OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parfondru

Parfondru (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

## Urbanism
### Typology

As of 1 January 2024, Parfondru is categorised as a rural municipality with dispersed housing, according to the new 7-level municipal density grid defined by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies in 2022. It is located outside an urban area. Furthermore, the commune is part of the Laon attraction area, of which it is an suburb village. This area, which includes 106 municipalities, is categorised in areas with 50'000 to less than 200'000 inhabitants.

### Land use

The land use of the municipality, as shown by the European database of biophysical land use Corine Land Cover (CLC), is marked by the extent of forests and semi-natural environments (58.5% in 2018), an increase compared to 1990 (57.1%). In 2018, the exact land use was: forests (58.5%), arable land (24.8%), meadows (6.4%), heterogeneous agricultural areas (5.7%), urbanized areas (4.6%).
The land use evolution of the municipality and of its infrastructure can be observed on the different cartographic representations of the territory: the Cassini map (18th century), the general staff map (1820–1866) and the IGN maps or aerial photos for the current period (1950 to today).
# Jennifer Ramírez Rivero

Jennifer Ramírez Rivero (31 August 1978 – 20 August 2018) was a Venezuelan model and owner of the clothing and accessories brands Mac River and Jen River. She was murdered in 2018 in Cúcuta, Colombia.

## Biography

Daughter of divorced Colombian parents, Ramirez owned the clothing and accessories brands Mac River and Jen River and had three stores in Santa Teresa, Barrio Obrero and Pueblo Nuevo in San Cristóbal, Venezuela. In 2000, she participated in the International Fair of San Sebastián, being a model of her own brand. Due to the crisis in Venezuela, her three stores closed and Ramírez sold her vehicle to look for better opportunities in Cúcuta, Colombia, where she moved with her two-year-old son.
In Cúcuta, she tried to start her business, but when it was not possible, she dedicated herself to selling clothes and selling cakes in front of the building where she lived. Around 20 August 2018, Ramirez was strangled in her apartment and found dead five days later along with her living son, who showed signs of malnutrition. The Cúcuta Metropolitan Police took the child into custody and transferred him to the Erasmo Meoz hospital for medical attention and food. The authorities initially considered the motive for the homicide to be a crime of passion, but subsequent inspections have coincided with a robbery as the motive for the murder.
# Colegio Nacional de Ushuaia

Colegio Nacional de Ushuaia (National College of Ushuaia) is a college preparatory school sponsored by the prestigious Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires in Argentina. Both provide a free, rigorous, multi-disciplinary education that includes classical languages. The Colegio Nacional de Ushuaia was established in March1994(30 years ago)(1994-03) as a response for the demand emerging from the growing population in Tierra del Fuego.
# Oscar's Church

Oscar's Church (Swedish: Oscarskyrkan) is one of the major churches in Stockholm, Sweden. The three-aisled hall church, which holds 1,200 people, has an 80-metre-high (260 ft) tower in the south-western part of the building. Oscar's Church is located in the south-eastern part of Östermalm, where Storgatan and Narvavägen meet, near the Swedish History Museum. Narvavägen is together with the nearby Strandvägen—from which the church is also visible—one of the city's main boulevards, lined with several residential palaces.

## History

The church was inaugurated in September 1903 as the result of a design competition nine years earlier. The competition was won by Gustaf Hermansson, who also designed the Sofia Church. It was King Oscar II himself, after whom the church is named, who laid the foundation stone in 1897. Criticised from the start for its Gothic Revival style, it was originally meant to be partly clad in brick; this changed to a uniformly white façade, clad in limestone and marble. The construction work was delayed several times because of problems with the foundation, non-deliveries and labour strikes, which is why the church was not consecrated until 1903.

## Interior

The church underwent several renovations during the 1900s. In 1921–1923 major changes were made to the interior, including new stained glass windows designed by Emanuel Vigeland, all under the direction of architect Lars Israel Wahlman, previously known for having designed the Engelbrekt Church. In 1954–1956 further alterations were made to the interior, leading to changes in the altarpiece and the removal of some ornamental ceiling decorations.

### Organ

The main church organ, considered to be one of the country's most notable, has received attention abroad. It was built in 1949 by the Danish firm Marcussen & Søn, to the wishes of Alf Linder, who was the church organist from 1943 until his death in 1983. The organ has four manuals and a pedal, with a total of 78 voices and more than 5,200 pipes — making it one of the largest in Sweden.
# Luganka

Luganka (Russian: Луганка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Starooskolsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 252 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Luganka is located 50 km southeast of Stary Oskol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borovaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Polovneva, Kursk Oblast

Polovneva (Russian: Половнева) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Katyrinsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Oktyabrsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 152 (2010 Census); 132 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located in the Seym River basin (a left tributary of the Desna), 67 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 21 km south-west of Kursk, 4 km south-west of the district center – the urban-type settlement Pryamitsyno, 1.5 km from the selsoviet center – Mitrofanova.

### Climate

Polovneva has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Polovneva is located 15 km from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway (a part of the European route E105), on the road of regional importance 38K-017 (Kursk – Lgov – Rylsk – border with Ukraine), 0.5 km from the nearest railway halt 439 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 32 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 120 km from Belgorod International Airport and 234 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Marcjanka, Masovian Voivodeship

Marcjanka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wyszogród, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wyszogród, 33 km (21 mi) south-east of Płock, and 64 km (40 mi) west of Warsaw.
# Jan Weiss

Jan Weiss (10 May 1892 – 7 March 1972) was a Czechoslovak writer, best known for his surrealist novel House of a Thousand Floors (Czech: Dům o Tisíci Patrech).

## Early life

Jan Weiss was born on 10 May 1892, at Valdštejnská 68 in the town of Jilemnice, the son of Josef Weiss (known locally as "Monarch") and Filoména Richter. His mother died in 1897 when he was five years old, and his father remarried a German woman and had another three children. As an adolescent, Weiss and his cousin were known as local troublemakers.
In 1913, he finished his secondary education at a gymnasium in Hradec Králové. From 1913 he studied law in Vienna, but only completed two semesters before being forced to enlist in the army in 1914 due to World War I. In 1916, he was captured in Tarnopol and spent his time in two prisoner camps in Siberia, where he contracted Typhoid fever. His experience with fellow prisoners suffering from typhoid was a main inspiration for some of his earlier works, such as Barák Smrti. In 1917 he was transferred to the camp in Beryozovka, Zabaykalsky Krai, where his thumbs were amputated due to frostbite. There, he joined the Czechoslovak Legions in 1919.
He returned to Czechoslovakia in February 1920, working at the Ministry for Public Works (Czech: veřejné práce). At this time he was lodged in Borome, thanks to his uncle, a priest in Choteč.

## Writing

Weiss wrote his first prose in 1918 in Žitomír. While in Russia he wrote the drama Penza, which he finished in Irkutsk.
His first stories were published in magazines. In 1924 his story "A Dream" (Czech: Sen) was published in Cesta magazine, and then later in the same year in Národní Osvobození (English: national liberation).
In 1925 Weiss met Jaroslav Havlíček, with whom he remained in contact until the latter's death in 1943. In the years 1926-1927 Penza was published in Legionářské besedy, with the help of editor-in-chief Josef Masařík, for which Weiss received the Award of the Czech Academy. Around the same time, he became a member of the Artistic Forum (where he met Karel Zezima, a later reviewer of his work), the Circle of Czech Writers (where his membership was proposed by Rudolf Medek) and the Radio žurnálu (Radio Journal), thanks to the recommendation of Ladislav Plechatý.
In Prague he visited many cafés, including Café Slavia and Union A, where he regularly met Josef Masařík, Rudolf Medek, and J.O.Novotný, the editor of Legionářské besedy and the literary magazine Cesta. In 1926 he met his future wife Jaroslava Rašková, whom he married in 1928 in the Old Town Hall of Prague, with Ladislav Plechatý and Josef Masařík as witnesses.
In 1927, he made his "triple" debut, with his first three books: Barák Smrti, Fantóm Smíchu and Zrcadlo, které se opožďuje. On 29 June 1929, Weiss's daughter Jana was born. That same year he published his most well-known work, House of a Thousand Floors (Czech: Dům o Tisíci Patrech), one of the first science fiction novels in European literature.
# Mario Behrendt

Mario Behrendt (* September 9, 1960, † April 6, 2022) was an East German boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics. At the 1980 Summer Olympics, he lost to Dumitru Cipere of Romania.
# Manawahe

Manawahe is a rural area south of Matatā within the Whakatāne District and Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island. It is based in hills to the west of the Rangitaiki plain.

## Demographics

Manawahe statistical area covers 267.00 km$^2$ (103.09 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,150 as of June 2024, with a population density of 4.3 people per km$^2$.
Manawahe had a population of 996 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 108 people (12.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 174 people (21.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 381 households, comprising 498 males and 498 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 48.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 159 people (16.0%) aged under 15 years, 126 (12.7%) aged 15 to 29, 546 (54.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 165 (16.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 84.9% European/Pākehā, 21.4% Māori, 1.2% Pacific peoples, 2.1% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 13.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.0% had no religion, 28.3% were Christian, 1.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 132 (15.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 171 (20.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 177 people (21.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 429 (51.3%) people were employed full-time, 144 (17.2%) were part-time, and 27 (3.2%) were unemployed.

## Education

Manawahe School was operating by 1912 but closed in 2010 due to a falling roll and problems with governance. The school building became a base for the Manawahe Kokako Trust.
# Lipinki, Kozienice County

Lipinki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Grabów nad Pilicą, 26 km (16 mi) north-west of Kozienice, and 58 km (36 mi) south of Warsaw.
# Minister of State for Competitiveness

The Minister of State for Competitiveness was an office held by a member of the United Kingdom government and appointed by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
The position was created within the Department of Trade and Industry following Tony Blair's victory in the 1997 general election and was initially held by Ian McCartney. The office was vacant between 1999 and 2001. From 2001 to 2002, it was held by Douglas Alexander and, from 2002 to 2004, by Stephen Timms; both having additional responsibility for e-Commerce.
Following Gordon Brown's election as Labour leader and Prime Minister in July 2007, the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform was created and the position was re-established and held again by Timms until January 2008. He was succeeded by Baroness Vadera, who served in the more junior role of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State with additional responsibilities for small business, deregulation, the British Business Council and the Cabinet Office. She left the post in June 2009, when the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform was merged with the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills.

## Ministers of State for Competitiveness 1997–2010

| Portrait | Name | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Government |
| Minister of State for Competitiveness |||||||
| | Ian McCartney MP for Makerfield | 5 May 1997 | 28 July 1999 | Labour | Blair I |
| Minister of State for e-Commerce and Competitiveness |||||||
| | Douglas Alexander MP for Paisley South | 11 June 2001 | 29 May 2002 | Labour | Blair II |
| | Stephen Timms MP for East Ham | 29 May 2002 | 9 September 2004 | Labour | Blair II |
| Minister of State for Competitiveness |||||||
| | Stephen Timms MP for East Ham | 12 July 2007 | 25 January 2008 | Labour | Brown |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Competitiveness, Deregulation and British Business Council (until 2009) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Competitiveness and Small Business |||||||
| | Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera | 25 January 2008 | 9 June 2009 | Labour | Brown |
# Deh-e Kulak

Deh-e Kulak (Persian: ده كولك, also Romanized as Deh-e Kūlak; also known as Deh Kalak) is a village in Rameshk Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 253, in 60 families.
# Alessandra Nibbi

Alessandra Nibbi (30 June 1923 – 15 January 2007) was an Italian-born Australian archaeologist.

## Biography

Born on 30 June 1923 in Porto San Giorgio, Italy, in 1928 she migrated with her family to Australia because of the political situation in Italy; Nibbi grew up in Melbourne with an English education. In 1947, after the war and the fall of fascism, Nibbi and her family temporarily returned to Italy, and here she got married. In 1963 she came again to Italy and during the journey she joined an excursion in Egypt, where she became fascinated by ancient Egyptian civilization at the point that once in Italy she started to study archaeology at the University of Perugia and later graduated at the University of Florence. Shortly after, Nibbi left Italy for Oxford, England. In 1969 she published the Etruscans-themed The Tyrrhenians, but a certain notoriety only came in 1972 with the self-published The Sea–Peoples: A Re-examination of the Egyptian Sources, in which she suggested that "the Great Green" mentioned in Egyptian records should not be identified with the Mediterranean Sea as usually done but rather with the verdant Nile Delta, and that ancient Egyptians were not as much a seafaring civilization as thought; at the time the book and the conclusions within were widely panned by mainstream academics. Since the journals started to refuse publishing her works, in 1985 Nibbi founded her own review, the now-discontinued Discussions in Egyptology, on which she published her successive studies on ancient Egyptian geography centering on her reinterpretation of some narratives involving seafaring, such as the Story of Wenamun. In order to finding evidences for her claims, Nibbi excavated in various Egyptian coastal locations such as Mersa Matruh looking for anchors and other ancient naval technology.
Alessandra Nibbi died on 15 January 2007 in Oxford, aged 83.

## Selected works

* Nibbi, Alessandra (1969). The Tyrrhenians. Cowley: Church Army Press.
* Nibbi, Alessandra (1972). The Sea–Peoples: a Re-examination of the Egyptian Sources. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Nibbi, Alessandra (1975). The Sea Peoples and Egypt. Oxford: Noyes Publications. ISBN 978-0815550419.
* Nibbi, Alessandra (1985). Wenamun and Alashiya reconsidered. Oxford: DE publications. ISBN 978-0951070413.
* Nibbi, Alessandra (1985). Ancient Byblos reconsidered. Oxford: DE publications.
# Shao Yijun

Shao Yijun (born 30 November 1994) is a Chinese bobsledder. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.
# Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical, and Natural Sciences

The Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (ACCEFYN; Spanish: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales) is a Colombian entity in charge of the development of the exact, physical and natural sciences in Colombia.

## Structure

The management of the academy is held by a board of directors elected individually by the voting members, every three years. Its members can be re-elected in office for a maximum of two consecutive times.
The academy is Correspondent of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Madrid. It is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) and its Division of History of Science (DHS). It is also the promoter of several scientific unions in Latin America and the Caribbean.

## History

Although the background of the academy go back to the government of Francisco de Paula Santander (who founded in 1826 the National Academy of Colombia), the academy was recognized by law 34 of 1933 like advising organism of the national government in scientific subjects. Decree 1218 of 1936 regulated the mentioned law.

## Areas of interest

Among the areas of interest of the academy are: history and philosophy of science, conservation biology, protected areas, science education, women in science, science scope and science policy.
Each year, the academy publishes books related to science such as scientific books, textbooks and dissemination material. Its main publication is the Journal of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, which publishes unpublished research articles in the areas of physical sciences, natural sciences, earth sciences, human sciences, biomedical sciences and chemical sciences.
# Digital eXtreme Definition

Digital eXtreme Definition (DXD) is a digital audio format that originally was developed by Philips and Merging Technologies for editing high-resolution recordings recorded in Direct Stream Digital (DSD), the audio standard used on Super Audio CD (SACD). As the 1-bit DSD format used on SACD is not suitable for editing, alternative formats such as DXD or DSD-Wide must be used during the mastering stage.
In contrast with DSD-Wide or DSD Pure which offers level, EQ, and crossfade edits at the DSD sample rate (64fs, 2.822 MHz), DXD is a PCM signal with 24-bit resolution (8 bits more than the 16 bits used for Red Book CD) sampled at 352.8 kHz – eight times 44.1 kHz, the sampling frequency of Red Book CD. The data rate is 8.4672 Mbit/s per channel – three times that of DSD64. DXD also utilizes the vast array of plugins also available to PCM-based digital audio workstations, such as Cubase, Logic Studio, Digital Performer, etc.
DXD was initially developed for the Merging Pyramix workstation and introduced together with their Sphynx 2, AD/DA converter in 2004. This combination meant that it was possible to record and edit directly in DXD, and that the sample only converts to DSD once before publishing to SACD. This offers a great advantage to the user as the noise created by converting DSD rises dramatically above 20 kHz, and more noise is added each time a signal is converted back to DSD during editing.
Today, DXD is also used as a music distribution format in some HD web stores.
# Goslesopitomnik

Goslesopitomnik (Russian: Гослесопитомник) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Filonovskoye Rural Settlement, Novoanninsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 57 as of 2010.

## Geography

Goslesopitomnik is located in forest steppe on the Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, 14 km northeast of Novoanninsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Filonovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Pikowai

Pikowai is a rural community located near the beach on the shoreline of the Eastern Bay of Plenty in the North Island of New Zealand. Pikowai is located 34 km southeast of Te Puke and 10 kilometres northwest of Matatā. It is said to be a place where the Mataatua Canoe made landfall on its journey along the coast from Tauranga. Known for its fishing, the beach itself is well used for surf casting.
The name of 'Pikowai' means literally piko = bend + wai = stream, and well describes the ever-changing stream bed which leads fresh water down into the sea. This fresh water stream often forms a recreational ponding area where children can play.
# Herbert Weichert

Herbert Weichert (born 24 July 1937) is a German sailor. He competed in the Star event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Sheffield & Hallamshire Junior Shield

The Sheffield & Hallamshire Junior Shield was a county cup competition organised by the Sheffield & Hallamshire County Football Association from 1959 to 1990.
The competition was organised for those clubs who felt they had little chance of winning the Sheffield & Hallamshire Junior Cup.

## Finals

| Season | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Venue |
| 1959–60 | Brodsworth Miners Welfare | – | | |
| 1960–61 | Emley | – | | |
| 1961–62 | Highfields Athletic | – | | |
| 1962–63 | Wharncliffe Woodmoor Sports | – | | |
| 1963–64 | Darton Welfare | 2–1 | Oughtibridge | |
| 1964–65 | Wombwell Main Welfare | 3–2 | Cartworth Moor | Stocksbridge Works |
| 1965–66 | Grimethorpe Ex-Servicemens | – | | |
| 1966–67 | Brinsworth Athletic | – | | |
| 1967–68 | Northcliffe WMC | – | | |
| 1968–69 | Barugh Green Sports | – | | |
| 1969–70 | Kirkburton | – | | |
| 1970–71 | Maltby Youth Club | – | | |
| 1971–72 | Walton Colliery | – | | |
| 1972–73 | Mexborough Miners Welfare | – | | |
| 1973–74 | Hemsworth West End | – | | |
| 1974–75 | Hemsworth Saint Patricks | 7–5 | a.e.t. | |
| 1975–76 | Upperthong S.C. | – | | |
| 1976–77 | Royal George | – | | |
| 1977–78 | Steetley Sports | – | Woodsetts Welfare Sports | |
| 1978–79 | Hall Green United | – | | |
| 1979–80 | Grange Moor WMC | – | | |
| 1980–81 | Worksop Borough | – | | |
| 1981–82 | Woodsetts Welfare Sports | – | | |
| 1982–83 | Hemsworth Saint Patricks | 1–0 | | |
| 1983–84 | Station Hotel (Rossington) | – | | |
| 1984–85 | Kexbrough Social | – | | |
| 1985–86 | Blackstock | – | | |
| 1986–87 | Blackstock | – | | |
| 1987–88 | Ring O Bells | 2–1 | Toll Bar Central | Stocksbridge |
| 1988–89 | Industry Inn | – | | |
| 1989–90 | Unstone Athletic | – | | |
| 1990–91 | New Mill WMC | 3–1 | Marsh Lane Eckington | Worsbrough |
# Bazar Deh-e Gol Bagh

Bazar Deh-e Gol Bagh (Persian: بازارده گلباغ, also Romanized as Bāzār Deh-e Gol Bāgh; also known as Bāzār Deh) is a village in Divshal Rural District, in the Central District of Langarud County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 146, in 42 families.
# Franz Pamperl

Franz Pamperl (born 7 September 1897, date of death unknown) was an Austrian bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1928 Winter Olympics.