# Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel

Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (7 February 1688 – 9 April 1765) was a Dutch regent, Princess of Orange by marriage to John William Friso, Prince of Orange, and regent of the Netherlands during the minority of her son and her grandson. She was a daughter of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and Maria Amalia of Courland.
From the end of World War II in 1945 until 2022, Marie Louise and her husband were the most recent common ancestors of all reigning hereditary monarchs in Europe.
Marie Louise is notable for having served as regent for two periods in Dutch history: during the reigns of her young son, William IV, Prince of Orange from 1711 and 1730, and of her young grandson, William V, Prince of Orange, from 1759 to 1765. She was often fondly referred to as Marijke Meu (Aunt Mary) by her Dutch subjects.

## Early life

Marie Louise was one of seventeen children born to Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, by his wife and cousin, Princess Maria Amalia of Courland. Two of her siblings included King Frederick I of Sweden and William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.

## Princess of Orange

On 26 April 1709, Marie Louise was married to Johan William, Prince of Orange. He was the eldest surviving son of Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, and Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau; he had inherited his title in 1702 from the childless William III, Prince of Orange, due to his descent from both William the Silent and Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.
The events behind their betrothal began after Johan William was almost killed by cannon fire and roundshot on two occasions. His mother, Henriette Amalia, perhaps realizing how vulnerable her son was, quickly began looking for a suitable bride to ensure an heir. In the end, the choice came down to two German princesses. She apparently informed him that he should think of the choice as between two chairs, and that he should choose the most comfortable of the two. Johan duly traveled to Hesse-Kassel and became engaged to the 20-year-old Marie Louise within a week. He did not even bother meeting the other candidate. The main factor in this decision was probably that Marie Louise's father was a trusted general under the well-respected Duke of Marlborough. In addition, marriage to a daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel would also have served to strengthen Johan William's place among the other ruling houses.
Marie Louise was not considered attractive, as her features were heavy and her face was dominated by a large nose. She was however very charming, and greeted those of all ranks with natural friendliness and sincere concern for their well being. They had two children before his untimely death by drowning on 14 July 1711, the youngest of whom was born after his death. William Charles Henry Friso's birth was met with great relief by the Frisians, and he automatically inherited the title Prince of Orange.

## First regency

Since her husband died while she was pregnant, her son William immediately became Prince of Orange upon his birth six weeks later. Marie Louise served as regent for her son from 1711 until he reached his majority in 1731. This regency was granted despite her inexperience with the affairs of her adopted country.
Although she did not have any experience, Marie Louise successfully withstood a series of natural disasters, which included a sequence of bad harvests and severe winters from 1712 to 1716. At the time of her marriage, Marie Louise quickly earned the affection of the Dutch population. She was known as a woman of intelligence and sensitivity, and was often fondly referred to as Marijke Meu. She also dealt with a major problem concerning shipworms – parasites that upon arriving on ships from the Far East, proceeded to devour wooden sections of the vital, protective dykes. These damages threatened to collapse the entire dyke system, which would have destroyed vast amounts of land used for farming in the Dutch province of Friesland. The money needed to prevent such an occurrence from happening was hard to raise however; tax obligations to the Hague from this province were seldom realistically reviewed. In order to end the looming starvation, Marie Louise traveled to the Hague and pleaded in person before the States-General for help. She apparently spoke so eloquently that she returned home with not only a remittance on taxation, but also with a sizable detachment of soldiers to help repair the dykes.
After a 1736 visit, Marie Louise maintained a correspondence, in "abominable French," with religious and social reformer Count Nikolaus Ludwig of Zinzendorf and Pottendorf. A deeply religious woman, she provided sanctuary to persecuted Protestants fleeing the Catholic Habsburgs. Despite her son's objections, Marie Louise allowed a group of Moravians to settle in the barony of IJsselstein, of which she was baroness.

## Traits and relationships with children

After her husband died, Marie Louise found herself a 23-year-old widow residing in a foreign country. She became inherently pessimistic and agonized over the affairs of her children. This pessimistic trait passed onto her daughter Amalia as well, causing her to be melancholy and withdrawn her whole life. Her son William inherited her heavy Germanic looks, rather than "the finely etched ascetic looks which his father had shared with William III". William was sickly as a child, and was rigidly disciplined and educated by Marie Louise with great care in the city of Leeuwarden.
Marie Louise had a good relationship with her son, so that by the time of his coming of age in 1729, she was invited to take equal part in the celebrations. In his youth, she sent him daily letters reminding him to do such things as brush his teeth and get plenty of sleep; he duly responded to each letter patiently.
Marie Louise was described to be frugal, especially in comparison to the excesses of her mother-in-law Henriette Amalia. Due to this frugality, she was able to give large sums to various charitable causes. On one occasion, a nobleman offered her lavish hospitality; she replied by asking if he did not feel guilty at using money he could have donated to the poor.

### Marriage of William IV, Prince of Orange

Marie Louise's son William married Anne, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of George II of Great Britain, on 25 March 1734 at St James's Palace in London. Upon return of the wedding party to the Netherlands, William had written his mother, warning her that Anne was allowed precedence over Marie Louise because she was his wife and a king's daughter. This warning was hardly needed, as Marie Louise had eagerly exited Prinsenhof as soon as her son came of age, opting to live in an elegant but unpretentious house in Harlingen. She had long displayed her disinterest in royal technicalities and the royal lifestyle. She welcomed her son and his new wife upon their arrival, but then returned to her quiet house, taking no part in their ceremonious entry.

## Second regency

From 1759 until her death in 1765, Marie Louise also served as regent for her young grandson William V, Prince of Orange, after the previous regent (his mother and Marie Louise's daughter-in-law, Anne) died. Marie Louise was succeeded as regent by Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg and her granddaughter Princess Caroline of Nassau-Weilburg.

## Death

Marie Louise died on 9 April 1765 in Leeuwarden, the capital city of the Dutch province of Friesland. She outlived her son William by 14 years.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel :

## Issue

| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
| Princess Anna Charlotte Amalia | 1710 | 1777 | married Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach; had issue, including Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden |
| William IV, Prince of Orange | 1711 | 1751 | married Anne, Princess Royal; had issue, including William V, Prince of Orange |

### Royal descendants

Royal descendants of John William Friso and Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Currently reigning monarchs in bold. :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John William Friso | John William Friso | John William Friso | John William Friso | John William Friso | John William Friso | | | | | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | William IV, Prince of Orange | William IV, Prince of Orange | William IV, Prince of Orange | William IV, Prince of Orange | William IV, Prince of Orange | William IV, Prince of Orange | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz | Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz |
| | | | | | | | | William V, Prince of Orange | William V, Prince of Orange | William V, Prince of Orange | William V, Prince of Orange | William V, Prince of Orange | William V, Prince of Orange | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden |
| | | | | | | | | William I of the Netherlands | William I of the Netherlands | William I of the Netherlands | William I of the Netherlands | William I of the Netherlands | William I of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden |
| William II of the Netherlands | William II of the Netherlands | William II of the Netherlands | William II of the Netherlands | William II of the Netherlands | William II of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | Prince Frederick of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | William, Duke of Nassau | William, Duke of Nassau | William, Duke of Nassau | William, Duke of Nassau | William, Duke of Nassau | William, Duke of Nassau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg | | | | | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | Duchess Amelia of Württemberg | | | | | | | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | Duke Alexander of Württemberg | | | | | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | | | | | | | Caroline of Baden | Caroline of Baden | Caroline of Baden | Caroline of Baden | Caroline of Baden | Caroline of Baden |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Louise of the Netherlands | Louise of the Netherlands | Louise of the Netherlands | Louise of the Netherlands | Louise of the Netherlands | Louise of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sophia of Nassau | Sophia of Nassau | Sophia of Nassau | Sophia of Nassau | Sophia of Nassau | Sophia of Nassau | | | | | | | Princess Helena of Nassau | Princess Helena of Nassau | Princess Helena of Nassau | Princess Helena of Nassau | Princess Helena of Nassau | Princess Helena of Nassau | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | | | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria | | | | | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg | | | | | | | Francis, Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck | Princess Josephine of Baden | Princess Josephine of Baden | Princess Josephine of Baden | Princess Josephine of Baden | Princess Josephine of Baden | Princess Josephine of Baden | | | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | Princess Marie Amelie of Baden | | | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | Princess Sophie of Bavaria |
| William III of the Netherlands | William III of the Netherlands | William III of the Netherlands | William III of the Netherlands | William III of the Netherlands | William III of the Netherlands | | | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | | | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gustaf V of Sweden | Gustaf V of Sweden | Gustaf V of Sweden | Gustaf V of Sweden | Gustaf V of Sweden | Gustaf V of Sweden | | | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | | | Maria Christina of Austria | Maria Christina of Austria | Maria Christina of Austria | Maria Christina of Austria | Maria Christina of Austria | Maria Christina of Austria | | | | | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | | | | | | | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | | | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton | | | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria | Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria |
| | | | | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands | | | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | | | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | | | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | | | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | | | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Alfonso XIII of Spain | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | | | Prince Andrew of Greece | Prince Andrew of Greece | Prince Andrew of Greece | Prince Andrew of Greece | Prince Andrew of Greece | Prince Andrew of Greece | | | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | Albert I of Belgium | Albert I of Belgium | Albert I of Belgium | Albert I of Belgium | Albert I of Belgium | Albert I of Belgium | | | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | Louis II, Prince of Monaco | | | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria | Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria |
| | | | | Juliana of the Netherlands | Juliana of the Netherlands | Juliana of the Netherlands | Juliana of the Netherlands | Juliana of the Netherlands | Juliana of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Princess Märtha of Sweden | Princess Märtha of Sweden | Princess Märtha of Sweden | Princess Märtha of Sweden | Princess Märtha of Sweden | Princess Märtha of Sweden | | | | | | | | | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten | | | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | | | | | | | | | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona | Paul of Greece | Paul of Greece | Paul of Greece | Paul of Greece | Paul of Greece | Paul of Greece | | | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | | | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | | | | | | | | | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois | | | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Beatrix of the Netherlands | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | | | | | | | | | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | | | | | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Juan Carlos I of Spain | Princess Sophia of Greece | Princess Sophia of Greece | Princess Sophia of Greece | Princess Sophia of Greece | Princess Sophia of Greece | Princess Sophia of Greece | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Rainier III, Prince of Monaco | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Astrid of Sweden | Astrid of Sweden | Astrid of Sweden | Astrid of Sweden | Astrid of Sweden | Astrid of Sweden | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Leopold III of Belgium | Leopold III of Belgium | Leopold III of Belgium | Leopold III of Belgium | Leopold III of Belgium | Leopold III of Belgium | | | | | | | | | | | | | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Felipe VI of Spain | Felipe VI of Spain | Felipe VI of Spain | Felipe VI of Spain | Felipe VI of Spain | Felipe VI of Spain | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Frederik IX of Denmark | Frederik IX of Denmark | Frederik IX of Denmark | Frederik IX of Denmark | Frederik IX of Denmark | Frederik IX of Denmark | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ingrid of Sweden | Ingrid of Sweden | Ingrid of Sweden | Ingrid of Sweden | Ingrid of Sweden | Ingrid of Sweden | | | | | | | | | | | | | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | | | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | Albert II of Belgium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II, Prince of Monaco | Albert II, Prince of Monaco | Albert II, Prince of Monaco | Albert II, Prince of Monaco | Albert II, Prince of Monaco | Albert II, Prince of Monaco |
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