OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carlsten

Carlsten (Swedish: Karlstens fästning) is a stone fortress located at Marstrand, on the western coast of Sweden. The fortress was built on the orders of King Carl X of Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde, 1658 to protect the newly acquired province of Bohuslän from hostile attacks. The site of Marstrand was chosen because of its location and its access to an ice free port. The fortress was decommissioned as a permanent defense installation in 1882, but remained in military use until the early 1990s.

## History

After peace in Roskilde in 1658, Bohuslän and thus Marstrand became Swedish. The city has long been a major trading place. Since the harbor almost never freezes, part of the Swedish Navy was stationed here. To defend Marstrand, Karl X Gustav decided to build a fortress on the island. On July 23, 1677, after an attack on the fortifications in Marstrand, Carlsten was conquered by Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, the Danish military commander in Norway. In 1719, the fortress was attacked and besieged for a second time in its history by the Norwegian Vice-Admiral Tordenskjold, falling into enemy hands. The fortress was returned to Swedish control through negotiations and treaties.

## Construction

In 1658, under the leadership of Johan Wärnschöld, a makeshift fortification was built in the form of a wooden Wahlen skans, at the top of the mountain above the city's "big weather mill". This fortification was of great use in the fall of 1659 to fight back the attack carried out by Norwegian forces. In 1666, the construction of a replacement building for the wooden edging, which "struck", began. This new fortress was in the form of a Roman redoubt, or tower building with four small ravelins. In 1671–73, the tower, which was then called Karlsten, was built on one floor and was equipped with a roof battery. Initially a square stone tower was constructed, but in 1681, the construction of a large round shaped tower began, following the commander Carl Gustaf Frölich's design, but otherwise new construction, on drawings created by Erik Dahlbergh, was approved in general in 1685, and as early as 1689 the fortress itself was almost completed, consisting then of a brick redoubt and a high multi-storey tower, which included the former square.
The work was carried out by prisoners sentenced to penal labour. Successive additions to the fortress were carried out until 1860 when it was finally completed. Carlsten was exclusively a prison for men. Nonetheless, Metta Fock, a female prisoner, was to have been kept there 1806-1809. The most famous prisoner of Carlsten was arguably Lasse-Maja, who was imprisoned here in 1813-1838.
# Synapturanus mirandaribeiroi

Synapturanus mirandaribeiroi (Spanish: Synapturan De Miranda-ribeiro) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# The Elves and the Otterskin

The Elves and the Otterskin is a novel by Elizabeth Boyer published in 1981.

## Plot summary

The Elves and the Otterskin is a novel in which a young apprentice wizard must complete the quest of his master to prevent a war between elves and dwarves by slaying a dragon, after the master is killed.

## Reception

Greg Costikyan reviewed The Elves and the Otterskin in Ares Magazine #12 and commented that "competently written, but with nothing new to say [...] Light entertainment. So, now what?"

## Reviews

* Review by Andy Sawyer (1986) in Paperback Inferno, #63
# All Saints' Church, Monkwearmouth

All Saints' Church is a church in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland, England. A parish of All Saints was formed in 1844 when it became clear that there was no longer enough room in the only parish church for Monkwearmouth (St Peter's), and a church for the new parish was completed and consecrated in 1849. One of its vicars was Alexander Boddy, and so All Saints' became known as the birthplace of modern British Pentecostalism. All Saints' is now again part of the parish of Monkwearmouth.
# Kheyrabad, West Azerbaijan

Kheyrabad (Persian: خيراباد, also Romanized as Kheyrābād) is a village in Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 956, in 216 families.
# Seydabad, Torbat-e Jam

Seyyedabad (Persian: صيداباد, also Romanized as Seyyedābād) is a village in Zam Rural District, Pain Jam District, Torbat-e Jam County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 149, in 33 families.
# Ada Livitsanou

Ada Livitsanou (Greek: Άντα Λιβιτσάνου; born July 23, 1979) is a Greek actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Lola in Lola, the Greek edition of the television series Lalola.
Livitsanou is an actress who has starred in theatrical performances, TV serials and presented fashion shows. She also sings in two indie rock bands, one of them named "VOLT".
On January 30, 2009, Livitsanou appeared as a guest on the season finale of The X Factor (Greece) where she sang "Think".
On January 19, 2010, Alpha TV announced that Livitsanou would be the host of Greek Idol.

## Filmography
### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2000-2001 | Vathi Kokkino (Deep Red) | Stella | Series regular (30 episodes) |
| 2001-2002 | Ti Simvainei Me Ton Harry? (There' s something about Harry) | Despina | Series regular (12 episodes) |
| 2003-2004 | To Paihnidi Tis Signomis (The Sorry Game) | Jenny | Series regular (31 episodes) |
| 2004-2005 | Erastis Ditikon Proastion (Lover of Western Suburbs) | Gogo Founta | Lead role (33 episodes) |
| 2005-2006 | I Adelfi, Tis Adelfis, Tis Adelfis Mou (The Sister of my Sister' s Sister) | Mira | Lead role (20 episodes) |
| 2006-2007 | Pali apo tin arhi (Let' s start again!) | Anna | Lead role (18 episodes) |
| 2006-2007 | Margarita | Marily | 7 episodes |
| 2007 | 10i entoli (10th command) | Despina | Episode: "Hidden truth" |
| 2007 | Pira Kokkina Gialia (I wear red glasses) | Aliki | 1 episode |
| 2007-2008 | Coupling | Anna | Lead role (10 episodes), remake of the British television comedy show Coupling |
| 2008-2009 | Lola | Lola Lalou | Lead role (202 episodes), remake of the Argentine telenovela Lalola |
| 2009 | National Beauty Pageant | Herself (judge) | TV special |
| 2009-2010 | Kos & Ka Pels (Mr & Mrs Pels) | Agapi Pels | Lead role (13 episodes), remake of the Argentine telenovela Los exitosos Pells |
| 2010 | Greek Idol | Herself (host) | Season 2 |
| 2011-2013 | Klemmena Oneira (Stolen Dreams) | Cristy Stefanou | Lead role (230 episodes) |
| 2013 | Your Face Sounds Familiar | Herself (contestant) | Season 1 |
| 2015-2016 | Joy | Herself (host) | Pastry chef column |
| 2018 | Min arhizeis ti Mourmoura (Don't start moaning) | Nia | 1 episode |
| 2020-still | Kan' to pio Oreo (Make It Oreo) | Herself (host) | Weekend pastry show |
# Khadro railway station

Khadro Railway Station (Urdu: کھڈرو ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: کڏڙو ريلوي اسٽيشن) is located in Khadro, District Sanghar, Pakistan.
# Samuel Ruben

Samuel Ruben (14 July 1900 – 16 July 1988) was an American inventor who made lasting contributions to electrochemistry and solid-state technology, including the founding of Duracell. He is listed as an inventor in over 200 patents.

## Early life

Born in Harrison, New Jersey to a Jewish family, Samuel Ruben got his start in electronics when he became a licensed ham radio operator and built radios with spare parts. He had no college degree, withdrawing from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn after a few years due to stress. Samuel Ruben met professor Bergen Davis of Columbia University who tutored him and allowed him to sit in on some Columbia classes. He later returned as a research student at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Ruben received several honorary degrees. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from his alma mater Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, as well as from Columbia University in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Science where he served as a Senior Staff Associate, and Butler University. He also taught at Harvard as a lecturer in chemistry. He endowed a scholarship for Chemical Engineering at Polytechnic (1968–1972).

## Company history

Samuel Ruben established Ruben Laboratories in the early 1920s, when Bergen Davis persuaded Electrochemical's main investor Malcolm Clephane to finance a private laboratory for Ruben in lower Manhattan. Ruben moved himself and the lab to New Rochelle, New York, where he would stay for the next 60 years. Clephane would finance the project for 50% of any future royalties. Throughout his lifetime his work accumulated over 300 patents. Ruben teamed with Philip Mallory to create what would become Duracell International. Ruben developed the mercury button cell in 1942 to replace the zinc-carbon batteries at a request from the Army Signal Corps.
With over 100 inventions credited to him personally, one of the most important was the dry electrolytic aluminium capacitor, the solid-state magnesium/cupric sulfide rectifier (a device that converted regular household electric current for use in radios), the vacuum tube relay, the quick heater vacuum tube, and the concept of a balanced-cell mercury battery.
Ruben worked as a researcher from 1918–1921 for the Electrochemical Products Company. He was awarded the Acheson Award by the Electrochemical Society in 1970.
He died two days after his 88th birthday in Milwaukie, Oregon.

## Books

Samuel Ruben published multiple books,
* "Handbook of the Elements" - A unique way he chose to display the elements.
* "Necessity's Children: Memoirs of an Independent Inventor" - An autobiography.
* "The Founders of Electrochemistry"
* "The Electronics of Materials"
* "The Evolution of Electric Batteries in Response to Industrial Needs"

## Awards and honors

* Edward Longstreth Medal of the Franklin Institute (1972)
* Columbia University Honorary Doctorate
* Butler University Honorary Doctorate
* Polytechnic Institute Honorary Doctorate(1968)
* Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1966)
* Named Inventor of the Year by George Washington University(1965)
# Ennstal Alps

The Ennstal Alps (German Ennstaler Alpen), the Alps of the Enns valley, are a mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps System. They are located primarily in the Austrian state of Styria, and also into the state of Upper Austria.
The most famous scenery in the Ennstal Alps is the Gesäuse, a valley where the Enns river cuts through the limestone.

## Geography

The Ennstal Alps range is defined by:
* the lineup of Liezen, Pyhrn Pass, and Windischgarsten on the west.
* Hengst Pass and the Laussabach on the north.
* the lineup of the River Enns (from Altenmarkt bei Sankt Gallen to Hieflau), Erzbach, and Vordernbergerbach on the east
* the lineup of the Mur river (from Leoben to Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark), Liesing, and Palten on the south

### Peaks + mountain groups

Mountain groups that are part of the Ennstal Alps include:
* Haller Mauern (highest summit: Großer Pyhrgas, 2,244 m)
* Gesäuse Mountains, including the Buchstein Group (2,224 m), Reichenstein Group (2.251 m) and Hochtor Group (Hochtor, 2,369 m) and the Lugauer (2,217 m).
* Eisenerzer Reichenstein 2,165 m (Eisenerz Alps), with the preceding massifs of Reiting (including the Gößeck its main summit, 2,214 m) (in the south) and the Kaiserschild (2,105 m) in the north.

### Gesäuse − Enns river valley

The Ennstal Alps range is pierced in the north by the Enns river. The Enns river valley name in German is Gesäuse. The valley is accompanied by the only roads and railway lines that run through the Ennstal Alps.

### Adjacent mountain ranges

Other Alps mountain ranges that border on the Ennstal Alps include:
* Upper Austrian Prealps (to the north)
* Ybbstal Alps (to the northeast)
* Hochschwab (to the east)
* Lavanttal Alps (to the southeast)
* Seckauer Tauern (to the south)
* Rottenmanner and Wölzer Tauern (to the southwest)
* Totes Gebirge (to the west)

### Settlements

Settlement within the range is restricted to the Gesäuse and several mountain valleys.
* The main villages within the Gesäuse are Admont, Hieflau, and Großreifling.
* Settlements in the mountain valleys include: Radmer, Johnsbach, and St. Gallen.
Towns in valleys around the perimeter of the range include: Leoben, Liezen, and Eisenerz.
# Salvador Valeri i Pupurull

Salvador Valeri i Pupurull (1873–1954) was a Catalan architect who worked in the style of Modernisme.
Valeri was born in Barcelona and studied in the Polytechnical School of Madrid and the School of Architecture of Barcelona, where he obtained the degree of architect in 1899.
# Hellenic Conservatory

The Hellenic Conservatory (Greek: Ελληνικό Ωδείο) is an educational institution for the performing arts in modern Greece. It was founded in Athens in 1919 by the composer Manolis Kalomiris. Kalomoiris was the conservatoire's director until 1926, when he left to found the National Conservatoire. The conservatoire early on opened a number of branches throughout Athens, in a number of cities in Greece, and in Cyprus. The conservatoire's current location is Didotou 53 and its artistic director is Alkis Baltas.
Theodore Antoniou, Leonidas Kavakos and Dimitri Terzakis were students of the Hellenic Conservatory.
# Joe Gilvarry

Michael Joseph Gilvarry (1924 – 18 September 2004) was an Irish Gaelic footballer. He played for club side Killala and also lined out at inter-county level with the Mayo senior football team.

## Career

Gilvarry was a student at Blackrock College in Dublin, and captained the school's rugby union team to a Leinster Senior Cup title. Gilvarry subsequently attended University College Dublin and won a Sigerson Cup title in 1946. At club level, he played with the Killala club.
Gilvarry first appeared for Mayo in 1945. He won the first of four consecutive Connacht SFC titles in 1948, however, Mayo were later beaten by Cavan in the 1948 All-Ireland final. He claimed his first silverware the following year after victory in the National League. Gilvarry was one of the key forwards when Mayo claimed back-to-back All-Ireland SFC titles after defeats of Louth in 1950 and Meath in 1951. His inter-county performances also earned inclusion on the Connacht team, with Gilvarry winning a Railway Cup medal in 1951.

## Death

Gilvarry died on 18 September 2004, at the age of 79.

## Honours
### University College Dublin

* Sigerson Cup: 1946

### Mayo

* All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: 1950, 1951
* Connacht Senior Football Championship: 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
* National Football League: 1948–49

### Connacht

* Railway Cup: 1951
# Siberian Route

The Siberian Route (Russian: Сибирский тракт, romanized: Sibirsky trakt), also known as the Moscow Highway (Московский тракт, Moskovsky trakt) and Great Highway (Большой тракт, Bolshoi trakt), was a historic route that connected European Russia to Siberia and China.

## History

The construction of the road was decreed by the Tsar and was not finished until the mid-19th century. Previously, Siberian transport had been mostly by river via Siberian River Routes. The first Russian settlers arrived in Siberia by the Cherdyn river route which was superseded by the Babinov overland route in the late 1590s. The town of Verkhoturye in the Urals was the most eastern point of the Babinov Road.
The much longer Siberian route started in Moscow as the Vladimir Highway and passed through Murom, Kozmodemyansk, Kazan, Perm, Kungur, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tara, Kainsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk and Irkutsk. After crossing Lake Baikal the road split near Verkhneudinsk. One branch continued east to Nerchinsk while the other went south to the border post of Kyakhta where it linked to camel caravans that crossed Mongolia to a Great Wall gate at Kalgan.
In the early 19th century, the route was moved to the south. From Tyumen the road proceeded through Yalutorovsk, Ishim, Omsk, Tomsk, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk before rejoining the older route at Irkutsk. It remained a vital artery connecting Siberia with Moscow and Europe until the last decades of the 19th century, when it was superseded by the Trans-Siberian Railway and Amur Cart Road. The automobile equivalent is the Trans-Siberian Highway.

## Etymology and legacy of name

The Siberian Route was also known as the Tea Road, owing to the great quantities of tea that were transported from China to Europe through Siberia. Charles Wenyon, who passed by the "Great Post Road" in 1893, subscribed to the popular belief that "the best tea produced in China for the exportation goes to Russia".
In 1915, China exported to Siberia 70,297 tons of tea, which accounted for 65% of the country's overall tea exports. The route is the namesake of the Russian Caravan blend of tea.
It was imported primarily in the form of hefty hard-packed tea bricks which allowed each camel to carry large quantities in a more compact manner and could also pass for units of currency. From Kyakhta, tea was transported to the Irbit fair for further commercial transactions. Another popular Chinese import item was dried rhubarb root, which was sold west of St. Petersburg "for fifteen times what it cost in Kyakhta".
# Villematier

Villematier (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vilamatièr) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Geography
### Climate

Villematier has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The average annual temperature in Villematier is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F). The average annual rainfall is 722.1 mm (28.43 in) with April as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.7 °C (42.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Villematier was 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 4 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −13.5 °C (7.7 °F) on 9 February 2012.
Climate data for Villematier (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1994−2016) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 31.0 (87.8) | 34.5 (94.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.5 (103.1) | 41.0 (105.8) | 37.0 (98.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.5 (68.9) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 27.1 (80.8) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.9 (84.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 13.7 (56.7) | 10.0 (50.0) | 19.6 (67.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 6.7 (44.1) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.7 (71.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 5.8 (42.4) | 13.5 (56.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 1.3 (34.3) | 3.1 (37.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.3 (55.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 10.5 (50.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 1.5 (34.7) | 7.3 (45.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.5 (14.9) | −13.5 (7.7) | −10.0 (14.0) | −2.5 (27.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.0 (44.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | −4.0 (24.8) | −8.5 (16.7) | −11.0 (12.2) | −13.5 (7.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 62.4 (2.46) | 49.7 (1.96) | 49.4 (1.94) | 77.4 (3.05) | 72.2 (2.84) | 54.1 (2.13) | 43.2 (1.70) | 51.5 (2.03) | 67.8 (2.67) | 61.5 (2.42) | 67.6 (2.66) | 65.3 (2.57) | 722.1 (28.43) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.6 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 110.9 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||

## Sights

* Town hall
# Lesnoy, Republic of Bashkortostan

Lesnoy (Russian: Лесной) is a rural locality (a village) in Milovsky Selsoviet, Ufimsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Lesnoy is located 28 km west of Ufa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sergeyevka is the nearest rural locality.
# Yalynkuvate

Yalynkuvate (Ukrainian: Ялинкува́те, Polish: Jelenkowate) is a village in Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast, of Western Ukraine on the border of the Zakarpattia Oblast. It belongs to Slavske settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population of the village is 569 persons and Local government is administered by Volosiankivska village council (village Volosyanka ).

## Geography

The village is located away from the central of roads at a distance from the regional center Lviv 148 kilometres (92 mi) , 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the district center Skole, and 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the urban village Slavske.

## History and attractions

The first information about the Yalynkuvate village dates back from in 1574 year.
The village Yalynkuvate has two architectural monuments of Stryi Raion:
* Church of the Intercession of the Virgin (wooden) 1868 (SN - 1422/1)
* The bell tower of the church Intercession of the Virgin (wooden) 19th century. (SN - 1422/2)
Until 18 July 2020, Yalynkuvate belonged to Skole Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Skole Raion was merged into Stryi Raion.
# Skull Chapel

The Skull Chapel (Polish: Kaplica Czaszek) is an ossuary chapel located in the Czermna district of Kudowa-Zdrój, in southwestern Poland. Built in Baroque style in the last quarter of the 18th century, the temple serves as a mass grave with thousands of skulls and human skeletal remains adorning its interior walls, floor, ceiling, and foundations. The Skull Chapel is the only such monument in Poland, and one of five in Europe.

## History

The chapel was built in 1776 by local Bohemian parish priest Václav Tomášek. It is the mass grave of people who died during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), three Silesian Wars (1740–1763), and people who died because of cholera epidemics, plague, syphilis, and hunger.
Together with sacristan J. Schmidt and grave digger J. Langer, father Tomášek who was inspired by the Capuchin cemetery while on a pilgrimage to Rome, collected the casualties' bones, cleaned and put them in the chapel within 18 years (from 1776 to 1794). Walls of this small, baroque church are filled with three thousand skulls, and there are also bones of another 21 thousand people interred in the basement. The skulls of people who built the chapel, including Tomášek, were placed in the center of the building and on the altar in 1804. Inside are a crucifix and two carvings of angels with Latin inscriptions that read "arise from the dead" and "come to judgment". A recording inside the church available in three languages (Polish, Czech and German) explains the history of the chapel.
After World War II ended in 1945, a group of volunteers dedicated themselves to restoring the chapel to its former glory. Their efforts paid off, and the Skull Chapel was soon successfully restored.