# John Witt Randall

John Witt Randall (November 6, 1813 – January 25, 1892) was a minor poet and consulting zoologist to the United States Exploring Expedition but is best known for the collection of drawings and engravings that he bequeathed to Harvard University.

## Early life

Randall was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 6, 1813. He was the son of Dr. John Randall (1774–1843), and his wife, Elizabeth Wells Randall (1783–1868). Dr. Randall was an eminent physician and dentist, with three degrees from Harvard College (A.B. 1802, M.B. 1806, M.D. 1811), and Elizabeth Randall was a granddaughter of the American Founding Father Samuel Adams. After they married in 1809, John and Elizabeth Randall lived at 5 Winter Street, a wood-framed house with a garden on the southeast corner of Winter Street at Winter Place (the home, from 1784 until he died in 1803, of Samuel Adams and, until she died in 1808, of his widow Elizabeth Adams). Around 1830, Adams' old house was replaced by Dr. Randall's new one, and the address changed to 20 Winter Street. The family lived there until Dr. Randall died in 1843.
Notwithstanding his Boston residency, Randall retained an attachment to his family's farm in Stow, Massachusetts, on which he grew up. The success of his medical practice allowed him to buy his siblings' interest in the property, after which "he built a new and more comfortable dwelling-house near the site of the original homestead, which had fallen into decay; and it became a cherished summer resort for him and his family."
Randall grew up with sister Elizabeth Wells Randall (1811–1867), Belinda Lull Randall (1816–1897), Maria Hayward Randall (1820–1842), and Hanna Adams Randall (1824–1862).
According to Randall's friend and literary executor, Francis Ellingwood Abbot, Randall's "whole boyhood and youth had been embittered by unhappy relations with his father" for "Dr. John Randall was a man of iron will, disguised to the world by great suavity and polish of manner, but manifested to his family in a despotic and often capricious arbitrariness that brought much misery to those whom, doubtless, he sincerely loved."

## Education

Randall attended Mr. Green's school in Jamaica Plain and at the Boston Latin School. He entered Harvard College, graduating in the class of 1834.
At Boston Latin and Harvard, Randall was considered eccentric. Thomas Cushing, a contemporary who attended both schools with Randall, wrote that "his peculiar and marked originality of character is well remembered [by his classmates]. Though among them, he was not wholly of them, but seemed to have thoughts, pursuits and aspirations to which they were strangers." Cushing recalled how Randall formed an interest in natural science while at Harvard, noting, "His tastes developed in a scientific direction, entomology being the branch to which he devoted himself. The college at that time did little to encourage such pursuits, but he pursued the even tenor of his way till he had made a very fine collection of insects, and extensive and thorough knowledge on that and kindred subjects, while his taste for poetry and the belles-lettres was also highly cultivated".
Compelled by his father to study medicine, attended Harvard Medical School.
In 1836, while a student at the Harvard Medical School, Randall accepted an appointment as consulting Zoologist to the United States Exploring Expedition, organized to explore and survey the Pacific Ocean, but resigned before the expedition set to sea in August 1838. In an 1892 obituary notice, one scientific journal noted that Randall was known "to the present generation of entomologists as the author of two papers descriptive of the Coleptera of Maine and Massachusetts published more than fifty years ago in the second volume of the Boston journal of natural history.”
His Harvard Medical classmate, Henry Blanchard, wrote that Randall was "a very learned man, and in natural science distinguished...had he been allowed by his father to follow his inclination, I have little doubt he would have been a distinguished man — distinguished as a scientist, a more useful and happier man. His father was determined he should adopt medicine as a profession. The son might have enjoyed it as a study, but the practice of it as a pursuit would have been abhorrent". Randall graduated with an M.D. from the Harvard Medical School in 1839, but never practiced.

## Later life

According to Abbot, after Randall's father died in 1843, "the son lived on, educated for a professional career he abhorred, diverted from the scientific and literary career he desired, and driven into a seclusion from the world which his early companions beheld in dull, uncomprehending wonder.”
Randall inherited his father's estate and thenceforth, wrote Abbot, "passed his life in leisure and retirement from the world," nurturing his family's property on behalf of his mother and sisters, expanding and developing the house and grounds at Stow, and indulging his taste for literature and the fine arts. Between 1843 and the outbreak of the Civil War, he accumulated a collection of some 575 drawings and 15,000 etchings and engravings, intending to illustrate the whole history of the art.
In an autobiographical sketch written in 1884 for the 50th anniversary of his Harvard class, Randall summarized his literary accomplishments:
   As to my literary works, — if I except scientific papers on subjects long ago abandoned, [such] as one on Crustacea in the Transactions of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; two on insects in the Transactions of the Boston Society of Natural History; one manuscript volume on the animals and plants of Maine...; Critical notes on Etchers and Engravers, one volume; classification of ditto, one volume, both in manuscript incomplete and not likely to be completed, together with essays and reviews not likely to be published, — my doings reduce themselves to six volumes of poetic works, the first of which was issued in 1856, and reviewed shortly after in the North American, while the others, nearly or partially completed at the outbreak of the civil war, still lie unfinished among the many wrecks of Time, painful to many of us to look back upon, or reflect themselves upon a Future whose skies are as yet obscure.
During the last 25 years of life, Abbot had observed a change in his friend, which he called a "puzzling phenomenon."
   ...the apparent diversion of a most serious, lofty and unworldly spirit to the accumulation of worldly wealth. By his own ability and indomitable energy, he multiplied the comfortable family inheritance into a great fortune, ten times as large as he found it. From the period of the Civil War, he almost wholly ceased to increase his invaluable art collections, or to take much interest in the writing of poetry...in the winters, I found him, when I entered his study, bending grimly over a vast mass of maps, railroad reports, statistical tables, and business documents of all sorts. He was studying out for himself, at first hand, the foundations and elements and necessary conditions of all that vast activity in railroad development which in a generation created a new America.
Randall died a bachelor in Boston on January 25, 1892, at the age of 78. He was buried in Boston's Mount Auburn Cemetery. His friend Francis Abbot attended the funeral and later recalled, "On Thursday, January 28th, a small company gathered at the house. The funeral services were conducted by Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale, and all that could die of John Witt Randall was laid to rest at Mt. Auburn. Three of us, Miss [Belinda] Randall and Miss O'Reilly and myself, followed him together in one carriage, at her request, to the family tomb."

## Legacy

Randall prepared no will, and his estate passed to his only surviving sibling, Belinda Lull Randall. She made many charitable donations, both before and after her death in 1897. Among her beneficiaries were Harvard University, the town of Stow, and many charitable institutions.
In April 1892, she created a charitable trust, J. W. Randall Fund, with $500,000 ($1,695,556 in today's money). In May 1892, the treasurer of Harvard University reported that following her brother's wishes, she gave the college his collection of engravings and $30,000 to establish the John Witt Randall Fund that would generate income for the care and preservation of the engravings.
That same year, she made a gift of $55,000 to the town of Stow: $20,000 for general purposes, $10,000 for poor relief, and $25,000 for the construction of a library building. The library was built in 1893 and dedicated in February 1894 as the Randall Library. The new library was initially furnished with 700 books donated to the town by John Randall from his private library.
In 1897, the Randall Fund gave Harvard University a large sum, including $10,000 toward the Phillips Brooks House, an endowment to Radcliffe, and $10,000 for the construction of a new dining hall, known as Randall Hall.