OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Haut-Bocage

Haut-Bocage (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Aut Boschatge) is a commune in the Allier department of central France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.

## Politics and administration
### List of mayors

List of successive mayors of Haut-Bocage :
| In office | In office | Name | Party | Capacity | Ref. |
| 8 January 2016 | Incumbent | Jean-Michel Laprugne | | | |

### Former and delegated communes

The mayors of the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement are by right delegated mayors for each of their respective communes.
List of delegated communes of Haut-Bocage :
| Delegated commune | INSEE code | Intercommunality | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2014) | Density (per km$^2$) |
| Maillet (seat) | 03158 | CC du Val de Cher | 26.61 | 896 | 34 |
| Givarlais | 03123 | CC du Val de Cher | 14.85 | 246 | 17 |
| Louroux-Hodement | 03153 | CC du Val de Cher | 29.18 | 343 | 12 |

## Population

Population data refer to the commune in its geography as of January 2023.
# Ryadovoy

Ryadovoy (Russian: Рядово́й) in the Army, Airborne troops, and Air Force of the Russian Federation is the designation of a member of the rank group of enlisted personnel. The rank is equivalent to matros (Russian: матрос) in the Russian Navy. In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (and later in those of the Russian Federation) yefreytor is the second-lowest rank of enlisted personnel.
The word ryadovoy relates to the Russian ryad (Russian: ряд), which in a military context means "file" or "rank" (in the sense of "rank and file").

## History

The Imperial Russian Army used the designation ryadovoy before 1917. The rank re-appeared in the newly named Soviet Army in 1946, replacing the rank of "Red Army man" (Russian: красноармеец, romanized: krasnoarmeyets) used in the Red Army from 1918 to 1946.

## USSR

In the USSR Armed Forces the rank designation Ryadovoy was introduced in 1946. From 1919 to 1946 the designation to this particular rank was Krasnoarmeyets (literal: Red Army man or Red Army Soldier).
— Ryadovoy — :
| shoulder board field (1946–1955) | shoulder board Motorized Rifle Troops Army (1955–1994) | AB Troops, AF and ADF (1955–1994) |

## Rank insignia armed forces of the Russian Federation (RF)

* ... service uniform Kursant with OR1-rank ryadovoy, of the RF AF or airborne troops (1994–2010)
* ... ryadovoy land forces and SMT PF Army (1994–2010)
* ... field service uniform ryadovoy land forces, airborne troops, SMT, RSF Marines, AF, AD, etc. (1994–2010)
* ... Ryadovoy Militsiya, from 2011–present ryadovoy of the police Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia).
* field uniform

## Rank designation in other countries

In the countries below, spelling is similar and the classification to a separate rank group is equivalent.
* ⇒ Belarusian: Радавы; rjadavy
* ⇒ Bulgarian: Редник; rednik
# Hobby Express

Hobby Express is an American retailer that sells radio-controlled aircraft, helicopters, boats and related products through catalog and Internet sales, and operates a store in Tennessee. It was called Hobby Lobby International before changing its name in 2013 to avoid confusion with Hobby Lobby, an arts and crafts retailer then participating in a U.S. Supreme Court case.
The company was started in 1963 by James Martin. It was sold in 2003 to GenCap America and remained headquartered in Brentwood, Tennessee. In 2009, Hobby-Lobby International was sold to Mark Cleveland of Brentwood.
# Lužice (Hodonín District)

Lužice (German: Luschitz) is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,900 inhabitants.

## Geography

Lužice is located about 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Hodonín and 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Brno. It lies in a flat landscape of the Lower Morava Valley. The Kyjovka River flows through the municipality.

## History

The first written mention of Lužice is from 1250. From 1511, it was part of the Hodonín estate. Until the industrialization in the 19th century, it was an agricultural village. From 1840 to 1931, lignite was mined here. The railway was built in 1841. A large glass factory operated in Lužice from 1870 to 1933.
The municipality was heavily damaged by the 2021 South Moravia tornado.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 972 | — |
| 1880 | 1,479 | +52.2% |
| 1890 | 1,688 | +14.1% |
| 1900 | 1,742 | +3.2% |
| 1910 | 2,076 | +19.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,245 | +8.1% |
| 1930 | 2,136 | −4.9% |
| 1950 | 2,061 | −3.5% |
| 1961 | 2,530 | +22.8% |
| 1970 | 2,641 | +4.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 2,669 | +1.1% |
| 1991 | 2,515 | −5.8% |
| 2001 | 2,742 | +9.0% |
| 2011 | 2,781 | +1.4% |
| 2021 | 2,804 | +0.8% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

Lužice is known for viticulture. The municipality lies in the Slovácká wine sub-region.

## Transport

The I/55 road (the section from Břeclav to Hodonín) passes through the municipal territory.
Lužice is located on the railway line Přerov–Břeclav.

## Sights

The only protected cultural monument in the municipality is a sculptural group of the Pietà, dating from 1725.
The main landmark of Lužice is the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius. It was built in 1874.
# Sauveterre-de-Béarn

Sauveterre-de-Béarn (French pronunciation:, literally Sauveterre of Béarn; Occitan: Sauvatèrra; Basque: Salbaterra Bearno) is a medieval village perched above the Gave d'Oloron and facing the Pyrenees in south-western France. It is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

## History

While the stone portions of the drawbridge remain, the wooden section is no longer there and the terminal of the bridge has been walled. The church and many buildings remain in their original condition.
In the Middle Ages the town was used to keep a watch from its lofty heights on Gascony and the bordering Navarre. The remains of the bridge provide the most impressive view of the town above.

## Miscellaneous

Sauveterre de Bearn appeared in the Trevanian (aka Rod Whitaker) novel The Summer of Katya under the name Alos. In the book, it is where the Festival of the Drowned Virgin takes place.
# Khlevishche

Khlevishche (Russian: Хлевище) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Khlevishchensky Rural Settlement, Alexeyevsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 748 as of 2010. There are 14 streets.

## Geography

Khlevishche is located 20 km southwest of Alexeyevka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Solomakhin is the nearest rural locality.
# Michael Braasch

Michael S. Braasch (September 2, 1966 – September 22, 2024) was an American scientist in the field of GPS navigation. He was a professor at Ohio University and a fellow of the IEEE and ION.

## Education

Braasch obtained a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1988. He continued his studies, receiving a master's degree a year later. Braasch received a PhD in electrical engineering in 1992. All his degrees were from Ohio University.

## Career

Braasch held the William F. Thomas Professorship at Ohio University, a seat he had held from 2004. His work on GPS multipath mitigation and Selective Availability is held in high regard in the scientific community. He was also director of Ohio University's Avionics Engineering Center where he was a researcher from 1985. Outside of Ohio University, Braasch had worked with the Delft University of Technology, the University of Canterbury and NATO AGARD. He was a member of ION from 1989. Braasch served as an advisor to the Federal Aviation Administration and International Civil Aviation Organization.

## Death

Braasch died from pancreatic cancer at his home, on September 22, 2024, at the age of 58.

## Awards and honors

* 1992 RTCA William E. Jackson Award for the best dissertation in the avionics area.
* Made a Fellow of ION in 2009.
* Elevated to a Fellow of the IEEE in 2023 "for contributions to GPS multipath error characterization and mitigation".
# British Psychotherapy Foundation

The British Psychotherapy Foundation, Bpf, is the successor organisation to three former long-established British psychotherapy providers and clinical training institutions which merged in April 2013. The original constituents are the British Association of Psychotherapists, BAP (1951), The Lincoln Clinic and Centre for Psychotherapy (1968) and the London Centre for Psychotherapy, LCP, (1976). It is unique in the United Kingdom for providing treatment services for children and adults in all the psychoanalytic modalities, that is of Freudian and Jungian inspiration. It is also unique in providing professional training in those modalities within one institution and is regulated by the British Psychoanalytic Council. It has charitable status. Its current associations are:
* British Jungian Analytic Association (BJAA), a member society of the International Association for Analytical Psychology
* Independent Psychoanalytic Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Association (IPCAPA)
* Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Association (PPA)

## History

Until it de-merged in 2019, the recently formed, British Psychoanalytic Association has been a fourth constituent of Bpf, (it was integral to the BAP).
Bpf runs MSc and Phd programmes in Psychodynamics of Human Development with Birkbeck, University of London in Jungian and Psychoanalytic modalities. Bpf and the University of Exeter offer a four-year professional doctorate and clinical training in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy or Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Devon.
The Bpf is the owner, (acquired by BAP in 2006) and publisher with John Wiley & Son of the foremost British academic journal in the field since 1984, The British Journal of Psychotherapy.

## Notable members

* Rosemary Gordon
* Carol Topolski
* Clare Winnicott
* Hester McFarland Solomon
# Pineuilh

Pineuilh (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Pinuelh) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Artyk, Sakha Republic

Artyk (Russian: А́ртык, Yakut: Аартык, romanized: Aartık) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 130 kilometers (81 mi) from Ust-Nera, the administrative center of the district, on the right bank of the Nera River, just above the mouth of its tributary the Artyk, after which the urban-type settlement is named. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 509.

## History

It was founded in the 1930s as a base for construction of the Kolyma Highway. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1957. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, most of the inhabitants moved elsewhere and the population plunged by 75% during the 1990s.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Artyk, together with one rural locality (the selo of Delyankir), is incorporated within Oymyakonsky District as the Settlement of Artyk. As a municipal division, the Settlement of Artyk is incorporated within Oymyakonsky Municipal District as Artyk Urban Settlement.
# Absalyamovo, Uchalinsky District, Bashkortostan

Absalyamovo (Russian: Абсалямово, Bashkir: Әбсәләм, Äbsäläm) is a village in Mansurovsky Selsoviet, Uchalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 89 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Absalyamovo is located 47 km north of Uchaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Voznesenka is the nearest rural locality.

## Ethnicity

The village is inhabited by Bashkirs.
# Saulce-sur-Rhône

Saulce-sur-Rhône (French pronunciation:, literally Saulce on Rhône; Occitan: Saussa) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
# Barnard 203

The dark nebula Barnard 203 or Lynds 1448 is located about one degree southwest of NGC 1333 in the Perseus molecular cloud, at a distance of about 800 light-years. Three infrared sources were observed in this region by IRAS, called IRS 1, IRS 2 and IRS 3.
The region also contains multiple Herbig-Haro objects, including HH 193–197, which are driven by the protostars in this region.

## The young stellar object population

The source IRS 1 is a class I young stellar object and a binary. IRS 1 is more evolved than most of the protostars in this region and less well-studied.
The source IRS 2 is a binary that is very young (class 0 young stellar object), surrounded by a rotating disk and the system shows a bipolar outflow signature. The system has an hourglass shaped magnetic field that is aligned with the bipolar outflow. Towards the east is the source IRS 2E, a source between a pre-stellar core and a protostar.
The source IRS 3B was studied the most and ALMA showed that it is a triple protostar system with one star forming via disk fragmentation. The two outer stars are separated by 61 and 183 astronomical units from the central star and all three stars are surrounded by a circumstellar disk that shows spiral arms. IRS 3B is a class 0 young stellar object and might be younger than 150,000 years. The two protostellar objects in the center have a mass of about 1 M$_☉$ and the protostar further from the center has a mass of about 0.085 M$_☉$. The disk that surrounds the three protostars has an estimated mass of about 0.30 M$_☉$. The sources IRS 3A, B and C show molecular outflows. IRS 3 is also called L1448N.
Another well-studied source in this region is called L1448-mm or L1448C. It is a class 0 young stellar object that drives a highly collimated flow, detected in carbon monoxide, Silicon monoxide and water.
# Sapozhkovsky District

Sapozhkovsky District (Russian: Сапожко́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 960 square kilometers (370 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Sapozhok. Population: 10,901 (2010 Census); 12,542 (2002 Census); 16,065 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Sapozhok accounts for 35.6% of the district's total population.
# Robert W. Peck

Robert William Peck is Canada's former Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Algeria. He is serving as Canada's chief of protocol.

## Biography

August 9, 2004 he appointed Canada's Ambassador to the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, where he served until October 2007.
From October 2007 to December 2010 he was Chief of Protocol of Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.
From October 2011 to October 2015 he served Ambassador of Canada to the Hellenic Republic and High Commissioner to the Republic of Cyprus Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada.
Since November 2015 he served Senior Advisor, EX Career Transition & former Head of Mission/mentor in residence Global Affairs Canada.
| Preceded byRichard Belliveau | Canadian Ambassador to Algeria 2004–2007 | Succeeded byPatrick Parisot |
# Junas, Gard

Junas (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Junaç) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
# RAF Staverton

Royal Air Force Staverton or more simply RAF Staverton is a former Royal Air Force station about 4 miles (6 km) west of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. The station was used for training and operations from 1936 until the 1950s. The site is now Gloucestershire Airport.

## History

From 1931 there was an airfield near Down Hatherley, and plans were in place pre-war to develop the new site. The RAF took over the site as a training school on 16 July 1936 for training until August 1946. Flying training was conducted at the site on de Havilland Tiger Moths, but for the first 18 months, during construction, the practical element of the course had to be undertaken at the relief landing ground at RAF Worcester. No. 31 Elementary and Reserve Flying Training School was based at Staverton between 29 September 1938 and 3 September 1939.
During the Second World War a number of units and flights were based at the airfield including No. 44 Group Communication Flight RAF, which operated between 15 August 1941 and 9 August 1946. No. 6 Air Observers Navigation School RAF was also based at Staverton from 1 November 1939 until 17 January 1942.
Post-war, a number of small units and detachments used the airfield including a sub-site of No. 7 Maintenance Unit RAF between 4 June 1945 and 11 August 1953.
The Ministry of Aircraft Production Guard Dog School was formed in late 1942, located at Woodfold in Down Hatherley. In 1946 the unit, by now called the RAF Police Dog Training School, moved from Woodfold to Staverton. In February 1951, the School left Staverton and moved to RAF Netheravon.
The following units were also here at some point:
* No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School RAF became No. 6 Flying Instructors School (Supplementary) RAF became No. 6 Flying Instructors School RAF became No. 6 Flying Instructors School (Elementary) RAF became No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School RAF
* No. 6 Civil Air Navigation School RAF became No. 6 Air Observers Navigation School RAF became No. 6 Air Observers School RAF became No. 6 (Observers) Advanced Flying Unit RAF
* No. 7 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF
* No. 24 Group Communication Flight RAF
* A detachment of No. 225 Squadron RAF between 1 July 1940 and 29 July 1941 operating Westland Lysander IIs & IIIs

## Staverton Airport

In civilian hands, the site was known as Staverton Airport before changing its name to Gloucestershire Airport in 1993.
# Wrocław Exhibition Grounds

The Wrocław Exhibition Grounds (Polish: Tereny Wystawowe we Wrocławiu) are located in the eastern part of Wrocław, Poland, close to the city's zoological garden. Its construction works took place in 1911–1913, following the project of Max Berg and Hans Poelzig.

## History

The Exhibition Grounds were designed to honor the centennial anniversary of king Frederick Wilhelm III's 1813 proclamation to the German nation (An Mein Volk) and the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig. In 1913, the Centennial Exhibition was held here.
The site survived the World War II without any significant damage. In 1948, the Recovered Territories Exhibition was held at this venue.

## Description

Currently the Exhibition Grounds include:
* The Centennial Hall, one of the main tourist attractions in Wrocław (listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006;
* Pergola, build around a pond where the Wrocław Multimedia Fountain, one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in 2009;
* The Japanese Garden, established as a part of the Exhibition Complex;
* The Four Domes Pavilion, located northwest of the Centennial Hall. It was designed by Hans Poelzig and constructed from August 1912 to February 1913. The fountain of the goddess Athena, which was destroyed during World War II, used to be located in the courtyard of the building. At present it houses a division of the National Museum.
# Georg Adolf Erman

Georg Adolf Erman (12 May 1806 – 12 July 1877) was a German physicist.
Erman was born in Berlin as the son of Paul Erman. He studied natural science at the universities of Berlin and Königsberg, spent from 1828 to 1830 in a journey round the world, an account of which he published in Reise um die Erde durch Nordasien und die beiden Ozeane (1833-1848). The magnetic observations he made during his travels were utilized by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his theory of terrestrial magnetism. He was appointed professor of physics at Berlin in 1839, and died there in 1877.
From 1841 to 1865 he edited the Archiv für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, and in 1874 he published, with H. J. R. Petersen, Die Grundlagen der Gauss'schen Theorie und die Erscheinungen des Erdmagnetismus im Jahre 1829.
Erman married, Marie Bessel, daughter of Friedrich Bessel, and they were the parents of Johann Peter Adolf Erman.
# Negreni, Cluj

Negreni (German: Neumarkt; Hungarian: Körösfeketetó) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Bucea (Királyhágó), Negreni and Prelucele (Prelak). These were part of Ciucea Commune from 1968 to 2002, when they were split off.
The commune lies on the banks of the river Crișul Repede, in a hilly region in the northern part of the Apuseni Mountains, between the Pădurea Craiului and Vlădeasa [ro] mountains to the south and the Plopiș [ro] and Meseș mountains to the north.
Negreni is located in the northwestern corner of the county, on the border with Bihor and Sălaj counties. Its neighbors are the following communes: Ciucea to the east, Bulz (Bihor) to the south, Bratca (Bihor) to the west, and Sâg (Sălaj) to the north.
National road DN1 (which runs from Bucharest to the border with Hungary) connects Negreni to the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, 80 km (50 mi) to the east and to Oradea, 78 km (48 mi) to the west. Furthermore, the Piatra Craiului train station in Bucea serves the CFR Line 300, on the segment from Huedin to Oradea.
At the 2011 census, 94.57% of inhabitants were Romanians and 2.33% Roma.
For centuries, a fair has been held in Negreni, on the banks of the Crișul Repede, during the first week of October; in 2020 and 2021, the fair was cancelled, due to COVID-19.
# Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast

Podporozhye (Russian: Подпоро́жье; Veps: Kos’kenaluine) is a town and the administrative center of Podporozhsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Svir River 285 kilometers (177 mi) northeast of St. Petersburg. Population: 18,733 (2010 Census); 20,312 (2002 Census); 23,295 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

In the early 18th century, Peter the Great ordered the resettlement of peasants from the Msta River to the current location of Podporozhye to organize navigation along the Svir River, known for its nearly impassable rapids. In the late 19th century, these minor settlements next to the Svir rapids (Sigovets and Medvedets) received the name of Podporozhye (literally, "under the rapids"). By the beginning of the 20th century, Podporozhye was a village and a part of Lodeynopolsky Uyezd in Olonets Governorate. In 1922, Olonets Governorate was abolished and Lodeynopolsky Uyezd was transferred to Petrograd Governorate (later Leningrad Oblast).
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds in Leningrad Oblast were abolished and Podporozhsky District with the administrative center in Podporozhye was established. It was a part of Lodeynoye Pole Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. In 1932, the administrative center of the district was moved to the selo of Vazhiny. In 1936, the construction of the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station, launched in 1952, began. On July 5, 1937, Podporozhye was transformed into a work settlement and on September 11, 1937, the district's administrative center was moved back to Podroporozhye. Between 1941 and 1944, during World War II, Podporozhye was occupied by Finnish troops. On June 28, 1956, Podporozhye was granted town status.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Podporozhye serves as the administrative center of Podporozhsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with thirteen rural localities, incorporated within Podporozhsky District as Podporozhskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Podporozhskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Podporozhsky Municipal District as Podporozhskoye Urban Settlement.

## Economy
### Industry

There are enterprises of construction, as well as food industry, in Podporozhye. The Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station is located in Podporozhye.

### Transportation

The railway connecting St. Petersburg and Murmansk passes Podporozhye.
A paved road connecting Lodeynoye Pole with Vytegra in Vologda Oblast passes Podporozhye as well. There are also local roads.
The Svir River is navigable and is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway, connecting the basins of the Volga and the Neva Rivers. There is regular cruise and cargo traffic along the waterway.

## Culture and recreation

The district contains two cultural heritage monuments of local significance, which are the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and a monument to soldiers fallen in World War II.
Podporozhye hosts the Podporozhye District Museum, which displays collections of local interest.

## Twin towns and sister cities

Podporozhye is twinned with:
* Steigen, Norway