OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Strella

Strella (Greek: Στρέλλα; international title: A Woman's Way) is a 2009 Greek drama film written and directed by Panos H. Koutras. The plot centres around the relationship between a 45-year-old ex-convict and a 25-year-old transgender woman.

## Plot

Yiorgos (Yiannis Kokiasmenos) is released from prison after 14 years of incarceration for a murder he committed in his small Greek village. He spends his first night out in a cheap hotel in Athens. There he meets Strella (Mina Orfanou), a young transgender prostitute. They spend the night together and soon they fall in love. But the past is catching up with Yiorgos. With Strella on his side he will have to find a new way out.

## Production

The film was shot on location in Athens and Peloponnese. The role of Strella was performed by the amateur actress Mina Orfanou, who is a trans woman.

## Awards

The film was premiered in the 59th Berlin International Film Festival - Section Panorama - in February 2009 and has participated since in more than 20 international film festivals all over the world. It was one of the 48 films nominated for the European Film Awards in 2009.
Strella won four awards of the eleven it was nominated for, including best actress and art direction, at the first Hellenic Film Academy awards ceremony in 2010.

## Cast

* Mina Orfanou ..... Strella
* Yiannis Kokiasmenos ..... Yiorgos
* Minos Theoharis ..... Alex
* Betty Vakalidou ..... Mary
* Akis Ioannou ..... Wilma
* Argiris Kavidas ..... Nikos
* Kostas Siradakis ..... Antonis
* Yiorgos Mazis ..... Kolokousis
# Erdinci Septar

Erdinci Septar (Dobrujan Tatar: Erdinç Septar; born 12 February 1973 in Constanța) is a former Romanian rugby union football player. He played as a number eight but also as a flanker.

## Club career

He mostly played for Farul Constanța but also in France for Limoges and Saint-Junien.

## International career

Septar gathered 13 test caps for Romania, from his debut in 1996 to his last test in 2000. He scored 3 tries during his international career, 15 points on aggregate. He was a member of his national side for the 4th Rugby World Cups in 1999 playing in all three Pool E matches.

## Personal life

Erdinci Septar is the father of French-Romanian Rugby Union player, Atila Septar.
# Ravisubramaniyan

Ravisubramaniyan (ரவிசுப்பிரமணியன்) is a writer, poet and documentary film maker.

## Life

Hailing from Kumbakonam of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu he now lives in Chennai. He completed B.A., (1980–83) in Government College, Kumbakonam. His books include articles and poems.

## Books

* Compilation of poems - Oppanai Mukangal (Tamil: ஒப்பனை முகங்கள் (கவிதைத்தொகுப்பு), Annam Publishers, Sivagangai, 1990
* Compilation of poems - Waiting (Tamil: காத்திருப்பு (கவிதைத்தொகுப்பு), Annam Publishers, Sivagangai, 1995
* Letters of Vannadasan (Compilation of Kalyanji's letters) (Tamil: வண்ணதாசன் கடிதங்கள், (கல்யாண்ஜியின் கடிதங்கள் தொகுப்பு), Nanjappan Publishers, Coimbatore, 1997
* Compilation of poems - Kalathitha Idaiveliyil (Tamil: காலாதீத இடைவெளியில், (கவிதைத்தொகுப்பு), Mathi Nilayam, Chennai, 2000
* Compilation of poems - Sembalil Aruntiya Nanju (Tamil: சீம்பாலில் அருந்திய நஞ்சு (கவிதைத் தொகுப்பு), Sandhya Publishers, Chennai, 2006
* Alumaigal and Tharunangal (Tamil: ஆளுமைகள் தருணங்கள்), Kalacchuvadu, Nagercoil, 2014
* Compilation of poems - Vithanathu Cithiram (Tamil: விதானத்துச் சித்திரம் (கவிதைத் தொகுப்பு) Bodhivanam Publishers, Chennai, 2017
* That was a different season, (Selected poetry of Ravisubramaniyan, English Translation R.Rajagopalan), Authors Press,
* Ninaivin Alizyil alayum kayalkal(Tamil: நினைவின் ஆழியில் அலையும் கயல்கள்)

## Documentaries

For TV channels he has made more than 100 documentaries. He also made the following documentaries on important Tamil scholars:
* Indira Parthasarathy (Tamil: இந்திரா பார்த்தசாரதி எனும் நவீன நாடகக் கலைஞன்)
* M.Renganathan (Tamil: மா. அரங்கநாதனும் கொஞ்சம் கவிதைகளும்)
* Jayakanthan (Tamil: எல்லைகளை விஸ்தரித்த எழுத்துக் கலைஞன்-ஜெயகாந்தன்)
* T. N. Ramachandran (Tamil: சைவத் தமிழ் வளர்க்கும் சேக்கிழார் அடிப்பொடி தி. ந. இராமச்சந்திரன்)
* Thiruloga Seetharam (Tamil: திருலோகம் என்றொரு கவி ஆளுமை)
* He is selected by Kavidalaya for making documentary on K. Balachander, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker.
* Thamarai (Tamil: தாமரை)

## Articles

Some of his articles on Tamil scholars include the following:
* Dhenuga (Tamil: தேனுகா) தேனுகா கட்டுரை
* M.V.Venkatraman (Tamil: எம். வி. வி)எம். வி. வி கட்டுரை
* Karicchankunju (Tamil: கரிச்சான்குஞ்சு)கரிச்சான்குஞ்சு கட்டுரை
* S. V. Sahasranamam (Tamil: சகஸ்ரநாமம்)சகஸ்ரநாமம் கட்டுரை
# Jean-Christophe Coubronne

Jean-Christophe Coubronne (born 30 July 1989) is a French footballer who plays as a defender. Besides France, he has played in Italy, Portugal, and Finland.

## Career
### FC Lahti

On 27 November 2018, FC Lahti announced the signing of Coubronne for the 2019 season.

### IFK Mariehamn

On 18 January 2022, he joined Mariehamn for the 2022 season.

## Career statistics

    As of 11 June 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Novara | 2009–10 | Lega Pro Prima Divisione | 14 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 16 | 0 |
| Novara | 2010–11 | Serie B | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Novara | 2011–12 | Serie A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Novara | Total | Total | 20 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 |
| Olhanense | 2013–14 | Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Olhanense | 2014–15 | LigaPro | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 17 | 0 |
| Olhanense | 2015–16 | LigaPro | 32 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 33 | 1 |
| Olhanense | 2016–17 | LigaPro | 36 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 37 | 2 |
| Olhanense | Total | Total | 90 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 94 | 3 |
| KTP | 2018 | Ykkönen | 23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 24 | 2 |
| Lahti | 2019 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 7 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 30 | 2 |
| Lahti | 2020 | Veikkausliiga | 18 | 1 | 8 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 26 | 1 |
| Lahti | 2021 | Veikkausliiga | 20 | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 23 | 0 |
| Lahti | Total | Total | 61 | 1 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 79 | 3 |
| Mariehamn | 2022 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | – | 3 | 0 | 29 | 0 |
| Mariehamn | 2023 | Veikkausliiga | 21 | 0 | 5 | 0 | – | – | 4 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Mariehamn | Total | Total | 44 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 59 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 238 | 6 | 32 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 280 | 9 |
* ↑ Includes Coppa Italia, Taça de Portugal, Suomen Cup
* 1 2 Includes Taça da Liga
* 1 2 Includes Finnish League Cup
# Florizel (The Winter's Tale)

Florizel is a fictional character in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.
Florizel is the son of Polixenes – King of Bohemia. He falls in love with Perdita, and wishes to marry her. His father objects to the marriage, however, and warns Florizel that his inheritance will be revoked if he ever seeks Perdita again. Polixenes objects to the marriage because he believes Perdita is a shepherdess and therefore unworthy of a royal marriage with Florizel.
In spite of this, Florizel remains in love with Perdita. With the intervention of Camillo, the dilemma is resolved because Perdita is actually of royal origin (the daughter of King Leontes).
# Ellychnia flavicollis

Ellychnia flavicollis is a species of firefly in the beetle family Lampyridae. It is found in North America.
# Vaigeliškės

Vaigeliškės (Polish: Wojgieliszki) is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located about 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Vilnius. According to the 2011 census, it had population of 37.
* This Vilnius County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Aleksei Kozlov (footballer, born 1986)

Aleksei Anatolyevich Kozlov (Russian: Алексей Анатольевич Козлов; born 25 December 1986) is a Russian former footballer. He played as right-back.

## Club career

Kozlov made his professional debut in the Russian First Division in 2007 for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny.
On 24 June 2019, he left FC Dynamo Moscow after 5.5 seasons upon the expiration of his contract.
On 3 July 2019, he signed with FC Rostov.
On 9 July 2021, he joined Nizhny Novgorod, newly promoted into the Russian Premier League.

## International

On 7 June 2013, Kozlov made his debut appearance for Russian national team under manager Fabio Capello in World Cup qualification away game versus Portugal (0-1). He entered the pitch on 31 min when starting right-back Aleksandr Anyukov picked up an injury.
On 2 June 2014, he was included in the Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad. He played in the last two group games against Belgium and Algeria as Russia did not advance past the group stage.

## Individual honours

* List of 33 top players of the Russian league: #3 (2013/14).

## Career statistics

    As of 21 May 2022
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| ASV Bergedorf | 2004–05 | Oberliga Nord | 11 | 4 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 4 |
| ASV Bergedorf | 2005–06 | Oberliga Nord | 30 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 30 | 2 |
| ASV Bergedorf | Total | Total | 41 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 6 |
| KAMAZ | 2007 | FNL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| KAMAZ | 2008 | FNL | 14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 15 | 1 |
| KAMAZ | 2009 | FNL | 31 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 32 | 1 |
| KAMAZ | 2010 | FNL | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 24 | 1 |
| KAMAZ | Total | Total | 70 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 73 | 3 |
| Kuban Krasnodar | 2010 | FNL | 13 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 13 | 0 |
| Kuban Krasnodar | 2011–12 | RPL | 35 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 36 | 0 |
| Kuban Krasnodar | 2012–13 | RPL | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 26 | 0 |
| Kuban Krasnodar | 2013–14 | RPL | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Kuban Krasnodar | Total | Total | 91 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 103 | 0 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2013–14 | RPL | 6 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 6 | 0 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2014–15 | RPL | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2015–16 | RPL | 22 | 4 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 24 | 4 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2016–17 | FNL | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 17 | 0 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2017–18 | RPL | 25 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 25 | 1 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 2018–19 | RPL | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 24 | 1 |
| Dynamo Moscow | Total | Total | 104 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 115 | 7 |
| Rostov | 2019–20 | RPL | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 24 | 0 |
| Rostov | 2020–21 | RPL | 24 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 26 | 1 |
| Rostov | Total | Total | 48 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 1 |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 2021–22 | RPL | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 22 | 4 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 376 | 20 | 10 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 404 | 21 |
* 1 2 3 Appearances in the UEFA Europa League
# Primortals

Primortals (or typecased PriMortals) was a comic book series published by Tekno-Comix (later Big Entertainment) from 1995 to 1997. The characters and concept were created by actor Leonard Nimoy, who developed the idea for the series after visiting the SETI project. Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov was credited with providing additional concepts. The script of the debut issue of Primortals was credited to Kate Worley and Lawrence Watt-Evans with art by Scot Eaton and Mike Barreiro. Eaton and Barreiro illustrated the comic for most of its run, while the book was most often scripted by Christopher Mills and later James Chambers.

## Premise

The comic's plot revolved around humanity's first contact with an alien intelligence called the Primortals. The series showed how, in ancient times, aliens called the Majae removed various species from Earth and raised them to sentience. Avitaur Zeerus, rebellious alien governor of Achernar Three, flees to Earth after being defeated by hostile alien forces. Public reaction to his arrival, and the warnings of alien invasion he gives, are depicted in the comic as ranging from ecstasy to paranoia.

## Publications

Twenty-four regular issues of the comic were published (though numbering of the comic was restarted following issue number 15), as well as a two-issue Origins miniseries and a standalone crossover, Teknophage vs. Zeerus. The final issue of the comic bore a cover date of February, 1997. A novelization written by Steve Perry was published in 1997. An interactive CD-ROM was released by Big Entertainment in 1996, allowing the reader to see the beginning of the story from 4 different points of view.

### Issues
#### Tekno-Comix, volume 1

* "Escape to Earth"
* "Someone Is out There"
* "The Approaching Storm"
* "The Approaching Storm II" (no actual name written in the issue itself, but previous issue ends with "to be continued")
* "The Approaching Storm III" (no actual name written in the issue itself, but previous issue ends with "to be continued")
* "Day of Descent"
* "Homecoming"
* "Armed Response"
* "Alien Attacked by Terrorists"
* "Official Denial"
* "Illegal Aliens"
* "Illegal Aliens II" (no actual name written in the issue itself, but previous issue ends with "to be continued")
* "Cross Country"
* "Cross Country II"
* "Cross Country III"

#### Big Entertainment, volume 2

* "Cross Country: World in Flames"
* "Camera Eye's View"
* "There Shall Come a Fleet"
* "Scorched Earth"
* "Prophecy Fever"
* "Prophecy's End"
* "Prophecy's End II"
* "Rites"
* "Ashes of the Past"
# Tell Ghoraifé

Tell Ghoraifé (Arabic: تل غريفة) is a prehistoric, Neolithic tell, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Damascus, Syria. The tell was the site of a small village of 5 hectares (540,000 sq ft), which was first settled in the early eighth millennium BC.
A small, 2 square metres (22 sq ft) excavation was made on the tell by Henri de Contenson in 1974.
Materials discovered, particularly the stylistic traits of the lithic tools, show similarities with Southern Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites. Tell Ghoraifé is closely related other Neolithic sites in the Damascus basin, like Tell Aswad and Tell Ramad. Despite the similarities these sites share with Euphrates valley sites such as building materials, pre-pottery White Ware and burial rites, they represent a separate, distinct group from the Euphrates valley.
Tell Ghoraifé is an important site to our understanding of the origin of agriculture. It is an example of a site with a long sequence over a millennium where the study of the evolution from wild to domesticated barley has taken place. Finds also included early domesticated wheat.

## Literature

* de Contenson, H., Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 137 Aswad et Ghoraifé : sites néolithiques en Damascène (Syrie) aux IXème et VIIIème millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, 137, Beirut, 1995
* van Zeist, W. Bakker-Heeres, J.A.H., Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant 1. Neolithic Sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraifé, Ramad - Palaeohistoria, 24, 165-256, 1982.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000–300 BC). Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-521-79666-0.
* ↑ de Contenson, Henri; Anderson, Patricia C. (1995). Aswad et Ghoraifé: sites néolithiques en Damascène (Syrie) aux IXème et VIIIème millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne. Institut français d'archéologie du Proche-Orient. ISBN 2-7053-0673-0.
* ↑ Moore, A.M.T. (1978). The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 198–203.
* ↑ Hather, Jon H. (2004). The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. Routledge. p. 483. ISBN 0-203-20338-0.
* ↑ Harris, David R. (1996). The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. Routledge. p. 253. ISBN 1-85728-538-7.
* History portal
* Asia portal
# Oleksandr Bilash

Oleksandr Ivanovych Bilash (6 March 1931 – 6 May 2003) was a Soviet and Ukrainian composer and the author of popular lyric songs, ballads, operas, operettas, oratorios and music for films. Laureate of the Shevchenko National Prize (1975), People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR (1977), People's Artist of the USSR (1990), Hero of Ukraine (2001).

## Biography

Bilash was born on 6 March 1931 in the town of Hradyzk, Ukraine (now Kremenchuk Raion of Poltava Oblast, Ukraine) to a family of skilled amateur musicians. His father, Ivan Panasovych Bilash, played balalaika and guitar; his mother, Yevdokiya Andriyivna, was a solo singer at rural gatherings.
After studying for a year in the Kyiv music school for adults, Oleksandr traveled to the city of Zhytomyr where he entered the second year of the Viktor Kosenko Music School. In 1951, Bilash had successfully passed the entrance examinations for entry into the faculty of Composition of the Kyiv Conservatory. He studied composition with the outstanding Ukrainian composer and teaching professor Mykola Vilinsky. Oleksandr Bilash graduated from the Kyiv Conservatory in 1957.
From 1956–1961 Bilash worked as an Instructor of music theory at the Kyiv Pedagogical Institute (Kyiv Teachers Training Institute, now Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University). Already Bilash had emerged as a pre-eminent and prolific Ukrainian composer who had contributed immensely to variety of musical genres and styles. Many of his lyric songs became very popular in Ukraine. His lyric songs have become a part of the 'golden fund' of Ukrainian national culture and many of them are often perceived as traditional folk songs. He composed the opera "Haydamaky" (1965), "The Ballad of War" (1971), "The Grooms" (1985), operetta "The Legend of Kyiv", "The Bells of Russia". Bilash opposed the soundtrack to numerous movies. One of them - "Roman and Francesca" (1960) with the celebrated lyric songs by Bilash was the first Soviet film (musical) where love between a Soviet sailor and a foreign girl was not criminalized. At the time of Chernobyl nuclear accident in April 1986, the popular lyric song "Dva kolyory" (Two colors) composed by Oleksandr Bilash sounded like a revelation.
From 1976 to 1994 Bilash served as the Chairman of the Kyiv branch of the Union of Composers of Ukraine. Oleksandr Bilash was one of the most highly regarded Ukrainian composers and his creative output was highly praised. Among others, Bilash received the State Taras Shevchenko Award (1975), titles of People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR (1977) and People's Artist of the USSR (1990). In March 2001, the honorable title of the Hero of Ukraine (the highest State degree of recognition in Ukraine) was bestowed upon him for his 'outstanding personal contribution to the enrichment of the spiritual treasures of the Ukrainian people and many years of fruitful creative activity' (6 March 2001). His wife was famous Ukrainian singer Larysa Ostapenko-Bilash (1935–2010) with whom he had two daughters Lesya and Oksana. Oleksandr Bilash died on 6 May 2003 in Kyiv. He was buried at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv, the burial place of the Ukrainian elite.
# RK Fēnikss

RK Fēnikss is a Latvian rugby club based in Valmiera, which also represents the Valmiera Municipality.

## History

The club was founded in Valmiera in January 2005 as RK Kocēni, naming it after the adjacent Kocēni Parish, as it aimed to bring together talented youth from the parishes around Valmiera.
# Mesovouno

Mesovouno (Greek: Μεσόβουνο), known before 1927 as Karmishta (Greek: Κρίμσια), is a village and a community of the Eordaia municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Vermio, of which it was a municipal district. The 2021 census recorded 334 inhabitants in the village.

## History

In October 1941 and April 1944, during the Axis occupation of Greece, the Wehrmacht perpetrated the Mesovouno massacres in the village. A total of 268 civilians were killed.
# Janušava, Kėdainiai

Janušava (or Jonušava, historically Polish: Januszewo, Januszów) is a village in Kėdainiai District Municipality, in Kaunas County, central Lithuania. It is located by the western limits of the Kėdainiai city, nearby the Smilga and Klamputis rivers. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 44 people.

## History

At the 17th century, Krzysztof Radziwiłł, who was a notable magnate of Kėdainiai, created a new settlement at the western side of Kėdainiai. It was named after his son Janusz Radziwiłł. The settlement had a marketplace and a Lutheran church. Januszowo was mainly a German settlement settled by immigrants from Prussia and Saxony. For a period between 1648 and 1795, it was de facto a distinct city with its own coat of arms and a seal.
Under the Russian Empire, it was merged into Kėdainiai, except from the village area at the western end. This part was an okolica in the Josvainiai parish. During the Soviet times, most of Janušava village was again merged into Kėdainiai, except from a small suburban area.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1902 | 291 | — |
| 1959 | 178 | −0.86% |
| 1970 | 344 | +6.17% |
| 1979 | 241 | −3.88% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1989 | 203 | −1.70% |
| 2001 | 16 | −19.08% |
| 2011 | 44 | +10.65% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 :

## Gallery

* The Old Janušava (nowadays part of Kėdainiai)
* The Old Janušava
* The Old Janušava
* The New Janušava (village)
# Earias chlorodes

Earias chlorodes is a moth of the family Nolidae. It is found along the eastern coast of Australia, from Cooktown to Sydney.
The wingspan is about 20 mm.
# Helen Ling

Helen Ling (née Yee Chow) is a former software engineer who worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). She made considerable efforts to make JPL more diverse.

## Early life

Ling was born in China and survived the Japanese bombing of Hong Kong. She studied at Canton College. She immigrated to the United States to attend college, and ended up studying at University of Notre Dame. She majored in art and minored in Mathematics. Shortly after graduation, she was hired at JPL.

## Career

Ling's brother worked at JPL, and she thought the job would be perfect for her. Ling was a supervisor for the computing group at JPL. She made efforts to employ women computer programmers during the late 1950s and early 1960s - the programming group used to call themselves "Helen's Girls". Ling's group were responsible for performing trajectory calculations. Ling encouraged women to attend night school and obtain the correct qualifications to work alongside her at JPL. At the time, women at JPL were forced to quit if they became pregnant. Instead of losing her talented team, Ling rehired women returning from maternity leave. The author Nathalia Holt believes that "a lot of women ended up becoming computer scientists and engineers at JPL thanks to Helen's guidance". Her high school crush, Canton College's student body president Arthur Ling, immigrated to America and married Ling. Ling developed software for the IRAS, Magellan, the TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft and Mars Observer. She retired from JPL in 1994.
Ling developed software for many missions over the years, including the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, Magellan, Mars Observer and Topex/Poseidon. Her work was respected by Charley Kohlhase, the Voyager mission designer, who didn't want anyone else to develop his software. Ling retired in 1994 but still keeps in touch with her former colleagues. She lives in South Pasadena, Calif., with her husband Art.
Ling is referenced in the book Rise of the Rocket Girls by Nathalia Holt, a biologist and science writer. The "rocket girls" worked outside of the home when only 20 percent of women did so.

## Quotes

"Men back then always thought they knew more than you did," Ling remembers. "So if you hire them under you, they're uncomfortable, you're uncomfortable. So I just hired women just out of college. I thought that if you didn't give them a chance, they'll never get a chance."