OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chaumeil

Chaumeil (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Chaumelh) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

## Geography
### Location

Chaumeil is located 22 km northeast of Tulle, 15 km north-west of Egletons and 10 km southeast of Treignac, in the heart of the Massif des Monédières.
The municipality is part of the territory of the Parc naturel régional de Millevaches en Limousin (Regional Natural Park of the Millevaches) in the Limousin. It is watered by the Corrèze, the Corrèze de Pradines, the Douyge and a stream from the pond (mother branch of the Vimbelle).

### Population
## Places and monuments

* The Croix de Chaumeil, a 16th-century stone cross in the village of Chaumeil.
* Church, a 15th-century church with a covered 16th century porch, inside a wood polychrome naive pieta, Madonna and child and reliquary.
* Maison des Monédières, gourmet food and handicrafts.

## Notable people

* Jean-Baptiste Billot (1828-1907), born in the village of Chastagnol, general of the French Army, was a member of the National Assembly (1871-1875), an unmovable senator and three times Minister of War (1882-1883 and 1896-1898).
* Jean Ségurel, accordionist.
# Ayni, Ayni District

Ayni (Russian: Айни; Tajik: Айнӣ) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is the capital of Ayni District in Sughd Region, named after the Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni. It lies about 177 kilometres (110 mi) from Khujand and 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Dushanbe on the bank of the river Zeravshan. The jamoat has a total population of 14,862 (2015). It consists of 11 villages, including Ayni (the seat), Chore, Khushikat, Kumarg, Zasun and Zindakon.

## History

Ayni is an ancient town of the Sogdian civilization and later became an Islamic town; a minaret known as the Varz-i Manor (dated 9th-12th century) still stands. Between 1930 and 1955 it was known as Zahmatobod. It was a notable centre for Tajik nationalists.

## Economy

Agriculture, tobacco, grain and fruit production form the backbone of the local economy, and there is also a large coal mine Fa-Yagh-nob with a 1.8 billion ton capacity, and a plant located here.
# Stavros Malas

Stavros Malas (Greek: Σταύρος Μαλάς; born 10 June 1967) is a Cypriot geneticist, academic and politician who served in the government of Cyprus as health minister from 2011 to 2012. Previously, he was a Special Advisor to the European Commissioner for Health from 2008 to 2009.
Malas was appointed to the government of Cyprus as Minister of Health in August 2011. In June 2012, he decided to run as an independent candidate for the 2013 presidential election. In September 2012 he was officially declared as an independent candidate with the backing of AKEL. Having placed second in the first round of the elections with 26.91% of the votes, he made it to the runoffs that were held in February 2013. In the second round he lost to Nicos Anastasiades having received 42.52% of the votes.
Malas ran again as an independent candidate in the 2018 presidential election, regaining the support of AKEL. In the first round of the elections held on 28 January 2018 he received 30.24% of the votes, qualifying to the second round along with the then president Anastasiades who was applying for re-election. In the second round he lost to Anastasiades having received 44.01% of the votes.
Currently, Stavros Malas is the president of The Cyprus Institute since February 2023.
# Zurabi Gedekhauri

Zurabi Guramovich Gedekhauri (Russian: Зураби Гурамович Гедехаури; born 30 July 1994) is a Georgian-born Russian Greco-Roman wrestler. He won a bronze medal in the 130 kg event at the 2021 European Wrestling Championships. He also won a silver medal at the 2016 Wrestling World Cup and 2018 World University Wrestling Championships. In addition, he finished second at the Russian Championships in 2020 and third in 2018, 2019 and 2021.

## Early life

Gedekhauri was born on 30 July 1994 in Tbilisi, Georgia. He is the son of Greco-Roman wrestler Guram Gedekhauri.
# Jan Willem Cornelis Tellegen

Jan Willem Cornelis Tellegen (May 13, 1859 in Groningen – April 16, 1921 in Amsterdam) was mayor of Amsterdam from 1915 to 1921. Tellegen trained as a technical and civil engineer at the Polytechinal School in Delft, which became later the Delft University of Technology. For 11 years he was director of public works in Arnhem before becoming director of building and housing in Amsterdam, where, around 1905, he brought in building regulations to enforce the 1902 Housing Act. Though developers and architects complained the measures were too restrictive, they were very effective in producing "people's homes". He was political active in the Liberal Union. After splitting of the Free-thinking Democratic League in 1901, which stand up for universal suffrage, he became also active in this political party.

## Publications

* J.W.C. Tellegen (28 December 1895) 'Het nieuwe gebouw voor de Ambachtsschool en avondschool voor handwerkslieden te Arnhem', De Opmerker, 30e jaargang, nummer 52.
* J.W.C. Tellegen (8 February 1896) 'Het nieuwe gebouw voor de Ambachtsschool en Avondschool voor handwerkslieden te Arnhem', De Opmerker, 31e jaargang, nummer 6, pp. 42–44.
# List of mountain passes of Gauteng

This is a list of publicly accessible, motorable passes in the Gauteng Province, South Africa. See Mountain Passes of South Africa
Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
| Name | Location | Highest Point (m) | Road | Between towns | Road surface |
| Baviaanspoort | 25°40′36″S 28°20′45″E﻿ / ﻿25.67659°S 28.34587°E﻿ / -25.67659; 28.34587 | 25°40′36″S 28°20′45″E﻿ / ﻿25.67659°S 28.34587°E﻿ / -25.67659; 28.34587 | R513 | | Tar |
| Donkerpoort | 25°46′39″S 28°28′57″E﻿ / ﻿25.77737°S 28.48258°E﻿ / -25.77737; 28.48258 | 25°46′39″S 28°28′57″E﻿ / ﻿25.77737°S 28.48258°E﻿ / -25.77737; 28.48258 | R104 | | Tar |
| Hekpoort | 25°56′50″S 27°40′04″E﻿ / ﻿25.94712°S 27.66781°E﻿ / -25.94712; 27.66781 | 25°56′50″S 27°40′04″E﻿ / ﻿25.94712°S 27.66781°E﻿ / -25.94712; 27.66781 | R563 | | Tar |
| Horns Nek | 25°40′59″S 28°04′07″E﻿ / ﻿25.6830°S 28.0687°E﻿ / -25.6830; 28.0687 | 25°40′55″S 28°04′06″E﻿ / ﻿25.68191°S 28.06836°E﻿ / -25.68191; 28.06836 | M17 | Ga-Rankuwa and Booysens | Tar |
| Munro Drive | 26°10′26″S 28°03′37″E﻿ / ﻿26.17375°S 28.06027°E﻿ / -26.17375; 28.06027 | 26°10′26″S 28°03′37″E﻿ / ﻿26.17375°S 28.06027°E﻿ / -26.17375; 28.06027 | Elm Street | | Tar |
| Paardekraal Pass | 26°03′53″S 27°48′50″E﻿ / ﻿26.06464°S 27.81394°E﻿ / -26.06464; 27.81394 | 26°03′49″S 27°48′25″E﻿ / ﻿26.06351°S 27.80687°E﻿ / -26.06351; 27.80687 | R28 | Muldersdrift and Krugersdorp | Tar |
| Poeiernek | 25°54′58″S 27°42′39″E﻿ / ﻿25.91610°S 27.71070°E﻿ / -25.91610; 27.71070 | 25°54′58″S 27°42′39″E﻿ / ﻿25.91610°S 27.71070°E﻿ / -25.91610; 27.71070 | Hartebeeshoek Road | | Tar |
| Stewart Drive | 26°11′10″S 28°04′02″E﻿ / ﻿26.18603°S 28.06735°E﻿ / -26.18603; 28.06735 | 26°11′10″S 28°04′02″E﻿ / ﻿26.18603°S 28.06735°E﻿ / -26.18603; 28.06735 | Stewart Drive | | Tar |
| Sylvia's Pass | 26°10′09″S 28°05′20″E﻿ / ﻿26.16913°S 28.08898°E﻿ / -26.16913; 28.08898 | 26°10′09″S 28°05′20″E﻿ / ﻿26.16913°S 28.08898°E﻿ / -26.16913; 28.08898 | M33 | | Tar |
| Theo Martin's Poort | 25°41′11″S 28°07′16″E﻿ / ﻿25.68635°S 28.12124°E﻿ / -25.68635; 28.12124 | 25°41′11″S 28°07′16″E﻿ / ﻿25.68635°S 28.12124°E﻿ / -25.68635; 28.12124 | R513 | | Tar |
# Schimatari

Schimatari (Greek: Σχηματάρι) is a town and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tanagra, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 38.285 km$^2$. It is situated in the wide valley of the river Asopos, at 6 km from the South Euboean Gulf coast. The A1 motorway (Athens - Lamia - Thessaloniki) passes north of Schimatari. Schimatari is located 13 km south of Chalcis, 23 km east of Thebes and 43 km north-northwest of Athens. The Tanagra Airport lies to the south.
An agricultural settlement until the 1980s, its proximity to Athens has led to a significant growth in industrial activities and population.

## Subdivisions

The municipal unit Schimatari consists of one single community Schimatari, which contains the villages Oinoi and Schimatari. In 2014 the village Plaka Dilesi was separated from the municipal unit of Oinofyta and added to the new municipal unit Dilesi.

## Population

| Year | Town population | Municipal unit population |
| 1981 | 3,287 | - |
| 1991 | 4,136 | - |
| 2001 | 4,725 | 8,095 |
| 2011 | 4,035 | 7,173 |
| 2021 | 3,868 | 4,723 |

## Twin cities

* Pozzoleone, Italy
* Ennistymon, Ireland
# Angelis Gatsos

Angelis Gatsos (Greek: Αγγελής Γάτσος; Bulgarian: Ангел Гацов) (1771–1839) was a Slavophone Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence. He was born in the village of Sarakinovo, today known as Sarakinoi (Almopia municipality, Pella regional unit).
Despite Gatsos' Bulgarian origin, in the first half of the 19th century, the religion was the key factor of identification of the local communities in the Ottoman Empire, while yet united Orthodox fraternity, espoused pro-Greek sentiments. He played an important role during the Greek War of Independence, not only in Macedonia, but also in Central Greece. He joint the klepht bands of Central Macedonia at the age of 20 and played a leading role during the liberation of Naousa from the Ottomans in February 1822. After the city was destroyed by the Ottoman Army, he escaped with Anastasios Karatasos to southern Greece where he took part in many battles of the Revolution. In 1826 he went to Euboea, where he created his own band and participated in the battle of Atalanti Island. After the creation of the independent Greek State, he joined the army and died in Chalkida with the rank of colonel in 1839.
# Panau adusta

Panau adusta is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Roepke in 1957. It is found in Vietnam, Malaysia and on Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
# Carex macrosolen

Carex macrosolen is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to southern parts of South America..
It was first described by the botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1855 as a part of the work Synopsis plantarum glumacearum. The only synonym is Carex macrocarpa.
# Megastes erythrostolalis

Megastes erythrostolalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in Venezuela.
# Charuq Dash

Charuq Dash (Persian: چاروق داش, also Romanized as Chārūq Dāsh) is a village in Angut-e Gharbi Rural District, Anguti District, Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 7 families.
# Megastes pusialis

Megastes pusialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1875. It is found in Colombia.
# Salloum Kaysar

Salloum Kaysar is a Lebanese former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Kunwara Baap (1942 film)

Kunwara Baap (Bachelor Father) is a 1942 Hindi comedy film directed by Kishore Sahu. The film was the directorial debut for Sahu, and N. R. Acharya's debut as a director. Acharya had just started his production company Acharya Arts Productions. The story was written by Kishore Sahu who went on to write and direct films like Kali Ghata, Mayurpankh and others. The music direction was by Ramchandra Pal. The film had Kishore Sahu starring as the bachelor father with co-stars Protima Dasgupta, Anjali Devi, Nana Palsikar, Amritlal Nagar and Moni Chatterjee.
It was one of the winners for the BFJA - Best Indian Films Award for best film for 1943.
Prannath finds an infant abandoned in his car on his engagement day. The finding leads to several comedic situations in the film. The film was inspired by Bachelor Mother (1939), directed by Garson Kanin and starring Ginger Rogers. The story was reversed in Kunwara Baap, with the hero getting landed with the child.

## Plot

Prannath (Kishore Sahu) goes to the jeweller's to buy a ring for his to-be fiancée. While he is in the store, an unwed mother leaves her infant in the back of Prannath's car. When he comes out he realises that he is stuck with the baby much to his discomfiture as his betrothed refuses to believe his story. The situation gives rise to several funny sequences till the villainous father of the child admits to being the real father and agrees to marry the mother of the abandoned child.

## Cast

* Kishore Sahu
* Protima Dasgupta
* Baby Lal
* Anjali Devi
* Dhulia
* Manohar Ghatwani
* Moni Chatterjee
* Jamu Patel
* Hadi
* Amritlal Nagar
* Nana Palsikar

## Reception

The film became a big success commercially, and was a hit at the box office as well as with the critics. Citing it as a "sparkling comedy", Narwekar quotes that the film was hailed as a "sophisticated stream-lined comedy".

## Remakes

* Vazhkai (1949) a Tamil film, directed by A.V. Meiyappan and starring Vyjantimala in her debut role, drew inspiration from the Kunwara Baap's storyline.
* Bahar (1951) directed by M. V. Raman was the Hindi remake of Vazhkai.
* Kunwara Baap (1974) directed by Mehmood.

## Soundtrack

The music composer was Ramchandra Pal. Amritlal Nagar, a well-known Hindi writer wrote the lyrics for the film. The other lyricists were Baalam Pardesi and Satyakam Sharma.

### Song List

| # | Title |
| 1 | "Chai Piyogi Rani" |
| 2 | "Dol Gayi Haan Dol Gayi" |
| 3 | "Gazab Bhayo Rama Nazariya Laagi" |
| 4 | "Jadoo Daar Gayo Re Mope Baanke Bihari" |
| 5 | "Kaahe Paap Se Paap Chhipaye Re" |
| 6 | "Main Naachun Run Jhun" |
| 7 | "O Mori Rani O Mori Rani" |
| 8 | "Rone Ko Rahen Zinda" |
| 9 | "So Jaa Poot Lugayi Ke" |
# Bryce Sweeting

Bryce Sweeting (born July 7, 1994) is a Canadian professional lacrosse player for the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League and the Peterborough Lakers of Major Series Lacrosse. Hailing from Peterborough, Ontario, Sweeting began playing lacrosse when he was six years old. He is a graduate of St. Peter Catholic Secondary School and St. Clair College.
Sweeting began his junior career in 2012 with the Peterborough Lakers of the Ontario Junior C Lacrosse League. He worked his way up the Lakers system and began his MSL career in 2016. He was selected in the fourth round (32nd overall) of the 2015 NLL Draft, and began his career with the Colorado Mammoth in the 2016 season. After three seasons in Colorado, he was selected by the San Diego Seals in the 2018 NLL expansion draft, and was promptly dealt to the Buffalo Bandits in exchange for Ethan Schott and a second round pick in the 2018 entry draft.
In addition to lacrosse, Sweeting played junior hockey for the Lakefield Chiefs, Lindsay Muskies, and the Peterborough Stars.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno

The Diocese of Nocera dei Pagani-Sarno (Latin: Dioecesis Nucerina Paganorum-Sarnensis), commonly known as Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno (Italian: Diocesi di Nocera Inferiore-Sarno), is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the Campania region of Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno.

## Bishops
### Diocese of Nocera dei Pagani

Erected: 4th century Latin name: Nuceria Paganorum Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Salerno-Acerno
* Antonio Bolognini (1438–1444 Appointed, Bishop of Foligno)
* Giovanni Marcolini, O.F.M. (1444–1465 Died)
* Pietro Strambone, O.P. (1479–1503 Died)
* Bernardino Orsini (1503–1511 Died)
* Domenico Giacobazzi (1511–1517 Resigned)
* Andrea Giacobazzi (1517–1524 Died)
* Domenico Giacobazzi (2nd time)(1524–1528 Died)
* Paolo Giovio (il Vecchio) (1528–1552 Died)
* Giulio Giovio (1552–1560 Resigned)
* Paolo Giovio (il Giovane) (1560–1585 Died)
* Sulpizio Costantino (1585–1602 Died)
* Simone Lunadori (1602–1610 Died)
* Stefano de Vicari, O.P. (1610–1620 Died)
* Francesco Trivulzio (1621–1631 Died)
* Ippolito Franconi (1632–1653 Died)
* Bonaventura D'Avalos, O.S.A. (1654–1659 Resigned)
* Felice Gabrielli, O.F.M. Conv. (1659–1684 Died)
* Emiddio Lenti (1685–1691 Died)
* Sebastiano Perissi (1692–1700 Appointed, Bishop of Grosseto)
* Giovanbattista Carafa (1700–1715 Died)
* Niccolò di Domenico (1718–1744 Died)
* Gherardo Antonio Volpe (1744–1768 Died)
* Benedetto Maria dei Monti Sanfelice, O.S.B. (1768–1806 Died)
* Agnello Giuseppe d'Auria Loffredo (1834–1860 Died)
* Michele Adinolfi (1860–1863 Died)
* Raffaele Ammirante (1871–1881 Died)
* Francesco Vitagliano (1882–1885 Resigned)
* Luigi del Forno (1885–1913 Died)
* Giuseppe Romeo (1913–1935 Died)
* Teodorico de Angelis (1936–1951 Resigned)
* Fortunato Zoppas (1952–1964 Resigned)
* Jolando Nuzzi (1971–1986 Died)

### Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno

30 September 1986: United with the territory of the historical Diocese of Sarno that was previously merged into the Diocese of Cava e Sarno
* Gioacchino Illiano (1987–2011 Retired)
* Giuseppe Giudice (2011–)
# Imagineering (company)

Imagineering was an American in-house studio of Absolute Entertainment, based in Glen Rock, New Jersey. Many notable video games developed by Imagineering for Absolute include A Boy and His Blob: Trouble on Blobolonia, Battle Tank, Super Battletank and The Rescue of Princess Blobette. They are also known for their video games developed for third-party publishers, such as Acclaim Entertainment, Atari Corporation, Activision, Hi Tech Expressions, Gametek and THQ.
Imagineering was in existence from 1986 to 1992 before folding into Absolute Entertainment, who then simultaneously handled the development and publishing of video games for its remaining three years.

## Lineup of games
### 1988

* Commando (Atari 2600)
* Crossbow (Commodore 64)
* Double Dragon (Atari 2600, Atari 7800)
* River Raid II (Atari 2600)

### 1989

* Ikari Warriors (Atari 2600, Atari 7800)
* Stealth ATF (NES)
* Touchdown Football (Atari 7800)
* Fight Night (Atari 7800)

### 1990

* Sentinel (Atari 2600, Atari 7800)
* Destination Earthstar (NES)
* A Boy and His Blob: Trouble on Blobolonia (NES)
* Ghostbusters II (NES)
* My Golf (Atari 2600)
* Heavy Shreddin' (NES)
* R.C. Grand Prix (Master System, Game Gear)

### 1991

* Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (NES)
* The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants (NES)
* The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World (NES)
* Bart Simpson's Escape from Camp Deadly (Game Boy)
* Family Feud (SNES)
* Flight of the Intruder (NES)
* Jeopardy! Featuring Alex Trebek (SNES)
* Home Alone (SNES, Game Boy)
* Barbie (NES)

### 1992

* The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (Game Boy)
* The Simpsons: Bart vs. The Juggernauts (Game Boy)
* The Simpsons: Bartman Meets Radioactive Man (NES)
* Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (NES, SNES, Game Boy)
* Swamp Thing (NES)
* Mouse Trap Hotel (Game Boy)
* Ghoul School (NES)
* Barbie: Game Girl (Game Boy)
* The Ren & Stimpy Show: Space Cadet Adventures (Game Boy)
* Jordan vs. Bird: One on One (Game Boy)
* Race Drivin' (SNES)

### 1993

* The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (SNES)
* The Ren & Stimpy Show: Buckaroo$! (NES)
# Peter Schreiber

Peter-Uwe Schreiber (born 9 August 1964) is a retired West German javelin thrower.
He competed at the European Athletics Championships in 1986 and 1990 without reaching the final. He represented the sports club LG Bayer Leverkusen, and won silver medals at the West German championships in 1988 and 1990.
His personal best throw was 83.28 metres, achieved in July 1990 in Bochum.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Germany |||||
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, FR Yugoslavia | 23rd | 74.08 m |
# Jerie Clark

Jerie Burchard Clark is an American sailor who was named US Sailor of the Year in 1966.

## Sailing history

Clark began sailing with her parents, Boyd and Bonnie Burchard, when she was two years old. She grew up racing boats, even wishing to race on a Wednesday night rather than attend her high school graduation.
In 1966, Clark won North American Women's sailing championship. She sailed with Renate McVittie and Mary Anne Easter, and they were first women from the west coast to win this event which is also known as the Mrs. Charles Francis Adams Trophy. Clark had previously competed in the event in 1960 as crew for Rae Ellen Syverson where they finished third; in 1962 she skippered a Lightening to a 7th-place finish. Clark finished second in the 1970 Adams Cup races held in Victoria, British Columbia.
In addition to racing, Clark also taught sailing in the Seattle area.

## Awards and honors

Clark was elected US Sailor of the Year in 1966.

## Personal life

She met her future husband, Robert Donovan Clark while sailing at the University of Washington. They were married in 1962. They sailed Lightnings together, winning multiple regattas in the class.
# Miyuki Takahashi (pentathlete)

Miyuki Takahashi (高橋 美由紀, Takahashi Miyuki, born 25 September 1946) is a Japanese track and field athlete. She competed in the women's pentathlon at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Lotfi Turki

Lotfi Turki (born 6 March 1975) is a Tunisian middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Naham

Naham (Hebrew: נַחַם) is a moshav in central Israel. Located near Beit Shemesh, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 532.

## History

Moshav Naham was established in 1950 by immigrants from Yemen and Cochin on part of the lands of the moshava of Hartuv, abandoned during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was named after a member of the Tribe of Judah in the Book of Chronicles 4:19 — "And the sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of Naham, were the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maacathite."
# Veronica Marcela Gerez

Veronica Marcela Gerez is a road cyclist from Argentina. She represented her nation at the 2009 UCI Road World Championships.
# Newtonian gauge

In general relativity, the Newtonian gauge is a perturbed form of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker line element. The gauge freedom of general relativity is used to eliminate two scalar degrees of freedom of the metric, so that it can be written as:
    $ds^{2}=-(1+2\Phi )dt^{2}+a^{2}(t)(1-2\Psi )\delta _{ab}dx^{a}dx^{b},$
where the Latin indices a and b are summed over the spatial directions and $\delta _{ab}$ is the Kronecker delta. We can instead make use of conformal time as the time component yielding the longitudinal or conformal Newtonian gauge:
    $ds^{2}=a^{2}(\tau )[-(1+2\Phi )d\tau ^{2}+(1-2\Psi )\delta _{ab}dx^{a}dx^{b}]$
which is related by the simple transformation $dt=a(t)d\tau$. They are called Newtonian gauges because $\Psi$ is the Newtonian gravitational potential of classical Newtonian gravity, which satisfies the Poisson equation $\nabla ^{2}\Psi =4\pi G\rho$ for non-relativistic matter and on scales where the expansion of the universe may be neglected. It includes only scalar perturbations of the metric: by the scalar-vector-tensor decomposition these evolve independently of the vector and tensor perturbations and are the predominant ones affecting the growth of structure in the universe in cosmological perturbation theory. The vector perturbations vanish in cosmic inflation and the tensor perturbations are gravitational waves, which have a negligible effect on physics except for the so-called B-modes of the cosmic microwave background polarization. The tensor perturbation is truly gauge independent, since it is the same in all gauges.
In a universe without anisotropic stress (that is, where the stress–energy tensor is invariant under spatial rotations, or the three principal pressures are identical) the Einstein equations sets $\Phi =\Psi$.