OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Labor Minister of Israel

The Minister of Labor (Hebrew: שר העבודה, Sar HaAvoda) was the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Labor and a position in the cabinet.

## History

The post was established in 1948 as the Minister of Labour and Construction, becoming the Minister of Labour and Social Security the following year.
In 1977 the post was merged with the Welfare Minister, becoming the Minister of Labor and Social Welfare. In 2003 the labor function was transferred to the Minister of Industry and Trade, which was renamed Industry, Trade and Labor Minister.

## List ministers

| # | Minister | Party | Government | Term start | Term end |
| Minister Labor and Construction ||||||
| 1 | Mordechai Bentov | Mapam | P | 14 May 1948 | 10 March 1949 |
| Minister of Labor and Social Security ||||||
| 2 | Golda Meir | Mapai | 1, 2 | 10 March 1949 | 8 October 1951 |
| Minister of Labor ||||||
| – | Golda Meir | Mapai | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | 8 October 1951 | 19 June 1956 |
| 3 | Mordechai Namir | Mapai | 7, 8 | 19 June 1956 | 17 December 1959 |
| 4 | Giora Yoseftal | Mapai | 9 | 17 December 1959 | 2 November 1961 |
| 5 | Yigal Allon | Mapai Alignment Labor Party | 10, 11, 12, 13 | 2 November 1961 | 1 July 1968 |
| 6 | Yosef Almogi | Labor Party Alignment | 13, 14, 15 | 8 July 1968 | 10 March 1974 |
| 7 | Yitzhak Rabin | Alignment | 16 | 10 March 1974 | 3 June 1974 |
| 8 | Moshe Baram | Alignment | 17 | 3 June 1974 | 20 June 1977 |
# Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Gaitán

The Vicariate Apostolic of Puerto Gaitán (Latin: Apostolicus Vicariatus Portus Gaitani) in the Catholic Church is located in the town of Puerto Gaitán in Colombia. The church has actively engaged with international accusations of child molestation, receiving public acclaim for its bold stances and clearly defined arguments.

## History

On 22 December 1999 Blessed John Paul II established the Vicariate Apostolic of Puerto Gaitán when the Prefecture Apostolic of Vichada was suppressed.

## Vicars Apostolic

* José Alberto Rozo Gutiérrez, S.M.M., titular bishop of Arsennaria (22 Dec 1999 – 2 Mar 2012)
** Msgr. Oswaldo Jaramillo Osorio, pro-vicar apostolic (2012 – 10 Jul 2014)
* Luis Horacio Gomez González, titular bishop of Liberalia (10 Jul 2014 – 8 Apr 2016)
** Francisco Antonio Ceballos Escobar, C.S.s.R, titular bishop of Zarna, Apostolic Administrator (25 Mar 2015 – 8 Apr 2016)
* Raúl Alfonso Carrillo Martínez, titular bishop of Afufenia (since 8 Apr 2016)
# Compton edge

In gamma-ray spectrometry, the Compton edge is a feature of the measured gamma-ray energy spectrum that results from Compton scattering in the detector material. It corresponds to the highest energy that can be transferred to a weakly bound electron of a detector's atom by an incident photon in a single scattering process, and manifests itself as a ridge in the measured gamma-ray energy spectrum. It is a measurement phenomenon (meaning that the incident radiation does not possess this feature), which is particularly evident in gamma-ray energy spectra of monoenergetic photons.
When a gamma ray scatters within a scintillator or a semiconductor detector and the scattered photon escapes from the detector's volume, only a fraction of the incident energy is deposited in the detector. This fraction depends on the scattering angle of the photon, leading to a spectrum of energies corresponding to the entire range of possible scattering angles. The highest energy that can be deposited, corresponding to full backscatter, is called the Compton edge. In mathematical terms, the Compton edge is the inflection point of the high-energy side of the Compton region.

## Background

In a Compton scattering process, an incident photon collides with a weakly bound electron, leading to its release from the atomic shell. The energy of the outgoing photon, E' , is given by the formula:
    $E^{\prime }={\frac {E}{1+{\frac {E}{m_{\text{e}}c^{2}}}(1-\cos \theta )}}$
* E is the energy of the incident photon.
* $m_{\text{e}}$ is the mass of the electron.
* c is the speed of light.
* $\theta$ is the angle of deflection of the photon.
(note that the above formula does not account for the electron binding energy, which can play a non-negligible role for low-energy gamma rays).
The energy transferred to the electron, $E_{T}$, varies with the photon's scattering angle. For $\theta$ equal to zero there is no energy transfer, while the maximum energy transfer occurs for $\theta$ equal to 180 degrees (backscattering).
    $E_{T}=E-E^{\prime }$
    $E_{\text{ComptonEdge}}=E_{T}({\text{max}})=E\left(1-{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2E}{m_{\text{e}}c^{2}}}}}\right)$
In a single scattering act, is impossible for the photon to transfer any more energy via this process; thus, there is a sharp cutoff at this energy, leading to the name Compton edge. If multiple photopeaks are present in the spectrum, each of them will have its own Compton edge. The part of the spectrum between the Compton edge and the photopeak is due to multiple subsequent Compton-scattering processes.
The continuum of energies corresponding to Compton scattered electrons is known as the Compton continuum.
# Ali Kand

Ali Kand (Persian: آلي كند, also Romanized as ‘Alī Kand) is a village in Akhtachi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Simmineh District, Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 27 families.
# Friedrich Dingeldey

Friedrich Dingeldey (16 December 1859, Darmstadt – 24 September 1939, Darmstadt) was a German mathematician.

## Education and career

After secondary education at Ludwig Georgs Gymnasium in Darmstadt, Dingeldey studied at the universities of Giessen, Leipzig and Munich.
From 1886 to 1892 he worked as a teacher in Darmstadt and Groß-Gerau. In 1885 Dingeldey received his PhD (Promotierung), with primary supervisor Felix Klein and co-supervisor Carl Neumann, from the University of Leipzig with thesis Über die Erzeugung von Curven vierter Ordnung durch Bewegungsmechanismen. In 1889 he completed his habilitation at the TH Darmstadt with a habilitation thesis on knot theory entitled Über einen neuen topologischen Process und die Entstehungsbedingungen einfacher Verbindungen und Knoten in gewissen geschlossenen Flächen. His research followed the work of the Viennese mathematician Oskar Simony. (In 1890 Dingeldey had a pamphlet published with a brief history of topology and basic results on knot theory obtained by various mathematicians.) In 1894 he was elected a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and was appointed a professor ordinarius of mathematics at the TH Darmstadt. There he was from 1903 to 1905 and again in 1919–1920 the rector and in 1932 retired as professor emeritus.
Dingeldey edited the newer editions of the German language translations of George Salmon's textbook on conics (updating earlier editions by Wilhelm Fiedler) and wrote in 1903 the article on conics for the Enzyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften. In 1908 he was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in Rome.

## Selected publications

* Topologische Studien über die aus ringförmig geschlossenen Bändern durch gewisse Schnitte erzeugbaren Gebilde, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1890 (archive.org, archive.org, archive.org)
* Sammlung von Aufgaben zur Anwendung der Differential- und Integralrechnung, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig Berlin
** Erster Teil. Aufgaben zur Anwendung der Differentialrechnung, 1910
** Zweiter Teil. Aufgaben zur Anwendung der Integralrechnung, 1913 (archive.org, archive.org)
* "Zur Erinnerung an Sigmund Gundelfinger". Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 26: 75–99. 1918.

## Sources

* Susann Hensel: Zu einigen Aspekten der Berufung von Mathematikern an die Technischen Hochschulen Deutschlands im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, Annals of Science vol. 46, 1989, p. 387
# Violet Perfume: No One Is Listening

Violet Perfume: No One Is Listening (Spanish: Perfume de violetas, nadie te oye) is a 2001 Mexican drama film directed by Marisa Sistach. It was Mexico's submission to the 74th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.

## Plot

Yessica (Ximena Ayala) is a rebellious girl who forms an unlikely friendship with quiet schoolmate Miriam (Nancy Gutiérrez). Yessica's home life is ruled by her brutal stepfather and her amoral stepbrother, Jorge (Luis Fernando Peña), while Miriam shares a calm, loving household with her mother. The girls' friendship is shattered after Jorge arranges to have one of his friends rape Yessica. In the aftermath, the traumatized girl unwittingly draws Miriam into her troubled world.

## Cast

* Ximena Ayala - Yessica
* Nancy Gutiérrez - Miriam
* Arcelia Ramírez - Alicia, madre de Miriam
* María Rojo - Madre de Yessica
* Luis Fernando Peña - Jorge
* Gabino Rodríguez - Héctor
* Pablo Delgado - Juan

## Reception
### Critical response

Violet Perfume: Nobody Hears You has an approval rating of 100% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generaly favorable reviews".

### Awards

Violet Perfume: No One Is Listening won five Ariel awards:
* Best Actress: Ximena Ayala
* Best Supporting Actress: Arcelia Ramírez
* Best original script: José Buil
* Best Art Direction
* Best Costume Design
# Château de Sanzay

The Château de Sanzay is a ruined castle located near the village of Sanzay, in the commune of Argenton-les-Vallées in the Deux-Sèvres département of France. The castle was constructed in the 13th century, but only parts of it remain.

## History

The history of the Château de Sanzay is essentially that of the Sanzay family. Few documents testify directly to its construction or its use. Thus the archaeological study of the whole of the remains takes on a real importance and constrains researchers to put forth assumptions of whose validity may only be tested by research on the ground.
Still existing are the chapel, gateway and remains of the fortifications. It has been listed since 1930 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
# Cours (Byzantine general)

Cours or Curs (Greek: Κούρς), also known as Coursos, Cursos (Greek: Κοῦρσος), Qwrys, Crous or Crus (Greek: Κρους), was an East Roman (Byzantine) general of the 6th century.

## Biography

Cours is recorded as being a "Scythian", which in effect implies most probably a Hunnic (or perhaps Gothic) origin. Nothing is known of his early life, except that he served in Italy in the 550s under Narses.
He first appears in 574, after the outbreak of a new war with Sassanid Persia in 572, when he was placed, along with general Theodorus, in command of the Byzantine army of Armenia. Probably late in the same year, or in 575, they invaded Caucasian Albania, taking hostages from the Albani, Sabiri, and other tribes to ensure their loyalty. They resumed operations in Albania in the next year, but their absence from Armenia was exploited by the Persian shah Khosrow I (r. 531–579), who passed through Armenia unmolested and invaded Byzantine territory, reaching as far as Sebastea; there, however, he was confronted by the converging armies of Curs and the magister militum per Orientem, Justinian. While Khosrau, confronted by a larger army than he expected, refused to offer battle, Curs on his own initiative attacked, drove part of the Persian army back, and captured most of the Persian baggage train.
In 578, Cours served with Maurice, then the magister militum per Orientem and future emperor, on his first, successful campaign against the Persians. In the autumn of that year, Maurice sent him across the river Tigris to plunder Persian territory. In the next year, Cours and John Mystacon together led Byzantine forces in Armenia, winning a victory over the Persians that resulted in the capture of the Persian commander himself and his son, as well as much booty. In late 582, however, serving as John's hypostrategos (deputy commander), through his inaction (allegedly due to jealousy towards John), the Byzantines were defeated in battle. He disappears thereafter from the sources, and may have been dismissed in the same year.
# Leonidas Smolents

Leonidas Smolents, Smolenits or Smolenskis (Greek: Λεωνίδας Σμόλεντς/Σμόλενιτς/Σμολένσκης; 1806–1882) was an Austrian army officer of Greek origin, who after 1830 settled in the newly independent Kingdom of Greece and became a general and Minister for Military Affairs.

## Career

Leonidas Smolents was born in 1806 in Pest, Hungary, and grew up in Vienna. He was the great-grandson of Simon Smolenic, a merchant of Greek descent from Moscopole who had settled in Hungary, become wealthy, and been ennobled by Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire in 1797 as an Imperial Knight with the surname "von Smolik". After completing military studies at the Theresian Military Academy, he was commissioned into the Imperial Austrian Army as a second lieutenant of the engineers in 1822. In 1822–1824 he participated in the Austrian occupation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
In 1825, with the Greek War of Independence in full swing, he resigned and tried to come to Greece, but was prevented by the Austrian government. He finally managed to come to Greece in 1830, joining the nascent Greek Army as a lieutenant of engineers under Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias.
Under King Otto of Greece, he gradually climbed the military hierarchy, although after the 3 September 1843 Revolution, due to his foreign name he was exposed to the ire of the populace against the Bavarian officers that had dominated the state in the first decade of Otto's rule; the founder of the National Bank of Greece, Georgios Stavros, and two others who had known him in Vienna had to issue a certificate testifying to his Greek origin. Nevertheless, in the National Assembly elected to draft the Greek Constitution of 1843, he was elected as representative of Attica.
He served as Minister for Military Affairs in the Dimitrios Voulgaris cabinet of 1855–1857. He particularly distinguished himself in the combating of the banditry endemic in the country, resulting in the arrest of 313 bandits, the surrender of 35, the death of 156, and the capture of 117 dealers in stolen goods. King Otto decorated him with the Commander's Cross of the Order of the Redeemer.
Under King George I of Greece, he was promoted to major general, and served again as Minister for Military Affairs in the cabinets of Zinovios Valvis (1863), Thrasyvoulos Zaimis (1870) and Alexandros Koumoundouros (1871). He also was appointed twice as overall military commander of the Peloponnese and once of Attica, as well as serving as army inspector and president of the Revisionary Military Tribunal.
He died at Athens on 21 April 1882.

## Family

Leonidas Smolents married Maria Axioti, daughter of a distinguished military officer and politician Konstantinos Axiotis. The couple had two sons: Nikolaos Smolenits [el] and Konstantinos Smolenskis, both of whom became army officers, generals and Ministers for Military Affairs.
# Episinus similanus

Episinus similanus is a species of Theridiidae spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1893 by Arthur Urquhart from female specimens.

## Description

The female is recorded at 10.7mm in length. The cephalothorax is yellow ochreous with brow markings dorsally. The legs are pale yellow.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Waikato, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Data Deficient" with the qualifiers of "Data Poor: Size", "Data Poor: Trend" and "One Location".
# Shah Sultan Halt railway station

Shah Sultan Halt Railway Station (Urdu: شاہ سلطان ہالٹ ریلوے اسٹیشن, Punjabi: شاہ سلطان ہالٹ ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Shah Sultan village, Sheikhupura district of Punjab province, Pakistan.
# Departure Yard Railway Station

Departure Yard Railway Station (Urdu: ڈیپارچر یارڈ ریل گاڑی سٹیشن) is located near Baloch Colony flyover on Sharah-e-Faisal in Karachi, Pakistan.
# Dhak railway station

Dhak Railway Station (Urdu: ڈھاک جنجوعہ ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Dhak Janjua, a village in Pakistan.

## Geography

Dhak Janjua is situated on the bank of River Jhelum. It lies on the Sher Shah Suri road. It connects Khushab to Lillah Interchange M-2 (Lahore-Islamabad Motorway).
The station is situated on the southern side of Police Station Katha Sagral. Dhak Janjua is bounded by in the north by Kurar Talokar and Jaswal, in the East by the river and Megha and Beerbal Sharif (across the river), to the east by Bansi and Balwal villages and on the west by Rakh Rajjar and Chak NO. 65 and Madham.

## History

A railway line of 2+1⁄2 feet was erected prior to 1947 leading to the hilly area of Diwal next after Talkor Village for transporting coal, salt and other minerals mined from the Salt Range.
During the British Regime and thereafter from KALAs regime no development work was done in these villages. Underground water owing to the nearby Salt Range is sour qua Salt. During Khizer Hayat Tiwana Regime Canal was built which irrigates the village. The best Basmati is grown in the village Dhak Janjua. Owing to being on the tail of the canal now water resources are meagre to meet the purpose, therefore the poor Farmers families are selling their agricultural land on throw-away price and are leaving for nearby cities.
# Josephine Bicknell Neal

Josephine Bicknell Neal (1880–1955) was an American physician known for her work in the field of encephalitis and infantile paralysis.

## Biography

Neal was born on October 10, 1880, in Belmont, Maine. She attended Bates College and Cornell University Medical College.
Neal held various positions throughout her career. She was a teacher in Maine until she earned enough money to pay for medical school. She worked as a researcher in the subject of meningitis for New York City Department of Health. She was a physician specializing in pediatric tuberculosis at the Vanderbilt Clinic (part of Columbia University Irving Medical Center). Neal served on the International Commission for the Study of Infantile Paralysis.
Neal also taught at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, retiring in 1941. Neal was the author of books and articles including Encephalitis: A Clinical Study. In reviewing Encephalitis: A Clinical Study, Time magazine referred to the U.S.'s No. 1 encephalitis specialist, Dr. Josephine Bicknell Neal of New York City's Health Department. In 1934 she was a volunteer for a test vaccine for polio.
Neal died on March 19, 1955, in the New York Infirmary.
# Rejimen Sempadan

The Rejimen Sempadan (English: Border Regiment) of the Malaysian Army was formed with the conversion of the 300-series Regular Force Reserve (Simpanan Angkatan Tetap) of the Rejimen Askar Wataniah (Territorial Army) into the 3rd regiment of the Infantry Corps. Its current strength of 11 infantry battalions being tasked with guarding the national border against all type of incursion, infiltration, smuggling and criminal activities. Currently, it is responsible for the northern border of Peninsular Malaysia with Thailand as well as the border of East Malaysia with Indonesia.
All Border Battalions are subordinated into a Border Brigade with a 30 Brigade HQ reporting to 2 Division HQ and 31st Brigade reporting to 1 Division HQ.

## Battalions

The RS has a total of 6 battalions, all of which are standard infantry battalions:
| Formation | Headquarters/Locations: |
| 30th Brigade HQ | Bukit Keteri Camp, Kangar, Perlis |
| 1st RS Battalion | Batu Sebelas Camp, Tanah Merah, Kelantan |
| 2nd RS Battalion | Batu Melintang Camp, Jeli, Kelantan |
| 3rd RS Battalion | Pengkalan Hulu Camp, Perak |
| 4th RS Battalion | Grik Camp, Grik, Perak |
| 5th RS Battalion | Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kedah |
| 11th RS Battalion | Bera Camp, Pahang |
# Perambulation

Perambulation noun; is the act of walking around, surveying land, or touring. In English law, its historical meaning is to establish the bounds of a municipality by walking around it.
Perambulation may refer to:
* Beating the bounds, annual custom in England and Wales of walking the boundary of one's parish
** Perambulation in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, a similar practice, conducted once every seven years
** The perambulation of the boundary between New Hampshire and Vermont is a meeting between the attorneys general of those two states, held once every seven years at the boundary
* Perambulation of the Town Leat, medieval custom in Tiverton, Devon of following the town's water supply along the leat (watercourse) on foot to its source at Norwood Common
* Bristol perambulation, a civic 'beating the bounds' process around the city of Bristol
# Jamsher Kalan

Jamsher Kalan (Urdu: جمشير كلاں), is a town and Union Council of Kasur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is part of Chunian Tehsil and is located at 30°49'0N 74°7'0E with an altitude of 175 metres (577 feet).
Its Nazim is Waqas Tufail Chaudhry and Union Council Secretary is Muhammad Hassan Joya Which belongs to Chunian City. First Numberdaar of Jamsher Kalan was Chaudhry Feroz Din and later on this charge was shifted to Chaudhry Muhammad Tufail who was the only son of Feroz Din.
# Uninsky District

Uninsky District (Russian: Уни́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-nine in Kirov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,130 square kilometers (820 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Uni. Population: 9,178 (2010 Census); 11,179 (2002 Census); 12,955 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Uni accounts for 50.0% of the district's total population.
# Order of the Knights of St. Crispin

The Order of the Knights of St. Crispin was an American labor union of shoe workers formed in Wisconsin in 1867. It soon reached a membership of 50,000 or more, largely in the Northeast. However it was poorly organized and faded away by 1874. They fought to prevent innovation, including the introduction of new machinery, and worked to keep immigrant labor out of the workforce.

## History

The first lodge of the Knights of St. Crispin was organized in 1867 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As a union of shoemakers, it took its name from the Catholic Saint Crispin, the patron saint of cobblers. The founding members were Newell Daniels, Samuel Wilson, W. C. Haynes, Albert Jenkins, Thomas Houren, F. W. Wallace and Henry Palmer. The Order spread throughout Wisconsin and the Northeast and even into Canada. By 1871 it claimed about 400 lodges with 50,000 to 60,000 members. Dues paying members were far fewer. In Milwaukee the Knights owned and operated three cooperative shops. In 1872 some eastern lodges went on strike and suffered a crushing defeat, after which the organization rapidly declined. The order was revived in 1875 in Lynn, Massachusetts and defeated an attempt by the manufacturers to force their workers to sign a pledge not to join a union. In its heyday the Knights fought against employment of Chinese workers and tried to stop the training of new workers so as to keep wages high. The Panic of 1873 caused heavy layoffs in the factories and the Knights lost members rapidly.

## Constitution

One provision in its constitution explicitly sought to limit the entry of "green hands" into the trade. That effort failed because the new machines could be operated by semi-skilled workers and produce more shoes than hand sewing.