OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Château d'Étampes

The Château d'Étampes was a castle in the town of Étampes in the department of Essonne, France. The principal remains are of the 12th-century keep, the Tour de Guinette.

## History

The Château d'Étampes was an early 10th-century stronghold of Robert the Pious, King of France, that comprised both a palace proper and motte. Between 1130 and 1150, a new castle was created overlooking the valley, culminating in a strong keep or donjon: the present Tour de Guinette. The Château was extended under later kings, notably Philip II of France, but suffered through sieges in the Hundred Years War before having been ordered destroyed by Henry IV of France, after which only the keep remained.

## Description of the Château

The architectural aspects of this former royal castle are known from contemporary images, including the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry. The Tour de Guinette was in the centre of the castle and was surrounded by a rectangular curtain wall, punctuated by corner towers. This wall was, in turn, enclosed by two additional walls, providing layers of defence for the keep.
The surviving keep stands roughly 27 metres tall and is a quatrefoil plan (much like a four-leaf clover). Divided into four stories, first-floor access may originally have been reached from the enclosure wall. This interesting plan is the result of tactical experimentation that the keep underwent during the mid-12th century to improve the defence of towers against missiles and to reduce dead ground. The circular lobes deflect missiles, and allow defenders to cover the foot of the walls from the summit of the keep. The plan resembles the keeps of Ambleny and nearby Houdan. Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle in York, England, is believed to have been inspired by Étampes.
# Château de la Grange-Bléneau

The Château de la Grange-Bléneau is a castle in the commune of Courpalay in the Seine-et-Marne département of France.

## History

The castle was built in the 14th century. It was altered in the 17th century. Over the years, the castle has belonged to several families: Courtenay, Aubusson-La Feuillade and d'Aguesseau. Ownership passed from Henriette d'Aguesseau to her daughter Adrienne de La Fayette. She passed it on to her husband, General Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who lived there from 1802 until his death in 1834. Eight years after La Fayette's death, his grandson Jules de Lasteyrie (1810–1883) married Olivia de Rohan-Chabot (1813–1899), the daughter of the émigré Louis de Rohan, Vicomte de Chabot, and Lady Charlotte Fitzgerald, daughter of the second Duke of Leinster. They lived at la Grange-Bléneau for 54 years. Their son, Louis de Lasteyrie, sold the home to his cousin, René de Chambrun, in 1935, with a life tenancy.
Upon the death of his cousin in 1955, René de Chambrun discovered the large cache of documents in the attic, and he founded a private museum to Lafayette. He organized and described the family archives, a collection dating from 1457 to 1990. The papers were microfilmed at La Grange in 1995 and 1996, for the Library of Congress. Today, it is the property of the Josée and René de Chambrun Foundation, a charitable foundation charged with preserving the castle and its historical contents.

## Architectural significance

It has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since April 15, 1942.
# Andrew Economos

Andrew John Economos (born June 24, 1982) is a former American football long snapper. He played college football at Georgia Tech and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2005. Economos was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

## Early life

Economos graduated from Atlanta's Marist High School and was a letterman in football, basketball, hockey and baseball. In basketball, he led his team to the 2000 Georgia State Championship as a senior.

## College career

Economos was a long snapper at Georgia Tech and named to the 2003-2004 ACC Academic Honor Roll. At Tech, he became a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity.

## Professional career

On April 24, 2005, signed as an undrafted free agent with the Jacksonville Jaguars after he wasn't drafted in the 2005 NFL draft. He was released in 2006 after spending time on the practice squad.
On June 13, 2008, Economos signed a 5-year, $4 million contract to remain with the Buccaneers, who he has been a long snapper since 2006. He snapped for Tampa Bay all of 2007.
# Jakob Robert Steiger

Jakob Robert Steiger (7 June 1801, in Geuensee – 5 April 1862) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss National Council (1848/1849).

## Early life and education

Steiger was born to peasants in Geuensee near Sursee. His father was from Büron. With the support of one of his teachers, he studied Latin in Sursee and later also attended high school in Lucerne. He began to study theology in 1823. Not satisfied with this choice, Steiger soon settled to Geneva, where he attended lectures of Jacques Denys Choisy, aiming for a career as a medic. Having studied medicine in Freiburg im Bresigau in Germany until 1826 he moved to Paris, where he then also graduated the same year.
Already in high school, he developed political interests, holding a speech remembering the victory at the Battle of Sempach or taking part in students protests against the expulsion of the Professor of Philosophy Iganz Paul Vital Troxler an influential figure in his life.

## Professional career

After having obtained the license to work as a medic also by the Canton of Lucerne. He established himself as a medic in Büron. Additionally he also wrote for the political journal Eidgenossen, which was published first in Sursee, later in Lucerne. In 1830 he was involved in organizing the liberal politics in the countryside of Lucerne which demanded a new constitution for the Canton Lucerne with less power to the aristorcary.

## Political career

In late 1830 he was elected into the Constitutional Assembly which crafted the Constitution of 1831. Later that year he was elected into the Grand council and then also the Executive council of Lucerne. He became the president of the Grand Council becoming in 1834. In 1837 he did not stand again for the executive council, alleging the political situation has developed to his satisfaction. In 1841 Steiger was not re-elected into the grand council and following rebelled against the reigning conservative government, specifically against the invitation of the Jesuits to Lucerne. In 1844 he was arrested for his rebellious activities but soon released on bail. In 1845 he was again arrested and sentenced to death. Over 3000 petitions for pardon were written and the sentence caused also some intervention by neighboring countries, the Kingdom of Sardinia offered themselves to negotiate a pardon and exile for Steiger. Eventually Steiger managed to escape and established himself in Winterthur, where he worked as a medic.
In 1848 he was elected into the National Council of Switzerland which he stayed until 1852, becoming its president in 1848. He was also in the Executive Council of Lucerne until 1852, when he resigned after having lost in his aim to support he construction of railway by the state. Instead, the National Council ordered the railways to be constructed with private funds. Josef Martin Knüsel was elected as Steigers successor.
# Seeberg Saddle

Seeberg Saddle (German: Seebergsattel, Slovene: Jezerski vrh), also just Seeberg (Jezersko) is a high mountain pass connecting Bad Eisenkappel in the Austrian state of Carinthia with Jezersko in the Slovenian region of Carinthia. It is located in the Southern Limestone Alps, between the Karawanks range in the west and the Kamnik–Savinja Alps in the east.
The road across the pass is probably of Roman origin, leading from the Drava valley in the Noricum province towards the city of Aquileia. The border at the summit was implemented after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain. Today the Seeberg Highway (B 82) heads from the Austrian side up to the border crossing on the pass. Directly behind the Slovenian border station is an inn. On the Slovenian side, the state road No. 210 descends from the Seeberg down to Jezersko, offering a panoramic view of the Kamnik Alps.
Seeberg Saddle is also known as the Carinthian Seeberg to distinguish it from the Styrian Seeberg Pass in the Northern Limestone Alps.
# Ano Ydroussa

Ano Ydroussa (Greek: Άνω Υδρούσσα, before 1928: Άνω Κόττορι – Ano Kottori) is a village in Florina regional unit, Western Macedonia, Greece.
The village in Ottoman Turkish was called Yukarı Kotor. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, Ano Kottori was populated by 60 Christian Albanians and 168 Bulgarians. Kanchov wrote that Christian Albanians of the late Ottoman period in Ano Kottori were increasingly being assimilated by its Bulgarian population.
In the early twentieth century, Kato Kotori was involved with the Bulgarian national movement.
Ano Idrousa had 333 inhabitants in 1981. In fieldwork done by anthropologist Riki Van Boeschoten in late 1993, Ano Idrousa was populated by Slavophones and Arvanites. The Macedonian language was used by people of all ages, both in public and private settings, and as the main language for interpersonal relationships. Some elderly villagers had little knowledge of Greek.
# Danish Unity

Danish Unity or Danish Collection (Danish: Dansk Samling) is a political party in Denmark, founded in 1936 by Arne Sørensen. In 1939 the National Unity party, established by Victor Pürschel in 1938, merged with the party. It contested elections in 1939, 1943, 1945, 1947, April 1953 and then once more in 1964. It remains as a political organisation.
In the March 1943 general election - relatively free, though held under German occupation - the party took a clear anti-occupation position, and gained 2.2% of votes cast.
Danish Unity was also an political party doing The Second World War and Danish resistance fighters against the German occupying power, all members of this party during the Second World War in Denmark.
Based on a form of Christian nationalism, it presented itself as a third way between socialism and liberalism.
It later campaigned against Danish membership in the EU.
In October 2013, Morten Uhrskov Jensen replaced Adam Wagner as national chairman; since then, the organization has had an increase of members. It is currently collecting signatures in order to get on the ballot for the next Folketing election. It has one elected representative, a councillor in Herning.
# Kurtuluş

Kurtuluş is a neighbourhood of the Şişli district of Istanbul that was originally called Tatavla, meaning 'stables' in Greek (Greek: Ταταύλα). The modern Turkish name means "liberation", "salvation", "independence" or "deliverance". On 13 April 1929, six years after the Republic of Turkey was founded, a fire swept through the neighbourhood and largely destroyed it, with 207 houses going up in flames. The name was changed to Kurtuluş to mark the rebuilding of the area.
Once a predominantly Greek Orthodox and Armenian neighbourhood, its population today mostly consists of Turks who moved there after the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923. There is still a small population or Greeks, Armenians and Jews, as well as some Kurds who are relatively recent economic migrants.
Kurtuluş is served by the Osmanbey Metro station and innumerable buses from Taksim. It is adjacent to Pangaltı, Feriköy and Dolapdere.

## History

The quarter started life in the 16th century as a residential area for Greeks from the island of Chios who were settled here to work in the principal dockyards of the Ottoman Empire in the neighbouring Kasımpaşa quarter; they originally lived in Kasımpaşa but retreated uphill to a new area when their church there was turned into a mosque. In 1793 Sultan Selim III decreed that only Greeks would be allowed to live in Tatavla, a distinction it shared with the small Aegean town of Ayvalık.
In 1832, a fire completely destroyed the neighbourhood, with 600 houses and 30 shops going up in flames. During the 19th century Tatavla's population reached around 20,000 and it hosted several Orthodox churches (Hagios Demetrios, Hagios Georgios and Hagios Eleftherios), schools and tavernas; it was nicknamed Little Athens because of its Greek character. It was typically a residential area for Greeks of more modest income. Nevertheless, a number of grand houses were built in the late 19th century, some of which still stand today, especially along Kurtuluş Caddesi.
Despite the turmoil of the Balkan War, followed by World War I and the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) and then the devastating fire, the neighbourhood continued to be home to a large Greek population (as well as a significant Armenian and Jewish population). However, the riots of 1955 persuaded most of the Greeks that the time had come to emigrate.

## Culture

Tatavla used to be famous for the lively Baklahorani carnival, an annual event organised by the Greek Orthodox community on Clean Monday, the last Monday before Lent. It took place during 19th century and perhaps earlier. This was banned by the Turkish authorities in 1943, but was revived in 2010.
A vivid description of pre-First World War Tatavla is to be found in Maria Iordanidou's 1963 novel Loxandra, which is based on the experiences of her grandmother.
# Morfonou

Morfonou (Greek: Μορφονού) is an area of Mount Athos that belongs to the Monastery of Great Lavra. Located on the eastern side of the Athos peninsula, it is served by a ferry port.
The area of the Cell of Morfonou or Amalfinou derives its name from the former Amalfinon Monastery. In the area, there are 2 active cells and 2 abandoned ones.
# North-Eastern Administrative Okrug

North-Eastern Administrative Okrug (Russian: Се́веро-Восто́чный администрати́вный о́круг, romanized: Severo-Vostochny administrativny okrug), or Severo-Vostochny Administrative Okrug, is one of the twelve high-level territorial divisions (administrative okrugs) of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,359,508, up from 1,240,062 recorded during the 2002 Census.

## Territorial divisions

The administrative okrug comprises the following seventeen districts:
* Alexeyevsky
* Altufyevsky
* Babushkinsky
* Bibirevo
* Butyrsky
* Lianozovo
* Losinoostrovsky
* Marfino
* Maryina roshcha
* Ostankinsky
* Otradnoye
* Rostokino
* Severnoye Medvedkovo
* Severny
* Sviblovo
* Yaroslavsky
* Yuzhnoye Medvedkovo
# Warren Cariou

Warren Cariou is a Canadian writer and associate professor of English at the University of Manitoba.

## Biography

Cariou received a B.A. (Hons) from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA and PhD from the University of Toronto (1998). In 1999 he published a book of short stories, The Exalted Company of Roadside Martyrs, with Coteau Books. This was followed up in 2002 with his memoir Lake of the Prairies, which gained him a wider audience. It won the 2002 Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize and was shortlisted for the 2004 Charles Taylor Prize. In 2005 Cariou served on the jury for the prestigious Scotiabank Giller Prize.
Cariou was one of three featured authors in Coming Attractions '95, and has had short stories appear in Stag Line: Stories by Men and Due West, both published by Coteau Books. As well, his fiction was awarded a CBC Literary Competition Prize in 1991.
He grew up on a farm near Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, a place he describes in Lake of the Prairies. He has worked as a construction labourer, a technical writer and a political advisor. He holds a Ph.D. in English from the University of Toronto and now teaches Aboriginal Literature at the University of Manitoba. He is currently working on a novel entitled Exhaust. Cariou is married to the poet and literature professor Alison Calder. Cariou is also the director of the Centre for Creative Writing and Oral Culture and is also an activist for the Protection of Indigenous Oralities.

## Honours

* 2002 Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize
* 2005 Greifswald Canadian Studies Fellow in Residence, University of Greifswald, Germany

## Works

* with W'Daub Awae, Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Daniel Heath Justice, Lesley Belleau: Speaking True: A Kegedonce Press Anthology. Kegedonce, 2006 ISBN 0978499859Book

### Books

* Exalted Company of Roadside Martyrs.
* Lake of the Prairies: A Story of Belonging. This book won the Drainie-Taylor Prize.

### Films

* Documentary: Overburden by Neil McArthur and Warren Cariou. Released 2009-01-03.
* Documentary: Land of Oil and Water by Neil McArthur and Warren Cariou. 2009-01-01.

### Photography (Petrography)

* In 2013 Cariou wrote and created documentaries Overburdened and Land of Oil and Water with Neil McArthur about the highly destructive production of tar sands impacting the Indigenous communities of Saskatchewan and Alberta. Cariou then decided to begin using the toxic material to create photographs he has named petrography.
* He began experimenting with the new medium with assistance from Dr. Dusan Stulik, a senior research scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute.
* Cariou uses a specific medium of petroleum and sunlight in his photography “Petrography is literally petroleum-photography: the creation of images through the interaction of sunlight and the heavy petroleum product known as bitumen, which is the main source of the vast supplies of oil in Canada’s Athabasca tar sands region”.
# Banphot Phisai district

Banphot Phisai (Thai: บรรพตพิสัย, pronounced) is the northernmost district (amphoe) of Nakhon Sawan province, central Thailand.

## History

At first, the central tambon was Tambon Ta Sang. In 1910, the government moved the district office to the west bank of the Ping River in the Tambon Tha Ngiew area and upgraded the district at the same time.
The name Banphot Phisai comes from the mountains in the district that look like rows of prang.
In September 2020, Khao No, a promontory in the district, was claimed by locals to be the habitat of a giant ape. A photo was produced as evidence. The story went viral in Thailand, attracting many to the area. Primatologists said the creature sighted on the hilltop was most likely just an ordinary monkey.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the northeast clockwise): Bueng Na Rang and Pho Thale of Phichit province; Kao Liao, Mueang Nakhon Sawan, and Lat Yao of Nakhon Sawan Province; and Khanu Woralaksaburi and Bueng Samakkhi of Kamphaeng Phet province.

## Administration

The district is divided into 13 subdistricts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 117 villages (mubans). The township (thesaban tambon) Banphot Phisai covers parts of tambons Tha Ngio and Charoen Phon. There are further 13 Tambon Administrative Organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Tha Ngio | ท่างิ้ว | 8 | 7,413 |
| 2. | Bang Ta Ngai | บางตาหงาย | 7 | 6,963 |
| 3. | Hukwang | หูกวาง | 4 | 4,446 |
| 4. | Ang Thong | อ่างทอง | 6 | 4,190 |
| 5. | Ban Daen | บ้านแดน | 9 | 7,189 |
| 6. | Bang Kaeo | บางแก้ว | 8 | 5,603 |
| 7. | Ta Khit | ตาขีด | 8 | 8,508 |
| 8. | Ta Sang | ตาสัง | 11 | 7,284 |
| 9. | Dan Chang | ด่านช้าง | 13 | 6,935 |
| 10. | Nong Krot | หนองกรด | 15 | 11,737 |
| 11. | Nong Ta Ngu | หนองตางู | 13 | 6,341 |
| 12. | Bueng Pla Thu | บึงปลาทู | 9 | 4,221 |
| 13. | Charoen Phon | เจริญผล | 6 | 7,470 |
# Khian Sa district

Khian Sa (Thai: เคียนซา, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in Surat Thani province, Thailand.
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Khiri Rat Nikhom, Phunphin, Ban Na Doem, Ban Na San, Wiang Sa, Phrasaeng and Phanom. Khian Sa is about 60 kilometres from Surat Thani.

## Geography

The district is in the Khian Sa basin, which is crossed by the Tapi River, which also forms part of the eastern boundary of the district. The area of the district is mostly used for palm farming or rubber plantations, while along the river are swamps like the Nong Thung Thong swamp.
The main road through the district is Thailand Route 44, which connects Krabi with Khanom.

## History

The district was formed as a minor district (king amphoe) on 15 December 1970, splitting the two tambons Khian Sa and Phuang Phromkhon from Ban Na San District. On 1 April 1974 it was elevated to full district status.

## Administration

The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which in turn are further subdivided into 52 villages (mubans). Khian Sa has township status (thesaban tambon), covering parts of tambon Khian Sa. Each of the tambons is administered by a tambon administrative office (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Khian Sa | เคียนซา | 7 | 7,214 |
| 2. | Phuang Phromkhon | พ่วงพรมคร | 13 | 10,496 |
| 3. | Khao Tok | เขาตอก | 6 | 3,635 |
| 4. | Aranyakham Wari | อรัญคามวารี | 6 | 4,392 |
| 5. | Ban Sadet | บ้านเสด็จ | 20 | 16,882 |
# Punta Baretti

Punta Baretti (French: Pointe Baretti) (4,013 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc Massif in the Val d'Aosta, Italy.
# Cities Police

The Cities Police (Greek: Αστυνομία Πόλεων) was a Greek police force extant from 1921 to 1984, responsible for policing urban areas. It complemented the Hellenic Gendarmerie, which was responsible for rural and suburban areas.

## History

Its creation was decreed in 1918 (Article 12 of the Law 1370/1918 On the organization of the Gendarmerie) and confirmed in 1920 (Law 2461/1920). The force became operational in the city of Corfu in 1920, followed by Patras (1921), Piraeus (1923) and Athens (1929). Remarkably, in Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city, the force was not established due to the Gendarmerie's opposition, despite the law's provisions.
Unlike the paramilitary Gendarmerie, which had close ties to the Hellenic Army and was commanded by Army generals, the Cities Police was a purely civilian force, modeled after the Metropolitan Police of London, and with training provided by a British mission under Sir Frederick Loch Halliday.
From the late 1920s, the Cities Police, and especially its feared General Security Directorate, initiated the state persecution of the nascent Communist Party of Greece (KKE), whose popularity was growing among the urban poor, the working classes and the destitute refugees from Asia Minor. In the aftermath of the Greek Civil War, the Gendarmerie and the Cities Police became bastions of the conservative and vehemently anti-Communist establishment, a role they would retain throughout the Greek junta of 1967–74. After the fall of the junta, emphasis was placed on civilian policing. Despite strong opposition from the Gendarmerie and the Cities Police, both forces were amalgamated on 1 November 1984 (Law 1481/1-10-1984) into the unified Hellenic Police.

## Ranks insignia

Cities Police Officer Ranks & Insignia :
| Commissioner Αντιστράτηγος | Deputy Commissioner Υποστράτηγος | Brigadier Ταξίαρχος | Police Director Αστυνομικός Διευθυντής | Police Deputy Director Αστυνομικός Υποδιευθυντής | Police Captain I Class Αστυνόμος Α' | Police Captain II Class Αστυνόμος Β' | Police Lieutenant I Class Υπαστυνόμος Α' | Police Lieutenant II Class Υπαστυνόμος B' |
Cities Police NCO Ranks & Insignia :
| Police Warrant Officer Ανθυπαστυνόμος | Police Chief Sergeant-Interrogation Officer with exams Αρχιφύλακας-ανακριτικός υπάλληλος με εξετάσεις | Police Staff Sergeant-Interrogation Officer Αρχιφύλακας-ανακριτικός υπάλληλος | Police Staff Sergeant-Non interrogation officer Αρχιφύλακας-μη ανακριτικός υπάλληλος | Police Sergeant-Interrogation Officer Υπαρχιφύλακας-ανακριτικός υπάλληλος | Police Sergeant-Interrogation Officer Υπαρχιφύλακας-μη ανακριτικός υπάλληλος | Policeman Αστυφύλακας |