OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Belén Metamorphic Complex

The Belén Metamorphic Complex (Spanish: Complejo metamórfico Belén) is a group of metamorphic and igneous rocks that crops out in the western edge of the Altiplano plateau in the interior of northernmost Chile. The rocks of the complex metamorphosed during the Early Paleozoic era but the original protoliths formed in the Proterozoic eon. This make rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex the oldest rocks known in Chile. To the west the rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex thrust along Chapiquiña-Belén fault over sediments of Cenozoic age including ignimbrites of the Oxaya Formation and rocks of Lupica Formation. At their peak conditions of metamorphism rocks reached temperatures and pressures of 700 C and 7 kbar. The timing of the metamorphism matches the age of the Famatinian orogeny in the Argentine Northwest. Rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex were involved in one or more orogenies in the Early Paleozoic.
Rocks of the complex include foliatied amphibolite, orthogneiss, serpentinite and lesser amounts of quartz-rich mica schist.
The rocks of complex have experienced continuous exhuming during the last 15 million years as part of the ongoing Andean orogeny, with an apparent exhumation spurt 11 to 7 million years ago.
# Hapoel Bik'at HaYarden F.C.

Hapoel Bik'at HaYarden (Hebrew: הפועל בקעת הירדן) is an Israeli football club based in Tomer. The club is currently in Liga Alef South division and play home matches at Moshav Tomer Ground.

## History

The club was founded in 1999 in continuation for the youth section, which already existed at the time. Bik'at HaYarden played in Liga Gimel until the 2008–09 season, when they finished runners-up in the Sharon division and faced the Tel Aviv division runners-up, Hapoel Kiryat Ono in a promotion play-off. Although the club lost on penalties, they were eventually promoted to Liga Bet, the fourth tier of Israeli football, after one spot was vacated in that league, following the closure of Hapoel Masos/Segev Shalom.
In the 2012–13 season, the club finished third in Liga Bet South A division and qualified for the promotion play-offs, where they beat F.C. Tira 2–1 in the first round and lost by the same result to F.C. Kafr Qasim in the second round. In the following season, they finished in the fifth place and once more qualified for the promotion play-offs. However this time, they lost in the first round to Hapoel Hod HaSharon by a result of 0–2.
In the 2014–15 season, the club won Liga Bet South A division and made historic promotion to the third tier, Liga Alef, after beating Beitar Petah Tikva by a result of 4–0.

## Honours
### League

| Honour | No. | Years |
| Fourth tier | 1 | 2014–15 |

### Cup competitions

| Honour | No. | Years |
| Liga Gimel Sharon Division Cup | 1 | 2008–09 |
# Romanovka, Karmaskalinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Romanovka (Russian: Романовка) is a rural locality (a village) in Kabakovsky Selsoviet, Karmaskalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Romanovka is located 27 km northwest of Karmaskaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novomusino is the nearest rural locality.
# Manuel Doukas

Manuel Komnenos Doukas, Latinized as Ducas (Greek: Μανουήλ Κομνηνός Δούκας, Manouēl Komnēnos Doukas; c. 1187 – c. 1241), commonly simply Manuel Doukas (Μανουήλ Δούκας) and rarely also called Manuel Angelos (Μανουήλ Ἄγγελος), was ruler of Thessalonica from 1230 to 1237 and, after his expulsion from Thessalonica, of Thessaly from 1239 until his death in c. 1241.

## Life

Manuel was the legitimate son of the sebastokratōr John Doukas. He was thus a first cousin of Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, and a brother of Michael I Komnenos Doukas and Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus.
He married the sister of the Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228).

## Career

Probably after 1225 or 1227, he received the court title of Despotes from his brother Theodore. In 1225 he married Maria Asen, the illegitimate daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, helping to cement his brother's alliance with that country.
After his brother's defeat and capture by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, Manuel was allowed by Ivan Asen II to rule in Thessalonica and its environs with the title of despotes. At one point Manuel attempted to make contact with the papacy, but in 1232 the longstanding rift with the Eastern Patriarchate in Nicaea was finally healed. In 1235, Manuel joined forces with the Nicaeans and Bulgarians in the siege of Constantinople by John Duka Vatatses and Tsar Ivan Asen II.
Manuel ruled until 1237, when his widowed father-in-law Ivan Asen II married Irene, the daughter of the imprisoned Theodore. At this point, Theodore and his sons were released from captivity and decided to regain control of Thessalonica. Manuel was unsuccessful in his efforts to gain the support of Prince Geoffrey II Villehardouin of Achaea and was forced to flee to Asia Minor.
After a spell with the Seljuks of Rum and in Nicaea, Manuel returned to Greece in 1239 with the support of Nicaea and captured several fortresses, including Larissa and Pharsalos, from Theodore's son John Komnenos Doukas, establishing himself as ruler of Thessaly. Theodore and John had to agree on a division of the family lands. When Manuel died around 1241, the area passed into the hands of his other nephew, Michael II Komnenos Doukas of Epirus.

## Family

Manuel married the Serbian princess Jefimija Nemanjić, sister of Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228). However, she could not have lived long, because in 1225 he married again, with the Bulgarian princess Maria Asen, illegitimate daughter of Ivan Asen II and a mistress, in an arranged marriage, part of a pact. There is no information that they had any children.
Manuel may have had a daughter named Helena, who married Guglielmo I da Verona, Triarch of Euboea, father of Guglielmo II da Verona.
# Optik (journal)

Optik: International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, or simply Optik (German for Optics) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the optics of light and electrons. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.1.
In 2023, the journal had been delisted from the Web of Science for accepting papers produced by alleged paper mills. Jer-Shing Huang became Editor-in-Chief in 2023, inheriting the role from Theo Tschudi. Following this, the rate of rejection for papers increased, many pending publications were withdrawn, and several previously published papers have been retracted. Policies requiring supervision of guest and invited authors have also been enacted. Huang has indicated that many more publications are expected to be flagged in the future.
# Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Oinousses

The Holy Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Oinousses (Greek: Ιερά Μητρόπολις Ιερά Μητρόπολις Χίου, Ψαρών και Οινουσσών) is an Orthodox Christian diocese covering the Greek eastern Aegean islands of Chios, Psara, and Oinousses.
As part of the "New Lands," it belongs to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, but the Church of Greece carries out its administration.
Since 2011, the Metropolitan of Chios has been Markos Vasilakis.

## Charity

The Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Oinousses runs a welfare programme where volunteers organised by the church cook approximately 540 meals daily, 5 days a week. These meals are distributed to local parishes, where it is then given to those in need, 40% of whom are elders. In 2012, 2013, 2018 and 2020, separately, the Metropolis won food supply grants to feed approximately 300 elderly residents for 12 months.
In April 2020, as president of the Anti-Tuberculosis Association of Chios, Metropolitan Markos of Chios donated €6,000 to a Chios hospital along with an earlier donation of €20,000 towards SARS sampling and nursing infrastructure. This brings the total donated to the hospital to €26,000.
# A Lonely Woman

A Lonely Woman (Polish: Kobieta samotna) (also known as A Woman Alone) is a 1981 Polish drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland.
The film is a political drama about middle-aged Irena (played by Maria Chwalibóg) who lives alone on the outskirts of Wrocław. Because of the film's social criticism it was banned in Poland and did not have a public release for six years.

## Sources

* ↑ Charles Ford; Robert Hammond (7 May 2015). Polish Film: A Twentieth Century History. McFarland. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-4766-0803-7.
# Chak Hathiana

Chak Hathiana is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Shahkot, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Nakodar, 47 kilometres (29 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 162 kilometres (101 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

## Transport

Shahkot Malisian station is the nearest train station. The village is 72 kilometres (45 mi) away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 124 kilometres (77 mi) away in Amritsar.
# Fiscal and Customs Police

Colombian National Police :
History: :
History of the National Police Jean Marie Marcelin Gilibert :
Ranks :
Rank insignia :
Directorates: :
Schools: :
General Santander Academy :
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The Fiscal and Customs Police (Spanish: Policia Fiscal y Aduanera, POLFA) is a unit of the Colombian National Police under the command of its Operative Directorate. The unit is in charge of investigating large financial frauds, and usually supports the National Directorate of Taxes and Customs (Spanish: Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales, DIAN).
The POLFA was created by Law 633, article 53 in 2000 to work under the orders and structure of the DIAN in support of fiscal processes and controls, as well as on operations involving tax evasion, money exchange, piracy, and contraband in Colombia. It also provides security at ports where international importing and exporting take place, as well as at warehouses where illegally-introduced products are sometimes stored.
# Katja Keller

Katja Keller (born 9 August 1980, in Karl-Marx-Stadt) is a German heptathlete.
Her personal best is 6130 points, achieved in May 2005 in Götzis.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Germany ||||||
| 2001 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 8th | Heptathlon | 6082 pts |
| 2001 | European U23 Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 4th | Heptathlon | 5977 pts |
| 2001 | Universiade | Beijing, China | 4th | Heptathlon | 5948 pts |
| 2002 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 9th | Heptathlon | 5925 pts |
| 2003 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, England | 6th | Pentathlon | 4430 pts |
| 2003 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 12th | Heptathlon | 5918 pts |
| 2003 | Universiade | Daegu, South Korea | 3rd | 4x400 m relay | 3:38.87 |
| 2004 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 12th | Heptathlon | 6061 pts |
| 2005 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 12th | Heptathlon | 6130 pts |
| 2005 | Universiade | İzmir, Turkey | 4th | Heptathlon | 5869 pts |
| 2006 | Hypo-Meeting | Götzis, Austria | 21st | Heptathlon | 5052 pts |
# San Ignacio, Sinaloa

San Ignacio or San Ignacio de Piaxtla is a city and seat of the surrounding San Ignacio Municipality in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.
It stands at 23°56′12″N 106°25′39″W﻿ / ﻿23.93667°N 106.42750°W﻿ / 23.93667; -106.42750. The municipality reported 4,543 inhabitants in the 2010 census.

## Notable people

In this town actress Ofelia Cano was born.
# Choi Yang-do

Choi Yang-do (Korean: 최양도; born 1953) is a South Korean agricultural biotechnologist. His research focuses on the development of crops with stress-tolerant and yield-enhancing traits. One of his academic achievements is the discovery of a new jasmonate which enhances resistance against external stress of the crop. Choi is currently professor at Seoul National University in South Korea.

## Biography

Choi Yang-do was born in Seoul, South Korea. He studied agricultural chemistry at Seoul National University (1972–1976) and graduated with a BS degree. From 1976 to 1978 he received a MS degree in biological science from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and earned his Ph.D. in biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology from 1981 to 1985 at Northwestern University in Evanston.

## Researches

Choi researched jasmonates, which are believed to participate in signal transduction processes between external stresses, such as wounding, pathogenic attack, or cell response by activating the defense genes. He discovered a new enzyme, (EC2.1.1.141) jasmonate carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT), which catalyzes the methylation of jasmonate to MeJA. The overexpression of the JMT gene confers resistance to pathogens. He is currently working to understand the molecular function of MeJA, JMT, and its effector genes. Furthermore, the genetic engineering of crops by application of those genes and knowledge is under investigation.
The major research activity is the discovery of a novel enzyme and its genes encoding jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, which is involved in stress response and signal transduction in plant. Other achievements are the development of drought tolerant transgenic rice and transferred technology to Mahyco, India and the development of yield-enhanced transgenic rice and transferred technologies to BASF Plant Science in Germany.

## Awards

For his scientific achievements Choi received the New Technology Development Award from the Ministry of Science & Technology (1992), the Special Award from Korean Society for Molecular & Cell Biology from the Korean Society of Molecular and Cellular Biology (1999), the 11th Sangrok Agriculture & Life Science Award from Seoul National University College of Agriculture (2002), the Excellent Monograph Award from the Korean Federation for Science & Technology Societies (2003), the 11th Hwanong Award from Hwanong Academy & Research Foundation (2004), the KSABC Award from the Korean Society for Applied Biology and Chemistry (2006), the 52nd NAS Award from the National Academy of Sciences, and the Top Scientist and Technologist Award of Korea from the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies [ko] (2008).
# Lake Rożnów

Lake Rożnow (Polish: Jezioro Rożnowskie) is an artificial lake, built in 1935–1941. It is located in southernmost part of Poland (Lesser Poland Voivodeship). The lake was built in the interwar period to regulate the Dunajec river flowing through the foothills of Beskid Mountains; and also, to provide electricity for the Rożnow Power Plant (Elektrownia Rożnow) built into the dam. The lake took two years to fill which took place during World War II, from mid 1941 until 1943. It was named after the village of Rożnow.

## History

Lake Rożnow was created not long before the invasion of Poland, after a dam had been built on the 80th kilometre distance of the Dunajec river. It lies among the hills of the Island Beskids, in Nowy Sącz County, some 12 kilometers north of Nowy Sącz. The valley of the Dunajec narrows here, turning into a canyon. The lake has the shape of an irregular letter S, with length ranging from 18 to 20 kilometres, and width of 1 app. kilometre (in few spots, it widens to no more than 2 kilometres). The depth of the reservoir reaches up to 30 metres near the dam. The total area of Rożnow Lake ranges from 16 to 20 square kilometres. The shoreline is marked by numerous peninsulas and bays, located at the mouths of several smaller rivers, which flow into the Dunajec. The lake is surrounded by forested hills, and its picturesque location makes it a very popular tourist center. Several tourist villagers are located along Lake Rożnow: Tegoborze, Znamirowice, Zbyszyce, Bartkowa, Grodek nad Dunajcem, Tabaszowa, Rożnow.
Lake Rożnow has a small island, called Malpia Wyspa (Monkey Island). It used to be a hill with an ancient gord, which was turned into an island in 1942, after the Dunajec valley had been flooded. Currently, Monkey Island serves as a bird reserve, with as many 165 bird species living here.
The idea of construction of a dam on the Dunajec river in Rożnow was born after the disastrous 1934 flood in Poland. Due to lack of funds, the project was postponed until 1937, when first land purchases were made. The dam was built by a Polish-French company, which constructed a special settlement for the workers and engineers (the so-called French Colony), together with narrow gauge rail line to a stone quarry at Marcinkowice. Construction was interrupted after the Invasion of Poland, but as early as November 1939, German authorities of the General Government decided to continue it, using Polish plans. The dam together with the power plant was completed in 1942. It is built from concrete, with the height of 44 meters, and the length of 550 meters.
# Saint-Michel-Escalus

Saint-Michel-Escalus (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sent Miquèu e Escalús) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Cassaigne

Cassaigne (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Cassanha) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# 1930 in Iran

The following lists events that have happened in 1930 in Iran.

## Incumbents

* Shah: Reza Shah
* Prime Minister: Mehdi Qoli Hedayat

## Events

* May 7 – The 7.1 M$_w$ Salmas earthquake shakes northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Up to 3000 people were killed.

## Births

* 4 July – Iraj Lalezari, scientist (died 2019)
* Unknown – Arsalan Pouria, poet (died 1994)

## Deaths

* 21 February – Ahmad Shah Qajar, last king of Qajar dynasty died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
# Shizuo Ishiguro

Shizuo Ishiguro (1920–2007) was a Japanese oceanographer who studied the dynamics of ocean waves using analog computing. He worked at the Nagasaki Marine Observatory from 1948 to 1960 receiving his doctorate from the University of Tokyo in 1958. His focus was large water oscillations known as “abiki” which occasionally cause ocean flooding in Nagasaki Bay. In 1957, Ishiguro was awarded a UNESCO fellowship to join the UK National Institute of Oceanography to adapt his work for storm surges in the North Sea, such as the serious flood of 1953.

## Analysis of North Sea Flood

The North Sea Flood occurred on the evening of the 31 January 1953 when low atmospheric pressure, high winds and a high spring tide caused the sea level to rise five metres above its usual height. Serious flooding occurred on the east coast of England, the Netherlands, and Belgium. To perform his analysis, Ishiguro constructed an analog computer which relies on the mathematical similarity between the flow of electricity through a network and the flow of water in the sea during a storm-surge. The storm surge computer is now on display in the Mathematics: the Winton Gallery of the Science Museum in London as part of an exhibit about mathematical modelling of the sea.

## Personal life

Shizuo Ishiguro is the father of Nobel Prize winning author, Kazuo Ishiguro.
# Mir Kandi

Mir Kandi (Persian: ميركندي, also Romanized as Mīr Kandī) is a village in Meshgin-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 838, in 200 families.
# Veliko Polje, Sežana

Veliko Polje (pronounced, locally also; German: Großpule, Italian: Poglie Grande) is a small settlement northwest of Dolenja Vas in the traditional Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It is now generally regarded as part of the Slovenian Littoral. It lies within the Municipality of Sežana.
# Côte-Vertu Boulevard

Côte-Vertu Boulevard (French: Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu) is a boulevard in the Saint-Laurent borough in Montreal, Quebec. It crosses the borough from north-east to south-west of the Air Canada Technical Center to the west of the Chomedey Highway Autoroute 13 (in the city of Dorval) to the Laurentian Autoroute 15 where it takes the name of Sauvé Street. The section inside the city of Dorval has remained under the name Côte-Vertu Road (Chemin de la Côte-Vertu).
Côte-Vertu station, the western terminus station of the Montreal Metro's Orange Line is located at the corner of Côte-Vertu Boulevard and Décarie Boulevard. Nearby is the Terminus Côte-Vertu for various bus lines of the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) also located on Côte-Vertu Boulevard.

## Origin of the name

Similar to the naming of Côte-de-Liesse Road (French: Chemin de la Côte-de-Liesse), the name evokes a pilgrimage site in France dedicated to Notre-Dame. The Sulpicians would name various locales of the Island of Montreal in honor of the Blessed Virgin for whom they have great devotion.
# Nizhnekargino

Nizhnekargino (Russian: Нижнекаргино; Bashkir: Түбәнге Ҡарғауыл, Tübänge Qarğawıl) is a rural locality (a selo) in Asyanovsky Selsoviet, Dyurtyulinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 188 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Nizhnekargino is located 19 km southwest of Dyurtyuli (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnekargino is the nearest rural locality.
# Giannis Skarimpas

Giannis Skarimpas, Giannis Skarimbas, or Yiannis Skarimbas (Greek: Γιάννης Σκαρίμπας; September 28, 1893 – January 21, 1984), was a Greek writer, dramatist, and poet.

## Biography

He was born in Agia Efthymia near Amfissa (now part of the Delphi municipality). He went to school in Aigio and Patras, went through military service in the 5/42 Evzone Regiment and was then appointed head of the customs office at Eretria (then called Nea Psara). In 1915 he resettled to Chalkida, where he spent most of his life. He had his first works published in newspapers in Athens and Chalkida under the pen name Kallis Esperinos (Κάλλις Εσπερινός). His first publication under his own name came in 1929, when he published his novel O Kapetan Sourmelis o Stouraitis (Ο καπετάν Σουρμελής ο Στουραΐτης Ω) in the Ellinika Grammata (Greek Letters) magazine. He died on January 21, 1984, in Chalkida.

## Works

* Kaimoi sto Griponisi (Καημοί στο Γριπονήσι), collected stories, 1930
* Mariampas (Μαριάμπας), novel, 1935
* To Solo tou Figaro (Το σόλο του Φίγκαρω, Το σόλο του Figaro = Figaro's Solo), novel, 1938
* Eaftoulides (Εαυτούληδες), poem, 1950
* O Ichos tou Kodonos (Ο ήχος του κώδωνος), stage play, 1950
* I Peripolos Z (Η περίπολος Ζ), chronicle from the First World War, 1972
* To Waterloo Dyo Geloion (Το Βατερλώ δύο γελοίων), novel 1959
* I Mathitevomeni Ton Takounion (Η μαθητευομένη των τακουνιών), three novellas, 1961
* Fygi Pros ta Empros (Φυγή προς τα εμπρός), novel 1976
* Voidangeloi (Βοϊδάγγελοι), poem 1968
* Apantes Stichoi (Άπαντες στίχοι), poem 1970
* O Sevalie Servan tis Kyrias (Ο Σεβαλιέ σερβάν της Κυρίας), stage play, 1971
* To '21 kai i Alitheia, I Trapoula, Oi Galatades (Το '21 και η αλήθεια, Η Τράπουλα, Οι Γαλατάδες), history 1971 - 1977
* Tyflovdomada sti Chalkida (Τυφλοβδομάδα στη Χαλκίδα), work 1973
* Treis Adeies Karekles (Τρεις άδειες καρέκλες = Three Empty Chairs), work 1976
* Ta Poulia me to Lasticho (Τα πουλιά με το λάστιχο), chronography, 1978
* Ta Kangouro (Τα Καγκουρώ), stage play, 1979
* Spazokefalies ston Ourano (Σπαζοκεφαλιές στον ουρανό), 1979
* Anti-Karagkiozis o Megas (Αντι-Καραγκιόζης ο Μέγας), stage play, 1977
* I Kyria tou Trainou (Η κυρία του τραίνου), stage play, 1980
* O Pater Synesios (Ο Πάτερ Συνέσιος), stage play, 1980