OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dmitry Vinogradov

Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov (Russian: Дмитрий Иванович Виноградов; c. 1720 – 5 September [O.S. 25 August] 1758) was a Russian chemist who developed Russian hard-paste porcelain; he was the founder of the Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Vinogradov was born into a low-income household in Suzdal and was trained at the Slavic Greek Latin Academy where he came to know Mikhail Lomonosov. In 1736, Lomonosov, Vinogradov and a third student from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Gustav Ulrich Raiser, went abroad to study chemistry, metallurgy, and mining under Christian Wolff in Marburg, Hesse, and Johann Friedrich Henckel (Chemist) in Freiberg, Saxony. Upon his return to Russia in 1744, Vinogradov was sent to a ceramics manufactory that was established that year under the direction of Christoph Conrad Hunger, who had been induced by Empress Elizabeth to come to St Petersburg from Stockholm.
At that time hard-paste porcelain was produced only in China and Japan and in Meissen, Saxony, where a deposit of suitable kaolin had been discovered and first successfully employed in 1709 (see Meissen porcelain). Other European factories were beginning to emulate Meissen wares, but in soft-paste porcelain. The recipe for porcelain was a closely guarded secret at Meissen and the price of Meissen porcelain might exceed the price of silver of equal weight.
Hunger proved to be unable to produce porcelain from the materials at hand and was dismissed in 1748, leaving the venture in the hands of Vinogradov. Eight years Vinogradov and Mikhail Lomonosov spent developing an original Russian recipe for porcelain. In 1752, Vinogradov published a treatise advertising his success in producing the first satisfactory samples of porcelain, made of Russian raw materials, employing clay from Gzhel) mixed with finely-ground Olonets quartz and alabaster. Vinogradov trained the first Russian master craftsmen of porcelain at the factory. The first products were small wares, cups, snuffboxes and their lids, cane heads, doorknobs, knife handles and the like.
The production of large items, like plates, was going to be essential if the manufactory was to produce more than small luxuries. In December 1756 Vinogradov completed the construction of a large furnace and made a successful first firing. As a mark of its impending success the venture was renamed the Imperial Porcelain Factory. The Imperial factory's greatest period of success was to come under the direction of Prince Alexander Vyazemsky, after Vinogradov's death (in St. Petersburg in 1758). The factory exists today, once again known as the Imperial Porcelain Factory.
# PyTorch Lightning

PyTorch Lightning is an open-source Python library that provides a high-level interface for PyTorch, a popular deep learning framework. It is a lightweight and high-performance framework that organizes PyTorch code to decouple research from engineering, thus making deep learning experiments easier to read and reproduce. It is designed to create scalable deep learning models that can easily run on distributed hardware while keeping the models' hardware agnostic.
In 2019, Lightning was adopted by the NeurIPS Reproducibility Challenge as a standard for submitting PyTorch code to the conference.
In 2022, the PyTorch Lightning library officially became a part of the Lightning framework, an open-source framework managed by the original creators of PyTorch Lightning.
# Dhu Ghaithan

Dhu Ghaithan (Arabic: ذو غيثان) is a sub-district located in Qaflat Othor District, 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. Dhu Ghaithan had a population of 6455 according to the 2004 census.
# Teilhède

Teilhède (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Telheda) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
# Prassilus

Prassilus or Prassilos (Ancient Greek: Πράσσιλος), or Prasstilus or Prasstilos (Πράσστιλος), or Praxilus or Praxilos (Πράξιλος), was a town of the Chalcidice in ancient Macedonia. It belonged to the Delian League since it appears in the tribute records of Athens of 421/0 BCE, where it paid a phoros of 900 drachmas. It is cited by Stephanus of Byzantium, who places it in Macedonia.
Its site is unlocated, but was probably located in the region of Bottiaea.
# Jaswinder Singh (rower)

Jaswinder Singh (born 8 August 1997) is an Indian rower from Punjab. He was named to the Indian rowing team for the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China, where he won a silver medal in the men's eight and a bronze medal in the men's coxless four.

## Early life

Singh hails from a farmer's family in the Kalera village of Dhuri block, Sangrur, Punjab. He joined the army in 2017 as a sepoy to support his family.

## Dates of rank

| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date of rank |
| | Hawaldar | Indian Army | 1 /July/ 2023 |
| | Subedar | Indian Army | 01/ Feb/2024 |
# Choszczno County

Choszczno County (Polish: powiat choszczeński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Choszczno, which lies 62 kilometres (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Recz, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Choszczno, Pełczyce, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Choszczno, and Drawno, 24 km (15 mi) east of Choszczno.
The county covers an area of 1,327.95 square kilometres (512.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 50,066, out of which the population of Choszczno is 15,753, that of Recz is 2,995, that of Pełczyce is 2,698, that of Drawno is 2,399, and the rural population is 26,221.
The county includes the lake districts of Pojezierze Choszczeńskie, Pojezierze Myśliborskie, Pojezierze Ińskie and Równina Drawska. Within Gmina Drawno is a large forest (Puszcza Drawska) which is part of the Drawno National Park.

## Neighbouring counties

Choszczno County is bordered by Drawsko County to the north, Wałcz County to the east, Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the south, Myślibórz County to the south-west and Stargard County to the north-west.

## Administrative division

The county is subdivided into six gminas (four urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
| Gmina | Type | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2006) | Seat |
| Gmina Choszczno | urban-rural | 246.5 | 22,263 | Choszczno |
| Gmina Pełczyce | urban-rural | 200.8 | 8,100 | Pełczyce |
| Gmina Recz | urban-rural | 180.1 | 5,740 | Recz |
| Gmina Drawno | urban-rural | 321.1 | 5,340 | Drawno |
| Gmina Bierzwnik | rural | 238.9 | 4,813 | Bierzwnik |
| Gmina Krzęcin | rural | 140.5 | 3,810 | Krzęcin |

## Transport
### Railways

* in use: Szczecin Gł. - Poznań Gł. (through Choszczno and Bierzwnik).
* unused, existing: Stargard Szczeciński - Piła Główna (through Recz Pomorski) and Barlinek - Kalisz Pomorski (through Pełczyce, Lubiana Pyrzycka, Choszczno and Drawno).
* unused, non-existing: Lubiana Pyrzycka - Strzelce Krajeńskie.

### Roads

* national grade: 10: Lubieszyn - Płońsk (through Recz).
* voivodship grade: 151: Recz - Świdwin, 155: Recz - Gorzów Wielkopolski (through Choszczno and Pełczyce), 160: Suchań - Miedzichowo (through Choszczno and Bierzwnik), 161: Choszczno - Kalisz Pomorski (through Drawno), 122: Piasecznik - Krajnik Dolny.
# Demetrios Chloros

Demetrios Chloros (Greek: Δημήτριος Χλωρός) was a 14th-century Byzantine physician, astrologer, priest and sorcerer who was tried for possessing magic books.
Chloros was a protonotarios, or secretary of the patriarch, and former kanstresios, supervisor of offerings. He was put on trial by the patriarchate of Constantinople because he had transcribed texts with content pertaining to magical practices, including the Coeranis, a portion or all of the Cyranides, and a notebook of invocations and spells he had compiled himself, suggesting he had access to various grimoires. Chloros defended the texts on the basis of their medical value. Other physicians who were witnesses against him called Chloros a disgrace to the art of medicine and said he insulted Hippocrates and Galen by regarding them as magicians. Chloros was subsequently sentenced to live as a monk under surveillance in the monastery of the Peribleptos.
Chloros is known to have vacillated between Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The synodal decree that condemned him gives equal weight to recounting his ecclesiastic career and his movements between Constantinople and the papal court. Since other churchmen advertised themselves as knowledgeable occult practitioners, the mere possession of magic texts is not likely to have been the true or primary cause of action against him.
Evidence in a later case against a physician named Gabrielopoulos included the discovery at his home of a book of spells by Chloros and the Cyranides. Chloros's notebook was said to be "filled with all manner of impiety including incantations, chants, and names of demons."

## Selected bibliography

* Copenhaver, Brian P. "Magic." In The Cambridge History of Science. Cambridge University Press, 2006, vol. 3, limited preview online. Full text downloadable.
* Greenfield, Richard P.H. "A Contribution to the Study of Paleologan Magic." p. 151, full text downloadable. Also published in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium (La Pomme d'or, 2006), limited preview online.
* Mavroudi, Maria. "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium: Considerations for Future Research." University of California, Berkeley. Full text downloadable. Also published in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium (La Pomme d'or, 2006).
# Juzes

Juzes (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Jusas) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# National Federation of Paper and Pulp Industry Workers' Unions

The National Federation of Paper and Pulp Industry Workers' Unions (Japanese: 全国紙パルプ産業労働組合連合会, Kamiparoren) was a trade union representing workers in the paper making industry in Japan.
The union was established in 1947 and was a founding affiliate of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan. By 1967, it had 61,528 members. In 1988, it merged with the National Council of Paper and Pulp Workers' Unions, the General Federation of Paper and Pulp Processing Workers' Unions, and the Paper and Pulp Industry Workers Unions Consultative Council, to form the Japanese Federation of Pulp and Paper Workers' Unions.
# Oana Pantelimon

Oana Manuela Pantelimon, née Musunoiu (born 27 September 1972 in Tecuci) is a Romanian high jumper.
At the 2000 Olympic Games Pantelimon ended in third place, tied with Kajsa Bergqvist of Sweden. As the two athletes had an identical jumping record, with perfect attempts up to 1.99 where both had one foul, they shared the bronze medal. Pantelimon, who had no international honors before this competition, even jumped a personal best of 1.99 metres, improving her old mark by 5 centimetres.
Pantelimon did not win any further titles after the 2000 Olympics. She finished ninth at the 2001 World Championships, eighth at the 2002 European Indoor Championships, fourth at the 2002 European Championships, ninth at the 2003 World Indoor Championships, seventh at the 2004 Olympic Games and ninth at the 2005 European Indoor Championships. She also competed at the World Championships in 2003 and 2005 without qualifying for the final round. A 1.95 m jump from 2005 was her best post-2000 mark.
# Eurypylus

In Greek mythology, Eurypylus (/jʊəˈrɪpɪləs/; Ancient Greek: Εὐρύπυλος, romanized: Eurupulos, lit. 'wide-gated') was the name of several different people:
* Eurypylus, was a Thessalian king, son of Euaemon and Ops. He was a former suitor of Helen thus he led the Thessalians during Trojan War.
* Eurypylus, was son of Telephus and Astyoche. He was a great warrior, who led a Mysian contingent that fought alongside the Trojans against the Greeks in the Trojan War, and was killed by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.
* Eurypylus, son of Poseidon and king of Cos.
* Eurypylus, another son of Poseidon by the Pleiad Celaeno. He ruled over the Fortunate Islands.
* Eurypylus, the Thespian son of Heracles and Eubote, daughter of King Thespius of Thespiae. Eurypylus and his 49 half-brothers were born of Thespius' daughters who were impregnated by Heracles in one night, for a week or in the course of 50 days while hunting for the Cithaeronian lion. Later on, the hero sent a message to Thespius to keep seven of these sons and send three of them in Thebes while the remaining forty, joined by Iolaus, were dispatched to the island of Sardinia to found a colony.
* Eurypylus, a Pleuronian prince as the son of King Thestius and Eurythemis, daughter of Cleoboea. He was the brother of Althaea, Leda, Hypermnestra, Evippus, Plexippus and Iphiclus. Eurypylus participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar, during which he insulted Atalanta and was killed by Meleager.
* Eurypylus, son of Telestor and father of Asterodia who became the wife of Icarius of Sparta.
* Eurypylus, an Olenian prince as the son of King Dexamenus. He was the brother of Theronice, Theraephone and Deianira, also known as Mnesimache or Hippolyte. Eurypylus accompanied Heracles in his Trojan campaign. According to Pausanias, some authors related of him, and not of the son of Euaemon, the story of the cursed chest.
* Eurypylus, a prince of Tiryns as son of King Eurystheus and possibly Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas of Arcadia. He and his brothers Eurybius and Perimedes were all slain by Heracles when at a sacrificial meal in honor of his Twelve Labors being completed they served him a smaller portion of meat than they did for themselves. Eurypylus' other possible siblings were Admete, Alexander, Iphimedon and Mentor.
* Eurypylus, one of the Suitors of Penelope who came from Dulichium along with other 56 wooers. He, with the other suitors, was slain by Odysseus with the aid of Eumaeus, Philoetius, and Telemachus.
* Eurypylus, a son of Temenus, brother of Agelaus, Callias and Hyrnetho. As Temenus intended to leave his kingdom to Hyrnetho and Deiphontes, Eurypylus and his brothers hired assassins to kill Temenus, but the army still supported their sister and her husband.
* Eurypylus, father of two daughters Morphe and Clyte, who were said to have been the first prostitutes in history.
# René Breitbarth

Rene Breitbarth (born 24 April 1966 in Mühlhausen) is a former boxer from East Germany who won a Light Flyweight gold medal at the 1985 European Amateur Championships. In 1986, he won the bantamweight silver medal at the 1986 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Reno. At the 1988 Summer Olympics, he was defeated by Jorge Eliécer Julio of Colombia in the round of 16 of the bantamweight category.
# Ash Mahalleh

Ash Mahalleh (Persian: آش محله, also Romanized as Āsh Maḩalleh) is a village in Seh Hezar Rural District, Khorramabad District, Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 11 families.
# Steve Durham

Steve Durham may refer to:
* Steven J. Durham, American education commissioner
* Steve Durham (rugby league), rugby league player
* Steve Durham (American football), American football defensive end
* Steven Durham, drummer with the band Lights Action
# Zapyškis

Zapyškis (Polish: Sapieżyszki, Yiddish: סאַפּיזישאָק Sapizishok) is a small town in Kaunas County in central Lithuania on the left bank of the Nemunas River. As of 2011 it had a population of 264.

## History

The town is famous for its old early Gothic church (built between 1530 and 1578), which is depicted in town's coat of arms. A new church was built in 1942. According to tradition, the village was originally the location of one of the larger pagan temples of the Baltic tribes.
The town before 17 c. was called Panemunė, later Tarpupis and after that Sapieżyszki in Polish or Sapiegiškis in Lithuanian it is believed was named after the Sapieha family, erstwhile mighty boyars of Smolensk and later a princely family active in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The grounds of the former pagan temple were donated to Paweł Sapieha by king of Poland Sigismund I the Old. The earlier founded a church on the ruins of the old temple and founded a new settlement there, named after himself. In the settlement, the Sapiehas also built a manor, which however did not survive to modern times.
In early 17th century Andrzej Sapieha, the voivode of Polotsk, Nowogródek and Smolensk Voivodeship, sold the village to Grzegorz Massalski, the cup-bearer of Grodno. His son, Aleksander left it to his daughter, who joined the Bernardine monastery near Kaunas. Until the partitions of Poland the monastery remained the owner of the village of Sapieżyszki. However, in 1795 the Prussian authorities secularised the convent and confiscated all of its properties. In 1812, during Napoleonic Wars, the church was partially demolished by French forces who used it as a stable. In mid-19th century the town had 564 inhabitants, many were Jewish.
On September 4, 1941, Jews of the town were murdered in a mass execution on the western outskirts of the town. An Einsatzgruppe with local Lithuanian collaborators perpetrated the mass execution. There were a few Germans with cameras at the site. According to the Jäger Report, 178 Jews were shot in Zapyškis: 47 men, 118 women and 13 children.
# John T. Raulston

John Tate Raulston (September 22, 1868 – July 11, 1956) was an American state judge in Rhea County, Tennessee, who received national publicity for presiding over the 1925 Scopes trial, a famous creationism–evolution debate.

## Early life and education

Raulston, who was a member of a prominent Republican family, was born on a small farm in Marion County, Tennessee. He attended U.S. Grant University, later known as Tennessee Wesleyan College, and was admitted to the bar in 1896. He served in the Tennessee state legislature and was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1908 against John A. Moon. He was elected judge of the Eighteenth Tennessee District in 1918.

## Scopes Trial

Raulston commenced the proceedings by obtaining the grand jury indictment of John T. Scopes, a 24-year-old schoolteacher. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury and "... all but instructed the grand jury to indict Scopes, despite the meager evidence against him and the widely reported stories questioning whether the willing defendant had ever taught evolution in the classroom."
During the trial, Raulston sided with the prosecution and barred testimony from experts in theology and the natural sciences. He was accused of being biased and frequently clashed with famed attorney Clarence Darrow, who represented Scopes. At the outset of the trial, Raulston quoted Genesis and the state Butler Act, which was the basis of the prosecution. He also warned the jury not to judge the merit of the law, which would become the focus of the trial. Contemporary accounts refer to him as "plump, red-faced and middle aged."
After a raucous trial, in which Darrow squared off against William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution, Scopes was convicted and fined $100. The conviction was reversed by an appellate court because the maximum fine was $50, but Scopes was never retried.
After the trial, Raulston gave lectures on the legal aspects of fundamentalism. But he was unable to build a political future on the Scopes trial, and he was defeated for reelection a year after the trial. He later ran for governor and retired in the mid-1940s. In a statement several years after the trial, Raulston said that he had modified his views and no longer believed that the state should pass laws limiting the right to teach science to students when doing so didn't harm their morals.
Raulston was portrayed as the character Judge Merle Coffey in the play Inherit the Wind and the 1960 film adaptation. In the film, the character of the judge was played by Harry Morgan. He was also played by John Cullum in the 1999 television remake.
# Espezel

Espezel (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Espesèlh) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
# Carl A. Wirtanen

Minor planets discovered: 8 :
| 1600 Vyssotsky | October 22, 1947 |
| 1685 Toro | July 17, 1948 |
| 1747 Wright | July 14, 1947 |
| 1863 Antinous | March 7, 1948 |
| 1951 Lick | July 26, 1949 |
| 2044 Wirt | November 8, 1950 |
| 6107 Osterbrock | January 14, 1948 |
| (29075) 1950 DA | February 22, 1950 |
Carl Alvar Wirtanen (November 11, 1910 – March 7, 1990) was an American astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets who worked at Lick Observatory. He was of Finnish ancestry.
Wirtanen was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. After visiting the observatory in Kenosha with his violin teacher at age 12, he started grinding mirrors. Wirtanen joined the staff at Lick Observatory in 1941. During the Second World War, he took a job as a physicist at the California Institute of Technology and worked on ballistics at the Naval Ordnance Test Station in the Mojave Desert. He returned to Lick Observatory after the war, remaining there until his retirement in 1978.
Wirtanen discovered periodic comet 46P/Wirtanen, as well as eight asteroids, including notably the Apollo asteroid (29075) 1950 DA, which may have a non-negligible probability of impacting the Earth in the year 2880. He also discovered two other Apollo asteroids: 1685 Toro and 1863 Antinous. Based on the Shane–Wirtanen survey, the Shane Wirtanen Catalogue, a count of galaxies, was his major work published in 1954.
The asteroid 2044 Wirt, discovered by himself at Lick Observatory in 1950, was named in his honor in on 1 January 1981 (M.P.C. 5688). The name was proposed by his colleague Arnold Klemola.
Wirtanen died in Santa Cruz, California in 1990 following a lengthy illness. His remains were scattered at sea.
# Akash Chikte

Akash Anil Chikte (born 24 July 1992) is an Indian field hockey player who plays as a goalkeeper. He was part of the Indian squad that won the gold medal at the 2016 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy.
# Dicaeus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Dicaeus or Dikaios (Ancient Greek: Δίκαιος) was a son of Poseidon and brother was Syleus. They lived near the Mountain Pelion in Thessaly.

## Mythology

Dicaeus hosted Herakles. Unlike Syleus, who was killed by Herakles, Dicaeus was a just man, which was suggested by the very literal meaning of his name (Δίκαιος = Just).
The Dicaea city in Thrace was named after him.
# Vishnyavyets, Minsk Region

Vishnyavyets (Belarusian: Вішнявец, romanized: Višniaviec; Russian: Вишневец, romanized: Vishnevets) is an agrotown in Stowbtsy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Vishnyavyets selsoviet. It is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Stowbtsy and 96 kilometres (60 mi) from the capital Minsk. In 1996, it had a population of 681.
# Vitrac-sur-Montane

Vitrac-sur-Montane (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vitrac de Montana) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
# Hadi Khani, Yazd

Hadi Khani (Persian: هادي خاني, also Romanized as Hādī Khānī) is a village in Garizat Rural District, Nir District, Taft County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13, in 4 families.