OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Armand Tokatyan

Armand Tokatyan (Armenian: Արման Թոքաթյան; Bulgarian: Арман Токатян; June 16, 1894 – June 12, 1960) was an operatic tenor. An Armenian born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, he travelled to Egypt with his parents where he sang in cafés to a favorable response. He was then sent to Paris to study tailoring, but instead sang in Left Bank cafés. In 1914, he returned to Egypt and earned his living by again singing in the cafés. He took up operetta, soon becoming a matinee idol, then in 1919 went to Milan to pursue an opera career. His operatic debut was in 1921 at the Teatro Dal Verme in Puccini's Manon Lescaut. With the help of Italian conductor Giuseppe Bamboschek, he joined the touring Scotti Opera Company in the United States, and was soon noticed by the Metropolitan Opera where he debuted in 1923. For many years he performed there and at many other opera houses in the US and Europe. He was proficient in numerous languages. Many recordings were made of his performances.
Dorothy Kirsten in her autobiography writes the following about Tokatyan:
   I recall how grateful I was to have him as a partner for my first performance of [La Traviata] at the Met because there had been no orchestra rehearsal. Tokatyan afforded me a sense of security, having sung Alfredo innumerable times in that theatre. His authority onstage and his ingratiating manner made me very comfortable. He seemed to be just right for the role. As Alfredo his noble appearance helped me create the illusion that I was desperately in love with him.
Tokatyan died in Pasadena, CA of a heart attack on June 12, 1960.
# SuperChannel

SuperChannel, Super Channel or Super-channel may refer to:
Television channels:
* Super Channel (Canadian TV channel), a Canadian pay channel established in November 2007
* Movie Central, the western Canadian pay channel known as "Superchannel" until 2001; ceased operations in 2016. Related to the above in name only, although both incarnations were established by the same organization
* The Movie Network, a separate Canadian (formerly Eastern Canada only) pay channel known as "First Choice Superchannel" in the mid-1980s; related to the above in name only
* NBC Europe, the defunct European satellite television channel known as "Super Channel" or "NBC Super Channel"
* WACX, a religious TV station in Orlando, Florida that uses the SuperChannel branding
* Super! drama TV, a Japanese TV Channel formerly known as Super Channel (or Super Channel Japan)
Technology:
# Valeh Chul

Valeh Chul (Persian: وله چول, also Romanized as Valeh Chūl) is a village in Chubar Rural District, Haviq District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 56, in 10 families.
# Democratic Alliance (Bulgaria)

The Democratic Alliance (Bulgarian: Демократически сговор) was a Bulgarian political party that existed between 1923 and the banning of political parties in 1934. During most of that period it was the ruling party in the country, making it the third longest-ruling party in the country after the Bulgarian Communist Party and the People's Liberal Party.

## History

After the 9 June coup d'état in 1923 its organizers from the Military Union and the People's Alliance tried to create a new party in order to ensure stable political and parliamentary basis for the new government. For that purpose they relied on the member parties of the Constitutional Bloc whose leaders were imprisoned by the government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski.
After the dissolution of the Constitutional Bloc in the end of July and the beginning of August, the Democratic, the Radical Democratic and the United People's Progressive Party created a coalition Union for Democracy. On 10 August it united with the People's Alliance and formed the Democratic Alliance. In the next few months grew the discontent within the Democratic and the Radical Democratic parties caused by the centralization of the organization and its conversion into a single party and in the beginning of 1924 many of their members left the Alliance and reestablished the two parties.
During its whole existence there were three distinct groups. One of them, led by Aleksandar Tsankov was connected with the formed People's Alliance, while the other two, headed by Andrey Lyapchev and Atanas Burov were linked to the traditional parties - the Democratic and the United People's Progressive parties. Those fractions were often in open conflict between one another which threatened the stability of the government several times.
After the loss of the 1931 elections those contradictions became stronger and in the spring of 1932 the fraction of Aleksandar Tsankov left the party. After the ban of the political parties following the 19 May coup d'état in 1934 the Democratic Alliance ceased to exist although some of its leaders remained politically active.

## Participation in the government

* Second government of Aleksandar Tsankov (22 September 1923 — 4 January 1926) - in coalition with the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party
* First government of Andrey Lyapchev (4 January 1926 — 12 September 1928) - alone
* First government of Andrey Lyapchev (12 September 1928 — 15 May 1930) - alone
* First government of Andrey Lyapchev (15 May 1930 — 29 June 1931) - in coalition with the National Liberal Party

## Leaders

* 1923-1926: Aleksandar Tsankov
* 1926-1933: Andrey Lyapchev

## Sources

* Ташев, Ташо. Министрите на България 1879-1999. София, АИ "Проф. Марин Дринов" / Изд. на МО, 1999. ISBN 978-954-430-603-8 / ISBN 978-954-509-191-9.
# Batrachoides

Batrachoides is a genus of toadfishes.

## Species

The recognized species in this genus are:
* Batrachoides boulengeri C. H. Gilbert & Starks, 1904 (Boulenger's toadfish)
* Batrachoides gilberti Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 (large-eye toadfish)
* Batrachoides goldmani Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902 (Mexican freshwater toadfish)
* Batrachoides liberiensis (Steindachner, 1867) (hairy toadfish)
* Batrachoides manglae Cervigón, 1964 (cotuero toadfish)
* Batrachoides pacifici (Günther, 1861) (Pacific toadfish)
* Batrachoides surinamensis (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Pacuma toadfish)
* Batrachoides walkeri Collette & Russo, 1981 (Walker's toadfish)
* Batrachoides waltersi Collette & Russo, 1981 (Walters' toadfish)
# Learning curve (machine learning)

In machine learning (ML), a learning curve (or training curve) is a graphical representation that shows how a model's performance on a training set (and usually a validation set) changes with the number of training iterations (epochs) or the amount of training data. Typically, the number of training epochs or training set size is plotted on the x-axis, and the value of the loss function (and possibly some other metric such as the cross-validation score) on the y-axis.
Synonyms include error curve, experience curve, improvement curve and generalization curve.
More abstractly, learning curves plot the difference between learning effort and predictive performance, where "learning effort" usually means the number of training samples, and "predictive performance" means accuracy on testing samples.
Learning curves have many useful purposes in ML, including:
* choosing model parameters during design,
* adjusting optimization to improve convergence,
* and diagnosing problems such as overfitting (or underfitting).
Learning curves can also be tools for determining how much a model benefits from adding more training data, and whether the model suffers more from a variance error or a bias error. If both the validation score and the training score converge to a certain value, then the model will no longer significantly benefit from more training data.

## Formal definition

When creating a function to approximate the distribution of some data, it is necessary to define a loss function $L(f_{\theta }(X),Y)$ to measure how good the model output is (e.g., accuracy for classification tasks or mean squared error for regression). We then define an optimization process which finds model parameters $\theta$ such that $L(f_{\theta }(X),Y)$ is minimized, referred to as $\theta ^{*}$.

### Training curve for amount of data

If the training data is
$\{x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}\},\{y_{1},y_{2},\dots y_{n}\}$
and the validation data is
$\{x_{1}',x_{2}',\dots x_{m}'\},\{y_{1}',y_{2}',\dots y_{m}'\}$,
a learning curve is the plot of the two curves
* $i\mapsto L(f_{\theta ^{*}(X_{i},Y_{i})}(X_{i}),Y_{i})$
* $i\mapsto L(f_{\theta ^{*}(X_{i},Y_{i})}(X_{i}'),Y_{i}')$
where $X_{i}=\{x_{1},x_{2},\dots x_{i}\}$

### Training curve for number of iterations

Many optimization algorithms are iterative, repeating the same step (such as backpropagation) until the process converges to an optimal value. Gradient descent is one such algorithm. If $\theta _{i}^{*}$ is the approximation of the optimal $\theta$ after $i$ steps, a learning curve is the plot of
* $i\mapsto L(f_{\theta _{i}^{*}(X,Y)}(X),Y)$
* $i\mapsto L(f_{\theta _{i}^{*}(X,Y)}(X'),Y')$
# I Know a Place (film)

I Know a Place is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Roy Mitchell and released in 1999. A reflection on gay life in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the film profiles Bob Goderre, a retired steelworker who hosted regular parties for gay residents of the region in his home in the 1960s and 1970s.
The film has often been analyzed alongside The Pinco Triangle, a documentary film about LGBT life in Sudbury which was released in the same year.
The film premiered at the 1999 Inside Out Film and Video Festival, where it was the winner of the award for Best Documentary Film. In 2000, it was screened at Toronto's Cinecycle theatre as part of The Best of Everything, a program of Mitchell's short films that also included Christian Porn, Delta Dawn and Proud Drivers of Canada.
In 2006, it received its first-ever screening in Sault Ste. Marie, at an Algoma University College event called Queer Voices from the North.
# Palaiochori, Chalkidiki

Palaiochori (Greek: Παλαιοχώρι) is a village in Chalkidiki, Greece, part of the municipality Aristotelis. It is situated between the villages Neochori (3 km, E), Megali Panagia (7 km, N) and Arnaia (5 km, W).

## History

The Neposi Castle was built in the 5th century.
The village is mentioned in a text from 1320 and 1441 (Actes de Xeropotamou, Archives de L'Athos III, ed. J. Bompaire.-Paris:1964). From 1478 to 1568 the population increased from c. 24 to c. 100 families.
In 1793 the French ambassador in Thessaloniki Esprit-Marie Cousinéry visited Palaiochori as is documented in 3 pages of Voyage dans la Macédonie (ISBN 1421208806).
In the Greek War of Independence the village was destroyed by the Turks. In the Civil War the village was again destroyed on 14 August 1948 by communist rebels.

## Churches

* Pammegiston Taxiarchon with wallpaintings, a copy of the icon Panagia Gorgoepikoos (the original in the monastery Docheiariou in Athos) and an icon from the 16th century of Taxiarchis Michail, near the church also is the statue of Ioakeim III Megaloprepis
* Agios Athanasios Athonitis church, festival 5 July each year
* Archangelos Michail church with a wallpainting

## Persons

Most known is Giorgos Zorbas from Paleochori who inspired the author Nikos Kazantzakis to write his work Alexis Zorbas. Giorgos Zorbas was born in Kolyndros in Pieria before moving to Paleochori for work. (See the book of G. Anapliotis "Ο αληθινός Ζορμπάς και ο Ν. Καζαντζάκης" (The true Zorbas and Nikos Kazantzakis).
A central street is named after the leader of the Orthodox Church Bartholomew I who visited Paleochori in June 1999.
# Bapir Vali Allah

Bapir Vali Allah (Persian: باپير ولي اله, also Romanized as Bāpīr Valī Āllah; also known as Posht Tang-e Vosţá) is a village in Tarhan-e Sharqi Rural District, Tarhan District, Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 566, in 112 families.
# Szampan

"Szampan" (English: Champagne) is a song recorded by Polish singer Sanah. The song was released as the first single from her debut studio album Królowa dram on 3 January 2020 through Magic Records, and was written by Sanah, Magdalena Wójcik, and Kuba Galiński, while production was handled by Galiński.
The single reached number 1 on the Polish Airplay Chart and was certified diamond.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Szampan" was released on 3 January 2020 through Sanah's Vevo channel. It was produced in collaboration with THEDREAMS Studio.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Diamond | 100,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

Release formats for "Szampan" :
| Region | Date | Format | Distributor | Ref. |
| Various | 3 January 2020 | Digital download | Magic Records | |
# Chinglensana Kangujam

Chinglensana Singh Kangujam (born 2 December 1991) is an Indian field hockey player who plays as a halfback. He made his debut in the Indian team in 2012, and plays for Dabang Mumbai in the Hockey India League.

## Career
### International career

Singh was named as a stand-by player for the 2011 Champions Trophy in Ordos City, China, and was selected in the main squad following the dropping out of two players. However, he missed out as his passport was not ready at the time. Eventually, he made his debut in 2011, at the Champions Challenge I in South Africa. He was a part of the team that competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, finishing second, and a ninth-place finish at the 2014 World Cup. In the same year, he won the gold medal with the team at the Asian Games in Incheon.

### Club career

At the auction of the inaugural season of Hockey India League, Singh was bought by the Mumbai franchise for US$ 22,000. The team named Mumbai Magicians finished fifth in both the first and the second seasons before announcing their withdrawal from the league in September 2014. Singh finished with one goal in the two seasons. Following the Magicians' withdrawal, Singh was signed by the then new team Dabang Mumbai, for the 2015 season.
# M. E. Sharpe

M. E. Sharpe, Inc., an academic publisher, was founded by Myron Sharpe in 1958 with the original purpose of publishing translations from Russian in the social sciences and humanities. These translations were published in a series of journals, the first of which was Problems of Economics, now called Problems of Economic Transition. In the 1960s, the translation project was expanded to include other European languages, then Chinese and later Japanese. Other academic journals launched by M.E. Sharpe during these years featured articles originating in English. At present, the firm publishes over 35 periodicals including Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs, Journal of Management Information Systems, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics and Problems of Post-Communism. Shortly after it was established, M. E. Sharpe, Inc. also began to publish scholarly books in the social sciences and humanities, with a special emphasis on international studies. In the 1980s, the book division was expanded and it currently publishes approximately 60 new titles a year, including works in economics, business, management, public administration, political science, history and literature. Many of M. E. Sharpe's textbooks are available in digital editions through the Sharpe E-Text Center.
Several Nobel Prize winners, including Kenzaburō Ōe and Wassily Leontief, are among M. E. Sharpe authors, as is the acclaimed American novelist Howard Fast, author of Spartacus. The East Gate Books imprint is widely recognized as representing the best in Asian Studies.
In 1995, Sharpe Reference was founded to provide essential reference material for the high school, undergraduate, and general reader—again, building on Sharpe's areas of strength in American studies and global studies. The full, updated content of many of these reference sets is also available in electronic editions published by Sharpe Online Reference.
M. E. Sharpe, Inc. started in New York City and was originally called International Arts and Sciences Press. After twelve years in the city, the firm moved to White Plains, New York. Its offices have been based in Armonk, New York, since 1980.
M. E. Sharpe was sold to Routledge in 2014.

## Books

M. E. Sharpe specializes in social sciences, humanities, business management and public administration.

## Journals

Some journals published by M.E. Sharpe include:
* Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs
* European Education
* Problems of Post-Communism
* Journal of Economic Issues
* Journal of Management Information Systems
* Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
* International Journal of Political Economy
# Rick Ferraro

Enrico Eugenio "Rick" Ferraro (born January 7, 1950) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1990.

## Background

Ferraro was educated at the University of Guelph, and was a founder of Kids Can Play - Guelph. Ferraro is an active member of the Guelph community. He is a partner in Steele Ferraro Insurance Brokerage, he also owns the Grange and Victoria Plaza.

## Politics

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, defeating Progressive Conservative Marilyn Robinson by 5,006 votes in the constituency of Wellington South. He was re-elected by more than 9,000 votes over NDP candidate Derek Fletcher in the 1987 election, in the redistributed riding of Guelph.
Ferraro was a backbench supporter of David Peterson's government, and held several parliamentary assistant positions. In 1986, he was appointed as Ontario's first Small Business Advocate.
The Liberals were defeated by the NDP in the 1990 provincial election, and Ferraro lost his seat to Fletcher by 3,107 votes. He attempted a comeback in the 1995 election, but lost to Brenda Elliott of the Progressive Conservatives by just over 5,700 votes.
# Laikipia University

Laikipia University is a Kenyan University located in Nyahururu. It is a premier university of Education (Arts). It has 1 campus: Main Campus.

## History

Laikipia University was founded in 1929 as a primary school by William Thomas Alfred Levet. Between 1965 and 1970, the institution served as a Large–Scale Farmers Training College (LSFTC). LSFTC was administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. In October 1979, it was converted into an Animal Husbandry and Industry Training Institute (AHITI) offering a two-year course leading to a Certificate in Animal Health. In 1990, Laikipia University was established as a Campus of Egerton University.
This followed the recommendations of a Government Committee appointed to look into modalities of absorbing a double intake of students from Secondary Schools. It was meant to offer Education courses for graduate teacher-training.
It remained a campus of Egerton University between 1990 till 2010 majoring in BEd Arts and BA corses. In 2011, it became a constituent University College of Egerton University until 19 February 2013 when the then President of the Republic of Kenya, his Excellency Hon. Mwai Kibaki awarded Charter to make the institution a fully-fledged University.

## Campuses
### The Main Campus

Laikipia University Main Campus is located 50 km from Nakuru town and 11 km from Nyahururu Town, along the Nakuru - Nyahururu Highway. It is situated in a serene environment which is conducive for learning. The Main Campus is the University nerve centre where most courses are offered and has the majority of students. The Main Campus has numerous facilities ranging from classrooms, laboratories, library, computer hub, bookshop, sports & games facilities, hostels for student accommodation, a health centre, restaurant, farm and Lake Chacha, among others.

## Schools/Departments/Institutes

* School of Humanities and Developmental Studies
* School of Science and Applied Technology
* School of Business and Economics
* School of Education
* Graduate School

## School of Sciences and Applied Technology

The School of Science and Applied Technology has five Departments namely:
* Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences Technology
* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
* Department of Mathematics
* Department of Computing and Informatics
* Department of Earth Sciences

## School of Humanities and Developmental Studies

The School of Humanities and Developmental Studies has two Departments namely:
* Literary and Communication Studies
* Public Affairs and Environmental Studies

## School of Business and Economics

The School of Business and Economics has two Departments namely:
* Department of Commerce
* Department of Economics

## School of Education

School of Education has two Departments namely:
* Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations
* Curriculum and Educational Management
# The Girl from Piccadilly

The Girl from Piccadilly (German: Das Mädel von Picadilly) is a 1921 German silent film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Erich Kaiser-Titz, and Fritz Schulz. It was released in two separate parts.

## Cast

* Lya Mara
* Erich Kaiser-Titz
* Fritz Schulz
* Albert Patry
* Charles Puffy
* Wilhelm Diegelmann
* Paul Passarge
* Ressel Orla
* Gertrud Arnold
* Josef Peterhans
* Josef Commer
* Harry Berber [de]
* Max Ruhbeck
* Ida Perry
* Hermann Picha
# Yuzhny, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Yuzhny (Russian: Ю́жный) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, situated southeast of Chaunskaya Bay, about 70 kilometers (43 mi) south of Pevek, the administrative center of the district. Though the settlement is abandoned, the mining company "Chukotka" still works in the area. As of 2011 Yuzhny was included in the list of settlements to be liquidated.

## History

Yuzhny was the first of the gold mines to be opened in Chukotka in 1950, by a group of geologists. Having started out as a normal business employing prospectors, the mines became part of Chaunchukotlag, the local division of the gulag system.
The mines were declared unprofitable and that there was no possibility of developing any other form of economy in 1999 and the settlement was closed along with a number of others in Chukotka. The Russian government guaranteed funds to transport non-working pensioners and the unemployed in liquidated settlements including Yuzhny from Chukotka to other parts of Russia. The Ministry of railways was obliged to lease containers for the transportation of the migrants' goods to the Chukotkan administration and ensure that they were delivered to the various settlements.
# Communist Unity Groups (Sweden)

Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupperna (English: Communist Unity Groups) was a section that left Kommunistiska Partiet Marxist-Leninisterna (revolutionärerna) in 1975. KEG considered that KPML(r):s politics towards the trade unions was ultra-leftist and sectarian. KEG was dissolved in 1977, and most of the members later joined SKP.
The KEG group in Stockholm, Stockholms Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupp, continued to exist until 1979. In that year SKEG merged with the Communist Association of Norrköping to form SKF-ml.
KEG published Enhet ('Unity') 1975–1977.
# Alfatar

Alfatar (Bulgarian: Алфатар) is a town in Silistra Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, located in 18 km (11 mi) to the south of the town of Silistra. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Alfatar Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 1,714.
The Alfatar Peninsula on Robert Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Alfatar.

## Population

As of December 2018, the town of Alfatar has a dwindling population of 1,395 people, down from its peak of 4,358 people shortly after the Second World War. Alfatar is exclusively inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians (100%).
# Chyolva

Chyolva (Russian: Чёлва) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Dobryansky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 329 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

## Geography

Chyolva is located 69 km northeast of Dobryanka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Omelichi is the nearest rural locality.
# Strigivenifera albidiscalis

Strigivenifera albidiscalis is a species of slug moth described by George Hampson in 1910.