OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lyushinka

Lyushinka (Russian: Люшинка) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Gorodensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 59 (2010 Census); 64 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located on the Seym River, 52 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 59 km south-west of Kursk, 4 km north-east of the district center – the town Lgov, 1.5 km from the selsoviet center – Gorodensk.

### Climate

Lyushinka has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Lyushinka is located 6 km from the road of regional importance 38K-017 (Kursk – Lgov – Rylsk – border with Ukraine) as part of the European route E38, 3.5 km from the road 38K-042 (38K-017 – Lgov), on the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-433 (Lgov – Gorodensk – Borisovka – Rechitsa), 6 km from the nearest railway station Sherekino (railway line Navlya – Lgov-Kiyevsky).
The rural locality is situated 66 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 144 km from Belgorod International Airport and 269 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Anatoly Frenkel

Anatoly I. Frenkel (born 1964 in Leningrad, USSR) is an American physicist and professor. Frenkel is a researcher in the physicochemical properties of materials, focusing on the processes that link the nanoscale details of their structure to the mechanisms of work. His work has led to new techniques for materials characterization, including machine learning methods for X-ray absorption spectroscopy and multimodal, operando methods for catalytic studies using synchrotron radiation.

## Education and work

Frenkel earned his B.S. and M.Sc. degree in physics from Leningrad State University in 1987, and Ph.D. degree in physics from Tel Aviv University in 1995. He completed his postdoctoral appointment at University of Washington with Edward A. Stern in 1996. He held a position as professor of physics in Yeshiva University until 2016. He is currently a professor at the Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook University, and a senior chemist (joint appointment) at the Division of Chemistry at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

## Research

His interests are in materials science, nanotechnology, catalysis, optoelectronic and electromechanical materials. He is a specialist in the field of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando characterization and method developments for their data analysis and applications.

## Workshops and short courses on X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Since 2005, Frenkel has organized annual short courses and workshops on X-ray absorption spectroscopy at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He has run and instructed at multiple synchrotron summer schools and short courses in USA, China, Israel, Netherlands, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Canada. He is a co-director of Synchrotron Catalysis Consortium at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

## Awards and achievements

* 2023 - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
* 2017 - Fellow of the American Physical Society
* 2015-2024 - Weston Visiting Professorship fellow, Weizmann Institute of Science
* 2003 - Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, Yeshiva University
# Palaio Eleftherochori

Palaio Eleftherochori (Greek: Παλαιό Ελευθεροχώρι) is a village in Pieria, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pydna-Kolindros, of which it is a municipal community. The 2021 census recorded 377 residents in the village.
# Lansac, Hautes-Pyrénées

Lansac (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Lançac) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
# Konjski Hrib

Konjski Hrib (pronounced; German: Roßbüchel) is a remote abandoned settlement in the Municipality of Semič in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Its territory is now part of the village of Planina.

## History

Konjski Hrib was a Gottschee German village. It had four houses in 1931. The original inhabitants were expelled from the village in the fall of 1941. It was burned by Italian troops in the summer of 1942 during the Rog Offensive and was never rebuilt.
# Kurt F. Geisinger

Kurt F. Geisinger is an American psychologist, writer, and research professor known for his work on psychological testing and assessment. Currently serving as the Director of the Buros Center for Testing at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He has also been honored as the Meierhenry Distinguished University Professor at the same institution.

## Career

Geisinger received the Alumni Fellow Award from the Pennsylvania State University where he earned his Ph.D.
Geisinger has held various academic positions throughout his distinguished career. He served as a professor of psychology and chair of the Psychology Department at Fordham University from 1977 to 1992. Subsequently, he assumed the role of Dean of Arts and Sciences at SUNY-Oswego from 1992 to 1997, followed by Vice President for Academic Affairs at Le Moyne College and the University of St. Thomas (Texas) from 1997 to 2006. Throughout his academic appointments, he maintained the rank of Professor of Psychology. Geisinger's areas of expertise encompass testing and psychometric theory, testing of individuals with disabilities and language minorities, performance assessment, legal issues in testing, and high-stakes tests for admissions and personnel selection.
Geisinger received Jacob Cohen Award for Distinguished Teaching and Mentoring from Division 5 of the American Psychological Association.
Geisinger has served as the past president of the International Test Commission, Division 5 (Quantitative and Qualitative Methodology) of the American Psychological Association and was president of the American Psychological Association's division of International Psychology. Geisinger held the position of president of Division 2 (Assessment and Evaluation) from 2018 to 2022 in International Association of Applied Psychology.

## Selected books

* College Admissions and Admissions Testing in a Time of Transformational Change (2023)
* Fairness in Educational and Psychological Testing: Examining Theoretical, Research, Practice, and Policy Implications of the 2014 Standards (2022)
* Tests in Print X (2022)
* The Twenty-First Mental Measurements Yearbook (2021)
* The Eighteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook (2010)

## Selected publications

* "Social Responsibility, Fairness, and College Admissions Tests: A Commentary" (2021)
* "Intended and Unintended Meanings of Validity: Some Clarifying Comments" (2016)
* "Psychometric Issues in Testing Students with Disabilities" (1994)
* "The Metamorphosis in Test Validation" (1992)
# Yazykovo, Blagovarsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Yazykovo (Russian: Язы́ково, Bashkir: Языков) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Blagovarsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Population: 6,368 (2010 Census); 5,918 (2002 Census); 4,665 (1989 Soviet census).
# Latin hypercube sampling

Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values from a multidimensional distribution. The sampling method is often used to construct computer experiments or for Monte Carlo integration.
LHS was described by Michael McKay of Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1979. An equivalent technique was independently proposed by Vilnis Eglājs in 1977. It was further elaborated by Ronald L. Iman and coauthors in 1981. Detailed computer codes and manuals were later published.
In the context of statistical sampling, a square grid containing sample positions is a Latin square if (and only if) there is only one sample in each row and each column. A Latin hypercube is the generalisation of this concept to an arbitrary number of dimensions, whereby each sample is the only one in each axis-aligned hyperplane containing it.
When sampling a function of $N$ variables, the range of each variable is divided into $M$ equally probable intervals. $M$ sample points are then placed to satisfy the Latin hypercube requirements; this forces the number of divisions, $M$, to be equal for each variable. This sampling scheme does not require more samples for more dimensions (variables); this independence is one of the main advantages of this sampling scheme. Another advantage is that random samples can be taken one at a time, remembering which samples were taken so far.
In two dimensions the difference between random sampling, Latin hypercube sampling, and orthogonal sampling can be explained as follows:
* In random sampling new sample points are generated without taking into account the previously generated sample points. One does not necessarily need to know beforehand how many sample points are needed.
* In Latin hypercube sampling one must first decide how many sample points to use and for each sample point remember in which row and column the sample point was taken. Such configuration is similar to having N rooks on a chess board without threatening each other.
* In orthogonal sampling, the sample space is partitioned into equally probable subspaces. All sample points are then chosen simultaneously making sure that the total set of sample points is a Latin hypercube sample and that each subspace is sampled with the same density.
Thus, orthogonal sampling ensures that the set of random numbers is a very good representative of the real variability, LHS ensures that the set of random numbers is representative of the real variability whereas traditional random sampling (sometimes called brute force) is just a set of random numbers without any guarantees.
# Karsaz railway station

Karsaz railway station (Urdu: کارساز ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: ڪارساز ريلوي اسٽيشن) is located in Karachi, Pakistan.
# Association of Employees in Government Educational Administration

Association of Employees in Government Educational Administration (Finnish: Valtion alueellisen sivistyshallinnon virkamiehet VSV ry, Swedish: Statstjänstemännen inom den regionala bildningsförvaltningen SRB rf) is the smallest of the member trade unions of Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals in Finland with 141 members. The union consists of civil servants working in the educational sector of the provincial boards. The union was founded in the early 20th century as the association of the Finnish school superintendents.
# Pavel Deyev

Pavel Deyev (1 January 1942 – 2 January 2009) was a Soviet equestrian. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Hagedet

Hagedet (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Hagedèth) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
# Jan O. Korbel

Jan O. Korbel (born 1975) is a German scientist working in the fields of human genetics, genomics and computational biology.

## Education

After receiving his PhD in 2005 from Humboldt University of Berlin, he pursued his postdoctoral research at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (USA).

## Research and career

He is a tenured principal investigator and Heading the Data Science Centre at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, Germany. He is also a senior scientist in the Genome Biology Unit at the EMBL, is leading a bridging research division at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and is a honorary professor ("Honorarprofessor") at Heidelberg University. A particular focus of the Korbel group is on investigating a particular form of mutation, genomic structural variation, which includes deletions, inversions and more complex chromosomal rearrangements such as chromothripsis events that can occur in healthy individuals and in context of disease. His group's principal research objective is to understand genomic structural variations as a basis of phenotypic variation and cancer development.
In addition to his research activities, Jan Korbel is promoting interdisciplinary dialogues in bioethics, and the application of genome sequencing in Genomic Medicine.

## Awards and recognition

He received several academic prizes, including:
* the Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Award (2014),
* the Manfred-Fuchs-Prize for his bioethical research (2015),
* the 2018 HMLS Investigator Award,
* and the Pezcoller Foundation–EACR Cancer Researcher Award (2018).
He is an elected member of Germany's National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2015) and of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) (2016). He is also a fellow of the European Academy of Cancer Sciences. Jan Korbel is also a European Research Council (ERC) investigator.
# Tenorio Volcano

Tenorio Volcano (Spanish: Volcán Tenorio) is an inactive andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica. It is the main geographical feature of the eponymous Tenorio Volcano National Park.

## Toponymy

The name comes from the Chorotega legend of Eskameca and Tenorí. The name in its current form is first mentioned in a 1744 document, further in 1745 by historian León Fernández Bonilla.

## Physical aspects

It is composed of four volcanic peaks and two twin craters, one of which is sometimes referred to as the Montezuma Volcano. The formation occupies a 225 km² area. In the lowest areas there is savanna, rain forest in the middle areas and cloud forest at the top.
The rivers Tenorio, Tenorito and Martirio have their source in this volcano.
# Beli Grič

Beli Grič (pronounced; German: Heiligenkreuz) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Sveti Križ (literally, 'Holy Cross') to Beli Grič (literally, 'white hill') in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. In the past the German name was Heiligenkreuz.

## Church

The local church in the settlement is dedicated to the Holy Cross (Slovene: sveti Križ) and belongs to the Parish of Mokronog. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1526 and was extended in the 17th century and restyled in the Baroque in the 18th century.
# Independence Avenue (Minsk)

Independence Avenue (Belarusian: Праспект Незалежнасці, romanized: Praspiekt Niezaliežnasci; Russian: Проспект Независимости) is the main street of Minsk, the capital of Belarus. Independence Avenue crosses Minsk radially from its centre towards the northeast. Length of the avenue is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).

## Notable landmarks

Key landmarks located from West to East:
* Independence Square
** The House of Government
** Minsk City Hall
** Church of Saints Simon and Helena
** Belarusian State University
* KGB Headquarters
* October Square
** Palace of the Republic
** Museum of the Great Patriotic War
** Belarus State Circus
** Central House of Officers
** Trade Unions Palace of Culture
* Aleksander Garden Square
* Yanka Kupala Park
* Gorky Park
* Victory Square
* Church of Holy Trinity
* Yakub Kolas Square
* Kalinin Square
* Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
* Čaliuskincaŭ Park
* National Library of Belarus.

## World Heritage status

Architectural ensemble of Francysk Scaryna avenue in Minsk (1940s-1950s) is in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List (Cultural property).

## Interesting facts

* Independence avenue crosses five different squares on its path: Kalinin Square, Yakub Kolas Square, Victory Square, October Square and Independence Square.
* The avenue's name was changed 14 times.
# FRM II

The Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (Forschungsreaktor München II or FRM II) (German: Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) is a leading German research reactor and neutron source, named in honor of the physicist Heinz Maier-Leibnitz who had conducted a highly successful research program at its predecessor, the FRM I [de]. Operated by the Technical University of Munich, it is located on its campus in Garching.

## Overview

The FRM II is located in the immediate neighbourhood of FRM I, on the research and university campus near Garching (18 km north of Munich). It is operated by the Technical University of Munich. Several other universities and research institutions are taking part in the scientific use.
The reactor was built by Siemens. It went critical on March 2, 2004, and reached the full power of 20 MW on August, 24. Since April 2005, it is in routine operation. The regular schedule comprises 4 reactor cycles per year, with 60 days per cycle.
Highly enriched uranium in a high-density uranium silicide-aluminium dispersion fuel element yields an excellent ratio of neutron flux to thermal power. A liquid deuterium moderator ("cold source") gives a world-leading cold-neutron flux density.

## Usage

The FRM II is optimized for neutron scattering experiments at beam tubes and neutron guides. Furthermore, there are irradiation facilities, for example to produce medically used radioisotopes (as Lu-177), and a tumour treatment facility. The more than 25 scientific instruments are operated by different chairs of the TU München, other universities, Helmholtz Centres and Max-Planck Institutes. The Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) of the Forschungszentrum Jülich operates its own outstation at the FRM II. Each instrument offers 2/3 of its beam time for scientists from all over the world. 30 percent is foreseen for industrial use.
# Gospel Trap

Gospel trap also known as trap gospel is a sub-genre of Christian hip hop that emerged in the southern United States during the late 2010s. It is characterized by the use of trap beats and lyrics about Christianity and Jesus. Gospel trap often includes violent metaphors for God's love or allusions to being saved from a life of vanity, crime, and drug use by God. Artists like Alex Jean, Caleb Gordon, BigBreeze, Mike Teezy, and Wande are considered leading figures of the sub-genre.

## History and origins

Trap gospel can be traced to Erica Campbell's 2015 hit I Luh God which caused controversy for its secular sound. In the late 2010s members of 116 Clique also began incorporating trap beats into their music and collaborating with secular trap artists such as Ty Dolla Sign on Lecrae's 2017 song Blessings.
# Discrimination against members of the armed forces in the United Kingdom

Incidents have been reported of discrimination against soldiers of the armed forces of the United Kingdom, comprising the Royal Navy, the British Army and the Royal Air Force.
In December 2007, the British Prime Minister requested a report to evaluate the relationship between "our Armed Forces and the rest of society".$^{:3}$ The report details the following incidents:$^{:39–40}$
* Troops returning from Afghanistan were told to change into civilian clothes at Birmingham Airport in December 2007.
* Troops returning from Afghanistan into Edinburgh Airport were directed away from the public areas through ad hoc facilities in 2007.
* Patients from the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre at Headley Court were subjected to verbal abuse in November 2007.
* RAF personnel were banned from wearing uniform in Peterborough after incidents of verbal abuse.
Other incidents of discrimination and harassment against soldiers reported in the media were not detailed in the report as they had not been corroborated.$^{:40}$
On 4 September 2008, the Metro Hotel in Woking refused a wounded soldier a room, forcing him to spend the night in his car.
There were incidents of public houses banning soldiers in 2002.

## Current legal practice

Concerning the case of the Metro Hotel, legal experts confirmed that it was not against the law for hotel staff to turn away a potential customer because of his or her job. The report to the Prime Minister states that "It is quite intolerable that those who wear the Queen’s uniform should be denied access to public or commercial services as a result, but there is no legal protection for the targets of such discrimination."$^{:17}$
Proposals to improve the situation are limited to the "legal protection of the uniform".$^{:6}$ Thus a hotel could presumably still refuse an officer who did not wear his uniform. For example, the Metro Hotel refused the non-uniformed soldier when he presented his Army identification card. Some members of the public have taken matters into their own hands. Metro Hotel had to call the police as their lines were flooded with angry, abusive and threatening calls. Mr Kai Graf von der Pahlen and Mr Taha Idris of the Swansea Bay Racial Equality Council published research on "soldier discrimination" that raises the question whether such discrimination could constitute unlawful indirect gender discrimination. The research shows that male soldiers may have a case for unlawful gender discrimination because most of the soldiers of the UK Armed Forces are male. The discriminator is thus effectively excluding a predominantly (approximately 90%) male group of people, which is classed as "indirect gender discrimination" under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and therefore unlawful.
# Rodna

Rodna (formerly Rodna Veche; Hungarian: Óradna, Radna; German: Altrodenau) is a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Rodna and Valea Vinului (Radnaborberek).
Its name is derived from a Slavic word, ruda, meaning "iron ore", originally being known as Rudna in 14th century documents.

## Geography

The commune is located in the northeastern part of Bistrița-Năsăud County, 50 km (31 mi) from the county seat, Bistrița, on the border with Maramureș County. It is situated at an altitude of 584 m (1,916 ft), on the southern slopes of the Rodna Mountains. The Rodna Mountains National Park is partly located on the administrative territory of the commune.
The Someșul Mare River, which has its source in the Rodna Mountains, flows east to west through Rodna village. The river Pârâul Băilor flows north to south through Valea Vinului village, discharging into the Someșul Mare in the center of Rodna village, near the ruins of the old tower.
Rodna village is crossed by the national road DN17D [ro], which starts in Beclean, 70 km (43 mi) to the southwest, crosses the Carpathian Mountains through the Rotunda Pass [ro], and ends in Fluturica, Suceava County, 34 km (21 mi) to the northeast.

## History

During the Late Middle Ages, the Transylvanian Saxon-inhabited village was sacked by the Mongols during their invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary. After 1570, the settlement became part of the Principality of Transylvania.
Between 1711 (Treaty of Szatmar) and 1918, Rodna was part of the Habsburg monarchy, province of Transylvania; in Transleithania after the compromise of 1867. A post-office was opened in 1856, later named Ó-Radna ("Old Rodna"). In 1876, the village became part of Beszterce-Naszód County.
In the aftermath of World War I, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in December 1918. At the start of the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919, the locality passed under Romanian administration; after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In 1925, Rodna became the seat of Plasa Rodna in Năsăud County. In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany, which imposed the Second Vienna Award, Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Rodna) from Romania. Towards the end of World War II, however, the commune was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in October 1944, and reverted to Năsăud County.
In 1950, the commune became part of Rodna Region [ro], while in 1952 it fell in the Năsăud raion of Cluj Region. In 1968, a new administrative law was adopted, and Rodna became part of Bistrița-Năsăud County.

## Natives

* Florian Porcius (1816–1906), botanist and administrator
* Francisc Zavoda (1927–2011), footballer
* Vasile Zavoda (1929–2014), football player and manager