OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postal services in the United Kingdom

Postal services in the United Kingdom are provided predominantly by the Royal Mail (and Post Office Limited which oversees post offices). Since 2006, the market has been fully opened to competition which has had greater success in business-to-business delivery than in ordinary letter delivery.[citation needed]
The industry is regulated by Ofcom and consumer interests are represented by Consumer Focus. Since 1 October 2011, the main piece of legislation is the Postal Services Act 2011, although some parts of the Postal Services Act 2000 are still in force. The 2011 Act enables the government to privatise Royal Mail and to possibly mutualise Post Office Limited.

## History

The quality of postal services in the 17th and 18th centuries improved with development of better roads and means of transport.
Anthony Trollope is credited with major contributions to the development of postal services in the years 1851-1867, described, e.g. in Chapters 8 and 13 of his autobiography.
* Postmaster General, position created in 1510
* Royal Mail, established 1516 by King Henry VIII
* General Post Office, established 1660 by King Charles II
* Rowland Hill, creator of the penny post, 1840
* Post Office Limited, separated from Royal Mail as a new business in 1986
* Parcelforce, separated as a new division within Royal Mail in 1986
* Green Paper on Postal Reform (1994) published, options for further privatisation and regulation of the Post Office and Royal Mail
* British Forces Post Office, the British Armed Forces’ postal & courier service, a history of its development

## Law

* Postal Services Act 2000
* Postal Services Act 2011
* First Postal Services Directive, 97/67/EC
* Second Postal Services Directive, 2002/39/EC
* Third Postal Services Directive, 2008/06/EC

## Industry

A small number of postal services operate widely in the United Kingdom. Most notably and previously mentioned is Royal Mail. After the opening up of the industry, competitors such as Whistl and UK Mail found their place offering business postal solutions. These companies, despite being competitors to Royal Mail, hand over sorted mail to the Royal Mail for "last mile delivery" due to the sheer dominance the latter hold in a process called 'Down Stream Access'.
Alongside Royal Mail and their descendent companies, there are a variety of nationwide next-day delivery companies which handle both letters and parcels, including DPD, DHL, Evri and FedEx, among others. There are also a large number of local couriers that operate in specific geographic areas, like Stuart, Packfleet and City Link, as well as specialist couriers that handle specific items, like DX.
# Kaka Kolo

Kaka Kolo (Urdu: ککہ کولو), also spelled Kakka Kaulu, is a town and Union Council in Wazirabad Tehsil, Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan.
# Achim Vogt

Achim Vogt (born 7 December 1970) is a Liechtensteiner former alpine skier who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics, 1994 Winter Olympics, 1998 Winter Olympics, and 2002 Winter Olympics. He scored one win on the alpine skiing World Cup, in a giant slalom race in Tignes in December 1994.
# Sari Qayah, Ardabil

Sari Qayah (Persian: ساري قيه, also Romanized as Sārī Qayah and Sārī Qayeh) is a village in Salavat Rural District, Moradlu District, Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 16 families. Based on the census of 2016 there are 11 families left with a population of 34.
# Mirpur Mathelo railway station

Mirpur Mathelo Railway Station (Urdu: میرپور ماتھیلو ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: میرپور ماٿيلو ریلوي اسٽیشن) is located in Mirpur Mathelo town, Ghotki district of Sindh province, Pakistan.
# Ann Bowditch

Ann Bowditch is a road cyclist from Guernsey. She has represented Guernsey in three Commonwealth Games - 2002, 2010, 2014.
Ann won the British National Hillclimb Championship 3 times in 2004, 2005 and 2006.
# Rezqabad, Kerman

Rezqabad (Persian: رزق اباد, also Romanized as Rezqābād) is a village in Ganjabad Rural District, Esmaili District, Anbarabad County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95, in 22 families.
# Pim Walenkamp

Pim V. A. Walenkamp (Dutch pronunciation:; born 2 May 1974) is a Dutch teacher and former politician on behalf of the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB).

## Biography

Walenkamp was born in 1974 in Tilburg. He studied Dutch language and history, and he subsequently became a teacher in the former subject. Walenkamp moved to Utrecht in 1995.
He had been a supporter of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), but he decided to switch to BBB. Walenkamp was elected to the Senate in a May 2023 election, and he was sworn in on 13 June. He stepped down as of 1 February 2024 due to poor health and his combined workload as a teacher and politician, and he was succeeded by Robbert Lievense.
# Swifts (aerobatic team)

The Swifts (Russian: Стрижи, romanized: Strizhi) is an aerobatic demonstrator team of the Russian Air Force, formed on 6 May 1991. The team currently performs with 6 MiG-29/29UB aircraft.

## Team roster

The team roster today unchanged since 2008. According to the Russian conventions surnames are listed first, followed by first name and patronymic:
* Selutin Viktor Markovich, Guards colonel, “Strizhi” aerobatic team commander. Tail wingman, team leader
* Morozov Valeriy Anatolyevich, Guards lieutenant colonel, “Strizhi” aerobatic team master pilot. Team leader
* Sokolov Igor Evgenevich, Guards lieutenant colonel, aerobatic team deputy commander. Left wingman
* Osyaikin Sergey Ivanovich, Guards lieutenant colonel, “Strizhi” aerobatic team master pilot. Right wingman
* Koposov Dmitriy Alexandrovich, Guards lieutenant colonel, aerobatic team deputy commander. Right wingman, single aerobatic, extreme flying
* Prohorov Aleksey Vladimirovich, Guards lieutenant colonel, “Strizhi” aerobatic team master pilot, left wingman
* Vasiliev Sergey Alekseevich, Guards lieutenant colonel, “Strizhi” aerobatic team master pilot
* Kuznetsov Denis, Captain, “Strizhi” aerobatic team pilot
# Neysa Chah

Neysa Chah (Persian: نيساچاه, also Romanized as Neysā Chāh; also known as Nesā Chāh) is a village in Nowsher-e Koshk-e Bijar Rural District, Khoshk-e Bijar District, Rasht County, Gilan Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 106, with there being 37 families.
# Bogdan Stimoff

Bogdan Stimoff is a 1916 silent drama film directed by Georg Jacoby and starring Georg Reimers, Lotte Medelsky, and Carl Goetz. It was made as a co-production between Bulgaria, Germany and the Austrian Empire, the allied Central Powers of the First World War.
Location shooting took place around the Bulgarian capital Sofia.

## Cast

* Georg Reimers as Bogdan Stimov
* Lotte Medelsky as Ana
* Carl Goetz as Selskiyat idiot
* Alfred Valters
* Marietta Pikaver
* Hans Lackner
* Fritz Wrede
* Josef Rehberger
* Viktor Franz
* Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria as himself
* Tsaritsa Eleonore of Bulgaria as herself
# Malt Shovel, Spondon

The Malt Shovel is a Grade II listed public house at Potter Street, Spondon, Derby. The pub is known for its unmodernised period interiors and internal design.

## Description

The pub has its own individual character, with a number of rooms from a large bar to small "snugs". The decoration is suggestive of times gone by; in fact the pub is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. This means that CAMRA has identified this pub as being in the "first division" with regard to the historic quality of its interior design. This is one of fewer than 300 pubs chosen for their impressive, largely intact, historical interiors from the estimated 50,000 pubs that exist in the United Kingdom.
The room that attracts most attention is labelled "B". Snug "B" contains a 1920s hearth and a style of seating that is now found in only a small number of such "snugs" in England. The only other snug with high backed seats in Derbyshire is at the Holly Bush Inn, Makeney. The name "B" is a peculiarity of local licensing which previously made landlords clearly indicate which rooms were licensed for the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Each licensed room, including the cellar, was given an identifying letter. Like other features of the pub the reason for it being created has now disappeared, but the sign "B" remains. The requirement to label the room "B" is long forgotten, but previous landlords refused to have it changed. In the early 1990s, the landlords feared that the brewery that owned the building were planning to sell the pub. This may have resulted in the interior being refurbished and as a result they bought the pub to prevent this happening. In the confusion, the landlords ended up running two pubs in Spondon, although they did find time to install a kitchen and introduce pub-food at the Malt Shovel.
The most recent room's decoration dates from the 1990s and this has been internally divided by another bar. The smaller part has just tables and chairs whilst the larger section includes a full sized billiards table.
The pub is not in the centre of Spondon, but down a minor road.
In 1333 or 1340, a disastrous fire started at a pub called the Malt Shovel and aided by the wind, swept through Spondon destroying the church and most of the houses. This is known as "the Great Fire of Spondon". Local historians although intrigued by the story say there is no proof that this pub sits on the same site as the 14th century pub, although both are known to be on the site of malting houses. The current pub was largely built in the late 18th or early 19th century, although some parts date from 1680.
# Sari Kand-e Dadash Beyk

Sari Kand-e Dadash Beyk (Persian: ساري كندداداش بيك, also Romanized as Sārī Kand-e Dādāsh Beyk) is a village in Chaypareh-ye Pain Rural District, Zanjanrud District, Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 116, in 23 families.
# Feuilles d'album, S.165 (Liszt)

Feuilles d'Album, S.165, (English: Album Leaves) is a solo piano piece in A-flat major by Hungarian composer and virtuoso pianist Franz Liszt, composed in 1841 and published in 1844 by Schott frères. It is dedicated to his friend, Gustave Du Bousquet. A performance takes about 2 1/2 minutes.
# Glen McKinnon

Glen McKinnon (born 16 December 1937) is a Canadian educator and politician from Manitoba. He represented the federal electoral district of Brandon—Souris in the House of Commons of Canada during the 35th Canadian Parliament, from 1993 to 1997, as a member of the Liberal Party. He was elected in the 1993 Canadian federal election, then fell into third place behind Progressive Conservative candidate Rick Borotsik and Reform candidate Edward Agnew in the 1997 federal election. He previously ran as a Manitoba Liberal candidate in the district of Arthur-Virden in the 1990 provincial election, coming second to PC incumbent Jim Downey.
Born in Carberry, Manitoba, McKinnon resides in Virden, Manitoba. He was employed at Virden Collegiate Institute for several years, serving as principal, football coach, and biology teacher. He and his wife Karen have three daughters.

## Electoral history

vte1997 Canadian federal election: Brandon—Souris :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | Progressive Conservative | Rick Borotsik | 13,216 | 35.59 | +13.18 | $51,629 |
| | Reform | Ed Agnew | 11,883 | 32.00 | +1.63 | $52,341 |
| | Liberal | Glen McKinnon | 6,583 | 17.73 | -15.27 | $33,249 |
| | New Democratic | Jennifer Howard | 4,983 | 13.42 | +1.56 | $12,213 |
| | Independent | Geoff Gorf Borden | 244 | 0.66 | | $19 |
| | Christian Heritage | Colin Atkins | 229 | 0.62 | -0.3 | $34 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 37,138 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 135 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 37,273 | 66.88 |
| Electors on the lists | Electors on the lists | Electors on the lists | 55,735 |
| Sources: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. |||||||
vte1993 Canadian federal election: Brandon—Souris :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | Liberal | Glen McKinnon | 12,130 | 33.00 | +2.3 | $34,664 |
| | Reform | Edward Agnew | 11,163 | 30.37 | +26.17 | $32,210 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Larry Maguire | 8,236 | 22.41 | -24.39 | $52,740 |
| | New Democratic | Ross C. Martin | 4,359 | 11.86 | -1.9 | $13,827 |
| | Christian Heritage | Abe Neufeld | 339 | 0.92 | -2.68 | $2,184 |
| | National | Eldon Obach | 336 | 0.91 | +0.91 | $5,524 |
| | Natural Law | Robert Roberts | 112 | 0.30 | | $0 |
| | Canada Party | George H. Armstrong | 82 | 0.22 | | $0 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 36,757 | 100.00 | |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 128 | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 36,885 | 68.74 | |
| Electors on lists | Electors on lists | Electors on lists | 53,659 | | |
| Source: Thirty-fifth General Election, 1993: Official Voting Results, Published by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada. Financial figures taken from official contributions and expenses provided by Elections Canada. |||||||
# Bike Calgary

Bike Calgary is a member-based, non-profit organization based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. With over 1,300 active members, it is the city’s largest advocacy group for utility cycling and active transportation.

## History

Bike Calgary was formed as an informal group of cyclists in 2005 and at first existed mainly as a website that served to disseminate information on cycling in Calgary, and incorporated as a non-profit society in 2008. In 2011, under the guidance of CivicCamp, Bike Calgary began to take on a broader advocacy role.

## Initiatives

Bike Calgary lobbied Calgary Transit to allow folding bicycles on buses and trains at all times, which it now does. It has also been involved in the implementation of Calgary's Cycling Strategy. In 2014, it led a successful campaign to implement a pilot network of protected bike lanes in Downtown Calgary and the Beltline.

## Cycling courses

Bike Calgary has developed and offers a one-day Urban Cycling Skills course for a nominal fee. It is based on the CAN-BIKE curriculum.

## Annual YYC Bike Awards

* The Lawrence Hong Advocacy Award
* Commuter of the Year
* Business of the Year
* School of the Year
# Matt Swick

Matt Swick (born 1 September 1978) is a Canadian former rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Security Council of the Soviet Union

The Security Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Совет Безопасности СССР) was formed on March 15, 1990. The head of this organ was the President of the Soviet Union; he had the power to appoint and dismiss all members of the council. Article 127.3 of the USSR Constitution stipulated that the president of the USSR led the Security Council, which would develop recommendations to implement the all-union policy on national defense, nationality issues, state security, the pace and scope of economic reforms, economic and environmental security and hazards, coping with natural disasters and other emergencies, to ensure stability and legal order in Soviet society. Its members were confirmed by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
Its first members included Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov, Vice President Gennady Yanayev, Foreign Minister Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician), Defence Minister and Marshal of the Soviet Union Dmitry Yazov, KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, Interior Minister Boris Pugo, along with two "special" members with full time council responsibilities: Vadim Bakatin (who focused on political affairs), and Yevgeny Primakov (who had responsibility for economic affairs).
# Alliesthesia

Alliesthesia (from Ancient Greek: ἀλλοῖος, romanized: alloios – be changed, and αἴσθησις (aísthēsis) – sensation, perception; thus "changed sensation"; French: alliesthésie, German: Alliästhesie) is a psychophysiological phenomenon (not to be confused with the pathologic symptom of allesthesia) that describes the dependence of perceived pleasure or displeasure of stimuli on the internal state of an organism. The internal state of an organism is in constant change, and any stimulus that can help to correct an error or to satisfy a need will be pleasantly perceived. For example, food will be more pleasant when hungry compared to when an organism is satiated. The sensation aroused therefore depends not only on the quality or on the intensity of the stimulus, but also on the internal state of the organism as sensed by internal receptors. The relationship between the perceptual system and physiology is subjective and studied by psychophysics.

## Forms

* thermal alliesthesia: alliesthesia of the thermic perception (heat and cold), which contributes fundamentally to homeostatic thermoregulation. It is an aspect of thermal comfort.
* olfactory alliesthesia: alliesthesia of olfaction (sense of smell)
* gustatory alliesthesia: alliesthesia of taste – described for certain primary tastes (sweet and salty)
* olfacto-gustatory alliesthesia or alimentary alliesthesia: alliesthesia of tastes/flavors pertaining to food intake
* visual/optic alliesthesia: alliesthesia of vision
* auditory alliesthesia: alliesthesia of the sense of hearing
Each of these forms of alliesthesia exists in two opposite tendencies:
* negative alliesthesia: shift of sensation from pleasure to displeasure.
* positive alliesthesia: shift of sensation from displeasure to pleasure.

## Evidence

The phenomenon of alliesthesia was first described by the French physiologist Michel Cabanac. The first scientific publication from 1968 was succeeded by over 40 publications in international journals, for example: 1970 in Nature and 1971 in Science. The term alliesthesia was first mentioned in the annex of Physiological Role of Pleasure and was further elaborated in collaboration with the coauthor Stylianos Nicolaïdis. Originally, alliesthesia was demonstrated in experiments with human subjects, and later confirmed in rats (Rattus norvegicus).
# Love Is Just a Fairytale

Love Is Just a Fairytale (German: Liebe ist ja nur ein Märchen) is a 1955 West German musical comedy film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring Willy Fritsch, Georges Guétary and Claude Farell.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Hans Kuhnert. It was made at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin and on location around Athens. It was shot in Agfacolor.

## Cast

* Willy Fritsch as Dr. Lindenberg
* Georges Guétary as Mario, Sänger
* Eva Crüwell as Helga Lindenberg
* Gerhard Riedmann as Dr. Klaus Weinert
* Claude Farell as Angela Brinkmann
* Lucie Englisch as Berta
* Christiane Kubrick as Jou-Jou
* Hans Richter as Fritz Keller
* Friedl Hardt as Viola Kern
* Gerd Frickhöffer as Beckers, Manager
* Noëlle Norman as Singer
# Stare Žage

Stare Žage (pronounced; formerly also Stara žaga; German: Altsag, Gottscheerish: Autshug or Aotschock) is a settlement in the Municipality of Dolenjske Toplice in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The Slovene name Stare Žage is semantically identical to the standard German name Altsag. They both mean 'old sawmill(s)' and are derived from German Säge 'sawmill', referring to the many sawmills formerly in the village.

## History

Stare Žage was a Gottschee German village. In the land register of 1574 it consisted of one full farm divided into two half-farms, with a population between 5 and 10. Before the Second World War, the village had seventeen houses and a population of 98. There were 17 water-powered sawmills in the village and nine mills in the village. After the war only one sawmill and one mill remained, both non-functional. There was also a restaurant in Stare Žage before the Second World War, run by the Petschauer (Pečaver) family and known as the Gasthaus Felsenkeller (literally, 'rock cellar inn') or Pri bikabirtu. Most of the population was evicted in the fall of 1941. Italian forces burned most of the houses and other buildings in the village during the Rog Offensive in 1942. From 1943 to 1945 Partisan workshops operated in some of the houses, and there were also warehouses for medical supplies and a small electrical power plant. After the war much of the village's architectural heritage was deliberately destroyed and planted over with spruce trees. Only one Gottschee German farmer remained in the village, and the other residents were laborers that had settled there after the war and were employed in nearby towns.

## Church

The local church is now a ruin. It was dedicated to Saint Michael and was built in the early 18th century.
# Piruka

André Filipe de Oliveira, better known by the stage name Piruka (born March 4, 1993) is a Portuguese rapper.

## Career

In July 2021, he performed at the first ever Rolling Loud festival in Europe, in Portugal at Praia da Rocha, Portimão.

## Discography
### Albums

| Title | Details | Certifications | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Details | Certifications | POR |
| Quatro Cantos | Released: October 2014 (POR) | | — |
| Pára e Pensa | Released: 28 October 2015 (POR) Labels: SWG Music, Espacial | | 46 |
| AClara | Released: February 2017 (POR) Labels: SWG Music | AFP: 6× Platinum | — |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected details and chart positions :
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Certifications | |Album |
| Title | Year | POR | Certifications | |Album |
| "Ca Bu Fla Ma Nau" (feat. Mota Jr) | 2016 | 17 | | AClara |
| "Se Eu Não Acordar Amanhã" | 2016 | 16 | AFP: Platinum | AClara |
| "AClara" | 2017 | 84 | | AClara |
| "Clara" | 2017 | 82 | | AClara |
| "Meu Deslize" | 2017 | 89 | | AClara |
| "Minha Pergunta" | 2017 | 64 | | AClara |
| "Não Queiras Tentar" | 2017 | 71 | | AClara |
| "Não Se Passa Nada" | 2017 | 25 | AFP: Gold | AClara |
| "Por Isso" | 2017 | 88 | | AClara |
| "Queres Falar Do Quê?" | 2017 | 56 | | AClara |
| "Sirenes" | 2017 | 43 | | AClara |
| "Certidão de Óbito" | 2017 | 55 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Não Faz Isso" | 2017 | 7 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Salto Alto" | 2017 | 4 | AFP: 2× Platinum | Non-album single(s) |
| "Só Vim Dizer Yau" | 2017 | 6 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Já Se Passou Tudo" (feat. 1Kilo) | 2018 | 16 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Prova dos 9" | 2018 | 27 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Até Já" | 2019 | 40 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "Impossíveis" | 2019 | 14 | AFP: Platinum | Non-album single(s) |
| "Louco" (feat. Bluay) | 2019 | 1 | | Non-album single(s) |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |||||