OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stary Oryebash

Stary Oryebash (Russian: Старый Орьебаш; Bashkir: Иҫке Уръябаш, İśke Uryabaş) is a rural locality (a village) in Tyuldinsky Selsoviet, Kaltasinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 297 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Stary Oryebash is located 20 km north of Kaltasy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kyrpy is the nearest rural locality.
# Jalal-e Sofla

Jalal-e Sofla (Persian: جلال سفلي, also Romanized as Jalāl-e Soflá; also known as Jalāl-e Pā’īn, Jalāl, Jalār, Jelau, and Jelow) is a village in Kahshang Rural District, in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 12, in 6 families.
# Kordlaqan

Kordlaqan (Persian: كردلقان, also Romanized as Kordlaqān) is a village in Owch Hacha Rural District, in the Central District of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 162, in 38 families.
# Cholm Shield

The Cholm Shield (German: Cholmschild) was a World War II German military decoration awarded to those who fought in the Cholm Pocket on the Eastern Front between 21 January and 5 May 1942. It was instituted on 1 July 1942 and is the rarest of the German combat shields, with approximately 5,500 recipients. Awards ceased to be bestowed on 1 April 1943.

## Background and design

In January 1942, the Soviet Red Army began a series of counteroffensives against the German Army. In the course of these operations, the German occupied town of Cholm (or Kholm) was attacked on 18 January 1942. By the 21 January the town was surrounded and cut off, creating the Cholm Pocket. Led by Generalmajor Theodor Scherer, a mixed group of Wehrmacht Heer, Luftwaffe fallschirmjager, Waffen-SS panzergrenadiers and Ordnungspolizei personnel were supplied by air until relieved on 5 May 1942.
After the relief of Cholm, a commemorative shield was suggested by General Scherer to Adolf Hitler, who agreed to the award. A design by Polizei-Rottwachtmeister Schlimmer, a veteran of the pocket, was then approved by Hitler, with some minor changes made by Professor Richard Klein.
The award features a shield, 38mm wide and 65mm high, with a large "open-winged" Wehrmacht-style eagle grasping an Iron Cross with a swastika at its centre. Below this is written CHOLM in capitals, and then the date 1942. The shields were hollow stamped metal washed in silver. A backing plate was attached with a number of prongs, and affixed to a piece of coloured cloth that matched the colour of the uniform of the recipient's arm of service.
After an initial ban, the Federal Republic of Germany re-authorised the wear of many World War II military decorations in 1957. These included the Cholm Shield, re-designed by removing the swastika emblem from the centre of the Iron Cross. Members of the Bundeswehr could wear the shield on the ribbon bar, represented by a small replica of the award on a field grey ribbon.

## Criteria for award

To receive the shield, military personnel had, between 21 January and 5 May 1942, to have:
* served honourably within the Cholm Pocket; or
* flown and landed at the airfield within the pocket for resupply operations. Merely dropping supplies from the air did not qualify.
The Cholm Shield was worn on the left upper sleeve of the uniform of soldiers and airmen. Those with two campaign shields would wear them one above the other, separated by half a cm. Holders of three shields wore the earliest received uppermost, with the remaining two worn beside each other below. For civilian clothes, a smaller shield roughly 16mm across with a needle fitting could be worn on the left lapel.
# Gorlice County

Gorlice County (Polish: powiat gorlicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Slovak border. It was created on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gorlice, which lies 100 kilometres (62 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków. The only other towns in the county are Biecz, lying 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Gorlice, and Bobowa, 18 km (11 mi) west of Gorlice.
The county covers an area of 967.36 square kilometres (373.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 116,865, out of which the population of Gorlice is 27,442, that of Biecz is 4,590, that of Bobowa is 3,136, and the rural population is 81,697.

## Neighbouring counties

Gorlice County is bordered by Nowy Sącz County to the west, Tarnów County to the north and Jasło County to the east. It also borders Slovakia to the south.

## Administrative division

The county is subdivided into 10 gminas (one urban, two urban-rural and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
| Gmina | Type | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2019) | Seat |
| Gorlice | urban | 23.6 | 27,442 | |
| Gmina Gorlice | rural | 103.4 | 17,270 | Gorlice * |
| Gmina Moszczenica | rural | 37.6 | 12,889 | Moszczenica |
| Gmina Biecz | urban-rural | 98.3 | 16,820 | Biecz |
| Gmina Bobowa | urban-rural | 49.8 | 9,790 | Bobowa |
| Gmina Łużna | rural | 56.2 | 8,517 | Łużna |
| Gmina Lipinki | rural | 66.2 | 6,798 | Lipinki |
| Gmina Uście Gorlickie | rural | 287.4 | 6,844 | Uście Gorlickie |
| Gmina Ropa | rural | 49.1 | 5,498 | Ropa |
| Gmina Sękowa | rural | 194.8 | 4,997 | Sękowa |
| * seat not part of the gmina |||||
# Tertullus

In the New Testament, Tertullus (a modification of "Tertius") was an orator or lawyer who was employed by the Jewish leaders to state their case against the apostle Paul in the presence of Felix (Acts 24:1-9).

## New Testament account

Tertullus gives a formal rhetorical presentation on behalf of the Jewish leaders opposed to Paul's preaching. The charges he raised against Paul were that he created disturbances "among all the Jews throughout the world", an offence against the Roman government (crimen majestatis), secondly, that he was a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes; and thirdly, that he attempted to profane the temple, a crime which the Jews were permitted to punish.
It is generally assumed that Tertullus was himself a Hellenistic Jew, although he could have been a Gentile. It is not certain whether the trial would have taken place in Latin or Greek.
Tertullus before Antonius Felix makes the first recorded use of the plural "Nazarenes" (Nazoraioi, the plural form of Iesous ho Nazoraios "Jesus of Nazareth") to refer to Christians, although the use of the term "Christians" at Antioch had already been noted in Acts, and it was used by Herod Agrippa II in the next trial of Paul before Porcius Festus. Tertullus' use of the Greek term Nazoraioi has continuity with the Hebrew term Notzrim found in later rabbinical literature. Tertullus presumably could not use the Antioch term Christianoi (Hebrew Meshiykhiyyim משיחיים) since Christianoi from Greek Christos (literally "Anointed One", "Messiah") might imply Tertullus' recognition of Jesus of Nazareth as a Davidic "Anointed One" or "Messiah".
# Chiltern Green

Chiltern Green is a hamlet located in Bedfordshire, England, next to the border with Hertfordshire. It is in the civil parish of Hyde.
The settlement lent its name to Chiltern Green railway station, which was located in nearby New Mill End. The railway station closed in 1952. Today London Luton Airport is located to the north west of Chiltern Green.
* This Bedfordshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Tazehabad, Otaqvar

Tazehabad (Persian: تازه اباد, also Romanized as Tāzehābād; also known as Tāzehābād-e Lātleyl) is a village in Lat Leyl Rural District, Otaqvar District, Langarud County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 119, in 30 families.
# Schinokapsala

Schinokapsala (Greek: Σχινοκάψαλα) is a community and a small village in Lasithi on Crete. It is situated 21 kilometers north-east from Ierapetra and 6 km from the sea. Since 2011 it belongs to the Ierapetra municipality.
It is built 400 meters above sea level, south of Thripti mountain, in a verdant area, full of pine and olive trees. The community of Schinokapsala consists of Schinokapsala proper and the seaside settlements Galini, Achlia, and Mavros Kolympos. Today it is almost deserted, with a population of 80 people recorded in the 2021 census. A majority of the population have moved to the beach and to Ierapetra in the last 3 decades.
The Venetian census of 1583 recorded 162 in Schinokapsala, with the name derived from the Greek word for the Kermes oak that sheltered the original settlers while they lived in caves.
# Rahmatabad, Selseleh

Rahmatabad (Persian: رحمتاباد, also Romanized as Raḩmatābād; also known as Rahmat) is a village in Yusefvand Rural District, in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 7 families.
# List of Croatia women Twenty20 International cricketers

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
This is a list of Croatia women Twenty20 International cricketers. A Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) is an international cricket match between two representative teams. A T20I is played under the rules of Twenty20 cricket. In April 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) granted full international status to Twenty20 women's matches played between member sides from 1 July 2018 onwards. Croatia women played their first WT20I on 14 June 2024 against Czech Republic.
The list is arranged in the order in which each player won her first Twenty20 cap. Where more than one player won her first Twenty20 cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

## Key

| General ‡ – Captain † – Wicket-keeper First – Year of debut Last – Year of latest game Mat – Number of matches played | Batting Runs – Runs scored in career HS – Highest score Avg – Runs scored per dismissal * – Batsman remained not out 50 – Half-centuries scored 100 – Centuries scored | Bowling Balls – Balls bowled in career Wkt – Wickets taken in career BBI – Best bowling in an innings Ave – Average runs per wicket | Fielding Ca – Catches taken St – Stumpings affected |

## Players

Statistics are correct as of 27 October 2024.
| General | General | General | General | General | Batting | Batting | Batting | Batting | Bowling | Bowling | Bowling | Bowling | Fielding | Fielding | Ref |
| No. | Name | First | Last | Mat | Runs | HS | Avg | 50 | Balls | Wkt | BBI | Ave | Ca | St | Ref |
| 1 | Anushka Charles | 2024 | 2024 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0 | 6 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| 2 | Yevheniia Korniienko | 2024 | 2024 | 3 | 6 | 6* | – | 0 | 6 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| 3 | Lidija Krvaric | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 114 | 57* | 19.00 | 1 | 138 | 8 | 3/15 | 14.37 | 1 | 0 | |
| 4 | Sema Kucuksucu | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0.16 | 0 | 108 | 1 | 1/38 | 139.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | Helen Leko | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 48 | 20 | 6.00 | 0 | 156 | 5 | 1/5 | 26.80 | 0 | 0 | |
| 6 | Morana Modric | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 0.33 | 0 | 36 | 1 | 1/38 | 57.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| 7 | Valentina Romani | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 6 | 3* | 1.50 | 0 | 12 | 0 | – | – | 2 | 0 | |
| 8 | Sili Sebastian† | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 4 | 2* | 1.00 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 0 | |
| 9 | Pavla Senjug | 2024 | 2024 | 8 | 17 | 9 | 2.83 | 0 | 155 | 3 | 2/33 | 52.66 | 1 | 0 | |
| 10 | Erin Vukusic ‡ | 2024 | 2024 | 4 | 197 | 85* | 98.50 | 2 | 72 | 4 | 3/27 | 13.25 | 2 | 0 | |
| 11 | Ivana Zigante | 2024 | 2024 | 7 | 17 | 12* | 4.25 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 | |
| 12 | Priyanka Reddy | 2024 | 2024 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| 13 | Suzanna Filipi | 2024 | 2024 | 4 | 0* | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| 14 | Sanja Peles | 2024 | 2024 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 1.75 | 0 | 12 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| 15 | Anita Skoric | 2024 | 2024 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.50 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
# Kosmos 2444

Kosmos 2444 (Russian: Космос 2444 meaning Cosmos 2444) is one of a set of three set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2442 and Kosmos 2443.
This satellites is a GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M, and is numbered Uragan-M No. 726.
Kosmos 2442/3/4 were launched from Site 81/23 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-M carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 08:49 UTC on 25 September 2008. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designators 2008-046C. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 33380.
It is no longer part of the GLONASS constellation but was formerly in the third orbital plane, orbital slot 22.
# Montfermy

Montfermy (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Montferm) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
# Rhetorius

Rhetorius of Egypt (Greek: Ῥητόριος) was the last major classical astrologer from whom we have any excerpts. He lived in the sixth or early seventh century, in the early Byzantine era. He wrote an extensive compendium in Greek of the techniques of the Hellenistic astrologers who preceded him, and is one of our best sources for the work of Antiochus of Athens. Although no intact original manuscript survives of his work, we do have several late Byzantine versions of it.
Rhetorius provides important confirmation of the survival of the more obscure astrological techniques of Vettius Valens, the practicing astrologer whose tradition is somewhat at variance with the more well-known methods of Claudius Ptolemy; for example, in his treatment of the Lot of Fortune as a horoskopos, much as Valens treated Lots, and in his use of sect with lots. In addition, Rhetorius discusses the late-Roman systems of time lords, a topic which came to be heavily developed by the Persians, Arabs and medieval Europeans. Rhetorius provides an informative link between the earlier Hellenistic tradition and the Arab and medieval practices that followed him.

## Sources

* Rhetorius qui dictur: Compendium astrologicum: Libri Vi et VI, edited by David Pingree, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2007.
* Rhetorius the Egyptian, Astrological Compendium (Tempe, Az.: A.F.A., Inc., 2009.) translated by James Herschel Holden.
* Robert Schmidt, Project Hindsight.
* Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum (translation and commentary). Late Classical Astrology: Paulus Alexandrinus and Olympiodorus (with the Scholia of later Latin Commentators). ARHAT, 2001.
* Rhetorius of Egypt on The Hellenistic Astrology website.
# Hrubá Vrbka

Hrubá Vrbka (German: Gross Wrbka) is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Hrubá Vrbka, a part of traditional ethnographic region Horňácko, lies approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Hodonín, 73 km (45 mi) south-east of Brno, and 259 km (161 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Notable people

* Gorazd Pavlík (1879–1942), bishop and saint
* Martin Řehák (1933–2010), athlete
# Kushk, South Khorasan

Kushk (Persian: كوشك, also Romanized as Kūshk; also known as Kūshkābād) is a village in Alqurat Rural District, in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 22 families.
# Hel Braun

Helene (Hel) Braun (June 3, 1914 – May 15, 1986) was a German mathematician who specialized in number theory and modular forms. Her autobiography, The Beginning of A Scientific Career, described her experience as a female scientist working in a male-dominated field at the time, in the Third Reich.
She is known for proving the convergence of the Eisenstein series.

## Scientific career

Braun studied mathematics at the University of Marburg from 1933 to 1937. In 1937 she worked with Carl Ludwig Siegel in Frankfurt to study the decomposition of quadratic forms into sums of squares. Her dissertation, Über die Zerlegung quadratischer Formen in Quadrate, was also supervised by Georg Aumann. After completing that work, he took her on as a scientific assistant before she became a professor in her own right teaching the theory of Hermitian forms in 1940.
She became a lecturer at the University of Göttingen in 1941, becoming a full professor in 1947. From 1947 through 1948, she was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study.
In 1951, Braun moved and became a professor at the University of Hamburg where she supervised many doctoral students including Eberhard Becker, Manfred Knebusch and Karl Mathiak and while there worked with Emil Artin and other internationally acclaimed mathematicians.

## Personal life

Braun never married, but in the 1960s while she was a professor at the University of Hamburg, she shared an apartment with Emil Artin, and their relationship was equivalent to marriage according to everyone who knew them.
After she retired in 1981, she lived the rest of her life in Hamburg.

## Selected publications

A list of the publications by Hel Braun was published by Helmut Strade in the Communications of the Mathematical Society in Hamburg, Volume XI, Issue 4, 1987. She wrote two books:
* Braun, Hel; Koecher, Max (1966), Jordan-Algebren [Jordan Algebras], Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Anwendungsgebiete (in German), vol. 128, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-03522-2
* Braun, Hel (1989), Koecher, Max (ed.), Eine Frau und die Mathematik 1933–1940: der Beginn einer wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn [A Woman and Mathematics 1933–1940: The beginning of a scientific career] (in German), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75427-2, ISBN 3-540-52166-6.
# Eide Church (Agder)

Eide Church (Norwegian: Eide kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Grimstad Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the village of Homborsund. It is the church for the Eide parish which is part of the Vest-Nedenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1796 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 250 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1457, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Eide was probably a stave church that was possibly built during the late 13th century. In the late-1500s or early-1600s, the old stave church was torn down and replaced with a new church building. Not much is known about that church.
In 1795, the old church was torn down because it was getting too small for the congregation as well as some worsening structural problems. After its demolition, a new cruciform church was constructed in the same location, although it was moved slightly to the south (this is known because some skeletons were found under the current church during some excavations and renovations, meaning it was built over what was once part of the cemetery). In 1796, the church was mostly completed and the congregation began to use it at that time. In 1798, the exterior walls were covered with siding and small projects continued to be finished over time, meaning the church was not officially completed until 1806. The church was formally consecrate on 17 July 1825.
# Ray, South Khorasan

Ray (Persian: راي, also Romanized as Rāy and Rāi) is a village in Shusef Rural District, Shusef District, Nehbandan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 26 families.
# Avlonas, Messenia

Avlonas (Greek: Αυλώνας) is a village and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Trifylia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 112.898 km$^2$. Population 1,325 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Sidirokastro.
# Sigma complex

In chemistry, a sigma complex or σ-complex usually refers to a family of coordination complexes where one or more ligands interact with the metal using the bonding electrons in a sigma bond. Transition metal silane complexes are often especially stable sigma complexes. A particularly common subset of sigma complexes are those featuring an agostic interaction where a C–H σ-bond on one of its ligands 'leans' towards and interacts with the coordinatively unsaturated metal center to form a chelate. Transition metal alkane complexes (e.g., a methane complex) that bind solely through the C–H bond are also known but structurally characterized examples are rare, as C–H σ-bonds are generally poor electron donors, and, in many cases, the weakened C–H bond cleaves completely (C–H oxidative addition) to form a complex of type M(R)(H). In some cases, even C–C bonds function as sigma ligands.

## Significance

Sigma complexes are of great mechanistic significance, despite their frequent fragility. They represent an initial interaction between the metal center and a hydrocarbon substrate. As such, sigma complexes are generally assumed to be intermediates prior to full oxidative addition.

## Types of sigma complexes
### Wheland complex

The Wheland complex is an intermediate in the electrophilic substitution reaction on an aromatic compound.

#### Example - Halogenation of benzene

In the halogenation of benzene, the sigma complex comprises the six carbon atoms of the benzene ring, each bonded to a hydrogen atom. An additional halogen atom is bonded to one of the carbon atoms, which is sp$^3$-hybridized, while the other carbons remain sp$^2$-hybridized. In this state, the ring loses its aromaticity and acquires a positive charge, with the charge delocalized across the ring.

### Dihydrogen complexes
#### Sigma complexes with agostic interactions

Sigma complexes with agostic interactions represent a particularly common subgroup of sigma complexes. In these, a C-H-σ bond from one of the ligands interacts with the coordinatively unsaturated metal center, forming a chelate complex.

#### Transition metal-alkane complexes

Transition metal-alkane complexes bind exclusively through the C-H bond.
Structurally characterized examples are rare, as C-H-σ bonds generally act as weak electron donors. In many cases, the weakened C-H bond undergoes complete cleavage (oxidative C-H addition).
# Manuel Opsaras Dishypatos

Manuel Opsaras Dishypatos or Disypatos (Greek: Μανουὴλ Ὀψαρᾶς Δισύπατος) was the metropolitan of Thessalonica between 1258 and 1260/61.
In 1258, he allegedly prophesied the rise to the imperial throne of Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282), but in 1260 or 1261 he was deposed from his see as a supporter of Patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos, who opposed Michael's sidelining of the legitimate emperor, John IV Laskaris (r. 1258–1261). Dishypatos was banished and remained in exile probably until his death; he was still alive in 1275/76. He may be identical to the deacon and kanstresios who donated an icon of the Panagia Hagiosoritissa held since 1440 in the Freising Cathedral. Dishypatos also composed the 14-verse dedicatory poem inscribed on the icon's silver-gilt revetment.
# Wayne Otto

Wayne Otto OBE (born 18 May 1966 in Hackney, London, United Kingdom) he is a British karateka. He has a 5th Dan black belt in karate and is the winner of nine World Karate Championships and is in the Guinness World Records for winning the most Karate medals. In 2012 Wayne became the head coach of the Norwegian Karate Federation.
Otto was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2001 Birthday Honours for services to karate.