OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Segol

Segol :
| ֶ ||
| IPA | ɛ |
| Transliteration | e |
| English example | bed |
| Same sound | tzere |
| Example ||
| שֶׁל ||
| The word for of in Hebrew, shel. The triangular array of three dots under the letter Shin form the segol. ||
| Other Niqqud ||
| Shva · Hiriq · Tzere · Segol · Patach · Kamatz · Holam · Dagesh · Mappiq · Kubutz and Shuruk · Rafe · Sin/Shin Dot ||
Segol (modern Hebrew: סֶגּוֹל, IPA:; formerly סְגוֹל‎, səḡôl) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign that is represented by three dots forming an upside down equilateral triangle "ֶ ". As such, it resembles an upside down therefore sign (a because sign) underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme /e/ which is similar to "e" in the English word sound in sell and is transliterated as an e.
In Modern Hebrew, segol makes the same sound as tzere, as does the Hataf Segol (Hebrew: חֲטַף סֶגּוֹל IPA:, "Reduced Segol"). The reduced (or ħataf) niqqud exist for segol, patah, and kamatz which contain a shva next to it.

## Pronunciation

The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different segols in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet.
The letters Bet ⟨ב‎⟩ and Het ⟨ח‎⟩ used in this table are only for demonstration; any letter can be used.
| Symbol | Name | Pronunciation | Pronunciation | Pronunciation | Pronunciation | Pronunciation | Pronunciation | Pronunciation |
| Symbol | Name | Modern | Ashkenazi | Sephardi | Yemenite | Tiberian | Reconstructed | Reconstructed |
| Symbol | Name | Modern | Ashkenazi | Sephardi | Yemenite | Tiberian | Mishnaic | Biblical |
| בֶ‎ | Segol | [e̞] | [e̞] | [e̞] | [a] | [ɛ, ɛː] | ? | [ɛ] |
| בֶי‎ בֶה‎ בֶא‎ | Segol Male | [e̞] | [e̞] | [e̞] | [a] | [ɛː] | ? | [ɛː, ɛj] |
| חֱ‎ | Hataf Segol | [e̞] | [e̞] | [e̞] | [a] | [ɛ̆] | ? | [ɛ] |
In addition, a letter with a segol or tzere with a succeeding yod often makes the "ei" (also spelled "ey") sound such as in they or tape.

## Vowel length comparison

By adding two vertical dots (shva), the vowel can be made very short. However, the vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew.
Vowel comparison table :
| Vowel length | Vowel length | Vowel length | IPA | Transliteration | English example |
| Long | Short | Very Short | IPA | Transliteration | English example |
| ֵ‎ | ֶ‎ | ֱ‎ | [e̞] | e | temp |
| Tzere | Segol | Reduced Segol | [e̞] | e | temp |

## Unicode encoding

| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
| ֶ | U+05B6 | SEGOL |
| ֱ | U+05B1 | HATEF SEGOL |
# Bazhanov coal mine

The Bazhanov coal mine (Ukrainian: Шахта імені В. М. Бажанова) is a large coal mine located in southeastern Ukraine in Donetsk Oblast, in the industrial city of Makiivka. Bazhanov mine represents one of the largest coal reserve in Ukraine having estimated reserves of 58.7 million tonnes of coal. The annual coal production is around 1.02 million tonnes.

## July 2011 mining accident

On 29 July 2011, an elevator collapse killed 11 miners and seriously injured four others. Hundreds of workers were evacuated from other areas of the mine. The president of Ukraine ordered a government investigation. Ukraine's prime minister attributed the accident to "negligence" and estimated that it would take 16 months to repair damage to the mine. Earlier that same day, Ukraine had experienced another fatal coal mining accident due to an explosion in the Suhodolskaya-Vostochnaya coal mine.
# Phyllonorycter triplex

Phyllonorycter triplex is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tamil Nadu, India.
Its subfamily are the Lithocolletinae.
# Smellmaxxing

Smellmaxxing is a term describing a phenomenon where pre-adolescent and adolescent males use fragrances to enhance their musk. This trend occurred in 2024 and was fueled by social media, specifically TikTok. Designer fragrances are often used to achieve this, frequently at a high cost.

## Background

As adolescent males progress through puberty, body odor is a frequent occurrence; a stereotype that has persisted in the United States is teenage males using Axe body spray as their primary fragrance. With the ubiquity of social media, the trend of smellmaxxing became prominent. As lower-end brands like Old Spice lost favor amongst Gen Z, more premium brands enjoyed a higher degree of popularity. Due to peer pressure in social arenas such as school, teenage boys conform to the trend.

## Description and aspects

TikTok influences often recommend using different scents for different occasions. Other aspects include where on the body to apply the fragrances, where to store the fragrances, and how to make the smell last longer, for instance by first applying a moisturizer. The language used to describe the smells are not unlike that of sommeliers.

## Motivation

There may be several motivations for smellmaxxing. Seduction may be one motivation. It can also be a form of self-expression. It can also be an aspect to achieving popularity. For some, they believe it would lead to an increased perception of maturity. Additionally, it can be use it as a way to relate to older role models.

## Impact

A survey by Piper Sandler, an investment bank, demonstrated that since Spring 2023, the annual spending on fragrance amongst teenage males rose 26%. Christian Dior, Chanel, and Tom Ford were particularly popular brands. Teenage males often obtain these high-end items by saving their personal money and/or requesting them as gifts for birthdays or Christmas. Some classrooms have banned applying fragrances and broken glass bottles of fragrance in backpacks became regular occurrence.
The trend has been pervasive in Western markets, but it also has gained traction in China. However, cultural factors such as price sensitivity, fragrance preferences, and consumption patterns affect the Chinese market differently. Nevertheless, the personal fragrance market demonstrated marked growth in China and is projected to grow.
# Skullbreaker challenge

The skullbreaker challenge, also known as the tripping jump challenge, is a physically dangerous internet challenge which surfaced on TikTok in 2020. It revolves around participants intentionally inflicting head trauma on each other, then uploading footage of the 'challenge' to social media.
Participants of the skullbreaker challenge carry out the challenge by working as a group of three; one person stands in the middle, usually on a hard surface, while the other two stand on either side of them, and strike the central participant's legs with a sweeping kick as the central participant jumps, so that they fall to the ground and hit their head on the floor.
Examples of injuries caused by the challenge include concussion, neck, head and spinal injuries. In response to the challenge circulating on their platform, TikTok took down videos of the challenge, stating in a press release that they do not allow videos featuring or encouraging challenges that would lead to injury, and that "Nobody wants their friends or family to get hurt filming a video or trying a stunt. It's not funny - and since we remove that sort of content, it certainly won't make you TikTok famous."
# John Bura

John Bura (Ukrainian: Іван Бура; June 12, 1944 – January 17, 2023) was a bishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States. He served as the Auxiliary Bishop of Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia from 2006 to 2019. From 2009 to 2014 he served as the Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma.

## Biography

Born in Wegeleben, Germany, Bura's family emigrated to Jersey City, New Jersey in 1950. He was educated at St. Basil Minor Seminary in Stamford, Connecticut and The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He was ordained a priest for the Archeparchy of Philadelphia on February 14, 1971 by Archbishop Ambrozij Andrew Senyshyn, O.S.B.M. As a priest his assignments included being a teacher and Vice-Rector of St. Basil Minor Seminary, Rector of St. Josaphat Seminary in Washington, D.C., pastor of Holy Ghost Church in Chester, Pennsylvania and St. Nicholas Church in Wilmington, Delaware. Pope Benedict XVI named Bura as the Titular Bishop of Limisa and Auxiliary Bishop of Philadelphia on January 3, 2006. He was ordained a bishop by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar, the Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia on February 21, 2006. The principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Stephen Soroka of Philadelphia and Bishop Michael Kuchmiak, C.Ss.R. of Great Britain. Bura was named the Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma on July 29, 2009, and served in that capacity until 2014.
Pope Francis accepted his resignation on November 15, 2019.
Bura died on January 17, 2023, at the age of 78.
# Hurwitz polynomial

In mathematics, a Hurwitz polynomial (named after German mathematician Adolf Hurwitz) is a polynomial whose roots (zeros) are located in the left half-plane of the complex plane or on the imaginary axis, that is, the real part of every root is zero or negative. Such a polynomial must have coefficients that are positive real numbers. The term is sometimes restricted to polynomials whose roots have real parts that are strictly negative, excluding the imaginary axis (i.e., a Hurwitz stable polynomial).
A polynomial function P(s) of a complex variable s is said to be Hurwitz if the following conditions are satisfied:
* P(s) is real when s is real.
* The roots of P(s) have real parts which are zero or negative.
Hurwitz polynomials are important in control systems theory, because they represent the characteristic equations of stable linear systems. Whether a polynomial is Hurwitz can be determined by solving the equation to find the roots, or from the coefficients without solving the equation by the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion.

## Examples

A simple example of a Hurwitz polynomial is:
    $x^{2}+2x+1.$
The only real solution is −1, because it factors as
    $(x+1)^{2}.$
In general, all quadratic polynomials with positive coefficients are Hurwitz. This follows directly from the quadratic formula:
    $x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac\ }}}{2a}}.$
where, if the discriminant b$^2$−4ac is less than zero, then the polynomial will have two complex-conjugate solutions with real part −b/2a, which is negative for positive a and b. If the discriminant is equal to zero, there will be two coinciding real solutions at −b/2a. Finally, if the discriminant is greater than zero, there will be two real negative solutions, because ${\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}<b$ for positive a, b and c.

## Properties

For a polynomial to be Hurwitz, it is necessary but not sufficient that all of its coefficients be positive (except for quadratic polynomials, which also imply sufficiency). A necessary and sufficient condition that a polynomial is Hurwitz is that it passes the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion. A given polynomial can be efficiently tested to be Hurwitz or not by using the Routh continued fraction expansion technique.
# Mirak

Mirak may refer to:
* Mirak Bahadur Jalair, Mughal sardar of Sylhet
* Mirak (Star Fleet Universe), a race of beings in Star Fleet Universe
* Mirak, Armenia, a town in Armenia
* Mirək, a village in Azerbaijan
* Mirak, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
* Mirak, Kermanshah, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran
* Epsilon Boötis, a star also called Mirak
* Mirak (rocket), a rocket developed by the German Verein für Raumschiffahrt in the early 1930s
# Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome type 1

Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome type 1 is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by facial dysmorphism, cognitive impairment and skeletal anomalies.

## Signs and symptoms

These can be divided into four areas
* Facial features
** Brachycephaly
** Low hairline
** Narrow forehead
** Bushy eyebrows
** Synophrys
** Hypertelorism
** Ptosis
** Broad nose
** Wide philtrum
** Triangular shaped mouth
** Maxillary hypoplasia
** Cleft lip and palate
** Small conical teeth
** Short neck
* Skeletal abnormalities
** Abnormalities of the upper thoracic vertebrae and ribs
** Hypermobility
** Talipes (clubfoot)
* Central nervous system
** Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis
** Cognitive impairment
** Chiari I malformation
** Optic nerve colobomas
** Grey matter hypodensity
* Other
** Hypothyroidism

## Genetics

This disease is caused by mutations in the transmembrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 (TMCO1) on the long arm of chromosome 1.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis may be provisionally made on clinical grounds. Further diagnostic tests include serum and urine analysis for lactic acid, a chest X-ray (or cardiac CT or MRI) and echocardiography. Biopsies from cardiac and skeletal muscle will show the presence of lipid and glycogen. Testing for mitochondrial abnormalities including adenosine nucleotide transporter deficiency and decreases in the respiratory chain complexes I and IV can also be done.

### Differential diagnosis

Coffin syndrome must also be considered due to the facial appearance, which includes a large forehead, hypertelorism, and some degree of micrognathia. Coffin syndrome patients have vertebral anomalies that contribute to kyphosis, but no rib deformities have been described, and facial dysmorphic traits are more evident. Similar dysmorphic traits have been described in Robinow syndrome, albeit many features, such as normal genitalia, mental impairment, and a lack of limb bone deformities, are discordant.

## Treatment

There is no known treatment for this condition. Surgery may be helpful in treating the cleft lip and palate.

## Prognosis

All cases to date have been reported in children. Long term prognosis is not known.

## Epidemiology

Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome type 1 is rare. About 20 cases have been reported worldwide.

## History

This condition was first described in 1975.
# Kremenchuk Airport

Kremenchuk (Velyka Kokhnivka) Airport (Ukrainian: Аеропорт «Кременчук», Russian: Аэропорт «Кременчуг») (IATA: KHU, ICAO: UKHK) is an airport in the Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. It is located at 5 km in the North-East of the Kremenchuk city.
In the 1990s, part of the airfield was transferred to a private company. Now it is used as a fuel and lubricants warehouse. Today, the airfield in Velyka Kokhnivka accepts helicopters and small airplanes An-24 and Yak-40."
# Todorić

Todorić is a surname found in Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina and Serbia, patronymic of Todor.
Notable people with the name include:
* Ivica Todorić (born 1951), Croatian businessman
* Iva Todorić (born 1993), Croatian basketball player
* Dragan Todorić (born 1954), Serbian basketball player
# Marion Tylee

Marion Elizabeth Tylee (25 May 1900 – 27 February 1981) was a New Zealand artist.

## Private life

Born at Makuri near Pahiatua, New Zealand, she was the daughter of Walter Edward Charles Tylee and his wife Katherine Anne née Perry. Her aunt, Alice Lethbridge Avery (née Perry) was also a New Zealand artist. After the Second World War she settled in Palmerston North, New Zealand.

## Career

Tylee studied in New Zealand with D. K. Richmond at Miss Barber's Academy in Wellington. In 1923 she attended the Canterbury College School of Art, and she won a New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts award for a watercolour. She later trained with T. A. McCormack. From 1926 to 1929 she attended the Slade School of Fine Art in London and in 1937 at Académie Colarossi in Paris.
She worked primarily in linocuts, watercolour, and oils. Works by Tylee are held at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa including: Crimson plums (1953); Village in the hills (c. 1930); Mount Tarawera, New Zealand (1935); and Rooftops (c. 1928).
After moving to Palmerston North she played a major role in the development of the Manawatu Art Gallery (now part of the Te Manawa Museum of Art, Science and History).

### Exhibitions

Tylee exhibited with the:
* Auckland Society of Arts
* Canterbury Society of Arts
* New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts
* Rutland Group
* The Group (1934)
# Order of Princess Olga

The Order of Princess Olga (Ukrainian: Орден княгині Ольги) is a Ukrainian civil decoration, featuring Olga of Kiev and bestowed to women for "personal merits in state, production, scientific, educational, cultural, charity and other spheres of social activities, for upbringing children in families". It was established by Presidential Decree № 827/97 of 15 August 1997 and has three grades (classes), the first being the highest. The 1st grade medal is adorned with four rectangular amethysts and features a gilded ornament with silver parts. The two other grades also feature precious stones.
Both Ukrainian citizens and foreigners are eligible for the order. The order can be rescinded by the President of Ukraine if a bearer is convicted of a serious crime.
In 2020, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine established own "Order of Saint Equal-to-Apostle Princess Olga".

## Selected recipients

* Tetiana Andriienko (1938–2016), Ukrainian botanist, conservationist, and professor.
* Anne Applebaum (1964–), Polish-American historian and journalist
* Marieluise Beck (1952–), member of the Alliance '90/The Greens group in the Bundestag
* Laura Cooper (1974-), US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian affairs
* Myroslava Gongadze (1972–), Ukrainian journalist living in the United States
* Rebecca Harms (1956–), German Member of the European Parliament
* Hanna Havrylets (1958–2022), Ukrainian composer
* Agnieszka Holland (1948–), Polish filmmaker
* Olena Kostevych (1985–), Ukrainian pistol shooter
* Larysa Krushelnytska (1928-2017), Ukrainian archaeologist
* Raisa Kyrychenko (1943–2005), Ukrainian singer
* Roberta Metsola (1979–), President of the European Parliament
* Mariya Orlyk (1930–), Ukrainian teacher and politician.
* Atena Pashko (1931–2012), Ukrainian chemical engineer, poet, social activist
* Nancy Pelosi (1940–), 52nd Speaker of the US House of Representatives
* Vera Rich (1936–2009), British poet
* Olha Saladukha (1983–), Ukrainian triple jumper
* Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (1963–), American astronaut
* Khrystyna Stuy (1988–), Ukrainian sprint athlete
* Melanne Verveer (1944–), United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues
* Oksana Zabuzhko (1960–), Ukrainian novelist
* Jana Černochová (1973–), Czech Minister of Defence
* Oksana Markarova (1976–), Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States
* Catherine Colonna (1956–), French Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs
* Olha Kharlan, four-time world champion sabre fencer.
* Yaroslava Mahuchikh (2001– ), Ukrainian athlete, world record holder of women's high jump.

## Medals and ribbons

| First Class | Second Class | Third Class |
| Ribbon |||
# II Corps (South Korea)

The II Corps (nicknamed "Double Dragons") is a corps of the Republic of Korea Army and it was first activated during the Korean War.

## History

The II Corps was created on July 24, 1950, just before the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, consisting of the 1st Infantry Division and the 6th Infantry Division. During the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter (July–September, 1950), its headquarters was at Hamch’ang.
Currently, its headquarters is located in Chuncheon.

### Korean War
#### Liberation of South Korea

Lieutenant General Walton Walker of the US Army ordered that ROK Army units, scattered by the North Korean invasion, be organized into two corps. Thus the II Corps was born July 24, 1950, to defend the Pusan Perimeter.

#### Invading North Korea

On October 10, 1950, the II Corps advanced north of the 38th parallel through central North Korea. They were operating in support of the ROK I Corps which was under the command of General Walker. After encountering minimal resistance, the corps veered northwest.

#### Defeat at Ch'ongch'on

On October 24, hoping to end the conflict quickly, General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of UN forces, ordered an offensive to the northern border of North Korea and form a defensive line at the Yalu River. At the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River in October 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army sent the 13th Army in to catch the II Corps off guard. In doing so, battles were fought in various places such as Onjong and Unsan. By November 4, 1950, the II Corps and the 8th Regiment of the US 1st Cavalry Division were destroyed.

## Structure

* Direct
** Headquarters Unit
** 702nd Commando Regiment
** 142nd Intelligence Battalion
** 102nd Signal Group
** 302nd Security Group
** 1st Armor Battalion
** 12th CBRN Battalion
** 512nd Air Defense Battalion
* Attached
** 7th Infantry Division
** 15th Infantry Division
** 2nd Engineer Brigade
** 2nd Artillery Brigade
** 2nd Logistic Support Brigade
# Salta Renewal Party

The Salta Renewal Party (Spanish: Partido Renovador de Salta; PRS) is a conservative provincial political party in Salta Province, Argentina.
The party is a federalist party, believing in strong and renewed provinces with power decentralised from Buenos Aires. It is a member of the national Recrear electoral alliance led by Ricardo López Murphy.
The party was founded in the 1980s as the country was preparing for a return to democracy. Salta had a tradition of local parties, but the Salta Popular Movement had declined in the 1970s and the national Radical Civic Union (UCR) was not a strong opponent in Salta of the ruling Justicialist Party. A group of activists formed the Party on October 30, 1983; it was named by Jorge Folloni.
In the first provincial elections after the dictatorship, held on October 30, 1983, the Salta Renewal Party received 52,000 votes and third place in the province, gaining 15 members of the provincial legislature. In 1991, Roberto Ulloa was elected governor of Salta for the party, with Víctor Montoya becoming mayor of the City of Salta on the same day. In the late 1990s the Party took part in the 'Alianza', the alliance principally between the UCR and FrePaSo which took Fernando de la Rúa to the presidency in 1999. With the collapse of de la Rúa's government in 2001, the alliance also split and in 2003, along with several other provincial parties, the Salta Renewal Party joined the Federal Movement of Recrear.
Until 2007, the Party had thirteen members of the Salta legislature, two deputies in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and one senator in the Argentine Senate, Ricardo Gómez Diez, who contested the 2003 Argentine presidential elections as the running mate of López Murphy, coming third. In 2007, there was an acrimonious split in the PRS, with Gómez Diez losing the leadership by 48% to 52% to Andrés Zottos, then a national deputy. In a similar split as that faced by the other national and provincial parties, the party divided between those who supported the nation policies of Néstor Kirchner and those who opposed. Zottos and his supporters favoured the former position and entered into formal pacts with Kirchner's Front for Victory (FPV).
Zottos stood as the running mate to the FPV's Juan Manuel Urtubey in the contest for the governorship and was duly elected vice governor in 2007. Between them, the FPV list and the FPV-PRS list won all four national deputies. Gómez Díez helped set up a rival party, the Salta Proposition, but was largely wiped out electorally.
Since 2016, Cristina Fiore has been the party's president and leader.