OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fabrizio Mejía

Fabrizio Mejía Madrid (born 1968) is a Mexican writer and journalist from Mexico City.

## Works

Fabrizio Mejía Madrid writes for the Mexican political magazine Proceso. He also contributes in the magazines Letras Libres, Gatopardo, Chilango, and the cultural pages of the Reforma newspaper. His work was included in the anthologies The Mexico City Reader (University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), and A Ustedes les consta, the reunion of Mexican chronicles edited by Carlos Monsiváis (Era, 2006). For fifteen years he has written a literary column in the Mexican newspaper La Jornada. He has published three books of chronicles; Pequeños actos de disobediencia civil (1996), Entre las sábanas (1995) and Salida de emergencia (Random House, 2007), and two novels, Hombre al agua (Joaquín Mortiz, 2004) winner of the Antonin Artaud Prize for best novel, and El rencor (Planeta, 2006). Recently a committee in Bogotá, International Capital of the Book, shortlisted Mejía Madrid, along with Jorge Volpi and Álvaro Enrigue, as one of the 39 writers under forty that will define Latin American literature in the 21st century.Hay Festival, Bogotá 39, 2007.

## Charges of plagiarism

On April 27, 2019, writer Guillermo Sheridan published an article entitled "Fabrizio Mejía Madrid: el arte de no dar crédito" in the Mexican literary magazine Letras Libres, in which he accuses Mejía Madrid of plagiarizing numerous portions of the book Representations of the Intellectual by Edward Said. Sheridan documents how, in the essay "El Intelectual", Mejía Madrid takes extended portions of Said's original text without crediting the author, or citing Said's work.
In a more recent piece in the same publication Guillermo Sheridan has again demonstrated the extensive nature of Mejía Madrid's plagiarisms, this time by exposing how he has taken material from authors such as Deleuze, Isaacson, Douglas Day, Alain Corbin, and Giorgio Agamben without quoting them or giving any sort of credit.
On October 6, 2019, Mejía Madrid addressed these accusations on his column in Proceso, and Guillermo Sheridan replied again.
# Naval Front Clasp

The Naval Front Clasp (German: Marine-Frontspange) was a World War II German military decoration awarded to officers and men of the Kriegsmarine in recognition of long, front line service for all naval units, except the submarine service, which had their own clasp to award. This bronze clasp was awarded for service or valor above that of the basic war badge. The award was instituted on 19 November 1944 by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.
# Kurchatovsky District, Kursk Oblast

Kurchatovsky District (Russian: Курча́товский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-eight in Kursk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 678 square kilometers (262 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kurchatov (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 17,497 (2021 Census); 18,021 (2010 Census); 19,714 (2002 Census); 25,224 (1989 Soviet census).

## Geography

Kurchatovsky District is located in the west central region of Kursk Oblast. The terrain is hilly plain on the Orel-Kursk plateau of the Central Russian Upland. The main river in the district is the Seym River. The district surrounds the city of Kurchatov, and is 25 km west of the city of Kursk and 460 km southwest of Moscow The area measures 50 km (north-south), and 20 km (west-east). The administrative center is the town of Kurchatov, Russia
The district is bordered on the north by Konyshyovsky District, on the east by Oktyabrsky District, on the south by Bolshesoldatsky District, and on the west by Lgovsky District. The Battles in 1941 and twice in 1943 were fought fiercely in that area and too many lives were lost. It was also part of the 1939-1941 Katyn Forest Abductions and also of the Massacres of Poles and Jews - all of them Males - on and from streets- some of them were Loyal Communists supporting the USSR.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kurchatovsky District is one of the twenty-eight in the oblast. The town of Kurchatov serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Kurchatovsky Municipal District. The town of oblast significance of Kurchatov is incorporated separately from the district as Kurchatov Urban Okrug.
# Shocklach Oviatt and District

Shocklach Oviatt and District is a civil parish in the Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, in the county of Cheshire, England.
The parish was created in 2015, combining the previous civil parishes of Caldecott, Church Shocklach, Horton by Malpas and Shocklach Oviatt. Settlements in the parish include Caldecott Green, Shocklach, Horton Green, Castletown, Green Croft, Lane End, Little Green, Lordsfields, Port Green, Shocklach Green and The Saughans.
It has a parish council, the lowest tier of local government.
The 2015 mid-year estimate of the parish population was 310.
# Lapland Shield

The Lapland Shield (German: Lapplandschild) was a World War II German military decoration awarded to military personnel of General Franz Böhme’s 20th Mountain Army which fought a two-front campaign against advancing Finnish and Soviet Red Army forces in Lapland between November 1944 and the war’s end in May 1945. It was awarded to men who had "honorably served" for six months in the region or had been wounded during operations there. It was authorized in February 1945 and was the last officially instituted German campaign shield of the war.
With the shield having been approved and designed shortly before the war's end, early recipients had the award noted in their military pay book in March 1945. However, presentation of the shield only began in July 1945, after Germany's surrender, with some awards recorded in pay books as late as August 1945.

## Design

A basic shield with flat top and rounded base, it incorporates an eagle at the top but without a swastika. Directly below this, is "LAPPLAND" in capital letters, with a map of the region beneath. Four small holes were punched in the shield to allow it to be sewn on the upper left sleeve of the uniform, with no back-plate or uniform cloth section attached.
At the end of the war, while the disarmed German forces in Lapland were awaiting repatriation, they remained under the command of their own officers and had a functioning military bureaucracy. Although authorized earlier, it was only in this immediate post-war period that the Lapland Shield was manufactured and distributed. Locally produced, the awards were crudely made with variations in style and metal, with most made of aluminum or zinc. This post-war manufacture may explain the absence of the swastika symbol from the final design.
The Lapland Shield was not among those Nazi era military decorations authorized for official wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.
# Dimitar Petkov

Dimitar Nikolov Petkov (Bulgarian: Димитър Петков) (2 November 1858, Tulcea – 11 March 1907, Sofia) was a leading member of the Bulgarian People's Liberal Party and the country's Prime Minister from 5 November 1906 until he was assassinated in Sofia the following year.
A veteran of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 he fought for the Russian Imperial Army at the Battle of Shipka Pass where he lost an arm during the combat.
Petkov spent five years (1888–1893) as mayor of Sofia and during his time in charge he undertook an extensive redevelopment of the city.
Following the death of Stefan Stambolov in 1895 he took over as leader of People's Liberal Party, a role he held until his own death when Nikola Genadiev succeeded him. Petkov's party took office in 1903 following the resignation of Stoyan Danev but Ferdinand I of Bulgaria chose a non-party Prime Minister, his close friend Racho Petrov, instead of Petkov.
Petkov was finally appointed Prime Minister in November 1906, but held the post for only a few months; on 11 March 1907, he was assassinated by gunshot in Sofia's Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard by Aleksandar Petrov, a disgruntled former employee of the Bulgarian Agricultural Bank. Petrov was put on trial, handed a death sentence and executed by hanging in July 1907.
His son Nikola Petkov was also a politician in post-war Bulgaria before being put to death in 1947.
# 1992 in the Netherlands

Events in the year 1992 in the Netherlands.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Beatrix
* Prime Minister: Ruud Lubbers

## Events

* 9 April – The garden exhibition Floriade 1992 opens
* 13 April – The 1992 Roermond earthquake had a moment magnitude of 5.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).
* 16 September – Pension de Vogel homeless hostel fire
* 4 October – El Al Flight 1862, a cargo aircraft, crashed in the Bijlmermeer neighbourhood
* 30 November – The Hoofddorp train accident

## Births

* 5 February – Nimir Abdel-Aziz, volleyball player
* 19 February – Sandro Silva, DJ and record producer
* 20 March – Rochelle Perts, singer
* 27 March – Doğukan Ergin, politician
* 1 April – Sieneke, singer
* 14 April – Josylvio, rapper
* 16 April – Ronnie Flex, hip hop performer and rapper
* 22 April – Dyro, DJ and EDM producer
* 9 May – Yesna Rijkhoff, track cyclist.
* 15 June – David van der Poel, road and cyclo-cross cyclist.
* 26 July – Mellony Geugjes, kickboxer and mixed martial artist
* 5 August – Estavana Polman, handball player.
* 7 August – Wout Weghorst, footballer
* 26 July – Costello van Steenis, mixed martial artist
* 13 August – Lois Abbingh, handball player.
* 26 August – Roy Kortsmit, footballer
* 9 September – Madiea Ghafoor, athlete.
* 14 September – Kirsten Knip, volleyball player
* 30 September – Bodine Koehler, musician
* 11 November – Iris Kroes, singer-songwriter and harpist
* 12 December – Douwe Bob, singer-songwriter
* 16 December - Chris Garia, sprinter and former baseball player

### Full date missing

* Camiel Fortgens, fashion designer

## Deaths

* 21 February – Kate ter Horst, the Angel of Arnhem (b. 1906)
* 8 March – Addeke Hendrik Boerma, civil servant (b. 1912)
* 15 March – Koos de Bruin, painter, draftsman, sculptor and graphic artist (b. 1941)
* 18 March – Cornelis Bastiaan Vaandrager, writer and poet (b. 1935)
* 20 March – Han Schröder, architect and educator (b. 1918)
* 20 April – Marcel Albers, motor racing driver (b. 1967)
* 30 June – Jan van Heteren, water polo player (b. 1916).
* 18 July – Jan Pelleboer, meteorologist and weather presenter (b. 1924)
* 17 December – Rinus Terlouw, footballer (b. 1922).
# Eugammon of Cyrene

Eugammon of Cyrene (Greek: Εὐγάμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος) was an early Greek poet to whom the epic Telegony was ascribed. According to Clement of Alexandria, he stole the poem from the legendary early poet Musaeus; meaning, possibly, that a version of a long-existing traditional epic was written down by Eugammon. He is said to have flourished 567/6 BC.
# Najmuddin Shaikh

Najmuddin Shaikh (Urdu: نجم الدین شیخ) (born 4 September 1939) served as the Pakistani ambassador to the United States (1990–1991) and later served as Foreign Secretary of Pakistan (1994–1997).

## Education and family

He received his bachelor's degree from Sindh University. He is a graduate of Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (1962). His wife, Raana Shaikh, has served as the Managing Director of Pakistan Television, and earlier as Secretary for the Ministry of Culture. He is the brother of Air Marshal Riazuddin Shaikh.

## Career

Shaikh joined the Foreign Service of Pakistan in 1961. During his 38 years of service, he served as Pakistan's ambassador to Canada (1987–1989), ambassador to West Germany (1989–1990), ambassador to the United States (1990–1991) and ambassador to Iran (1992–1994). He then served as Foreign Secretary from 1994 to 1997, later replaced by Shamshad Ahmad. He has also served as Pakistan's special envoy to Yemen, Sudan, Kenya and Bahrain (February 2005).

## Other activities

Shaikh has been a member of the board of governors of the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad and senior vice president of the Karachi Council of Foreign Relations. He used to write a weekly column on foreign affairs for the Dawn newspaper and now writes for the Daily Pakistan newspaper.
# Rambrouch

Rambrouch (Luxembourgish: Rammerech or (locally) Rammerich; German: Rambruch) is a commune and small town in western Luxembourg, in the canton of Redange. It lies close to the border with Belgium.
Rambrouch was formed on 1 January 1979 from the former communes of Arsdorf, Bigonville, Folschette, and Perlé, all in Redange canton. The law creating Rambrouch was passed on 27 July 1978.
As of 2024, the town of Rambrouch, which lies in the centre of the commune, has a population of 572.

## Populated places

The commune consists of the following villages:
# Haugesund Naval Air Station

Haugesund Naval Air Station (Norwegian: Marinens flystasjon Haugesund) was a military water aerodrome situated at Avaldsnes on the outskirts of the town of Haugesund in Rogaland county, Norway. At the time it was in operation, it was located in the municipality of Avaldsnes on the island of Karmøy (now part of Karmøy Municipality). The air base was operated by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service from 17 November 1918 to 7 April 1919. The Naval air station consisted of three portable hangars, a barracks and an outhouse.
The station was established to allow two Sopwith Babies to assist the Royal Norwegian Navy in minesweeping around Karmøy. In this capacity they continued until 21 January 1919. The airport was subsequently reactivated on 5 February to aid in fisheries patrol. This duty lasted until 7 April.

## History

The need for an airport in Haugaland for the Naval Air Service arose in 1918, during the late stages of the First World War. The Entente Powers had mined the waters of the North Sea between the borders of the Norwegian territorial waters to Scotland in an effort to deter German U-boats. The navy decided to establish the station in the bay at Avaldsnes. The airport's structures were built Norsk Barakke- og Imprigneringskompani and sent by railway from Hamar to Bergen and onwards to Karmøy by barge, arriving on 27 October 1918.
The crew was sent from Karljohansvern on 15 November 1918 and the command flag was hoisted on 17 November. The same day Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen flew the first of two Sopwith Babies to the station. Seven people were stationed at Avaldsnes, under the command of First Lieutenant Riiser-Larsen. He was subordinate to the captain of HNoMS Tordenskjold, which was stationed in Haugesund. The Spowiths were used in minesweeping duty. They would survey the North Sea for mines. In case they found any, they would note its location on a map and drop it to the crew on the nearest minesweeper. Work was carried out around Karmøy and the shipping channel towards Stavanger. By January it was decided that minesweeping in the area would no longer require aerial aid. The aircraft were flown to Kristiansand on 17 January 1919 and the station was closed on 21 January 1919.
After a request from the fisheries organizations, the Navy Air Services agreed to assist in the search for herring. The station was reactivated on 5 February 1919 and two days later the two Sopwiths were attempted returned to Avaldsnes. However, both had motor issues during flight. Not until 13 February did the aircraft reach their destination. Fisheries patrol continued until 7 April. There were plans to return the following year, but this was not carried through. Instead the buildings were attempted sold to Bø Teglverk. When they were not able to pay, they were instead moved to Flatøy in 1922.

## Facilities

The airport was situated at Avaldsnes in Karmøy, in the outskirts of Haugesund. It was situated on the property of Bø Teglværk. The aerodrome consisted of three portable hangars, measuring 7.5 by 8.5 meters (25 by 28 ft) and 3.5 meters (11 ft) tall. It also featured a barracks and an outhouse.
# Serra d'Esparreguera

Serra de d'Esparreguera or Serra Esparreguera (Spanish: Sierra de Esparraguera, although the spellings Sierra de Espaneguera or Sierra Espaneguera are common in many maps) is an over 17 km (11 mi) long mountain range in the Alt Maestrat comarca, Valencian Community, Spain.

## Geography

This mountain chain rises abruptly from a plain and looks quite impressive from certain angles. It extends in a roughly SW-NE direction between Atzeneta del Maestrat and Albocàsser. Its highest point is 1087 m high Esparreguera; another important summit is Morral Blanc (1060 m). These mountains are frequently covered in snow in the winter.
# 1993 in the Netherlands

Events in the year 1993 in the Netherlands.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Beatrix
* Prime Minister: Ruud Lubbers

## Events

* 29 May – The Hague Adoption Convention is drafted.
* 22 July to 2 August – The 1993 World Games were held in The Hague.

## Births

* 12 January – Jeroen Meijers, cyclist.
* 18 January – Benito van de Pas, darts player
* 31 January – Angela Malestein, handball player.
* 27 February – Lucas Jussen, pianist
* 5 March – Bregje Heinen, model
* 10 March – Marieke Wijen-Nass, politician
* 14 March – Denza, music producer
* 6 May – Wesley Vissers, bodybuilder
* 7 May – Stefano Denswil, footballer
* 15 May – Olaf Schaftenaar, basketball player
* 19 May – Tess Wester, handball player.
* 29 May – Wessel Keemink, volleyball player
* 8 June – Enzo Knol, video blogger
* 15 June – Elisa Piek, badminton player
* 1 July – Joey Dale, DJ, record producer and musician
* 1 July – Anne Haast, chess player.
* 5 July – Brian Kamstra, cyclist.
* 17 July – Luc Stultiens, politician
* 20 July – Adam Maher, footballer
* 1 August – Sam Feldt, DJ, record producer and entrepreneur
* 29 October – Lijpe, rapper
* 4 December – Taco van der Hoorn, cyclist.

## Deaths

* 8 January – Theo Bruins, pianist and composer (b. 1929)
* 26 January – Jan Gies, member of the Dutch resistance (b. 1905)
* 2 February – Pierre Schunck, member of the Dutch resistance (b. 1906).
* 3 February – Greetje Donker, dancer (b. 1906)
* 8 February – Bram van der Stok, World War II fighter pilot and flying ace (b. 1915)
* 23 April – Bertus Aafjes, poet (b. 1914)
* 25 May – Flip Regout, rower (b. 1915).
* 26 June – Willy van Hemert, actor and theatre and television director, and songwriter (b. 1912)
* 18 July – Jan van Druten, painter, sculptor and ceramist (b. 1916)
* 5 September – René Klijn, singer and model (b. 1962)
* 22 October – Elie Aron Cohen, physician (b. 1909)

### Full date missing

* Arie Andries Kruithof, physicist (b. 1909)
* Sybren van Tuinen, politician and public servant (b. 1913)
# Druzhba, Republic of Bashkortostan

Druzhba (Russian: Дружба; Bashkir: Дуҫлыҡ, Duślıq) is a rural locality (a selo) in Polyakovsky Selsoviet, Davlekanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 305 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Druzhba is located 10 km northeast of Davlekanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bishkain is the nearest rural locality.
# Gonia Monastery

Gonia Monastery (Greek: Μονή Γωνιάς), Monastery of Our Lady of Gonia or Monastery of Panagia Hodegetria (Μονή της Οδηγήτριας) is an Orthodox monastery located 1 km north of Kolymvari and some 26 km from Chania, on the southeast coast of the Rodopos peninsula in Crete, Greece, overlooking the Gulf of Chania. The monastery was given the same name as Hodegon Monastery in Constantinople. Both were named in honor of the sacred icon painted by Luke the Evangelist. The icon featured the Virgin and Child. It is traditionally called Hodegetria ("She who shows the Way"). Some churches adopted the name Madonna of Constantinopli in honor of the Hodegetria icon.

## History

Dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin (feast day: August 15), the monastery was founded in the 9th century and was originally dedicated to St. George. It was formerly situated at Menies, on the ruins of the ancient temple of Artemis Britomartis (Diktynna). The monastery was built in the 13th century adjacent to a cemetery, but it was rebuilt between 1618 and 1634 in its present location, with Venetian influences in its architectural design and adornments. The distinctive fountain in front of the monastery's entrance was built in 1708, and the belfry in 1849.
According to monks the present location at Kolymvari was considered safer from attack. Despite this, the monastery was heavily damaged by Ottoman bombardment on many occasions throughout its history including in 1645, 1652, 1822, 1841, and finally in 1867, during the Cretan Revolt (1866–1869) against the Ottoman Empire. Evidence of this last attack can be evidenced today by the remaining cannonball lodged in the seaside monastery wall. During World War II the monastery was partly destroyed by German bombing and it became one of the most important areas of Cretan resistance to Nazi Germany.

## Architecture and relics

Gonia Monastery is a Venetian-style fortress monastery. Its main church has a narthex, a dome, and a number of chapels surrounded by a courtyard. The courtyard area also contains the quarters of the abbot and monks of the monastery, along with the refectory and storehouses.
Today, the monastery and its museum contain numerous Byzantine artifacts from the 15th to the 17th centuries, including Cretan icons by Parthenios, Andreas Ritzos, and Neilos. It also has numerous relics and other rare religious treasures from the Byzantine period, and ancient inscriptions on the walls.
# Sommariva Perno

Sommariva Perno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located in Roero about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,800 and an area of 17.4 square kilometres (6.7 sq mi).
The municipality of Sommariva Perno contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Valle Rossi, San Giuseppe, and Villa.
Sommariva Perno borders the following municipalities: Baldissero d'Alba, Corneliano d'Alba, Monticello d'Alba, Pocapaglia, Sanfrè, and Sommariva del Bosco.

## Festivals

The “Sagra della fragola e del vino birbet”, held at the end of May, celebrates two of the typical products of Roero: The local strawberries and Birbèt: a sweet, pomegranate-red, partially fermented, festive wine made from the Roero version of the Brachetto grape (Italian: brachetto dal grappolo lungo), which hangs from the vine in elongated clusters.
# Montaillou

Montaillou (; Occitan: Montalhon) is a commune in the Ariège department in the south of France. Its original, medieval location was abandoned and the current village is a short distance away.

## History

The village is best known for being the subject of Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering work of microhistory, Montaillou, village occitan. It analyzes the village in great detail over a thirty-year period from 1294 to 1324. Then a village of some 250 people, the daily routines of the people are in the records of Jacques Fournier, later Pope Benedict XII.
Montaillou was one of the last bastions of Albigensianism, the heresy also known as Catharism. Fournier, then the local bishop, launched an extensive inquisition involving dozens of lengthy interviews with the locals, all of which were faithfully recorded, as well as the arrest of the entire village in 1308. When Fournier became Pope he took the records of the investigation with him and they remain in the Vatican Library.
The medieval village has been abandoned and the modern village is located a short distance downhill. There are visible remains of houses and there are also old tracks and field markings. In medieval times, the old village was guarded by the Château de Montaillou, now a ruin. The village church, dedicated to Notre Dame de Carnesses, remains in use.
# Majdany, Masovian Voivodeship

Majdany (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kozienice, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Kozienice and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of Warsaw.