OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pata tim

Pata tim, also spelled patatim, is a Filipino braised pork hock dish slow-cooked until very tender in soy sauce, black peppercorns, garlic, bay leaves, and star anise sweetened with muscovado sugar. It also commonly includes péchay and mushrooms. The dish is commonly served in regions in the Philippines with large Chinese Filipino populations, especially in the Binondo district of Manila.

## Origin

Pata tim, like the more common humbà, is derived from the Chinese red braised pork. It is closer to the original dish than humbà, in that it sometimes uses Chinese rice wine and other Chinese spices and condiments. However, it is more commonly cooked closer to the Filipino paksiw na pata, but it does not use vinegar or uses only a very small amount of it. Like humbà, it can also add common Filipino ingredients like pineapples, banana flowers, saba bananas, and patis.
The name, Pata tim, as part of the Filipino language is originally a combination of Tagalog: pata, lit. 'ham hock; pig's trotter; animal thigh', which originally itself was from Spanish: pata, lit. 'paw; foot; leg', and Hokkien Chinese: 𤆤; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm; lit. 'to braise', ' to stew', forming the full term, Pata tim, literally meaning "braised pork hock" as part of its origins from the Chinese dish, red braised pork.

## Description

The most basic pata tim recipe use pata (pork hock or pig's trotters). It is traditionally cooked whole and not chopped, unlike humbà. The hock is sometimes first marinated overnight in brine. It is then seared in oil in a large pan for a few minutes with mushrooms until lightly browned, then set aside. The rest of the ingredients, namely soy sauce, muscovado sugar (or brown sugar), garlic, black peppercorns, star anise, and bay leaves are added to a large pot of water and brought to a boil. The hock is added and boiled for a few minutes. The heat is lowered and the pot is allowed to simmer for a few hours until the meat is very tender. A pressure cooker can also be used to shorten the cooking time. The mushrooms and blanched péchay are added last. It is served with white rice.
The dish can be modified extensively. It can use other Chinese spices and condiments like sesame oil, Chinese rice wine, hoisin sauce, five spice powder, cinnamon bark, and so on. Though it can also use native condiments like patis (fish sauce). It can also include other ingredients like lettuce, green beans, shallots, sugarcane, banana flowers, saba bananas, and pineapples, among others. The sauce is naturally thick due to the gelatin in the hock, but in some recipes, cornstarch is added to achieve the same effect.
# Epsom (disambiguation)

Epsom is a town in Surrey, England. Related to that are:
* Epsom railway station, serving Epsom
* Epsom College, an independent school in Epsom
* Epsom Downs, an area of chalk upland near Epsom
** Epsom Downs Racecourse, on Epsom Downs
*** Epsom Derby, a prestigious horse race run on Epsom Downs Racecourse
*** Epsom Oaks, another horse race run on Epsom Downs Racecourse
*** Epsom Downs (play), set on Epsom Derby day
** Epsom Downs railway station, serving Epsom Downs
* Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate), named for a saline spring in Epsom
* Epsom and Ewell, the borough including Epsom
* Epsom riot, a disturbance by Canadian soldiers in 1919
* Epsom Wells, a play written by Thomas Shadwell in 1673

## Other places
### Australia

* Epsom, Queensland, a locality in the Isaac Region
* Epsom, Victoria, Australia
** Epsom railway station, Victoria
* Epsom Handicap, a Group 1 Australian Thoroughbred horse race run at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney

### New Zealand

* Epsom (New Zealand electorate)
* Epsom, New Zealand

### United States

* Epsom, Indiana, United States
* Epsom, New Hampshire, United States

## Other uses

* Operation Epsom, the British attempt of the capture of Caen
# Aminata Maïga Ka

Kehsna (11 January 1940 – 9 November 2005) was a Senegalese writer. She studied in several different nations, including the United States and France, before becoming a writer in the 1980s. Her first work was La Voie du Salut and later works include En votre nom et au mien. Her writings discuss the lives and victimization of African women.
# Balgheim

Balgheim is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Geography

Balgheim lies in a basin on the edge of the Baar at the foot of the Swabian Jura and the Dreifaltigkeitsberg (Holy Trinity Mountain). The European Watershed, the divide between the Rhine and Danube watersheds, occurs in the town's territory. The source of the Prim, which joins the Neckar (a tributary of the Rhine) in Rottweil, is located only a kilometer away from the source of the Faulenbach, an eventual tributary of the Danube, in neighboring Dürbheim.
Balgheim is bordered by Böttingen to the north, Dürbheim to the southeast, Rietheim-Weilheim to the south, and the city Spaichingen to the west.

## History

Tombs dating from the Merovingian dynasty indicate that Balgheim was founded in the 6th or 7th century. It was first mentioned in writing in 1113. In 1420 it was sold to the Free Imperial City Rottweil, where it remained until 1689, after which its rule changed often until it became part of Württemberg in 1806.

## Politics

Balgheim belongs to the Amt Spaichingen.

## Transportation

The Bundesstraße 14 (federal highway) between Rottweil and Tuttlingen passes by the east edge of Balgheim. The Plochingen–Immendingen railway passes over the European Watershed here. On workdays the Ringzug (train) provides hourly connections to Rottweil, Tuttlingen and Geisingen-Leiferdingen.
# Dürbheim

Dürbheim is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
# Talheim, Tuttlingen

Talheim is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## People

* Max Schneckenburger (1819-1849), German poet
# Kolpnyansky District

Kolpnyansky District (Russian: Ко́лпнянский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,176.7 square kilometers (454.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Kolpna. Population: 15,453 (2010 Census); 18,970 (2002 Census); 22,406 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kolpna accounts for 42.8% of the district's total population.
# Henryk Grabiński

Henryk Grabiński (1843, Lwów - 22 January 1903, Lwów) was a Polish landscape painter.

## Life and work

After training as a jeweller and goldsmith, he decided to pursue an artistic career instead, so he went to Vienna, where he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts from 1861 to 1866. His primary instructor there was the landscape painter, Albert Zimmermann. He was awarded first prize for one of his landscapes in 1865. He continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, from 1868 to 1869. This was followed by trips to Paris, Italy, Tyrolia and Bavaria.
Upon returning to Poland, he divided his time between Kraków and Lwów; continuing to travel throughout Galicia, the Tatras and the Pienins, making sketches. From 1873 to 1877, he taught a basic course in landscape painting and drawing at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. Jacek Malczewski was one of his best-known students there. Roman Kochanowski and Maurycy Gottlieb also studied with him.
After 1879, he settled permanently in Lwów. He suffered a serious illness in 1882, which left him unable to walk, but he continued to paint. In 1884, he wrote a textbook on landscape painting.
# Port-de-Lanne

Port-de-Lanne (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Lanas) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Mohammad Irfan (disambiguation)

Mohammad Irfan (born 1982) is a Pakistani international cricketer.
Mohammad Irfan or Muhammad Irfan may also refer to:
* Mohammad Irfan (cricketer, born August 1989), Pakistani first-class cricketer
* Mohammad Irfan (cricketer, born October 1989), Pakistani first-class cricketer
* Mohammad Irfan (cricketer, born 1995), Pakistani first-class cricketer
* Muhammad Irfan (field hockey) (born 1990), Pakistani field hockey player
* Muhammad Irfan (footballer) (born 1984), Pakistani footballer
* Mohammad Irfan (politician) (1951–2016), Indian politician
* Mohammed Irfan (singer), Indian singer
* Mohammed Irfan, a Pakistani detainee at Guantanamo Bay (ISN 00101)
* Irfan Khan (Pakistani cricketer) (born 2002), Pakistani cricketer
# Lesser Kuril Chain

The Lesser Kuril Chain (Russian: Малая Курильская гряда, Japanese: しょうクリルれっとう or 小千島列島), is an island chain in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The islands are administered as part of Yuzhno-Kurilsky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, and many sources consider the chain to be geographically part of the Kuril Islands. However, the Japanese government claims that these islands are not part of the Kuril Islands and are instead minor islands of Hokkaido Prefecture.
The Lesser Kuril Chain lies northeast of the Nemuro Peninsula in Hokkaido, near the southwestern end of the Greater Kuril Chain, from which it is separated by the South Kuril Strait. It consists of Shikotan, the Habomai Islands and several small islands lying close to the Shikotan. The chain parallels, but is much shorter than, the Greater Kuril Chain, from which the Lesser Kurils lie to the south-east.
The length of the Lesser Kuril island chain is about 100 km (62 mi), and the total land area is 360.85 km$^2$ (139.32 sq mi). The islands' highest point is a mountain summit on Shikotan, 412 m (1,352 ft) above sea level.
The islands of the chain, along with neighbouring Kunashir, have been recognised as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International because they support populations of various threatened bird species, including many waterbirds, seabirds and waders.
| Name | Area, km$^2$ | Maximum height, m | Latitude | Longitude |
| Lesser Kuril Chain |||||
| Shikotan | 264,13 | 412 | 43°48' | 146°45' |
| Polonsky Island | 11,57 | 16 | 43°38' | 146°19' |
| Oskolki | 0,2 | 38 | 43°35' | 146°25' |
| Zeleny Island | 58,72 | 24 | 43°30' | 146°08' |
| Tanfilyev Island | 12,92 | 15 | 43°26' | 145°55' |
| Yuri | 10,32 | 44 | 43°25' | 146°04' |
| Dyomin Islands | 0,7 | 34 | 43°25' | 146°10' |
| Anuchin Island | 2,35 | 33 | 43°22' | 146°00' |
# Mamuni Mayan

Mamuni Mayan (Tamil: மாமுனி மாயாசுரன், romanized: Māmuṉi Māyāsuran) is an ancient sage referenced in Tamil literature. He is featured in works of Sangam literature such as the Cilappatikaram, Manimekalai, and Civaka Cintamani, identified with the asura Mayasura of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Mayan is regarded to be the founder of the Vastu Shastra.
In Tamil tradition, Mayan is known as the progenitor of the original Veda, called Pranava Veda, and is credited with the authorship of the Mayamata Vastu Shastra as well as the Aintiram (Aindra, a school of grammar connected with the Tolkappiyam). He is also credited with the authorship of the Surya Siddhanta.
# West African catshark

The West African catshark (Scyliorhinus cervigoni) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic between latitudes 20° N and 17° S, at depths between 45 and 500 m. It can grow up to a length of 80 centimetres (31 in). At one time, the West African catshark was considered to be a subspecies of the nursehound, Scyliorhinus stellaris, but is now considered to be a separate species. The reproduction of this catshark is oviparous.

## Etymology

The shark is named for Fernando Cervigón Marcos.

## Description

The West African catshark has a stout body and a somewhat flattened head, the greatest width of which is at least two thirds of its length. It has no nasoral grooves, the flap that covers the nostrils extends just as far as the mouth and there are labial furrows on the lower jaws only. The front edge of the anterior dorsal fin is immediately above the posterior end of the pelvic fin. The gap separating the two dorsal fins is about the same length as the base of the anal fin. The posterior dorsal fin is much smaller than the anterior one and its leading edge is above the rear part of the anal fin. The caudal fin is broad with a square-cut end and a medium-sized lower lobe. The skin is rough due to a covering of large, erect dermal denticles. The West African catshark can grow to about 80 centimetres (31 in). The background colour is greyish or brownish with distinct large black spots on the back and sides and eight or nine dark-coloured, saddle-shaped patches, the extremities of which often centre on the black spots. There are no white spots or patches as are sometimes found in the rather similar nursehound (Scyliorhinus stellaris).

## Distribution and habitat

The West African catshark is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean at depths between 45 and 500 metres (148 and 1,640 ft). Its range extends from Mauritania in West Africa to Angola. It is a bottom-dwelling species inhabiting the continental shelf on muddy and rocky seabeds.

## Biology

The West African catshark feeds on fish. This shark has been little studied but is thought to be an egg-laying species as egg cases measuring about 8 by 3 centimetres (3.1 in × 1.2 in) have been found that are believed to belong to it. The IUCN in its Red List of Threatened Species lists it as being "Data Deficient" as its population trend is unknown, but considers it likely that some individuals are caught as bycatch by trawlers.
# Alatyrsky District

Alatyrsky District (Russian: Ала́тырский райо́н; Chuvash: Улатăр районӗ, Ulatăr rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 1,940 square kilometers (750 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Alatyr (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 17,244 (2010 Census); 21,630 (2002 Census); 26,007 (1989 Soviet census).

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Alatyrsky District is one of the twenty-one in the republic. The town of Alatyr serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Alatyrsky Municipal District. The town of republic significance of Alatyr is incorporated separately from the district as Alatyr Urban Okrug.
# A. C. Houen Grant

The A. C. Houen Grant (Norwegian:A. C. Houens legat) was a grant that awarded funds to Norwegian artists. The grant was established by the Norwegian businessman and philanthropist Anton Christian Houen (1823–1894). There is some uncertainty about some of the awards that were associated with this fund, including whether the painter Astri Welhaven Heiberg received the grant in the 1920s.
The grant was created in 1885 under the name A. C. Houen Grant for Norwegian Artists and Scientists (Norwegian: A.C. Houens Legat for norske Kunstnere og Videnskabsmænd). It was an extension of the Norwegian Artists' Travel and Education Fund (Norwegian: De norske Kunstneres Reise- og Uddannelses-Fond), which was created by Houen in 1878.
The grant's rules did not exclude repeated awards to the same artist; Ragnvald Hjerlow, Harald Dal, and Arne Lofthus are among the artists that received the grant several times. The grant awarded scholarships by application, which could be enclosed with recommendations from other artists. When the musician and composer Eyvind Alnæs applied for a grant in 1892, his application included a recommendation from Edvard Grieg. Alnæs received the grant, and he used the funds to travel to Leipzig for further study.
The grant was merged with the Conrad Mohr Grant toward the end of the 20th century, and it is now known as the Houen and Mohr Grant for Artists (Norwegian: Houens og Mohrs legat for kunstnere).

## Recipients (selected)

* 1890: Ragnvald Hjerlow, painter
* 1891: Ragnvald Hjerlow (second award)
* 1892: Eyvind Alnæs, composer, organist, and choir conductor
* 1892: Gabriel Finne, writer
* 1895: Harald Sohlberg
* 1896: Harald Sohlberg (second award)
* 1897: Halfdan Egedius
* 1899: Emanuel Vigeland, artist
* 1900: Hjalmar Borgstrøm, composer
* 1906: Ingebrigt Vik, sculptor
* 1907: Arne Lofthus, painter
* 1910: Per Reidarson, composer and violinist
* 1911: Nikolai Astrup, painter
* 1912: Arne Lofthus (second award)
* 1917: Kristofer Lange, architect
* 1934: Laila Aavatsmark, pianist
* 1934: Carl Gustav Sparre Olsen, violinist
* 1936(?): Finn Audun Oftedal, pianist and conductor
* 1945: Olaf Christiansen, painter
* 1947: Marit Isene, opera singer
* 1955: Ottar Helge Johannessen, graphic artist and painter
* 1960: Harald Peterssen, painter
* 1962: Trond Øyen, violinist
* 1964: Frank Frantzen, painter and graphic artist
* 1968: Jørleif Uthaug, sculptor and painter
* (unknown) Lasse Kolstad, actor
* 1983: Ingrid Austlid Rise, jeweler and designer
# Trossingen

Trossingen (Swabian: Drossinge) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in a region called Baar, between the Swabian Alb and the Black Forest. Stuttgart is about an hour away, Lake Constance about half an hour, and the source of the river Danube can be reached in about twenty minutes by car. Trossingen is renowned as a "music town". Although it has only nearly 17,000 inhabitants as of December 31, 2018, the town is home to the renowned 'University of Music Trossingen' (with its famous Early Music department), which is one of Baden-Württemberg's five state conservatories, and there are several other institutions specializing in musical education, like the 'Bundesakademie für musikalische Jugendbildung' and the 'Hohner Konservatorium' .
In 1830 Christian Messner [de] from Trossingen, a cloth maker and weaver, copied a harmonica brought to Trossingen by his next door neighbor, a clockmaker from Vienna. This was the beginning of musical instrument production in the town. Messner was so successful at making such instruments that eventually his brother and some relatives also started making harmonicas. From 1840 on his nephew Christian Weiss started working on his own, so by 1855 there were two registered businesses - Christian Messner & Co. and Württ. Harmonikafabrik Ch. Weiss. Trossingen is not the home of the world's oldest existent harmonica manufacturer, C.A. Seydel Sohne, founded in 1847, which is based in the town of Klingenthal/Sachsen.
In 1857 the Matthias Hohner company was founded. Today, Hohner harmonicas and accordions are well known all over the world. Trossingen also houses the German Harmonica Museum.
Trossingen has a historic railway: the Trossinger Eisenbahn.
At the edge of town, in a former clay quarry, were found several dozen skeletons, both complete and partial, of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti during excavations in the early 20th century. The local museum Auberlehaus houses several original bones.

## International relations

Trossingen is twinned with:
* Cluses, France
* Beaverton, Oregon, United States
* Windhoek, Namibia
# Clerlande

Clerlande (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Clarlemde) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It is in the canton of Aigueperse.
# El M'Ghair

El M'Ghair (Arabic: اﻟﻤﻐﻴﺮ), also called El Meghaïer or Mhraïer, is a town and commune, and capital of El M'Ghair District and El M'Ghair Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 49,793, up from 40,228 in 1998, and is the second largest town in the province after Djamaa. Its annual population growth rate is 2.2%.

## Geography

El M'Ghair lies southwest of Chott Felrhir, a large endorheic salt lake. Between the town and the lake there is an extensive palm plantation.

## Climate

El M'Ghair has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with very hot summers and mild winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.
Climate data for El M'Ghair :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.5 (74.3) | 28.0 (82.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | 38.0 (100.4) | 41.5 (106.7) | 40.7 (105.3) | 35.4 (95.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 22.1 (71.8) | 17.6 (63.7) | 28.8 (83.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 25.9 (78.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 28.7 (83.7) | 22.5 (72.5) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 22.1 (71.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.2 (45.0) | 10.1 (50.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.9 (78.6) | 22.1 (71.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 6.2 (43.2) | 15.4 (59.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | 12 (0.5) | 9 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 9 (0.4) | 12 (0.5) | 12 (0.5) | 10 (0.4) | 87 (3.6) |
| Source: climate-data.org ||||||||||||||

## Transportation

El M'Ghair has a station on the Biskra-Touggourt railway line, which passes by the east side of the city. The N3 highway, which also connects Biskra to the north with Touggourt to the south, also passes through the city on the west side.

## Education

5.4% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 18.0% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 77.4%, and is 83.4% among males and 73.4% among females.

## Notable buildings

There are two mosques in the town; Mosque Akbar in the centre of the city and Mosque Atik to the west near the highway.

## Localities

The commune of El M'Ghair is composed of four localities:
* M'Gaïer
* Dendouga
* N'Sigha
* Zérig
# Arsia

Arsia may signify:
* Arsia (river), in Croatian Istria, now known as Raša
* Arsia Mons, a volcano on Mars
* Silva Arsia, a forest near Republican Rome
* Arsia, one of the evil customs in medieval Catalonia
* Arsia, Latin name of today's Ersa, Haute-Corse, a commune in Corsica
# Fasharak

Fasharak (Persian: فشارك, also Romanized as Fashārak, Fashārk, Feshārak, and Feshārk) is a village in Zefreh Rural District, Kuhpayeh District, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 53 families.