OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hassaku

Hassaku (Japanese: 八朔), Citrus × hassaku, is a Japanese citrus hybrid between pomelo and mandarin, with pomelo-like characteristics. The original plant was discovered near the Jyoudo temple in Inno-shima, Hiroshima prefecture, Japan.

## Origin

Hassaku is probably a natural pomelo × mandarin hybrid, with pomelo-like characteristics. It was discovered at the Jyoudo temple in Inno-shima (now part of Onomichi), Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan by Ekei Shounin in the Edo period. In 1860, it was noted and named "jagada", later changed to hassaku (Japanese: 八朔), referring to the first day of August of the old Japanese lunar calendar, when the fruit ripened on the tree. According to Cécile Didierjean, who offered hassaku as an offering to the Shinto god Kôjin in Ōmi in March as a seasonal fruit. Hassaku was not propagated and planted commercially until about 1925.
The allele sharing test performed by Tokurou Shimizu et al. (2016) gives its progenitors: pomelo (C. maxima) and the Kunenbo mandarin (Citrus nobilis). The same results show that various citrus fruits are hybrids of hassaku (May pomelo and Yellow pummelo, with Hirado buntan pollinator, Summer Fresh with natsudaidai pollinator, Sweet Spring pollination of a satsuma).

## Description

Hassaku tree is vigorous, upright, virtually thornless. The leaves are broad and pummelo-like, but petiole wings are narrower, approaching sweet orange.
Hassaku fruit is medium to large (9-10 cm in diameter) and slightly oblate; seedy and monoembryonic. The skin color is orange-yellow; moderately thick; slightly grainy. The segments are numerous; the axis is broad and semi-hollow at maturity. The flesh color is light yellow. It is not very juicy but flavor is good. The fruit matures early in midseason, stores only moderately well.

## Cultivation

In 1964, it was reported that hassaku cultivation in Japan exceeded 2,500 acres, mostly in the Hiroshima prefecture of its origin. However, during the 1960's, hassaku has been increasingly planted elsewhere.
Today, most hassaku is produced in Wakayama Prefecture, representing about 60% of the Japanese output.
Several populations of the trees were infested with Citrus tristeza virus which caused stunted growth and destroyed the harvest after 15-20 years.

## Use

An extraction from the young fruits have been used medically in skin care treatments for patients with atopic dermatitis.

## Others

Hassa-kun is a local mascot character which represents Inno-shima in Hiroshima prefecture to enhance image and promote tourism.
# Metabolic Theory of Cancer

The metabolic theory of cancer suggests that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease, meaning it arises from changes in cellular metabolism rather than solely from genetic mutations, which is the basis of the traditional genetic theory of cancer. This theory is grounded in the observation that cancer cells have unique metabolic needs and behaviors, especially related to how they produce energy.

## Key Principles of the Metabolic Theory of Cancer
### Warburg Effect:

In the 1920s, Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells prefer to generate energy through aerobic glycolysis, a process of breaking down glucose into lactate, even when oxygen is plentiful. This is different from normal cells, which use oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen for more efficient energy production.
The Warburg Effect indicates that cancer cells rely heavily on glucose (sugar) for energy, which has implications for dietary and therapeutic approaches.

### Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Proponents of the metabolic theory argue that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in cancer. Mitochondria are the cell’s energy factories and play a role in regulating cell death (apoptosis).
When mitochondria are damaged or function abnormally, cells may not undergo proper apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

### Metabolic Flexibility and Glutamine Dependence:

Cancer cells often rely on glutamine as an alternative energy source and as a building block for growth, especially when glucose is limited.
This metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to adapt and thrive in diverse environments, making them more resistant to standard treatments like chemotherapy.

## Therapeutic Implications

Dietary Approaches: Low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets are suggested as potentially helpful because they limit glucose availability to cancer cells, thereby "starving" them. These diets force the body to produce ketones, which cancer cells cannot easily use.
Targeting Metabolism in Treatment: Drugs that disrupt cancer cells' metabolic processes, particularly those targeting glucose or glutamine metabolism, are being explored as cancer treatments.

## Controversy and Research

The metabolic theory is still under investigation and remains somewhat controversial. While there is evidence supporting the role of altered metabolism in cancer, the genetic mutation model also has significant support. Many researchers are now examining cancer as a complex interplay of genetic mutations and metabolic dysregulation, rather than a purely genetic or purely metabolic disease.
# Asparrena

Asparrena (Spanish: Aspárrena, meaning 'down the rock') is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The municipality comprises various population nuclei, the main one being the town of Araia.
# Bogenšperk, Šmartno pri Litiji

Bogenšperk (pronounced; German: Wagensberg) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. The settlement was formally created in 1995, when the settlement of Dvor pri Bogenšperku was split into two new settlements: Dvor and Bogenšperk.
It is best known as the location of Bogenšperk Castle.
# Yemen Post

Yemen Postal Authority (Arabic: البريد اليمني, lit. 'Yemeni Post') is the national postal authority of Yemen. It has the sole privilege of providing domestic and international postal services such as letter post, parcel post, money orders, postal banking, EMS, fax, philately etc. The Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies supervises Yemen Post's activities.
# Komatsubara

Komatsubara (Japanese: 小松原, small pine field) is a Japanese surname.
Notable people with this surname include:
* Kazuo Komatsubara (一男 or 一夫, 1943–2000), Japanese animator
* Manabu Komatsubara (学, born 1981), Japanese footballer
* Michitarō Komatsubara (道太郎, 1885–1940), Japanese general
* Misato Komatsubara (美里, born 1992), Japanese ice dancer
* Mitsugu Komatsubara (貢 or 女貢, born 1953), Japanese reporter and amateur astronomer
** 9103 Komatsubara, main-belt asteroid named after Mitsugu Komatsubara
* Mitsuo Komatsubara (三夫, 1920–2013), Japanese golfer
* Shigeru Komatsubara (茂, born 1949), Japanese cinematographer
# Novosedlice

Novosedlice (German: Weißkirchlitz) is a municipality and village in Teplice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,200 inhabitants. It is urbanistically fused with the city of Teplice.

## Etymology

The name is derived from nové sedlo, meaning 'new village' in old Czech.

## Geography

Novosedlice is located about 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Ústí nad Labem. The municipality is located north of Teplice and is urbanistically fused with this city. It lies in the Most Basin. The highest point is at 293 m (961 ft) above sea level.The Bystřice Stream flows along the northern municipal border.

## History

The first written mention of Novosedlice is from 1126.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 363 | — |
| 1880 | 585 | +61.2% |
| 1890 | 1,249 | +113.5% |
| 1900 | 3,307 | +164.8% |
| 1910 | 4,842 | +46.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 4,642 | −4.1% |
| 1930 | 4,556 | −1.9% |
| 1950 | 3,076 | −32.5% |
| 1961 | 3,191 | +3.7% |
| 1970 | 2,716 | −14.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 2,491 | −8.3% |
| 1991 | 1,986 | −20.3% |
| 2001 | 2,154 | +8.5% |
| 2011 | 2,215 | +2.8% |
| 2021 | 2,054 | −7.3% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Novosedlice is located on the railway line Děčín–Jeníkov-Oldřichov, but traffic is limited. From March to November, a historic train ČSD Class M 152.0 runs on it on weekends and holidays.

## Sights

The main landmark of Novosedlice is the Church of Saint Valentine. It was originally built in the Gothic style in the 14th century, before 1384. In 1710–1711, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style. It is a pilgrimage site.

## Notable people

* Gustav Münzberger (1903–1977), German Nazi war criminal
# HMNZS Canterbury

Two ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy have been named HMNZS Canterbury after the Canterbury region of New Zealand:
* HMNZS Canterbury (F421), was a Leander-class frigate that served from 1971 to 2005, and was sunk as a dive wreck in 2007.
* HMNZS Canterbury (L421), a sealift ship commissioned in 2007.
# Vladimir Mironenko

Uladzimir Ivanavich Mironenka (Belarusian: Уладзімір Іванавіч Міроненка; born 9 February 1942, Bych, Homel region, Belarus) is a Belarusian mathematician.

## Biography

In 1964 Uladzimir Ivanavich graduated from Mogilev State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. In 1970 he defended his PhD thesis on the topic "Embeddable Systems". In 1975 approved in the rank of associate professor and in 1992 in the rank of professor.
Professor Mironenka has introduced in the theory of the differential equations motions of φ-solution, embeddable system and reflecting function. He applied these concepts to study of the existence of periodic solutions and solutions boundary value problems of differential systems, and to study of stability of these solutions.
# Urticina

Urticina is a genus of relatively large and often colorful sea anemones in the family Actiniidae from the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

## Species

The following species are listed in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS):
* Urticina asiatica (Averincev, 1967)
* Urticina clandestina Sanamyan N., Sanamyan K. & McDaniel, 2013
* Urticina coccinea (Verrill, 1866)
* Urticina columbiana Verrill, 1922 – crusty red anemone, columbia sand anemone, sand anemone, and sand-rose anemone
* Urticina coriacea (Cuvier, 1798) – red beaded anemone
* Urticina crassicornis (Müller, 1776) – Christmas anemone
* Urticina eques (Gosse, 1858) – white-spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone
* Urticina fecunda (Verill, 1899)
* Urticina felina (Linnaeus, 1761) – northern red anemone
* Urticina grebelnyi Sanamyan, N.P. & Sanamyan, K.E., 2006
* Urticina macloviana (Lesson, 1830)
* Urticina mcpeaki Hauswaldt & Pearson, 1999
* Urticina piscivora (Sebens & Laakso, 1978) – fish-eating anemone and fish-eating urticina
* Urticina timuri Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2020
* Urticina tuberculata Cocks, 1850
# Eighteen Year Olds

Eighteen Year Olds (Italian: Le diciottenni) is a 1955 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Marisa Allasio.

## Cast

* Marisa Allasio as Anna Campolmi
* Virna Lisi as Maria Rovani
* Anthony Steffen as the physics teacher (as Antonio De Teffè)
* Margherita Bagni as the headmistress
* Ave Ninchi as miss Mattei
* Adriana Benetti as the music teacher
* Luisella Boni as Luisa
* Pietro De Vico as Campanelli
* Enzo Garinei as Stalliere
* Ivo Garrani as Il medico
* Rina Morelli as madre di Maria
* Ave Ninchi as Signorina Mattei
* Luigi Pavese as professore di greco
* Nora Ricci as assistante del collegio
* Virgilio Riento as il portiere del collegio
# Madranges

Madranges (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Madranjas) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

## Geography
### Location

A commune of the Massif Central situated on the Plateau de Millevaches in the Regional Nature Park of Millevaches in Limousin. It is watered by the streams of the Boulou and the Madrange, two tributaries of the Vézère river.

### Neighbouring municipalities

vtePlaces adjacent to Madranges :
Affieux
Veix
Le Lonzac
Madranges
Saint-Augustin
Chamboulive
Beaumont :
# Cigarral

Cigarral refers to recreational estates or mansions on the south bank of the Tagus river as it passes by the city of Toledo, Spain, with a main building intended for recreational housing, a secondary building for the grounskeepers (cigarraleros) and, most important and characteristic, large grounds of a minimum of 7000 m$^2$. Until the mid-20th century areas of around 20,000 m$^2$ were common.

## Etymology

The origin of the word cigarral is unknown. The most commonly believed etymology is that it comes from the seasonal presence of cicadas (Spanish: cigarras) in the summer months, when these residences were primarily occupied. Other versions relate it to the conjunction of two Arabic words that refer to recreational houses.

## History

Cigarrales are believed to have originated in the middle of the 15th century. Once the clashes between the Arab and Christian kingdoms subsided, important church leaders began to buy land on the Tagus river's southern shore, and spend the summer on these farms. By the middle of the 17th century, the lands of the cigarrales were devoted to fruit trees.
Their use as second residences for the Toledan bourgeoisie continued until the mid-20th century, when they began to subdivided into smaller properties, as the large areas were not profitable and the maintenance costs of these farms were high.
In 1994, the PECHT (Plan Especial del Casco Histórico, Special Plan of the Historic District), the urban planning regulations of the Toledo and the Tagus area, entered into force. Due to the PECHT, it became more difficult to subdivide large cigarrales, and a gradual change of use of the area began. It lost its residential character, as hotels and restaurants began to take over the cigarrales.
In 2006, in the face of the great deterioration of the cigarrales area due to the transformation of use, the first advance of the Special Cigarrales Plan was presented, a document proposed by PECHT to organize the urbanization of the cigarrales.

## Cigarrales in literature

One of the chapters of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes takes place in the cigarrales area, as the protagonist passes through Toledo.
Spanish dramatist Tirso de Molina's first published work, in 1621, was titled Los Cigarrales de Toledo.
Galdós, a great lover of Toledo and the cigarrales, showed them to his friend Gregorio Marañón.
# Banu Ghifar

The Banu Ghifar (Arabic: بنو غفار, romanized: Banū Ghifār) was an Arab tribe that belonged to the Banu Damra ibn Bakr, a branch of the large Kinana tribe in the Hejaz region of Arabia. They were sometimes derided as brigands and robbers by other Arabs in the region. The formerly-polytheistic tribe converted to Islam in the time of Muhammad, with Abu Dhar al-Ghifari being among the first of the Banu Ghifar to convert. The Banu Ghifar had at least two sub-clans, the Banu al-Nar and Banu Huraq, who lived near the city of Medina. The tribe joined the early Islamic conquests after their conversion, and some of them moved into Medina itself in later years. A number of the Banu Ghifar supported the rebellion of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya against the Abbasid caliphate.
# 13 East Street

13 East Street is a 1952 British second feature ('B') crime thriller film directed by Robert S. Baker and starring Patrick Holt, Sandra Dorne and Sonia Holm. It was written by John Gilling, Carl Nystrom and Baker and produced by Tempean Films.

## Plot

In order to break up a gang trading in stolen goods, a Scotland Yard detective assumes the identity of a criminal and goes undercover. He robs a jewellery shop and is sentenced to prison so that he can gain the confidence of the gang's leaders and infiltrate their organisation.

## Cast

* Patrick Holt as Insp. Gerald Blake
* Sandra Dorne as Judy
* Sonia Holm as Joan Blake
* Robert Ayres as Larry Conn
* Dora Bryan as Valerie
* Michael Balfour as Joey Long
* Hector MacGregor as Supt. Duncan
* Michael Brennan as George Mack
* Alan Judd as Sgt. Follett
* Michael Ward as barman
* Alan Gordon as Murray
* Harry Towb as Ray
* Frank Forsyth as prison officer
* Edward Evans as van driver
* Charles Paton as jeweller
* Barry MacGregor as boy with football
* Andreas Malandrinos as cafe owner

## Production

The film was shot at Twickenham Studios with some location shooting around London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Andrew Mazzei.

## Reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "A definite, and quite successful, attempt has been made to emulate the undercover man tradition of the F.B.I. Substitute a London location for any such American film, and you surely arrive at 13 East Street. Conventionally, but adequately, plotted and executed."
Kine Weekly wrote: "The picture has one or two loose ends and a few careless technical faults, but otherwise it's spirited and exciting pulp fiction. The principal players set a good pace and there is just enough sex to colour its rugged, if familiar, rough stuff."
Picture Show wrote: "There is plenty of action, it is agreeably acted and authentic London backgrounds lend interest."
Picturegoer wrote: "Lively and workmanlike thriller, with well-sustained tension and plenty of suspense. ... In a fast-moving climax, a chase over rooftops is particularly exciting. Backgrounds and characterizations are right in key, while competent acting makes the best of the tale. ... Modest, but satisfying."
In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Conventional crime 'B' with good chase climax."
# Orhan Arda

Orhan Arda (19 May 1911 - 4 July 2003) was a Turkish architect and academic. He designed Anıtkabir, the mausoleum complex of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with Emin Onat.

## Life

He was born in Thessaloniki on May 19, 1911. He completed his primary and high school education in Istanbul. He graduated from the (ITU) Higher Engineer School in 1936. In 1938, he started to work as an assistant to the construction branch of the high school he graduated from. In 1939, he was entitled to be an associate professor. In 1960, he was appointed as a professor at the second building chair of the Faculty of Architecture of Istanbul Technical University.
He participated in the international competition opened for Anıtkabir on March 1, 1941, together with Emin Onat. The duo's project was awarded with the first place. He worked with Emin Onat during the implementation projects and construction process of Anıtkabir. He taught architectural project lessons with Emin Onat at the university until 1945. With the transformation of the Graduate School of Engineers into Istanbul Technical University, he received the title of associate professor in the field of building knowledge. From this date until November 10, 1953 (Atatürk's funeral to Anıtkabir), while carrying out his academic and office studies, he also participated in the construction site works of Anıtkabir with the permission of his duty at the university.
In 1960, he was appointed as a building knowledge professor at the Faculty of Architecture of ITU. After a while, he was brought to the presidency of the same podium. He worked as a professor at the chair of environmental analysis and industrialized building design at ITU Faculty of Architecture. He retired from his position at the university in 1978. Professor Orhan Arda, a member of the Chamber of Architects numbered 828, died on July 4, 2003. After the ceremony held at the Faculty of Architecture of Istanbul Technical University in Taşkışla and the funeral prayer held at Şişli Mosque, his body was buried in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.
# How We Robbed the Bank of Italy

How We Robbed the Bank of Italy (Italian: Come svaligiammo la Banca d'Italia) (a.k.a. Due uomini d'oro) is a 1966 Italian crime-comedy film directed and co-written by Lucio Fulci, and starring the comic duo Franco and Ciccio.

## Plot

Franco and Ciccio are the brothers of Paolo "The Master", a major criminal plotting to rob the Bank of Italy. The two stupid thieves steal Paolo's plane and join forces with another group of inexperienced thieves in a scheme to rob the Bank themselves, before Paolo's gang can pull off the theft.

## Cast

* Franco Franchi: Franco
* Ciccio Ingrassia: Ciccio
* Mario Pisu: Paolo the "Master"
* Fiorenzo Fiorentini: Romoletto
* Mirko Ellis: Mirko
* Solvi Stubing: Selma
* Alfredo Adami: Geremia
* Umberto D'Orsi: Inspector
* Luisa Rispoli: Paolo's Girlfriend
* Carlo Taranto: Pasquale Aniello
* Ignazio Leone: False Inspector
* Enzo Andronico: Man with nervous tic
* Ursula Janis : blonde girl at the guitar
* Kitty Swan : brunette girl at nightclub
# Waqar Hasan

Waqar Hasan Mir (Urdu: وقارحسن; 12 September 1932 – 10 February 2020) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 21 Test matches from 1952 to 1959, and the last surviving member of Pakistan's inaugural Test team. He scored 1,071 runs in Test cricket, and played in 99 first-class matches.

## Cricket career

Waqar Hasan attended Government College, Lahore, where he played for the cricket team. He toured England with the Pakistan Eaglets team of young cricketers in 1951.
An "attractive stroke-making right-handed batsman, who was ideal in a crisis", he played in Pakistan's first 18 Tests, including its first five victories. In Pakistan's first Test series, against India in 1952–53, he was the highest scorer on either side, with 357 runs at an average of 44.62, playing several defiant innings when Pakistan were in trouble. He was less successful on the 1954 tour of England, with 103 runs at 14.71, but impressed with his fielding in the covers.
He scored his only Test century against New Zealand in 1955–56 at Lahore, when he made 189 in 430 minutes, adding 309 for the seventh wicket with Imtiaz Ahmed to rescue Pakistan after they had slumped to 111 for 6. His 189 set a new record for Pakistan's highest Test score which lasted only until Ahmed (who made 209) overtook it the next day. Hasan played five more Tests without reaching 50.
He played first-class cricket in Pakistan from 1949 to 1966, with a highest score of 201 not out for L. W. Cannon's XI against Hasan Mahmood's XI in 1953–54. He captained Karachi Blues to victory in the final of the 1963–64 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy and in his last first-class match he again captained them to victory in the 1964–65 competition.
He served as a national selector several times from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was the chief selector when Pakistan beat India 3–0 at home in 1982–83.

## Personal life

Waqar Hasan's family was of Kashmiri descent. He married Jamila Razzaq, the daughter of actress Sultana Razzaq, one of the earliest film actresses from India. Jamila is also the granddaughter of India's first female film director, Fatma Begum, and the niece of Zubeida (the leading actress of India's first talkie film, Alam Ara), who was the younger sister of her mother Sultana.
In 1954 Waqar moved from Lahore to work for the Pakistan Public Works Department in Karachi as a cinema inspector. In the early 1960s he went into business. In 1970, with his partner Abdul Majeed, he took over National Laboratories, a food testing facility, and turned it into the spice-manufacturing company National Foods Limited. In 2002, with the assistance of the cricket journalist Qamar Ahmed, he wrote For Cricket and Country: An Autobiography.
Waqar died aged 87 on 10 February 2020 after suffering from illness for some years. The Pakistan Cricket Board expressed their sorrow, their chairman Ehsan Mani describing Waqar, as "not only an outstanding cricketer but a thorough gentleman who set very high standards".
# Yevgeny Korotyshkin

Yevgeny Yevgeniyevich Korotyshkin, occasionally spelled "Evgeny", (Russian: Евгений Евгеньевич Коротышкин) (born 30 April 1983) is a Russian swimmer from Moscow. He specialises in the butterfly stroke, winning the silver medal in the 100 m butterfly at the 2012 Summer Olympics.