contain notable examples of San Rock Art. These are not yet open to the public due to archaeological survey work. The word “Geluk” means ‘luck’ in Afrikaans and ‘Burg’ a town or residential area.
The closest other towns include Bergville, Ladysmith and Harrismith. Accessible on gravel roads only, the hamlet is a haven for retirees, recluses, and refugees from the world seeking out its remoteness. It’s also home to a handful of professionals like teachers and social workers and those who work remotely, including digital nomads, who proudly proclaim Gelukburg’s egalitarianism.

## History

Geluksburg played a role in the history of the Bushmen (San), Zulu, Boer and British. Firstly, inhabited by the Bushman. However, they were forced out of the region by Nguni clans and the early European settlers. King Shaka’s Mfecane during the early 1800s added to their displacement from this area.
The ‘Lost Valley’ located near Geluksburg was an early settlement of ‘Trek Boers’. This group were a “White Tribe” that lived an elementary life. Some five families lost their way from Piet Retief’s primary group, and as a result sought refuge in this valley. They were very reclusive until being discovered by a journalist in the 1950’s. The journalist observed them living in very simple mud dwellings.
The “Lost Valley” is now private farmland. However, tours can be arranged to see the remnants of the homes of this community.

## Schools

* Maswazi Primary,
* Rheibokspruit Loërskool,
* Thintwa Secondary,
* Ekukhuleni Early Childhood Development,
* Geluksburg Daycare
# Verkhnyaya Malykhina

Verkhnyaya Malykhina (Russian: Верхняя Малыхина) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Artyukhovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Oktyabrsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 47 (2010 Census); 53 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located on the Dichnya River (a left tributary of the Seym River), 60 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 28 km south-west of Kursk, 12 km south-west of the district center – the urban-type settlement Pryamitsyno, 3 km from the selsoviet center – Artyukhovka.

### Climate

Verkhnyaya Malykhina has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Verkhnyaya Malykhina is located 21 km from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway (a part of the European route E105), 3 km from the road of regional importance 38K-010 ("Crimea Highway" – Ivanino, part of the European route E38), on the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-214 (38K-010 – Verkhnyaya Malykhina), 7 km from the nearest railway halt 439 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 40 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 119 km from Belgorod International Airport and 240 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Massoudieh

Massoudieh (Arabic: مسعودية) is a village in Akkar Governorate, Lebanon, inhabited by Alawites.

## History

In 1838, Eli Smith noted the village as el-Mas'udiyeh, located west of esh-Sheikh Mohammed. The inhabitants were Alawites.

## Population

The inhabitants of Massoudieh are Alawites or Sunnis.
A significant percentage of the village population have migrated to the capital city of Beirut. Also, a significant percentage of the town population have migrated overseas to countries such as Brazil, Argentina, United States of America, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Gulf Arab states and European Union (UK and France).
# Antoine Berlin

Antoine Berlin (born 2 August 1989) is a Monegasque professional racing cyclist and former long-distance runner, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Team Vorarlberg.

## Career
### Athletics

Before cycling, Berlin competed as a long-distance runner for AS Monaco. He holds the Monegasque national records for the 1000 metres, 10,000 metres, 10 km road race and the half marathon. He also competed in the 1500 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. In 2010, he moved to the United States to compete for East Carolina University, however his training was hindered by injuries.
In 2016, he retired from running after being unable to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics due to a pelvic stress fracture.

### Cycling

Berlin took up cycling in May 2017 with the Magnan Bornala Cyclisme team in Nice. In 2020, he turned professional with UCI Continental team Cambodia Cycling Academy at the age of 30. After the team folded at the end of the season, he joined Global 6 Cycling in March 2021. With this team, he notably placed 13th at the Vuelta a Murcia and 8th overall Le Tour de Savoie Mont Blanc. In 2022, he transferred to French team Nice Métropole Côte d'Azur, for their first season at the UCI Continental level.

#### Personal bests
##### Outdoor

* 1000 metres – 2:35.70 (Monaco 2008) NR
* 1500 metres – 4:04.55 (Villefranche-sur-Saone 2008) NU20R
* 3000 metres – 8:46.26 (Nice 2008) NU20R
* 5000 metres – 15:19.87 (Vénissieux 2008) NU20R
* 10,000 metres – 32:00.76 (Philadelphia 2010) NR

##### Indoor

* 3000 metres – 8:48.03 (Reims 2011) NR
* 5000 metres – 15:32.85 (Newport News 2010)

##### Road

* 10km 30:30 (Lausanne 2008) NR
* Half marathon – 1:08:57 (Paris 2009) NR

## Major results
### 2021

    8th Overall Le Tour de Savoie Mont Blanc
# Sredny, Kursk Oblast

Sredny (Russian: Средний) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Vyshnereutchansky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Medvensky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 3 (2010 Census); 4 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The khutor is located on the Lyubach River (a left tributary of the Reut River in the Seym basin), 50 km (31 mi) from the Russia–Ukraine border, 42 km (26 mi) south-west of Kursk, 15 km (9.3 mi) south-west of the district center – the urban-type settlement Medvenka, 7 km (4.3 mi) from the selsoviet center – Verkhny Reutets.

### Climate

Sredny has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Sredny is located 17.5 km (10.9 mi) from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway (a part of the European route E105), 1 km (0.62 mi) from the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-185 (M2 "Crimea Highway" – Gakhovo), 30.5 km (19.0 mi) from the nearest railway halt 439 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 51 km (32 mi) from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 92 km (57 mi) from Belgorod International Airport and 236 km (147 mi) from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Oltina

Oltina is a commune in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.
The commune includes four villages:
* Oltina (historical name: Goltina, Bulgarian: Голтинa), named after the Roman settlement Altinum, whose vestiges were found in the vicinity of the village
* Răzoarele (historical name: Curuorman, Turkish: Kuru-Orman)
* Satu Nou (historical name: Ienichioi, Turkish: Yeniköy)
* Strunga (historical name: Câșla, Turkish: Kışla)

## Demographics

At the 2011 census, 96.3% of the population of Oltina had Romanian ethnicity.
# Medellín Sports Coliseum

Medellín Sports Coliseum (known in Spanish simply as the Coliseums (Spanish: Los Coliseos) or the Sport Coliseums (Spanish: Los Coliseos Deportivos), is a complex of five sports arenas located in Medellín, Colombia: the Guillermo Gaviria Correa Coliseum for Martial Arts, the Jorge Valderrama Coliseum for Handball, the Jorge Hugo Giraldo Coliseum for Gymnastics, the Iván de Beodut Coliseum for Basketball, and the Yesid Santos Coliseum for Volleyball. It is part of the larger Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex.
The five gymnasiums were designed by Giancarlo Mazzanti and Plan B Architects. Three coliseums were renovated and two new coliseums were constructed in 18 months and with CO$50 million in preparation for the 2010 South American Games. The design has a wavy sloped green roofline and an area of 493,000 square feet.

## History

The sports complex was completed in 18 months for the 2010 South American Games. In 2008, two years before the tournament, Medellín held an international design competition, in which was proposed the building of two new venues for gymnastics and martial arts for the Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex, and the renovation of the Iván de Beodut Coliseum, in which are held basketball, volleyball and handball events. The winning design featured a semi-open construction that interconnected the four sports arenas.

## Design

The coliseums are arranged along a north–south axis. The walls of the coliseums are perforated, allowing a natural breeze to pass through the arenas and saving money on air conditioning. The largest coliseum has a capacity of 9,000.
In 2012, the design was one of two structures in Colombia honored by the 8th Ibero-American Architecture and Urban Design Biennial, an initiative that honors the best architectural projects in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America.

## Iván de Beodut Coliseum

Iván de Beodut Coliseum, (Coliseo Cubierto Iván de Bedout in Spanish), also known as Coliseo Cubierto Mayor, is an indoor sporting arena built in 1955 and included in the Medellín Sports Coliseum since 2009. The capacity of the arena is for 6,000 people and is primarily used for basketball. The arena hosted the basketball competitions for the 2010 South American Games. The coliseum is one of the three venues chosen for the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup.
# Poikiloblast

A poikiloblast is a porphyroblast mineral with small inclusions of the previous rock in it. From the texture (if any) shown in the inclusion, the deformation history of the rock can be interpreted, as the inclusions are always older than the porphyroblast.
# Janmabhoomi (1969 film)

Janmabhoomi (English: Home Land) is a 1969 Malayalam film written, directed and produced by John Sankaramangalam. The film stars Madhu, Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, S. P. Pillai and Ushakumari in the lead roles. It marked the directorial debut of Sankaramangalam, who later directed critically acclaimed feature films like Avalalppam Vaikippoyi (1971) and Samantharam (1985), and cinematographer Ashok Kumar. It won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and a Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography.

## Cast

* Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair as Mathai
* Madhu as John
* S. P. Pillai as Pillai
* Manavalan Joseph as Usman
* Janardhanan as Nambiar
* Ramchand as Kunhan
* Ushakumari as Madhavi
* Shobha as Chembi
* T. R. Omana as Mariya
* Snehalatha as Thresya
* K. V. Sharada as Grameena
* Baby Saroja as Baby
* Baby Shanthi as Balan

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by B. A. Chidambaranath and the lyrics were written by P. Bhaskaran.
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | "Arayadimannil Thudakkam" | M. Balamuralikrishna | P. Bhaskaran |
| 2 | "Maanathe Mannaathikkoru" | S. Janaki | P. Bhaskaran |
| 3 | "Malaranimandaarame" | S. Janaki, M. Balamuralikrishna | P. Bhaskaran |
| 4 | "Mathimathi Ninte Mayilaattam" | B. Vasantha | P. Bhaskaran |
| 5 | "Neelamalacholayile" | A. K. Sukumaran | P. Bhaskaran |
| 6 | "Vellilamkaadum" | B. Vasantha | P. Bhaskaran |
| 7 | "Vinnaalum Lokapithave" | M. S. Padma | P. Bhaskaran |

## Production

The film was made with financial support from the Film Finance Corporation. The film was shot in Wayanad on the Western Ghats.
The Film was distributed by Dinny Films.

## Awards

The film won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for its theme of religious co-existence. It also won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography for Ashok Kumar.
# Charles Bergonzi

Charles Bergonzi (24 July 1910 – 23 January 1986) was a Monegasque sports shooter. He competed in the 25 m pistol event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Pelleport

Pelleport (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Pelapòrc) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Monuments

* The town hall.
* The church.
* The War Memorial.