OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lower Woodside

Lower Woodside is a hamlet in the Central Bedfordshire district of Bedfordshire, England.
The settlement lies north of Aley Green and south-west of Woodside. Lower Woodside forms part of the wider Slip End civil parish, and is close to the county border with Hertfordshire. The nearest large town to the settlement is Luton.
# Matsuya Foods

Matsuya Foods Co. (株式会社松屋フーズ, Kabushiki-gaisha Matsuya Fūzu) is a chain of restaurants, including Matsuya (松屋), which sells gyūdon (or gyūmeshi), Japanese curry, and teishoku. Matsuya was established in Japan in 1966, founded by Toshio Kawarabuki. As of 2018, Matsuya has 1,080 restaurants throughout 33 Japanese prefectures. Overseas stores can be found in China and Taiwan, Mongolia. In addition to Matsuya, the company operates a chain of restaurants including curry, tonkatsu, sushi, and Chinese restaurants.

## In popular culture

Matsuya has been a long-time sponsor of the Yakuza videogame franchise, and the game's staple location of Kamurocho has always featured two Matsuya-based restaurants.
# Ammonal

Ammonal is an explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder. TNT is added to create T-ammonal which improves properties such as brisance. The mixture is often referred to as Tannerite, which is a brand of ammonal.
The ammonium nitrate functions as an oxidizer and the aluminium as fuel. The use of the relatively cheap ammonium nitrate and aluminium makes it a replacement for pure TNT.
The mixture is affected by humidity because ammonium nitrate is highly hygroscopic. Ammonal's ease of detonation depends on fuel and oxidizer ratios, 95:5 ammonium nitrate and aluminium being fairly sensitive, however not very oxygen balanced. Even copper metal traces are known to sensitize bulk amounts of ammonium nitrate and further increase danger of spontaneous detonation during a fire, most likely due to the formation of tetramines. More oxygen balanced mixtures are not easily detonated, requiring a fairly substantial shock, though it remains more sensitive than trinitrotoluene and C-4.
The detonation velocity of ammonal is approximately 4,400 metres per second or 14,000 feet per second.

## History

From early 1916, the British Army employed ammonal for their mines during World War I, starting with the Hawthorn Ridge mine during the Battle of the Somme, and reaching a zenith in the mines in the Battle of Messines which were exploded on 7 June 1917 at the start of the Third Battle of Ypres (also known as the Battle of Passchendaele). Several of the mines in the Battle of Messines contained 30,000 lbs (over 13.6 tonnes) of ammonal, and others contained 20,000 lbs (over 9 tonnes). The joint explosion of the ammonal mines beneath the German lines at Messines created 19 large craters, killing 10,000 German soldiers in one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history. Not all of the mines laid by the British Army at Messines were detonated, however. Two mines were not ignited in 1917 because they had been abandoned before the battle, and four were outside the area of the offensive. On 17 July 1955, a lightning strike set off one of these four latter mines. There were no human casualties, but one cow was killed. Another of the unused mines is believed to have been found in a location beneath a farmhouse, but no attempt has been made to remove it.
Ammonal used for military mining purposes was generally contained within metal cans or rubberised bags to prevent moisture ingress problems. The composition of ammonal used at Messines was 65% ammonium nitrate, 17% aluminium, 15% trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 3% charcoal. Ammonal remains in use as an industrial explosive. Typically, it is used for quarrying or mining purposes.
ETA, a Basque separatist organisation, used 250 kg of ammonal in a car bomb in its attack on the Zaragoza barracks on 11 December 1987 in Zaragoza, Spain.

## Proportions

A T-ammonal mixture previously used in hand grenades and shells has the proportions (by mass):
* ammonium nitrate 58.6%
* aluminium powder 21%
* charcoal 2.4%
* TNT 18%
# Cyril Michie

Cyril James Michie (20 August 1900 – 10 November 1966) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was educated at Goethals Memorial School in Kurseong and was a team-mate of Joseph Galibardy, who was at the same school.
In 1936, he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match as goaltender. No goals were scored against him.
# Staller Saddle

Staller Saddle (Bavarian: Schtolla Sottl; German: Staller Sattel; Italian: Passo Stalle), at 2,052 m (6,732 ft), is a high mountain pass in the High Tauern range of the Central Eastern Alps, connecting the Defereggen Valley in East Tyrol with the Antholz Valley in South Tyrol. The pass forms the border between Austria and Italy, it separates the Villgraten Mountains in the southeast from the Rieserferner Group in the northwest.
The pass road is open only from May to October from 5:30 am to 22:15 and prohibited for trailers and caravans. On the Italian side it is very narrow, at points only one way, with traffic lights regulating the contraflow. Traffic from Austria is permitted from the start of each hour to fifteen minutes past (quarter past), and traffic towards Austria from Italy is permitted from the 30th minute (half past) to the 45th minute (quarter to) of the hour.
Starting in 2007, a toll of 5 euros was planned for cars and motorcycles, the revenue to be split between Italy and Austria, but has not yet been implemented.

## Gallery

* View of the Defereggen Valley and the Obersee (East Tyrol, Austria)
* Traffic lights in the Antholz Valley on the Italian side
* View of the Antholz Valley (Italy) from Staller Saddle. Far right: the Wildgall (3,272 m)
# Robinson State Park

Robinson State Park is a state-owned, public recreation area located mostly in the town of Agawam with a small section in Westfield, Massachusetts. The narrow, 1,025-acre (415 ha) state park follows the course of the meandering Westfield River which forms the park's northern border. The park is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.

## History

The park originated with land donations made to the state for recreational purposes by Springfield businessman John C. Robinson in 1934 and 1937. Robinson was an early proponent of the Eastern States Exposition, which lies one mile east of the park. The riverside had been intended for industrial development when Robinson began making purchases of small parcels in 1920, with the aim of creating an area preserved for recreation.

## Ecology

The park's variable levels of terrain and proximity to the Westfield River make it ideal to host a wide variety of species of plants and animals, making it among the most diverse and rarest forests in Massachusetts. A variety of wildflowers, some rare, threatened, or endangered exist in the park. Some animals that have been spotted in the park from time to time include fisher cat, otter, beaver, deer, coyote, red fox, bear, egrets, pairs of bald eagles, owl, mountain lion and moose. Many migratory birds use the park as a place to stop during on their journey, thus many birdwatchers frequent Robinson State Park as the community of birds can change daily.

## Activities and amenities

The park has 20 miles (32 km) of trails and paved roads for hiking, cycling, and cross-country skiing. Some trails are accessible for strollers and wheelchairs. A swimming pond and its surrounding beach area draws park visitors during the summer months. Picnicking, canoeing, and fishing are also available.
The park is home to the Agawam High School Cross Country teams. The 5K course is considered one of the most challenging and enjoyable courses in western Massachusetts.
# Jean-François-Marie Arquier

Jean-François-Marie d'Arquier de Barbegal (1761–1794), also known as de Baumelles, parliamentarian from Aix in the 18th century, was involved in the federalist movement [fr] of 1793 during the French Revolution.

## Biography

Jean-François-Marie Arquier was born in La Ciotat on 17 June 1761. He is the son of François, Sieur de Barbegal, Lord of Baumelles, and Françoise Richard. He became advisor to the Parliament in Aix on 28 June 1782. Later he was initiated into a Masonic lodge in Aix, but remained there only two years, until 1786. On the eve of the French Revolution, he attended meetings of the nobility for the bailliage of Aix in 1789.
Arquier embraced the federalist cause [fr] before the Reign of Terror, then was sentenced to death by the Military Commission in Marseille on 26 Pluviose Year II (14 February 1794).
He was guillotined the following day, 27 Pluviose Year II (15 February 1794), in Marseille.
# Patrick Chikusu

Patrick Mwewa Anthony Chikusu (12 January 1951 – 2 December 2013) was a Zambian politician who served as member of the National Assembly for Katuba constituency under the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). At the time of his death Chikusu served as Deputy Minister of Health in the Republic of Zambia.

## Early life and education

Patrick Mwewa Anthony Chikusu was born on 12 January 1951 in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Chikusu obtained a bachelor's degree in pharmacy in 1974 from University of Ife in Nigeria. He earned a master of Science degree in pharmacy in 1979 from Leeds University in the United Kingdom. In 1983, he earned a doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, United Kingdom.

## Career

Chikusu was a pharmacist by profession and began his career working as the pharmacist in charge with the Ministry of Health between 1974 and 1975. Between 1975 and 1978, he worked as General Manager at General Pharmaceuticals Limited before he was appointed managing director for Medical Stores Limited from 1983 to 1993. From 1993 to 1997 Chikusu, worked as the Director of Pharmaceutical Services at the Ministry of Health Headquarters. In addition, he worked as a lecturer in human biology at the University of Zambia (UNZA). Between 2004 and 2005 Chikusu was involved in conducting research on the use of herbal remedies in the treatment of HIV/ AIDS. He served as principal investigator of clinical trials of traditional herbal remedies under National Aids Council. Chikusu also served as the Chairman of the Lusaka Cancer Centre, a centre involved in prognosis, treatment, palliative care and research in oncology.
In 2011 Chikusa was elected as Member of Parliament MP for Katuba constituency under the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). Despite being a Member of the Opposition, Chikusu was appointed to serve as Deputy Minister of Health by President Michael Sata in 2012.

## Death

Chikusu died on 2 December 2013 in South Africa. He suffered a heart attack and was later evacuated to South Africa's Milpark Hospital to receive specialist treatment. Prior to his evacuation Chikusu was admitted to a local hospital for a heart problem.
# Tafsir al-Baghawi

Tafsīr al-Baghawī (Arabic: تفسير البغوي), also known as Ma‘ālim al-Tanzīl, is a classical Sunni tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) by Husayn b. Mas'ūd al-Baghawī (d. 1122), written as an abridgement of Tafsir al-Thalabi by al-Tha'labī (d. 1035). It is generally classified as one of the books of narration-based tafsir, as it collects and presents many statements from the Sahabah and Tabi'oon. The book primarily relies on 11 reliable chains of narrations, which al-Baghawi mentions in the introduction to his work. It currently exists in four volumes and eight volumes in its Lebanon edition and Cairo edition respectively.

## Editions

* Browse Tafsir Al-Baghawi (arabic)
# Yevgeny Seryayev

Yevgeny Seryayev (born December 11, 1988) is a Russian speed-skater.
Seryayev competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Russia. He competed in the 10000 metres, finishing 9th.
Seryayev made his World Cup debut in November 2013. As of September 2014, his best World Cup finish is 8th, in a 5000m race at Inzell in 2013–14. His best overall finish in the World Cup is 15th, in the 2013–14 mass start.
# Oskolishche

Oskolishche (Russian: Осколище) is a rural locality (a selo) in Volokonovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 369 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Oskolishche is located 12 km south of Volokonovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kozlovka is the nearest rural locality.
# National Route 228 (Costa Rica)

National Secondary Route 228, or just Route 228 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Secundaria 228, or Ruta 228) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Cartago province.

## Description

In Cartago province the route covers Cartago canton (Occidental, Guadalupe, Corralillo, Quebradilla districts), El Guarco canton (Tejar, Tobosi districts).
# California Resources Corporation

California Resources Corporation is an American energy corporation engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in California. It is organized in Delaware and headquartered in Long Beach, California. Its mineral acreage holdings in California constitute the largest privately held position in the state.
The company has conventional primary, enhanced oil recovery, and unconventional operations in the San Joaquin Basin, Ventura Basin, and Los Angeles Basin and dry gas production in the Sacramento Basin. Its largest holding is the 47,000-acre Elk Hills Oil Field, 20 miles west of Bakersfield, California in the San Joaquin Valley. It is also operates the Wilmington Oil Field in partnership with California, several smaller fields in Los Angeles County, and the Huntington Beach Oil Field in Orange County, California. As of December 31, 2021, the company had 480 million barrels of oil equivalent (2.9×10$^9$ GJ) of estimated proved reserves, of which 71% was petroleum, 20% was natural gas, and 9% was natural gas liquids.

## History

The company was formed in April 2014 as a corporate spin-off of Occidental Petroleum. In April 2018, the company acquired the interest in the Elk Hills Oil Field previously held by Chevron Corporation for $460 million and 2.85 million shares. In July 2020, the company filed bankruptcy with $5 billion in debt; it emerged from bankruptcy in October 2020. In March 2021, Mark A. (“Mac”) McFarland was appointed CEO. The company benefited financially from the 2021 Texas power crisis. In February, 2024, they announced a $2.1 billion, all-stock purchase agreement for Aera Energy.
# Ditone

In music, a ditone (Latin: ditonus, from Ancient Greek: δίτονος, "of two tones") is the interval of a major third. The size of a ditone varies according to the sizes of the two tones of which it is compounded. The largest is the Pythagorean ditone, with a ratio of 81:64, also called a comma-redundant major third; the smallest is the interval with a ratio of 100:81, also called a comma-deficient major third.

## Pythagorean tuning

The Pythagorean ditone is the major third in Pythagorean tuning, which has an interval ratio of 81:64, which is 407.82 cents. The Pythagorean ditone is evenly divisible by two major tones (9/8 or 203.91 cents) and is wider than a just major third (5/4, 386.31 cents) by a syntonic comma (81/80, 21.51 cents). Because it is a comma wider than a "perfect" major third of 5:4, it is called a "comma-redundant" interval. Play
"The major third that appears commonly in the [Pythagorean] system (C–E, D–F♯, etc.) is more properly known as the Pythagorean ditone and consists of two major and two minor semitones (2M+2m). This is the interval that is extremely sharp, at 408c (the pure major third is only 386c)."
It may also be thought of as four justly tuned fifths minus two octaves.
The prime factorization of the 81:64 ditone is 3^4/2^6 (or 3/1 * 3/1 * 3/1 * 3/1 * 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2).

## Just intonation

In Didymus's diatonic and Ptolemy's syntonic tunings, the ditone is a just major third with a ratio of 5:4, made up of two unequal tones—a major and a minor tone of 9:8 and 10:9, respectively. The difference between the two systems is that Didymus places the minor tone below the major, whereas Ptolemy does the opposite.

## Meantone temperament

In meantone temperaments, the major tone and minor tone are replaced by a "mean tone" which is somewhere in between the two. Two of these tones make a ditone or major third. This major third is exactly the just (5:4) major third in quarter-comma meantone. This is the source of the name: the note exactly halfway between the bounding tones of the major third is called the "mean tone".

## Equal temperament

Modern writers occasionally use the word "ditone" to describe the interval of a major third in equal temperament. For example, "In modern acoustics, the equal-tempered semitone has 100 cents, the tone 200 cents, the ditone or major third 400 cents, the perfect fourth 500 cents, and so on. …”
# Boris Kuryschkin

Boris Alexejewitsch Kuryschkin (born 21 June 1989 in Dmitrovsky District, Moscow) is a Russian luger who has competed since 1999. He finished 26th in the men's doubles competition in the 2007-08 World Cup.
# Cyrille Makanda

Cirill Makanda-Etogo (born 5 May 1980) is a Cameroonian-Russian former professional basketball player. Throughout his ten-year professional career, he has played for four teams in Russia, plus teams in Germany and France before joining APOEL B.C. in Cyprus for the 2008–09 season.
Makanda represents Cameroon internationally and competed for Cameroon at FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Men 2008 and FIBA Africa Championship 2009. He was the leading scorer for Cameroon in the semifinals and bronze medal game, but the team lost both games to fall just short of qualifying for the 2010 FIBA World Championship.
# Xenolea collaris

Xenolea collaris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the type species of its genus. It was described by James Thomson in 1864. It is known from Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines.

## Subspecies

* Xenolea collaris formosana Breuning, 1965
* Xenolea collaris collaris J. Thomson, 1864
# Moskal

Moskal is a designation used for the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 12th to the 15th centuries.
It is now sometimes used in Belarus, Ukraine, and Poland, but also in Romania, as an ethnic slur for Russians. The term is generally considered to be derogatory or condescending and reciprocal to the Russian term khokhol for Ukrainians. Another ethnic slur for Russians is kacap in Polish, or katsap (кацап) in Ukrainian.

## History and etymology

Initially, as early as the 12th century, moskal referred to the residents of Muscovy, the word literally translating as "Muscovite" (differentiating the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from other East Slavs such as people from White Ruthenia (Belarusians), Red Ruthenia (Ukrainians), and others). With time, the word became an archaism in all the East Slavic languages, and survived only as a family name in each of those languages—see below.
The negative connotation in Ukraine came in around the late 18th-early 19th centuries in the form of an ethnic slur labelling all Russians. At that time, since the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement of Cossacks with Moscow the majority of Russians in Ukrainian lands were soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army (and in fact at that time the term "moskal" was synonymous with the word "soldier"), as well as Russian bureaucrats, Russian nobles that were granted estates there, and merchants. All these categories were disliked by the locals.

## Cultural influence

The "Moskal" is a stock character of the traditional Ukrainian puppet theatre form, vertep.
It also gave rise to a number of East Slavic family names: Moskal, Moskalyov, Moskalenko, Moskalik, Moskalyuk, Moskalchuk, Moskalyonok.
# Aussie Elliott

Aussie Elliott (1914 – February 3, 1934) was a Depression-era outlaw and associate of bank robbers George Birdwell and Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd. Born in Oklahoma, Elliott was convicted of bank robbery in 1932 and sentenced to the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester, Oklahoma, eventually escaping on August 14, 1932. Soon after joining Birdwell and Floyd, the three robbed a bank in Sallisaw, Oklahoma, of $2,530. Although identified by witnesses raiding a bank in Henryetta of $11,352 only six days later, several reports attributed the robbery to the Ford Bradshaw gang.

## Crimes and death

Along with Adam Richetti and Edgar Dunbar (criminal), Elliott robbed $3,000 from a bank in Ash Grove, Missouri, on January 12, 1933, before fleeing to the home of Richetti's brother in Bolivar. Captured four months later in Creek County, Oklahoma, on May 14, Elliott was imprisoned for five months before again escaping on October 28, 1933. Despite the extensive manhunt by authorities, Elliott refused to flee Oklahoma and, along with bandits Raymond Moore, and Eldon Wilson, was found by police, acting on a tip, on February 3, 1934, at the home of Lee Davis, near Sapulpa, Oklahoma. As the officers drove up, they saw men scurrying away inside the house. Sapulpa Police Chief Tom Brumley went around one side of the house, while one of his officers went around the other toward the back door. The officer confronted two men, Elliott and Wilson, coming towards him, but they turned and ran back inside. When the police called on Elliott and Wilson to surrender, they heard a single shot come from the other side of the house. Moore (Duplin), trying to hide in the cellar, had killed Chief Brumley with the single shot. A gun battle at the front door, which was covered by Creek County Sheriff, Willis C. Strange, and Sapulpa patrolmen, W. E. Gage and Floyd Sellers, resulted in the deaths of Elliott and Wilson.
Moore managed to escape from the house and began a running gun battle with police, including several additional men who had just arrived at the scene. After reaching an area of rocks and hills, he tried to hide in a ditch while the officers looked for him. Sapulpa police officer C. P. Lloyd found him. Both men shot each other, and Lloyd died almost immediately. Other officers came quickly and killed Moore with gunfire.
Other lawmen participating in the action at Davis' house were Creek County Sheriff, Willis C. Strange, Sapulpa patrolmen, W. E. Gage and Floyd Sellers. These men were unharmed during the shootout.
# Palencia Cathedral

The Cathedral Basilica of Saint Antoninus (Spanish: Catedral-Basílica de San Antolín) is a Roman Catholic church located in Palencia, Spain. It is dedicated to Saint Antoninus of Pamiers.

## History

The cathedral was built from 1172 to 1504 stands over a low-vaulted Visigothic crypt (the Crypt of San Antolín). In front of the Proto-Romanesque temple is the old Visigothic chapel from the mid-7th century, built during the reign of Wamba to preserve the remains of the martyr Saint Antoninus of Pamiers, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia.
Its more than 130 metres long, 42 metres high and 50 metres wide at the centre, making it one of the largest cathedrals in Spain and Europe. Just by way of comparison, the internal length of the Cathedral of Reims, reaches 138m, in turn, the height of the central nave, reaches 33m in Notre Dame de Paris; Reims 38m, 42m in Notre-Dame d'Amiens and 48m in Saint-Pierre de Beauvais, the highest of all Gothic cathedrals. Its solid, simple and austere exterior does not reflect the grandeur of its interior, with more than twenty chapels of great artistic and historical interest. The most recognizable feature on the outside is the tower, of 55 meters of height, solid and a little rough in its Gothic style. Recent studies and excavations show that it was a military tower, and after serving this function, pinnacles and cattail were added as the sole decoration.
It is a large Gothic building, popularly dubbed as "the unknown beauty" because it is not as well known as other Spanish cathedrals, though it is a valuable building which has in its interior works of art of great value, including El Greco's painting The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (1576–1579) and a retablo of twelve panels by Juan de Flandes, court painter to Queen Isabella I of Castile.

## Gallery

* West Façade
* Crypt of Saint Antoninus
* Apse
* Interior and retrochoir
* Cloister
* The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian by El Greco.