OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Georgi Nadjakov

Georgi Nadjakov (also spelled Georgi Nadzhakov or Nadjakov; Georges Nadjakoff) (Bulgarian: Георги Наджаков) (26 December 1896 – 24 February 1981) was a Bulgarian physicist. He was a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1940) in Germany, member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1945) and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1958).
Sofia University sent him to specialize in the laboratories of Paul Langevin and Marie Curie in Paris, where he investigated photoelectricity for one year.
Georgi Nadjakov experimentally investigated photoconducting properties of sulphur. He prepared the permanent photoelectret state of matter for the first time and published his paper in 1937 and 1938. He called the electret discovered by Mototaro Eguchi in 1919, thermoelectret and the electret discovered by him in 1937, photoelectret.
Photoelectrets were the most notable achievement of Georgi Nadjakov. Its practical application led to the invention of the photocopier by Chester Carlson some years later.
Since 1958 Nadjakov had been a member of the Pugwash Movement of Scientists for Peace.

## Honours

* Nadjakov Glacier on Graham Land in Antarctica is named after Georgi Nadjakov.
* Institute of Solid State Physics is since 1982 known as Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics. Its predecessor was founded by Georgi Nadjakov in 1946.
* The study of Georgy Nadjakov is a Historic Site of the European Physical Society since 23 May 2014.
# Hope of Korea

Hope of Korea (Korean: 한국의희망; Hanja: 韓國의希望; RR: hangukuihimang, HoK) was a political party in South Korea. The Party focused on scientific politics, technocracy, and pragmatism.
The party was established by Parliamentarian Yang Hyang-ja on 28 July 2023. On July 15, 2021, Yang was expelled from the Democratic Party for her handling of sexual misconduct in her office. A female employee of Yang's regional office in Gwangju complained of sexual harassment by Yang's cousin, who also worked there. Yang then inflicted second punishment by gaslighting the victim, ignoring the complaints, and denying the situation in interviews.
The Party was expected to run in the 2024 South Korean legislative election.
As of 20 July 2023, the Party still needed to complete the requirements to become a legal party under the rules of the National Elections Commission.
The Party was officially registered to the National Election Commission with 1 member of parliament on 28 August 2023.
On 24 January 2024, Yang merged her Party into Lee Jun-seok's newly created New Reform Party ahead of the April 10 parliamentary election.

## Logo controversy

Hope of Korea's authentication as a political party was stalled in July 2023 due to a complaint about the party's logo. The minor Open Democratic Party expressed displeasure and filed a complaint to the National Elections Commissions after claiming that Hope of Korea was using a logo too similar to the Open Democratic Party's logo. In response to the statement, Yang Hyang-ja's office refuted the opinion of the Open Democratic Party, saying that the shape of the door is common in design, and the key is the person crossing through the door.
The Party officially completed all requirements and was registered on 28 August 2023.
# Stelios Papathemelis

Stelios Papathemelis (Greek: Στέλιος Παπαθεμελής) (born January, 1938 in Thessaloniki) is a Greek politician and lawyer. He studied law at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

## Political career

He was elected for the first time MP with EK-ND in the elections of 1974. He was re-elected with EDIK in 1977. Afterwards, he joined PASOK and was appointed Deputy Education Minister in 1982-1985, Minister for Macedonia and Thrace in 1987-1989 and Minister for Public Order in 1993-1995. During his term as Minister of Public Order, he faced strong opposition, mainly by the owners of the night clubs and bars, for a 2am curfew he imposed on clubs and bars. His decisions were seen as trying to control nightlife and as being contrary to the Greek spirit of leisure.
He later left PASOK and was elected as an independent MP on the New Democracy list for Thessaloniki in the 2004 elections.
Though he started his political career in a liberal party and was later in a socialdemocratic one, he is now considered a left-wing nationalist and "traditional centrist patriot". He has a privileged relationship with the Church of Greece.

## Party leader

In March, 2007 he announced the foundation of a new political party, Democratic Revival. In the general elections of September 2007, Democratic Revival performed dismally, tallying 0.8% of the national vote and failed to get parliamentary representation. In May 2009 he formed the Panhellenic Macedonian Front coalition with professor Kostas Zouraris to run in the June 2009 European Parliamentary elections. The party included Greek Macedonian diaspora organisations.
# Tonda Wildlife Management Area

The Tonda Wildlife Management Area is a wetland of international importance and the largest protected area in Papua New Guinea. It is located in the south-western corner of the Western Province and is contiguous with Wasur National Park of Indonesia. It forms part of the Trans Fly savanna and grasslands ecoregion.

## Vegetation and fauna

The terrain is flat, generally less than 45 metres above sea level. It includes tidal river reaches, mangrove areas, swamps, grassland, savanna woodlands and patches of monsoon forest. Most trees are of the genus Acacia and Melaleuca while common grasses are Phragmite and Pseudoraphis.
It is an important wetland for over 250 species of resident and migratory waterbirds. Most of the World's population of little curlew stage on the plains during migration. The area also provides habitat for birds-of-paradise and brolga.
Fifty-six species of fish have been recorded. Fifty mammals are known to occur in the area, including a number not found elsewhere in New Guinea, such as the spectacled hare-wallaby, false water-rat, bronze quoll and chestnut dunnart. Reptiles include saltwater crocodile and New Guinea crocodile.

## Traditional landowners

The land is under customary ownership. About 1,500 subsistence gardeners and hunters live in the area in 12 villages. The western part of Tonda covers land of the Kanum peoples.

## Conservation

Tonda Wildlife Management Area (WMA) was established in 1975. The WMA Rules restrict hunting by non-customary land owners. In 1993 it was listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. In 1995 a Tri-National Wetlands Program was initiated by WWF between Tonda WMA, Wasur NP, and the Australian Kakadu National Park, which led to a Memorandum of Understanding between the three government conservation agencies in 2002. In 2006 it was proposed as a World Heritage Site, as part of the larger Trans-Fly Complex.

## Cross-border issues

The WMA is the subject of poaching by people from neighbouring Papua Province, Indonesia. Local people also harvest and sell a number of wildlife resources to merchants on the other side of the border, including deer meat and antlers, candlenut, the plastra of freshwater turtles, shark fins, saratoga (Scleropages jardinii) fingerlings and the dried swim bladders of certain fish.
# Springville, Mississippi

Springville is an unincorporated community in Pontotoc County, Mississippi.
Springville is located on Mississippi Highway 9 approximately 6.9 miles (11.1 km) west of Pontotoc and approximately 24.7 miles (39.8 km) northeast of Bruce. It is part of the Tupelo Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The community was first settled in 1867.
A post office operated under the name Springville from 1908 to 1956.
# Auxiliary electrode

In electrochemistry, the auxiliary electrode, often also called the counter electrode, is an electrode used in a three-electrode electrochemical cell for voltammetric analysis or other reactions in which an electric current is expected to flow. The auxiliary electrode is distinct from the reference electrode, which establishes the electrical potential against which other potentials may be measured, and the working electrode, at which the cell reaction takes place.
In a two-electrode system, either a known current or potential is applied between the working and auxiliary electrodes and the other variable may be measured. The auxiliary electrode functions as a cathode whenever the working electrode is operating as an anode and vice versa. The auxiliary electrode often has a surface area much larger than that of the working electrode to ensure that the half-reaction occurring at the auxiliary electrode can occur fast enough so as not to limit the process at the working electrode.
When a three-electrode cell is used to perform electroanalytical chemistry, the auxiliary electrode, along with the working electrode, provides a circuit over which current is either applied or measured. Here, the potential of the auxiliary electrode is usually not measured and is adjusted so as to balance the reaction occurring at the working electrode. This configuration allows the potential of the working electrode to be measured against a known reference electrode without compromising the stability of that reference electrode by passing current over it.
The auxiliary electrode may be isolated from the working electrode using a glass frit. Such isolation prevents any byproducts generated at the auxiliary electrode from contaminating the main test solution: for example, if a reduction is being performed at the working electrode in aqueous solution, oxygen may be evolved from the auxiliary electrode. Such isolation is crucial during the bulk electrolysis of a species which exhibits reversible redox behavior.
Auxiliary electrodes are often fabricated from electrochemically active materials such as gold, platinum, or carbon, with a much higher surface area than the working electrode.
# Phyllonorycter tauricus

Phyllonorycter tauricus is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Turkey.
The larvae feed on Ostrya carpinifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century

Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century (Spanish: Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI) is a 2018 documentary film directed by Gustavo Tovar-Arroyo [es]. The film is an analysis of the causes, social, political and economic that caused the rise of Hugo Chávez as president of Venezuela; his abuse of power and the response of civil society, including the student movement; his political fall as well as the secrecy that surrounded his illness and the succession of Nicolás Maduro.

## Reception

The documentary film was awarded as the best documentary in the New York International Films Infest Festival.
In 2019, after a campaign in media outlets and social media by progovernment movements, the pro-government Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela, through a Caracas court, ordered the ban of the screening of the documentary at the Simón Bolívar University (USB) specifically, as well as at public universities and other public spaces in general, in response to the request of a prosecutor investigating it as an alleged hate crime or as inciting hate crimes, established in the Law against Hatred approved by the Constituent Assembly. The USB Teachers' Association responded by saying: "The regime's tribunal is a pretender and silences the freedom of speech once more in Venezuela. USB academics are affected because the university is forced to stop a screening. We expect domestic and international support." Tovar-Arroyo described the ban of his documentary as a "success without precedent", because now students would want to watch the documentary more.
# Puydarrieux

Puydarrieux (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Poidarrius) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
# Viven

Viven (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vivent) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
# Treznea

Treznea (Hungarian: Ördögkút, lit. "The Devil's Fountain"; German: Teufelsbrunnen) is a commune in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bozna (Szentpéterfalva) and Treznea. These were part of Agrij Commune until 1995, when they were split off to form a separate commune.

## Geography

The commune is situated in the foothills of the Meseș Mountains, at an altitude of 304 m (997 ft), on the banks of the river Treznea. It is located in the central-south part of Sălaj County, at a distance of 14 km (8.7 mi) from the county seat, Zalău.
Treznea is crossed by county road DJ108R, which starts in Agrij and ends in a few miles in DN1F [ro] (part of European route E81), a road which connects Cluj-Napoca to Zalău, and continues to the Hungarian border near Carei.

## History

The commune is the site of the Treznea massacre, which occurred on September 9, 1940, during the handing over of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary, pursuant to the Second Vienna Award. The massacre, in which 87 ethnic Romanians and 6 Jews were killed, was perpretated by Hungarian Army troops with aid from some locals. A monument in memory of the victims was built in 1984 in the center of the village, and a common grave was set up in the local cemetery.

## Population

At the 2002 census, Treznea had a population of 1,033, of which 94.09% were Romanians, 5.72% Roma, and 0.19% Hungarians. At the 2011 census, there were 947 inhabitants; of those, 88.17% were Romanians and 8.45% Roma. At the 2021 census, the population reached 1,013, with 94.18% being Romanians.

## Natives

* Ioan Pușcaș (1932 – 2015), gastroenterologist

## Sights

* Wooden Church in Bozna, built in the 18th century, historic monument
* Bay Castle in Treznea, built in the 19th century, historic monument
# Dhoby Ghaut, Penang

Dhoby Ghaut is located within the city of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. It also known as Vannan Thora Tedal ('laundry district') among the local Indian community.

## Location

Dhobby Ghaut is located between Jalan Air Hitam and York Road. It lies at the confluence of Sungai Air Itam and Sungai Air Terjun, from where Sungai Pinang emerges. A few laundries still operate there. Many people who live there work in the traditional Indian laundry service providers who have been operating there generations after generations.

## Etymology

Dhoby Ghaut or Dhobī Ghāṭ (Hindi: धोबी घाट, Punjabi: ਧੋਬੀ ਘਾਟ, Tamil: தோபி காட்) literally means "washing place" in Hindi, from dhobī "washerman" or one that does laundry, and ghāṭ, generically meaning a large open space.

## Temples

This place hosts two Hindu temples, Naduthurai Sri Devi Karumariamman and Sri Rama Temple. These temples were built by dhobies.
# Champion Russell

Champion Branfill Russell (April 1860 – 8 September 1945), was an English tennis player in the later half of the 19th century. In the most notable tournaments of the time he reached the second round of the 1881 Wimbledon Championships, and in 1883 was a finalist at the Northern Championships. He was active from 1880 to 1888 and he contested 5 career finals won 2 titles.

## Career

Champion played his first tournament at the Essex County Cricket Club Tournament at Leyton, Essex in 1880. The same year he then reached his first event final at the Leicester Lawn Tennis Club Tournament, in Leicester where he lost to Stuart Macrae. In June 1881 he won his first title at the Victoria Park Lawn Tennis Tournament at Exeter against Spencer Cox. In July 1881 he took part in the Wimbledon Championships where he reached the second round before losing to HC Jenkins.
In the late summer of 1881 he won his second and final title at the Teignmouth Open in Teignmouth defeating Charles John Cole.
In the autumn of 1881 he reached the final of the Sussex County Lawn Tennis Tournament that was played on outdoor asphalt courts at Brighton and Hove Rink, Brighton where he was beaten by Michael Gallwey McNamara. In 1883 at his second major tournament at the Northern Championships he defeated two time Wimbledon champion John Hartley in the semi-finals, before losing to Herbert Wilberforce in the final in four sets. In 1888 he played his last tournament at the Essex Championships at Chingford where he lost in the quarter-finals to FOS Reade.

## Personal

Champion B. Russell was born in North Ockendon, Essex, in April 1860 to Lt Col Champion Edward Branfill Russell and Emily Augusta Way. He was landowner and gentleman farmer by profession. Champion Branfill Russell married Isabel Ellen Bruce and had 6 children. He died on 8 September 1945 in Romford, Essex, England.
# Artyomovsky District

Artyomovsky District (Russian: Артёмовский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Artyomovsky Urban Okrug. Its administrative center is the town of Artyomovsky. Population (excluding the administrative center): 27,017 (2010 Census); 28,168 (2002 Census); 33,929 (1989 Soviet census).
# Sagua de Tánamo

Sagua de Tánamo (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality and town in the Holguín Province of Cuba.

## Overview

The Sierra Cristal National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra Cristal) is partly located in the Sagua de Tánamo municipality and partly in neighboring Mayarí.
The municipality is divided into the barrios of Barrederas, Bazán, Cananovas, Catalina, Esterón, Juan Díaz, Miguel, Pueblo, Sitio and Zabala. Carpintero, la Rosa, Rio Grande, La Guira, Naranjo.

## Demographics

In 2022, the municipality of Sagua de Tánamo had a population of 44,872. With a total area of 704 km$^2$ (272 sq mi), it has a population density of 64/km$^2$ (170/sq mi).
# Rafram II

Rafram (II) (Hebrew: רפרם, read as Rafram) was Babylonian rabbi, of the seventh generation of amoraim.
He was a disciple of Rav Ashi and a colleague of Ravina II. He succeeded R. Geviha as head of the Academy of Pumbedita. He headed the Pumbedita academy for ten years until his death on 443.
# Copae

Copae or Kopai (Ancient Greek: Κῶπαι), or Copia or Copiae, was an ancient Greek city (polis) in Boeotia, on the northern shore of Lake Copais, which derived its name from this town. Copae was part of Thersander's kingdom and is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. It was a member of the Boeotian League. It was still in existence in the time of Pausanias, who mentions here the temples of Demeter, Dionysus and Sarapis.
Its site is located near the village of Kastro, formerly Topolia.
# Palisse

Palisse (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Paliça) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.

## Geography

The Triouzoune flows south-southeast through the eastern part of the commune. The Vianon flows south through the middle of the commune. The Luzège forms part of the commune's western boundary.
# Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm

Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sent Estève de l'Ome) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
# Venyov

Venyov (Russian: Венёв) is a town and the administrative center of Venyovsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the Venyovka River, 52 kilometers (32 mi) east of Tula, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 15,224 (2010 Census); 16,167 (2002 Census); 13,243 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

It was founded in the 12th century approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) from its present location. It was granted town status in 1777. During the Battle of Moscow in 1941, the town fell to the 2nd Panzer Group under Heinz Guderian on 24 November 1941. The short German occupation lasted until 9 December 1941, when Venyov was liberated by troops of the Western Front of the Red Army.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Venyov serves as the administrative center of Venyovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Venyovsky District as Venyov Town Under District Jurisdiction. As a municipal division, Venyov Town Under District Jurisdiction is incorporated within Venyovsky Municipal District as Venyov Urban Settlement.
# George Yeh

George Kung-chao Yeh (1904–1981), also known as Yeh Kung-chao, was a diplomat and politician of the Republic of China. Educated in the U.S. and the U.K., he graduated from Amherst College in 1925 and later Cambridge University. He taught English literature at Beijing's Tsinghua University, where his students included renowned 20th century Chinese writer Ch'ien Chung-shu. He was the first Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1949.
On February 6, 1950, the ROC air force bombed Shanghai, causing extensive damage to American-owned property in the city including the Shanghai power company.$^{:125}$ The American government responded by sending a diplomatic protest to the Nationalist Ministry of Foreign Affairs.$^{:125}$ Yeh defended the bombing to American diplomats and stated that the ROC would provide early warning before such attacks in the future.$^{:125}$ The United States rejected the proposed arrangement and the American chargé d'affaires warned Yeh that serious difficulties would arise if such things continued.$^{:125}$
During his tenure, he signed the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty in 1952 and the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in 1954. He was ambassador to the United States from 1958 to 1961. In 1961, due to the admission of Mongolia to the United Nations, Yeh was removed from the position of ambassador and recalled to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek. He then served as Minister without Portfolio.
# Winter Holidays

Winter Holidays (Italian: Vacanze d'inverno) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Camillo Mastrocinque and Giuliano Carnimeo (collaborating director), based on story by Oreste Biancoli. The music score is by Armando Trovajoli.

## Cast

* Alberto Sordi as Roger Moretti
* Michèle Morgan as Steffa Tardier
* Georges Marchal as Georges Tardier
* Vittorio De Sica as Maurice
* Eleonora Rossi Drago as La comtesse Paola Parioli
* Denise Provence as Marceline
* Dorian Gray as Carol Field
* Vira Silenti as Vera
* Christine Kaufmann as Florence
* Geronimo Meynier as Franco
* Mario Valdemarin as Toni
* Arielle Coigney as Dina Moretti
* Renato Salvatori as Gianni
* Pierre Cressoy as Le comte Alfredo Parioli
* Ruggero Marchi as Produttore
* Enzo Turco as Magri
* Mercedes Brignone as Princess Valmarin
* Lola Braccini as Marchesa Serti
* Anna Campori as Virginia
# Padovo pri Fari

Padovo pri Fari (pronounced; in older sources also Padova, German: Padua) is a small settlement in the hills above the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Padovo to Padovo pri Fari in 1953. In the past the German name was Padua.
# The Crooked Timber of New India

The Crooked Timber of New India: Essays on a Republic in Crisis is a book by Parakala Prabhakar which was published on May 5, 2023 by Speaking Tiger Books.

## Critical reception

Pulapre Balakrishnan of The Hindu wrote "Parakala Prabhakar’s book on the state of democracy in India is useful but ignores some pointers", Avijit Pathak of The Tribune wrote "I have no hesitation in saying that this book ought to be read by all those who dare to speak truth to power.". The book is also reviewed by Bibek Debroy of The Telegraph and Safwat Zargar of Scroll.in.