# Groenkloof Nature Reserve

The Groenkloof Nature Reserve, located adjacent to the Fountains Valley at the southern entrance to Pretoria, was the first game sanctuary in Africa. The reserve of 600 ha is managed by the Department of Nature Conservation. The National Heritage Monument is located within the reserve. It is flanked by Christina de Wit Avenue and Nelson Mandela Drive, that separate it from the Voortrekker Monument and Klapperkop Nature Reserves. In aggregate these reserves conserve some 1,400 ha of bankenveld vegetation which is threatened in Gauteng. The reserve is open to day visitors from 5:30 to 19:00 in summer, and 7:00 to 18:00 in winter.

## History

This valley on the southern outskirts of Pretoria was proclaimed a game sanctuary by President Paul Kruger on 25 February 1895. Its main purpose was to protect the shy and timid oribi, which occurred there, and other game that were being depleted by hunters. For many years however, the reserve was leased for exotic timber plantation, to supply wood and paper. A memorial wall is to be seen beside traces of the homestead of the early pioneer Lucas Bronkhorst, who settled here around 1839.
In April 2015 the head of the reserve, David Boshoff, was suspended and evicted from his council home by the Tshwane metro HR manager. The eviction came in the fifth month of a strike by the majority of the reserve's workers, who reportedly negated their agreement with management to return to work in February.

## Wildlife

When the reserve was reproclaimed in 1994, the plantations were removed to allow the natural vegetation to regenerate. Open grassland occurs along the Apies valley and the higher plateau. Native trees occur at varying densities on the hillsides and in the lower valley. These include white stinkwood, hook-thorn, mountain karee, velvet bushwillow, wild pear and puzzle bush.
Since 1999 the reserve was stocked with various game species. These include zebra, blesbok, impala, kudu, blue wildebeest, red hartebeest (since 2002), giraffe (2002), sable (2003) and ostrich. Jackal, duiker and rock hyrax are also resident.
Over 120 bird species have been recorded in the reserve and the adjacent Fountains Valley. Game birds include guineafowl, Swainson's spurfowl and crested francolin. The grassy floodplain of the Apies river and its riparian vegetation provide breeding habitat for a number of weaver, bishop and widow species, while the open woodlands on the lower hill slopes provide breeding territories for bushshrike and tchagra species.
Bird species of Groenkloof Nature Reserve :
| Common name | Scientific name | Status | Breeding |
| Common ostrich | Struthio camelus | uncommon | |
| Reed cormorant | Phalacrocorax africanus | vagrant | |
| Grey heron | Ardea cinerea | rare | |
| Cattle egret | Bubulcus ibis | uncommon | |
| Hamerkop | Scopus umbretta | rare | |
| Hadeda ibis | Bostrychia hagedash | abundant | |
| Egyptian goose | Alopochen aegyptiacus | uncommon | |
| Yellow-billed kite | Milvus aegyptius | rare | |
| Verreaux's eagle | Aquila verreauxii | uncommon | |
| Steppe buzzard | Buteo vulpinus | rare | |
| Little sparrowhawk | Accipiter minullus | rare | |
| Coqui francolin | Peliperdix coqui | rare | |
| Crested francolin | Dendroperdix sephaena | rare | |
| Swainson's spurfowl | Pternistis swainsonii | regular | |
| Helmeted guineafowl | Numida meleagris | abundant | breeder |
| Crowned lapwing | Vanellus coronatus | regular | |
| Blacksmith lapwing | Vanellus armatus | rare | |
| African wattled lapwing | Vanellus senegallus | rare | |
| Speckled pigeon | Columba guinea | rare | |
| African olive pigeon | Columba arquatrix | rare | breeder |
| Red-eyed dove | Streptopelia semitorquata | regular | breeder |
| Cape turtle-dove | Streptopelia capicola | abundant | |
| Laughing dove | Streptopelia senegalensis | abundant | |
| Rock dove | Columba livia | rare | |
| Grey go-away-bird | Corythaixoides concolor | abundant | |
| Red-chested cuckoo | Cuculus solitarius | uncommon | breeder |
| Black cuckoo | Cuculus clamosus | uncommon | breeder |
| Levaillant's cuckoo | Clamator levaillantii | rare | breeder |
| Klaas's cuckoo | Chrysococcyx klaas | rare | breeder |
| Diderick cuckoo | Chrysococcyx caprius | regular | breeder |
| White-rumped swift | Apus caffer | uncommon | |
| Little swift | Apus affinis | uncommon | |
| African palm-swift | Cypsiurus parvus | uncommon | |
| Speckled mousebird | Colius striatus | regular | |
| Red-faced mousebird | Urocolius indicus | regular | |
| Woodland kingfisher | Halcyon senegalensis | rare | breeder |
| Brown-hooded kingfisher | Halcyon albiventris | rare | |
| European bee-eater | Merops apiaster | uncommon | |
| African hoopoe | Upupa africana | regular | |
| Green wood-hoopoe | Phoeniculus purpureus | regular | breeder |
| Black-collared barbet | Lybius torquatus | common | |
| Yellow-fronted tinkerbird | Pogoniulus chrysoconus | rare | |
| Crested barbet | Trachyphonus vaillantii | abundant | |
| Lesser honeyguide | Indicator minor | uncommon | |
| Brown-backed honeybird | Prodotiscus regulus | rare | |
| Golden-tailed woodpecker | Campethera abingoni | rare | |
| Cardinal woodpecker | Dendropicos fuscescens | uncommon | |
| Red-throated wryneck | Jynx ruficollis | rare | |
| Rufous-naped lark | Mirafra africana | rare | breeder |
| Barn swallow | Hirundo rustica | rare | |
| White-throated swallow | Hirundo albigularis | rare | |
| Greater striped swallow | Hirundo cucullata | regular | |
| Lesser striped swallow | Hirundo abyssinica | rare | |
| South African cliff-swallow | Hirundo spilodera | rare | |
| Rock martin | Hirundo fuligula | uncommon | |
| Common house-martin | Delichon urbicum | rare | |
| Black cuckooshrike | Campephaga flava | rare | |
| White-breasted cuckooshrike | Coracina pectoralis | vagrant | |
| Fork-tailed drongo | Dicrurus adsimilis | common | |
| Black-headed oriole | Oriolus larvatus | regular | |
| Pied crow | Corvus albus | uncommon | |
| Arrow-marked babbler | Turdoides jardineii | common | |
| Dark-capped bulbul | Pycnonotus tricolor | abundant | breeder |
| Kurrichane thrush | Turdus libonyanus | | regular |
| Groundscraper thrush | Psophocichla litsipsirupa | uncommon | |
| Karoo thrush | Turdus smithi | rare | |
| Mocking cliff-chat | Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris | rare | |
| African stonechat | Saxicola torquatus | rare | |
| Cape robin-chat | Cossypha caffra | common | |
| White-browed scrub-robin | Cercotrichas leucophrys | rare | |
| Willow warbler | Phylloscopus trochilus | rare | |
| Marsh warbler | Acrocephalus palustris | rare | |
| Cape grassbird | Sphenoeacus afer | rare | |
| Bar-throated apalis | Apalis thoracica | rare | |
| Zitting cisticola | Cisticola juncidis | rare | breeder |
| Neddicky | Cisticola fulvicapilla | regular | |
| Rattling cisticola | Cisticola chiniana | uncommon | breeder |
| Lazy cisticola | Cisticola aberrans | rare | |
| Tawny-flanked prinia | Prinia subflava | abundant | |
| Black-chested prinia | Prinia flavicans | uncommon | breeder |
| Spotted flycatcher | Muscicapa striata | uncommon | |
| Southern black flycatcher | Melaenornis pammelaina | rare | |
| Fiscal flycatcher | Sigelus silens | regular | |
| Chinspot batis | Batis molitor | rare | |
| Fairy flycatcher | Stenostira scita | rare | |
| African paradise-flycatcher | Terpsiphone viridis | uncommon | breeder |
| Striped pipit | Anthus lineiventris | rare | |
| Common fiscal | Lanius collaris | abundant | |
| Southern boubou | Laniarius ferrugineus | abundant | |
| Black-backed puffback | Dryoscopus cubla | regular | |
| Brown-crowned tchagra | Tchagra australis | rare | breeder |
| Black-crowned tchagra | Tchagra senegalus | regular | breeder |
| Bokmakierie | Telophorus zeylonus | common | breeder |
| Grey-headed bush-shrike | Malaconotus blanchoti | rare | breeder |
| White-crested helmet-shrike | Prionops plumatus | rare | |
| Brubru | Nilaus afer | rare | |
| Common myna | Acridotheres tristis | common | breeder |
| Cape glossy starling | Lamprotornis nitens | regular | |
| Red-winged starling | Onychognathus morio | rare | |
| White-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris talatala | regular | |
| Amethyst sunbird | Chalcomitra amethystina | regular | |
| Cape white-eye | Zosterops virens | rare | |
| House sparrow | Passer domesticus | rare | |
| Cape sparrow | Passer melanurus | common | breeder |
| Southern masked-weaver | Ploceus velatus | abundant | breeder |
| Southern red bishop | Euplectes orix | regular | breeder |
| Red-collared widowbird | Euplectes ardens | uncommon | breeder |
| White-winged widowbird | Euplectes albonotatus | regular | breeder |
| Long-tailed widowbird | Euplectes progne | rare | breeder |
| Bronze mannikin | Spermestes cucullatus | uncommon | |
| African firefinch | Lagonosticta rubricata | rare | |
| Jameson's firefinch | Lagonosticta rhodopareia | rare | |
| Blue waxbill | Uraeginthus angolensis | rare | |
| Black-faced waxbill | Estrilda erythronotos | rare | |
| Common waxbill | Estrilda astrild | uncommon | |
| Purple indigobird | Vidua purpurascens | rare | breeder |
| Yellow-fronted canary | Crithagra mozambicus | common | breeder |
| Black-throated canary | Crithagra atrogularis | regular | |
| Streaky-headed seedeater | Crithagra gularis | regular | |
| Cinnamon-breasted bunting | Emberiza tahapisi | rare | |
Special invertebrates of the reserve include Gunning's rock scorpion, golden-starburst baboon spider, the violin spider L. speluncarum which is endemic to caves of the Pretoria area, and the purse-web spider, Calommata transvaalica, which is severely threatened by urbanization in Gauteng.

## Facilities and activities

Entrance fees differ depending on the intended activity, and the number of persons partaking. The reserve is popular with cyclists, and mountain bikers can follow a 20 km route. The three hiking trails are designated as the red (1.3/3.5 km), white (3.7 km) and yellow (10.5 km) trails. Hikers can reserve an overnight hut. Off-road enthusiasts can explore 14 km of 4x4 tracks, while game viewing is possible from a 5 km motor car route. Guided horse rides and pony rides for kids are also offered. There are two picnic areas, named Meriting and Mashupeng, and a lapa may be rented for evening get-togethers.

## Gallery

* Apies River
* Meriting picnic area
* Giraffe