OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Supergranulation

In solar physics and observation, supergranulation is a pattern of convection cells in the Sun's photosphere. The individual convection cells are typically referred to as supergranules. The pattern was discovered in the 1950s by A.B. Hart using Doppler velocity measurements showing horizontal flows on the photosphere (flow speed about 300 to 500 m/s, a tenth of that in the smaller granules). Later work (1960s) by Leighton, Noyes and Simon established a typical size of about 30000 km for supergranules with a lifetime of about 24 hours.

## Origin

Supergranulation has long been interpreted as a specific convection scale, but its origin is not precisely known. Although the presence of granules in the solar photosphere is a well-documented phenomenon, there is still much debate on the true nature or even the existence of higher-order granulation patterns. Some authors suggest the existence of three distinct scales of organization: granulation (with typical diameters of 150–2500 km), mesogranulation (5000–10000 km) and supergranulation (over 20000 km). Granules are typically considered as being signs of convective cells forming a hierarchic structure: supergranules would be thus fragmented in their uppermost layers into smaller mesogranules, which in turn would split into even smaller granules at their surface. The solar material would flow downward in dark "lanes" separating granules with the divisions between supergranules being the biggest concentrations of cold gas, analogous to rivers connecting smaller tributaries. It should however be stressed that this picture is highly speculative and might turn out to be false in the light of future discoveries. Recent studies show some evidence that mesogranulation was a ghost feature caused by averaging procedures.
# Shpresa Gjongecaj

Shpresa Gjongecaj Vangjeli (born 6 February 1952) is an Albanian archaeologist and numismatist, who was the Director of the Institute of Archaeology at the Academy of Albanological Studies from 2008 to 2013. She is the recipient of the Vermeil Token from the French Numismatic Society and was appointed a Corresponding Member of the Archaeological Institute of America, both in recognition of her scholarship and services to numismatics.

## Biography

Gjongecaj was born on 6 February 1952 in Tirana, Albania. She studied at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Tirana in 1969 and graduated in Classical Languages (Latin and Ancient Greek) in 1973. She later received specialized training in numismatics with Olivier Picard at the Sorbonne (Paris IV) and the French School at Athens, with Michel Amandry in the Medal Office in Paris, and with Giovani Gorini (gl) at the University of Padua. In 1983 she was awarded her doctorate, with a thesis entitled "Coins of Illyrian Cities", under the direction of Selim Islami (sq).
Since 1974 she has been professionally linked to the Institute of Archaeology at the Academy of Albanological Studies. In 1994 she held a Visiting Fellowship at the Heberden Coin Room at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Between 1999 and 2007 she was the head of the Department of Antiquities in the Institute of Archaeology at the Academy of Albanological Studies, and from 2008 to 2013 she was Director of the Institute of Archaeology.
Gjongecaj is also Professor of Numismatics at the University of Tirana and has participated in a number of archaeological expeditions and research projects. She led research on the Hija e Korbit Hoard, an assemblage of 618 silver coins. She has also worked on the Roman coins of Butrint, with Sam Moorhead and Richard Abdy. She has worked on coins from the prehistoric burial tumulus of Lofkënd in Albania.

## Recognition

* In 2000 she was awarded the Vermeil Token - the medal of the French Numismatic Society (fr).
* In 2010 she was appointed a Corresponding Member of the Archaeological Institute of America.

## Selected works
### Monographs

* Thesare me monedha antike të gjetura në Shqipëri (shek. V-I p.Kr) (Tirana, 2015).
* Trésors de monnaies antiques trouvés en Albanie (Ve-Ier siècle av. J.-C.), with O. Picard (École française d'Athènes, Athens, 2019).

### Articles

* (1995). "Le monnayage d'argent d'Égine et le trésor de Hollm (Albanie) 1991", with H. Nicolet-Pierre, in Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 119-1. Páxinas 283-338.
* (1998). "Le trésor de Dimalla 1973 et le passage du monnayage hellénistique au monnayage impérial à Apollonia d'Illyrie", with O. Picard, in Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 122-2. Páxinas 511-527.
* (2001). "Apollonia et le monnayage épirote: le trésor de Bakërr", with O. Picard, in Revue Numismatique, 157. Páxinas 323-249.
* (2003). "Monnaies d’Apollonia", with O. Picard, in Iliria, 31. Páxinas 259-266.
* (2010). "Le monnayage de Phoinikè sous l’empire romain", in Revue Numismatique, 166. Páxinas 383-396.
* (1998). Gjongecaj, Shpresa. "Le trésor de Kreshpan (Albanie)." Revue numismatique 6.153, 81-102.
# Lukhsky District

Lukhsky District (Russian: Лу́хский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Ivanovo Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 955 square kilometers (369 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a settlement) of Lukh. Population: 7,684 (2021 Census); 9,273 (2010 Census); 10,014 (2002 Census); 11,067 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Lukh accounts for 33.5% of the district's total population.
# Nofit

Nofit (Hebrew: נוֹפִית, lit. 'Scenic') is a community settlement in northern Israel. Located in the Lower Galilee, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 2,546.

## History

The beginnings of the village were with a group of eight families from Haifa and the Kerayot who were interested in establishing a community settlement in the Galilee. The initiator of the idea and the organizer of the group was architect Tzibi Springer who planned the village with a sustainable vision. The initiative was co-ordinated with the state, who approved the idea in 1982. Work on the infrastructure began in 1984, whilst the building of homes began in April 1986. The first residents (179 families) moved in on 9 November 1987. The village was initially named Pi Ner after Ludwig Piner, the head of the Rassco construction company, though it was later changed to Nofit.
# Sorry (2021 film)

Sorry is a 2021 stand-up comedy concert film by Louis C.K. The special was released on December 18, 2021 on C.K.'s website.

## Production

The show was shot in August 2021 at the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden.

## Release

The special was self-released by C.K. via his website, available for digital download or streaming for US$10. C.K. ran an advertisement for the special during a December broadcast for Saturday Night Live. C.K. has previously hosted SNL four times.

## Music

The special opens and closes with "Like a Rolling Stone" by Bob Dylan.

## Reception
### Critical reception

Lili Loufbourow of Slate reviewed that Sorry "isn't bad" and rated a B+ or C- among C.K.'s works, but lacks ambition. Loufbourow said that C.K. is "repeating a lot of themes you'll recognize from other specials" and that the way his "flirtations with the offensive and the taboo work" are less successful in light of his sexual misconduct.
Reviewing a live performance of the show at the Hulu Theatre in August, The Daily Beast's Katie Tamola lambasted it as an "insultingly unapologetic hour of material from a man who thinks that if he fits enough passive self-deprecation into his comedy, he can get away with pretty much anything". Tamola criticized jokes C.K. made about receiving sexual interest from younger women, and men being afraid of being accused of raping children. Tamola found the use of the slur faggot "uncomfortable".
Matthew Mahler of MovieWeb reviewed the special saying "His last specials have been accused of pandering to the alt-right, what with his criticism of the victims of the Parkland shooting, his rants against gender pronouns, and his bitterness toward the 'woke generation.' However, Sorry does something slightly different and actually thought-provoking rather than intentionally shocking, and has some truly hilarious moments."

### Analysis

According to some observers, the title ironically refers to allegations of sexual misconduct by C.K. that were made public in 2017. Academics in The Conversation wrote that C.K.'s statement in response to the incident lacked the word "sorry", so the special's title allowed "renewed criticism for a seemingly flippant treatment of the harm that he caused".

## Awards

C.K. was nominated for Best Comedy Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, but lost to Dave Chappelle for his stand up special The Closer.
# 2017 in Morocco

Events in the year 2017 in Morocco.

## Incumbents

* King: Mohammed VI
* President of the Government: Saadeddine Othmani

## Deaths

* 18 January – Hamza al Qadiri al Boutchichi, Sufi leader (b. 1922).
# John Iles

John Henry Iles OBE (17 September 1871 – 29 May 1951) was an English entrepreneur, musician and cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1890 and 1891.
In 1898, he acquired the British Bandsman magazine, and in 1900, he founded the National Brass Band Championships of Great Britain.
In 1919 - just before Christmas, Iles purchased the Hall-By-The-Sea in Margate, Kent previously run by Lord George Sanger. He paid £40,000 for the park but spent £500,000 developing his vision of an American style amusement park for Kent which he renamed Dreamland. Almost immediately in 1920 he built the iconic Scenic Railway, now a grade II* listed structure that is still in use and also the oldest rollercoaster in the UK.
He was master of the Worshipful Company of Musicians from 1932–3, and inaugurated the John Henry Iles medal in 1947. He was awarded an OBE in 1947 for services to the brass band movement.
# Vala Rud

Vala Rud (Persian: والارود, also Romanized as Vālā Rūd; also known as Bārī (Persian: باري ), Baro, and Bārow) is a village in Zanjanrud-e Bala Rural District, in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 482, in 127 families.
# Chandlerella

Chandlerella is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Onchocercidae.
The species of this genus are found in Malesia and Northern America.
Species:
* Chandlerella bosei (Chandler, 1924)
* Chandlerella hispanica Lopez Caballero, 1974
* Chandlerella quiscali
* Chandlerella sinensis Li, 1933
* Chandlerella stantschinskyi Gilbert, 1930
# Shurak, Shusef

Shurak (Persian: شورك, also Romanized as Shūraḵ) is a village in Shusef Rural District, Shusef District, Nehbandan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 47, in 9 families.
# Sophie Bruehmann

Sophie Bruehmann (born 15 June 1995) is a German female acrobatic gymnast. Along with her partner, Nikolai Rein, she competed in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.
# Gar Kandi, Sistan and Baluchestan

Gar Kandi (Persian: گار کندي, also Romanized as Gār Kandī and Gar Kandī; also known as Kār Gandī) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 69 families.
# Gnomic will

Gnomic will (Greek: Θἑλημα γνωμικόν, θέλησι γνωμική) is an Eastern Christian theological notion meaning spontaneous individual aspiration and movement of the mind.

## Overview

This notion belongs to Maximus the Confessor.
The term gnomic derives from the Greek gnome, meaning “inclination” or “intention”. Within Orthodox theology, gnomic willing is contrasted with natural willing. Natural willing designates the movement of a creature in accordance with the principle (logos (Greek: λόγος)) of its nature towards the fulfilment (telos (Greek: τέλος), stasis (Greek: στάσις)) of its being. Gnomic willing, on the other hand, designates that form of willing in which a person engages in a process of deliberation, culminating in a decision.
Within the theology of St. Maximus, which was endorsed by the Sixth Ecumenical Council in condemning monothelitism, Jesus Christ possessed no gnomic will. St. Maximus developed this claim, particularly in his Dialogue with Pyrrhus. According to St. Maximus, the process of gnomic willing presupposes that a person does not know what they want, so they must deliberate and choose between a range of choices. However, Jesus Christ, as both man and the second Person of the Trinity, possessed complete congruence of his two wills: the divine and the human. Therefore, St. Maximus reasoned that Jesus was never in a state of ignorance regarding what he wanted, and so he never engaged in gnomic willing.
Aristotle, a major philosophical influence on Maximus, in comparing the works of Nature with those of a human worker, had also declared that any process of deliberation, far from indicating superior intellect, is a sign of our weakness.
# Ravinder Singh (general)

Ravinder Singh s/o Harchand Singh PPA(E) PPA(P) is a Singaporean former major-general who served as Chief of Army between 2011 and 2014. He has been serving as the chief operating officer of ST Engineering since 2021.

## Education

Singh received the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Training Award (Academic) in 1983. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts (First Class Honours) and a Master of Arts in engineering science from the University of Oxford in 1986 and 1992 respectively. He was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces Postgraduate Scholarship in 1995. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996 with a Master of Science in management. He attended the Advanced Management programme in Wharton Business School.

## Military career

Singh enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in December 1982. He was commissioned as a signals officer in December 1986 and served in active duty with the United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) in Kuwait in 1991. In 1995, he attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. Throughout his military career, he has held various other appointments, including: Head, System Development Group; Commander, 2nd Singapore Infantry Brigade; Commander, 6th Division. In 2009, he retired from active military service as Chief of Staff, Joint Staff and transited to a civil servant as Deputy Secretary (Technology), Ministry of Defence.
In 2011, Singh was recalled back to active service and succeeded Chan Chun Sing as the Chief of Army on 25 March 2011 and held this appointment until 21 March 2014, when he was succeeded by Perry Lim. Singh, who is of Punjabi Indian descent and a Sikh by religion, is the first non-Chinese Singaporean to serve as the Chief of Army since 1982.

## Post-military career

Singh served as the president of ST Kinetics before his current appointment as the chief operating officer of ST Engineering, since 1 January 2021.

## Personal life

Singh is married to Kohila and they have two sons.

## Awards and decorations

* Public Administration Medal, (Gold) (Military) - PPA(E), in 2012.
* Public Administration Medal, (Silver) (Military) - PPA(P), in 2005.
* Long Service Medal (Military), in 2008.
* Singapore Armed Forces Long Service and Good Conduct (10 Years) Medal with 15 year clasp
* Singapore Armed Forces Good Service Medal
* Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Service Medal, in 1992
* United Nations Medal, in 1992.
* Knight Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand (2013)
# Cârțișoara

Cârțișoara (also Cârța Românească; German: Oberkerz; Hungarian: Kercisóra) is a commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Cârțișoara. Bâlea Lake is located on the territory of Cârțișoara.
The commune is located in the southeastern part of the county, 48 km (30 mi) from the county seat, Sibiu, and 38 km (24 mi) from Făgăraș. Cârțișoara is situated at the western edge of Țara Făgărașului, on the northern side of the Southern Carpathians, at the foot of the Făgăraș Mountains; it lies on the border with Argeș County and near the borders with Vâlcea and Brașov counties. The commune sits on the left bank of the river Cârțișoara, which flows south to north, discharging into the Olt River.
At the 2011 census, Cârțișoara had a population of 1,243 inhabitants, of which 96.3% were ethnic Romanians.

## Tourist attractions

* Badea Cârțan Museum
* Bâlea Lake
* Bâlea Lake Ice Hotel
* Bâlea Waterfall
* Cârțișoara Monastery [ro]
* Făgăraș Mountains
* Transfăgărășan
* Water mill

## Natives

* Badea Cârțan (1849–1911), shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania
# Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory

Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Era Estela de Sent Martòri) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
# Civita d'Antino

Civita d'Antino (Latin: Antinum) is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila, in the Abruzzo region of Central Italy.

## History

Antinum was a city of the Marsi: it is mentioned in ancient sources only by Pliny, who enumerates Antinum among the cities of the Marsi.
The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered in the modern village suggest that it must have been a municipal town of considerable importance. Besides these, there remain several portions of the ancient walls, of polygonal construction, with a gateway of the same style, which still serves for an entrance to the modern village, and is called Porta Campanile. The Roman inscriptions confirm the testimony of Pliny as to the city being a Marsic one (one of them has populi Antinatium Marsorum); but an Oscan inscription which has been found there is in the Volscian dialect, and renders it probable that the city was at an earlier period occupied by that people. It has been supposed by some writers to be the castellum ad lacum Fucinum mentioned by Livy as conquered from that people in 408 BCE, although this has been disputed.
# Tarazan-e Sofla

Tarazan-e Sofla (Persian: طرازان سفلي, also Romanized as Ţarāzān-e Soflá) is a village in Kuhgir Rural District, Tarom Sofla District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 245, in 73 families.
# Kiamari Railway Station

Kiamari Railway Station (Urdu: کیماڑی ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: ڪياماڙي ريلوي اسٽيشن) is located in Kiamari Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
# Church of San Juan Bautista (Arucas)

The Church of San Juan Bautista or Arucas Church, is a Catholic church located in the old town of Arucas, in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
Construction began on 19 March 1909, and took over 68 years. The church was opened for public worship in 1917, but the construction continued until 1977, when the church was completed. Due to the large dimensions, it is usually referred to as The Arucas Cathedral even though it is not a cathedral.
# Shaposhnikovo, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast

Shaposhnikovo (Russian: Шапошниково) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Vyshnederevensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 4 (2010 Census); 6 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located on the Malaya Loknya River (a left tributary of the Loknya in the Psel basin), 24 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 73 km south-west of Kursk, 25.5 km south of the district center – the town Lgov, 15.5 km from the selsoviet center – Vyshniye Derevenki.

### Climate

Shaposhnikovo has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Shaposhnikovo is located 22 km from the road of regional importance 38K-017 (Kursk – Lgov – Rylsk – border with Ukraine), 1.5 km from the road 38K-024 (Lgov – Sudzha), 16.5 km from the road 38K-030 (Rylsk – Korenevo – Sudzha), 4.5 km from the road of intermunicipal significance 38Н-564 (38K-030 – Kauchuk – 38K-024), 2 km from the nearest (closed) railway halt Anastasyevka (railway line Lgov I — Podkosylev).
The rural locality is situated 80 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 127 km from Belgorod International Airport and 279 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Hirok railway station

Hirok Railway Station (Urdu: ہیروک ریلوے اسٹیشن, Balochi: ہیروک ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Hirok village, Kachhi district of Balochistan province of the Pakistan.
# Nikos Katsavakis

Nikos Katsavakis (Greek: Νίκος Κατσαβάκης; born 16 May 1979) is a retired Greek and Cypriot footballer. He last played as a defender for Panserraikos and aspires to become a professional football trainer, like his father Makis Katsavakis. Nikos Katsavakis has one cap with the Cyprus national football team.

## Career

Born in Serres, Katsavakis began playing football with local side Serres 85. He joined Greek Superleague side Veria F.C. in July 1996. He joined Kavala F.C. the next season, and would appear in 14 Greek Superleague matches for the club.
# Bujji Ila Raa

Bujji Ila Raa is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Garudavega Anji and starring Dhanraj, Sunil, Chandini Tamilarasan and Srikanth Iyengar. The music was composed by Sai Karthik. The film was released on 2 September 2022.

## Cast

* Dhanraj as CI Keshava Naidu
* Sunil as CI Mohammad Khayyam
* Chandini Tamilarasan as Keshava's wife
* Srikanth Iyengar as Keshava's father-in-law
* Bhupal Raju as SI SK Rafiq Basha
* Posani Krishna Murali
* Raja Ravindra as Doctor
* Temper Vamsi
* Venu
* DS Rao
* Ananth
* Akella
* Satya Krishnan as school Headmistress
* Kamal
* Veera Shankar
* Chillara Ram Nagarjuna
* Kartik
* Swamy

## Reception

A critic from The Times of India wrote that the film "would appeal to lovers of psychological crime thrillers. The movie's first half captivates and intrigues, ending on a high with an interval bang. But the second half turned out to be an overdose of psychotic behaviour and gory violence". A critic from Cinema Express wrote that "Overall, Bujji Ila Raa is an engaging thriller that rises above its cliches. The film largely benefits from its solid performances and effective twists and turns. It is definitely a worthy watch for the ones who enjoy watching slow burner suspense thrillers". Subhash K. Jha of Firstpost wrote that "Between the theatrical performances and obstreperous plot points that scream for attention, Bujji Ila Raa feels like an exercise in savage self-abuse".
# Turgon, Charente

Turgon (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Turgont) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
# Pennautier

Pennautier (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Puègnautièr) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

## Population

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Pennautierois in French.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 1,214 | — |
| 1800 | 1,230 | +0.19% |
| 1806 | 1,229 | −0.01% |
| 1821 | 1,198 | −0.17% |
| 1831 | 1,214 | +0.13% |
| 1836 | 1,292 | +1.25% |
| 1841 | 1,262 | −0.47% |
| 1846 | 1,263 | +0.02% |
| 1851 | 1,215 | −0.77% |
| 1856 | 1,165 | −0.84% |
| 1861 | 1,135 | −0.52% |
| 1866 | 1,190 | +0.95% |
| 1872 | 1,148 | −0.60% |
| 1876 | 1,160 | +0.26% |
| 1881 | 1,194 | +0.58% |
| 1886 | 1,167 | −0.46% |
| 1891 | 1,124 | −0.75% |
| 1896 | 1,084 | −0.72% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 1,104 | +0.37% |
| 1906 | 1,070 | −0.62% |
| 1911 | 1,040 | −0.57% |
| 1921 | 1,016 | −0.23% |
| 1926 | 1,004 | −0.24% |
| 1931 | 1,053 | +0.96% |
| 1936 | 1,104 | +0.95% |
| 1946 | 1,014 | −0.85% |
| 1954 | 1,006 | −0.10% |
| 1962 | 1,076 | +0.84% |
| 1968 | 1,245 | +2.46% |
| 1975 | 1,275 | +0.34% |
| 1982 | 1,375 | +1.08% |
| 1990 | 1,936 | +4.37% |
| 1999 | 2,253 | +1.70% |
| 2007 | 2,443 | +1.02% |
| 2012 | 2,454 | +0.09% |
| 2017 | 2,554 | +0.80% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Sights

* Épanchoir de Foucaud
* Canal du Midi
# Angelochori

Angelochori (Greek: Αγγελοχώρι) is a village in the municipal unit of Thermaikos, in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. It is located to the east of Cape Megalo Embolo (Μεγάλο έμβολο), at an average elevation of 16 meters above the sea level.