OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Group 13

The Group 13 network (Polish: Trzynastka, Yiddish: דאָס דרײַצענטל) was a Jewish collaborationist organization in the Warsaw Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. The rise and fall of the Group was likely a proxy for power struggles between various factions in the German military and bureaucracy, for their own financial benefit.

## Background

The group was founded in December 1940 and led by Abraham Gancwajch, the former head of Hashomer Hatzair in Łódź. The Thirteen took its informal name from the address of its main office at 13 Leszno Street in Warsaw. Sanctioned by Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and also known as the Jewish Gestapo, the unit reported directly to the local Gestapo office.

## Organizational structure

Group 13 had between 300 and 400 uniformed Jewish officers, distinguished by caps with green bands. Membership in the 13 required payment of several thousand zlotys, issued by the German Nazi-controlled bank. Although it was intended to curtail black market activity, the group actually extorted large sums of money through racketeering and blackmail. Its most important branch was the Office to Combat Usury and Profiteering. It also ran its own prison.
Group 13 vied for control of the Ghetto with the Judenrat, and infiltrated Jewish opposition within the Ghetto.

## Dissolution

In July 1941, Group 13 lost its political status to the Judenrat, and the Office to Combat Usury and Profiteering was taken over by the Jupo police force. Subsequently, the remaining members of Group 13 centered on Gancwajch, and concentrated their efforts on setting up their own infirmary and ambulance service (the so-called Emergency Service, or the First Aid Station), which was created in May 1941. The organization's purpose was quickly subverted, and its resources were used predominantly for smuggling and contraband. They ran other illegitimate operations, such as a brothel at the Britannica Hotel, and had near-total control over horse-drawn carriages and all other transportation within the Ghetto.
In April 1942, many former Group 13 members were executed in Operation Reinhard. In mid-1941, shortly before the Office was closed, there was a split in the Group leadership, when Morris Kohn and Zelig Heller broke with Gancwajch and established their own organizations. Kohn and Heller ultimately outlasted the Group. Their demise only came during the mass deportations of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to the Nazi Treblinka extermination camp in the course of Grossaktion Warsaw in July 1942, during which German Nazis murdered approximately 2,000,000 Polish Jews.
Gancwajch and surviving members of the group later re-emerged posing as Jewish underground fighters, though in reality they were hunting for Poles in hiding or supporting other Nazi collaborationists. After closing the Jewish Gestapo, Gancwajch remained in Warsaw, outside the Ghetto, where he continued working for the Nazis. He was rumored to have died in 1943; a hypothesis about his post-war collaboration with the NKVD was never confirmed.
# Deveikiškiai

Deveikiškiai (formerly Polish: Dowejkiszki, Russian: Довейкишки) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 35 people. It is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Krakės, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Pajieslys, on the Krakės-Josvainiai road.

## History

At the 16th century the village was known as Deveikiai and had 20 voloks of agriculture land. In 1912 part of the village was split into solitary homesteads (Deveikiškėliai village).

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1902 | 252 | — |
| 1923 | 194 | −1.24% |
| 1959 | 129 | −1.13% |
| 1970 | 150 | +1.38% |
| 1979 | 92 | −5.29% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1985 | 75 | −3.35% |
| 1989 | 55 | −7.46% |
| 2001 | 48 | −1.13% |
| 2011 | 35 | −3.11% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 :

## Images

* Deveikiškiai from the north
* Traditional Aukštaitian house in Deveikiškiai
* Traditional Aukštaitian house in Deveikiškiai
* Deveikiškiai from the Pajieslys Ridge
# Sviridov, Kursk Oblast

Sviridov (Russian: Свиридов) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Vysoksky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Medvensky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 69 (2010 Census); 78 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The khutor is located in the Reut River basin (a left tributary of the Seym), 62 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 30 km south-west of Kursk, 8.5 km north-west of the district center – the urban-type settlement Medvenka, 4 km from the selsoviet center – Vysokoye.

### Climate

Sviridov has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Sviridov is located 5.5 km from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway (a part of the European route E105), 14 km from the road of regional importance 38K-004 (Dyakonovo – Sudzha – border with Ukraine), 1 km from the road 38K-009 (M2 Crimea Highway – 38K-004), 2 km from the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-204 (38K-009 – Vysokoye), on the road 38H-206 (38N-204 – Sviridov), 21 km from the nearest railway station Dyakonovo (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 38 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 98 km from Belgorod International Airport and 227 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Yambayevo

Yambayevo (Russian: Ямбаево; Bashkir: Ямбай, Yambay) is a rural locality (a selo) in Bayguzinsky Selsoviet, Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 124 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Yambayevo is located 20 km southwest of Yanaul (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kumalak is the nearest rural locality.
# Sauvagnac

Sauvagnac (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sauvanhac) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
# Danghara District

Danghara District or Nohiya-i Danghara (Russian: Дангаринский район; Tajik: Ноҳияи Данғара) is a district in Khatlon Region, Tajikistan. Its capital is the town Danghara. The population of the district is 161,000 (January 2020 estimate).

## Administrative divisions

The district has an area of about 2,000 km$^2$ (800 sq mi) and is divided administratively into one town and eight jamoats. They are as follows:
| Jamoat | Population (Jan. 2015) |
| Danghara (town) | 25,000 |
| Korez | 15,027 |
| Lohur | 6,648 |
| Lolazor | 18,285 |
| Oqsu | 20,119 |
| Pushing | 13,293 |
| Sangtuda | 12,686 |
| Sebiston | 12,736 |
| Sharipov | 20,452 |
# Sholokhovsky District

Sholokhovsky District (Russian: Шо́лоховский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,536 square kilometers (979 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a stanitsa) of Vyoshenskaya. Population: 27,294 (2010 Census); 29,629 (2002 Census); 30,016 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Vyoshenskaya accounts for 33.9% of the district's total population.

## History

The district was called Vyoshensky (Вёшенский) until 1984, when it was renamed in honor of author Mikhail Sholokhov, a Nobel Prize-winner, who was from Vyoshenskaya and died earlier that year.
# Laiküla

Laiküla (German: Layküll) is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia.
# Papushin

Papushin (Russian: Папушин) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Alexeyevsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 173 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Papushin is located 34 km south of Alexeyevka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vlasov is the nearest rural locality.
# Hydrometry

Hydrometry is the monitoring of the components of the hydrological cycle including rainfall, groundwater characteristics, as well as water quality and flow characteristics of surface waters. The etymology of the term hydrometry is from Greek: ὕδωρ (hydor) 'water' + μέτρον (metron) 'measure'.
Hydrometrics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with Hydrometry. It is an engineering discipline encompassing several different areas. This discipline is primarily related to hydrology but specializing in the measurement of components of the hydrological cycle particularly the bulk quantification of water resources. It encompasses several areas of traditional engineering practices including hydrology, structures, control systems, computer sciences, data management and communications. The International Organization for Standardization formally defines hydrometry as "science of the measurement of water including the methods, techniques and instrumentation used".
# Šentviška Gora

Šentviška Gora (pronounced or, in older sources Svetoviška Gora, German: Sankt Veitsberg) is the main settlement in the hills between the valleys of the Bača and Idrijca rivers, known as the St. Vitus Plateau [sl] (Slovene: Šentviška planota) or Šentviška Gora Plateau (Šentviškogorska planota), in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

## Church

The parish church, from which the settlement and the entire plateau gets its name, is dedicated to Saint Vitus and belongs to the Koper Diocese. It was first mentioned as the seat of the parish in documents dating to 1192, although the current building is Baroque in style. Its interior was painted in the early 20th century by Tone Kralj.

## Notable people

Although he was probably born in Ribnica in southern Slovenia, a Slovene folk tradition claims Šentviška Gora as the birthplace of the composer Jacobus Gallus.
# Santo Tomás, Chiriquí

Santo Tomás is a corregimiento in Alanje District, Chiriquí Province, Panama. It has a land area of 45.1 square kilometres (17.4 sq mi) and had a population of 1,259 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 27.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (72/sq mi). Its population as of 1990 was 721; its population as of 2000 was 840.
# Pala, Tartu County

Pala (German: Palla) is a village in Peipsiääre Parish, Tartu County in Estonia. As of the year 2021, it had a population of 206.
# Villeneuve-lès-Béziers

Villeneuve-lès-Béziers (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vilanòva de Besièrs) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Máel Petair of Mearns

Máel Petair of Mearns is the only known Mormaer of the Mearns. His name means "tonsured one of (Saint) Peter". Little is known of him except that, in 1094, he is said to have killed King Duncan II of Scotland, suggesting he was an associate of Donald III of Scotland. His father is believed to have been a man called Loren.
# Monclar, Lot-et-Garonne

Monclar (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Montclar) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. The French novelist Inès Cagnati (1937–2007) was born in Montclar.
# Valley Fault System

Valley Fault System is the common name for fault systems in valleys and basins including:
* Marikina Valley fault system
* Independence Valley fault system
* Wabash Valley fault system
# Allières

Allières (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Alhèras) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

## Geography

Allières is located in the Plantaurel mountains in the Natural Regional Park of Pyrénées ariégeoises some 22 km west by north-west of Foix and some 70 km south of Toulouse. Access to the commune is by the minor D49 road which runs north from the D117 road through the commune and the village and continuing north across the mountains to join the D119 near Maury. There is also access by a minor road from the east. Apart from the village there is also the hamlet of Escougnale. The commune is heavily forested with a few farms.
Numerous streams rise in the commune mostly flowing north to the Ruisseau de Mourisse which forms the northern border of the commune and flows west to join the Arize river near Maury. There is also the Ruisseau de Peydalières rising in the west of the commune which flows west also to join the Arize.

### Neighbouring communes and villages

vtePlaces adjacent to Allières :
Le Mas-d'Azil
Clermont
Allières
Durban-sur-Arize
La Bastide-de-Sérou :

## Administration

List of Successive Mayors
| From | To | Name |
| 2001 | 2026 | Denis Puech |

## Population

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Alliérasois or Alliérasoises in French.

## Culture and heritage
### Religious heritage

The Parish Church of Saint Roche contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
* A Painting with frame: Presentation at the temple of the child Jesus with a saint bishop (17th century)
* A Painting with frame: Virgin and child surrounded by Saint Julien and Saint Nicolas de Myre (1871)

## Notable people linked to the commune

The Falentin Saintenac family has many dead in their chapel adjoining the church.
# Paschalia

Paschalia (Greek: Πασχαλιά) is a settlement in the municipality Xanthi in the Xanthi regional unit of Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Stavroupoli.
# Berdoues

Berdoues (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Berdoas) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## Economy

* Parfums Berdoues is a French company created by Guillaume Berdoues in 1902. Berdoues is known for its violet fragrance Violettes de Toulouse.
# Klyavlinsky District

Klyavlinsky District (Russian: Кля́влинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,160 square kilometers (450 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a railway station) of Klyavlino. Population: 15,988 (2010 Census); 16,437 (2002 Census); 30,179 (1989 Soviet census). The population of the administrative center accounts for 43.6% of the district's total population.
# Mazères-sur-Salat

Mazères-sur-Salat (French pronunciation:, literally Mazères on Salat; Occitan: Maseras de Salat) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# Zelyony Gorod

Zelyony Gorod (Russian: Зелёный Го́род, lit. green city) is an urban locality (a resort settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located in a forested area to the southeast of Nizhny Novgorod and surrounded by the territory of Kstovsky District. Population: 2,716 (2010 Census); 2,437 (2002 Census); 4,234 (1989 Soviet census).
The forested area around the settlement is a surviving part of a much larger forest area that existed here centuries ago. Geographically, it is located Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovo, and is bounded roughly by Highway M-7 and Pavlovo-Royka-Zeletsino railway from the north and the Kudma River in the south.
Many resort facilities and children's summer camps, originally built by the Soviet state or labor unions, are located in the settlement.
As of 2007, an upscale single-family housing development is being built on the southern outskirts of Zelyony Gorod (the Rassvet area), near the Kudma River.
# Silver Flag

Silver Flag training exercise provides United States Air Force Civil Engineers with a training venue in a contingency environment that focuses on hands-on technical experience with high-demand, contingency tools and equipment generally not available at home station. The standardized curriculum is managed through the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC).
Silver Flag training exercise focuses on bare base beddown, sustainment operations and recovery after an attack. The following elements are part of the training covered during Silver Flag:
* Base Expeditionary Airfield Resources (BEAR), Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU), Mobile Aircraft Arresting System (MAAS), Emergency Airfield Lighting System (EALS) and High voltage power generation and distribution systems.
* Airfield Damage Repair (ADR).
* Firefighting, CBRN Management/Response and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD).
Silver Flag is available at three USAF training sites:
* 801st RED HORSE Training Squadron, Tyndall Air Force Base, USA
* 554th RED HORSE Squadron, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam
* 435th Construction and Training Squadron, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
# Progress M-43

Progress M-43 (Russian: Прогресс M-43) was a Russian unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft, which was launched in October 2000 to resupply the Mir space station.

## Launch

Progress M-43 launched on 16 October 2000 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It used a Soyuz-U rocket. The launch had been delayed from the previous day.

## Docking

Progress M-43 docked with Mir on 20 October 2000 at 21:16:05 UTC.

## Decay

It remained in orbit until 29 January 2001, when it was deorbited. The deorbit burn occurred at 02:12 UTC.
# Cankili I

Cankili I (Tamil: சங்கிலியன்) (died 1565), also known as Segarasasekaram (Jaga Rajasekharam), is the most remembered Jaffna kingdom king in the Sri Lankan Tamil history. He was active in resisting Portuguese colonial inroads into Sri Lanka. He inherited his throne via palace intrigues in which a number of heirs died under mysterious circumstances. Ultimately, he was removed from power by a local uprising that led to his son Puviraja Pandaram taking nominal power from him.

## Biography

His father, Singai Pararasasegaram, had two principal wives and a number of concubines. His first wife, Rajalaksmi, had two sons, Singhabahu and Pandaram. Singai Pararasasegaram second wife was Valliammal; they couple were the parents of Paranirupasingham. Cankili's mother had Cankili and a daughter named Paravai. As part of palace intrigues, Cankili was able to ascend the throne.

## Rule

According to a letter by Andre de Souza, ordered Cankili I on November 1544 the murder of his eldest son for converting to Catholicism. The son was buried on the spot he was killed, where a chapel was built that later on served as the foundation for the construction of the present St. Mary's Cathedral at Jaffna.
Cankili I resisted all contacts with the Portuguese, maintained relationships with Kunjali Marakkar got assistance from and even massacred 600 – 700 Parava Catholics in the island of Mannar who were brought from India to Mannar by the Portuguese to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings. He was removed from power due to a local uprising that led his son Puviraja Pandaram take nominal power. He wielded real power behind the throne until his death in 1565.
# Kanataki

Kanataki (Persian: كنتكي, also Romanized as Kanatakī) is a village in Ganjabad Rural District, Esmaili District, Anbarabad County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 11 families.
# Kosmos 2418

Kosmos 2418 (Russian: Космос 2418 meaning Cosmos 2418) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2005 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2417 and Kosmos 2419.
This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M. It was assigned GLONASS-M №13L number by the manufacturer and 713 by the Ground Control.
Kosmos 2417 / 2418 / 2419 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 05:07 UTC on 25 December 2005. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the International Designator 2005-050B. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 28916.
It was the third orbital plane in orbital slot 24. It is no longer in the GLONASS constellation.
# Oboyan

Oboyan (Russian: Обоя́нь) is a town and the administrative center of Oboyansky District in Kursk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Psyol at its confluence with the Oboyanka, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Kursk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,844 (2021 Census); 13,565 (2010 Census); 14,618 (2002 Census); 15,360 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

It was founded in 1639 as a fortress on the southern borders of the Russian state. It was granted town status in 1779. During World War I, Oboyan was occupied by German troops on April 17–19, 1918. During the Russian Civil War, Oboyan was controlled by the troops of General Denikin on August 17–30, 1918 and from September 13, 1918 to November 26, 1919. During World War II, Oboyan was occupied by German troops from November 16, 1941 to February 18, 1943.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Oboyan serves as the administrative center of Oboyansky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Oboyansky District as the town of district significance of Oboyan. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Oboyan is incorporated within Oboyansky Municipal District as Oboyan Urban Settlement.
# Parthenope

Parthenope (/pɑːrˈθɛnəpi/ parth-EN-ə-pee; Ancient Greek: Παρθενόπη) may refer to:

## People

* Parthenope, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ancaeus
* Frances Parthenope Verney, Parthenope Nightingale, the elder sister of Florence Nightingale and wife of Sir Harry Verney, named after her place of birth in Naples
* Parthenope Wald-Harding, musician

## Geography

* Parthenope (Naples), an ancient Greek settlement now part of Naples, Italy
* Parthenopaean Republic, a short-lived republic established in Naples during the French Revolution, named for the ancient Greek settlement

## Music

* Parthenope, band from New York featuring Jennifer Charles and Doveman

## Other uses

* Parthenope (film), a 2024 film by Paolo Sorrentino
* Parthenope (crab), a genus of crabs in the family Parthenopidae
* Parthenope (fungus), a genus of fungi in the order Helotiales
* 11 Parthenope, an asteroid
* Partenopei, nickname of Italian football club S.S.C. Napoli
# Dominicae cenae

Dominicae Cenae (English: The Mystery and Worship of the Eucharist) is an apostolic letter written by Pope John Paul II concerning the Eucharist and its role in the life of the Church and the life of the priest. It also touches on other Eucharistic topics.
It was promulgated on February 24, 1980, the Second Sunday of Lent.

## Content

   The Church and the world have a great need of eucharistic worship. Jesus waits for us in this sacrament of love. Let us be generous with our time in going to meet Him in adoration and in contemplation that is full of faith and ready to make reparation for the great faults and crimes of the world by our adoration...
Dominicae Cenae is divided into four major sections:

### The Eucharistic Mystery in the Life of the Church and of the Priest

* Eucharist and Priesthood
* Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery
* Eucharist and Church
* Eucharist and Charity
* Eucharist and Neighbor
* Eucharist and Life
The Eucharist is a sign of the dignity of the human person.

### The Sacred Character of the Eucharist and Sacrifice

* Sacred Character
* Sacrifice

### The Two Tables of the Lord and the Common Possession of the Church

* The Table of the Word of God
* The Table of the Bread of the Lord
* A Common Possession of the Church
While the use of the vernacular "enables everyone to participate with fuller understanding", Latin expresses the unity of the Church and lends a dignified character to the profound sense of the Eucharistic Mystery, and should be accommodated where practicable. While those who receive Communion in the hand, do so "with reverence and devotion”, caution should be exercised to guard against potential disrespect, profanation, weakening of Eucharistic faith, and indifference. The pope then directed attention to the directives issued by the various departments of the Holy See in liturgical matters, to the rules established by the liturgical books in what concerns the Eucharistic Mystery, and in the Instructions and Norms devoted to this mystery.