OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Łaski's Statute

Łaski's Statute(s) (Polish: Statut(y) Łaskiego, Latin: Commune Incliti Poloniae regni privilegium constitutionum et indultuum publicitus decretorum approbatorumque), of 1505, was the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland. The printing in 1506 was the first illustrated printing in Poland.

## History

Łaski's Statutes were drawn up by Chancellor and Primate Jan Łaski (hence they are named for him) and consolidated nearly all the legislation that had earlier appeared in Poland. Łaski had been asked to codify existing Polish law by the Sejm (parliament), meeting in 1505 at Radom.
The Statutes, in 720 folio pages, comprised two parts. The first, confirmed by King Alexander Jagiellon and thus carrying the force of law, collected all manner of legislation—privileges, statutes and edicts promulgated by the king or adopted by the Sejm, as well as treaties, such as peace treaties that had been entered into with the Teutonic Order. The second part discussed the legal system, primarily Magdeburg law, and included text from the Sachsenspiegel, Weichbild and Lübeck law.
The Statutes showed a certain bias in promoting Łaski's political views: they supported the execution movement, which sought to strengthen the power of the lesser nobility and the king, while weakening the aristocratic magnates, and so omitted some documents that favored the magnates. Notably, Łaski's Statutes omitted the 1501 Privilege of Mielnik and Union of Mielnik. The Mielnik laws represented a conflict between the king and magnates: both had made promises prior to the King's election, and both refused to confirm them afterward.
Printed the following year (1506) by Jan Haller in Kraków and widely distributed, Łaski's Statutes would remain in force as a fundamental codification of Polish law until the late-18th-century Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since May 2024, one of copies of the first edition is exhibited at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth in Warsaw.
# Gomarankadawala massacre

Gomarankadawala is a tiny village in the Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka, where 6 Sinhalese civilians were gunned down by suspected LTTE cadres in an incident known as the Gomarankadawala massacre.

## Incident

The Gomarankadawala massacre occurred on April 23, 2006, at Kalyanapura, Gomarankadawala when the 6 victims were trying to retrieve a tractor that had got stuck in the mud in a paddy field. Suddenly, a group of LTTE cadres raced from the nearby forest and indiscriminately fired on them. One Home Guard, who was engaged in farming during his leisure time, was also among those slain farmers.

## Victims

6 civilians, including 4 school boys, lost their lives in this incident. All victims died on the spot before other villagers could rush into the paddy field to aid them.
The list of the dead civilians includes,
* M.D.Chaminda Prasanna Bandara (27 years, a Home guard attached to the Gomarankadawala police)
* A.Anura Shantha Abeysena (19 years, a student of Kalyanapura School)
* R.Eranda Sandaruwan Rupasena (15 years, a GCE Ordinary level student )
* D.Lalith Bandara Dissanayake (15 years, a GCE Ordinary level student),
* Ajith Kumara Ariywwansa (19 years, a student of Kalyanapura School)
* D.Wasantha Kumara (24 years, a Farmer from the village)
# Krasnodęby-Rafały

Krasnodęby-Rafały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and 93 km (58 mi) east of Warsaw.
# Islands of Four Mountains

The Islands of Four Mountains (Russian: Четырёхсопочные острова) 52°52′33″N 169°47′42″W﻿ / ﻿52.87583°N 169.79500°W﻿ / 52.87583; -169.79500 is an island grouping of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, United States. The chain includes, from west to east, Amukta, Chagulak, Yunaska, Herbert, Carlisle, Chuginadak, Uliaga, and Kagamil islands. This island chain is located between Amukta Pass and the Andreanof Islands to the west, and Samalga Pass and the Fox Islands to the east. These islands have a total land area of 210.656 sq mi (545.596 km$^2$) and have no permanent population. The two largest islands are Yunaska and Chuginadak. Chuginadak is mainly made up of the active volcano Mount Cleveland.
The name is translated from Russian Четырехсопочные Острова (Ostrova Chetyre Soposhnye) meaning "Islands of Four Volcanoes" (Sarichev, 1826, map 3). The early Russian explorers named the islands by this term because of four prominent volcanoes, each located on a separate island. The Aleut name Unigun (Uniiĝun in the modern Aleut orthography) was reported in 1940 by Father Veniaminov. There appears to be confusion regarding the names of these islands, possibly because only four of the five are on most early maps and charts. The present names were gathered in 1894 by a field party from USS Concord and published in 1895 by the U.S. Navy Hydrography Office (Chart 8). This is the first island in the Aleutian time zone, 1 hour behind Alaska with daylight saving time as of 2010.
# Elza Niego affair

The 1927 murder in Turkey of a 20 year-old Jewish woman named Elza Niego (Turkish: Elza Niyego, Hebrew: אלזה נייגו) by a Turkish official sparked an anti-government demonstration at her funeral that authorities regarded as criminal. The Turkish government alleged that the slogans used in the manifestations were against Turkishness. Following the demonstration, either nine or ten Jewish protestors were detained. They were released after thirty days.

## Murder

Elza Niego (20) was a typist of the National Insurance Company of Turkey. During a holiday at Heybeli island, a Muslim Turkish official, Osman Ratıp Bey, fell in love with her. Osman Bey, who was 30 years older than Elza, would follow Elza around the island. In despair, Elza Niego cut short her vacation and went home. Niego eventually became engaged to a Jewish co-worker. Osman Bey, who was enraged by the engagement, pursued Elza Niego and stabbed her to death with a knife.
Osman Bey was so in love with Elza that he reportedly cut ties with his wives (one in America, one in England, and another in Istanbul), as well as his children and grandchildren. He stalked Elza for years. After a complaint to the police by Elza, Osman was arrested and imprisoned for months. After Osman Bey is released from prison, he regularly asks for Niego's mother's hand in their marriage. After being declined every time, coupled with Elza's engagement, Osman projects his anger after he stumbles upon Elza in Bankalar Caddesi, Istanbul, pulling out his knife and immediately rushing towards her, slitting her nose and throat. Elza Niego was immediately killed (on 17 August, 1927), and her sister, Rejin, was heavily injured.

## Aftermath

During the funeral, a demonstration was held in opposition to the Turkish government. This sparked an anti-Semitic reaction in the Turkish press. Nine protestors were immediately arrested under the charge of "insulting the Turkish Republic", but were acquitted from charges in their first trial. Soon thereafter, a second trial against the aforementioned nine Jews, including a Russian witness to the murder, was initiated. The defendants were arrested, and four of them were sentenced for the offense of "insulting Turkishness".
Osman Ratıp Bey, on the other hand, was quickly arrested and charged with murder. His plea of insanity was accepted in court in 1928, and he was indefinitely placed in the newly-opened Bakırköy mental hospital. On 22 February, 1935, he escaped the hospital, but was apprehended after a 24-hour search by police. He was murdered by another patient in the hospital in 1938.
# Ammoudia, Preveza

Ammoudia (Greek: Αμμουδιά, before 1928: Σπλάντζα – Splantza) is a small fishing village in the municipal unit of Fanari in the municipality of Parga, Preveza regional unit in Epirus, in northwestern Greece. Ammoudia is located on the Ionian Sea coast, 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Parga. The mouth of the river Acheron is in the village.

## History

During the Axis occupation Ammoudia was among the villages targeted by a joint German-Cham Albanian armed operation in August 1943.
A primary school Greek teacher (Socrates Georgoulas) who taught in the area in the 1960s noted in a report he compiled for the Hellenic Folklore Research Centre that in 1964 that most inhabitants of the village spoke Albanian, Albanian: Spllancë) and had no knowledge of Greek.
# Ronald Quispe

Ronald Rey Quispe Misme (born 5 March 1988) is a Bolivian race-walker competing for Bolivia at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 50 km walk event. He finished in 30th place with a time of 4:02:00.
# Château d'Apcher

The Château d'Apcher is a ruined feudal castle in the commune of Prunières in the Lozère département of France. The castle was built and altered in the 11th century, with further building in the 12th and 14th centuries.
It was the ancient seat of the Marquis d'Apchier, one of the eight barons of Gévaudan. It was abandoned bit by bit during the 17th century. Today, it is a ruin with only the keep still intact.

## Location

The castle is situated in the north of Gévaudan, between Saint-Chély-d'Apcher and Le Malzieu-Ville, not far from the Truyère. The baron of Apchier ruled over the whole of the northern Aubrac plain, surrounded by the baronies of Peyre and Mercœur. However, the main castle, at Apcher, was not in the centre of the barony but in its east.

## History

The first record of the castle is from 1180, when Garin de Châteauneuf, seigneur of Apcher and co-seigneur of Châteauneuf-Randon, paid homage to the Bishop of Mende, Aldebert III du Tournel. The son of a family from Randon, Garin had married Alix d'Apchier, the last inheritor of the first Apchier family.
The castle is the property of the commune. It has been listed since 1983 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
# Voyady

Voyady (Russian: Вояды; Bashkir: Вояҙы, Woyaźı) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Voyadinsky Selsoviet, Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 395 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Voyady is located 29 km northwest of Yanaul (the district's administrative centre) by road. Changakul is the nearest rural locality.
# Kebithigollewa massacre

The Kebithigollewa massacre occurred on 15 June 2006 when 60 civilians were killed by an Claymore mine attack on a bus. The U.S and the SLMM claimed that LTTE was the perpetrator.

## Incident

The Kebithigollewa massacre happened when a state-owned bus was struck by two Claymore directional mines. 68 Sinhalese men, women and infants were killed as a result of this attack. The United States condemned the attack, noting: "This vicious attack bears all the hallmarks of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. It is a clear violation of the Ceasefire Agreement that the Tamil Tigers claim to uphold".
The Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM) claimed that it was highly probable that LTTE or supporters carried out the Kebithigollewa attack. The LTTE denied such allegations and condemned the attack, while placing the blame on Sri Lankan forces and paramilitary elements who it alleged carried out the attack to destroy efforts to resume the stalled peace process and to blame the LTTE. While the opponents of the LTTE accused it of carrying out the attack to provoke an ethnic backlash, pro-LTTE sources argue that the LTTE couldn't have had benefited from such a move; and that the Sri Lankan government stood to gain from the attack in terms of support from the international community (especially after the government's international donors threatened to cut off aid over reports of human rights abuses) and devising a pretext to conduct military raids on the LTTE under the guise of retaliation to aggression while pretending to maintain the Ceasefire Agreement. Skepticism was also raised about the possibility of LTTE infiltrating a predominantly Sinhalese area with heavy Army security presence, but Lt. Col. Anil Amarasekara has argued that Kebitigollewa, along with other Sinhalese border villages, had limited defense and was at risk of an LTTE attack. The SLMM alleged that the LTTE's motive for the attack was a deliberate retaliation for the recent killings of civilians and LTTE cadres in LTTE-controlled areas in the north and the east by the GoSL security forces who had also used claymore mines for the attacks.
# Krobia, Masovian Voivodeship

Krobia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Kadzidło, 27 km (17 mi) north of Ostrołęka, and 125 km (78 mi) north of Warsaw.
# Bartym, Republic of Bashkortostan

Bartym (Russian: Бартым; Bashkir: Бартым, Bartım) is a rural locality (a village) in Ozerkinsky Selsoviet, Karaidelsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 158 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Bartym is located 44 km east of Karaidel (the district's administrative centre) by road. Biyaz is the nearest rural locality.
# Vakulenchuk

Vakulenchuk (Ukrainian: Вакуленчук) is a rural settlement in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: 1,800 (2022 estimate) In 2001, population was 2,192.

## History

Until 26 January 2024, Vakulenchuk was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Vakulenchuk became a rural settlement.
# Ara Institute of Canterbury

Ara Institute of Canterbury, often simply referred to as Ara, is an institute of technology in Canterbury, New Zealand. It was formed in 2016 from the merger of Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT) and Aoraki Polytechnic.
Ara specialises in applied tertiary training. Subject choices include business, engineering, architecture, nursing, creative arts, hospitality, computing, science, languages, outdoor education, and broadcasting. Programmes range from Level 1 to Level 9. The institute works closely with industry to ensure students have relevant skills for employment, and have a wide range of work placement opportunities.
Each year around 14,000 students enrol at Ara, including many international students. Ara is internationally recognised and has one of the best English language training centres in New Zealand. Over 50 countries are represented among staff and students at Ara.
On 1 April 2020, Ara became a subsidiary of Te Pūkenga (the New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology) alongside the 15 other institutes of technology and polytechnics (ITPs) in the country.

## Campus

Ara has six campuses in Canterbury and North Otago (three in Christchurch and one each in Ashburton, Timaru and Oamaru), making it the largest tertiary institute in the South Island.

## The Meaning of Ara

Previously known as CPIT or Christchurch Polytech, Ara was created in 2016 when CPIT and Aoraki Polytechnic merged. Ara is the Māori word for path or journey representing the learning process, the many pathways to success, as well as the routes and rivers that criss-cross the Canterbury Plains.
Underpinning the Ara logo is the phrase 'Ara rau, taumata rau' which translates to 'many pathways, many opportunities'. This phrase captures the varied aspirations of our learners, and recognises that learning is a lifelong undertaking.

## Buildings on the City campus, Madras Street, Christchurch

* Kahukura – This block built for architecture and engineering studies was completed in June 2017 and is named after the Māori for a chief's cloak.
* Te Kei – This two-storey building housing executive and administrative staff was completed in 2018 and is named after the Māori for the bow of the canoe.
* Te Puna Wānaka – This is the centre for Māori, Pacific and indigenous studies which was built in 1996. A year long refurbishment to address damage caused by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake was completed for its reopening on 7 July 2021.

## Faculty and alumni

* Miranda Easten – country music singer-songwriter
* Cathy Andrew - Head of Nursing at Ara
# Wolfhampcote

Wolfhampcote is an abandoned village and civil parish in the English counties of Warwickshire and Northamptonshire, which it straddles. The civil parish is only in Warwickshire, with the entire eastern boundary with Northamptonshire clearly formed by the River Leam. This river also forms the boundary with Willoughby civil parish to the north.

## Civil parish

The civil parish of Wolfhampcote in Rugby borough, includes the old village, plus the nearby village of Flecknoe, and the small hamlets of Sawbridge and Nethercote. In 2001, the parish had a population of 263, increasing to 284 in the 2011 Census, and again to 292 at the 2021 census. Flecknoe is the largest settlement in the parish.

## Medieval village

The old village of Wolfhampcote is west of the A45 road near Braunston in Northamptonshire, and can be reached by a track from the main A45 road, or by a lane from Flecknoe. The village was mentioned as Ufelmscote in the Domesday Book, and was abandoned sometime in the late 14th century and is classified as a deserted medieval village. Local legend suggests that the village was wiped out by the Black Death brought in by refugees from London, but there is no evidence to support this. It is much more likely that a few cottages still remained after the great plague and after struggling to maintain their land the villagers drifted off to more prosperous places leaving the Lord of the Manor to clear the land for sheep grazing as best he could. The village is shown as Wulfencote on the Christopher Saxton map of 1637.
The only remains of the village are a cottage, a farmhouse, and the old vicarage, located some distance away. The most notable surviving feature of the village is the Church of St Peter, which stands isolated apparently in the middle of nowhere in a field. The church has been restored on several occasions, most recently in the 1970s by an organisation called the Friends of Friendless Churches. The church is today managed by the Churches Conservation Trust and is used only once or twice a year.
The area around the old village is rich in industrial archaeology. The Oxford Canal passes to the north of the site, but this section is the result of a straightening-out dating from the 1830s, the more southerly original route (constructed in the 1770s) having followed a much more winding course, remains of which can still be traced through the area. There are also the remains of two abandoned railway lines, the first being the old Weedon to Leamington Spa (via Daventry) railway, part of the London and North Western Railway (later the LMS), which closed to passengers in September 1958 and to freight in December 1963, and the second being the Great Central Main Line, which closed to all traffic in September 1966. The former passes quite close to the south side of the church. The two lines crossed a short distance to the west.
# Hemidactylus paivae

Hemidactylus paivae, also known as the Paiva's gecko, is a species of house gecko endemic to Angola.
# El Lencero Airport

Xalapa National Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Nacional de Xalapa); officially Aeropuerto El Lencero-Antonio Chedraui Caram (El Lencero-Antonio Chedraui Caram Airport) (IATA: JAL, ICAO: MMJA) is an airport located in Emiliano Zapata, Veracruz, Mexico. It serves national air traffic for the city of Xalapa. Operated by the state-owned Servicios Aeroportuarios de Veracruz, it is named after El Lencero, the small town outside of Xalapa where it is situated, and Antonio Chedraui, a notable entrepreneur from Xalapa. In terms of passenger statistics, Xalapa received 3,708 passengers in 2016 and 760 passengers in 2017, as reported by the Mexican Federal Aviation Administration.
Between 1998 and 2017, the airport operated daily flights to Mexico City, operated by Aeromar. However, since 2017, its services have been limited to handling flight training, executive, and general aviation activities. The airport does not offer scheduled passenger public flights. The closest airport providing commercial flights is Veracruz International Airport.

## Facilities

The airport is situated at an elevation of 955 metres (3,133 ft) above mean sea level, located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southeast of Xalapa. It features a single asphalt runway, designated as 08/26, measuring 1,700 by 30 metres (5,577 by 98 ft). Landing on Runway 08 requires executing a glide slope slightly steeper than normal, as the land rises to the west. Adjacent facilities include a small passenger terminal, several hangars, and an apron with helipads and parking positions for small aircraft. The airport has the capacity to handle up to 100,000 passengers annually.
Four miles south of the airport is the hill Chavarrillo, with an elevation of 1,165 metres (3,822 ft). Prevailing winds are consistently from the east-southeast throughout the year. During the polar front season (October to May), strong winds are typically from the north. The region often experiences fog and low ceilings. The AFIS UNICOM frequency is 123.3 MHz, operational from dawn to dusk. In 2013, plans were initiated for airport renovation and expansion, including the construction of a new runway; however, these plans were not implemented.

## Accidents and incidents

* On 21 February 2021, a Learjet 45XR operated by the Mexican Air Force crashed while taking off from El Lencero Airport, killing all six people on board.
# Yuriy Burlakov

Yuriy Ilyich Burlakov (Russian: Юрий Ильич Бурлаков); born 1960) is a former Soviet/Russian cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 1997. He won two medals at the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay (Tied with Norway) and a silver in the 50 km.
Burlakov also finished 12th in the 30 km event in both the 1984 Winter Olympics and the 1988 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 15 km | 30 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km relay |
| 1984 | 24 | — | 11 | — | — |
| 1988 | 28 | — | 12 | 26 | — |

### World Championships

* 2 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver)
| Year | Age | 15 km | 30 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km relay |
| 1982 | 22 | 4 | 7 | 2nd | 1st |
| 1985 | 25 | — | — | 12 | 6 |
| 1987 | 27 | 10 | — | — | — |

### World Cup

Season Standings :
| Season | Age | Overall |
| 1982 | 22 | 10 |
| 1983 | 23 | 7 |
| 1984 | 24 | 14 |
| 1985 | 25 | 36 |
| 1986 | 26 | 18 |
| 1987 | 27 | 40 |
| 1988 | 28 | 43 |
| 1989 | 29 | 57 |

#### Individual Podiums

* 4 podiums
| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place |
| 1 | 1981–82 | 27 February 1982 | Oslo, Norway | 50 km Individual | World Championships | 2nd |
| 2 | 1982–83 | 18 December 1982 | Davos, Switzerland | 15 km Individual | World Cup | 3rd |
| 3 | 1982–83 | 20 February 1983 | Kavgolovo, Soviet Union | 50 km Individual | World Cup | 3rd |
| 4 | 1985–86 | 23 February 1986 | Kavgolovo, Soviet Union | 15 km Individual C | World Cup | 3rd |

#### Team Podiums

* 1 victory
* 1 podium
| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place | Teammates |
| 1 | 1981–82 | 25 February 1982 | Oslo, Norway | 4 × 10 km Relay | World Championships | 1st | Nikitin / Batyuk / Zavyalov |
* ↑ Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.