OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leopoldov

Leopoldov (before 1948 Mestečko; German: Leopold-Neustadtl; Hungarian: Lipótvár) is a town in the Trnava Region of Slovakia, near the Váh river. It has a population of around 4,000 inhabitants. The city is the location of Leopoldov Prison, a high-security correctional institution.

## History

The town was founded in 1664-1669 as a fortress against the Ottoman Turks on the initiative of Emperor Leopold I (hence the name). It was granted town status in 1669. The fortress has served as a state prison since 1855. A village called "Leopold" (German also: Leopoldstadt, Hungarian since 1873: Lipótvár) was made part of Leopoldov in 1882. In modern Slovakia, Leopoldov is an important transfer point of railway tracks.
Leopoldov was founded on fields of old villages of Červeník (former 'Verešvár') and Šulekovo (former Beregsek).

## Partner towns

* Kuřim, Czech Republic
* Fertőszentmiklós, Hungary

## Gallery

* The railway station in Leopoldov.
* Pillory on the Square of Ignatius of Loyola in Leopoldov.
# Legend of the Rood

The Legend of the Rood (Latin: De ligno sancte crucis) is a complex of medieval tales loosely derived from the Old Testament.
In its fullest form, the narrative tells of how the dying Adam sends his son Seth back to Paradise to seek an elixir which will render him immortal. This part of the tale is sometimes referred to as "the Quest of Seth for the Oil of Life". The angel guarding the gates of Paradise refuses Seth access, but does give him a seed from the tree from which Adam and Eve had stolen the apple. On his return, Seth finds his father dead, but places this seed under his tongue and then buries him at Golgotha. A tree grows from the seed, which is cut down. The wood experiences many adventures, reappearing as a motif in popular renderings of many Old Testament stories. At one point it is a bridge over which the Queen of Sheba passes. Ultimately, it is made into the cross (Middle English: rood) on which Jesus is crucified.
The Legend of the Rood is a key component in the complex of motifs known as the Medieval popular Bible. It is found in many medieval Adam Books, and provides the central framework of works such as the Welsh Ystorya Adaf.
These narratives have been extensively studied by Beryl Smalley, Brian O. Murdoch, Robert Miller and others.
Medieval scholars tend to use the word "legend" solely as a translation of Latin legenda, meaning the biography of saints as a literary form, and hence are often reluctant to use the word too liberally in other contexts. However, as a set-phrase, "Legend of the Rood" has become familiar enough to be uncontroversial.
# Jean-Alain Fanchone

Jean-Alain Andre Fanchone (born 2 September 1988) is a French professional footballer who plays as a left-back.

## Club career

Fanchone won the Coupe Gambardella with Strasbourg in 2006, defeating Karim Benzema's Lyon in the final. He signed his first professional contract in March 2008 with Strasbourg. He made his professional debut on 8 August 2008 during a Ligue 2 match at Dijon and was credited with an assist on that occasion.
In 2011, Fanchone joined Udinese. The following seasons he was loaned to Watford and Nîmes. In 2014, Fanchone was transferred to Petrolul Ploiești.

## International career

Born in metropolitan France, Fanchone is of Guadeloupean origin. He has been selected for France at the U18 and U19 level, taking part in the U19 European Championship in 2007.
# Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Preis

The Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Preis is an arts prize of Hesse. It is awarded biannually for literature (since 1987) and the visual arts (since 1979) on a rotating basis by the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg. The winner receives a certificate as well as a donation of 10,000 euros, though it is possible for the prize money to be split evenly between two winners. A committee of fourteen jurors evaluates qualified submissions; all themes or literary genres are accepted.
The prize is named after Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, the Enlightenment physics professor and writer who was born in Ober-Ramstadt.

## Past Recipients (visual arts)

* Esteban Fekete (1979)
* Ernst Schonnefeld (1980)
* Leo Leonhard (1982)
* Bruno Müller-Linow (1984)
* Rainer Lind (1986)
* Barbara Breisinghoff (1988)
* Arno Jung (1990)
* Detlef Kraft (1992)
* Horst Evers alias Gerd Winter (1994)
* Matthias Will (1996)
* Helga Griffths (1998)
* Andrea Neumann (2001)
* Klaus Lomnitzer (2005)
* Martin Konietschke (2009)
* Kurt Wilhelm Hoffmann (2013)
* Joachim Kuhlmann (2018)
* Sieglinde Gros (2022)

## Past Recipients (literature)

* Ursula Teicher-Maier (1987)
* Mechthild Curtius (1989)
* Iris Anna Otto (1991)
* Susanne Eva Mischke (1995)
* Rainer Wieczorek (1997)
* Silke Andrea Schuemmer (1999)
* Philip Meinhold (2003)
* Peter Kurzeck (2007)
* Andreas Maier (2011)
* Silke Scheuermann (2017)
* Kurt Drawert (2020)
# Netar Mallick

Sir Netar Prakash Mallick (born 3 August 1935) is a British nephrologist who is professor emeritus of renal medicine at the University of Manchester.
Mallick was born in Blackburn and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School and the Victoria University of Manchester, where he served as president of the students' union in 1958–1959. He spent a year as a research fellow in surgery at Harvard University, then held resident appointments at Manchester Royal Infirmary and Withington Hospital Manchester. Mallick took charge of the department of renal medicine at Manchester Royal Infirmary in 1973. He was appointed professor of renal medicine at the University of Manchester in 1994.
Mallick was president of the British Renal Society from 1988 to 1990, and of the Renal Association from 1998 until 1991. He was awarded a knighthood in the 1998 Birthday Honours for his work on kidney treatment and kidney transplantation. He served as High Sheriff of Greater Manchester in 2002–2003. He was President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 2016.

## Personal life

Mallick married in 1960 and has three daughters.
# Hezari, Chabahar

Hezari (Persian: هزاري, also Romanized as Hezārī and Hazari) is a village in Bahu Kalat Rural District, Dashtiari District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 205, in 27 families.
# Aspet, Haute-Garonne

Aspet (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Aspèth) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Gallery

* Chapel of Miègecoste and the medieval tower of Chucaou
* Saint Martin's church
* The fountain (monument historique).
* View from artist Ray Atkins' house

## Geography

Located in the middle of the Pyrenees mountain chain, within the ancient region of Comminges, Aspet sits 15 km south to Saint-Gaudens and at the foot of the Cagire (1,912 metres (6,273 ft) in Altitude).

## Toponymy

According to some, the name Aspet comes from the Basque language where azpeta means at the cliff's foot. The only issue is that there are no cliffs to be seen in Aspet as the landscape is mainly made of rolling hills.
The first document stating the existence of the town was found in 1068 and states its name as « Spel » or « Espel ».

## History

The exact date of the creation of the Seigneurie (lordship) d'Aspet is not known. The first lord able to be named is Ramon-At(hon) ruling there around 1068.
Names of several lords who took part in the Crusades have also been found such as Arnaud II, who left with Philippe-Auguste from Genoa in 1190.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the Coarraze family takes the lead of the territory. Raymond-Arnaud II de Coarraze fought with Joan of Arc during the Siege of Orléans. The last representative of the Coarraze name was dame Catherine, who supposedly commissioned the fountain we can still admire on the town's main square. She died in 1492, leaving the leadership to the County of Foix which had Henri III de Navarre as last baron, the soon to be king Henri IV of France. Under his reign, Aspet and its surroundings became part of the royal territories. Thus, in the main street of Aspet (Grand-rue), which leads to the church, are to be found the remains of the Royal Judges House.
# Saint-Laurent-la-Vallée

Saint-Laurent-la-Vallée (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sent Laurenç de Valech) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil

Dera Ghazi Khan (Urdu: تحصِيل ڈيره غازى خان), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The capital of the tehsil is Dera Ghazi Khan.

## History

Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil was created as a subdivision of Dera Ghazi Khan District during British rule. The population according to the 1901 census of India was 193,744, compared with 177,062 in 1891.

## Administration

The tehsil of Dera Ghazi Khan is administratively subdivided into 41 Union Councils, seven of which form the capital - Dera Ghazi Khan, the remaining 34 Unions are:
| Aaliwala Bahadur Garh Basti Fauja Basti Malana Bela union council Chhabri Choti Zareen Chotibala Churatta Darkhast Jamal Khan Drahma Gadai Ghaus Abad | Haji Ghazi Jakhar Imam Shah Jhoke Uttra Kala Khakhi Kot Chutta Kot Haibat Kot Mubarak Mamoori Mana Ahmadani Mutafariq Chahan Nawan | Notak Paigah Pir Adil Ramin Sakhi Sarwar Samina Shadan Lund Shah Sadar Din Wadore Yaroo |
Basti Ahmadani
# Serach (Khazar)

Serach (Hebrew: סרח) was a medieval Jewish woman who, as per the Schechter Letter, was married to the Khazar ruler Sabriel. She encouraged her husband to convert to Judaism and he did so. Serach is not mentioned in the Khazar Correspondence or the Kuzari.
Some scholars have postulated that the Khazar conversion to Judaism came as a result of contact with existing Jewish populations in the Crimea and the Caucasus, possibly the ancestors of the Krymchaks or Mountain Jews. As with so much of Khazar studies, the absence of documentary evidence renders the question of whether Serach belonged to one of these groups a matter of speculation.
# Beit Guvrin, Israel

Beit Guvrin (Hebrew: בֵּית גֻּבְרִין, 'lit. 'House of Men' in Aramaic) is a kibbutz in the Lakhish region, west of the ancient city of Beit Guvrin, for which it is named. Located 14 kilometres east of Kiryat Gat, it falls under the jurisdiction of Yoav Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 450.

## History

Kibbutz Beit Guvrin was founded in 1949, on the eve of Shavuot, by former Palmach members after the Palestinian Arab residents of Bayt Jibrin fled the military assault by Jewish forces during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The first residents were members of the "Yetzivim" youth group, which emigrated from Turkey in 1945, and the "Bnei Horin" youth group, which emigrated from Romania in 1946.
The kibbutz was established on the fields to the north of the Arab village of Beit Jibrin, which sat atop what was once a Hebrew town known as Beit Guvrin that was later renamed Eleutheropolis, "the city of free men" by the Romans in 200 CE. After the Arab Muslim conquest of the region, it became known in Arabic as Beit Jibrin. It was later the site of a Frankish (Crusader) colony, Bethgibelin, before being reconquered by the Muslims and returning to its Arabic moniker, Beit Jibrin.

## Economy

The economy was formerly based on chicken coops, cowsheds and field crops. BG Technologies is located on the kibbutz. Other kibbutz-run businesses are a banquet hall, a clothing and gift store, a jewelry store, a dental clinic and a public swimming pool.

## Landmarks

The kibbutz is surrounded by antiquities from the 1st century BC – 2nd-century CE town of Beit Guvrin. the Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park is a popular tourist destination which includes Hellenistic-period caves with wall paintings, columbaria, a Roman city and ruins of a Crusader castle.
The area is surrounded by many Islamic shrines (maqam) like Nabi Jibrin, Sheikh Mahmoud, etc., but the holiest of them is Maqam Tamim al-Dari dedicated to a companion of Muhammad who had control over the Hebron district which included the Cave of the Patriarchs. Today all the Muslim shrines are abandoned.
Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) was filmed here.
# Billy Hinton

William Peart Hinton (27 October 1882 — 29 August 1953) was an Irish international rugby union player.
Educated at Wesley College Dublin, Hinton played his rugby for Old Wesley and was a specialist fullback. He was a permanent fixture in the Ireland team between 1907 and 1912, gaining a total of 16 caps.
Hinton served as a second lieutenant with the Royal Irish Regiment during World War I and in 1915 was reported as having been killed, when he had instead suffered minor shrapnel injuries to his head.
A stockbroker by profession, Hinton served a term as president of the IRFU in 1920–21.
# 2018 Thailand Champions Cup

The 2018 Thailand Champions Cup was the 2nd Thailand Champions Cup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Thai League 1 and Thai FA Cup competitions. It was sponsored by Government Savings Bank (Omsin Bank), and known as the Omsin Thailand Champions Cup (Thai: ออมสิน ไทยแลนด์แชมเปียนส์คัพ) for sponsorship purposes. The match was played at Supachalasai Stadium, Bangkok and contested by 2017 Thai League T1 champions Buriram United, and Chiangrai United as the champions of the 2017 Thai FA Cup.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Qualification | Qualified date | Participation |
| Buriram United | Winners of the 2017 Thai League T1 | 8 November 2017 | 1st |
| Chiangrai United | Winners of the 2017 Thai FA Cup | 25 November 2017 | 1st |

## Match
### Details

| Buriram United | Chiangrai United |
Lineups: :
| GK | 1 | Siwarak Tedsungnoen |
| DF | 3 | Pansa Hemviboon |
| DF | 5 | Andrés Túñez |
| DF | 50 | Kritsana Daokrajai | | | 69' |
| MF | 8 | Suchao Nuchnum (c) |
| MF | 11 | Korrakot Wiriyaudomsiri | | | 67' |
| MF | 10 | Jakkaphan Kaewprom |
| MF | 19 | Supachok Sarachat | | | 84' |
| MF | 26 | Ratthanakorn Maikami |
| FW | 9 | Edgar | 5' |
| FW | 40 | Diogo Luís Santo | 34' | 89' |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 29 | Yotsapon Teangdar |
| DF | 33 | Sarayut Sompim |
| DF | 53 | Sarawut Munjit |
| DF | 60 | Khiron Oonchaiyaphum |
| MF | 7 | Anon Amornlerdsak | | | 67' |
| MF | 51 | Panyawat Nisangram |
| FW | 9 | Supachai Jaided | | | 69' |
| FW | 22 | Hoàng Vũ Samson | | | 84' |
| Head Coach: |||
| Božidar Bandović ||||
Lineups: :
| GK | 1 | Chatchai Budprom |
| DF | 2 | Atit Daosawang | | 21' 36' |
| DF | 4 | Piyaphon Phanichakul |
| DF | 5 | Victor Cardozo | 34' |
| DF | 36 | Shinnaphat Leeaoh | | 21' |
| MF | 6 | Phitiwat Sukjitthammakul |
| MF | 8 | Lee Yong-rae |
| MF | 10 | Sivakorn Tiatrakul | 45+2' | | 80' |
| MF | 18 | Chaiyawat Buran | | | 46' |
| FW | 11 | Gilberto Macena (c) |
| FW | 23 | Cleiton Silva |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 28 | Saranon Anuin |
| DF | 3 | Tanasak Srisai | | | 46' |
| DF | 24 | Worawut Namvech |
| DF | 30 | Suriya Singmui |
| DF | 33 | Sarawut Inpaen |
| MF | 21 | Pathompol Charoenrattanapirom |
| FW | 9 | Mongkol Tossakrai | | | 80' |
| FW | 16 | Akarawin Sawasdee |
| FW | 37 | Kyaw Ko Ko |
| Head Coach: |||
| Alexandre Gama ||||
Assistant referees: Pattarapong Kusathit Rawut Nakarit Fourth official: Mongkolchai Pechsri
* MATCH RULES
* 90 minutes.
* Penalty shoot-out if necessary.
* Maximum of three substitutions.

## Winner

* 2018 Thailand Champions Cup winners
* Chiangrai United First title
# Olympiapark Schwimmstadion Berlin

Olympiapark Schwimmstadion Berlin (German: Berlin Olympic Swim Stadium) is an aquatics venue located at Olympiapark Berlin in Berlin, Germany constructed for the 1936 Summer Olympics. Located north of the Olympic Stadium it hosted the diving, swimming, water polo, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events. A total of 140,231 attended during all competitions. It hosted the World Aquatics Championships in 1978 as well and was a venue of European Maccabi Games 2015.
The stadium's ground level was constructed 13 ft (4.0 m) lower than the top part of the Olympic Stadium. Its swimming pool is 50 m long by 20 m wide, separated into eight lanes. Men's dressing rooms are located under the east stands while women's dressing rooms were located under the west stands. From the swimming pool's north end to the south end, the pool depth increases from 2 m to 2.30 m.
The stadium is constructed of natural limestone. It is still in use as a training facility and for recreational use between May and September each year.
# Channel Island milk

Channel Island milk is a creamy, light-beige coloured cow's milk from the Jersey cattle and Guernsey cattle breeds. This variety of milk is commonly called Jersey milk and is also known as gold-top milk from the color of the bottle cap used to distinguish it. Channel Island milk is produced in the Channel Islands off the northwestern French coast of Normandy, as well as in the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Denmark, the United States and Canada.
Channel Island milk has a higher fat (5.4 per cent) and protein (3.9 per cent) content than whole milk produced by Holstein Friesian cattle (3.9 per cent and 3.3 per cent respectively), and also contains higher levels of calcium, vitamin A and vitamin D than other types of milk. Milk from Guernsey cows is notable for the levels of beta-carotene, Omega-3 fatty acid and A2 β-casein protein.
The Guernsey and Jersey dairies each have a monopoly on milk supplies on their respective islands, and both distribute a range of full fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed milk from the local pedigree herds. In the UK, Channel Island milk and dairy products are often targeted at the premium end of the market; the UK retail market for Channel Island milk products is more limited than that in Canada and Denmark, where a wider array of yoghurts, cheeses, cream cheeses and ice creams made from Channel Island milk, in full fat and low fat forms, are sometimes available.
# Bretx

Bretx (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Bretz) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# NEVOD

NEVOD (Russian: НЕВОД, НЕйтринный ВОдный Детектор, Neutrino Water Detector; nevod means "dragnet" in Russian) is a neutrino detector and cosmic ray experiment that attempts to detect Cherenkov radiation arising from interactions between water and charged particles (mostly muons). It represents the first attempt to perform such measurements at the Earth's surface; it is because of this surface deployment that the experiment is also able to investigate cosmic rays. NEVOD is situated at the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI).
The term NEVOD experimental complex is used of the experimental complex built around the original water Cherenkov detector for the study of cosmic rays; as of 2018, the experimental complex consists of: the Cherenkov water detector (the eponymous NEVOD detector), a coordinate-tracking detector DECOR, an array of scintillation detectors forming the calibration telescopes system CTS, and PRISMA array of thermal neutron detectors. As of 2018, the experimental complex is being expanded by three new cosmic ray detectors: NEVOD-EAS (for determination of cosmic ray air shower parameters), URAN (neutron detector) and TREK (drift chamber detector). Part of the new detectors are under operation (in 2018).
The experimental complex used to also have a muon hodoscope URAGAN which was operational in 2016 and years prior. Current (2019) status of URAGAN is unknown.

## Description

As described by its inventors, NEVOD consists of a water reservoir measuring 9 m x 9 m x 26 m into which is placed a spatial lattice of quasi-spherical detector modules (QSMs) to record Cherenkov radiation from any direction. The dimensions of reservoir make it possible to arrange up to 241 QSMs.
The quasi-spherical modules are, in fact, not spherical, but consist of an array of 6 photomultiplier tubes arranged along the primary axes of the device. The arrangement of the PMTs is such that the response of the PMT is dependent only on the intensity of the incident radiation, but not on its angle of incidence (over the limitation of angles viewable by the device), rendering the entire detector "quasi-spherical".

## History

NEVOD started operations in 1994 and was described in a journal in 1995, and has since been used both for primary research and for educational purposes. Since the start of NEVOD experiment's operation, many detectors have been added to the original Cherenkov detector, becoming the NEVOD experimental complex. Also the Cherenkov detector has been upgraded many times. One upgrade of the experimental complex was discussed in 2015-2016.
As of 2018, the NEVOD experimental complex is operational.
# Rodney Bertolet

Rodney Bertolet is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Purdue University. Bertolt is known for his works on speech acts. He is a former president of Indiana Philosophical Association (1983–1984).

## Books

* What is Said: A Theory of Indirect Speech Reports, in the Philosophical Studies Series, ed. K. Lehrer, Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1990
# Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies

The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) was the lower house of Venezuela's legislative under its 1961 constitution; the Venezuelan Senate was the upper house. Under the 1999 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Assembly of Venezuela.
At the 1993 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the Chamber saw the introduction of a mixed member proportional representation system, modelled on the German system, with some variations. This replaced the previous "closed-list proportional representation system [which had] led to an extremely party-centered system." The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and COPEI "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered".
   "Seats for the Chamber of Deputies were allocated to each state on the basis of its population. Since 1970 a number of citizens equal to 0.55% of the population is entitled to a deputy, but since 1993 no state can have fewer than three deputies. A quota for additional seats in the Chamber of Deputies is calculated by dividing the total number of votes cast by the number of deputies determined by the size of the population. The number of votes received by each party nationally for deputies is divided by this result, and the difference between the seats already won and this final result is the number of additional seats awarded to the party. As in the Senate, there has always been a limit to the total number of additional seats any given party can receive. (Since 1980 no party has been allowed more than five additional seats in the Chamber of Deputies.)"
At the Chamber's last election in 1998, it had 207 members.

## Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies

| President | Tenure | Party |
| Rafael Caldera | 1959–1962 | COPEI |
| Manuel Vicente Ledezma | 1962 | Acción Democrática |
| Ignacio Luis Arcaya | 1962–1964 | Democratic Republican Union |
| Héctor Santaella | 1964–1965 | Democratic Republican Union |
| Alirio Ugarte Pelayo | 1965–1966 | Democratic Republican Union |
| Dionisio López Orihuela | 1966–1967 | Democratic Republican Union |
| Enrique Betancourt y Galindez | 1967–1968 | Democratic Republican Union |
| César Rondón Lovera | 1968–1969 | Acción Democrática |
| Jorge Dáger | 1969–1970 | Acción Democrática |
| Antonio Léidenz | 1970–1974 | Acción Democrática |
| Gonzalo Ramírez Cubillán | 1974–1975 | COPEI |
| Oswaldo Álvarez Paz | 1975–1979 | COPEI |
| Carlos Canache Mata | 1979–1982 | Acción Democrática |
| Armando Sánchez Bueno | 1982–1983 | Acción Democrática |
| Leonardo Ferrer | 1984–1987 | COPEI |
| José Rodríguez Iturbe | 1987-1990 | COPEI |
| Luis Enrique Oberto | 1990-1994 | COPEI |
| Carmelo Lauría | 1994-1996 | Acción Democrática |
| Ramón Guillermo Aveledo | 1996–1998 | COPEI |
| Ixora Rojas | 1998–1999 | Acción Democrática |
| Henrique Capriles | 1999 | COPEI |