OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cesla Amarelle

Cesla Virginia Amarelle (born 14 September 1973, Montevideo) is an Uruguayan-Swiss jurist and politician. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland and a professor of law at University of Neuchâtel.

## Early life

Cesla Amarelle was born on 14 September 1973 in Montevideo, Uruguay, three months after the 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état that brought a military dictatorship to power in the country. Her parents, both leftist activists, decided to flee Uruguay and in 1977, while working for an international organization in Geneva, Switzerland, settled in Yverdon-les-Bains. Amarelle became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland at the age of 16.

## Academic career

In 2008–09, Amarelle lectured at University of Fribourg and was its chair for international and European law. She was made an assistant professor on migration law at the University of Neuchâtel the following year. Since January 2016, she has been a professor of public and migration law there.

## Political career

Amarelle joined the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland in 1999. She was the vice president of the party's chapter in the Canton of Vaud from 2004 to 2008 and then that chapter's president from 2008 to 2012.

## Personal life

Amarelle is married to Philipp Müller.
# Brusio spiral viaduct

The Brusio spiral viaduct (or Brusio circular viaduct; Italian: Viadotto elicoidale di Brusio, German: Kreisviadukt Brusio) is a single-track nine-arched stone spiral railway viaduct on the Bernina Railway. It was opened on 1 July 1908.
A key structure of the World Heritage Site-listed Bernina Railway, it is located near Brusio, in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland, and was built to limit the railway's gradient at that location within its specified maximum of 7%. It is considered to be one of the architectural highlights of the Rhaetian Railway.

## Location

The Brusio spiral viaduct forms part of the Bernina Railway section between Brusio and Campascio railway stations. It is just south of Brusio, and approximately 54 kilometres (34 mi) from St. Moritz railway station.

## History

During the construction of the Bernina Railway, its engineers decided that its route and features ought to follow and adapt to the natural landscape to the maximum extent, avoiding unnecessary complexity wherever possible. They also decided to avoid the construction of a rack-and-pinion railway due to a desire for the line to be suitable for both passenger and freight traffic; the adoption of a rack system would have made it impossible to run heavy trains, effectively preventing the line's use by freight trains. It was also desirable for the line to serve valley locations, and thus for the route to vary in height above the valley floor. It was such decisions that drove the construction of the Brusio spiral viaduct.
A spiral viaduct was required immediately south of Brusio to limit the railway's grade to the required maximum of 7%, so that the train would not slip on the way up, or be uncontrollable on the way down. The construction of a viaduct on this site had not been originally planned for; instead, a spiral tunnel was at one point intended to be constructed; however, local geological factors discouraged the boring of such a tunnel. Therefore, the line's engineers decided to construct a 360 degree curve with a 50 to 70 m (160 to 230 ft) radius, rising up from the valley floor, the viaduct forms a part of that curve.
The spiral viaduct is 110 metres (360 ft) long, has a horizontal radius of curvature of 70 metres (230 ft), a longitudinal slope of 7 percent, and is made up of nine spans, each 10 metres (33 ft) in length. The spiral configuration maximises the rate of elevation in comparison to a conventional curve, while also avoiding the inconveniences of a switchback alternative. Wherever reasonable, local materials were sourced for its construction.
On 1 July 1908, the viaduct was opened in conjunction with the opening of the Tirano–Poschiavo section of the Bernina Railway. In 1943, the whole of the Bernina Railway was taken over by the Rhaetian Railway; this company continues to both own and operate services across the spiral viaduct to the present day. The services the spiral viaduct carries facilitate not only local trade purposes but tourism as well. Since 2008, the spiral viaduct, along with the rest of the route, has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
# Colegio Jordán de Sajonia

Colegio Jordán de Sajonia (English: Jordan of Saxony School; Latin: Schola Jordanus de Saxonia), is a private Catholic elementary, secondary and preparatory school located in Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. The bilingual school was founded on February 1, 1954 by Alberto E. Ariza, a Dominican Friar.

## Principals

* 1954–1960: Rev. José de Jesús Sedano González, OP
* 1961–1963: Rev. Luis Carlos Perea Sastoque, OP
* 1964: Rev. Ismael Enrique Arévalo Claro, OP
* 1965: Rev. Salvador Sánchez Toro, OP
* 1966–1969: Rev. Domingo Abel Amaya, OP
* 1970–1971: Rev. Adalberto Cardona Gómez, OP
* 1972–1976: Rev. Jesús Antonio Ceballos Giraldo, OP
* 1977–1979: Rev. Luis Carlos Perea Sastoque, OP
* 1979–1982: Rev. José Antonio Balaguera Cepeda, OP
* 1983–1986: Rev. Vicente Becerra Reyes, OP
* 1987: Rev. Marco Antonio Peña Salinas, OP
* 1987–1988: Rev. Jesús Antonio Ceballos Giraldo, OP
* 1989–1991: Rev. Mauricio Galeano Rojas, OP
* 1992–1993: Rev. Tiberio Polanía Ramírez, OP
* 1994–1995: Rev. José Arturo Restrepo Restrepo, OP
* 1995–1998: Rev. Mauricio Galeano Rojas, OP
* 1998–2003: Rev. Rubén Darío López García, OP
* 2003–2006: Rev. Jaime De Jesús Valencia García, OP
* 2006–2007: Rev. Jaime Andrés Argüello Parra, OP
* 2007–2011: Rev. Giovanni Humberto Guarnizo V, OP
* 2012-2015: Rev. Oscar Guayan Perdomo, OP
* 2015-2019: Rev. José Gabriel Mesa Angulo, OP
* 2019-2021 : Rev. Edgar Aníbal Rueda Bueno, O.P.
* 2021-2024 : Rev. Javier Antonio Castellanos, O.P.
* 2024-2027 : Rev. Mauricio Galeano Rojas, O.P.
# Tarand-e Bala Rural District

Tarand-e Bala Rural District (Persian: دهستان طارند بالا) is in Jalilabad District of Pishva County, Tehran province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Tarand-e Bala.

## History

After the 2006 National Census, Pishva District was separated from Varamin County in the establishment of Pishva County, and Tarand-e Bala Rural District was created in the new Jalilabad District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2011 census, the rural district's population was 6,609 inhabitants in 1,663 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 6,030 in 1,644 households. The most populous of its 17 villages was Tarand-e Bala, with 1,283 people.
# Ashiyu

An ashiyu (足湯) is a Japanese public bath in which people can bathe their feet. The majority of ashiyu are free.

## Overview

The term ashiyu is a combination of the two characters "ashi" 足 meaning "foot", and "yu" 湯 meaning "hot water".
Many ashiyu are set up on street corners in towns with hot springs (onsen). People can easily enjoy them without having to remove all their clothing. They can also be found at railway stations, rest areas, and parks. Whilst most foot baths are free of charge, at some private places a small donation under 100 yen for upkeep is preferred.
An ashiyu is different from a normal hot spring. At a hot spring, the entire body is immersed in the water; at an "ashiyu" (foot bath), however, only the feet and legs up to the knees are immersed. Despite this difference, a foot bath can still warm the entire body because of the large veins that run through the legs. Before using a footbath, shoes and socks must be removed. Rolling up pants to the knees is also a common practice. However, unlike a hot spring where washing the body with soap before entering the bath is a requirement, this is not required at a foot bath. There are foot baths with changing rooms, but they are extremely rare. In some places, a part of the ashiyu can be used to soak the hands "teyu" (hand bath).
At Kannawa Hot Spring's "Steam Foot Bath" in Oita Prefecture, and Sukayu Hot Spring's "Manjufukashi" in Aomori Prefecture, the steam from the hot spring is used to warm the body.
# Príbovce

Príbovce (Hungarian: Pribóc, German: Pribotz) is a village and municipality in Martin District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1230. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, it was part of Turóc County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 420 metres and covers an area of 5.971 km². It has a population of about 1058 people.
# Mukhorshibirsky District

Mukhorshibirsky District (Russian: Мухоршиби́рский райо́н; Buryat: Мухар Шэбэрэй аймаг, Mukhar Sheberei aimag) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is 4,539 square kilometers (1,753 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Mukhorshibir. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 24,969, with the population of Mukhorshibir accounting for 20.9% of that number.

## History

The district was established on September 26, 1927 from the territory of Verkhneudinsky Uyezd.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Mukhorshibirsky District is one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Buryatia. The district is divided into thirteen selsoviets and three somons, which comprise twenty-nine rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Mukhorshibirsky Municipal District. Its thirteen selsoviets and three somons are incorporated as sixteen rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Mukhorshibir serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.

## Gallery

Landscapes of Mukhorshibir district
# Strauss (disambiguation)

Strauss is a common Germanic surname.
Strauss or Straus may also refer to:

## Companies

* Strauss Group, food manufacturer in Israel
* Straus Family Creamery, a California organic dairy in Marin County
* Karl Strauss Brewing Company, a San Diego, California-based beer business with a microbrewery and a chain of brewpub restaurants, co-founded by Karl Strauss
* Strauss Bascule Bridge Company of Chicago, an engineering firm founded by Joseph Strauss, chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge
* Straus Clothing, a North Dakota menswear retailer
* Engelbert Strauss, a German clothing company

## Buildings

* Straus Hall, dormitory housing first-year students at Harvard College named after Isidor Straus and Ida Straus
* Straus Education Building, at the University of Louisiana at Monroe
* Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, or Strauss Center, at the University of Texas at Austin

## Places and geographic features

* Strauss, an unincorporated community in Labette County, Kansas
* Strauss Airfield, a World War II airfield near Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia
* Strauss Glacier, in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica
* Straus Park, a small landscaped park on the Upper West Side of Manhattan
* Straus Street, a north–south road in north-central Jerusalem
* Straussee, a lake in Strausberg, Brandenburg, Germany, occasionally translated as "Lake Straus"

## Other uses

* 22647 Lévi-Strauss, a main-belt minor planet
* Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, United States Supreme Court decision concerning the scope of rights accorded owners of a copyright
* Straus flask, a type of Schlenk flask used in air sensitive chemistry
* Strauss–Howe generational theory, created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, identifies a recurring generational cycle in American history
* USS Straus (DE-408), a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy
* USS Joseph Strauss (DDG-16), a Charles F. Adams-class guided missile armed destroyer of the United States Navy
# Nizan-Gesse

Nizan-Gesse (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Nisan de Gessa) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Geography

The river Gesse forms part of the commune's northwestern border.
# Research Center Borstel

The Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Lung Center (German: Forschungszentrum Borstel – Leibniz Lungenzentrum, FZB) is a German interdisciplinary biomedical research institution located in Borstel in Schleswig-Holstein, just north of Hamburg. It is affiliated with the Leibniz Association.
It was founded in 1947 as a research institute with the main focus on tuberculosis and leprosy. From its establishment until 1965 the institute was named the Tuberculosis Research Institute Borstel (German: Tuberkulose-Forschungsinstitut Borstel). A non-profit foundation, it receives a significant part of its funding from the Federal Ministry of Health and the Schleswig-Holstein state government. It has around 520 employees, and is the largest employer in Borstel.
The current director of the center is Stefan Ehlers.
# Gayathri (1977 film)

Gayathri is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language crime thriller film directed by R. Pattabhiraman and written by Panchu Arunachalam. It stars Jaishankar, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Sujatha. It was released on 7 October 1977.

## Plot

Rajarathnam is a rich man who lives with his sister Sarasu and a young house maid in Madras. His sister arranges a marriage for him with Gayathri, a sixteen-year old who lives in Tiruchirappalli. Soon after they marry, Gayathri moves to Rajarathnam's house and realises that the family has dark secrets.
Rajarathnam is actually a blue-film producer – he secretly records himself and his new wife in their bedroom scenes without her knowledge, and sells the films on the black market. Gayathri initially gives Rajarathnam the benefit of the doubt, but later discovers that Rajarathnam is already married to another woman, who is now insane. Ganesh, a friend of the writer Chellappa, tries to free Gayathri from the hands of Rajarathnam, without avail.

## Cast

* Jaishankar as Ganesh
* Sridevi as Gayathri
* Rajinikanth as Rajarathnam
* Rajasulochana as Sarasu
* M. N. Rajam as Gaayathri's mother
* Rajee as Indra
* Rajeshwari as Lalitha
* S. A. Ashokan as Shama Iyer
* Vennira Aadai Moorthy as Chellappa
* Delhi Kumar as Gaayathri's father
* Tiger Prabhakar

## Production

Gaayathri is based on Sujatha's novel of the same name, and was conceived during the Emergency. The screenplay was written by Panchu Arunachalam.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics by Panchu Arunachalam. Sujatha Mohan made her debut as a playback singer through this film. The song "Kaalai Paniyil Aadum" is set to the raga Hamir Kalyani, and "Vaazhve Mayama" is set to Dharmavati.

## Reception

Film World wrote, "But for the wrong portrayal by Jaishankar, the movie would have maintained its pre-interval tempo. Yet, Gayatri is certainly off beat, contributing to salvage the losing face of Tamil Cinema".
# Darabi, Lorestan

Darabi (Persian: دارابي, also Romanized as Dārābī) is a village in Kuhdasht-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 20, in 4 families.
# Paraza

Paraza (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Parasan) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
# The Cage (Weiss book)

The Cage: The fight for Sri Lanka & the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers is a book about the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War written by journalist and former United Nations official Gordon Weiss. Weiss was the UN's spokesman in Sri Lanka during the final months of the civil war. Since leaving the UN Weiss has been a vocal critic of the conduct of both the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Weiss believes that war crimes were committed during the final stages of the civil war and has called for an international investigation. According to Weiss up to 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final stages of the civil war.
In the book Weiss recounts "in chilling detail" the final stages of the civil war, how the Sri Lankan military achieved victory and the price paid for peace by all of Sri Lanka's ethnic communities. It details how hundreds of thousands of civilians were held hostage by the Tamil Tigers in an ever-decreasing area (the cage) in northern Sri Lanka. Weiss tries to piece together events which unfolded inside the cage which had been sealed off from most independent observers by the Sri Lankan military. The book provides context to the findings of the UN panel. It also provides a history of Sri Lanka and "unpicks" the root causes of the civil war. It suggests that the country's history is full of brutal savagery. Weiss is highly critical of the Tigers but he reserves his strongest condemnation for the Sri Lankan military and the international community. Weiss believes that the Sri Lankan military could have avoided high civilian casualties if it wanted to but it chose not to do so. The international community contributed to the slaughter of the civilians by its collective "shoulder shrugging". The UN's unwillingness to provide casualty figures also contributed to the "zero civilian casualties" myth. Weiss believes that the civil war could have been averted if the grievances of the Tamils had been addressed.
# Talovaya, Talovsky District, Voronezh Oblast

Talovaya (Russian: Та́ловая) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Talovsky District of Voronezh Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,136 (2021 Census); 12,219 (2010 Census); 13,554 (2002 Census); 13,990 (1989 Soviet census).
# Velké Hoštice

Velké Hoštice (German: Groß Hoschütz) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.

## Geography

Velké Hoštice is located about 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Opava and 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Ostrava. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Opava Hilly Land. It is situated near the Opava River, which forms the southern municipal border.

## History

The first written mention of Velké Hoštice is from 1222, when the village was bequeathed to the monastery in Velehrad. From the beginning of the 14th century until 1420 it was property of the lords of Kravaře. In the following centuries the village changed owners frequently, including burghers and lower nobles. In 1639, half of the village was destroyed by fire.
From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1754, the Velké Hoštice estate was inherited by Count Ignác Dominik Chorynský of Ledská, who was its most important owner. He made Velké Hoštice a cultural centre and had built the Baroque castle. After the castle under construction and most of the village were destroyed by fire in 1765, the count was responsible for the restoration of the village and the castle, and also had a church built.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,125 | — |
| 1880 | 1,094 | −2.8% |
| 1890 | 1,122 | +2.6% |
| 1900 | 1,168 | +4.1% |
| 1910 | 1,146 | −1.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,269 | +10.7% |
| 1930 | 1,558 | +22.8% |
| 1950 | 1,399 | −10.2% |
| 1961 | 1,564 | +11.8% |
| 1970 | 1,466 | −6.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,588 | +8.3% |
| 1991 | 1,613 | +1.6% |
| 2001 | 1,657 | +2.7% |
| 2011 | 1,756 | +6.0% |
| 2021 | 1,772 | +0.9% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through the town.
Velké Hoštice is located on the railway line Opava–Hlučín.

## Sights

Velké Hoštice Castle is a late Baroque castle with rich Rococo decor. Today the castle is owned by the municipality. The castle is used for social and commercial purposes, and houses an archaeological exhibition and an exhibition of recent history of the municipality.
The second landmark of Velké Hoštice is the Church of Saint John the Baptist. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1773.

## Notable people

* René de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1923–1959), ethnologist and Tibetologist
# Onbara Dam

Onbara Dam (Japanese: 恩原ダム) is a dam in the Okayama Prefecture, Japan, completed in 1927.
The Onbara Dam is the oldest existing buttress dam for power generation.
It is unknown if or how many buildings were submerged in the construction of the dam.
# Athletics Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe

The Athletics Federation of São Tomé and Príncipe (Federação Santomense de Atletismo) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in São Tomé and Príncipe. Current president is António Menezes.

## History

The Federação Santomense de Atletismo was founded in 1980, and was affiliated to the IAAF in the year 1981.

## Affiliations

* International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
* Confederation of African Athletics (CAA)
* Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo (AIA; Ibero-American Athletics Association)
Moreover, it is part of the following national organisations:
* National Olympic Committee for São Tomé and Príncipe (Portuguese: Comité Olímpico de São Tomé e Príncipe)

## National records

The Federação Santomense de Atletismo maintains the national records.
# Ceratodontes

Ceratodontes (from Greek: κέρατο, romanized: kérato, lit. 'horn' and Ancient Greek: ὀδόντες, romanized: odóntes, lit. 'teeth') or cornudentes (from Latin: cornū, lit. 'horn' and Latin: dentēs, lit. 'teeth') are structures consisting of keratin, located in the mouth cavity, which functionally serve as teeth. They develop, unlike osseous teeth, through cornification of the epithelium of the oral mucosa.

## Forms

Ceratodontes occur in three forms: conical, plate-shaped and rhamphotheca.
Conical ceratodontes which occur in Cyclostomata, who lack real teeth or any other form of calcium-based skeleton growth. They are distributed numerously throughout their mouths (which serve to suction) in different sizes and arrangements. Each tooth forms a pointed and hard conical papilla whose base is occupied by vascular pulpa and sits on the oral mucosa. Their innermost layer consists of conical cells, which at their most young inner-end cut off an enamel-like cuticula.
Plate-shaped ceratodontes occur among some mammals, who lost their osseous teeth through the process of evolution, but whose developmental leftovers can still be observed in their jaws during their embryonic state. Platypodes – who lose their osseous teeth upon leaving the breeding burrow – have two such plates located on the chewing surface of each half of their jaw; meaning they possess four such plates in total. The now extinct steller's sea cow had just one such plate on each half of its jaw, which it used for chewing. Baleen whales develop a pair of large, transverse, triangular keratinous plates at their maxilla and palate, which developed out of the cornified epithelium of the palatine raphe. They are referred to as baleen plates in general and scientific usage.
Rhamphotheca of the jaw edge or keratinised beaks, develop as hard and cutting keratin coatings over the osseous jaw edges. They too represent a secondary cornification of the exodermal oral epithelium. They are present among some reptiles for example anomodonts, turtles and in birds. The older ancestors of these groups all possessed osseous teeth.
# Demon (volcano)

Demon (Russian: Демон; Ainu: カムイヌプリ, romanized: Kamui-nupuri; Japanese: 神威岳, romanized: Kamui-dake) is a stratovolcano located at the northern end of Iturup Island, in the Kuril Archipelago.
The Ilya Muromets Waterfall (Rakkibetsu Waterfall) falls abruptly from the eastern slope of the volcano into the Pacific Ocean.

## In popular culture

* The Demon Volcano undergoes a VEI 7 eruption in Kirov series novel 9 Days Falling.
# Radio Salankoloto

Radio Salankoloto is a radio station in Burkina Faso. It is broadcast on 97.3 FM from the city of Ouagadougou. It was established on November 22, 1996.
It plays mostly African music from traditional to modern hip-hop.