OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Semirechye Cossacks

Semirechyenskoe Cossack Host (Russian: Семиреченское казачье войско) was a Cossack host in Imperial Russia, located in the Semirechyenskaya Oblast (today comprising most of Kyrgyzstan as well as Almaty oblysy, Taldy-Korgan (Taldyqorghan) oblysy, and parts of the Taraz oblysy and Semey oblysy in Kazakhstan) with the center in Verny.
The Semirechyenskoe Cossack Host was created out of a portion of the Siberian Cossack Host in 1867. It was commanded by a nakazny or ataman (who was also the military governor of the oblast). From 1882, the Semirechye Ataman was responsible to the Governor General of the Steppe; and from 1899 the Governor General of Turkestan.
In the early 20th century, the Semirechye Cossask Host supplied 1 cavalry regiment (4 sotnyas) and 1 platoon of local guards in times of peace. In times of war the host provided 3 cavalry regiments and 12 detached sotnyas. The Semirechyenskoe Cossasks possessed 7,440 km$^2$ of land, including 710 km$^2$ of arable land. In 1916, The Cossack population in this region numbered approximately 45,000 people.
The Semirechyenskoe Cossask Host played a role in the expansionist colonial policy of the Tsar in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Semirechyenskoe Cossacks took part in the conquest of Central Asia and in World War I. During the Russian Civil War, the prosperous leadership of the Semirechyenskoe Cossask Host opposed the Soviets. After the defeat of the White movement in the Steppes in April 1920, the Semirechyenskoe Cossask Host was disbanded. As part of the process of "Decossackization", its former leaders were forcibly transferred to the Russian Extreme North.

## Distinctions

The distinguishing colour of the Semirechyenskoe Cossack Host was "raspberry red" (crimson); worn on the cap bands, shoulder straps and wide trouser stripes of a green uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Officers wore silver epaulettes and braid. High fleece hats were worn on occasion, with crimson cloth tops. Until 1908 cossacks from all hosts were required to provide their own uniforms; together with horses, saddlery and sabers. However the prosperous Semirechyenskoe Host was able to maintain its own clothing factories and stores as community owned resources.
# Poyartin

Poyartin (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Poiartin) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Couladère

Couladère (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Coladèra) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Personalities

* The opera singer Jean Morère was born in Couladère in 1836.
# Mauroux, Gers

Mauroux (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Maurós) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# Charre

Charre (Basque: Xarra; Occitan: Sharra) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
# Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw

The Holy Trinity Church (Polish: Kościół Świętej Trójcy), also known as Zug's Protestant Church (Polish: Zbór Zuga), is a Lutheran church in central Warsaw, Poland, and one of two Augsburg Evangelical temples in the city. Designed by Szymon Bogumił Zug, it is one of the largest churches in Warsaw and one of the most notable for its round design.

## History

The king's banker, Piotr Tepper, made efforts to build the church and in 1777 he obtained the appropriate privilege from King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The king however reserved for himself the right of choosing the design of the building. The church was designed by Szymon Bogumił Zug and constructed in 1777–1782. Already on 30 December 1781 the congregation's pastor Gottlieb Ringeltaube [de] celebrated the inauguration of the church.
It is a Classical rotunda based partly on the Roman Pantheon. The Lutheran church was the highest and at the same time one of the biggest buildings of 18th century Warsaw. The diameter of the dome was 33.4 meters and the height was 58 meters. The huge dome with magnificent lantern tower still dominates the nearby buildings. It upholds the spirit of pure classicism. As the tallest building in Warsaw at that time it served as vantage point for the Polish Army during the Kościuszko Uprising.
In the beginning of the 19th century the church was renowned of the music performances accompanying the service. Among the famous musicians, who gave concerts here was Frédéric Chopin. In April 1825 in the presence of tsar Alexander I of Russia, he played on the choralion (aeolimelodicon).
The church fell into ruin when bombed and burnt by the Germans on September 16, 1939. It was rebuilt after the war(1948-53).
Inside, visitors are impressed by its double gallery encircling the interior. Because of its acoustic improvements and a splendid organ, the Warsaw Chamber Opera (Warszawska Opera Kameralna) regularly organizes concerts of classical music here.
# Puysségur

Puysségur (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Poisigur) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# Fiat-Sollers

Fiat-Sollers (Russian: СП «Соллерс-Fiat») was a joint venture between Fiat S.p.A. and Sollers JSC (formerly Severstal Avto). Each company had a 50% share in the venture, and the product range was determined by Fiat.

## Overview

It had its origins in January 2006, when a licensing agreement was first signed between the two companies. As part of the deal, Severstal Avto became the distributor of the full range of Fiat cars and commercial vehicles. Fiat-branded cars from the venture were launched at the Moscow International Automobile Salon of 2006.
Complete knock-down kits of the Fiat Albea sedan and Fiat Doblò van were assembled for the Russian market in Naberezhnye Chelny, in the facilities of the ZMA automotive company. An agreement to manufacture the F1A diesel engine for the Fiat Ducato and the UAZ Patriot in Nizhniy Novgorod was signed in December 2006.
A new factory in Yelabuga was established as part of the joint venture to manufacture the Fiat Linea. The facility was also used to produce the Fiat Ducato. In May 2008 Vladimir Putin drove the first Fiat Ducato to come out of the new factory.
A formal joint venture structure between the companies was set up in February 2010. In February 2011, Sollers decided to terminate their partnership with Fiat at the end of the year, and the Naverezhny Chelny plant was offered to Ford as part of the new Ford Sollers joint venture.

## Production

* Fiat Albea
* Fiat Palio
* Fiat Doblo
* Fiat Linea
* Fiat Ducato
# Spas-Demensky District

Spas-Demensky District (Russian: Спас-Де́менский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,369 square kilometers (529 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Spas-Demensk. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 7,369, with the population of Spas-Demensk accounting for 62.0% of that number.

## History

The district was established in 1929 within Sukhinichi Okrug of Western Oblast from a part of former Mosalsky Uyezd. It became a part of Kaluga Oblast on July 5, 1944.
# Zalewo

Zalewo (German: Saalfeld in Ostpreußen) is a town in Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,977 inhabitants (2008). It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Ewingi.

## History

The settlement was founded in the 13th century and was granted town rights in 1305.
During the Napoleonic Wars in 1807 Polish soldiers of General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski were quartered in the town. In 1831, several Polish infantry and artillery units, engineer corps, sappers and general staff of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places.
During World War II it was destroyed in 70%.

## Sports

The local football club is Ewingi Zalewo. It competes in the lower leagues.

## Gallery

* Gothic Saint John the Evangelist church
* Medieval town walls
* School in Zalewo
* Marina

## International relations
### Twin towns — Sister cities

* Rūdiškės, Lithuania
* Saalfeld/Saale, Germany

## Notable people

* Hans-Joachim Kappis (1908–1970), Wehrmacht officer
* Herbert Kelletat (1907–2007), musician, author, choir director
* Hans-Joachim Kroschinski (1920–1995), German flying ace
* Ernst Kutschkau (1910–1947) Wehrmacht soldier
* Grażyna Prokopek (born 1977), athlete
* Robert Roberthin (1600–1648), one of the first regional poets
# Zaytsevo, Republic of Bashkortostan

Zaytsevo (Russian: Зайцево) is a rural locality (a selo) in Pevomaysky Selsoviet, Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 315 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Zaytsevo is located 20 km south of Yanaul (the district's administrative centre) by road. Cheraul is the nearest rural locality.
# Rose (2011 film)

Rose (Polish: Róża) is a 2011 Polish film directed by Wojciech Smarzowski. It depicts the love story of a Masurian woman and an officer of the Armia Krajowa in postwar Masuria.

## Plot

In summer 1945 Tadeusz, an officer of the Armia Krajowa and veteran of the Warsaw uprising, whose wife was raped and murdered by the Germans, moves to Masuria, a region in former German East Prussia, which became part of Poland as a result of the Potsdam Agreement after World War II. He visits Róża, a widow of a German Wehrmacht soldier whose death Tadeusz had witnessed, to hand over her husband’s possessions. Róża invites Tadeusz to stay at her farm to protect her against marauders and the brutal rapes she had previously experienced during the Soviet East Prussian Offensive and in the lawless atmosphere of postwar Masuria. From this partnership of purpose, slowly respect and love arises - a "frowned-upon relationship" attracting the "unwelcome attention of the new Polish nationalists as well as the notorious Soviet NKVD".
While Róża is regarded a German by the new Polish authorities, thus facing her expulsion, Tadeusz wants her to declare her Polish nationality as many Masurians did in a "humiliating nationality verification procedure"
As director Wojciech Smarzowski calls it, the Masurians "fell victim to two instances of renationalisation and were later destroyed".

## Cast

* Agata Kulesza as Róża Kwiatkowska
* Marcin Dorociński as Tadeusz
* Edward Linde-Lubaszenko as pastor
* Szymon Bobrowski as Kazik
* Jacek Braciak as Władek
* Malwina Buss as Jadwiga Kwiatkowska
* Kinga Preis as Amelia
* Marian Dziędziel as Mateusz
* Eryk Lubos as Wasyl
* Lech Dyblik as Woźniak
* Robert Wabich as Hawryluk
* Grzegorz Wojdon as Madecki
* Mateusz Trembaczowski as Georg

## Reception

Variety has called the movie "almost unbearably brutal yet hauntingly romantic" and commended "Genre-savvy helmer Smarzowski's gritty mise-en-scene augments the force of the narrative, putting into visual terms its themes of ill-fated love and a nation doomed by nationalism. What in other hands might have played as costume melodrama focused on the victimized title character here takes the perspective of the loner hero, as Smarzowski gives the pic the hallmarks of a latter-day Western."
Giuseppe Sedia in a review for the Krakow Post wrote: "From a moral point of view Róża is a Western crammed with violence but filmed without complacency. Smarzowski referred to himself as the “third Cohen brother” and there may be a kernel of truth in this, at least in his commitment to injecting a dose of realism into movie genres that have never been fully developed in Polish cinema"."
Róża distribution in Russia has been banned by authorities in 2015 for depicting rapes and other atrocities committed by Red Army soldiers in East Prussia.

## Awards

* Grand Prix, Warsaw Film Festival 2011
* Polish Film Awards: Best Film, Best Directing, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, Best Script, Best Sound and the Audience Award
* Critics' Award National Film Festival in Gdynia 2011
* Special Jury Prize of the 23rd Polish Film Festival in America for Artistic Excellence and Importance
# Saint-Couat-d'Aude

Saint-Couat-d'Aude (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Sant Coat d'Aude) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
# Bélesta-en-Lauragais

Bélesta-en-Lauragais (French pronunciation:, literally Bélesta in Lauragais; Occitan: Belestar de Lauragués) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Population

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bélestais and Bélestaises.

## Astronomical observatory

A group of amateur astronomers formed the Association pour le Développement Amateur d’un Grand Instrument d’Observation (ADAGIO), which established the Bélesta Observatory in 1996. In 2019, the association donated the land from the Bélesta Observatory to the Société astronomique de France, with ADAGIO remaining the owner and operator of the telescopes.
# Col du Grand Cucheron

Col du Grand Cucheron, at an elevation of 1,188 metres (3,898 ft), is a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Savoie in France. The pass crosses the northern end of the Belledonne massif, connecting the Maurienne and Isère valleys. The climb to the col was used on Stage 12 of the 2012 Tour de France.

## Cycle racing
### Details of the climbs

From Les Granges (near Le Pontet) (west) the ascent is 4.01 kilometres (2.49 mi) long. Over this distance, the elevation changes by 314 metres (1,030 ft) at an average gradient of 7.8 percent.
From La Corbière (near Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville) (east), the climb is 11.61 kilometres (7.21 mi) long, gaining 805 metres (2,641 ft) at an average of 6.9 percent. This will be the direction from which the col is climbed in the 2012 Tour de France.
The climb can also be accessed from Aiguebelle (northeast) from where the route is 16.3 kilometres (10.1 mi) at an average of 5.3 percent, gaining 870 metres (2,850 ft). This route connects with that from La Corbière just after passing through Saint-Georges-des-Hurtières.

### Appearances in Tour de France

The pass was first included in the Tour de France in 1972 and has since featured three times, most recently in 2012. It is generally ranked as a Category 2 climb. It was crossed on Stage 12 of the 2012 tour, between Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and Annonay-Davézieux, approaching from the direction of Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville.
| Year | Stage | Category | Start | Finish | Leader at the summit |
| 2012 | 12 | 1 | Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne | Annonay-Davézieux | Robert Kišerlovski (CRO) |
| 1998 | 16 | 2 | Vizille | Albertville | Stéphane Heulot (FRA) |
| 1983 | 17 | 2 | La Tour-du-Pin | L'Alpe d'Huez | Serge Demierre (SUI) |
| 1972 | 14b | 2 | Valloire | Aix-les-Bains | Eddy Merckx (BEL) |
# Kakovatos

Kakovatos (Greek: Κακόβατος) is a seaside village in Elis, Greece. It is located in the western Peloponnese, approximately in the center of the Gulf of Kyparissia, on the coast of the Ionian Sea. Administratively, it is a part of the municipality of Zacharo.
Located 3 km southwest of Zacharo, it is surrounded by the villages of Schini, Kalidona, Anilio and Neochori. The beach of Kakovatos, and the Gulf of Kyparissia in general, is a spawning area of the Loggerhead sea turtle.
# Pournaria

Pournaria (Greek: Πουρναριά) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Kleitor, Arcadia, Greece. In 2021, it had a population of 93. The community includes the village Mouria. Pournaria is situated on a hillside, at 500 m elevation. Mouria is 3 km to the southwest of Pournaria, on the northern shore of the Ladon reservoir. Pournaria is 9 km northeast of Tropaia, 10 km southeast of Paos and 42 km northwest of Tripoli.
# Kardarigan (7th century)

Kardarigan (Greek: Καρδαριγάν) was a Sassanid Persian general of the early 7th century, who fought in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. He is usually distinguished from another Persian general of the same name who was active during the 580s. The name is actually an honorific title and means "black hawk".

## Biography

When the Persian shah Khosrau II (r. 590–628) declared war against the Byzantine usurper Phocas (r. 602–610), he sent Kardarigan along with Shahrbaraz against Byzantine positions in Armenia and Anatolia (circa 607/608). According to a Syriac source, echoed in the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Kardarigan's forces are said to have seized many cities, conquered Armenia, and marched through Cappadocia, Galatia, and Paphlagonia reaching Chalcedon, across from the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 608 or 609. This information, however, is considered inaccurate by modern scholars.
Kardarigan re-appears in 626 as the second-in-command of the Persian army under Shahrbaraz, sent to take part in the joint siege of Constantinople with the Avars. The destruction by the Byzantines of the fleet of the Avars' Slavic subjects forced the Persians into a passive role in the siege, which was repulsed. At this juncture, Khosrau sent a letter to him, ordering him to kill Shahrbaraz, assume command of the army, and return it to Persia. The letter was intercepted by the Byzantines, who altered it to show that Khosrau had ordered the execution of no less than 400 of the army's officers. This provoked a revolt against Khosrau, and Shahrbaraz and his army concluded an alliance with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641).
Kardarigan loyally supported Shahrbaraz thereafter against Khosrau. In 629, however, after Khosrau's overthrow, Shahrbaraz killed the legitimate shah, the boy ruler Ardashir III (r. 628–629) and assumed the throne himself. Kardarigan opposed his erstwhile commander, but was defeated and killed.
# The Minotaur (painting)

The Minotaur is an 1885 painting by the English painter George Frederic Watts. It depicts the Minotaur from Greek mythology as he waits for his young sacrificial victims to arrive by ship. It is an allegorical comment to child prostitution, an issue brought to attention by W. T. Stead in 1885. The painting has been in the collection of Tate Britain since 1897.

## Background

The Minotaur was most likely inspired by an article series by W. T. Stead titled "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon", published in the Pall Mall Gazette in July 1885. Stead was the leading advocate against child prostitution in London and used the myth of the Minotaur and human sacrifices as an allegory in his article series. His journalism was groundbreaking and controversial with its investigative methods that included the purchase of a 13-year-old girl from her parents. The articles contributed to the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, which changed the age of consent from 13 to 16 and criminalised homosexuality. According to George Frederic Watts' friend Mrs Russell Barrington, Watts painted The Minotaur in response to "a painful subject" brought to attention by an article in an evening newspaper, believed by art historians to be one of Stead's articles. Watts made the painting quickly in one morning.

## Subject and composition

The Minotaur, a monster from Greek mythology who is half man and half bull, is seen half from behind, looking out over the sea behind a parapet in yellow sunlight. The monster is depicted as a red, muscular figure with a bull's head, hoof-like fists and a tail. According to the myth, the Minotaur lived on the island of Crete and the mainland Athenians were compelled to regularly ship seven of their young men and seven virgin girls for him to eat. The painting shows the Minotaur as he waits for the ship to arrive. One of his fists leans on the parapet and holds a small, crushed bird, which symbolises youthful innocence and purity. Watts said at the first exhibition of The Minotaur that he wanted to "hold up to detestation the bestial and brutal". The painting is made with oil paint on canvas and measures 188.1 cm × 94.5 cm (74.1 in × 37.2 in).

## Provenance

The Minotaur was first shown at the 1885 Liverpool Autumn exhibition. In 1897, Watts gave The Minotaur and seventeen other paintings, including Mammon (1885), to the National Gallery of British Art, later renamed Tate Britain.

## Legacy

Jorge Luis Borges discovered The Minotaur through a book about Watts by G. K. Chesterton and it inspired him to write the short story "The House of Asterion" (1947). Borges' story is from the perspective of the Minotaur who describes his solitary life.
# Etz Hayim Humash

Etz Hayim: Torah and Commentary (also published with the subtitle A Torah Commentary) is a humash (the Torah in printed form) published and used by Conservative Judaism. Its production involved the collaboration of the Rabbinical Assembly, the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, and the Jewish Publication Society.
The title is from the Hebrew phrase Etz Hayim, meaning 'tree of life'.

## Authors

* Senior Editor: David L. Lieber
* P'Shat Commentary Editor: Chaim Potok
* D'Rash Commentary Editor: Harold Kushner
* Haftarah Commentary: Michael Fishbane
* Literary Editor: Jules Harlow
* Halacha L'Maaseh Editors: Elliot Dorff and Susan Grossman

## Content

The Etz Hayim contains the Hebrew text of the Torah (according to the Codex Leningradensis), the Jewish Publication Society (JPS)'s modern English translation of the Hebrew text, a number of commentaries, written in English, on the Torah which run alongside the Hebrew text and its English translation and a number of essays on the Torah and Tanakh in the back of the book. The Etz Hayim contains three types of commentary: the p'shat which discusses the literal meaning of the text, the drash which draws on Talmudic, Medieval, Chassidic, and Modern Jewish sources to expound on the deeper meaning of the text, and the halacha l'maaseh which explains how the text relates to current Jewish practice and halacha, or Jewish law. The essays in the back cover a wide range of topics, from kashrut to eschatology and everything in between.
Some of the essays uphold the traditional view that the Torah is the divine word of God, while others challenge it and question the historicity of some of the biblical narratives. This has raised objections, especially amongst stricter Orthodox circles, to the publication.

## Awards

2002: National Jewish Book Award in the Nonfiction category
# Akdavletovo

Akdavletovo (Russian: Акдавлетово; Bashkir: Аҡдәүләт, Aqdäwlät) is a rural locality (a village) in Baishevsky Selsoviet, Zianchurinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 84 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Akdavletovo is located 101 km southeast of Isyangulovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lukyanovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Fathabad, Alborz

Fathabad (Persian: فتح اباد, romanized: Fatḩābād) is a village in Najmabad Rural District, in the Central District of Nazarabad County, Alborz Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 10 families.
# Smoldno

Smoldno (pronounced; German: Smoldnim) is a small settlement in the hills northeast of Poljane nad Škofjo Loko in the Municipality of Gorenja Vas–Poljane in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.