OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ridge lift

Ridge lift (or slope lift) is created when a wind strikes an obstacle, usually a mountain ridge or cliff, that is large and steep enough to deflect the wind upward.
If the wind is strong enough, the ridge lift provides enough upward force for gliders, hang gliders, paragliders and birds to stay airborne for long periods or travel great distances by 'Ridge soaring'. Although unpowered aircraft are usually descending through the air, they will climb if the surrounding air is rising faster than their sink rates. Model glider enthusiasts refer to this technique as "slope gliding" or "sloping".
Orville Wright used ridge lift, setting a duration record of 11 minutes in 1911. However the sport of soaring started in Germany after the First World War. In 1921, Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer broke the Wright Brothers’ 1911 soaring duration record with a flight of 13 minutes. In 1922, Arthur Martens became the first glider pilot to use an updraft rising along a mountain slope to stay aloft for a lengthy period, with a flight over an hour.

## Basic requirements

Ridge lift is generated when the wind blows against a hill, ridge, escarpment or ocean wave, causing the air to rise. In meteorology this is known as orographic lift. The wind creates a region of rising air directly above the slope, which may extend some distance upwards and outwards from its face because the airflow follows the upward contour of the hill. However, at near vertical cliffs, there is usually an area of turbulence with descending air near the base of the cliff. Downwind of the hill, lee waves can form; these are also used by glider pilots to gain height, but this should not be confused with slope lift.
Near slopes rather than vertical cliffs, the strongest lift is often to be found in a flight path that intersects with an imaginary line emerging at right angles from the slope.
Long mountain ranges such as those found in Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the United States, New Zealand, and Chile have been used by glider pilots to fly in excess of a thousand kilometers in a single flight. Birds, such as many seabirds (in particular albatross) and raptors, also use slopes in this way.
# Pequeño Seúl

Pequeño Seúl (Korean: 작은 서울; RR: jageun seoul; lit. Little Seoul) is a Koreatown in Mexico City. Most of the city's Korean population lives in and around the Zona Rosa.
According to the newspaper Reforma, there are at least 5,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa and about 6,000 total in Colonia Juárez, the larger officially recognized neighborhood of which the Zona Rosa is a part of. Many Korean residents do not speak Spanish and are relatively isolated from their Mexican neighbors. The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Berna and Biarritz streets have converted into "Pequeño Seul," or Little Seoul, with Biarritz Street's residents almost 90% Korean. The number of Korean residents in the colonia continues to increase even as the number of younger people in general decreases.

## History

There are an estimated 9,000 Korean nationals living in Mexico City. Most immigrated to Mexico in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, as a result of commercial agreements signed by the Mexican government and those of Korea and Taiwan, allowing companies such as Daewoo to bring workers over from Asia. However, according to some sources, such as Alfredo Romero, professor of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at UNAM, a large percentage of Koreans living in Mexico have questionable immigration status.
Most Koreans are business owners with establishments such as restaurants, video rental places, bars and saunas, many of which cater exclusively to the Korean population, with signs and menus in Korean. There have been conflicts between Korean-owned businesses and Mexican neighbors over noise and sanitation issues, with some Mexicans complaining that the Koreans do not want to adapt to Mexican society. Another issue has been legal problems, both with the status of merchandise and the status of employees. A store owned by Koreans was shut down by police for selling imported merchandise of questionable origin in 2002, with 33 workers detained.
The Korean community has a weekend school aimed at preserving knowledge of the Korean language: the Escuela Coreana en México, located on Liverpool street in the Zona Rosa. For two decades it occupied a variety of rented facilities, but in 2010 it was able to acquire its own premises thanks to US$850,000 in donations by companies and other benefactors to the Asociación de Residentes Coreanos en México.
# Eberhardzell

Eberhardzell (German pronunciation:) is a municipality in the district of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Culture and Attractions

* Parish church St. Maria
* Clergy house
* Ratusz from 1746
* Castle Heinrichsburg

## Notable people

* Gebhard Müller (1900-1990), German politician (CDU)
# Dalou, Ariège

Dalou (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Dalon) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
# Barony of Passavant

The Barony of Passavant or Passava was a medieval Frankish fiefdom of the Principality of Achaea, located in the mountains between the Mani peninsula and the plain of Laconia, in the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece, centred on the fortress of Passavant or Passava (Greek: Πασσαβάς). It was among the twelve original baronies of the Principality of Achaea, but was conquered by the Byzantines in the early 1260s.

## History

The Barony of Passavant was the last of the original twelve secular baronies of the Principality of Achaea to be established. While most of the others were formed c. 1209, after the conquest of the peninsula by the Crusaders, Passavant was created shortly after 1218/20 for the French knight John de Nully. He established the fortress of Passavant or Passava—the name probably derives from the war-cry or family motto "passe avant", but is also found as a toponym in northeastern France—on the mountains between the Mani peninsula and the plain of Laconia. John of Nully is generally supposed to have been the son of Vilain of Nully, a native of Nully and close friend of the historian Geoffrey of Villehardouin. John did not take the cross until 1218, and arrived in the Peloponnese probably not until 1220. His barony probably comprised newly conquered land—it was not until c. 1248, with the fall of the last Byzantine fortress, Monemvasia, that Laconia was fully pacified—with four knight's fiefs. It was militarily important, since it kept watch over the unruly Maniots and the Slavic inhabitants of Mount Taygetos, and Nully was named hereditary marshal of Achaea.
Virtually nothing is mentioned about the barony or its fiefs in the sources. To fill the period between its foundation and the 1260s, the historian Karl Hopf hypothesized that there were two barons of Passavant, both named John, but this conjecture was rejected by Antoine Bon. John of Nully married a sister of Walter of Rosières, the Baron of Akova, and had a single daughter: Margaret of Passavant, the common heiress to both Passavant and Akova. However, Margaret never entered her inheritance, since she resided in Constantinople as a hostage in the Byzantine court from 1262 until c. 1275. In the meantime, Passavant had fallen to the Byzantines during their first offensives in the Peloponnese, c. 1263, and the Barony of Akova was confiscated by the Prince because Margaret delayed too long in claiming her inheritance. In the end, after a legal struggle, she received back a third of the barony of Akova.
# Tomato paste

Tomato paste is a thick paste made from tomatoes, which are cooked for several hours to reduce water content, straining out seeds and skins, and cooking the liquid again to reduce the base to a thick, rich concentrate. It is used to impart an intense tomato flavour to a variety of dishes, such as pasta, soups and braised meat. It is used as an ingredient in many world cuisines.
By contrast, tomato purée is a liquid with a thinner consistency than tomato paste, while tomato sauce is even thinner in consistency.

## History and traditions

Tomato paste is a traditional food ingredient used in many cuisines. One traditional practice was applied by spreading out a much-reduced tomato sauce on wooden boards that were set outdoors under the hot sun to dry the paste until it was thick enough, when it was scraped up and held together in a dense mass. Commercial production uses tomatoes with thick pericarp walls and lower overall moisture.

### Regional differences

In the UK, tomato paste is also referred to as concentrate. In the US, tomato paste is simply concentrated tomato solids (no seeds or skin), sometimes with added sweetener (high fructose corn syrup), and with a standard of identity (in the Code of Federal Regulations, see 21 CFR 155.191). Tomato purée has a lower tomato soluble solids requirement, the cutoff being 24%. For comparison, typical fresh round tomatoes have a soluble solid content of 3.5–5.5% (refractometric Brix), while cherry tomatoes have double the amount.

## Uses

Tomato paste is added to dishes to impart an intense flavour, particularly the natural umami flavour found in tomatoes. Examples of dishes in which tomato paste may be commonly used include pasta sauces, soups, and braised meat. The paste is typically added early in the cooking process and sautéed to achieve caramelization.
Based on the manufacturing conditions, the paste can be the basis for making ketchup or reconstituted tomato juice:
* Hot break: heated to about 100 °C (212 °F), pectin is preserved, paste is thicker and can be used for ketchup
* Warm break: heated to about 79 °C (174 °F), colour is not preserved, but flavour is preserved
* Cold break: heated to about 66 °C (151 °F), colour and flavour are preserved, so it can be reconstituted into juice
# XHCHH-FM (Guerrero)

XHCHH-FM is a radio station in Zumpango del Río, Guerrero, serving the state capital of Chilpancingo. Broadcasting on 97.1 FM, XHCHH is owned by Capital Media and carries a grupera format known as Lokura FM Grupera.

## History

The concession for XECHH-AM 650 was awarded to Luis Carlos Mendiola Codina in 1993. The next year, the station obtained its FM counterpart. Capital acquired XECHH/XHCHH in 2004. The AM station broadcast with 5,000 watts day and 250 watts night.
Capital Media surrendered the 650 AM frequency to the IFT in a letter dated June 25, 2019.
Like most Capital stations, XHCHH adopted the new Lokura FM adult hits format in 2020. Lokura FM was split into rock, pop, and grupera brands in 2023, with the grupera format being installed at XHCHH.
# Kirchberg an der Iller

Kirchberg an der Iller (German pronunciation:) is a municipality in Baden-Württemberg in the south-west of Germany and in the very east of the "Landkreis Biberach". Biberach is the capital of the district. Kirchberg is located in Swabia near the small river Iller, which forms part the border between Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
Kirchberg was first mentioned in 806 in the Codex of the St. Gallen Closters.
There are two even smaller villages called Sinningen and Nordhofen which belong to Kirchberg. All together there live about 1,900 people. In Sinningen there is a camping ground near a small lake which is called Baggersee. The biggest employer in Kirchberg is Karl Miller GmbH. Here work about 200 people producing metal housing. There are also several associations like the sportsclub TSV Kirchberg, choirs, an auxiliary fire brigade, other sports clubs like tennis etc. Kirchberg first appears in an account of the monastery St. Gallen in 806 AD.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 1,737 |
| 2001 | 1,824 |
| 2011 | 1,927 |
| 2021 | 2,149 |
# Rilhac-Treignac

Rilhac-Treignac (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Rilhac de Trainhac) is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.
The closest neighboring communes are Chamberet (8 km), Treignac (12 km), and Uzerche (18 km).
# Ndoc Nikaj

Ndoc Nikaj (15 June 1864 – 16 January 1951) was an Albanian priest, writer, and historian. He was the first Albanian novelist to write and publish an original novel in the Albanian language, Shkodra e rrethueme (English: Shkoder under siege) of 1905.

## Biography

Born in Shkodër on 15 June 1864, Nikaj was educated in the Albanian Pontifical Seminary and ordained as a priest in 1888. Along with Preng Doçi he was the creator of the Lidhja e Mshehët (English: The Secret League), which aimed at overthrowing the Ottoman Empire and the creation of an independent Albania. Such league inspired the Albanian Revolt of 1910. Nikaj was one of the founders of the literary society Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language, mostly known in Albanian as Shoqnia Bashkimi.
Nikaj established in 1909 his own printing press, "Shtypshkronja Nikaj" (English: Nikaj Press) and also founded two newspapers: Koha (English: The Time) in 1910 and Besa Shqyptare (English: The Albanian Pledge) in 1913. Besa Shqyptare lasted until 1921. The cultural and literary magazine Hylli i Dritës was printed there.
Nikaj is remembered for the two history collections of 1902, "History of Albania" and "History of Turkey" which pushed toward the consolidation of the Catholic identity between Albanians, focusing on Scanderbeg and his wars against the Ottomans. His work was criticized as inexact and tendentious by the Austrian diplomat and historian Theodore Ippen.
Nikaj was arrested in 1921 for unknown reasons, and little is known about him until the end of World War II. He was arrested by the communists in 1946 and died in prison in 1951.

## Nonliterary publications

Nikaj's educational, religious and other publications are the following:
* Vakinat e sceites kisc (English: History of the holy church) (Rome 1888)
* Bleta nner lule t'Parrizit (English: The Bee amongst the flowers) (Shkodër 1899)
* Historia e Shcypniis (English: History of Albania) (Brussels 1902)
* Historia e Turkiis (English: History of Turkey) (London 1902)

## Literary publications

Nikaj wrote prose most of which is now rare to be found:
* Marzia e ksctenimi n'filles t'vet (English: Marzia and the origins of Christianity) (Shkodër 1892)
* Fejesa n'djep a se Ulqimni i marrun (English: Marriage in the cradle or Ulcinj captured)
* Shkodra e rrethueme (English: Shkodra under siege) (Shkodër 1905)
* Bukurosha (English: The Beautiful Maiden) (Shkodër 1918)
* Lulet ne Thes (English: The Flowers in a bag) (Shkodër 1920)
* Burbuqja (English: The Little girl) (Shkodër 1920)
* Motra per vllan (English: The Sister for her brother) (Shkodër 1921)
# Tournemire, Aveyron

Tournemire (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Tornamira) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.
# Sunway Monorail

The Sunway Monorail, alternately SunTrek 2000 was a Malaysian monorail system that operated within the vicinity of Sunway City, Subang Jaya, Selangor, west from the country's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. The system included a single looped line with three stations around Sunway City, and was the second monorail system to operate in Malaysia following the Genting Monorail, and the first public monorail in the country, opening in 2000 and predating the launch of the Kuala Lumpur Monorail by three years.

## Line and rolling stock

The monorail primarily ran along a 3 km steel-tracked loop system surrounding the Sunway Lagoon water theme park, stopping at three key locations on the northern and western side of the loop:
* Sunway Pyramid East monorail station - One station east of the Sunway Pyramid shopping centre.
* Sunway Pyramid west monorail station - One station west of Sunway Pyramid, currently within the site of the shopping Centre's 2006-2007 extension. Now has been refurbished to Johnny Rockets a franchise hamburger restaurants.
* Sunway College monorail station - One station east former name of Sunway University and a Malaysian campus of Monash University, both of which are situated side-by-side.
* Additionally, a branch line extends 600m west towards the monorail system's depot from the loop.
The monorail system operated with two five-car SL5 trains in its rolling stock; the trains produced by Severn-Lamb, a British locomotive manufacturer. The total cost of the loop was an estimated US$10 million.

## Expansions, closure and potential revivals

The Sunway Monorail system was intended to support additional extensions in the following years. Plans were made to construct two addition loops with interconnecting stations at all three loops, but none of the plans were realised.
The system ceased operation within years following its opening. Despite its closure, portions of tracks along the line, as well as its depot, remain.
In 2007 there were unconfirmed reports on plans regarding a potential revival of the monorail link, additionally connecting to the KTM Komuter's Setia Jaya station (proposed to be renamed Sunway station).
The system was later on modified as a walkway connecting various universities around the area, as well as being incorporated into the currently in operation BRT Sunway Line, which connects Port Klang Line's Setia Jaya station to the Kelana Jaya Line's USJ7 station via Bandar Sunway.

## Gallery

* Photo showing the defunct 3 km steel-tracked loop monorail system.
* A view of the walkway from the BRT as it is being deconstructed, showing the remains of the Sunway Monorail.
# Jessie Londas

Jessie Londas (born 12 January 1985) is a French former footballer who played as defender for Auxerre in the French Ligue 1.
# Diasporus quidditus

Diasporus quidditus is a species of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is found in eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia (Chocó, Antioquia, and Valle del Cauca Departments). The specific name quidditus is derived from English word quiddity, which the describer John Douglas Lynch encountered in the book "Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary" by Willard Van Orman Quine; he thought the name was apt because the species was small and had been confused with Diasporus vocator and Diasporus gularis.

## Description

Adult males measure 11–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) and adult females 13–17 mm (0.5–0.7 in) in snout–vent length. The head is narrower than the body and longer than it is wide. The snout is subovoid in dorsal view and rounded or subtruncate in lateral view. The tympanum is round and has its upper edge hidden by the supra-tympanic fold. The fingers have thick lateral keels and elongated discs. The toes are basally webbed and have lanceolate discs. There are low warts scattered all over the dorsum, upper flanks, and the upper sides of the limbs. The dorsum is brown with some orange high-lites and a cream interorbital bar. The ventral surfaces are black with white flecks. The hidden surfaces of the limbs are brown. The iris is brown.

## Habitat and conservation

Diasporus quidditus occurs humid tropical and Sub-Andean forests at elevations of 50–1,770 m (160–5,810 ft) above sea level. It inhabits both primary and secondary forests and forest edges, but does not occur outside forests. It is a terrestrial and arboreal species. Although a common species, the small size makes these frogs difficult to find. It can be locally threatened by habitat loss.
# Mietingen

Mietingen (German pronunciation:) is a municipality in Baden-Württemberg in the region of Upper Swabia, situated approximately 18 km north of Biberach. The river Rottum runs through Mietingen.
Apart from the village of Mietingen itself, administratively, the once autonomous villages of Baltringen and Walpertshofen nowadays belong to the municipality of Mietingen.

## History

The first charter in which Mietingen is mentioned, dates from 1083 when the village was ruled by a local aristocrat, Luitpold von Moitinga. Its origins, however, are thought to date further back to the time of the colonization by Alemannic tribes.
In 1270, Mietingen came temporarily into the ownership of the bishopric of Konstanz. The majority of the village belonged to the Herren von Freiberg from 1339 onwards, one of whose dynastic line settled in Mietingen. From 1142 until the secularisation in 1803, the village was subject to Heggbach Abbey, after which it was transferred into the ownership of the counts of Plettenberg und Bassenheim who in turn sold it on to the Hungarian counts Esterhazy. Mietingen became finally part of the Kingdom of Württemberg following the mediatisation of small, independent principalities in 1806.
It was administratively part of the district of Wiblingen until 1845 when the administration was moved to Laupheim, creating the district of Laupheim. After the disbanding of this district in 1938, Mietingen became part of the district of Biberach.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 3,378 |
| 2001 | 3,849 |
| 2011 | 4,089 |
| 2021 | 4,467 |

## Attractions

The village of Baltringen is situated on the Oberschwäbische Barockstraße, a touristic route along the most notable architectural relics of Baroque-style in Upper Swabia.
# Villautou

Villautou (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Vilauton) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
# Sarai Naurang Tehsil

Sarai Naurang (Pashto: سرای نورنګ; Urdu: سرائے نورنگ) is a tehsil located in the Lakki Marwat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population is 296,908 according to the 2017 census. It is a mostly rural area, but it does contain one urban area, the town of Naurang, which has a population of 29,955. Naurang is the second-largest tehsil in Lakki Marwat District and the third-largest in Bannu Division.
# Idritsa

Idritsa (Russian: Идрица) is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Sebezhsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Idritsa River, a left tributary of the Velikaya River. Municipally, it is incorporated as Idritsa Urban Settlement, one of the three urban settlements in the district. Population: 4,988 (2010 Census); 5,784 (2002 Census); 5,485 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

Idritsa was founded in the end of the 19th century as a settlement serving a railway station of Moscow-Vindava Railway. It belonged to Sebezhsky Uyezd of Pskov Governorate (before 1924 - of Vitebsk Governorate).
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Idritsky District was established, with the administrative center in Idritsa. It included parts of former Sebezhsky Uyezd. The governorates were abolished as well, and the district became a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On June 17, 1929, the district was transferred to Western Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 1, 1932 Idritsky District was abolished and split between Sebezhsky and Pustoshkinsky Districts. On June 1, 1936 it was re-established as a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Kalinin Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. On May 4, 1938 the district was transferred to Opochka Okrug. In 1938, Idritsa was granted urban-type settlement status.
On February 5, 1941, Opochka Okrug was abolished. Between July 15, 1941 and July 12, 1944, Idritsa was occupied by German troops. In July 1944, the Soviet Army recaptured Idritsa after heavy fighting. On August 22, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast. On October 2, 1957 Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished, and Idritsky District was transferred to Pskov Oblast. On October 3, 1959, Idritsky District was abolished and merged into Sebezhsky District.

## Economy
### Industry

Idritsa has a flax production factory and a works producing electrotechnical equipment.

### Transportation

The M9 highway which connects Moscow and Riga passes immediately north of Idritsa. There are also local roads.
Idritsa has a railway station on the railway connecting Moscow and Riga.

## Culture and recreation

Idritsa contains three cultural heritage monuments of local significance. All of them are monuments to soldiers fallen in World War II. The main square of Idritsa is named after the Victory Banner (Russian: Площадь Знамени Победы), because Idritsa was recaptured by 150th Rifle Division, which was named Idritsa after that, and the banner of which was raised on the Reichstag building.