OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Whitham equation

In mathematical physics, the Whitham equation is a non-local model for non-linear dispersive waves.
The equation is notated as follows:
${\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}+\alpha \eta {\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial x}}+\int _{-\infty }^{+\infty }K(x-\xi )\,{\frac {\partial \eta (\xi ,t)}{\partial \xi }}\,{\text{d}}\xi =0.$
This integro-differential equation for the oscillatory variable η(x,t) is named after Gerald Whitham who introduced it as a model to study breaking of non-linear dispersive water waves in 1967. Wave breaking – bounded solutions with unbounded derivatives – for the Whitham equation has recently been proven.
For a certain choice of the kernel K(x − ξ) it becomes the Fornberg–Whitham equation.

## Water waves

Using the Fourier transform (and its inverse), with respect to the space coordinate x and in terms of the wavenumber k:
* For surface gravity waves, the phase speed c(k) as a function of wavenumber k is taken as:
       $c_{\text{ww}}(k)={\sqrt {{\frac {g}{k}}\,\tanh(kh)}},$ while $\alpha _{\text{ww}}={\frac {3}{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {g}{h}}},$
    with g the gravitational acceleration and h the mean water depth. The associated kernel K$_{ww}$(s) is, using the inverse Fourier transform:
       $K_{\text{ww}}(s)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{+\infty }c_{\text{ww}}(k)\,{\text{e}}^{iks}\,{\text{d}}k={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{+\infty }c_{\text{ww}}(k)\,\cos(ks)\,{\text{d}}k,$
    since c$_{ww}$ is an even function of the wavenumber k.
* The Korteweg–de Vries equation (KdV equation) emerges when retaining the first two terms of a series expansion of c$_{ww}$(k) for long waves with kh ≪ 1:
       $c_{\text{kdv}}(k)={\sqrt {gh}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{6}}k^{2}h^{2}\right),$ $K_{\text{kdv}}(s)={\sqrt {gh}}\left(\delta (s)+{\frac {1}{6}}h^{2}\,\delta ^{\prime \prime }(s)\right),$ $\alpha _{\text{kdv}}={\frac {3}{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {g}{h}}},$
    with δ(s) the Dirac delta function.
* Bengt Fornberg and Gerald Whitham studied the kernel K$_{fw}$(s) – non-dimensionalised using g and h:
       $K_{\text{fw}}(s)={\frac {1}{2}}\nu {\text{e}}^{-\nu |s|}$ and $c_{\text{fw}}={\frac {\nu ^{2}}{\nu ^{2}+k^{2}}},$ with $\alpha _{\text{fw}}={\frac {3}{2}}.$
    The resulting integro-differential equation can be reduced to the partial differential equation known as the Fornberg–Whitham equation:
       $\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}-\nu ^{2}\right)\left({\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial t}}+{\frac {3}{2}}\,\eta \,{\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial x}}\right)+{\frac {\partial \eta }{\partial x}}=0.$
    This equation is shown to allow for peakon solutions – as a model for waves of limiting height – as well as the occurrence of wave breaking (shock waves, absent in e.g. solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation).
# Hoop crown

A hoop crown (German: Bügelkrone or Spangenkrone, Latin: faislum), arched crown, or closed crown, is a crown consisting of a "band around the temples and one or two bands over the head". First used by the Carolingian dynasty, hoop crowns became increasingly popular among royal dynasties in the Late Middle Ages, and the dominant type of crown in the Modern Era.

## Origins

Hoop crowns were introduced to Germanic Europe by the Carolingian dynasty, who usurped the throne of the Frankish Empire from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. However their use dates back to the end of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. The Carolingian hoop crown was most probably derived from the contemporary Germanic hoop helmet (German: Spangenhelm). The oldest such crown is the Crown of Saint Faith in Conques, worn either by Pepin I (797–838) or Pepin II (823–864) of Aquitaine. Other Carolingians known to have worn hoop crowns are Louis II "the German" (806–876), Charles II "the Bald" (823–877) and Odo of Vermandois (910–946). Charlemagne (742–814) possibly wore a hoop crown, although the obscurities of contemporary portraits, in particular on seals, mean that this cannot be stated with certainty. Sometimes, the Carolingian hoop crowns were combined with a cap, worn beneath.
Though hoop crowns were characteristic for Carolingian kings, there were several other types of crowns worn by the members of this dynasty. For example, Charlemagne also wore a crown shaped like a collar with an attachment on the front side. The features most Carolingian crowns had in common were "cap or bands over the head, edge-bands, and pendilia". Some of the Carolingian crowns were imitations of contemporary Byzantine Imperial crowns, which had the shape of a closed cap (kamelaukion). In turn, Byzantine Emperor Justinian I "the Great" (483–565) had hoops attached to his crown to carry a cross above it, creating the prototype of later hoop crowns.

## Spread

Hoop crowns became popular in late medieval Europe. The Holy Roman Imperial crown was a hoop crown. Norman king William the Conqueror wore a hoop crown, and in the 12th century, the kings of Hungary amended their collar with two hoops. In both cases, the object of adopting a hoop crown was not to appear to occupy a position of inferiority to the Holy Roman Emperor. William's crown was modelled after the crown of emperor Otto I and similarly decorated with twelve types of gems. In addition, William had sceptre and virga created, resembling the imperial insignia.
However, not all late medieval crowns had hoops. For example, the 15th-century kings of France wore crowns of the lilly type, a collar decorated with four lilies. The hoop crown became the prevalent type of crown in the Early Modern Age.
# Khanom sane chan

Khanom sane chan (Thai: ขนมเสน่ห์จันทน์, pronounced) is a traditional sweet dessert originating in Thailand. It is typically round and bright yellow in appearance. The dish is often served in wedding ceremonies in Thailand.

## Etymology

The word chan came from the name of the Chan tree, which has a fruit similar in shape and color to the dish. Sa-ne means charm in Thai.

## History

One story of its origin is:
"A young man harvested bright yellow fruit from a tree for his mother. When he brought that fruit to eat for dinner, it was missing, but despite this the house still smelled of the fruit. He wanted his mother to taste this fruit so he goes back to the tree while a full moon was out. When he got to the tree, a woman was there who wanted the fruit as well. She said that her father would be grateful if she gave him some of the fruit, so they both took some home. After that day, in every full moon, the young man went to the tree and met the woman while they both harvest fruit. They fell in love and married."
According to legend this fruit brings happiness and gratitude.
# Dimitris Perrikos

Dimitris Perrikos (Greek: Δημήτρης Περρίκος, born December 1935 in Piraeus, Greece) is a Greek chemist working for the United Nations since 1975. He was the second Chairman of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), succeeding Dr. Hans Blix in June 2003, and serving until UNMOVIC's dissolution in 2007. He is the son of the Greek Air Force officer and Resistance fighter Kostas Perrikos, founder of PEAN.
# Gretna, Manitoba

Gretna is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Rhineland within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. Just north of the Canada - United States border on PTH 30, Gretna had a population of 541 in 2016. It is bordered by Pembina County, North Dakota. The nearest American community to Gretna is Neche, North Dakota.

## History

Once home to roaming Buffalo herds, the area around Gretna attracted European settlers as far back as the early 19th century.
In 1889, Mennonite Collegiate Institute, a private high school, opened in Gretna. In 1897, Gretna and area was visited by Russian prince and anarchist Peter Kropotkin who praised the local Mennonites for their industriousness and communal lifestyle.
On June 4, 2021, Gretna reached a temperature of 41.3 °C (106.3 °F), the highest recorded temperature in Manitoba since the 1980s and the earliest in the year occurrence of above 40 °C (104 °F) temperatures in Canada.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Gretna had a population of 511 living in 197 of its 210 total private dwellings, a change of -5.5% from its 2016 population of 541. With a land area of 2.71 km$^2$ (1.05 sq mi), it had a population density of 188.6/km$^2$ (488.4/sq mi) in 2021.

## Notable people

* Rick Neufeld, musician
* A. E. van Vogt, 20th century sci-fi author, was born in Edenburg, a small (now defunct) village 2 miles east of Gretna.
* Enoch Winkler, politician
* Hal Winkler, former NHL player
# Chen Mei-ling

Chen Mei-ling (traditional Chinese: 陳美伶; simplified Chinese: 陈美伶; pinyin: Chén Měilíng; born 1958) is a Taiwanese politician. She was the Minister of National Development Council in 2017–2020 and the Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan in 2016-2017.

## Education

Chen obtained her bachelor's degree in law from National Chengchi University (NCCU) in 1980, master's degree in law from National Taiwan University in 1984 and returned to NCCU for a doctoral degree in law in 1995.

## Political career

Chen was deputy secretary general of the Executive Yuan from 2006 to 2008. She returned to the cabinet in 2016 as secretary-general under premier Lin Chuan. Chen became minister of the National Development Council in September 2017, and was later awarded an Order of Brilliant Star. She resigned from the National Development Council on 14 May 2020.
# Jack Baker (footballer, born 1878)

John Robert Baker (8 May 1878 – 28 February 1950) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Bukki

Bukki (Hebrew: בֻּקִּי Buqqī, "proved") may have been an early High Priest of Israel. Another Bukki is mentioned in Numbers as a leader in the Tribe of Dan.
Bukki is mentioned in the books 1 Chronicles (6:4) and Ezra (7:4) as the son of the High Priest Abishua, a priest fifth in descent in the line of Eleazar. In the Apocrypha (2 Esdras 1:2), his name is listed as Borith and in 1 Esdras 8:2, he is called Boccas. According to Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews 5.11.5; 8.1.3) and other extrabiblical sources, he succeeded his father as High Priest.
He is contemporarily identified with the Samaritan High Priest Bakhi. 2nd Samaritan High Priest and Sashai the 1st Samaritan High Priest was possibly his brother
# National Route 504 (Costa Rica)

National Tertiary Route 504, or just Route 504 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Terciaria 504, or Ruta 504) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Heredia province.

## Description

In Heredia province the route covers Santo Domingo canton (Tures, Pará districts).
# Jim Cowcher

James Joseph Cowcher (22 December 1874 – 13 June 1935) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He previously played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football Association.
# Ramsay Anderson

David Ramsay Anderson (2 May 1888 – 27 May 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and University in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Footnotes

* ↑ The University Team, The Leader, (Saturday, 4 May 1912), p.29.
# Eino Kaipainen

Eino Kaipainen (1899–1995) was a Finnish actor.

## Selected filmography

* Katariina ja Munkkiniemen kreivi (1943)
* North Express (1947)
* The General's Fiancée (1951)
* Song of Warsaw (1953)
* After the Fall of Man (1953)
* Esa Flies to Kuopio (1953)
* It Began in the Rain (1953)
* Juha (1956)
# Stefan Schreyer

Stefan Schreyer (born 23 October 1946) is a German athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Stela Olteanu

Stela Olteanu (née Apetre; born 25 February 1972) is a Romanian long-distance runner. She competed in the women's 5000 metres at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# University of Castilla–La Mancha

The University of Castilla–La Mancha (Spanish: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; UCLM) is a public Spanish university. It offers courses in the cities of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Toledo, Almadén and Talavera de la Reina. This university was recognised by law on 30 June 1982, and began to operate three years later.
Research is a fundamental pillar of the university, which has 35 research and development centres and institutes, including the Institute for Regional Development, as well as the Science and Technology Park of Castilla-La Mancha. The Library of the University of Castilla-La Mancha has more than 1.3 million volumes.

## Overview

The current University of Castilla–La Mancha is not the key educational institution in the region. Centuries ago, the University of Sigüenza, until the late 15th century, and the Pontifical and Royal University College of Santa Catalina of Toledo, originating precisely at the end of that same century, were already offering educational activities in the region.
The University is also a partner of the Michigan State University College of Law in Wroclaw.

## Campuses and faculties

The campuses operate on a decentralised basis, although the main governing body is located in Ciudad Real, which coordinates the other centres. University courses are taught at all four locations. The Albacete campus houses Faculties of Medicine, Economic and Business Sciences, Law and Humanities. The Schools of Agronomical Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Nursing, Teacher Training and Employment Relations are also based there. Ciudad Real is home to the Faculties of Chemical Sciences, Law and Social Sciences, Arts, the Higher Technical Schools of Civil Engineering, Information Technology, Industrial Engineering; a Technical Institute of Agriculture; the Polytechnic University School of Almadén; a University School of Nursing; a University School of Teacher Training; and the Puertollano Centre for University Studies.
Cuenca has the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Fine Art, the faculty of Educational Science and Humanities, the Polytechnic University School of Technical Architecture; the Polytechnic University School of IT in Telecommunications; the University School of Nursing; the University School of Teacher Training, and the University School of Social Work. Finally, Toledo houses the Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, a Faculty of Environmental Science; a Faculty of Sports Science; a humanities Faculty; a University School of Nursing and Physiotherapy; a University School of Industrial Technical Engineering; a University School of Teacher Training, and the CEU centre at Talavera de la Reina.

## Notable alumni

* Danny Vargas Serrano (born 1979), member of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
# Paul Camilleri

Paul Camilleri (born 6 January 1934) is a former Maltese cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Association of Spanish Footballers

The Spanish Footballers' Association (Spanish: Asociación de Futbolistas Españoles, AFE) is the association for professional footballers in Spain. Currently its president is David Aganzo.
# Governor of Zhytomyr Oblast

The Head of Regional State Administration in Zhytomyr Oblast (Ukrainian: Голова Житомирської обласної державної адміністрації, Holova Zhytomyrskoyi oblasnoyi derzhavnoyi administratsiyi) is the head of executive branch for the Zhytomyr Oblast.
The office of head of Regional State Administration is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the president of Ukraine, on recommendation from the prime minister of Ukraine, to serve a four-year term.
The official residence for the head of RSA is located in Zhytomyr. Since 8 August 2019 the head of RSA is Vitaliy Bunechko.

## Heads of RSA

* Anton Malynovskyi (1992–1994, as the Presidential representative)
* Anton Malynovskyi (1995–1998, as the Head of RSA)
* Volodymyr Lushkin (1998–2001)
* Mykola Rudchenko (2001–2004)
* Serhiy Ryzhuk (2004–2005)
* Pavlo Zhebrivskyi (2005)
* Iryna Synyavska (2005–2006)
* Volodymyr Zahryvyi (2006, acting)
* Yuriy Andriychuk (2006)
* Volodymyr Zahryvyi (2006, acting)
* Yuriy Pavlenko (2006–2007, acting to 2007)
* Yuriy Zabela (2007–2010, acting to 2007)
* Serhiy Ryzhuk (2010–2014)
* Sydir Kizin (2014)
* Serhiy Mashkovskyi (2014–2016)
* Ihor Hundych (2016–2019, acting to 2016)
* Yaroslav Lahuta (2019, acting)
* Vitaliy Bunechko (2019–)
# Einar Andersson

Einar Andersson (born Ernst Ejnar Andersson 13 July 1909 – 11 January 1989) was a Swedish tenor opera singer.
Andersson was born in Västerås. He studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm. He first performed on stage in an opera in Stockholm in 1938. In 1939 Anderson became a soloist in the Royal Swedish Opera. In 1958 he toured the Soviet Union.
He died on 11 January 1989 in Åseda in Uppvidinge.

## Filmography

* Hemtrevnad i kasern (Cosiness In Barracks) (1941)
* Eldfågeln (The Firebird — film of the ballet) (1952)
# Río Colorado Airport

Río Colorado Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Río Colorado, ICAO: SAZQ) is a public use airport 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Río Colorado, a town in the Río Negro Province of Argentina.
# Mario Hada

Mario Hada (born 28 December 1952) is a Bolivian alpine skier. He competed in the men's giant slalom at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
# Slavko Lukanc

Slavko Lukanc (30 July 1921 – 22 May 1978) was a Slovenian alpine skier. He competed in two events at the 1948 Winter Olympics, representing Yugoslavia.
# Velyka Berezovytsia

Velyka Berezovytsia (Ukrainian: Велика Березовиця) is a rural settlement in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. Its population is 6,503 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Velyka Berezovytsia was first founded in 1474, and it acquired the status of an urban-type settlement in 1986. It hosts the administration of Velyka Berezovytsia settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It has a population of 8,592 (2022 estimate).

## History

Until 26 January 2024, Velyka Berezovytsia was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Velyka Berezovytsia became a rural settlement.
# Hof Ashkelon Regional Council

Hof Ashkelon Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית חוף אשקלון, Mo'atza Azorit Hof Ashkelon, lit. Ashkelon Coast Regional Council) is a regional council in the Southern District of Israel. As of the year 2019, its population is around 18,000.
The council is bordered to the north by Be'er Tuvia Regional Council, to the east by the Be'er Tuvia, Lakhish, Shafir and Yoav Regional Councils, to the south by Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council and the Gaza Strip, and to the west by Ashkelon and the Mediterranean Sea. Its average elevation is 54 meters above the sea level.

## List of communities

The council covers 19 communities, including five kibbutzim, eleven moshavim, two community settlements and a youth village.
Kibbutzim
* Gevaram
* Karmia
* Nitzanim
* Yad Mordechai
* Zikim
Moshavim
* Beit Shikma
* Berekhya
* Ge'a
* Heletz
* Hodiya
* Kokhav Michael
* Mashen
* Mavki'im
* Nir Yisrael
* Netiv HaAsara
* Talmei Yafeh
Community settlements
* Bat Hadar
* Be'er Ganim
* Nitzan
* Nitzan Bet
Youth villages
* Kfar Silver
* Nitzanim Youth Village (closed)
# Uzhhorod Raion

Uzhhorod Raion (Ukrainian: Ужгородський район, Hungarian: Ungvári járás) is one of the raions (districts) of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Uzhhorod. Over 30% of population in the raion speak the Hungarian language according to the latest census. Population: 255,000 (2022 estimate).
On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zakarpattia Oblast was reduced to six, and the area of Uzhhorod Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 71,640 (2020 est.).
Some Romanians live in this raion. They live more precisevly in the area of Poroshkovo and are known in Romanian as volohi.

## Names

There are several alternative names used for this raion: Hungarian: Ungvári járás, Slovak: Užhorodský rajón, German: Rajon Uschhorod, Romanian: Raionul Ujhorod, Rusyn: Ужгородьскый район, Russian: Ужгородский район.

## Administrative divisions

The raion contains 14 hromadas:
* Baranyntsi rural hromada [uk], with its center in Baranyntsi [uk]
* Velykyi Bereznyi settlement hromada [uk], with its center in Velykyi Bereznyi
* Velyka Dobron rural hromada [uk], with its center in Velyka Dobron
* Dubrynychi-Maliy Bereznyi rural hromada [uk], with its center in Dubrynychi [uk]
* Kostryna rural hromada [uk], with its center in Kostryna [uk]
* Onokivtsi rural hromada [uk], with its center in Onokivtsi
* Perechyn urban hromada [uk], with its center in Perechyn
* Serednie settlement hromada [uk], with its center in Serednie
* Stavne rural hromada [uk], with its center in Stavne
* Siurte rural hromada [uk], with its center in Siurte [uk]
* Turi Remety rural hromada [uk], with its center in Turi Remety
* Kholmok rural hromada [uk], with its center in Kholmok [uk]
* Chop urban hromada, with its center in Chop
* Uzhhorod urban hromada, coterminous with the city Uzhhorod
# Borden, Western Australia

Borden is a small town and locality in the Shire of Gnowangerup, Great Southern region of Western Australia. The town is located 325 kilometres (202 mi) south east of the state capital, Perth Western Australia, and 111 kilometres (69 mi) north of Albany on Chester Pass Road. At the 2006 census, Borden and the surrounding area had a population of 164.
The town was established as a siding on the Ongerup branch railway between Gnowangerup and Ongerup and is named after Canadian Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden. The stop after Borden, Laurier, was also named after a Canadian Prime Minister, Wilfrid Laurier. The railway opened for business on 6 January 1913 and closed on 13 October 1957.
The area near Paper Collar Creek near where the town stands was a meeting point for sandalwood cutters in the 1840s for when they used to head to the port at Albany.
In 1916, 250 acres (100 ha) of land was set aside for a townsite. Although the site had not been surveyed J.G. Jenkins had already erected the first building containing dwelling, dining, refreshment and assembly rooms. Another man, J. Copeland was also constructing a building at this time. A telephone connection with Gnowangerup had also been established and mail was being received twice a week by train.
The local agricultural hall, constructed of jarrah and cast iron, was opened in 1928 by the Minister of Lands, Michael H. Troy. Local members H. Stewart and Charles Wittenoom were also present.
The main industry in town is wheat farming, with the town being a Cooperative Bulk Handling receival site. The receival bins are able to handle 170,000 tonnes (167,315 long tons) of grain during harvest times. In 2017 the receival site was inundated with floodwaters following a heavy rain event. The harvest had been a new record so that large amounts of grain were stored in overflow bins.
# Ernest Ridgeway

Ernest Charles Ridgeway (16 September 1911 — 2 May 1986) was an Irish international rugby union player.
Born in Dublin, Ridgeway was capped five times for Ireland. He featured in most backline positions in matches for his club Wanderers and was a long kick of the ball, but was best suited to playing as a three-quarter. His first international opportunity came deputising injured fullback Dermot Morris in 1932, for their wins over Scotland and Wales. When he returned to the side in 1935 it was as a centre and he scored a try to help defeat Scotland at Lansdowne Road.
# Louis Andrieu

Louis Andrieux (born 22 July 1876) was a Belgian sports shooter. He competed in two events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Thomas Callaghan

Thomas, Tom or Tommy Callaghan may refer to:
* Tommy Callaghan (footballer, born 1886) (1886–1917), English footballer
* Tom Callaghan (active 1925–33), Scottish footballer who played for Scottish, Irish and English Football Leagues
* Thomas Patrick Callaghan (born 1938), Irish long-distance runner
* Tommy Callaghan (1945–2024), Scottish footballer who played for Celtic, Dunfermline Athletic, and Clydebank
* Thomas Callaghan (judge) (1815–1863), Australian judge of the District Court of New South Wales
* Thomas Callaghan, an alias of burglar and author Jack Black (1871–1932)