OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Episkepsis

An episkepsis (Greek: ἐπίσκεψις lit. 'inspection', pl. episkepseis, ἐπισκέψεις) was a fiscal district in the middle Byzantine Empire (10th–13th centuries). In its strict technical sense, it refers to a domain or other property, in some cases including entire villages or towns, allocated for the support of individuals of the imperial family (basilike episkepsis), noble houses or churches and monasteries. As the historian Paul Magdalino shows, these episkepseis were overwhelmingly situated in the coastlands around the Aegean Sea, which comprised the Empire's best arable land, or in fertile inland areas such as Thrace and Thessaly. In the 12th century, the term refers also to the fiscal divisions of the themes.
As an institution, the episkepsis existed as early as the ninth century, with regards citing episketites - the position overseeing such territory - as a function of the oikeiakon, a sekreton created by Basil II. It is noted that an episkepsis is designated as an imperial holding throughout its existence in the Byzantine history. These holdings or estates were classified into three: imperial, personal, and ecclesiastical. Some of the examples of these territories include Macedonia, Miletos, and Alopekai. An episkepsis may be transformed into a kouratoria in the event of stability and expanded revenue. For instance, Seleukia was an episkepsis during the tenth century but later constituted the grand kouratoria of Tarsos.

## Sources

* Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 717. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
* Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–168, 234–235. ISBN 0-521-52653-1.
# John Hay (Canadian politician)

John Hay (June 26, 1862 – January 16, 1925) was a Canadian politician.
Born in Chatham, Canada East, Hay was a farmer. He was mayor of Lachute from 1907 to 1909. He ran unsuccessfully for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the riding of Argenteuil in 1892. He was elected in a 1910 by-election and was defeated in 1912. A Liberal, he was elected in 1916 and served until his death in 1925 in Lachute.
# Torgaska

Torgaska (Russian: Торгаска; Bashkir: Торғаҫ, Torğaś) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Skvorchikhinsky Selsoviet, Ishimbaysky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Torgaska is located 23 km southeast of Ishimbay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lesnoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Jurbijarkol

Jurbijarkol (Persian: جوربيجاركل, also Romanized as Jūbījārkol and Jowbījārkol; also known as Dzhodzherkul, Jojarkul, Jowbejārkol, Jowjarkūl, and Jūbjārkol) is a village in Kenar Sar Rural District, Kuchesfahan District, Rasht County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 357, in 108 families.
# Obertyn

Obertyn (Ukrainian: Обертин; Polish: Obertyn; Hebrew: אוברטין; also Obertin) is a rural settlement in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Obertyn settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 2,920 (2022 estimate).

## History

The Battle of Obertyn took place here on August 22, 1531, fought between Moldavian Prince Petru Rareş and Polish King Zygmunt Stary. The battle ended with a Polish victory and the reconquest of Pokuttia. It formed part of the Kingdom of Poland until the First Partition of Poland in 1772, when it was annexed by Austria. Obertyn was home to one of the communities of Armenians in Poland.
Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was occupied by the Soviets until 1941, then by Germany until 1944, and then re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland in 1945. The town had an important Jewish community before World War II. In June and September 1942, the Jewish community was moved to a ghetto in Kolomyia and then on to the extermination camp in Bełżec. In 1943, the German occupiers killed nearly all the remaining Jews in Obertyn by shooting them or burning them alive in their houses. Only one Jewish child, Krystyna Carmi, survived the Holocaust.
Until 18 July 2020, Obertyn belonged to Tlumach Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Tlumach Raion was merged into Ivano-Frankivsk Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Obertyn was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Obertyn became a rural settlement.
# Dívčí Hrad

Dívčí Hrad (German: Maidelberg) is a municipality and village in Bruntál District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Geography

Dívčí Hrad is located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Bruntál and 61 km (38 mi) northeast of Ostrava. It is situated in the Osoblažsko microregion on the border with Poland. It lies in the Zlatohorská Highlands. The highest point is the hill Hraniční kopec at 352 m (1,155 ft) above sea level, located on the Czech-Polish border.
The Osoblaha River flows across the municipality. There are two fishponds in the municipal territory: Dívčí Hrad and Pitárno.
Oblík Nature Monument consists of a basalt hill with statigraphic and paleontological significance. There are fossils of crinoids, corals, cephalopods and brachiopods from the Cretaceous. It has an area of 23.3 ha (58 acres).

## History

The first written mention of Dívčí Hrad is in the will of Bishop Bruno von Schauenburg from 1267, when the local castle was called Deuviz.
In 1474, the castle was conquered and destroyed by the army of Matthias Corvinus. Around 1573, a new Renaissance castle was built by Hynek Bruntálský of Vrbno on the site of the castle ruin. In 1580, Dívčí Hrad was bought by the Sedlnický of Choltice family, and after it was confiscated from them in 1622, it was acquired by the Teutonic Order. In 1768, Dívčí Hrad was acquired by the Knights Hospitaller, who owned the castle until the 20th century.
From 1976 to 1990, Dívčí Hrad was an administrative part of Osoblaha. Since 1990, it has been a separate municipality.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,139 | — |
| 1880 | 1,112 | −2.4% |
| 1890 | 1,045 | −6.0% |
| 1900 | 959 | −8.2% |
| 1910 | 883 | −7.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 881 | −0.2% |
| 1930 | 812 | −7.8% |
| 1950 | 189 | −76.7% |
| 1961 | 354 | +87.3% |
| 1970 | 308 | −13.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 310 | +0.6% |
| 1991 | 226 | −27.1% |
| 2001 | 272 | +20.4% |
| 2011 | 243 | −10.7% |
| 2021 | 264 | +8.6% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Dívčí Hrad is served by the Dívčí Hrad stop on the narrow-gauge Třemešná ve Slezsku–Osoblaha railway, but the stop is located just outside the municipal territory.

## Sights

The main landmark is the Dívčí Hrad Castle. This Renaissance castle is architecturally related to northern Italian churches with elements of fortress architecture. The castle was severely damaged during the World War II and then reconstructed.
# Mykolaivka, Mykolaivka settlement hromada, Berezivka Raion, Odesa Oblast

Mykolaivka or Nikolaevka (Ukrainian: Миколаївка; Russian: Николаевка) is a rural settlement in the west of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Mykolaivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 2,575 (2022 estimate).
Mykolaivka is located on the banks of the Chychykleia River, a right tributary of the Southern Bug, at the border with Mykolaiv Oblast.

## History

Mykolaivka was founded in 1791. The area was settled after 1792, when the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia according to the Iasi Peace Treaty. Until mid-20th century, it was known as Mykolaivka Druha (Ukrainian: Миколаївка Друга, Russian: Николаевка Вторая).
Until 18 July 2020, Mykolaivka was the administrative center of Mykolaivka Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Mykolaivka Raion was merged into Berezivka Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Mykolaivka was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Mykolaivka became a rural settlement.

## Economy
### Transportation

Mykolaivka has road access to the Highway M05 which connects Kyiv and Odesa.
# Argyle, Iowa

Argyle is an unincorporated community in southwestern Lee County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 91.
It lies along the concurrent Iowa Highways 27 and 394 southwest of the city of Fort Madison, the county seat of Lee County. Its elevation is 679 feet (207 m). Although Argyle is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 52619, which opened on 15 March 1885. The community is part of the Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA-MO Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The Central Lee Community School District serves the community.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 91 people, 37 households, and 19 families residing in the community. The population density was 150.8 inhabitants per square mile (58.2/km$^2$). There were 45 housing units at an average density of 74.6 per square mile (28.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the community was 92.3% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 1.1% Pacific Islander, 0.0% from other races and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 3.3% of the population.
Of the 37 households, 21.6% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 0.0% were cohabitating couples, 37.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 27.0% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 48.6% of all households were non-families. 48.6% of all households were made up of individuals, 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.
The median age in the community was 48.5 years. 29.7% of the residents were under the age of 20; 1.1% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 18.7% were from 25 and 44; 28.6% were from 45 and 64; and 22.0% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the community was 64.8% male and 35.2% female.

## Transportation

Amtrak’s Southwest Chief, which operates between Los Angeles and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Fort Madison, 19 miles (31 km) to the east.
# Bratislavskaya (Moscow Metro)

Bratislavskaya (Russian: Братиславская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Maryino District, South-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line, between Lyublino and Maryino stations. Bratislavskaya opened on 25 December 1996 as a part of the South-Eastern extension of the Lyublinsky radius.
Named after the Slovak capital Bratislava in honour of the Russo-Slovak friendship, the station is a pillar bi-span. The station's main theme is designed accordingly (architects A.Orlov and A.Nekrasov). The station's length is interrupted with a central square vacuum space that was to serve as a future transfer for the large ring beginning from the Kakhovskaya Line. However the large ring programme has been redesigned and as a result the future transfer will take place at Pechatniki. It is expected that this vaulted space will be covered up as the rest of the station is.
The current architectural decoration is that the two spans are vaulted with suspended lighting hanging from the apexes of the vault. The middle pillar row drops from the joining point of the vaults. The pillars are faced with wavy turquoise marble as are the walls. The floor is out of checkered black and grey granite, except in the future transfer point where the floor is wholly grey. Also decorating the station are four medallions located in the four points above the pillar rows with views of Moscow and Bratislava (Bratislava Castle, Devín Castle, the residence of the Mayor of Moscow, and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.
The station has two underground vestibules located under the Pererva street and Myachkovsky boulevard.
* Subway train at Bratislavskaya station
* Food court at shopping mall near Bratislavskaya
* Memorial plate dedicated to Slovak-Russian friendship at Bratislavskaya station
* 81-717.6
# Jonathan Blair

Jonathan Blair (1941-2017) was an American photographer who has worked for the National Geographic Society since 1970s. His photographs have been published in Time, Life and Newsweek, and The New York Times Magazine, as well as in a photographic book called Outlaw Trail, which was an international best seller. His photography is diverse, ranging from underwater shipwrecks, to wildlife on the Pacific Islands to the Wild West in the United States. However, he specialized in natural history and deep ocean photography.

## Biography

Blair was born in 1941 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.
He began his photography career at Northwestern University as a darkroom technician where he took pictures of various stars for Dearborn Observatory. Later, while on a trip to White Sands, New Mexico to help set up an observatory, he realized that it was his passion to become a landscape photographer. After this revelation, he soon enrolled at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) to pursue his degree in illustrative photography. One summer, he got a position with the National Park Service of Yosemite National Park and became the park's photographer and later, a park ranger. During his time there, he published many photographs for the United States Department of the Interior which helped him earn credits towards a bachelor's degree in fine arts and photography. It also helped to secure him a position as an intern for the National Geographic magazine. His first assignment for National Geographic was in 1966. He was able to participate in numerous expeditions to Africa, Asia Minor, and Europe.
Since the 1970s, he has published numerous articles with photographs in National Geographic, including The Last Dive of I-52, which he wrote after he took a 17,000 feet (5,200 m) dive in the Atlantic Ocean.
Jonathan passed away in 2017 at his home in upstate New York after an illness.

## Achievements

For the 1984 National Geographic Cover, Blair created a 3D hologram of the African Taung Child, in collaboration with optical scientist Kenneth Haines.
In 2001, he became the Director of Media Development for Nauticos Corporation, an ocean discovery company. His first assignment with them was taking underwater images during their search for Amelia Earhart's airplane.
He collaborated with author Robert Redford, by photographing the illustrations in his book about the badmen of the Wild West. The book, Outlaw Trail, was an international best seller.
One of his pictures, titled "Old man with beard and glasses (Turkey)" is digitally included among the photographs carried onboard Voyager I and Voyager II spacecraft, which are heading out of the Solar System.
# Plieux

Plieux (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Plius) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## Geography
### Hydrography

The Auroue flows north through the western part of the commune; the river Arrats forms all of the commune's eastern border.
# Arthur C. Pierce

Arthur C. Pierce (September 8, 1923 – November 17, 1987) was an American screenwriter and director specialising in low budget science fiction films.

## Biography

Pierce, a native of Dallas, enlisted in the US Navy during the Second World War serving as a combat photographer in the Pacific under Edward Steichen. Following the war, Pierce unsuccessfully attempted to produce a film about US Navy submarines entitled The Silent Service starring Robert Montgomery.
He studied drama and worked as an actor and stage manager in various stage productions. Beginning in 1948, Pierce worked for Raphael G. Wolff Studios, an industrial film production company, for three years. Pierce acted as a cameraman contributing to over 100 industrial films made throughout North America. In 1952 he joined the Howard Anderson Company that produced special effects for various motion pictures where he acquired a strong knowledge of optical effects.
Pierce entered the world of screenwriting through his friend Mark Hanna, a screenwriter and actor. His first work was 1959's The Cosmic Man starring John Carradine that had many of the same ideas as The Day the Earth Stood Still. Pierce then wrote the screenplay for Beyond the Time Barrier for Robert Clarke and Edgar G. Ulmer. This was a low-budget film designed to exploit The Time Machine. Pierce also appeared as one of the mutants.
Renowned and typecast for low budget science fiction, Pierce worked his way up to producing and directing The Human Duplicators and Mutiny in Outer Space both without credit. Pierce's first directorial credits were Women of the Prehistoric Planet (1965) and the non-science fiction The Las Vegas Hillbillys (1966). Pierce also wrote several spy-fi films including The Human Duplicators (1965), Dimension 5 (1966), and The Destructors (1966).
In the 1970s Pierce wrote for the American television series Fantasy Island and The Next Step Beyond.
# Austrian Paralympic Committee

The Austrian Paralympic Committee (German: Österreichische Paralympische Committee, OPC) was founded in 1998. In April 2009, Maria Rauch-Kallat, the former Austrian Minister of Health, Youth and Family and former NPC Vice President, was elected President. One of her primary objectives is to support youth and women with disabilities. Petra Huber assumed the role of Secretary General, while Hermann Krist and Brigitte Jank serve as Vice-Presidents.
The Austrian Paralympic Committee has its headquarters in Vienna.

## Tasks of the Austrian Paralympic Committee

The primary task of the Austrian Paralympic Committee is to enable qualified athletes with physical disabilities, visual impairment and mental impairment to compete in the Paralympics. The committee supports athletes by securing financial resources to send them to the Paralympics and coordinates their participation in collaboration with sports federations.
A key objective of the Austrian Paralympic Committee is to increase public and media interest in the Paralympic Games.
Additionally, the committee represents Austrian interests at conferences and meetings of the International Paralympic Committee and the European Paralympic Committee.
To date, Austrian athletes have won 214 gold, 232 silver and 232 bronze medals at the Paralympics (353 at the Summer Paralympics and 325 at the Winter Paralympics). The most successful female Austrian athlete at the Paralympics is Rosa Schweizer with 23 medals (including 16 gold medals) while the most successful male Austrian athlete is Engelbert Rangger with a total of 12 medals.
# Gazegah

Gazegah (Persian: گزگاه, also Romanized as Gazegāh) is a village in Chelo Rural District, Chelo District, Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 5 families.
# Kalamaki, Patras

Kalamaki (Greek: Καλαμάκι, meaning "small cane" or "straw") is a neighbourhood in the city of Patras, Achaea, Greece.
* This Western Greece location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Marjolaine Rossit

Marjolaine Rossit (born 9 January 1980) is a French rower. She won a gold medal at the 2004 World Rowing Championships on the Lake of Banyoles in Catalonia, Spain, in the women's four event.
# Halla, Punjab

Halla (Urdu: ہلّہ), is a town and Union Council situated near Pattoki in Pattoki Tehsil of Kasur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 31°7'9N 73°43'24E with an altitude of 178 metres (587 feet). It is located on bank of Lower Bari Doaab.
# Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles

Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Jennifer Baichwal and released in 1998. The film is a portrait of American writer and composer Paul Bowles.
The film premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival.
The film received a Genie Award nomination for Best Feature Length Documentary at the 19th Genie Awards, and won the International Emmy Award for Best Arts Documentary at the 27th International Emmy Awards.
# Sébrazac

Sébrazac (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sebrasac) is a commune in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Adenuga

Adénúgà audio is a surname of Yoruba origin, meaning "the crown or royalty has a foundation or throne room".

## Notable people with the surname include

* Jamie Adenuga, stage-named Jme (musician), English grime artist
* Joseph Adenuga, stage-named Skepta, English rapper
* Julie Adenuga, English radio presenter
* Mike Adenuga, Nigerian business tycoon
* Victor Adenuga Oyenuga, Nigerian agricultural scientist
* Wale Adenuga, Nigerian cartoonist
# Leonid Borodin

Leonid Ivanovich Borodin (Russian: Леони́д Ива́нович Бороди́н; 14 April 1938 – 24 November 2011) was a Russian novelist and journalist.

## Biography

Born in Irkutsk, Borodin was a Russian Orthodox Christian and a Soviet dissident. In the 1960s he belonged to the anti-Communist All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People (VSHSON). He was arrested and imprisoned in the 'strict regime' Camp 17 in 1967, and went on hunger strike there with Yuli Daniel and Aleksandr Ginzburg in 1969.
After his release in 1973, Borodin’s works were smuggled out of the Soviet Union. The publication of an English translation of The Story of a Strange Time led to his arrest in 1982 on charges of 'anti-Soviet propaganda'. He was sentenced to 10 years of hard labour in Perm-36 Maximum Security Camp (ITK-6), as well as five years' internal exile. Released after four years, in the perestroika era, Borodin was allowed to visit the West with his wife.
Borodin was the subject and first-person narrator of the 2001 film Leonid Borodin: Looking through the Years.
A winner of many literary prizes, including the 2002 Solzhenitsyn Prize, Borodin was editor-in-chief of Moskva, a popular literary magazine. In 2005 he was appointed to the first convocation of the Public Chamber of Russia.

## Works in English translation

* Partings, The Harvill Press, 1988.
* The Year of Miracle and Grief, Quartet Books, 1988.
* The Third Truth, Harpercollins, 1992.
* The Story of a Strange Time, Harpercollins, 1993.
# Chakkarat district

Chakkarat (Thai: จักราช, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: จักราช, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the eastern part of Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand.

## History

In 1927 Tha Chang village was upgraded to a minor district (king amphoe) of Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima district. It was upgraded to a full district in 1953, and at the same time renamed from Tha Chang to Chakkarat. The district office was moved to Ban Talat Chakkarat in 1964.

## Geography

Neighbouring districts are (from the north clockwise): Phimai and Huai Thalaeng of Nakhon Ratchasima Province; Nong Hong and Nong Ki of Buriram province; Nong Bun Mak, Chaloem Phra Kiat and Non Sung of Nakhon Ratchasima.
The main water resource is the Mun River.

## Administration

The district is divided into eight sub-districts (tambons). Chakkarat itself has township (thesaban tambon) status and covers part of tambon Chakkarat.
| 1. | Chakkarat | จักราช |
| 3. | Thonglang | ทองหลาง |
| 4. | Si Suk | สีสุก |
| 5. | Nong Kham | หนองขาม |
| 7. | Nong Phluang | หนองพลวง |
| 10 | Si Lako | ศรีละกอ |
| 11. | Khlong Mueang | คลองเมือง |
| 12. | Hin Khon | หินโคน |
Missing numbers are tambons which now form Chaloem Phra Kiat District.