OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Oboyansky District

Oboyansky District (Russian: Обоя́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-eight in Kursk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,090 square kilometers (420 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Oboyan. Population: 27,923 (2021 Census); 31,042 (2010 Census); 35,815 (2002 Census); 39,663 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Oboyan accounts for 42.4% of the district's total population.

## Geography

Oboyansky District is located in the south central region of Kursk Oblast on the border with Belgorod Oblast. The terrain is hilly plain on the Central Russian Upland. The main river in the district is the Psel River, which flows south from the district into Ukraine, where it empties into the Dnieper River. The Psel is typically frozen from November to March. The district is 40 km (25 mi) south of the city of Kursk and 490 km (300 mi) southwest of Moscow. The area measures 25 km (16 mi) (north-south), and 40 km (25 mi) (west-east). The administrative center is the town of Oboyan.
The district is bordered on the north by Medvensky District, on the east by Pristensky District, on the south by Ivnyansky District of Belgorod Oblast, and on the west by Belovsky District.
# Makarówka

Makarówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Huszlew, within Łosice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Huszlew, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Łosice, and 129 km (80 mi) east of Warsaw.
# Paliouria

Paliouria (Greek: Παλιουριά, before 1928: Ζημνιάτσι – Zimniatsi) is a village in northern Greece. It is located at the root of the west end of the Kamvounia (Καμβούνια) mountain chain, near the Haliacmon river. Its altitude is 500 m. It is part of the municipality Deskati, in the Grevena regional unit. It is located 50 km from Grevena and 15 km from Deskati. The native population calls Kamvounia by the names of Vounasia (Βουνάσια) or Bounassia (Μπουνάσσια). Paliouria has a resident population of 325 people (2021).

## History

At the current location of the village, the Turkish road (named Jadés, lasting from 1881 to 1912) from Servia crossed with the road coming from Elassona - Deskati - Grevena. Through the northside of the village, in the Byzantine period of Emperor Basil II the Bulgarslayer, existed a road suitable for transportation with mules. According to the tradition, Zimniatsi (the old name for Paliouria) was formed from the union of 9 local settlements into one, in the Ottoman rule period. This was made in order for the villagers to protect themselves from the Turks. Each one of the settlements had its own parish. With time, those establishments have disappeared, and only presumptions can be made for the location of some of them.
After the annexation of Macedonia into Greece, in 1918 Zimniatsi was integrated in the community of Karpero. In 1928, Zimniatsi was renamed to Paliouria. It was declared a community in 1963 and today it is in the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Deskati. Until 1927 the village was populated by native stock farmers. After the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), refugees came from Minor Asia and Pontos. With the refugees' advent, the physiognomy of the village changed, as the newcomers settled down in a separate area, at the one side of the village.

## Local economy

The village people are mostly farmers, who cultivate corn, wheat and tobacco crops. A considerable number of them are dealing with stock farming (cows, sheep, goats) and they have created relevant modern units. The community merchandising revolves around small local businesses.

## Sightseeing

Beautiful and old churches exist around Paliouria:
* The Holy Trinity, at 500 m distance, NE of the village
* Saint George, 1 km, SE
* Saint Paraskevi, 1 km, SE
* Saint Kyriaki, 1.5 km, W
In the village, there is the church of Zoodochos Pigi, which has been categorized as an archaeological monument.
# Ontario State Recreation Site

Ontario State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.
# Yvrac-et-Malleyrand

Yvrac-et-Malleyrand (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Ivrac e Maleirand) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 900 | — |
| 1821 | 1,039 | +0.51% |
| 1846 | 1,067 | +0.11% |
| 1872 | 875 | −0.76% |
| 1901 | 775 | −0.42% |
| 1926 | 682 | −0.51% |
| 1946 | 602 | −0.62% |
| 1962 | 506 | −1.08% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 481 | −0.84% |
| 1975 | 420 | −1.92% |
| 1982 | 403 | −0.59% |
| 1990 | 432 | +0.87% |
| 1999 | 465 | +0.82% |
| 2009 | 515 | +1.03% |
| 2014 | 529 | +0.54% |
| 2020 | 559 | +0.92% |
Source: EHESS (1793-1999) and INSEE :
# Space radio station

A space radio station (short: space station) is a radio station located on an object travelling beyond the major portion of the Earth's atmosphere. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. However, most spacecraft communicate by this means.
# Neochori, Chios

Neochori (Greek: Νεοχώρι) is a village on the island of Chios, Greece. It is part of the municipality Agios Minas, and located approximately 9 kilometers from the capital of the island, Chios (town), also known locally as Chora. There are medieval manuscripts that refer to the village but no sign of the Middle Ages was preserved. The inhabitants are mainly farmers. The main church is devoted to Virgin Mary and it is an example of the local architecture of the 19th century.
The haven of Neochori is beach of Agia Fotia. Near the beach are hotels, rooms and studios to let, taverns, and cafes. The Monastery of Agios Minas overlooks the village from the hill nearby. This monastery was built during 1572 -1595 by the Reverend Father Neofitos Koumanos and his son, Father Menas, at the time of Patriarch Jeremiah II. Initially it housed monks, but in 1932 it was converted into a nunnery. During the Turkish occupation, it maintained a school and a noteworthy library. This monastery is famous in world history for the massacre of 1822 when crowds of Chians were killed by the Turks or burned inside the chapel and in the courtyard of the monastery. Today, there is still evidence of the victims with the bloodstained stone floors of the chapel. The bones of many of the victims are kept in the Mausoleum of the 40 Martyrs in the courtyard of the monastery. There were 35 nuns in the monastery who were kept busy with hagiography, crafts and the sewing of ecclesiastical garments. Today, only 11 nuns live in the Monastery.
# Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast

The Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Законодательное собрание Владимирской области, romanized: Zakonodatel'noe sobranie Vladimirskoy oblasti) is the regional parliament of Vladimir Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. A total of 38 deputies are elected for five-year terms.

## Elections
### 2018

| Party | Party | % | Seats |
| | United Russia | 29.57 | 23 |
| | Communist Party of the Russian Federation | 23.66 | 7 |
| | Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | 20.80 | 4 |
| | A Just Russia | 10.20 | 3 |
| | Russian Party of Freedom and Justice | 6.14 | 1 |
| | Yabloko | 1.42 | 0 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 32.90 | |
# Tevrizsky District

Tevrizsky District (Russian: Теври́зский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 9,800 square kilometers (3,800 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Tevriz. Population: 15,485 (2010 Census); 18,090 (2002 Census); 20,249 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Tevriz accounts for 45.1% of the district's total population.
# Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy

The Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy (Mintsvetmet; Russian: Министерство цветной металлургии СССР) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union.

## History

The All-Union People's Commissariat of Non-ferrous Metallurgy was formed by ukase of the Presidium Supreme Soviet USSR, on 24 January 1939, following subdivision of the All-Union People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry into six separate commissariats.
The following enterprises were placed under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Non-ferrous Metallurgy; copper-mining and copper-Smelting industries, zinc-industry enterprises, lead-industry enterprises, aluminum-industry enterprises, nickel-industry enterprises, gold- and platinum-industry enterprises, rare-metals, and tin-industry enterprises, enterprises for processing non-ferrous metals, and enterprises for procuring, processing, and distributing non-ferrous-metal scrap.
In June 1939, the Main Administration of Food Supply for Workers of the Gold and Platinum Industry (Glavzolotoprodsnab) was established, with a number of regional offices placed under this administration. On 15 March 1946, all People's Commissariats were changed into ministries by decree of the Supreme Soviet USSR.
On 28 December 1950, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet USSR issued ukase ordering the division of the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry USSR into two ministries, Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy USSR and Ministry of Non-ferrous Metallurgy USSR, and the transfer of enterprises and organizations to the respective ministries, according to a list approved by the Council of Ministers USSR. The Presidium appointed Pyotr Lomako as Minister of Non-ferrous Metallurgy USSR, and Ivan Arkhipov as First Deputy Minister of Non-ferrous Metallurgy.

## List of ministers

Source:
* Aleksandr Samokhvalov (24 January 1939 – 9 July 1940)
* Pjotr Lomako (9 July 1940 – 2 November 1986)
* Vladimir Durasov (2 November 1986 – 17 July 1989)
# Polish Helmet pigeon

The Polish Helmet or Polish Krymka Tumbler (Polish: krymka polska) is a breed of fancy pigeon, specifically a type of Helmet pigeon, that has been developed over many years of selective breeding. It is distinctive on account of its "Muffs" (large foot feathers), and is colored only on the top half of its head (the "helmet") and on its tail. It is thought to be related to the European and American pigeons, though it remains unknown as to what came first or how they spread and adapted all over the world.
# Soviet Class A Second Group

The Soviet Class A Second Group (Russian: Чемпионат СССР по футболу (Класс А. Вторая группа), Soviet football championship (Class A Second Group)) was the second and for a season third highest division of Soviet football, below the Soviet Class A First Group. The league was formed in 1963 by splitting away from the Class A and forcing the Class B of the Soviet football championship to downgrade to the third tier.
In 1970 the Soviet Class A was expanded even further adding additional tier to the top and downgrading the Soviet Class A Second Group to the third tier. In 1971 it was replaced with the Soviet Second League.

## Winners
### Second tier

| Season | Winner | Winner | Runners-up | Third |
| 1963 | Shinnik Yaroslavl | Shinnik Yaroslavl | Torpedo Gorkiy | Trud Voronezh |
| 1964 | Subgroup 1 | FC Avanhard Kharkiv | FC Chornomorets Odessa | Žalgiris Vilnius |
| 1964 | Subgroup 2 | SCA Odessa | FC Shakhter Karaganda | Lokomotiv Moscow |
| 1964 | Final | Lokomotiv Moscow | SCA Odessa | Pakhtakor Tashkent |
| 1965 | Subgroup 1 | FC Tekstilshchik Ivanovo | FC Uralmash Sverdlovsk | FC Avanhard Kharkiv |
| 1965 | Subgroup 2 | FC Shinnik Yaroslavl | FC Zorya Luhansk | Žalgiris Vilnius |
| 1965 | Final | Ararat Yerevan | Kairat Alma-Aty | Avanhard Kharkiv |
| 1966 | Subgroup 1 | Žalgiris Vilnius | FC Tekstilshchik Ivanovo | FC Kuban Krasnodar |
| 1966 | Subgroup 2 | FC Zorya Luhansk | SKA Kyiv | SKA Lviv |
| 1966 | Subgroup 3 | FC Politodel | FC Shakhter Karaganda | FC Stroitel Ufa |
| 1966 | Final | Zorya Luhansk | Žalgiris Vilnius | Politotdel Tashkent |
| 1967 | Subgroup 1 | FC Dinamo Kirovabad | FK Daugava Riga | FC Kuban Krasnodar |
| 1967 | Subgroup 2 | SKA Kyiv | FC Metalurh Zaporizhia | SKA Lviv |
| 1967 | Subgroup 3 | FC Shakhter Karaganda | FC Uralmash Sverdlovsk | FC Alga Frunze |
| 1967 | Final | Dynamo Kirovabad | Shakhtar Karaganda | SKA Kyiv |
| 1968 | Subgroup 1 | FC Karpaty Lviv | SKA Kyiv | SKA Odessa |
| 1968 | Subgroup 2 | Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv | FC Metalist Kharkiv | FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk |
| 1968 | Subgroup 3 | FC Uralmash Sverdlovsk | FC Spartak Ordzhonikidze | FC Dynamo Makhachkala |
| 1968 | Subgroup 4 | FC Irtysh Omsk | FC Kuzbass Kemerovo | SKA Khabarovsk |
| 1968 | Final | Uralmash Sverdlovsk | Karpaty Lviv | Irtysh Omsk |
| 1969 | Subgroup 1 | FC Spartak Ordzhonikidze | FC Dynamo Leningrad | FC Kuban Krasnodar |
| 1969 | Subgroup 2 | SKA Khabarovsk | FC Rubin Kazan | FC Metallurg Kuibyshev |
| 1969 | Subgroup 3 | FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk | SKA Kyiv | FC Metalist Kharkiv |
| 1969 | Subgroup 4 | Žalgiris Vilnius | FC Shakhter Karaganda | FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi |
| 1969 | Final | Spartak Ordzhonikidze | Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk | SKA Khabarovsk |

### Third tier

| Season | Zone | Winner | Runners-up | Third | Notes |
| 1970 | Ukraine | Metalurh Zaporizhia | Tavriya Simferopol | Avtomobilist Zhytomyr | three zones; top two teams of second and third groups played in final Russian group |
| 1970 | Russia | Avtomobilist Nalchik | Spartak Yoshkar‑Ola | Kuzbass Kemerevo | three zones; top two teams of second and third groups played in final Russian group |
# John Kantakouzenos (pinkernes)

John Kantakouzenos (Greek: Ἱωάννης Καντακουζηνός) was a governor of the Thracesian Theme between 1244 and 1249, with the titles of doux and pinkernes. In 1249 he commanded an expedition sent by Emperor John III Vatatzes against the Genoese who had invaded and taken control of Rhodes during the absence of its governor John Gabalas.
Towards the end of his life John Kantakouzenos became a monk, adopting the name Joannikios, and died sometime before 1257.
Donald Nicol provides evidence to support the identification of this John with John Kantakouzenos Komnenos Angelos, who was the husband of Irene Komnene Palaiologina, sister of Michael VIII Palaiologos. Known children of this couple include:
* Theodora, who married (1) George Mouzalon, (2) John Raoul Petraliphas;
* Maria, wife of Constantine Tikh;
* Anna, wife of Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas;
* Eugenia, wife of Syrgiannes, and was the mother of Syrgiannes Palaiologos; and
* A possible fifth unnamed daughter, who married Theodore Mouzalon.
# Rodney Melville

Rodney Scott Melville is a presiding judge in Santa Barbara County's superior court. He was the judge in Michael Jackson's 2005 child molestion trial, in which Jackson was acquitted.

## Biography

Melville was born in 1941 and studied at San Diego State University and Hastings College of the Law, University of California.
Melville, now living in Sacramento, California, became an attorney for the firm Melville & Iwasko and became a state certified specialist in family law. Melville served as a deputy district attorney in the San Bernardino County district attorney's office for two years.
In 1987, Melville was appointed to the municipal court bench. After three years he was promoted to the superior court.
Melville retired as a judge for the superior court in 2007, having served 17 years.

### People v. Jackson

In 2005, Michael Jackson was accused of child molestation by a 13-year-old boy. The case went to court and Melville was appointed the presiding judge. Prior to the start of the trial, Melville banned cameras from the courtroom, put a gag order on both sides and oversaw a three-day jury selection procedure.
# Nikephoros Blemmydes

Nikephoros Blemmydes (Latinized as Nicephorus Blemmydes; Greek: Νικηφόρος Βλεμμύδης, 1197–1272) was a 13th-century Byzantine author.

## Biography

Blemmydes was born in 1197 in Constantinople as the second child of a physician. After the conquest of Constantinople by the forces of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, he migrated to Asia Minor. There, he received a liberal education in Prusa, Nicaea, Smyrna and Scamander. Blemmydes studied medicine, philosophy, theology, mathematics, astronomy, logic, and rhetoric. When he finally acquired a career as a cleric, he took an active part in the theological controversies between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, writing treatises on the Procession of the Holy Spirit, advocating the western usage. He was the tutor of the learned Theodore II Laskaris of the Nicaean Empire, and a great collector of classical texts. William of Rubruck reports that his benefactor, John III Doukas Vatatzes, owned a copy of the missing books from Ovid's Fasti.
Blemmydes also founded a school where he taught students such as Prince Theodore II Laskaris and George Akropolites. In his later years, Blemmydes became a monk and retired to a monastery he built in Ephesus. He died in 1272.
# Yalchino, Irtyubyaksky Selsoviet, Kugarchinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Yalchino (Russian: Ялчино; Bashkir: Ялсы, Yalsı) is a rural locality (a village) in Irtyubyaksky Selsoviet, Kugarchinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 161 as of 2010.

## Geography

It is located 24 km from Mrakovo and 4 km from Semyono-Petrovskoye.
# PDL

PDL is an initialism for:

## Politics

* Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat Liberal), a former political party in Romania
* Labour Democratic Party (Partito Democratico del Lavoro), a former political party in Italy
* Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà), a former political alliance in Italy
* The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà), a former political party in Italy
* Free Destourian Party (Parti Destourien Libre), a current political in Tunisia

## Science, mathematics and technology
### Computing

* Page description language
* Perl Data Language and the data type it supports
* Program Design Language, a method of software construction
* Progressive download
* Public Documentation License, used with OpenOffice.org

### Other uses in science and technology

* PDL, a former electrical hardware manufacturer in New Zealand now part of Schneider Electric
* Periodontal ligament
* Power door locks
* Preferred drug list, a US formulary categorization
* Propositional dynamic logic
* Pulsed dye laser
* Poundal, a unit of force (abbreviated pdl)
* Polarization Dependent Loss, see Polarization mode dispersion

## Sport

* Premier Development League, the former name of a developmental soccer league in the United States and Canada now known as USL League Two.
* Professional Development League, an English system of youth football leagues.

## Other uses

* PDL BioPharma, formerly Protein Design Labs
* João Paulo II Airport (IATA code PDL)
* Previously developed land, see Brownfield land
* Ponta Delgada Airport
* Poorly Drawn Lines, an absurdist webcomic
* Portsmouth Direct line, a railway line in England
# Restinclières

Restinclières (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Restinclièiras) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Montagnol

Montagnol (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Montanhòl) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.
# Castelnau-de-Montmiral

Castelnau-de-Montmiral (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Castèlnòu de Montmiralh) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

## Geography

The Vère flows westward through the commune.

## History

While traces of activities dating back to the Bronze Age such as dolmens and oppidums can be seen in the nearby forest La Grésigne, the village was founded as an albigensian bastide (fortified new town) in 1222 by Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, under the name “Castellum Novum Montis Mirabilis”.
During the subsequent years, the village remained an impressive stronghold. In 1345, during the Hundred Years' War, when Edward the Black Prince invaded the Albigeois, he reportedly left without besieging the village… Later, it served as a shelter for Catholics who were fleeing from Gaillac because of the Wars of Religion. King Louis XIII visited Castelnau in June 1622, and stayed in the “Tonnac” house.

## Remarkable sites and monuments

Remarkable sites and monuments in Castelnau-de-Montmiral include :
* the village itself, listed among «Les Plus Beaux Villages de France »
* the central square surrounded by corbel vaults, with an ancient pillory
* the Notre Dame de l’Assomption church, with a 16th-century bell
* ancient stone houses and half-timbered houses
* the ramparts
* the Reliquary cross, created in 1341 by a goldsmith in Albi
* the nearby forest La Grésigne

## Cultural references

* Intellectuals Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir once visited the village. Here are her comments :
“One evening, a small, jolting, overcrowded bus took us to Castelnau-de-Montmiral; it was raining; as we got out on the square surrounded by corbel vaults, Sartre abruptly told that he was fed up with being mad.” ("Un soir, un petit autobus cahotant et bondé nous amena à Castelnau de Montmiral; il pleuvait; en descendant sur la place entourée d’arcades, Sartre me dit abruptement qu’il en avait assez d’être fou.")
* In the American TV series Smallville, Lana Lang’s family comes from Castelnau-de-Montmiral.
# Carcinus

Carcinus (Greek: Καρκίνος Karkinos) is a genus of crabs, which includes Carcinus maenas, an important invasive species, and C. aestuarii, a species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea.

## Carcinus maenas

C. maenas is among the 100 "world's worst alien invasive species". It is native to the northeast Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, but has colonised similar habitats in Australia, South Africa, South America, and both Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. It grows to a carapace width of 90 mm (3.5 in), and feeds on a variety of molluscs, worms, and small crustaceans, potentially impacting a number of fisheries. Its successful dispersion has occurred via a variety of mechanisms, such as on ships' hulls, packing materials, bivalves moved for aquaculture, and rafting.
C. maenas is known by different names around the world. In the British Isles, it is generally referred to simply as the shore crab. In North America and South Africa, it bears the name green crab or European green crab. In Australia and New Zealand, it is referred to as either the European green crab or European shore crab.

## C. aestuarii

C. aestuarii is a native to the Mediterranean Sea. It is very similar to C. maenas, and is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of C. maenas rather than a species in its own right. The two taxa can be distinguished by the front of the carapace, between the eyes, which is short and toothed in C. maenas, but longer and smoother in C. aestuarii. Unlike C. maenas, C. aestuarii has only been implicated in one invasion; the coastline of Japan has been invaded by either C. aestuarii or a hybrid of C. aestuarii and C. maenas.
# Sidirokastro, Messenia

Sidirokastro (Greek: Σιδηρόκαστρο), officially referred to as Sidirokastron, is a semi-mountainous settlement near Avlonas and is administratively part of the Municipality of Trifylia, in Messinia, Greece. Sidirokastro was the seat of the former municipality of Avlonas, which existed between 1835 and 1912, and between 1997 and 2010.

## History

The oldest village of Sidirokastro was located inside and around the homonymous castle, Sidirokastro and was a large settlement, according to its ruins, which still exist today. The history of the old village is directly related to the history of this Castle and its area, which was under the control of the Principality of Achaia and then the Despotate of Mystras.
During the pre-revolutionary period, the Revolution of 1821 and the struggles that followed until the final liberation of the area, several groups of rebels acted in the area of Sidirokastro.