OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Invesco PowerShares

Invesco PowerShares (formerly PowerShares Capital Management) is an American boutique investment management firm based in suburban Chicago. The firm manages a family of exchange-traded funds or ETFs. The company has been part of Invesco, which markets the PowerShares product, since 2006.
Created in 2002, PowerShares funds use quantitative indices as a benchmark. There are currently over 120 PowerShares ETFs.
PowerShares cover and emulate a variety of market indices; for example, the PowerShares QQQ (Nasdaq: QQQ) is designed to replicate the NASDAQ-100 Index. The PowerShares QQQ is one of the most widely traded shares on the stock market, according to writer John J. Murphy.
PowerShares ETFs also cover the commodities market, diversified and tiny or microcap stocks. For instance, the PowerShares DB Commodity Index Tracking Fund, or DBC, which it developed with Deutsche Bank, allows for individual investors to invest in commodities by means of its ETF. The PowerShares DB Oil Fund (DBO) deals with the crude oil index.

## History

The company was founded in 2002 as PowerShares Capital Management.
In 2006 PowerShares Capital Management was acquired by Invesco so that Invesco could get access to the ETF business and the company was renamed Invesco PowerShares.
In 2006, PowerShares offered an exchange traded fund in the private equity market in a "diversified fashion", although a report in BusinessWeek suggested that analysts thought that the fund was "something people can live without".
In 2005, PowerShares developed a fund to allow customers to invest in "tiny companies" or microcaps; according to a report in the New York Times, the Powershares Zacks Micro Cap Portfolio owns 330 stocks which follow the index of Zacks Investment Research, and the PowerShares ETF re-evaluates these tiny companies weekly, removing those which "do not pass muster". In addition, the microcap ETF rebalances the entire index each quarter, according to the report.
In 2010, the firm was involved in a trademark infringement dispute with Select Sector SPDR Trust over whether trading symbols, or tickers, could be considered as brand names.
In 2013 the William F. Sharpe Award for ETF Product of the Year went to the PowerShares Senior Loan Portfolio ETF NYSE: BKLN.
# Trierarchy

A trierarchy (Greek: τριηραρχία, romanized: trierarchia) was a type of obligation called a liturgy, a debt similar to a tax on the very wealthy in Ancient Athens. The person (or persons) up on whom the duty fell is called a trierarch. The trierarch was responsible for the outfitting, maintenance, operation and leadership of a warship known as a trireme, the hull and mast of the ship being provided by the State. The responsibility might fall on one person or be shared, in which case it was known as a syntrierarchy. The cost of a whole trierarchy was not less than forty minas nor more than a talent with the average being 50 minas. The burden of the trierarchy was so great that during some years no other liturgy could be assessed in the same or the following year.

## Four eras of trierarchy

The trierarchy's can be divided into four distinct eras, each having a distinct time period and obligation and implementation.

### First trierarchy

The beginning of the trierarchy dates from before the time of Hippias (460 BCE). Starting with the 48 naucrarias of Solon (638–558 BCE) and the 50 naucrarias of Cleisthenes each naucraria was obliged to equip a ship. When the naval force was gradually increased to 200 vessels, the number at sea at the time of the Battle of Salamis, the trierarchs also became more numerous.

### Second trierarchy

The second form began in 409 BCE. It was during this time the trierarchy began being shared by more than one trierarch, this arrangement known as a syntrierarchy may have been because there were not enough citizens of sufficient wealth to support the 400 triremes in use every year. The command of the ship would be as worked out between the two, amongst themselves. The ships improvements that had been funded by a previous trierarch were often left with the ship with the new trierarch(s) being responsible to reimburse the previous trierarch for the improvements.

### Third trierarchy

The third form was established by Periander and lasted from 357 to 341 BCE. During this period up to 16 individuals might form a trierarchy known as a symmoria. They would share the burden in equal shares regardless of their actual wealth. The supervision of the whole business would be left to the wealthiest individual, who would often contract a commander for the whole sum from their colleagues so that many in reality paid nothing and yet were exempted by the trierarchy from all other liturgies.

### Fourth trierarchy

Demosthenes, well aware of the defects of the third form or symmoria, brought forward a new law in 340 BCE that improved the funding and operation of the trierarchy. The trierarchy were rated for a trireme according to their property as stated in the register in such a manner that one trireme was required from 10 talents. If their wealth was valued at a higher than 10 talents they would be assigned up to three triremes and one auxiliary vessel. Those who had less than 10 talents were to unite in syntelia until they made up that sum.
# Varna Archaeological Museum

43°12′27″N 27°54′54″E﻿ / ﻿43.20750°N 27.91500°E﻿ / 43.20750; 27.91500
The Varna Archaeological Museum (Bulgarian: Варненски археологически музей, Varnenski arheologicheski muzey) is an archaeological museum in the city of Varna on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria.
Founded on 3 June 1888, when a museum, part of the City Library was established, the Varna Archaeological Museum is situated in a historic building designed in the Neo-Renaissance style by the noted architect Petko Momchilov and built in 1892–1898 for the Varna Girls' School. It became state property in 1945, and since 1993 the museum has occupied the entire building, parts of which it had been using since 1895.
One of the largest museums in Bulgaria, it has 2,150 m$^2$ of exhibition area with exhibits from the prehistoric, Thracian, Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman periods of the region's history, as well as from the times of the medieval Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires, Ottoman rule and the Bulgarian National Revival (including about 900 medieval and Revival icons).
The Museum's arguably most celebrated exhibit is the Gold of Varna, the oldest gold treasure in the world, excavated in 1972 and dating to 4600-4200 BCE, which occupies three separate exhibition halls.
The museum also manages two open-air archaeological sites, the large Roman baths in the city centre and the medieval grotto of Aladzha Monastery at Golden Sands Nature Park.
Four other sites are undergoing conservation and will be added to the museum roster: the 4th-5th-century episcopal basilica on Khan Krum Street; the basilica and monastery of the same period at Dzhanavara; the 9th-10th-century Theotokos monastery and scriptorium of the Preslav Literary School at Pchelina; and the Mediaeval fortified settlement of Kastritsi at Euxinograd.
The museum has also a library, a children's study museum, a gift shop, and a cafeteria. Its courtyard lapidarium hosts the annual Varna Summer International Jazz Festival.
* Burial with gold treasure, 4600-4200 BCE
# Bertholène

Bertholène (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Bertolena) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.
# Ali Kola-ye Ahi

Ali Kola-ye Ahi (Persian: عاليكلااهي, also Romanized as ‘Alī Kolā-ye Āhī and ‘Ālī Kolā-ye Āhī) is a village in Harazpey-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 611, in 166 families.
# Poëzat

Poëzat (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Paisat) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France.
# Jeldeh Bakhan

Jeldeh Bakhan (Persian: جلده باخان, also Romanized as Jeldeh Bākhān, Jaldeh Bākhān, and Jeldah Bākhān; also known as Jaldo Bakhan) is a village in Molla Yaqub Rural District, in the Central District of Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 784, in 161 families.
# Tang-e Quchan, Kerman

Tang-e Quchan (Persian: تنگ قوچان, also Romanized as Tang-e Qūchān and Tang Qūchān; also known as Tang-e Sefīd) is a village in Golestan Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 5 families.
# Alphonse Airport

Alphonse Airport (ICAO: FSAL) is an airport serving Alphonse Island, the sole island of the Alphonse Atoll in the Seychelles. The runway is next to the Alphonse Island Resort.
The atoll is 400 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of Mahé, 87 kilometres (54 mi) south of the Amirante Islands, and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of St. François Atoll, the second atoll of Alphonse Group.

## Airlines and destinations

IDC Aviation offers flights between Alphonse and Mahé. From October through April there is one scheduled flight per week. Flights depart from Mahé Airport and last approximately one hour.
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Seychelles | Charter: Mahé |
# Chah Pat

Chah Pat (Persian: چاه پت, also Romanized as Chāh Pat) is a village in Najafabad Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 18 families.
# Jitu

Jitu (Persian: جيتو, also Romanized as Jītū and Jūtū) is a village in Filestan Rural District, in the Central District of Pakdasht County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,774, in 459 families.
# Verkhniye Termy

Verkhniye Termy (Russian: Верхние Термы; Bashkir: Үрге Тирмә, Ürge Tirmä) is a rural locality (a selo) in Yeremeyevsky Selsoviet, Chishminsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 303 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Verkhniye Termy is located 15 km west of Chishmy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Slak is the nearest rural locality.
# Peyrole

Peyrole (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Peiròla) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.
# Mithrobuzanes

Mithrobuzanes (Old Persian: *Miθrabaujanaʰ; Ancient Greek: Μιθροβουζάνης Mithrobouzánēs; d. 334 BC) was a Persian governor (satrap) of Cappadocia in the 4th century BC, during the reign of Darius III. He was probably a son of Ariarathes. As a Persian military commander he was killed at the Battle of Granicus fighting Alexander the Great.
The victorious Alexander appointed Abistamenes in his place.
# Subcetate

Subcetate (Hungarian: Gyergyóvárhegy, Hungarian pronunciation:; German: Burgberg) is a commune in Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Călnaci (Kalnács), Duda (Dudád), Filpea (Fülpe), and Subcetate.

## Geography

The commune is situated at the northeastern edge of Transylvania, at an altitude of 712 m (2,336 ft), in the eastern foothills of the Gurghiu Mountains, and lies on the banks of the Mureș River. Subcetate is located in the northwestern part of the county, on the border with Mureș County. The closest city is Toplița, 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northwest; the county seat, Miercurea Ciuc, is 80 km (50 mi) to the south.
The Subcetate railway station serves the CFR Main Line 400, which connects Brașov to Satu Mare. The commune is crossed by county road DJ153D, which ends 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north in national road DN12 [ro] (part of European route E578) that runs from Chichiș, Covasna County to Toplița.

## Population

According to the census in 2002 the commune had a population of 2,105. Ethnic Romanians were the majority, with 1,960 people (93%); although Subcetate historically belongs to the Székely Land, only 100 Hungarians (5%) lived in the village in 2002. 94% of the population followed the Romanian Orthodox faith. At the 2021 census, Subcetate had 1,684 inhabitants; of those, 91.33% were Romanians, 2.97% Hungarians, and 1.54% Roma.
# Porkhov

Porkhov (Russian: По́рхов) is a town and the administrative center of Porkhovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Shelon River, 75 kilometers (47 mi) east of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 10,608 (2010 Census); 12,263 (2002 Census); 14,170 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

The fortress of Porkhov is believed to have been founded in 1239 by Alexander Nevsky. The timber fortress was sacked by Algirdas (Olgierd) in 1356 and fell in flames in 1387. The Novgorod Republic immediately rebuilt its fortifications in limestone 1.3 kilometers (0.81 mi) downstream. In 1428, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas destroyed the western wall by artillery fire and entered Porkhov. Two years later, the Novgorodians augmented the fortress and rebuilt its walls. After the fall of Novgorod to the Muscovites in 1478, the fortress lost its military importance.
Porkhov was the second most important town of Shelon Pyatina, after Russa. It was not, however, a significant economical center—there were only seventy-six homesteads there in the 15th century and almost all of them were peasant ones.
In 1606, it was captured by Sweden. In the late 19th century, sizeable trade in linen and grain was conducted there.
During World War II, Porkhov was occupied by German troops from July 11, 1941 to February 26, 1944 and was a place of a concentration camp Dulag 100.
The town of Porkhov, together with Porkhovsky District, was transferred to newly established Pskov Oblast from Leningrad Oblast on August 23, 1944.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Porkhov serves as the administrative center of Porkhovsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Porkhov is incorporated within Porkhovsky Municipal District as Porkhov Urban Settlement.

## Architecture

The fortress consists of a well-preserved encircling wall; two towers, one of which is half-ruined; a diminutive church from 1412, and a museum of local history. Inside the fortress there are a great many trees and plants. The church of the Virgin's Nativity, a remarkable monumental erection of the 14th century, was disfigured during the Soviet period (picture). Another church of note in Porkhov is the Savior church (1670).
# Kampos, Karditsa

Kampos (Greek: Κάμπος) is a former municipality in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Karditsa, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 90.400 km$^2$. Population 3,615 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Stavros. The name of the municipality comes from the greek word "kampos", campus, meaning plain (after the Thessalian plain).
# Damas River (Chile)

Damas River or de Las Damas River (Spanish: río Damas) is a river of Chile located in Los Lagos Region. The river originates at an area known as Quema del Buey in the commune of Entre Lagos between Puyehue and Rupanco Lake. The river ends at its convergence with Rahue River. Damas River traverses the city of Osorno from east to west and separates the neighborhood of Pilauco from the rest of the city.
# Al Kefaf

Al Kefaf (Arabic: الكفاف) is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Al Kefaf is located in western Dubai in Bur Dubai and is bordered to the north by Al Jafilia and Al Karama, to the south by Zabeel and to the east by Oud Metha.
Sheikh Zayed Road's Trade Centre Roundabout forms the southwestern border of Al Kefaf, while the Al Karama Interchange forms the southeastern border. Zabeel Park covers much of Al Kefaf, while several prominent buildings are located along route D 88 (Trade Centre Road), which forms Al Kefaf's western periphery. Etisalat Tower 2, one of Etisalat's many offices in Dubai, is located in Al Kefaf.
# Miwako Doi

Miwako Doi (Japanese: 土井 美和子) is a Japanese electrical engineer known for her work on user interfaces, robotics, and document processing. She is executive director of the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, executive vice president for data at Tohoku University, auditor of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, outside director of the Nomura Research Institute, professor in residence at Osaka University, visiting professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, and a member of the Japan Transport Safety Board.

## Education and career

Doi was a student at the University of Tokyo, where she earned a bachelor's degree in 1977, a master's degree in 1979, and a Ph.D. in 2002.
She began working for Toshiba in 1979, and was chief researcher there from 1999 to 2005, senior fellow from 2005 to 2008, and chief fellow from 2008 to 2014. She has been executive director at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology since 2016.
As well as her present positions, she has served as vice president of the Information Processing Society of Japan and of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, and as president of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers.

## Contributions

At Toshiba, Doi led the company in recognizing the importance of usability of office equipment by people without technical training, in developing human interfaces for Toshiba's products that would make them usable, and in disseminating their work to similar products from other companies. In particular, her work there involved the creation of document processing and presentation systems that automatically recognized the structure of documents and adjusted the structure as documents were edited, and of software for assisting in the translation of documents by displaying side-by-side views of a document and its translation as both are updated.

## Recognition

Doi was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2011 "for contributions to the human interface of document processing". In 2018 she was named an honorary fellow of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
# Shekar Daraq

Shekar Daraq (Persian: شكردرق) is a village in Molla Yaqub Rural District, in the Central District of Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 7 families.
# Sri Lanka Customs

Sri Lanka Customs (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා රේගුව, romanized: Shri Lanka Reguwa, Tamil: இலங்கை சுங்கச் சாவடி) is a ministerial government department in Sri Lanka. The main functions of the department are,
* Collection of revenue
* Prevention of revenue leakages and other frauds
* Facilitation of legitimate trade
* Collection of import and export data to provide statistics.
* Cooperation and coordination with other Government Departments and stakeholders in respect of imports and exports.
The executive responsible is the director general, currently Mr. P.B.S.C. Nonis, appointed in 2022.
Formally known as HM Customs from 1947 to 1972, the department can trace its roots to 1806. Formally, the agency as it exists today was formed under the Customs Ordinance No. 17 of 1869, to which 51 amendments have been made to date. Being a center for trade in the Indian Ocean since antiquity, however, the history of collection of customs duties in Sri Lanka dates far back as the second century BC.
   "According to the inscription of King Gajaba I (112-134 A.D.) the customs duty collected from the Godapavata Harbour had been donated to the Godapavata monastery. This is the only written evidence so far discovered to say that there had been a harbour in situ. With the discovery of Roman and other foreign coins from the archaeological excavations done at the site, this can be identified as an ancient trade centre of some importance. The remains that can be identified from the Godapavata monastery are the pillars, pillar foundations and brick monuments. From the inscriptions and other architectural remains it can be assumed that this monastery received support from the kings".
The department works with the powers vested under the Customs Ordinance, as well as through several other related enactments. As such, it has vested with the powers, such as in the areas of the arrest and detention of suspects contravening customs and import/export laws, as well as the confiscation of contraband.
The director general has direct control of all the directorates, and, among them, five are under his personal supervision. The rest of the 25 directorates are headed by directors under the supervision of five additional directors general (ADGC) and chief financial officer (CFO). Among the five additional directors general, four are the most senior customs officers. The other ADGC is appointed from the Administrative Service of Sri Lanka.
# German School Nairobi

The German School Nairobi (German: Deutsche Schule Nairobi) is a German international school in Nairobi, Kenya. As of 2015 there are 182 students from 30 countries. The school has a twelve-year programme from primary school to upper secondary. The German School Society of Nairobi was founded in 1964 and the school itself was founded in 1969.
# Salazar Valley

The Salazar Valley (Basque: Zaraitzu Ibarra, Spanish: Valle de Salazar) is a valley in the east of the Foral Community of Navarre in Spain. It lies within the Merindad of Zangoza-Sangüesa and within that, the Comarca of Roncal-Salazar. The Sierra de Abodi, part of the Western Pyrenees, forms the natural boundary in the north. There is a ski resort in Abodi.

## Etymology

The first mention of the name was in documents of the Monastery of Leire, with the denomination of Sarasazo (924). Later Sarasazu (1055), Sarasaz (1111 and 1469), Sarasaitz (1205) especially in texts written in Latin.
Zaraitzu seems to derivate from an older form: Sarasaitzu.
The Castilian official denomination began being used widely in the 17th century probably influenced by the Salazar surname, famous in the Nobility of the Iberian Peninsula. In fact Salazar is not a common surname in Navarre, but it is very common in the west of the Basque Country, which indicates its origins.

## Zaraitzu Basque

The local Basque language dialect was the Salazarese, although nowadays Spanish among the elder population and Spanish and Euskara Batua between younger generations is spoken. However, the last publications of works about the Basque of Zaraitzu (dictionary, learning method, text collection and oral recordings) and some courses of this dialect in the valley have been addressed to the local population in order to maintain it to some extent.

## Municipalities

The traditional names of the towns are in brackets.
* Uscarrés (Uskartze)
* Esparza de Salazar (Espartza Zaraitzu/Esparza)
* Ezcároz (Ezkaroze)
* Gallués (Galoze)
* Güesa (Gorza)
* Ibilcieta (Ibiltzieta/Ibizta)
* Iciz (Izize)
* Igal (Igari)
* Izal (Itzalle)
* Izalzu (Itzaltzu)
* Ochagavía (Otsagabia/Otsagi)
* Oronz (Orontze)
* Sarriés (Sartze)
* Jaurrieta (Eaurta)

## Demographics

Population development in Zaraitzu after 1975 :
| Municipality | 1975 | 1981 | 1986 | 1991 | 1996 | 2001 | 2005 |
| Espartza Zaraitzu-Esparza de Salazar | 199 | 160 | 159 | 136 | 122 | 103 | 100 |
| Ezkaroze-Ezcároz | 466 | 431 | 400 | 365 | 364 | 358 | 363 |
| Galoze-Gallués | 149 | 135 | 142 | 133 | 124 | 121 | 118 |
| Gorza-Güesa | 122 | 113 | 106 | 90 | 79 | 72 | 65 |
| Itzaltzu-Izalzu | 84 | 54 | 52 | 49 | 49 | 45 | 46 |
| Jaurrieta | 415 | 391 | 359 | 321 | 268 | 238 | 225 |
| Otsagabia-Ochagavía | 826 | 777 | 721 | 676 | 701 | 666 | 651 |
| Orontze-Oronz | 66 | 70 | 70 | 57 | 53 | 56 | 55 |
| Sartze-Sarriés | 121 | 112 | 106 | 111 | 84 | 79 | 81 |
| Total | 2448 | 2243 | 2115 | 1938 | 1844 | 1738 | 1704 |
# Klaus Dumke

Klaus Dumke (born 14 February 1941) is a German fencer. He competed for East Germany in the individual and team épée events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.