OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1838 in Belgium

Events in the year 1838 in Belgium.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Leopold I
* Prime Minister: Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt

## Events

* 7 April – Tariffs raised on woollen cloth, porcelain, glass, crystal and chemical products.$^{:630}$
* 15 May – Court of assizes to have jury verdicts.$^{:632}$
* 28 May – Provincial elections
* 1 June – Parliament approves government loan of 2 million Belgian francs for building highways and railways.$^{:630}$
* June – Ghent linen factories begin mechanising.$^{:630}$
* 1 August – Westmalle Brewery begins operations
* 24 September – Monument to the fallen of the Belgian Revolution inaugurated on Place des Martyrs, Brussels.$^{:632}$
* 3 September – Insurance scheme established for railway workers.$^{:631}$
* 17 December – Run on the Banque de Belgique.$^{:631}$
* 23 December – Declarations on postal reciprocity between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Frankfurt am Main.

## Publications
### Periodicals

* Almanach royal et du commerce de Belgique (Brussels, Balleroy)
* Annuaire du clergé catholique du royaume de Belgique (Brussels, L. Schapen)
* Journal historique et littéraire, vol. 5 (Liège, P. Kersten).
* Messager des sciences et des arts de la Belgique, vol. 6 (Ghent, Léonard Hebbelynck)
* Revue de Bruxelles, 2.

### Official publications

* Documents statistiques sur le Royaume de Belgique: recueillis et publiés par le Ministre de l'Intérieur (Brussels, Ch.-J. de Mat)

### Guidebooks and directories

* Alexandre Ferrier de Tourettes, Guide pittoresque et artistique du voyageur en Belgique (Brussels, Société Belge de Librairie)

### Fiction

* Hendrik Conscience, De Leeuw van Vlaenderen (Antwerp, L.J. de Cort).

## Art and architecture
### Sculptures

* Guillaume Geefs, Pro Patria, Place des Martyrs, Brussels

## Births

* 3 January – Joseph Dupont, violinist (died 1899)
* 18 March – Jan Stobbaerts, painter (died 1914)
* 14 April – Charles Moeller, historian (died 1922)
* 16 April – Ernest Solvay, industrial chemist (died 1922)
* 23 April – Alfred Verwee, painter (died 1895)
* 9 July – Henriette Mayer van den Bergh, art collector (died 1920)
* 7 September – Louis Delacenserie, architect (died 1909)
* 23 September – Xavier de Theux de Meylandt et Montjardin, bibliophile (died 1896)
* 6 October – Henry Gabriels, bishop (died 1921)
* 15 October – August Vandekerkhove, writer and painter (died 1923)
* 30 October – Lodewijk de Koninck, writer (died 1924)

## Deaths

* 9 February – Françoise Blin de Bourdon (born 1756), religious leader
* 3 August – Nicolas-Jean Rouppe (born 1769), mayor of Brussels
* 7 August – Jean-François van de Velde (born 1779), bishop of Ghent
# South Russia (1919–1920)

South Russia or South of Russia (Russian: Юг Росси́и, romanized: Yug Rossii), also known as White South (Russian: Белый Юг, romanized: Bely Yug) was a short-lived military quasi-state that existed in Eastern Europe during the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War from 1919 to 1920.
South Russia was established on 8 January 1919 by the White movement after reorganization of their armed forces in the Southern Front, consisting of territory under their control in Ukraine, Crimea, Kuban, the North Caucasus, Black Earth region, Lower Volga, and the Don region. South Russia was an anti-Bolshevik military state under the Armed Forces of South Russia led by General Anton Denikin, and its borders were undefined, changing based on victories or defeats against the Red Army. In March 1920, Denikin established the South Russian Government in Novorossiysk, an attempt at a civil government with the General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia serving as the legislative body. Less than a month later, the Whites were forced to evacuate from Novorossiysk, the Armed Forces of South Russia and the South Russian Government were dissolved. Denikin resigned and delegated power to General Pyotr Wrangel, who established the new Government of South Russia in Sevastopol and the new Russian Army, commonly known as the Army of Wrangel in April.
During mid-1920, South Russia's territory had receded to the White stronghold on Crimea, a highly defensible location that had repelled several Red offensives. The Whites were defeated at the Siege of Perekop in November 1920, losing the highly strategic Perekop Isthmus and leaving Crimea vulnerable to Red invasion. Wrangel ordered the evacuation of Crimea, effectively ending his government and the Southern Front in Red Victory. South Russia ceased to exist after the Red conquest of Crimea, and its territory was divided between Soviet Russia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the territory controlled by the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine of Nestor Makhno.
In Soviet historiography, South Russia was called the White South or White South of Russia, in reference to the concept of the White Army.
# Aris, Messenia

Aris (Greek: Άρις) is a village and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kalamata, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 22.497 km$^2$. Population 1,719 (2021).
# John T. Shuften

John Thomas Shuften (c. 1840–?), commonly known as J. T. Shuften, was an American newspaper editor, journalist, and lawyer. He founded the Colored American newspaper in Macon, Georgia, active from 1865 to 1866. Shuften was an African American who wrote an exposé about the Reconstruction era in the American South, and what he termed as "the great betrayal of the Republican party". He practiced law in Orlando, Florida.

## Biography

John Thomas Shuften was born in about 1840 in Augusta, Georgia.
With help from James D. Lynch, he edited the newspaper Colored American in Augusta, Georgia, in October 1865, the first newspaper in the American South published by an African American. About a year later it was acquired by the Georgia Equal Rights Association and became the Loyal Georgian. John Emory Bryant became editor.
In 1876, Shuften received a law degree from Howard University.
In 1877, Shuften wrote an exposé on the political changes after emancipation in the American South, and "the great betrayal of the Republican party"; the article was titled, "A Colored Man's Exposition of the Acts and Doings of the Radical Party South from 1865 to 1876". In 1892 the New York Times touted his switch to the Democratic Party as a result of "Republican trickery" and ran his statement explaining his switch.
# Bukovica, Škofja Loka

Bukovica (pronounced; German: Wukouza) is a village in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

## Name

Bukovica was attested in written sources in 1291 as Bukkebitz (and as Bukkawitz in 1318 and Wukawicz in 1485). Bukovica is a common toponym and oronym in Slovenia. It is derived from the adjective bukov 'beech' (from bukev 'beech tree') and originally referred to the local vegetation. In the past the German name was Wukouza.

## Church

The local church is dedicated to Saint Florian.
# Joe Dufek

Joseph Edward Dufek (born August 23, 1961) is an American former professional football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 1983. He played college football at Yale.

## Career

Dufek was signed as, more or less, an afterthought when Jim Kelly, the quarterback the Bills had drafted in the first round of the 1983 draft, opted to not sign with the Bills and jumped to the United States Football League (USFL). By the 1984 season, Dufek had risen to the second-string quarterback position, behind an aging and fading Joe Ferguson. Ferguson's performance continued to deteriorate, and on September 30, after 107 consecutive games started, Ferguson was benched, and Dufek received his first game as starter. Dufek and Ferguson combined for a 2–14 record in 1984; Ferguson was traded to Detroit the following off-season, while Dufek made it through part of 1985 (not starting any games that season) before being cut.
Dufek finished the 1985 season and his professional career with the San Diego Chargers. He attempted to continue playing in the NFL, but was cut by the Raiders before the start of the 1986 Season. With the USFL folding as a result of a failed antitrust lawsuit, Dufek was one of the casualties of the tighter job market for professional football players, never playing professional football again and declining to cross picket lines in the 1987 strike.

## Family

He is a younger brother of Don Dufek, Jr., who was a captain of the Seattle Seahawks, Bill Dufek who was an All-American at Michigan and a son of Don Dufek, Sr., who was the most valuable player in the 1951 Rose Bowl. He is the father of Mike, an All-Big Ten Conference athlete, who played his senior season for Michigan Wolverines baseball in 2010.
# Fontitrygon

Fontitrygon is a genus of stingrays in the family Dasyatidae found in coastal tropical Atlantic waters and rivers that drain into the Atlantic. Fontitrygon species were formerly contained within the genus Dasyatis.

## Species

* Fontitrygon colarensis (Santos, Gomes & Charvet-Almeida, 2004) (Colares stingray)
* Fontitrygon garouaensis (Stauch & Blanc, 1962) (Niger stingray)
* Fontitrygon geijskesi (Boeseman, 1948) (Sharpsnout stingray)
* Fontitrygon margarita (Günther, 1870) (Daisy stingray)
* Fontitrygon margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984) (Pearl stingray)
* Fontitrygon ukpam (J. A. Smith, 1863) (Pincushion ray)
# Donnay Indoor Championships

The Brussels Indoor (also known as the Donnay Indoor Championships) is a defunct professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Forest National in Brussels. It was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit initially and later, for three years, the ATP Championship Series of the ATP Tour. The tournament was established in 1980, becoming the second tournament to be played in Brussels, along with the ATP Brussels Outdoor. The following year the outdoor tournament was played for the last time, leaving the Donnay Indoor Championships as the sole professional tournament in the region.
It was held between 1981 and 1988 and then again from 1990 until 1992.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1981 | Jimmy Connors | Brian Gottfried | 6–2, 6–4, 6–3 |
| 1982 | Vitas Gerulaitis | Mats Wilander | 4–6, 7–6, 6–2 |
| 1983 | Peter McNamara | Ivan Lendl | 6–4, 4–6, 7–6 |
| 1984 | John McEnroe | Ivan Lendl | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 1985 | Anders Järryd | Mats Wilander | 6–4, 3–6, 7–5 |
| 1986 | Mats Wilander | Broderick Dyke | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 1987 | Mats Wilander | John McEnroe | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 1988 | Henri Leconte | Jakob Hlasek | 7–6, 7–6, 6–4 |
| 1989 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 1990 | Boris Becker | Carl-Uwe Steeb | 7–5, 6–2, 6–2 |
| 1991 | Guy Forget | Andrei Cherkasov | 6–3, 7–5, 3–6, 7–6 |
| 1992 | Boris Becker | Jim Courier | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 2–6, 7–6$^{(12–10)}$, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 7–5 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1981 | Sandy Mayer Frew McMillan | Kevin Curren Steve Denton | 4–6, 6–3, 6–3 |
| 1982 | Pavel Složil Sherwood Stewart | Tracy Delatte Chris Dunk | 6–4, 6–7, 7–5 |
| 1983 | Heinz Günthardt Balázs Taróczy | Hans Simonsson Mats Wilander | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 1984 | Tim Gullikson Tom Gullikson | Kevin Curren Steve Denton | 6–4, 6–7, 7–6 |
| 1985 | Stefan Edberg Anders Järryd | Kevin Curren Wojciech Fibak | 6–3, 7–6 |
| 1986 | Boris Becker Slobodan Živojinović | John Fitzgerald Tomáš Šmíd | 7–6, 7–5 |
| 1987 | Boris Becker Slobodan Živojinović | Chip Hooper Mike Leach | 7–6, 7–6 |
| 1988 | Wally Masur Tom Nijssen | John Fitzgerald Tomáš Šmíd | W/O |
| 1989 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 1990 | Emilio Sánchez Slobodan Živojinović | Goran Ivanišević Balázs Taróczy | 7–5, 6–3 |
| 1991 | Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde | Libor Pimek Michiel Schapers | 6–3, 6–0 |
| 1992 | Boris Becker John McEnroe | Guy Forget Jakob Hlasek | 6–3, 6–2 |
# Polyakovka, Uchalinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Polyakovka (Russian: Поляковка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Polyakovsky Selsoviet, Uchalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 677 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.

## Geography

Polyakovka is located 46 km northeast of Uchaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Komsomolsk is the nearest rural locality.
# David Kahane

David Kahane (Hebrew: דוד כהנא, Polish: Dawid Kahane; 15 March 1903 – 24 September 1998) was a Polish-Jewish religious teacher, doctor of philosophy, member of the Mizrachi party in Lwów and Chief Rabbi of the Polish Army. He was also the Chief Rabbi of the Israeli air force, and Chief Rabbi of Argentina between 1965 and 1975.

## Life

Kahane was born in Grzymałów, partitioned Poland (now Hrymailiv, Ukraine) into a religious family of the Rabbis. He studied in Berlin and in Wrocław (then Breslau). In 1923–1929, following the reconstitution of sovereign Poland, he continued his studies at the University of Vienna where he obtained the title of Doctor of Philosophy in Israelitisch-Theologische Lehranstalt. Upon his return to Poland, Kahane joined the Mizrachi party in Lwów. He made his living as a religious teacher. Subsequently, he was appointed Rabbi of Tykocin, and in 1929–1939 the Rabbi in Ose Tow Synagogue of Lwów. He also served as director of scientific Tanakh institute locally.
Following the Nazi Operation Barbarossa and the conquest of Lwów, he was interned in the Lwów Ghetto and was active in the local religious department. His parents were murdered in Bełżec extermination camp in 1941. Prior to his deportment to Janowska concentration camp in August 1942, he managed to secure a hiding place for his three-year-old daughter. Deported to Janowska concentration camp, he escaped on 23 April 1943 and went into hiding on the 'Aryan' side. Two months after the liquidation of the Lvov ghetto, in September 1943 Kahane and 15 other Jews sheltered in Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky's home in Lvov. He survived the Holocaust in the General Government District of Galicia. After the Soviet takeover, in 1944 he joined the Polish People's Army in the rank of Major, and appointed chief Rabbi in 1945. Kahane protested against acts of antisemitism in Poland at the funeral of the victims of the Kielce pogrom. Following the liquidation of the Polish Army field rabbinate in 1949, Kahane left the army and emigrated to Israel.
In Israel, he became the Chief Rabbi of the Air Force. In 1967–1975 he resided in Argentina and served as Chief Rabbi of that country. He returned to Israel in 1975 and settled in Tel Aviv. He wrote memoirs in Hebrew including: Joman geto Lwow (1978); translated as the Lvov Ghetto Diary (1990); as well as the Achre(j) ha-mabul (1968). The Lvov Ghetto Diary is one of the few diaries to come out of the Lvov ghetto.
# Christoph Franz von Hutten

Christoph Franz von Hutten (1673–1729) was the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg from 1724 to 1729.

## Life

Von Hutten was born in Mainberg in Lower Franconia on 19 May 1673. He was the son of Ritter Johann von Hutten (1629–90) and his wife Anna Maria, née Freiin von Hagen zu Motten und Buschfeld (1649–98).
He was educated at the University of Würzburg from 1680 to 1685. In 1686, he became a canon (Domizellar) of Würzburg Cathedral and of Comburg. He then studied at the Collegium Germanicum in Rome. He spent 1690–91 at the University of Siena. He then studied at the University of Mainz.
He was made a canon of Bamberg Cathedral on 2 March 1711. He became dean of Würzburg Cathedral on 12 November 1716. On 31 October 1717 he was ordained as a priest.
The cathedral chapter of Würzburg Cathedral elected him Prince-Bishop of Würzburg on 2 October 1724; Pope Benedict XIII confirmed his appointment on 28 December 1724. Johann Bernhard Mayer, auxiliary bishop of Würzburg, consecrated him as a bishop on 8 April 1725.
He died of pneumonia on 25 March 1729 and was buried in Würzburg Cathedral on 26 April 1729.
# Robert Margalis

Robert Margalis (born February 8, 1982) is an American medley swimmer who won the gold medal in the men's 400-meter individual medley event at the 2003 Pan American Games. At the next edition, four years later in Rio de Janeiro, he captured three silver medals. Robert also swam on Saint Petersburg Aquatics club team, with his sister Melanie Margalis.
# Dash Band

Dash Band (Persian: داش‌بند) is a village in, and the capital of, Akhtachi-ye Sharqi Rural District of Simmineh District of Bukan County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,801 in 353 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,975 people in 429 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,376 people in 656 households.
# Stsyapan

Stsyapan, Stsiapan or Sciapan (Belarusian: Сцяпан; pronounced) is a Belarusian masculine given name, equivalent to Stephen. Notable people with the name include:
* Stsyapan Kalinkowski [be] (1918–1945), Belarusian sergeant of the Red Army, Hero of the Soviet Union
* Stepan Krasovsky (Stsyapan Krasowski; 1897–1983), Belarusian-born Soviet Air Force marshal
* Ściapan Niekraševič (1883–1937), Belarusian academic, political figure and a victim of Stalin's purges.
* Stsiapan Putsila (born 1998), Belarusian journalist, blogger, film director and TV presenter, founder of Nexta.
* Stsiapan Rahautsou (Born 1983), Belarusian long-distance runner.
* Stsyapan Skarapanaw [be] (1910–1999), Belarusian scientist
# Hypatima albogrisea

Hypatima albogrisea is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, in 1881. It is found in South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga).
The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are whitish grey, with a slight pinkish tinge, irrorated with brownish fuscous scales, and with a few single widely scattered steel-blue metallic scales chiefly about the darker markings. A somewhat quadrangular fuscous spot lies scarcely above the middle of the wing, the costa above it slightly shaded. There is a costal blotch of about the same size before the apex, and a smaller spot between the two. Both of the same colour. The apical margin is also narrowly fuscous. The hindwings are cinereous-fuscous, with a narrow semi-transparent steel-blue streak beneath the costal vein, and a tuft of long cinereous-fuscous scales arising from the base of the dorsal vein.
# Danylo Ostrozky

Danylo (Andriy) Ostrozky (Ukrainian: Данило Острозький; Polish: Daniel Ostrogski; died after 1366) was a Ruthenian nobleman, probably Prince of Turaŭ, first Prince of Ostroh, and founder of the Ostrozky House.

## Biography

It is not clear whether he was descendant of Pinsk–Turaŭ or Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia branch of the Rurik dynasty. Some scholars claim that his grandfather was Vasylko Romanovych, Prince of Slonim and direct descendant of Roman of Galicia, others however claim his origin in line of Sviatopolk II of Kyiv and suppose that his father was Danylo. Kasper Niesiecki, an 18th-century writer, reported that "Danylo Vasyliovych, son of Danylo of Galicia`s brother, first started to call himself Prince of Ostroh". He could be also direct grandson of Danylo of Galicia and son of Mstyslav Danylovych.
Adam Naruszewicz wrote that Danylo Ostrozky was starost of Przemyśl, officer of Casimir III the Great when he inherited Galicia after the death of Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia. Danylo was probably only temporary supporting King Casimir, because in 1344 he called the Tatars to fight for Galicia in the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, like Dmytro Dedko who died in the same year. Finally Prince Danylo allied to Liubartas who also rivaled for Galicia with Tatars, Poles and Hungarians. He received Ostroh from Liubartas, King of Galicia–Volhynia, where he rebuilt the castle destroyed by the Tatars.
Was married to Wassilisa (?), father of Feodor Ostrozky and probably Wasyl.
# Buenos Aires Province Senate

The Senate of Buenos Aires Province (Spanish: Senado de la provincia de Buenos Aires) is the upper house of the Legislature of Buenos Aires Province, the largest and most populous of Argentina's provinces. It comprises 43 members elected in eight multi-member constituencies known as Electoral Sections. The number of senators that correspond to each of the electoral sections is proportional to their population, as observed in the results of every nationwide census conducted in Argentina every 10 years. Seats may only be added to adjust the proportionality of each section, but never reduced.
As in the National Chamber of Deputies and most other provincial legislatures, elections to the Senate are held every two years, so that half of its members are up in each election. The same system is employed in the provincial Chamber of Deputies.
The Senate was established with the promulgation of the Constitution of the State of Buenos Aires, a short-lived secessionist state, in 1854. Originally located in the City of Buenos Aires, the provincial legislature was moved to La Plata following that city's establishment in 1882. The body meets in the Legislative Palace, designed by Hannover architects Gustav Heine and Georg Hagemann in 1883 and completed in 1888.

## List of presidents of the Senate

The Senate is chaired by the vice governor of the province, who is elected alongside the governor every four years. The Vice Governor may only cast tie-breaking votes (according to article 93 of the provincial constitution). The following is a list of vice governors of Buenos Aires since the return of democracy in 1983.
| President | Party | Term start | Term end | Governor |
| Elva Roulet | UCR | 10 December 1983 | 10 December 1987 | Alejandro Armendáriz |
| Luis María Macaya | PJ–FR | 10 December 1987 | 10 December 1991 | Antonio Cafiero |
| Rafael Romá | PJ | 10 December 1991 | 10 December 1999 | Eduardo Duhalde |
| Felipe Solá | PJ | 10 December 1999 | 3 January 2002 | Carlos Ruckauf |
| Alejandro Corvatta | PJ | 3 January 2002 | 10 December 2003 | Felipe Solá |
| Graciela Giannettasio | PJ–FPV | 10 December 2003 | 10 December 2007 | Felipe Solá |
| Alberto Balestrini | PJ–FPV | 10 December 2007 | 7 April 2010 | Daniel Scioli |
| Gabriel Mariotto | PJ–FPV | 7 April 2010 | 10 December 2015 | Daniel Scioli |
| Daniel Salvador | UCR–C | 10 December 2015 | 10 December 2019 | María Eugenia Vidal |
| Verónica Magario | PJ–UP | 10 December 2019 | incumbent | Axel Kicillof |
# Richard Bromsgrove

Richard Bromsgrove (died 1435), was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Evesham.
Bromsgrove, who doubtless derived his name (which is sometimes given under the form of Bremesgrave) from Bromsgrove in Worcestershire as his birthplace. He was elected Abbot of Evesham when infirmarer of the abbey, on 6 December 1418, and was consecrated in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of Bangor, who in the year previous had been Chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May 1435, after holding the abbacy for seventeen years, and was buried before the high altar in St. Mary's chapel in the abbey church.
The register of his acts during his abbacy is preserved in Cotton MS. Titus C. ix. (ff. 1–38). It contains articles for the reformation of monasteries which were proposed by Henry V in 1421, with modifications suggested by various abbots. It appears from this register (f. 32) that he wrote a tract, 'De fraterna correctione canonice exercenda.' A transcript of the register exists amongst the collections of James West in Lansdowne MS. 227, British Museum.