OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Svoboda nad Úpou

Svoboda nad Úpou (German: Freiheit an der Aupa) is a town in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,000 inhabitants. It lies in the Giant Mountains in the valley of the Úpa River.

## Etymology

Both the Czech name Svoboda and the German name Freiheit literally means 'freedom'. The name refers to the "freedom to mine" (the privilege of a mining town).

## Geography

Svoboda nad Úpou is located about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of Trutnov and 46 km (29 mi) north of Hradec Králové. It lies in the Giant Mountains. The highest point is at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. The town is situated in the valley of the Úpa River.

## History

Based on the chronicle of Simon Hüttel, Svoboda nad Úpou was founded in 1009; the date is however unsubstantiated. The first written trustworthy mention of Svoboda nad Úpou is from 1546, when the settlement was granted the status of market town by Emperor Ferdinand I, receiving all the privileges of a mining town. In 1580, Svoboda nad Úpou was promoted to a town by Emperor Rudolf II.
Later the mining stopped in the area, but in Svoboda nad Úpou became an important industrial town when paper mills were built in the 19th century. The railway was brought here in 1871. From 1938 to 1945, it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland. The local German population was expelled after World War II.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 2,223 | — |
| 1880 | 3,321 | +49.4% |
| 1890 | 3,290 | −0.9% |
| 1900 | 3,424 | +4.1% |
| 1910 | 3,173 | −7.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,759 | −13.0% |
| 1930 | 2,816 | +2.1% |
| 1950 | 2,009 | −28.7% |
| 1961 | 2,366 | +17.8% |
| 1970 | 2,180 | −7.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 2,499 | +14.6% |
| 1991 | 2,436 | −2.5% |
| 2001 | 2,259 | −7.3% |
| 2011 | 2,119 | −6.2% |
| 2021 | 1,937 | −8.6% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Svoboda nad Úpou is the start of a short railway line to Trutnov, further continuing to Hradec Králové.

## Sights

The main landmark is the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk. The old Church of Saint Adalbert from 1584 was replaced by the new Church of Saint John of Nepomuk in 1777 at the behest of Prince Joseph I Adam of Schwarzenberg.
The Church of Saint Joseph in the local part of Dolní Maršov was built in 1927–1928.

## Notable people

* Franz Wende (1904–1968), ski jumper and nordic combined skier
# Saint-Araille

Saint-Araille (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Senta Aralha) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# Canoeing at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's C-1 200 metres

The women's C-1 200 metres competition of the canoeing events at the 2023 Pan American Games was held on November 1 and 3 at the Laguna Grande in San Pedro de la Paz, Chile.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| November 1, 2023 | 09:45 | Heats |
| November 1, 2023 | 11:35 | Semi-final |
| November 3, 2023 | 09:45 | Final |

## Results
### Heats

The best two score of each heat advance directly to the final, while the rest advance to the semifinal.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nation | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Sophia Jensen | Canada | 47.13 | FA |
| 2 | Andreea Ghizila | United States | 47.63 | FA |
| 3 | Valdenice Conceição | Brazil | 49.10 | SF |
| 4 | Martina Vela | Argentina | 54.77 | SF |
| 5 | Javianyelis Rivas | Venezuela | 57.73 | SF |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nation | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Yarisleidis Cirilo | Cuba | 46.96 | FA |
| 2 | María Mailliard | Chile | 48.42 | FA |
| 3 | Anggie Avegno | Ecuador | 51.11 | SF |
| 4 | Nicol Guzmán | Mexico | 51.17 | SF |
| 5 | Manuela Gómez | Colombia | 51.69 | SF |

### Semifinals

The best four scores advance to the Final A, while the rest advance to the Final B.
| Rank | Name | Nation | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Anggie Avegno | Ecuador | 51.34 | FA |
| 2 | Valdenice Conceição | Brazil | 51.94 | FA |
| 3 | Manuela Gómez | Colombia | 52.92 | FA |
| 4 | Nicol Guzmán | Mexico | 53.63 | FA |
| 5 | Martina Vela | Argentina | 54.86 | FB |
| 6 | Javianyelis Rivas | Venezuela | 1:00.79 | FB |

### Finals

The results for the finals were as follows:

#### Final B

| Rank | Name | Nation | Time | Notes |
| 9 | Martina Vela | Argentina | 50.35 | |
| 10 | Javianyelis Rivas | Venezuela | 55.76 | |

#### Final A

| Rank | Name | Nation | Time |
| | Yarisleidis Cirilo | Cuba | 45.87 |
| | María Mailliard | Chile | 46.18 |
| | Sophia Jensen | Canada | 46.87 |
| 4 | Andreea Ghizila | United States | 46.94 |
| 5 | Valdenice Conceição | Brazil | 49.10 |
| 6 | Anggie Avegno | Ecuador | 49.21 |
| 7 | Manuela Gómez | Colombia | 49.28 |
| 8 | Nicol Guzmán | Mexico | 49.31 |
# David Hanna (author)

David Montgomery Hanna (born 1967), known as David Hanna, is an American historian. He teaches history at New York's Stuyvesant High School. His father was the artist David Hanna.

## Works

Hanna's first book, Knights of the Sea (2012), about the capture of the HMS Boxer during the War of 1812, was praised in the Portland Press Herald as having been written "with dignity and skill". His second book, Rendezvous with Death (2016), dealt with U.S. volunteers who served in the French armed forces during World War One, such as the poet Alan Seeger. Hanna was interviewed for a 2020 documentary about the Lafayette Escadrille. His third book, Broken Icarus (2022), was described by the Chicago Review of Books as a "gripping and rewarding" account of the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. Hanna's fourth book, History Nation: A Citizen’s Guide to the United States (2024), critically reviewed by the San Francisco Book Review, "explores different moments in American history, from the British encounter with Native Americans to more recent events like when Ronald Reagan gave his Farewell Address to the American people in 1989".
# Jūžintai

Jūžintai (Polish: Jużynty) is a small town in Panevėžys County, in northeastern Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 412 people.
# Austre Moland Church

Austre Moland Church (Norwegian: Austre Moland kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Arendal Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the Brekka, along the lake Molandsvann. It is one of the churches for the Moland parish which is part of the Arendal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1673 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Ormsen. The church seats about 496 people.
The church was called Østre Moland kirke until 1919 when it was renamed Austre Moland kirke after some Norwegian spelling reforms.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1450, but the church was likely founded in the 13th century. The first church here was a stave church. The church had its own priest until around the year 1400 when it became a chapel of ease for the Holt Church parish. In 1633, the old stave church was torn down and replaced with a new church building on the same site.
In 1673, the church was torn down again and replaced with a new long church design. In 1750, a new tower was built on the church under the direction of Ole Nilsen Weierholt. The church bells date from 1750 and 1754, so they were added after the new tower was completed. In 1779, the church underwent a large renovation and expansion. A new choir was built on the east end of the old building and two new wings were built on either side of the church (to the north and south) to create a new cruciform design. The builder Beint Gundersen Skjævestad led this renovation.
In 1797, the interior of the church was painted for the first time. The painting and other decoration of the church was carried out by Anders Grundesøn Løwe from Risør at a cost of 300 riksdaler, and his fellow artist Nils Christensen created all of the portraits of the angels and apostles.
The building underwent a major restoration in 1961.
# Ex corde Ecclesiae

Ex corde Ecclesiae (English: From the heart of the Church) is an apostolic constitution issued by Pope John Paul II regarding Catholic colleges and universities. Promulgated on 15 August 1990 and intended to become effective in the academic year starting in 1991, its aim was to define and refine the Catholicism of Catholic institutions of higher education.
Institutions newly claiming to be Catholic would require affirmation from "the Holy See, by an Episcopal Conference or another Assembly of Catholic hierarchy, or by a diocesan bishop". Institutions currently claiming to be Catholic are considered Catholic, unless declared otherwise by the same. The document cites canon 810 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which instructs Catholic educational facilities to respect norms established by local bishops. Ex corde underscores the authority of bishops and mentions that canon law (canon 812) requires all teachers of theology, in Catholic colleges and universities, to have the mandate of the local ecclesiastical authority (normally the local bishop).
The apostolic constitution was viewed as a rebuttal to the Land O'Lakes Statement, a 1967 position paper adopted by the participants of a seminar sponsored by University of Notre Dame on the role of Catholic universities. Attendees at this American seminar included the presidents of the following universities: the University of Notre Dame, Georgetown, Seton Hall, Boston College, Fordham, St. Louis University, and the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico. Over a dozen other educators from North American Catholic institutions of higher education were also present.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Part 1 - Identity and Mission
* Part 2 - General Norms
* Transitional Norms
* Conclusion

## Role of theology

* "Theology plays a particularly important role in the search for a synthesis of knowledge as well as in the dialogue between faith and reason. It serves all other disciplines in their search for meaning... Because of its specific importance among the academic disciplines, every Catholic University should have a faculty, or at least a chair, of theology" (Ex Corde Ecclesiae §19)

## Impact

A number of Catholic universities started offering programs in Catholic studies as a response to the encyclical. For example, the Center for Catholic Studies at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota was founded in 1992.
# Chertkovsky District

Chertkovsky District (Russian: Чертко́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,766 square kilometers (1,068 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Chertkovo. Population: 36,680 (2010 Census); 39,974 (2002 Census); 40,355 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Chertkovo accounts for 29.5% of the district's total population.
# Panhellenion

The Panhellenion (Greek: Πανελλήνιον) or Panhellenium was a league of Greek city-states established in the year 131–132 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian while he was touring the Roman provinces of Greece. The League was established following a ceremony at the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, the capital city of the Panhellenion. Evidence suggests that the Panhellenion continued to survive until the 250s AD.
Hadrian was a philhellene and idealized the Classical past of Greece; this was his own, personal attempt to recreate the apparent "unified Greece" of the 5th century BC, when the Greeks took on the Persian enemy.
The Panhellenion was primarily a religious organization, and most of its deeds were related to self-governance. Admission to the Panhellenion was subject to the scrutiny of a city's Hellenic descent.
In 137 AD, the Panhellenic Games were held at Athens as part of the ideal of Panhellenism and harking back to the Panathenaic Festival of the fifth century.
From inscriptions found, member cities included Athens, Megara, Sparta, Chalcis, Argos, Acraephiae, Epidaurus, Amphicleia, Methana, Corinth, Hypata, Demetrias, Rhodes, Thessalonica, Magnesia on the Maeander, Eumeneia, Cyrene, as well the cities of Crete.
The name was revived by the first governor of modern Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, for a short-lived advisory body in 1828.
# Couffoulens

Couffoulens (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Confolenç) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. Couffoulens-Leuc station has rail connections to Carcassonne and Limoux.
# Kalgansky District

Kalgansky District (Russian: Калганский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai and borders Nerchinsko-Zavodsky District in the north, Priargunsky District in the south, and Alexandrovo-Zavodsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kalga. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 8,771, with the population of Kalga accounting for 39.1% of that number.

## History

The district was established on December 8, 1942.
# Operation Corded

Operation Corded is the code name for the British military anti-poaching operation to help tackle the ongoing illegal wildlife trade in sub-Saharan Africa. In March 2022 Operation Corded was awarded the Sanctuary Award by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

## Background

Launched in May 2018 and funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the operations' main objective is to train and support local park rangers who are responsible for the day-to-day protection of the national and wildlife parks. Training is provided in tracking, bush craft, investigations and intelligence analysis to improve the interception of poachers. Training is provided by Royal Military Police, army medics and infantry
Patrols are conducted by grouping British servicemen with local rangers in order to ensure the successful retention of training provided.

## Fatalities

On 5 May 2019, whilst patrolling in Liwonde National Park, Guardsman Matthew Talbot was charged by an African elephant and died as a result of injuries sustained, despite medics working on him for 4 hours and 17 minutes.
His body was returned to the United Kingdom on 14 May 2019.

## Controversy

As a result of the death of Gdsm Talbot, both Ministry of Defence and coroners enquiries have been conducted. Both have found the military risk assessment and medical timeline strategies to be inefficient, as from the point of injury Gdsm Talbot was approximately 7 hours from the nearest hospital and had not received any pain relief before his death.
# Tugaryak

Tugaryak (Russian: Тугаряк; Bashkir: Түгәрәк, Tügäräk) is a rural locality (a village) in Nureyevsky Selsoviet, Sharansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Tugaryak is located 31 km southeast of Sharan (the district's administrative centre) by road. Syunbash is the nearest rural locality.
# Zahrib, Zagorje ob Savi

Zahrib (pronounced, German: Sahrib) is a former village in central Slovenia in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi. It is now part of the village of Mlinše. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

## Geography

Zahrib stands on a hill northeast of Mlinše. It is connected to Mlinše by a gravel road that regularly washes out after storms and becomes impassable.

## History

Zahrib had a population of 15 (in four houses) in 1880, and 16 (in three houses) in 1900. Zahrib was annexed by Briše in 1953, ending its existence as a separate settlement. It is now part of Mlinše, which was also a hamlet of Briše until 1953.
# Topuria

Topuria (Georgian: თოფურია) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ilia Topuria (born 1997), German-born Georgian-Spanish mixed martial artist
* Keti Topuria (born 1986), Georgian singer
# Novobayramgulovo

Novobayramgulovo (Russian: Новобайрамгулово; Bashkir: Яңы Байрамғол, Yañı Bayramğol) is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative centre of Novobayramgulovsky Selsoviet, Uchalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 444 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

## Geography

Novobayramgulovo is located 47 km southwest of Uchaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kaipkulovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Beyssenac

Beyssenac (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Baissenac) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.

## Sights

It is home to a Romanesque church (12th century) and a monument commemorating a massacre made by Nazi troops against the population of 16 February 1944.
# Narrosse

Narrosse (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Narròssa) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
The road cycling racer André Darrigade was born in Narrosse, and a statue of him on a bicycle decorates a roundabout in the village.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 517 | — |
| 1821 | 561 | +0.29% |
| 1846 | 670 | +0.71% |
| 1872 | 722 | +0.29% |
| 1901 | 743 | +0.10% |
| 1926 | 724 | −0.10% |
| 1946 | 780 | +0.37% |
| 1962 | 849 | +0.53% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 932 | +1.57% |
| 1975 | 1,220 | +3.92% |
| 1982 | 1,607 | +4.01% |
| 1990 | 2,204 | +4.03% |
| 1999 | 2,539 | +1.58% |
| 2007 | 2,801 | +1.24% |
| 2012 | 3,123 | +2.20% |
| 2017 | 3,210 | +0.55% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) :
# United Left (Greece)

The United Left (Greek: Ενωμένη Αριστερά Enomeni Aristera, EA) was an electoral union formed between the Communist Party of Greece, Communist Party of Greece (Interior) and the United Democratic Left (EDA) to contest the in 17 November 1974 Greek legislative election. The UL took 9.47% of the vote and won eight seats.

## Election results
### Hellenic Parliament

| Election | Hellenic Parliament | Hellenic Parliament | Hellenic Parliament | Hellenic Parliament | Hellenic Parliament | Rank | Government | Leader | |
| Election | Votes | % | ±pp | Seats won | +/− | Rank | Government | Leader | % of seats |
| 1974 | 464,787 | 9.5% | New | 8 / 300 | 8 | #4 | Opposition | Ilias Iliou | 2.7% |
# Corpus Glossary

The Corpus Glossary is one of many Anglo-Saxon glossaries. Alongside many entries which gloss Latin words with simpler Latin words or explanations, it also includes numerous Old English glosses on Latin words, making it one of the oldest extant texts in the English language.

## History

The manuscript of the Corpus Glossary, Cambridge Corpus Christi College, 144, dates to the 8th century. The manuscript in fact contains two glossaries, the first of which is short, and the second of which (fols. 4–64v, to which the name 'Corpus Glossary' usually refers) is much longer. This latter contains almost the full text of the Épinal-Erfurt glossary (deriving independently from the same archetype as the Épinal and Erfurt manuscripts), along with about as much extra material again. It also shares much material with the Leiden Glossary.
# Norwegian Trekking Association

The Norwegian Trekking Association (Norwegian: Den norske turistforening, DNT) is a Norwegian association which maintains mountain trails and cabins in Norway. The association was founded on 21 January 1868 with the scope "to help and develop tourism in this country". Today the goal is to work for simple, secure and environmentally friendly outdoor activities. DNT has currently more than 300,000 individual members, and 57 local chapters. It also has several "honorary members", prominent people who have shown a keen interest in Norwegian nature and given the country publicity as a tourist destination, among them Kofi Annan and Katie Melua. The secretary-general of the association is Dag Terje Klarp Solvang.
The mountains of Norway have always been utilised by the Norwegian people since the first Norwegians followed the reindeer when the ice cap retracted ten thousand years ago.
DNT's first hut was Krokan by the Rjukan waterfall. The waterfall was later harnessed for hydropower production and the hut was sold. Today it is re-opened, situated by the main road from Tinn to Vinje. Together with local organisations all over Norway, it operates more than 550 cabins in Norwegian mountains and forest areas.
Olav Thon, a Norwegian real-estate investor and hobby trekker, has so far donated 55 million kr to the association. The money has been spent to build new and refurbish existing cabins.

## Using the huts

Forty one of the huts are staffed. The rest are self-service, some with provisions and some without. The self-service huts are occasionally locked, and to use them it is necessary to get a key from the DNT for a NOK 100 deposit (if the key is returned, so is the money). Every self-service hut contains a stack of debit/credit card forms for payment. This form must be filled out at the conclusion of a stay and dropped into the payment box. You must register before using a bunk.
Most self-service huts have solar panels, and therefore electricity, but no running water, so they are usually located very close to a river from which buckets may be filled. Before leaving a self-service hut, it is considered good etiquette to carry in firewood, do the dishes, clean the floor and (if necessary) lock the door behind you.
# Cremohipparion

Cremohipparion is an extinct genus of equid that lived in Eurasia and Africa during the Miocene through Pliocene.
Its habitat or biome consisted of non-forested, grassy plains, shortgrass prairie or steppes.

## Taxonomy

Cremohipparion was originally coined as a subgenus of Hipparion for a number of Eurasian species. Later, Bernor and Tobien (1989) elevated Cremohipparion to full generic status in their description of small hipparionin specimens from Samos, Greece.
# Olmeius

The Olmeius or Olmeios (Ancient Greek: Ὀλμειός) was a stream rising in Mount Helicon, which, after uniting with the Permessus, flowed into Lake Copais near Haliartus. William Martin Leake, visiting the site in the 19th century, regarded the Kefalári as the Permessus, and the river of Zagará (modern Evangelistria] as the Olmeius.
# Chassagne, Puy-de-Dôme

Chassagne (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Chassanha) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It is in the canton of Brassac-les-Mines.
# Oinoi, Kastoria

Oinoi (Greek: Οινόη, before 1927: Όσιανη – Osiani) is a village in Kastoria Regional Unit, Macedonia, Greece.
The 1920 Greek census recorded 824 people in the village, and 841 inhabitants (145 families) were Muslim in 1923. Following the Greek–Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Osiani were from Pontus (154) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 602 village inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 153 (565 people).