OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Edward Jacob

John Edward Jacob (born 1934 in Trout, Louisiana) is a U.S. civil rights leader. He served as the president of the National Urban League between 1982 and 1994.
Jacob received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Howard University and was a social worker in Baltimore before joining the Urban League. In 1965, he became director of education and youth incentives at the Washington, D.C. chapter. Later he served as president and executive director of the San Diego Urban League. In 1979 he became executive vice-president of the national office under Vernon Jordan, whom he succeeded as president.
During his tenure as Urban League president, Jacob fought cutbacks in federal social programs and the weakening of civil rights enforcement under the Reagan Administration. In particular, he objected to the appointment of a conservative majority to the Civil Rights Commission that was hostile to vigorous protection of civil rights, as well as the Justice Department's prosecutions of other public agencies engaged in affirmative action.

## Urban Marshall Plan

In the early 1980s, Jacob helped develop a plan for urban recovery similar to the 1947 Marshall Plan initiated to assist European nations after World War II. Aid was sought from private sectors to facilitate entry-level job training programs, and Jacob proposed the League give direct assistance from its own resources to poverty-stricken minorities and whites, including housing and job placement. In addition, he recommended the federal government institute full employment through substantial public works and job training programs, and along with other civil rights groups, supported economic pressure in the corporate world to develop markets and jobs for minorities.
The son of a Baptist minister, Jacob was also an adherent of self-help. He promoted SAT tutoring, comprehensive teenage pregnancy prevention, and a male responsibility program for fatherhood, to address issues contributing to the cycle of poverty in the African-American community. Jacob added voter registration, education, and drug control to the League's agenda of priorities.
In contrast to Reagan, George H. W. Bush was initially receptive to Jacob's domestic Marshall Plan proposal, and Jacob welcomed dialogue with the new administration. But Bush's veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1990 soured the relationship. The early 1990s also saw new court decisions and conservative political pressure against affirmative action policies the Urban League supported.
# Sukhobuzimsky District

Sukhobuzimsky District (Russian: Сухобу́зимский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai. The area of the district is 5,612 square kilometers (2,167 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Sukhobuzimskoye. Population: 20,537 (2010 Census); 23,445 (2002 Census); 25,460 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Sukhobuzimskoye accounts for 21.2% of the district's total population.

## History

The district was founded on April 4, 1924.

## Government

As of 2013, the Head of the district and the Chairman of the District Council is Viktor P. Vlisko.
# 1969 Yangjiang earthquake

The 1969 Yangjiang earthquake occurred on 26 July, at 6:49 am, Beijing local time (25 July 22:49 UTC). It had a magnitude of 6.4 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It struck the city of Yangjiang, causing over 10,700 houses to collapse and severely damaging a further 36,000. The earthquake also caused landslides and sandblows observed along the coast and along some rivers in the area of Yangjiang. The earthquake was also felt in Hong Kong. There were an unconfirmed total of 3,000 deaths.

## Tectonic setting

Guangdong Province lies in a tectonically stable part of China, which has relatively low seismicity. The area forms part of the passive margin between the continental crust of China and the oceanic crust of the northern part of the South China Sea. Within the stable South China Block, there are three zones of higher earthquake activity, one of which is the Southeast China Coast seismic zone running through Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. This zone follows the South China Maritime Fold Belt, which was formed by a subduction event during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous epochs. The area is currently in a compressive stress regime with the maximum horizontal stress orientated northwest–southeast. This results from a combination of the continuing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, and the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate.

## Earthquake

The earthquake occurred on a steeply-dipping fault striking nearly east–west. The focal mechanism shows mainly dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faulting. The magnitude and number of recorded foreshocks and aftershocks were unusually small, considering the size of the mainshock. This earthquake is the only damaging event in the epicentral area in historical records.

## Damage

The epicentral area lay mostly in Yangjiang County, affecting an area measuring 19 km by 10 km, elongated west to east. In the whole county, a total of 10,762 houses were completely destroyed, a further 35,965 were severely damaged and another 90,840 suffered some damage. In Xinyi about 1,200 houses suffered some damage and several were destroyed. The earthquake was also strongly felt in Fengkai, Huaiji, Xinzhong, Deqing, Zhaoqing, Yunan, Zengcheng, Gaohe and Panyu, although there was no serious damage in these areas. Minor damage was also reported in Hong Kong. A report of 3,000 casualties caused by this earthquake is described as "unconfirmed".
# Duchy of Mirandola

The Lordship, then County, Principality and finally Duchy of Mirandola (Italian: Ducato della Mirandola) was a state which existed in Northern Italy from 1310 until 1711, centered in Mirandola in what is now the province of Modena, in Emilia-Romagna, and ruled by the House of Pico.

## History

The House of Pico della Mirandola were a noble family first known for one Hugh, a vassal of Matilda of Tuscany in the 11th century. In the following centuries, members of the family were podestà in Modena and Reggio Emilia, until, in 1311, Francesco Pico received from Emperor Henry VII the fiefs of Quarantoli and San Possidonio in reward of his help during the war against the Este. In 1353 Paolo Pico obtained from the bishops of Reggio the fief of San Martino Spino, and in the following year Emperor Charles IV freed the Pico from the dominance of the bishops, placing Mirandola directly under imperial suzerainty.
In 1432 Giovanni Pico received from Emperor Sigismund the title of Count of Concordia. The city was strongly fortified, and, in the course of the Italian Wars, it was allied with France. It was besieged two times by Papal troops under Pope Julius II (1511), who personally attacked its walls, and Pope Julius III (1551–1552). In the second occasion, the fortress resisted successfully under the command of Ludovico Pico and Piero Strozzi. In 1597, after returning under the imperial umbrella, Mirandola obtained the title of city and the Picos were named Princes of Mirandola and Marquesses of Concordia. In 1617 Alessandro I was finally declared duke.
The main economic activities in Renaissance times were animal husbandry, agriculture and, starting from the 17th century, silk clothes. The duchy however suffered from internal crisis and the numerous military operations in the area, such as in 1630 when it was ravaged by the imperial troops.
The last lord was Francesco Maria Pico, who was charged with treason after having been forced to cede the fortress to the French. The duchy was acquired by the Duchy of Modena under the House of Este, who bought it for 175,000 golden doppie.

## List of rulers
### Lords of Mirandola

* 1311 - 1311: Francesco I

### Lords of Mirandola and Concordia

* 1354 - 1399: Francesco II
* 1399 - 1429: Francesco III with Giovanni I and Aiace Pico
* 1429 - 1432: Francesco III with Giovanni I

### Lords of Mirandola, Counts of Concordia

* 1432 - 1451: Francesco III with Giovanni I
* 1451 - 1461: Francesco III
* 1461 - 1467: Gianfrancesco I
* 1467 - 1499: Galeotto I (brother of philosopher Giovanni Pico della Mirandola)
* 1499 - 1502: Gianfrancesco II
* 1502 - 1504: Federico I with Ludovico I
* 1504 - 1509: Ludovico I
* 1509 - 1511: Galeotto II
* 1511 - 1511: Gianfrancesco II
* 1514 - 1533: Galeotto II

### Counts of Mirandola and Concordia

* 1533 - 1550: Galeotto II
* 1550 - 1558: Ludovico II
* 1568 - 1592: Galeotto III
* 1592 - 1596: Federico II

### Princes of Mirandola, Marquises of Concordia

* 1596 - 1602: Federico II
* 1602 - 1619: Alessandro I

### Dukes of Mirandola, Marquises of Concordia

* 1619 - 1637: Alessandro I
* 1637 - 1691: Alessandro II
* 1691 - 1708: Francesco Maria
# S.V. Arsenal

Sport Vereniging Arsenal (English: Sports Union Arsenal) commonly abbreviated as S.V. Arsenal, is a Surinamese football club based in Nieuw Amsterdam that played in the Surinamese Hoofdklasse, the highest level of football in Suriname. They play their home games on the Mr. Bronsplein in Paramaribo. Named after the English football club Arsenal, the club was founded on 13 June 1937, as a split-off from Cicerone and won the National championship twice, in the 1938–39 and the 1939–40 season.
The club currently compete in the Domburg Sportbond (DSB) league, one of the amateur district leagues in Suriname.

## Honours

* Hoofdklasse
       Champions (2):1938–39, 1939–40
# Anbu, Iran

Anbuh (Persian: انبوه, also Romanized as Anbū; also known as Anbūh-e Mashāyekh) is a village in Khotbeh Sara Rural District, Kargan Rud District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 385, in 106 families.
# Howz

In traditional Persian architecture, a howz (Persian: حوض) is a centrally positioned symmetrical axis pool. If in a traditional house or private courtyard, it is used for bathing, aesthetics or both. If in a sahn of a mosque, it is used for performing ablutions. A howz is usually around 30 centimetres (12 in) deep. It may be used as a "theatre" for people to sit on all sides of the pool while others entertain.
Howz is a feature of the Persian gardens.

## Gallery

* A small howz in a mosque in Tehran shaped in the traditional form of two squares, one rotated 45 degrees
* Small howz in Isfahan
* A howz in the historical bath house of Arg of Karim Khan
* Howz in Soltan Amir Ahmad Bath House, Kashan, Iran
* A howz in an historical underground teahouse (chaikhaneh) in Yazd
* Howz of the Eram Garden
* The howz in courtyard of Mostowfi House
* A big rectangular howz in a traditional Iranian house
* Howz of the Khaneh Lari, Yazd
* An asymmetrical empty howz
# São Tomé and Príncipe escudo

The escudo was the currency of São Tomé and Príncipe between 1914 and 1977. It was equivalent to the Portuguese escudo and subdivided into 100 centavos.

## History

The escudo replaced the real at a rate of 1000 réis = 1 escudo. Initially, only banknotes were issued in the name of São Tomé and Príncipe and the colony used Portuguese coins. Only in 1929 were coins also issued for the colony. The escudo was replaced at par by the dobra following independence.

## Coins

In 1929, nickel-bronze 10, 20 and 50 centavos coins were introduced. These were followed in 1939 by cupro-nickel 1 escudo and silver 2+1⁄2, 5 and 10 escudos. Bronze 10, 20 and 50 centavos and 1 escudo, and cupro-nickel 2+1⁄2 escudos were introduced in 1962, followed, in 1971, by aluminium 10 centavos and cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 escudos. This was the last year of coin production.

## Banknotes

In 1914, the Banco National Ultramarino introduced notes for 10, 20 and 50 centavos, followed by 5 centavos notes in 1918. In 1921, larger denominations of 1, 2+1⁄2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 escudos were introduced. 500 escudos were introduced in 1956, followed by 1000 escudos in 1964.
Between 1974 and 1976, the Banco Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe issued bearer cheques for circulation in denominations of 100, 500 and 1000 escudos. In 1976, the Banco Nacional also issued notes of the Banco National Ultramarino, overprinted with the new bank's name, in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 escudos.
# Henry Gleditsch

Henry Cochrane Williamsen Gleditsch (9 November 1902 – 6 October 1942) was a Norwegian stage and film actor and theatre director.
He was born in Kristiania. In his young days he participated in skiing for SFK Lyn. He married Synnøve Tanvik in 1932.
He made his acting debut in 1923, and in 1937 he established and took charge of Trøndelag Teater in Trondheim. He had a satirical style, provoking the authorities of the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. People warned him and advised him to flee to Sweden, but he did not do so.
Following skirmishes in Majavatn and sabotages in Glomfjord and Malm, conducted by the Norwegian resistance movement, martial law was declared on 6 October 1942 in and around Trondheim, in Nord-Trøndelag county and in Grane Municipality. In a speech held in the main square in the city center of Trondheim, Josef Terboven declared an imminent crackdown on "those who pull the strings". Henry Gleditsch was executed as a propitiatory reprisal, near Falstad, together with newspaper editor and politician Harald Langhelle and eight other people.
# Balawaristan

Balawaristan (Urdu: بلاورستان, lit. 'Land of heights'), is a term coined by Nawaz Khan Naji, founder of the Pakistani political party Balawaristan National Front (BNF), for a proposed autonomous province or a sovereign state consisting of Gilgit-Baltistan, Chitral and Kohistan regions in Pakistan as well as Indian-controlled Ladakh. Although the name, first used in 1989, does not have any historical basis, it sounds similar to Baloristan, which has been documented in Chinese sources to describe Baltistan and Gilgit Valley from the 8th century CE.
BNF activists affirm that Balawaristan is not a part of Kashmir and has a unique identity. They also consider the people of Gilgit Baltistan to be the fourth party in the Kashmir dispute, the other three being Pakistan, India and Kashmir.

## Etymology

Historically, the Baltistan region was called "Great Bolor" and Dardistan and parts of Brooshal (e.g. Gilgit Valley) were called "Little Bolor. Great Boloristan is known to have sent ambassadors to the Chinese court in the 8th century. The Mons, an Indo-Aryan group, made the region as a hub of Buddhism.
Chinese historian Faxian mentioned it as Pololo or Palolo, Tibetans called it Nang-khod, where Arab historians mentioned it as Baloristan. The people of this region though belonging to various ethnicities, have historically been referred to as Balors, which means the highlanders or mountain people, a reference to the high-altitudes prevalent in this area. An alternative theory links the name to a mythic ancient king called Bolor Shah, who had first united the region and from whom local rulers in turn often claimed descent.

## Political status movements

In more recent times, the name Balawaristan is found used by Gilgiti political party like Balawaristan National Front led by Nawaz Khan Naji. The party is seeking to declare Gilgit-Baltistan as the fifth province of Pakistan. The party has been represented in the Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly by a single member, the aforementioned Nawaz Khan Naji, since 2011.
The Balawaristan National Students Organisation, in April 2008, raised a demand for Balawaristan to be constituted into the fifth province of Pakistan.
# Nizhnyaya Karan-Yelga

Nizhnyaya Karan-Yelga (Russian: Нижняя Каран-Елга; Bashkir: Түбәнге Ҡаранйылға, Tübänge Qaranyılğa) is a rural locality (a village) in Kandrinsky Selsoviet, Tuymazinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 19 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Nizhnyaya Karan-Yelga is located 57 km east of Tuymazy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnyaya Karan-Yelga is the nearest rural locality.
# Sultan Kot railway station

Sultan Kot Railway Station (Urdu: سلطان کوٹ ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: سلطان ڪوٽ ریلوي اسٽیشن) is located in Sultan Kot village, Shikarpur district of Sindh province of the Pakistan.
# Thomas Harrington (diver)

Thomas Harrington was a British diver. He competed in the men's 10 metre platform event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
# 1906 college football rankings

The 1906 college football season rankings included a ranking by Caspar Whitney for The Outing Magazine.

## Caspar Whitney

Writing for The Outing Magazine, alongside his All-America Eleven for 1906, Caspar Whitney ranked the top twelve teams in the country at the conclusion of the season.
Whitney is designated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a "major selector" of national championships, and his contemporary rankings in Outing for 1905–1907 are included in the NCAA college football records book.
| Rank | Team | Record |
| 1 | Yale | 9–0–1 |
| 2 | Princeton | 9–0–1 |
| 3 | Harvard | 10–1 |
| 4 | Navy | 8–2–2 |
| 5 | Carlisle | 9–3 |
| 6 | Penn | 7–2–3 |
| 7 | Cornell | 8–1–2 |
| 8 | Brown | 6–3 |
| 9 | Army | 3–5–1 |
| 10 | Swarthmore | 7–2 |
| 11 | Minnesota | 4–1 |
| 12 | Chicago | 8–2–1 |
# Ab Golman

Ab Golman (Persian: آبگلمان, also Romanized as Āb Golmān) is a village in Shamil Rural District, Takht District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 158, in 37 families.
# Khaneh Hay Mehrollah

Khaneh Hay Mehrollah (Persian: خانه هاي مهراله, also Romanized as Khāneh Hāy Mehrollah; also known as Naz̧erābād) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 14, in 4 families.
# Issuing bank

An issuing bank is a bank that offers card association branded payment cards directly to consumers, such as credit cards, debit cards, contactless devices such as key fobs as well as prepaid cards. The name is derived from the practice of issuing cards to a consumer.

## Details

An issuing bank (also called an issuer) is part of the 4-party model of payments. It is the bank of the consumer (also called a cardholder) and is responsible for paying the merchant's bank (called an Acquiring Bank or Acquirer) for the goods and services the consumer purchases. It issues the payment card and holds the account with the consumer (such as a credit card account or checking account for a debit card).
The parties in the 4-party model are:
* Consumer (also called a cardholder): Makes purchases and promises to pay the Issuing Bank for them.
* Issuing Bank (also called an Issuer): The consumer's bank. Transfers money for purchases to the Acquiring Bank. Is liable for purchases made by the consumer if the consumer does not pay.
* Acquiring Bank (also called an Acquirer): The merchant's bank. Accepts money for purchases. Is liable for charges made by the merchant if it does not provide goods or services purchased.
* Merchant: Sells goods and services and accepts credit, debit or prepaid cards as promise for payment.
The issuing bank assumes the primary liability for the consumer's capacity to pay off debts they incur with their card. In the case of credit cards, this includes extending credit to make these purchases. In the case of debit cards, this includes debiting funds from bank accounts, such as checking accounts.
In the case of credit cards, the issuing bank extends a line of credit to the consumer. Liability for non-payment is then shared by the issuing bank and the acquiring bank, according to rules established by the card association brand.

## Key types of risk for issuing banks

There are a few main types of risk for issuing banks, primarily regarding whether the approved transaction(s) will be paid for by a legitimate cardholder.
* Account fraud: This is when an account is opened by a fictional person or with a stolen identity. The cardholder makes many purchases but then disappears without paying.
* Transaction fraud: This is when a fraudulent charge is made to a legitimate account, such as with credit card fraud via a stolen card number. With the rollout of EMV chip cards in the US, much of this fraud has moved to online transactions. Since the cardholder is not responsible for fraudulent charges, the issuer is responsible to pay for the charges.
* Credit risk: when extending credit (or in the case of debit cards, overdraft privileges), an issuer must be able to assess the likelihood of being repaid the amount of credit extended. As such, credit limit assignment and payment delinquency forecasts are critical to their profitability.

## Statistics

As of December 31, 2017, there were 20.48 billion credit, debit, and prepaid cards in circulation worldwide. In 2018, there were 6.958 billion payment cards, including 1.122 billion credit cards, in the United States.
# Sergei Rozin

Sergei Rozin (born 13 June 1977) is a professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
# Otto Scheff

Otto Scheff, born Otto Sochaczewsky (December 12, 1889 – October 26, 1956) was an Austrian freestyle swimmer, water polo player, lawyer, politician, and sports official who competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games, in the 1908 Summer Olympics, and in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

Scheff was born in Berlin, he was still at school in 1906 and it was only for the intervention of the Austrian Olympic Committee he was allowed three weeks leave to compete in the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens. At those Games he competed in three events, first up was the 1 mile freestyle race, it was a straight final with Scheff coming in third for the bronze medal behind winner Henry Taylor and second place John Arthur Jarvis both from Great Britain, three days later Scheff got revenge on the two British swimmers by winning the gold medal by two seconds in the 400 metre freestyle, he was also part of the 4×250 metre freestyle relay team, but they didn't finish the race.
Two years later he was in London for the 1908 Summer Olympics, again he entered three events, in the 400 metre freestyle he won another bronze medal and again losing to Henry Taylor, he also reached the final of the 1500 metre freestyle but didn't finish the race, he also managed to reach the semi-finals of the 100 metre freestyle.
At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he participated in the water polo tournament as part of the Austrian team finishing in fourth place.
From 1945 to 1953 he was elected to the National Council of Austria as a member of the Austrian People's Party.
He was vice president of the Austrian Olympic Committee.
He died at Maria Enzersdorf in 1956.
His daughter Gertraud Scheff was already qualified for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, when the games were cancelled.
Mödling named a street "Dr. Otto Scheff-Weg".
# Majineh

Majineh (Persian: مجينه, also Romanized as Majīneh; also known as Madzhainak and Majāinah) is a village in Zanjanrud-e Bala Rural District, in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 366, in 88 families.
# Halicephalobus

Halicephalobus is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Panagrolaimidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
* Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954)
* Halicephalobus intermedius (Pokrovskaya, 1964)
* Halicephalobus laticauda Geraert et al., 1988
* Halicephalobus limuli Timm, 1956
* Halicephalobus persicus Shokoohi, Abolafia & Zad, 2007
* Halicephalobus mephisto Borgonie, García-Moyano, Litthauer, Bert, Bester, van Heerden, Möller, Erasmus, & Onstott, 2011