OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parnawa Voivodeship

The Parnawa Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo parnawskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, since it was formed in 1598 until the Swedish conquest of Livonia in the 1620s. The seat of the voivode was Parnawa (Pärnu).
The voivodeship was created by King Zygmunt III Waza, and it was based on the Parnawa Presidency, created by King Stefan Batory in 1582, after the Truce of Yam-Zapolsky. It effectively ceased to exist in 1621, but officially, Parnawa Voivodeship existed until the Treaty of Oliva (1660). Its main towns were: Parnawa, Felin, Wolmar, Karkus, Salis, Lemsal, and Helme.
The title of Voivode of Parnawa, as well as other local titles, remained in use until the Partitions of Poland. It was one of the so-called fictitious titles (Polish: urzad fikcyjny).

## Titular voivodes

The voivodes of Dorpat Voivodeship.
* 1.Ernst Magnus Dönhoff
* 2.Piotr Tryzna
* 3.Jan Zawadzki
* 4.Gothard Tyzenhaus
* 5.Henryk Doenhoff
# Lizard Union (medieval)

The Lizard Union or Lizard League (German: Eidechsenbund; Polish: Związek Jaszczurczy) was an organization of Prussian nobles and knights established in Culmerland (Chełmno Land) in 1397. Its declared goal was to combat lawlessness, although it discreetly sought the transfer of Culmerland from the Teutonic Order to Poland.
The union was founded by Nicholas von Renys, John of Pulkow, Frederick of Kitnow, and Nicholas of Kitnow. It was named after its emblem, a lizard (German: eyne eydechse), and expanded its influence to other provinces. During the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, Nicholas von Renys carried the banner of the Culmerland troops for the Teutonic Order, but lowered the banner prematurely, which was considered a signal for retreat. Some chroniclers of the time said that this contributed to the defeat of the Knights, which Heinrich von Treitschke's thesis Das deutsche ordensland Preussen popularized, but this lacks historical support. It is also possible that von Reyns didn't intentionally lower the banner early, and that it moved out of sight or fell when a bearer was killed. After their defeat at Grunwald, the Order sought to use the Lizard League as a scapegoat; the League was also believed to have been behind messages sent from Kulm advising the Order's surrender, when at the time its capital Marienburg was under Polish siege.
Renys was executed by the Order after the war, causing the remaining members of the Lizard Union to flee to Poland. The Union was declared illegal by Pope Gregory XII and Emperor Sigismund, and was subsequently dissolved in 1411. It laid the foundation, however, for the later Prussian Confederation, which requested the annexation of the State of the Teutonic Order into Poland in 1454.
# Ilansky District

Ilansky District (Russian: Ила́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai and borders with Abansky District in the north, Nizhneingashsky District in the east, Irbeysky District in the south, Irkutsk Oblast in the southeast, and with Kansky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,750 square kilometers (1,450 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Ilansky. Population: 25,899 (2010 Census). The population of the administrative center accounts for 62.2% of the district's total population.

## History

The district was founded on November 7, 1939.

## Government

As of 2013, the Head of the District and the Chairman of the District Council is Olga A. Alkhimenko.

## Demographics

Population :
| 1989 Census | 1995 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 Census | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2010 Census |
| 31,949 | 30,700 | 28,900 | 28,500 | 28,139 | 27,600 | 27,100 | 26,700 | 25,899 |

## Economy
### Transportation

The Trans-Siberian Railway runs through the district from west to east. A part of M53 Highway passes through the district as well.
# Michael Pintard

Michael Clifton Pintard (born 3 July 1964) is a Bahamian politician serving as Leader of the Free National Movement and leader of the opposition since 27 November 2021. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Marco City, Grand Bahama since 2017. First appointed in 2010, he served two terms in the Senate. He was the Minister of Agriculture and Marine Resources from 2018 to 2021.

## Early life

Pintard was born in Nassau to Sister Laura Benson (née Hepburn) and John S. Pintard. He attended AF Adderley Senior High School and pursued an Associate degree in Agriculture at the College of the Bahamas. He went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Science in Agronomy from Tuskegee University in 1988 and later complete post-graduate courses in Agricultural Economics at McGill University in 2002. He also took a summer programme in Writing with the University of Miami and holds a certificate in compliance and anti-money laundering.

## Career

Before going into politics, Pintard worked in consultancy with Scribes Ltd., radio broadcasting and art and theatre management, and urban planning. He helped to found Congo Town Development Ltd.
Pintard was sworn in as a Senator by then Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham on 7 April 2010. He was appointed again for a second term in 2014, when the FNM was in opposition. He ran for the Cat Island, Rum Cay & San Salvador parliamentary constituency in the 2012 Bahamian general election. He tried again in 2017, this time for Marco City, Grand Bahama and won. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Marine Resources by Hubert Minnis in July 2018. He was in office to oversee and report to the news about Hurricane Dorian in 2019.
Though the Free National Movement was defeated in the 2021 General Election, Pintard was one of seven FNM MP's to win their seats, having been re-elected in Marco City with 57% of the vote cast. He was elected as the sixth leader of the party during a one-day convention held on 27 November, 2021, defeating fellow Grand Bahama MPs and former Cabinet ministers in the Minnis administration Kwasi Thompson and Iram Lewis by a decisive 2:1 margin. Pintard was appointed leader of the opposition on 29 November 2021.
As Leader of the Opposition, Pintard and his wife, Berlice, attended the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla, as part of the official Bahamian delegation led by Prime Minister Philip Davis.
# Republican Popular Unity

Republican Popular Unity (Spanish: Unidad Popular Republicana, UPR) was a Spanish electoral candidacy formed to contest the 1986 general election by the Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) and Republican Convention of the Peoples of Spain (CRPE).
# Wijgmaal

Wijgmaal (Dutch pronunciation:) is a village of the city of Leuven located in the province of Flemish Brabant, Flemish Region, Belgium. Before the fusion of the Belgian municipalities in 1977, it was a part of the municipality of Herent. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Leuven. Wijgmaal has never been a municipality, but in some sources, Wijgmaal is mentioned as a "deelgemeente" (sub-municipality).
# Johannes Fabry

Johannes Fabry (1 June 1860, in Jülich – 29 June 1930, in Dortmund) was a German dermatologist.
He studied medicine at the universities of Bern and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1886. Following graduation he trained in dermatology under Joseph Doutrelepont at the University of Bonn and with Hugo Ribbert in Zürich. From 1889 to 1929 he was chief medical officer of the Skin Clinic at the Dortmund municipal hospital, which under his guidance, became a leading center for dermatology.
His name is associated with "Fabry disease", a rare, inherited metabolic disease characterized by telangiectatic skin lesions, kidney failure and disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. In 1898 he described dermatological features of the disease in a 13-year-old boy, naming the condition "purpura haemorrhagica nodularis". The disease is also called "Anderson-Fabry disease", named along with British surgeon William Anderson, who independent of Fabry, reviewed the progression of the disease over nearly 20 years in a 39-year-old patient.

## Works by Fabry associated with Fabry disease

* Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Purpura haemorrhagica nodularis (Purpura papulosa haemorrhagica Hebrae). Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, Berlin, 1898, 43: 187-200.
* Ueber einen Fall von Angiokeratoma circumscriptum am linken Oberschenkel. Dermatologische Zeitschrift, 1915, 22: 1-4.
* Zur Klinik und Ätiologie der Angiokeratoma. Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, Berlin, 1916, 123: 294-307.
* Weiterer Beitrag zur Klinik des Angiokeratoma naeviforme (Naevus angiokeratosus). Dermatologische Wochenschrift, Hamburg, 1923, 90: 339.
# Aimé Lepercq

Aimé Marie Antoine Lepercq (2 September 1889 – 9 November 1944) was a French soldier, industrialist and political figure.

## Early life and education

Born in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (now part of the Metropolis of Lyon), as the eldest of nine children, he graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1911, and then the École des Mines.

## Military service
### World War I

Lepercq fought in World War I, in which he was wounded three times and decorated for valor five times, becoming Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1915 and receiving the British Armed Forces Military Cross. After the war, he worked as an administrator of industrial properties for the Škoda company in Czechoslovakia.

### World War II

On the outbreak of World War II, Lepercq fought in the artillery during the battle of France, and continued to fight despite orders to no longer do so, until the actual Compiègne armistice of June, 1940. After a brief internment by the Germans, he returned to civil life as an industrial administrator, but was fired in 1943 for speaking out against the collaborationist administration and the Vichy regime, regarding the Service du travail obligatoire and deportations of Frenchmen to German labor camps.
Consequently, he became an active member of the French Resistance, commanding the Forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI) in Île-de-France. Arrested again in 1944, he was set free due to the German authorities' failure to investigate, he took part in the Liberation of Paris (August of the same year), leading the FFI's attack on the Hôtel de Ville. For his role in the Resistance actions, he was made a Compagnon de la Libération; he was twice recipient of the Croix de Guerre, for his valor in both World Wars.

## Political career and death

He was selected by Charles de Gaulle as Minister of Finance, but died soon after in a car accident near Lille, and was replaced by René Pleven. He is buried in Cimetière des Batignolles.
# Negiat Sali

Negiat Sali (Dobrujan Tatar: Neğat Saliy; born September 4, 1953) is a Romanian economist and politician of Tatar origin, a member of the Democratic Union of Turco-Islamic Tatars of Romania (UDTTMR) and former member of the Chamber of Deputies in 2000–2004.

## Biography

A Muslim member of the Tatar minority and graduate of the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Faculty of Finance and Accounting, he was first employed as a construction worker before the fall of the Communist regime, present on the building site of the Danube-Black Sea Canal in 1980–1982. From 1982 until 2000, he worked at the Murfatlar Vineyard research station.
In 1990, after the Romanian Revolution, Sali was among the founding members of the UDTTMR. He became the Union's vice president the following year (serving until 1993), and its president in 1997 (ending his mandate in 2000). Elected to the Chamber for Constanța County during the 2000 suffrage, he sat with the Ethnic Minority group, and served on the Committee for Budget, Finance and Banks, and on the Committee for Regulation. In late 2001, following the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, he contended that Islamic fundamentalist groupings had attempted to infiltrate the UDTTMR and the Romanian Tatar community at large, but that the Union had rejected all collaboration. In his view, this information was reflected in reports presented by the Intelligence Service).
Negiat Sali is noted for his views in respect to the total number of Tatars in Romania, arguing that the community is subject to under-counting, due to the alleged tendency of its members to declare Romanian ethnicity in censuses. According to Sali, this practice has reduced the number of Tatars from approx. 70,000 to approx. 55,000 people.
# Victoria Cougars (1949–1961)

The Victoria Cougars were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Victoria, British Columbia. They played in the Pacific Coast Hockey League from 1949 to 1952, and they played in the Western Hockey League from 1952 to 1961.
# Kalinga

Kalinga may refer to:

## Geography, linguistics and/or ethnology

* Kalinga (region), a historical region of India
** Kalinga (Mahabharata), an apocryphal kingdom mentioned in classical Indian literature
** Kalinga script, an ancient writing system invented in the ancient Kingdom of Kalinga
** Kalinga architecture
** Kalingi, an Indian caste found between the districts of Ganjam and Vizagapatam
** Kalinga War, fought c. 262 BCE between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka and the state of Kalinga
* Kalinga people, an ethnic group in the Philippines
** Kalinga language, spoken in the Philippines
** Kalinga-Apayao, a former province in the Philippines
** Kalinga (province), in the Philippines
* Kalinga, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia
** Kalinga Park, a park in the same suburb
* Kalingga Kingdom, an ancient Indianized kingdom in Java

## Musical instruments

* Kalinga or galinga, a musical instrument known otherwise as the ground bow
* Kalinga, the sacred, dynastic drum of Rwanda, known elsewhere in Africa as Ngoma drums

## Others

* Kalinga (film), a 2006 Tamil-language film from India
* Kalinga (gastropod), a genus of sea slugs
* Kalinga Airlines, a private airline based in Calcutta
* Kalinga Prize, a UNESCO prize awarded for the popularisation of science
* Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
* 26214 Kalinga, an asteroid
* INS Kalinga, an Indian Navy establishment at Visakhapatnam
# Valflaunès

Valflaunès (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Valfaunés) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region southern France.

## Geography
### Climate

Valflaunès has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Valflaunès is 14.5 °C (58.1 °F). The average annual rainfall is 984.5 mm (38.76 in) with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 23.9 °C (75.0 °F), and lowest in January, at around 6.3 °C (43.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Valflaunès was 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −14.4 °C (6.1 °F) on 5 February 2012.
Climate data for Valflaunès (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1990−2012) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 35.3 (95.5) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.8 (101.8) | 42.4 (108.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 33.2 (91.8) | 24.0 (75.2) | 21.4 (70.5) | 42.4 (108.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 28.3 (82.9) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.2 (88.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.4 (68.7) | 15.2 (59.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 20.7 (69.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) | 7.1 (44.8) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 17.1 (62.8) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.9 (49.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) | 1.0 (33.8) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.9 (57.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 9.7 (49.5) | 4.7 (40.5) | 1.5 (34.7) | 8.2 (46.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.5 (13.1) | −14.4 (6.1) | −11.0 (12.2) | −2.5 (27.5) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 2.8 (37.0) | −3.0 (26.6) | −7.0 (19.4) | −10.0 (14.0) | −14.4 (6.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 85.7 (3.37) | 62.0 (2.44) | 51.0 (2.01) | 79.6 (3.13) | 83.4 (3.28) | 42.8 (1.69) | 27.8 (1.09) | 43.3 (1.70) | 134.2 (5.28) | 159.2 (6.27) | 100.0 (3.94) | 115.5 (4.55) | 984.5 (38.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 70.6 |
| Source: Meteociel ||||||||||||||
# All Japan Garrison Forces Labor Union

The All Japan Garrison Forces Labour Union (GFLU; Japanese: 全駐留軍労働組合, Zenchuro) is a trade union representing civilian workers for the United States Armed Forces in Okinawa.
The union was founded on 1 September 1946, and in 1950 it was a founding affiliate of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan. By 1958, it had 81,753 members. It undertook industrial action for pensions in 1954, a fairer wage system in 1963, against redundancies in 1964, and for higher pensions in 1968. With declining employment in the area, by 1970 the union had only 25,320 members.
From the late 1980s, the union was affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, and by 1996 its membership had fallen to 14,314. In 2001, it joined the new Japan Public Sector Union, while maintaining its organisation.
# André Méric

André Méric (14 August 1913 – 14 August 1993) was a French politician who was Senator of Haute-Garonne from 1948 to 1988, and president of the Socialist group in the Senate from 1980 to 1988.

## Biography

Méric was born in Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) on 14 August 1913. He became a militant socialist at the age of 15. As an apprentice mechanic Méric desired to become an accountant, qualifying on the eve of his departure for military service in 1939. After the armistice he joined the Resistance, but was arrested and deported to the Rava-Ruska concentration camp, located in East Prussia. After his liberation, he was elected to the General Council of Haute-Garonne. Three years later, he became the youngest senator of France aged thirty-five years. He was also elected mayor of Calmont in 1955.
In 1956, he became Vice-President of the Council of the Republic of France, and served as Vice-President of the Senate from 1958-1980. He replaced Alain Poher as the head of the Upper House in 1969 when he became the Interim President of the Fifth French Republic. As the party leader of the Socialists of the Senate, he served as president of the Socialist Party from 1980 to 1988.
In 1987, he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the committee to review the draft resolution on the indictment before the High Court of Justice of Christian Nucci, former Minister Delegate of the Co-operation and Development Ministry. In 1988, he joined the second Rocard government as Secretary of State for Veterans and War Victims and passed a special status for the prisoners of the Viet Minh during the Indochina War. In 1991, he announced his retirement from politics following the election of Édith Cresson.

### Death

Méric died on 12 August 1993 in a car accident. He was traveling to an event in Calmont to celebrate his 80th birthday.
Following his death, Méric's son Georges succeeded him in the General Council, and later became president of the council's socialist party in 2015.
Political offices :
| Preceded byAlain Poher | Acting President of the Senate 1969 | Succeeded byAlain Poher |
| Preceded byMarcel Champeix | Leader of Socialist Group in the Senate 1980–1988 | Succeeded byClaude Estier |
| Preceded byMarcel Champeix | Leader of the Opposition in the Senate 1980–1988 | Succeeded byClaude Estier |
| Preceded byJacques Mellick | Secretary of State for Veterans and War Victims 1988–1991 | Succeeded byLouis Mexandeau |
# Trieste Commodity Exchange

The Trieste Commodity Exchange (Italian: Borsa merci di Trieste) is a commodities exchange based in Trieste, Italy. It was founded in 1755 by Empress Maria Theresa when Trieste was part of the Habsburg Empire. It is one of the oldest commodities exchanges in the world.

## History

The rise of Trieste as a commercial center took place in the eighteenth century by the will of the Habsburg imperial government, during the reign of Charles VI. The ratification of the free port and the Deputation of the Court laid the foundation for the city's economic development.
In 1755, Empress Maria Theresa replaced the Deputation, dissolved a few years earlier, with Agents who could operate independently from the government. Theresa simultaneously instituted the Trieste Commodity Exchange, governed by a collegiate body, then called the ‘Deputation of the Stock’.
This body was made up of six members. Its duties included management of annuities, the commodity exchange, the plant for goods delivery, storage archive business and shareholder meetings. It transmitted proposals and complaints from local merchants to the government
The Trieste Commodity Exchange contributed undertook many initiatives, the most important of which were the design, financing and construction, from 1815, of a series of marine lamps in the Adriatic Sea and the establishment in 1842 of the "Monte Civic Commercial", hereinafter referred to as "Savings Bank of Trieste".
To deal with extraordinary problems the Deputation was joined by the Consultation Exchange, consisting of forty members and elected by the merchant class. In 1853, following an 1850 law that applied to the whole empire, the Trieste Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established and the Trieste Commodity Exchange became part of it.
From 1875, the traditional function of amicable settlement of commercial disputes, carried out by the Deputation since its inception, was replaced by a legal approach: the "Arbitral Chamber" was created and remains operational as the Arbitration Board.
With the end of World War I and the passage of Trieste to the Kingdom of Italy, the Trieste Commodity Exchange and its related bodies were absorbed into similar institutions under Italian law, such as the “Commerce Exchange” that was certified to treat both goods and values under Law 1068 of 1913. After 1920 the Trieste Commodity Exchange continued to operate separately from the Trieste Stock Exchange, active until 1996, following the destinies of the Trieste economy.

## Today

The Trieste Commodity Exchange is now in a phase of restructuring and growth, and presents itself as an instrument of exchange at national and international level to support the competitiveness of companies interested in importing or exporting their products.
The exchange offers the Excellence Exchange, with a B2X business model aimed at promoting local production and the Commodity Exchange platform for energy products with green or white certificates, with free shipping to Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The system allows the trading of new concept TMD securities.