OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# USNS Mission Carmel

SS Mission Carmel was a Type T2-SE-A2 tanker built for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II. After the war she was acquired by the United States Navy as USS Mission Carmel (AO-113). Later the tanker transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS Mission Carmel (T-AO-113). She was a member of the Mission Buenaventura-class oiler and was one of two named for Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo located in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, the other being Mission San Carlos.

## Service history

Mission Carmel was laid down on 1 January 1944 under a Maritime Commission contract by Marinship Corporation, Sausalito, California; launched on 28 March 1944, sponsored by Mrs. W. B. Lardner; and delivered on 17 May 1944. Chartered to Pacific Tankers, Inc. for operations, she spent the remainder of the war providing fuel to allied forces overseas (during which time she was awarded the National Defense Service Medal). Returned to the Maritime Commission on 11 April 1946 she was laid up in the Reserve Fleet at Portland, Oregon.
Acquired by the Navy on 21 October 1947 she was designated Mission Carmel (AO-113) and assigned to the Naval Transportation Service for operations. She continued with the Transportation Service until 1 October 1949 when the Naval Transportation Service and the Mission Carmel were absorbed into the new Military Sea Transportation Service. Redesignated USNS Mission Carmel (T-AO-113), she continued to supply US forces overseas with needed fuel products until 25 October 1957 when she was returned to the Maritime Administration (MARAD), struck from the Naval Vessel Register and laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Olympia, Washington.
Her life of service not yet over, she was sold to Litton Industries on 7 November 1957 for conversion into a dry cargo ship. Renamed Houston, into 1969 she continued her life of service under a new flag. She was resold on 28 February 1975 to Reynolds Leasing Corp.
The ship was sold for scrap to Eastern Overseas Corp, and scrapped in Spain in 1983.
# The Castle in Flanders

The Castle in Flanders (German: Das Schloß in Flandern) is a 1936 German drama film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Mártha Eggerth, Paul Hartmann, and Georg Alexander. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Emil Hasler and Arthur Schwarz.

## Cast

* Mártha Eggerth as Gloria Delamare
* Paul Hartmann as Fred Winsbury
* Georg Alexander as Bob Harrogate
* Hilde Weissner as Lady Margaret
* Valy Arnheim as Gaspard, Kastellan
* Eduard Bornträger
* Gerhard Dammann as Polizist
* Peter Elsholtz as Lincoln
* Edwin Jürgensen as Sir Ramsey
* Rudolf Klicks as Piccolo
* Gerti Kraus
* Else Lüders
* Rio Nobile as Clifton
* Irmgard Novac
* Gerti Ober
* Paul Otto as Sir Archibald Winsbury
* Sabine Peters as Anne, Zofe bei Gloria
* Willi Schaeffers as Gast
* Georg H. Schnell as Regiments-Adjutant
* Kurt Seifert as Hotelportier
* Valeska Stock
* Alfred Stratmann
* Toni Tetzlaff
* Rolf von Goth as Brigg
* Jens von Hagen as Major Murray
* Hertha von Walther as Baronin
* Rudolf Vones
* Otto Wernicke as Bonnet, Agent

## Reception

Writing for Night and Day in 1937, Graham Greene gave the film a mixed review. Greene noted that the film's depictions of England and English culture were rather off the mark, but despite this he claimed that "th[e] picture has merits" and that "there are excellent scenes" which he identified as the scenes in Ypres after the war had ended and Gloria Delamare (Eggerth) attempts to book a hotel room only to be moved by a porter to the neighboring castle. Greene points to the return of Fred Winsbury (Hartmann) as the point in the film where the audience loses interest and the film loses reality.
# 1976 Toray Sillook Open

The 1976 Toray Sillook Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Tokyo, Japan that was a non-tour event, independent of the 1976 WTA Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 28 September through 2 October, 1976. The first round was played at the Nichi Dai University Auditorium while the semifinals and final were held at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. The singles event was the only competition held and was won by unseeded Betty Stöve who earned $15,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Betty Stöve defeated Margaret Court 1–6, 6–4, 6–3

## Prize money

| Event | W | F | 3rd | 4th | QF |
| Singles | $15,000 | $12,000 | $7,000 | $6,000 | $3,250 |
# Udamina leprieurii

Udamina leprieurii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Udamina. It was described by Thomson in 1868.
# Benkt-Åke Benktsson

Benkt-Åke Benktsson (6 January 1907 – 8 January 1957) was a Swedish film actor. He was born in Halmstad, Sweden and died in Malmö, Sweden.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1926 | Flickorna på Solvik | Ola Rundström | |
| 1934 | En stilla flirt | Mr. Wilder | Uncredited |
| 1934 | Eva Goes Aboard | Lundberg | Uncredited |
| 1935 | Ungkarlspappan | Swedish Counsel in Barcelona | Uncredited |
| 1936 | South of the Highway | Truls | |
| 1938 | Vi som går scenvägen | Lasse | |
| 1939 | Rosor varje kväll | Wikström | |
| 1940 | Vi Masthuggspojkar | Viktor | |
| 1941 | We're All Errand Boys | Grossh. Nordin | |
| 1941 | Pinocchio | Stromboli & The Coachman | Voice (Swedish original dub) |
| 1942 | Stinsen på Lyckås | Priest | |
| 1944 | Skåningar | Mårten Esbjörnsson | |
| 1946 | The Balloon | The Calif | |
| 1946 | It Rains on Our Love | The Prosecutor | |
| 1948 | Med kärlek och solsken och sång | Britt's Father | |
| 1948 | Lilla Märta kommer tillbaka eller Grevinnans snedsteg eller Den vilda jakten efter det hemliga dokumentet | Dr. Bauerbrecht | |
| 1949 | Sjösalavår | Elvira's Father | |
| 1949 | Pippi Longstocking | Efraim Långstrump | |
| 1955 | Dreams | Mr. Magnus | |
| 1957 | The Seventh Seal | Merchant at the inn | Uncredited |
# Filab, Khuzestan

Filab (Persian: فيلاب, also Romanized as Fīlāb) is a village in Darreh Kayad Rural District, Sardasht District, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 5 families.
# Robert Griesemer

Robert Griesemer (born 1964) is a Swiss computer scientist. He is best known for his work on the Go programming language. Prior to Go, he worked on Google's V8 JavaScript engine, the Sawzall language, the Java HotSpot virtual machine, and the Strongtalk system.

## Background

Robert Griesemer studied at the ETH Zurich, where he did his doctorate under the supervision of Hanspeter Mössenböck and Niklaus Wirth on the subject of a programming language for vector computers. He works at Google.

## Papers

* Robert Griesemer, Srdjan Mitrovic, A Compiler for the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine, The School of Niklaus Wirth (2000), pp. 133–152
* Tushar Deepak Chandra, Robert Griesemer, Joshua Redstone, Paxos Made Live - An Engineering Perspective (2006 Invited Talk), Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, ACM press (2007)

## Patents

* Interpreting functions utilizing a hybrid of virtual and native machine instructions
* Method and apparatus for dynamically optimizing byte-coded programs
* Apparatus and method for uniformly performing comparison operations on long word operands
# National Route 726 (Costa Rica)

National Tertiary Route 726, or just Route 726 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Terciaria 726, or Ruta 726) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Alajuela province.

## Description

In Alajuela province the route covers Naranjo canton (San Juan, Palmitos districts).
# Kosum Phisai district

Kosum Phisai (Thai: โกสุมพิสัย, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northern part of Maha Sarakham province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Chiang Yuen, Kantharawichai, Mueang Maha Sarakham, Borabue, and Kut Rang of Maha Sarakham Province: Ban Phai, Ban Haet, and Mueang Khon Kaen of Khon Kaen province.

## Administration
### Central administration

Kosum Phisai is divided into 17 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 235 administrative villages (mubans).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 01. | Hua Khwang | หัวขวาง | 24 | 18,078 |
| 02. | Yang Noi | ยางน้อย | 14 | 06,373 |
| 03. | Wang Yao | วังยาว | 12 | 06,153 |
| 04. | Khwao Rai | เขวาไร่ | 20 | 11,007 |
| 05. | Phaeng | แพง | 16 | 09,195 |
| 06. | Kaeng Kae | แก้งแก | 10 | 04,318 |
| 07. | Nong Lek | หนองเหล็ก | 20 | 09,780 |
| 08. | Nong Bua | หนองบัว | 12 | 06,156 |
| 09. | Lao | เหล่า | 11 | 04,474 |
| 10. | Khuean | เขื่อน | 11 | 05,627 |
| 11. | Nong Bon | หนองบอน | 11 | 05,934 |
| 12. | Phon Ngam | โพนงาม | 12 | 06,749 |
| 13. | Yang Tha Chaeng | ยางท่าแจ้ง | 10 | 04,800 |
| 14. | Hae Tai | แห่ใต้ | 19 | 06,437 |
| 15. | Nong Kung Sawan | หนองกุงสวรรค์ | 10 | 05,432 |
| 16. | Loeng Tai | เลิงใต้ | 12 | 03,975 |
| 17. | Don Klang | ดอนกลาง | 11 | 06,096 |

### Local administration

There is one sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon) in the district:
* Kosum Phisai (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลโกสุมพิสัย) consisting of parts of sub-district Hua Khwang.
There are 17 sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
* Hua Khwang (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหัวขวาง) consisting of parts of sub-district Hua Khwang.
* Yang Noi (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลยางน้อย) consisting of sub-district Yang Noi.
* Wang Yao (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลวังยาว) consisting of sub-district Wang Yao.
* Khwao Rai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเขวาไร่) consisting of sub-district Khwao Rai.
* Phaeng (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแพง) consisting of sub-district Phaeng.
* Kaeng Kae (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแก้งแก) consisting of sub-district Kaeng Kae.
* Nong Lek (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองเหล็ก) consisting of sub-district Nong Lek.
* Nong Bua (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองบัว) consisting of sub-district Nong Bua.
* Lao (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเหล่า) consisting of sub-district Lao.
* Khuean (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเขื่อน) consisting of sub-district Khuean.
* Nong Bon (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองบอน) consisting of sub-district Nong Bon.
* Phon Ngam (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลโพนงาม) consisting of sub-district Phon Ngam.
* Yang Tha Chaeng (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลยางท่าแจ้ง) consisting of sub-district Yang Tha Chaeng.
* Hae Tai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแห่ใต้) consisting of sub-district Hae Tai.
* Nong Kung Sawan (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองกุงสวรรค์) consisting of sub-district Nong Kung Sawan.
* Loeng Tai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเลิงใต้) consisting of sub-district Loeng Tai.
* Don Klang (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลดอนกลาง) consisting of sub-district Don Klang.
# Cescau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Cescau (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sescau) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
# Franz Lorenz

Franz Lorenz (3 February 1897 – 13 March 1972) was an Austrian bobsledder who competed from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s.
Competing in two Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of 11th in the four-man event at Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 1936. In 1928 he finished 22nd in the four-man event.
He is the older brother of fellow bobsledder Richard Lorenz.
# Stari Trg pri Ložu

Stari Trg pri Ložu (pronounced; Slovene: Stari trg pri Ložu, German: Altenmarkt, Italian: Borgovecchio d'Olisa) is a settlement and the administrative seat of the Municipality of Loška Dolina in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

## Geography

The territory of Stari Trg pri Ložu includes the former hamlet of Breg (German: Hofrann) on the right bank of Obrh Creek, which was also considered part of the neighboring village of Pudob in the past. The site of the former hamlet is the Marof industrial area today, operated by the company MBS List Lesna Industrija Stari Trg.

## Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint George and belongs to the Ljubljana Archdiocese. The parish was created in the second half of the 12th century, and the church was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1221. The original church was rebuilt and expanded on a number of occasions. Frescos from the early 16th century are preserved in the current building and the existing sanctuary was added in 1643.
# Marc Chardonnens

Marc Chardonnens (1960 – 6 April 2020) was a Swiss government official.

## Biography

After studying agricultural science at ETH Zurich, Chardonnens completed a master's degree in public administration at the University of Lausanne. He worked at the Federal Office for Environmental Protection from 1987 to 2004, then at the Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, first as a scientific collaborator, then as a leader in the waste management sector.
In 2004, he was appointed as head of the environmental department of the Canton of Fribourg. Here, he chaired the conférence des chefs des services de la protection de l'environnement from 2011 to 2015. On 27 January 2016, the Federal Council elected him Director of the Federal Office for the Environment following the departure of Bruno Oberle. He took office on 11 April 2016, and resigned in late January 2020, citing health concerns. He made this announcement on 7 November 2019, and was replaced by interim director Christine Hofmann.
Chardonnens died on 6 April 2020.
# 2017 GAA Interprovincial Championships

The 2017 GAA Interprovincial Championships (formerly known as the Railway Cups) was a senior GAA competition in which the four provinces of Ireland were due to compete in Gaelic football and hurling. The provincial squads are made up of players from the county panels in each province.
Ulster were the reigning football champions and Munster were the reigning hurling champions from 2016.
The matches were due to be played on the weekend of 9 and 10 December 2017, but following Connacht's decision to withdraw from the competition, the ties were postponed. With no date set for the competition within the GAA's 2018 Master Fixtures plan, it was reported to be unlikely that the competition would return in the near future. The competition returned in 2024.
# Istaravshan

Istaravshan (Tajik: Истаравшан; Russian: Истаравшан) is a city in Sughd Province in Tajikistan. In 2000, the Tajik government changed the name of the city from Uroteppa (Tajik: Ӯротеппа; Ura-Tyube, Russian: Ура-Тюбе).
The city lies in the northern foothills of the Turkistan mountain range, 78 kilometers southwest of Khujand, on the main road connecting Tajikistan's two largest cities, Khujand and Dushanbe. Bordered by Uzbekistan in the north and west, and Kyrgyzstan in the east, Istaravshan's administrative area encompasses 1,830 square kilometers and a population of 273,500 people. Most of them (76%) live in the outlying countryside.
Istaravshan is one of central Asia's oldest towns of commerce and crafts. The city celebrated its 2,500th birthday in the year 2002. It was one of three proposed locations for ancient Cyropolis, which was built on the north-eastern outskirts of the Achaemenid Empire by the king Cyrus in the 6th century B.C.

## Climate

Istaravshan has a continental Mediterranean climate (Köppen Dsa). The average annual temperature in Istaravshan is 12.2 °C (54.0 °F). There is more rainfall in winter than in summer, and about 400 millimetres (16 in) of precipitation falls annually.
Climate data for Istaravshan, 1961–1990 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 17.5 (63.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 29.7 (85.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 11.7 (53.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 17.6 (63.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) | −4.3 (24.3) | 0.9 (33.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.4 (52.5) | 15.7 (60.3) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.0 (60.8) | 11.0 (51.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | −2.9 (26.8) | 6.1 (42.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.9 (1.33) | 38.0 (1.50) | 71.0 (2.80) | 81.7 (3.22) | 52.5 (2.07) | 15.2 (0.60) | 9.0 (0.35) | 3.8 (0.15) | 6.7 (0.26) | 28.5 (1.12) | 29.8 (1.17) | 31.5 (1.24) | 401.6 (15.81) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 114 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||

## Subdivisions

Before ca. 2018, Istaravshan was the seat of Istaravshan District, which covered the rural part of the present city of Istaravshan. The city of Istaravshan covers Istaravshan proper and ten jamoats. These are as follows:
| Jamoat | Population (Jan. 2015) |
| Chorbogh | 16,488 |
| Guli Surkh | 42,582 |
| Javkandak | 10,200 |
| Nijoni | 10,350 |
| Nofaroj | 10,875 |
| Poshkent | 19,746 |
| Qal'achai Kalon | 15,433 |
| Qalaibaland | 9,820 |
| Sabriston (Frunze) | 16,822 |
| Zarhalol | 30,683 |

## Istaravshan on stamps

* Stamps of Tajikistan, 2002
* Stamps of Tajikistan, 2002
* Stamps of Tajikistan, 2002
* Stamps of Tajikistan, 2002

## Notable people

* Ulmas Mirsaidovich Mirsaidov (born 1945), theoretical chemist and professor
# Dan DeBono

Daniel DeBono (born November 13, 1964, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American writer and novelist.

## Early life

Daniel DeBono grew up in Chesterfield, Michigan. He graduated from L'anse Creuse High School North and attended Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan from 1982 to 1986.

## Career

From 1992 to 1995, DeBono wrote more than 200 travel features for The Citrus County Chronicle. He also wrote travel features for Scuba News. DeBono uses Gareth Blackmore as his nom de plume for some of his science fiction, horror, fantasy and comic writing. The name was first used in 1992 for the magazine Gareth Blackmore's Unusual Tales Following that, DeBono/Gareth Blackmore's stories were illustrated in Factual Illusions, a comic published by Alliance Comics and illustrated by comic artists Kyle Hotz and Armando Gil. DeBono also wrote sci-fi, horror and fantasy stories for other publications, including Vision, Midnight Zoo, and Enchanted Worlds. DeBono's Blackmore Publishing had its own periodical entitled Enchanted Worlds as well.
DeBono created & published Indy – The Independent Comic Guide from 1993 to 1996. An interview and original art publication with contributions from many influential alternative comics creators. Publisher (and attorney) Jeff Mason took the publication over and "went digital", which morphed into the Alternative Comics publisher. It is still published online. Indy is included in Michigan State University's Library Collection.
From 1996 to 2001, DeBono mainly wrote non-fiction articles. He wrote over 1,000 investment-education features for a variety of banks and investment firms, including Chase, Charles Schwab, Travelers, Merrill Lynch, Farmers, and USAA.
DeBono wrote a novel entitled The One Who Would Be King under the Blackmore name (ISBN 0-9728902-1-1) in 2003. DeBono created the Yahoo Group Worlds Of Fantasy in 2003. The group published a collection of short stories into a trade paperback called Worlds Of Fantasy. The published authors were chosen by the group and the ratings on www.fantasyreaders.com.
DeBono created the Website FantasyReaders in 2002. Authors can promote their science fiction, fantasy and horror stories. Short stories and novel excerpts are posted on the site and readers can read and rate. DeBono's latest novel was released in December, 2011 Double Dragon Publishing entitled, A Book Of The Lands: The Goblin Invasion. Three short stories appeared in Zharmae Publishing Press's Ends Of Man Anthology, published May, 2012.
# Mit Abu Ghaleb

Mit Abu Ghaleb (Arabic: ميت أبو غالب) is a village in Damietta Governorate, Egypt.
# Josip Weissgerber

Josip Weissgerber (4 May 1922 – 18 April 1985), was a Croatian Jesuit, philosopher, writer and missionary.

## Education

Born in Slavonian town Vinkovci, Weissgerber attended the classical gymnasium in Travnik after which he graduated theology, psychology, germanistics, anglistics and French Studies at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb. He obtained a doctorate in psychology (1970) and philosophy (1972) at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.

## Work

Weissberger lectured experimental psychology, history of philosophy, anthropology, onthology, anthropological philosophy and theodicy at the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology (1969–81) as well as experimental psychology at the Catholic Faculty of Theology in Zagreb (1691–71). He also held marriage advising seminaries.
List of published works:
* Zvona velike subote (The Bells of the Holy Saturday; Biography of the Petar Barbarić; translated to Polish in 1989). Re-published as Uskrsna zvona (Easter Bells)
* U svjetlu metahistorije: razmišljanja za akademičare nedjeljom u 11 sati (works in metahistory)
* Osnovni zakon svemira (The fundamental principle of the universe, 1967)
* Psihološki aspekti odgojnih sukoba (Psychological aspects of the upbringing conflicts, 1969)
* Psihologija (Psychology, 1972)
* Sir Thomas More – Engleski Sokrat (Sir Thomas More – The English Socrates, 1974)
* Načinimo čovjeka (Let's make a human)
* Antropologija: filozofija o čovjeku (Anthropology: Philosophy of the human)
* Razvojna pogojenost religioznosti (in Slovene)
* Studije za obitelj (Family studies, 1978)
His scientific articles in psychology, anthropology, philosophy, communicology and theology were published in Obnovljeni Život, Bogoslovska smotra and Crkva u svijetu. He was a missionary in England, pastoral worker in Germany and Belgium. In 1981 he went in the mission in Zambia where he lectured anthropology, history of the contemporary philosophy, onthology and cosmology at the Mpima Seminary. He was a missionary in Zaire as well.
# Lanmaoa borealis

Lanmaoa borealis is a species of fungus that is commonly found in Michigan.

## Description

It has a yellow or pale yellow stipe that is blue on the top and at the base it is reddish-brown.
# Peter Minkowski

Peter Minkowski (born 10 May 1941) is a Swiss theoretical physicist. He is primarily known for his proposal, with Harald Fritzsch, of SO(10) as the group of a grand unified theory and for his independent proposal, more-or-less simultaneously with a number of other theorists, of the seesaw mechanism for the generation of neutrino masses.

## Biography

Peter Minkowski, a life-long Swiss citizen, is the son of Mieczyslaw, a neurologist, and Irene Minkowski-Fux, a painter and architect. After his Abitur at Realgymnasium Zurich and his physics Diploma in 1963 from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), he earned his Ph.D. in 1967 at ETHZ under Markus Fierz with thesis Versuch einer konsistenten Theorie eines Spin-2-Mesons ("Attempt at a Consistent Theory of a Spin 2 Meson").
In 1967–1969 Minkowski was an assistant at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Louvain in Belgium, in 1969–1971 research associate of the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN then in Zurich, now renamed PSI), in 1971–1973 fellow then research associate at the Theory Division of CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and in 1973–1976 research associate then senior research fellow at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Caltech. In April 1976 he accepted an invitation from Heinrich Leutwyler to become a member of the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Bern, Switzerland, where he held the following positions: from 1976 to 1977 guest professor, from 1977 to 31 March 1989 professor extraordinarius of physics, and from 1 April 1989 until 2006 as professor ordinarius; he retired as professor emeritus on 31 August 2006.
Minkowski has pursued research along three main avenues: spontaneous phenomena in strong interactions and resonance structure, quark and gluon pairing; unification of gauge symmetries, extensions to include gravity, extensions to cosmology; and electroweak interactions and their interplay with the strong interactions. He has also worked on double beta decay; this work originated in a Diploma thesis by W. Brems at the University of Louvain in 1969. In the 1990s Minkowski, along with P. Grieder, worked on the DUMAND Project.
In May 1967 he married Elisabeth Schatz from Zurich; they have three children.