OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Age of Empire: 1875–1914

The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 is a book by the British historian Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1987. It is the third in a trilogy of books about "the long 19th century" (coined by Hobsbawm), preceded by The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 and The Age of Capital: 1848–1875. A fourth book, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, acts as a sequel to the trilogy.

## Themes

The period of less than fifty years described by Hobsbawm began with an economic depression (see Long Depression), but the capitalist world economy quickly recovered, although the dominant British economy was being undermined by the German economy and American economy. Rising productivity resulted in increasing flow of goods, and rising living standards. Despite that, inequality was growing, both on the national and international levels. In the cultural sphere, it was the period of the Belle Époque, the swan-song of aristocracy, increasingly marginalized by the growing affluence of the upper middle class (bourgeois), which can be seen as the class most benefiting from changes of that period.
As part of the Belle Époque it was also a period of peace, with Europe and the Western world involved in only a few minor conflicts. This led to a popular belief that no significant wars would happen in the future, an era of widespread optimism. At the same time, the military-industrial complex in all countries were busily stocking supplies for the conflict to come. In the background, the belief in progress and science was clashing with the old forces of religion. The West, dominating the world through its colonial system, was also increasingly interested in foreign cultures. It was such internal contradictions and tensions that for Hobsbawm defined this era, and spelled its inevitable end.
The ending of the Hobsbawn trilogy sees the end of the era that began with the dual revolution (the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution). Inspired by Vladimir Lenin, Hobsbawm, a writer widely recognized as a Marxist, traces the development of capitalism, linking it with the development of imperialism that resulted in the First World War. Unlike Lenin, who predicted that this will lead to capitalism's downfall, and with the benefit of almost a century more of a hindsight, Hobsbawm acknowledges that capitalism survived, although in a form different from that which it began with in the late 18th century. Facing the dangers of a competing ideology, that of communism, and another revolution (the Russian Revolution), capitalism, according to Hobsbawm, survived by appeasing the masses and accepting some socialist demands, such as that of the welfare state.

## Contents

* Overture
* The Centenarian Revolution
* An Economy Changes Gear
* The Age of Empire
* The Politics of Democracy
* Workers of the World
* Waving Flags: Nations and Nationalism
* Who's Who or the Uncertainties of the Bourgeoisie
* The New Woman
* The Arts Transformed
* Certainties Undermined: The Sciences
* Reason and Society
* Towards Revolution
* From Peace to War
* New Capitalism
* Epilogue
# Sandover Highway

The Sandover Highway is an outback unsealed track in the Northern Territory between the Plenty Highway north of Alice Springs and the Northern Territory/Queensland border.

## Description

The highway's name is derived from the Sandover River because its alignment follows that of the river.
At its western end the road branches north from the Plenty Highway 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of the Stuart Highway. Its total length is 561 kilometres (349 mi) and it passes through semi-arid spinifex deserts and blacksoil Mitchell grass plains. The designated highway finishes just east of Alpurrurulam at the Northern Territory/Queensland border, but the track continues into Queensland for 55 kilometres (34 mi) where it joins the Camooweal Urandangi Road, which runs north to Camooweal.

## Accessibility

The track crosses Urapuntja lands, which is an Aboriginal homelands area. No permits are needed to travel on the track; however, they are necessary for travellers wishing to visit Aboriginal communities off-track.
Although the first part of the track can be negotiated by conventional vehicles, use of a four-wheel drive vehicle is recommended after Ammaroo. Each year the wet season floods the black soil plains at the eastern end of the Sandover Highway and Alpurrurulam and Lake Nash become completely inaccessible, even to four-wheel drive vehicles. Flooding can also occur after brief but heavy thunderstorms during the dry season.

## Stations and fuel

Ammaroo Station has a shop with basic supplies. Fuel is available but there are no camping facilities. Another fuel supply along the track can be found at Arlparra.
Woodgreen Station, also known as Atartinga, covers approximately 2,215 km$^2$ (855 sq mi), and is located around 140 km (87 mi) north of Alice Springs on the Sandover Highway.
# An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan

An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan, also referred to as Mission to Sichuan, is a 1918 history book edited by Paris Foreign Missions Society missionary François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon in Chinese, and published by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille in the city of Chongqing, with the approval of Célestin Chouvellon [fr], Apostolic Vicar of Eastern Szechwan.

## Synopsis

Allegedly based on Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651 ('Account of Tyrannies Wrought by Zhang Xianzhong, China's Famous Looter in the Year 1651') by Gabriel de Magalhães, the book recounts the early history of Roman Catholic mission in Sichuan throughout the 1640s, providing first-hand witness testimony by Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhães on Zhang Xianzhong's reign and massacre in Sichuan. As well as the subsequent development of the Church in Sichuan up until the date of its publication.

## Editions

The first edition contains 76 pages, published in Chongqing by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille, aimed at Catholics in east Sichuan, hence is limited to only 2000 copies. A Chronicle by Mister Wuma was added to the end of the reprint edition, making a total of 139 pages. This version is limited to 3200 copies, published for historical research only.

## The editor

François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon was born in 1842. In 1866, he was sent to the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan by Paris Foreign Missions Society, he died in Chongqing in 1927. During his station in Chongqing, Gourdon took charge of several seminaries and temporarily assumed the role of superior of the major seminary. In 1904, he co-founded the bimonthly newspaper La Vérité [zh] with a fellow missionary Henri Louis (1870–1950), which became weekly the following year and had two thousand subscribers. An Account was edited and noted by Gourdon based on a hand-copy manuscript that he received from a Jesuit in Shanghai, which contains detailed accounts of the first Catholic mission in Sichuan carried out by Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhães, and allegedly being Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651 authored by the latter. He was also the author of Grammatica latina accomodata ad usum alumnorum missionis Se-tchouan orientalis (1894), Acta RR.DD. V.A. Missionis Se-tchouan Collecta (1901) and Beati Martyres provinciæ Se-tchouan in Sinis 1815–1823 (1901).

## Reception

On NetEase, a review says: 'The book provides valuable first-hand historical materials for the study of Zhang Xianzhong's Daxi regime'. Zheng Guanglu, a Sichuanese writer from Chengdu, remarked that the book is one of the hard evidences of the Sichuan massacre carried out by Zhang Xianzhong, in contrast to the false claim made by some historians that the massacre was fabricated by feudal landlord class out of instinctive hatred against peasant class and uprisings led by it.
# Lapanagoi

Lapanagoi (Greek: Λαπαναγοί) is a village in the municipality of Kalavryta, Achaea, Greece. The village is on the border between the municipalities of Aigialeia and Kalavryta and is located south east of Leonteios and across the valley from the Makellarias Monastery.
# Angresse

Angresse (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Angressa) is a commune of the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

## Notable residents

* Jessika Ponchet (born 1996) professional tennis player.
# Fizeșu Gherlii

Fizeşu Gherlii (Hungarian: Ördöngösfüzes; German: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (Boncnyíres), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (Füzesmikola) and Săcălaia (Kisszék).
Nicula village is the site of Nicula Monastery.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Romanians made up 57.9% of the population, Hungarians made up 20.9% and Roma made up 16.1%.
* Wooden church in Nicula village
* Two churches in Nicula
# Arnave

Arnave (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Arnava) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

## Geography

Arnave is situated in the Pyrenees and is served by Highway D20. The town sits in a deep valley between mountain peaks, the tallest of which is 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.
Arnave was built on the banks of a stream by the same name. The source of this stream is at an approximate altitude of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), at the foot of Mount Fourcat 2,001 metres (6,565 ft). It is fed by two other streams, the Ruisseau de la Sécaille and, further downstream, the Ruisseau de la Montagne. The former descends by way of Cazenave-Serres-et-Allens and its source is at 1,818 metres (5,965 ft) the base of le Pic du Han (2,074 metres (6,804 ft)). The source of the latter is further to the north and on the other side of the Cazenave mountain, at the Lauzate peak. The Arnave stream is also fed by other smaller streams and springs. The Arnave stream itself empties into the river Ariège four kilometres downstream from the town of Arnave, at the site of Bompas, Ariège.
The Arnave stream winds through high valleys with many waterfalls, some of which are impressive. One in particular is known as "la poêle" (the "stovetop" or "frying pan") for its being difficult to access.

## Population

Inhabitants of Arnave are called Arnavais. In 2010 the town counted 217 inhabitants. Censuses of the town going back to 1793 have tracked the change in population. Starting in the 21st century, French municipalities with a population under 10,000 undergo a survey every 5 years, compared with annual surveys in larger municipalities.

## Sites and monuments

The Chapel Saint-Paul d'Arnave is an example of Romanesque Architecture and is considered one of the oldest in the department. The building dates to the 10th and 11th centuries. Jules d'Ancelin, the baron of Labaume, is interred here. The chapel was part of the Labaume Barony until the mid-20th century, when it was ceded to the town for restoration. The site is also known for its black stone, believed to cure "Haut-Mal", or epilepsy, when the afflicted sleeps an entire night with his head beneath it. The site was a longtime pilgrimage destination thanks to legends of miraculous cures.
A gypsum quarry from the last century is known for anhydrite specimens.
# Kalachinsky District

Kalachinsky District (Russian: Калачинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kalachinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 18,197 (2010 Census); 21,810 (2002 Census); 22,812 (1989 Soviet census).

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kalachinsky District is one of the thirty-two in the oblast. The town of Kalachinsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Kalachinsky Municipal District, with the town of oblast significance of Kalachinsk being incorporated within it as Kalachinsk Urban Settlement.

## Notable residents

* Alexander Altunin (1921–1989), Soviet general and politician, born in the village of Steklyanka
# Bretagne-de-Marsan

Bretagne-de-Marsan (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Bretanha de Marsan) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Nizhnetashevo

Nizhnetashevo (Russian: Нижнеташево; Bashkir: Түбәнге Таш, Tübänge Taş) is a rural locality (a village) in Abitovsky Selsoviet, Meleuzovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 76 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Nizhnetashevo is located 39 km east of Meleuz (the district's administrative centre) by road. Andreyevsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Wilhelm Lübke

Wilhelm Lübke (17 January 1826 – 5 April 1893) was a German art historian, born in Dortmund.
He studied at Bonn and Berlin; was a professor of architecture at the Berlin Bauakademie (1857–61) and a professor of art history at the Polytechnic in Zurich (1861–66), the Polytechnic in Stuttgart (1866–85), and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe (1885–93). Previous to his work in art, he gave instruction in vocal and pianoforte music.
Lübke was one of the pioneer writers on art history in Germany. His works were for their day both scholarly and appreciative, and correlate the epochs of art history with the great historical periods.

## Selective bibliography

Lübke wrote, in a comprehensive and readable style, numerous valuable works, including:
* Vorschule vor Geschichte der Kirchenbaukunst des Mittelalters (1852; sixth edition, under different title, 1873; English translation, Ecclesiastical Art in Germany during the Middle Ages, Edinburgh, 1870).
* Mittelalterliche Kunst in Westfalen, 1853 ("Medieval art in Westphalia").
* Geschichte der Architektur, (Leipzig, 1855; sixth edition, 1884–86).
* Grundriß der Kunstgeschichte (1860; thirteenth edition, 1899–1907; English translation, under the title Outlines of the History of Art by Clarence Cook, 1878, and reëdited by Russell Sturgis, New York, 1904).
* Geschichte der Renaissance Frankreichs, 1868 ("History of the Renaissance in France").
* Geschichte der deutschen Renaissance, 1873 ("History of the German Renaissance").
* Geschichte der Plastik (third edition, 1880; translation by F.E. Bunnet under the title History of Sculpture, London, 1878).
* Geschichte der deutschen Kunst von den frühesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart, 1890 ("History of German art: from the earliest times to the present").
* Lebenserinnerungen, 1891 ("Recollections").
With Karl von Lützow, he published Denkmäler der Kunst, later translated into English and issued as Monuments of art, showing its development and progress from the earliest artistic attempts to the present period.
# Port of Limassol

The Port of Limassol (Greek: Λιμάνι Λεμεσού, romanized: Limáni Lemesoú), also known as the Limassol New Port is the largest port in Cyprus, located in the city of Limassol.

## Location

The port is located in the Eastern Mediterranean and is considered one of the busiest ports in the Mediterranean transit trade.

## Importance

Limassol's New Port is now the principal seaport of the island. This was largely a result of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 leaving the Port of Famagusta within occupied territory and inaccessible. Cyprus is an established player in the shipping industry. The city of Limassol is a centre for numerous global shipping companies. Most of the island’s cargo (importation and exportation) is also handled in this port. In the year 2000, 3,589,000 tonnes of cargo were handled whilst there were roughly 1 million passenger arrival and departures (>90% of total traffic). Over 50 international cruise liners include Cyprus in their Mediterranean Sea routes resulting in much of the passenger traffic.

## Operations

The port is capable of handling vessels up to 820 ft (250 m) size for berthing in 45 ft (14 m) of water. It is entered through an approach channel which is 49 ft (15 m) deep and 492 ft (150 m) wide between the ends of two breakwaters. In 2016 the port has been privatized to a consortium led by Eurogate International for the container terminal, while DP World will be the operator for multipurpose passenger terminal.

## Humanitarian Hub

The port has served numerous times as an evacuation point for refugees fleeing from conflict in the Middle East with most recently hundreds of thousands of EU and other citizens were evacuated from Lebanon.

## Limassol Old Port-Limassol Marina
### Old Port

Limassol Old Port used to be the main port of Limassol, between its construction (in its current form) in 1956 up until the delivery of the Limassol New Port in 1973. Its original foundations were laid during the British Cyprus in the late 19th century. Up to and including 1974, the British RAF 1153 Marine Craft Unit (MCU) was stationed in the western part of the harbor. It now serves as a leisure, fishing boat and coast guard shelter.

### Limassol Marina

The Limassol Marina was built adjacent to the Old Port. It covers an area of 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft), and is now a leisure centre with many restaurants, taverns and shops. The Limassol Marina is located right next to the Limassol Molos promenade, and both developments have given Limassol its title as a Coastal City back.
Following an architectural competition, plans have been drawn up to revamp the area and transform it into a more functional leisure center. For that reason the Old Port had been officially closed and the project commenced after some delays under the name Limassol Marina in 2010.
# Robert Kutner

Robert Kutner (11 April 1867, Ückermünde – 5 October 1913, Berlin) was a German urologist.
He studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Kiel and Freiburg and furthered his education in Vienna and Paris. While a student, his influences were Maximilian Nitze in Berlin, Leopold Ritter von Dittel in Vienna and Jean Casimir Félix Guyon in Paris. In 1891, he received his medical doctorate, and shortly afterwards, he settled in Berlin as a specialist of urinary diseases. In 1902, he obtained the title of professor. Kutner was among the first to use photography to acquire a visual record of internal body cavities.
Along with Ernst von Bergmann, he is regarded as one of the founders of the medical training system in Germany. He was devoted to the development of medical postgraduate education in Germany, and in 1906 was named director of the Kaiserin Friedrich-Haus for medical postgraduate study. In 1904, with Bergmann and hygienist Martin Kirchner, he founded the publication Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung ("Journal of Medical Education").

## Selected works

* Über Photographie innerer Körperhöhlen, insbesondere der Harnblase und des Magens, Berlin, 1891 – On photography of internal body cavities, in particular, the urinary bladder and the stomach.
* Technik und praktische Bedeutung der Asepsis bei der Behandlung der Harnleiden, 1897 – Technique and practical importance of asepsis in the treatment of the urinary tract.
* Die instrumentelle Behandlung der Harnleiden, mit besonderer Berückichtigung der Technik des Katheterismus, 1898 – Instrumental treatment of the urinary tract, with special attention given to the technique of catheterization.
# History of international law in Russia

The history of international law in Russia is marked by several important periods, among these:
* Pre-Petrine international law;
* Peter I of Russia's reforms & Russia's Europeanization/Westernization, particularly in legal thought;
* 18th Century;
* 19th Century and liberalization;
** Friedrich Martens
* Soviet international law;
** Evgeny A. Korovin
* Post-Soviet harmonization with international law;
In Russian legal history, international and comparative method dates back to the sixteenth century.
# Kuligino

Kuligino (Russian: Кулигино) is a rural locality (a village) in Dobryansky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Kuligino is located 47 km south of Dobryanka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zalesnaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Southland Leisure Centre

The Southland Leisure Centre is an indoor leisure centre situated in the southwest community on Palliser in Calgary, Alberta. The multipurpose recreational facility was built at the same time (although additions and redesigns have been made since) as the surrounding neighbourhood. Along with Village Square Leisure Centre, it is one of two leisure centres owned and operated by The City of Calgary.
Southland Leisure Centre provides a wide range of registered programs and drop-in programs and activities, including sports training, gymnastics, day camps, racquet sports, skating, dance, martial arts, so-pitch, hockey and skating lessons. Southland also offers preschool programs including playschool, tot's gym time and more.

## Facilities

* Wave pool begins wide and shallow (much like a beach) progressively deepening into a regular swimming pool halved in width is the box-shaped "deep end" (No diving).
* Water park: A water park with a 500-gallon dump bucket, rope bridges, spray guns and other splash stations.
* Water slides: Includes the "red slide" and "blue slide". There are also two smaller slides in the water park area.
* Deepwater dive tank and diving board
* Hot tub.
* Steam room.
* Two ice rinks, named after Joe Kryczka and Ed Whalen.
* Climbing Wall
* Weight room
* Multipurpose rooms named after communities in the area, sometimes called birthday rooms.
* Rental Centre for floating aids, tubes, etc. as well as selling pool equipment.

## Access

By car, Southland Leisure Centre is accessible off of Southland Drive.
By transit, it can be accessed via the MAX Yellow as well as by routes 95, 99, 125, and 126 from Southland Station.