OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gwyddno Garanhir

Gwyddno Garanhir was the supposed ruler of a sunken land off the coast of Wales, known as Cantre'r Gwaelod. He was the father of Elffin ap Gwyddno, the foster-father of the famous Welsh poet Taliesin in the legendary account given in the late medieval Chwedl Taliesin (Ystoria Taliesin/Hanes Taliesin; "The Tale of Taliesin").

## Legend

The basket of Gwyddno Garanhir is one of the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain. According to tradition, Gwyddno was the lord of Cantre'r Gwaelod (English: The Lowland Hundred) in what is now Cardigan Bay. His chief fortress was said to have been Caer Wyddno (English: the Fort of Gwyddno), located somewhere to the north-west of modern-day Aberystwyth. The whole kingdom was protected from the sea by floodgates, which had to be shut before high tide. One day the keeper of the floodgates, Seithenyn, was drunk and failed to close them, with the result that the sea rushed in and covered the land.

## Kingdom

Stories of the drowned lands of Gwyddno appear to have arisen from the identification of natural underwater ridges as the remains of sea walls. However, tradition also assigns Gwyddno a landlocked portion of his kingdom to which he was able to flee. He was called 'King of Ceredigion' by the 18th century Welsh antiquarian, Iolo Morganwg, well known for his literary forgeries, but he does not appear in the Old Welsh pedigrees for that kingdom. He is identified with a number of different historical Gwyddnos in various sources. 16th century writers favoured Gwyddno ap Clydno, the late 6th century King of Meirionydd, who is perhaps the most likely candidate.
In Susan Cooper's The Dark Is Rising series, Gwyddno is the king of the Lost Lands in Silver on the Tree.

## Epithet

His name is Welsh and means Gwyddno Long-Shanks, Crane-Legs, or literally Tall-Crane.
# Chunsky (urban-type settlement)

Chunsky (Russian: Чунский) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Chunsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 14,996 (2010 Census); 16,630 (2002 Census); 17,747 (1989 Soviet census).
# Captain Angayarkanni

Pushpakala Thuraisingham (10 May 1973 – 10 August 1994; commonly known by the nom de guerre Captain Angayarkanni) was a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka. She was the LTTE's first female Black Tiger (suicide bomber). She sunk a Sri Lankan Navy Surveillance Command Centre Ship in a suicide attack in the sea near Kankesanthurai. Her death is significant as later females joined the Tamil Tigers at all levels and played significant roles (including the Black Tigers).
# Albert Schinz

Albert Schinz (March 9, 1870 – December 19, 1943) was an American French and philosophical scholar, editor, and professor of French literature. Although he was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Schinz died in the United States at an Iowa State University Hospital, in Iowa City, of pneumonia.

## Education and career

Albert graduated from the University of Neuchâtel (1888–1892), and studied at Berlin, Tübingen (Ph.D., 1894), Sorbonne and Collège de France (1894), and in the United States at Clark University. He taught at the University of Minnesota for one year, then became professor of French literature at Clark University (1897–1898), University of Minnesota (1898–1899), Bryn Mawr College (1899- ), and at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts (1913–1928). He finally retired after teaching French at the University of Pennsylvania in 1941. He spent the rest of his time as a visiting professor at Indiana, Texas, and Iowa University. He was a guest editor for an issue of the Modern Language Journal.

## Works
### Books

* Anti-Pragmatism: An Examination into the Respective Rights of Intellectual Aristocracy and Social Democracy (1909), Boston: Small, Maynard and Company
* J. J. Rousseau: A Forerunner of Pragmatism (1909), Chicago, Open Court Pub. Co.; London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
* Les accent dans l'ecriture française (1912), Paris : H. Champion
* La question du "Contrat Social" (1913), Paris: A. Colin
* French Literature of the Great War (1920)
* Seventeenth Century French Readings (1915), New York: H. Holt, with Helen Maxwell King
* Eighteenth Century French Readings (1923)
* Nineteenth Century French Readings (1939)

### Articles and journals

* "L'art dans les Contes devots de Gautier de Coinci"
Schinz was published in The Nation as a contributor of an article in 1918, Issue 107 and was critically reviewed in an article for his book French Literature of the Great War.
His book J. J. Rousseau: A Forerunner of Pragmatism was also reviewed in the Modern Language Quarterly.
# Jim Matthews (trade unionist)

James Matthews (1903 or 1904 – 11 March 1969) was a British trade union leader, known for his anti-communism.
Born in Bristol, Matthews began working in his youth in a tinplate works. At the age of fifteen, he lost his job, and so joined the British Army as a bandboy. He was posted to the Mountain Artillery, and served for twelve years, the last nine as an artilleryman, mostly based on the Northwest Frontier of India.
On leaving the army, Matthews found work as an assistant in a mental hospital in England. While working there, he joined the National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW), and rapidly came to prominent in the union. In 1935, he began working for the union full-time as its Bristol branch secretary, and in 1942 he became a district organiser. In 1944, he became a national industrial officer, with responsibility for the engineering industry, and four years later was relocated to work in London.
Matthews was appointed as the union's representative on the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions (CSEU), and in 1960 served as president of the CSEU. He also became president of the International Federation of Industrial Organisations and General Workers' Unions, chaired the joint industrial council for the chemical industry, and was secretary of the National Council for Civil Air Transport.
While working with the NUGMW, Matthews became known for his opposition to communism. He claimed that much industrial action was caused by communist disruption. He was active in the Labour Party, and served on the party's National Executive Committee from 1956 until 1963, but was a vocal critic of both left-wingers such as Michael Foot, and party members he perceived as intellectuals, such as Tom Driberg. In 1961, the party criticised him for writing an article for Aims of Industry, a right-wing publication.
Matthews retired from his trade union posts in 1963, and formed a company with Eric Dawson, formerly of the Economic League, and George Shipway. The anti-communist activists described the company as fostering "team spirit in industry", and Matthews called himself a "professional peacemaker". They were hired by British Eagle and Securicor, while Matthews also served on the Inland Waterways Board.
# Giusep Nay

Giusep Nay (born 9 August 1942 in Trun, Grisons) was the president of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland for 2005 and 2006; he resigned in 2006.
Nay was elected to the Supreme Court in 1988 after being nominated by the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. Nay, former MP Lili Nabholz and law professor Giorgio Malinverni were nominated by the Swiss government to succeed Luzius Wildhaber in 2007 as the Swiss judge at the European Court of Human Rights; Malinverni was elected.
# Voiced palatal implosive

The voiced palatal implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ʄ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\_<. Typographically, the IPA symbol is a dotless lowercase letter j with a horizontal stroke that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter f (the symbol for the voiced palatal stop) and a rightward hook (the diacritic for implosives). A very similar-looking letter, ⟨ ƒ ⟩ (an ⟨f⟩ with a tail), is used in Ewe for /ɸ/.

## Features

Features of the voiced palatal implosive:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
* Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.

## Occurrence

| Language | Dialect | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| Fula | Fula | [ʄetugol] | [ʄetugol] | 'to take' | |
| Konso | Konso | | [ʄapʄap] | ‘to rot/decay completely’ | |
| Serer | Serer | ƈaar/ࢢَارْ | [ʄaːɾ] | 'to have ringworm' | Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/. |
| Somali | Maay Maay | | | | |
| Swahili | Swahili | jana | [ʄana] | 'yesterday' | In free variation with /dʒ/ |
| Saraiki | Saraiki | ڄارݨ | [ʄɑ̃ɽəɳ] | 'know' | |
| Sindhi | Sindhi | ڄِڀَ | | 'tongue' | |
| Tunni | Tunni | [ʄoːɡ] | [ʄoːɡ] | 'to stay' | |
| Wu | Fengxian | 家 (cia$^1$) | [ʄiɑ˥˧] | 'domestic' | literary reading |
# Anastasiya Savchuk

Anastasiya Hennadiyivna Savchuk (Ukrainian: Анастасія Геннадіївна Савчук; born 2 March 1996) is a Ukrainian competitor in synchronized swimming.
She won 3 bronze medals at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, a silver and a bronze medal at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships and a silver and a gold at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships.
In 2018, Savchuk and Yelyzaveta Yakhno won the silver medal in both the duet technical routine and duet free routine at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships.
# Caussou

Caussou (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Causson) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France.
Its church is dedicated to St Jean Baptist.

## Geography

The village gives its name to the Val de Caussou, which is a 6-mile-long cut connecting the Ariège valley to the Col de Marmare; the village overlooks the confluence of two streams:
* Rusisseau de la Coume d'Amont - (known in the 13th century as the brook of Caussou) and
* Marmare
The Rusisseau de la Coume d'Amont bisects the village on a north–south basis, whilst the Marmare rises some three miles north east of the village from near the top of the Col de Marmare. Behind the Marmare are located the Cathar stronghold villages of Prades d'Aillon and Montaillou.

## Cathar associations

This part of France is famous for its Cathar associations and the village gave birth to the famous Cathar Béatrice de Planisoles - the one-time châtelaine of Montaillou. Her family were minor nobility in the area.
In the 13th and early 14th centuries, the route over the Col de Marmare was an important route for the Cathars and provided them with a lifeline. From Caussou to either Prades d'Aillon or Montaillou involves and arduous 7 mile journey - beginning with a gentle slope up and past the Marmare and then rises steeply for approximately 2 miles to the col itself.
From the early thirteenth century for the next 7 or 8 decades, Caussou was greatly affected by the Inquisitions and saw many of its inhabitants forced to wear the Yellow cross - the punishment sign of the heretics.
Béatrice's father was an ardent Cathar and frequently accommodated the Cathar Perfects in his Caussou house.
It was in 1322 in the Caussou garden of Béatrice's uncle Pons de Planisoles, that her cousin Raymond and an accomplice by the name of Bourret buried the body of a shepherd that he had murdered. The aristocratic Raymond was never charged with the murder, but the hapless Bourret was hanged for the offence at Foix. At his trial in an attempt to reek revenge, Bourret had implicated one of Béatrice's brothers Bernard as a Cathar heretic; as a result, on 4 July 1322, Bernard, who still lived at Caussou, was sentenced to wear the Yellow cross by the Inquisition.

## Population

The inhabitants are called Caussounais.
# First International Bank of Israel

The First International Bank of Israel (Hebrew: הבנק הבינלאומי, romanized: HaBank HaBeinleumi) is an Israel-based bank. Its commercial base consists primarily of large corporate clients as well as end-market consumers.
The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol "FIBI", and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index.

## History

First International Bank of Israel was founded in the early 1970s when then Israeli Finance Minister Pinchas Sapir approved the merger of several smaller banks into the former.
Edmond Safra (through his distant cousin Jacques Nasser) acquired control of FIBI in the 1980s. After Safra's death, the Safra Group sold off its business interests in Israel. As of 2010, FIBI's largest current shareholder is the FIBI Holding Company Ltd, whose largest shareholder is the Bino-Liberman Group; in addition, the Israel Discount Bank holds a significant block of shares.
The bank opened branches in London in 1981, and in Zürich in 1984. In 2006 it acquired a 68% interest in Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal for NIS 702 million. It is notable for being the only major bank in Israel which was not involved in the bank stock crisis in Israel in the early-1980s and as such was the only prominent bank in the country not nationalized as result of the crisis.
For a long time, FIBI was unique among Israeli banks in offering complete paperwork in English.
In 2015, Tungsten Corporation plc acquired FIBI's UK division for £30 million.

## Subsidiaries

* Bank Massad (51%) – jointly owned with Israel's teachers' trade union
* Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal
* U-Bank Israel – specializes in private banking
* Poaley Agudat Israel Bank (PAGI) – serving mainly the Jewish Orthodox community

## Controversy

On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of 112 companies helping to further Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the Golan Heights. These settlements are considered illegal under international law. First International Bank of Israel was listed on the database on account of its "provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements" and "banking and financial operations helping to develop, expand or maintain settlements and their activities" in these occupied territories.
On 5 July 2021, Norway's largest pension fund Kommunal Landspensjonskasse said it would divest from First International Bank of Israel together with 15 other business entities implicated in the UN report for their links to Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank.
# Kabul ambulance bombing

vteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021) :
On 27 January 2018, an ambulance was used as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device near Sidarat Square in Kabul, Afghanistan. At least 103 people were killed and 235 others wounded in the attack. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack.

## Bombing

On 27 January 2018, insurgents blew up an explosives-packed ambulance near an interior ministry building on a busy and heavily-guarded street in the Afghan capital Kabul during rush hour. The bombers detonated the explosives while passing through the second in a series of checkpoints near Kabul's embassies and government buildings including the European Union embassies. The explosion was so powerful that the shock was felt around the capital, collapsing buildings and destroying façades in the immediate area. The Jamhuriat Hospital, government offices, businesses and a school are close to the site of the blast. It was the third major attack in seven days, following shootings at an aid agency in Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, and at the Inter-Continental Hotel in Kabul. Officials confirmed that the bomb was hidden in the ambulance and detonated at a second police checkpoint. Its blast also destroyed vehicles, shops, and buildings nearby.
The attack occurred on a street, locally known as Chicken Street, near a building run by the Interior Ministry. Various government agencies have offices there and the road had security checkpoints in place. The coordinator for the Italian aid group Emergency that operates a trauma center described the event as a "massacre". According to reports, the vehicle was stopped at a second security checkpoint after passing the primary one claiming they had a patient. When police attempted to stop the vehicle from going further, the driver detonated the bomb. Relatives were reported to be queuing at the city morgue. The scene of the attack was described as one of carnage with shattered bodies, many unidentifiable, lying all over.

### Perpetrators

The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack. The Afghan government described it as a crime against humanity, and accused Pakistan of providing support to the attackers. Pakistan denies supporting militants carrying out attacks in Afghanistan.

## Aftermath

The third major attack in Afghanistan within a week, President Ashraf Ghani again blamed Pakistan for failing to move against Taliban terrorists. Ghani vowed revenge against the Taliban in retaliation. In addition, Ghani sent an Afghan intelligence delegation to Pakistan to hand over "undeniable" evidence that the terrorists of the bombing were planning the attack within Pakistan. Peace prospects with the Taliban also took a downward turn following increasing outrage over the attacks, with a presidential spokesman saying that the Taliban "has lost the opportunity for peace talks". The use of an ambulance to deliver the bomb was described as an act of perfidy by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
# Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative

Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative was a Star Trek themed computer software game by American studio Micromosaics, designed for the Apple II Plus, Apple IIe, and Apple IIc. The game was also available for the Commodore 64, Macintosh and IBM PC. This text adventure was first published in 1985 by Simon & Schuster. The player assumes the role of Admiral James T. Kirk. As Kirk, the player commands the actions of the Enterprise crew, as well as the Enterprise itself.
The plot is based on the idea that Starfleet is replacing the Kobayashi Maru scenario with a new test based on a mission from the Enterprise logs. The player is supposedly testing this "Kobayashi Alternative Command Performance Evaluation" for a Starfleet admiral.

## Reception

Computer Gaming World's Scorpia criticized Kobayashi for many bugs and poor documentation, while approving of the game's design and its portrayal of the crew. She reported that version 1.1 for the Apple with improved documentation still had bugs, including a serious one when visiting Orna, and concluded "I cannot recommend it". Joyce Worley in Ahoy! called the Commodore 64 version's user interface "a landmark advance for the text adventure genre". She said that the story "would probably work well as the basis for a Star Trek script", but was less interesting than the opportunity to explore the Enterprise and interact with its crew.
# Olshanske

Olshanske (Ukrainian: Ольшанське, Russian: Ольшанское) is a rural settlement in Mykolaiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Olshanske settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 3,582 (2022 estimate).
The settlement is located on the right bank of the Southern Bug, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the river.

## History

In 1961, a construction of a big cement plant started. The settlement serving the plant was known as the Hryhorievka Cement Plant and belonged to Varvarivka Raion of Mykolaiv Oblast. In 1963, Varvarivka Raion was abolished and Mykolaiv Raion was established. In 1968, Hryhorievka Cement Plant was renamed Olshanske, to commemorate Konstantin Olshansky, a Hero of the Soviet Union, and it was granted urban-type settlement status. On 26 January 2024, a new law entered into force which abolished the status of urban-type settlement status, and Olshanske became a rural settlement.

## Economy

The settlement serves a cement plant which belonged to Dyckerhoff AG.

### Transportation

There is a railway station in Olshanske on the railway line connecting Mykolaiv and Tokarivka, with further connections to Odesa and Voznesensk.
# Sophomore slump

A sophomore slump (also known as a sophomore jinx or sophomore jitters) is when a sophomore fails to live up to the relatively high standards that occurred during freshman year.
It is commonly used to refer to the apathy of students (second year of high school, college or university), the performance of athletes (second season of play), singers/bands (second album), television shows (second seasons), films and video games (sequels/prequels).
In the United Kingdom, the "sophomore slump" is more commonly referred to as "second year blues", particularly when describing university students. In Australia, it is known as "second year syndrome", and is particularly common when referring to professional athletes who have a mediocre second season following a stellar debut.
The phenomenon of a "sophomore slump" can be explained psychologically, where earlier success has a reducing effect on the subsequent effort, but it can also be explained statistically, as an effect of the regression towards the mean, in which an outlier case is followed by a case closer to the average.

## Industry-specific terms

In the world of music, there is a common phenomenon known as the sophomore album curse/syndrome, where newly popular artists often struggle to replicate their initial success with their second album, which is often characterized by struggles in changing musical style. Artists such as Billy Bragg (Talking with the Taxman About Poetry), Dr. Strangely Strange, Black Reindeer, Roddy Ricch (Live Life Fast), and Jack Harlow (Come Home the Kids Miss You) have referenced the effect in their respective album titles and artwork. American indie rock band Grandaddy used a double entendre for their second album, titled The Sophtware Slump.
In English football, second season syndrome is the phrase that is used to describe a downturn in fortunes for a football club in its second season after its promotion to the Premier League, particularly if the first season after promotion had brought a strong finish. Similar phrases are known in other countries as well: In Germany for example, a common phrase is that "the second year is the most difficult one" ("das zweite Jahr ist das schwerste Jahr"), referencing situations in which a team stayed in their new league in the first year after promotion but struggling to save the league the year after.