OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sadayavarman Kulasekaran I

Sadayavarman Kulasekaran I (Tamil:முதலாம் சடையவர்மன் குலசேகரன்) was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1190–1216.

## Accession and background

Kulasekaran acceded to the Pandyan throne after his father Vikkirama Pandyan in 1190. Vikkirama Pandyan had gained the throne of Madurai with the help of Kulothunga Chola III. Kulothunga had defeated the rebellion of Vira Pandyan and his Sri Lankan allies and awarded the throne to Vikkirama Pandyan. Vikkiraman's son Kulasekaran became the ruler in 1190. He was a brother-in-law of the Chera prince Kothai Ravivarman.

## War and defeat

Kulasekaran was a vassal of the Chola empire. When Kulothunga was warring with Hoysalas in the north, he refused to pay tribute to the Cholas. This led to a Chola invasion in retribution. In 1205, the Chola armies defeated the Pandyan army and sacked Madurai. The ancient coronation hall of Pandyan kings was destroyed, the remains plowed with asses and sowed with weeds. Inscriptions found at Kudimiyanmalai and Cheranur give graphic descriptions of the invasion and the sacking of Madurai. Kulasekaran and his younger brothers fled Madurai to the Palai (desert wastes) lands. The invaders looted Madurai and distributed the wealth to the destitute. Kulothunga performed a Virabhishekam (tribute of bravery) and crowned himself as Thiribhuvana veeran (Lord of Three Worlds). Kulasekaran surrendered to Kulothunga with his wife and son. Kulothunga acknowledged the surrender and gave his kingdom back. Madurai remained under Chola dominance until 1216. These excesses of Kulothunga directly led to the later Pandyan reprisal under Kulasekaran's younger brother and successor Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I.

## Distinction from other Kulasekarans

There are records of at least three later Pandyan kings bearing the same name Jatavarman Kulasekaran. This king is identified and distinguished using his meikeerthi which starts with the words poovin kizhathi (Tamil: பூவின் கிழத்தி). He is the Kulasekaran who donated the village "Rajaghambeeera Chathurvedi Mangalaam" to 1080 Brahmins in 1214
# Garvestone

Garvestone (or Garveston) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Garvestone, Reymerston and Thuxton, in the Breckland district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is located 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south-east of Dereham and 7 miles (11 km) north-west of Wymondham, on the upper reaches of the River Yare.

## History

Garveston's name is of Anglo-Saxon and Viking origin, and derives from an amalgamation of the Old English and Old Norse for ‘Geirulfr's settlement or farmstead’.
In the Domesday Book of 1086, Garveston is listed as a settlement of 27 households in the hundred of Mitford. In 1086, the village was part of the East Anglian estates of Henry de Ferrers.

## Geography

According to the 2011 Census, the parish of Garvestone, Reymerston and Thuxton has a population of 660 residents living in 285 households. Furthermore, the parish has a total area of 5.61 square miles (14.5 km$^2$).
Garvestone falls within the constituency of Mid Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by George Freeman MP of the Conservative Party. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.

## St. Margaret's Church

Garvestone's church tower dates from the fourteenth century and is built in the Perpendicular style. The font dates from the sixteenth century. There is a stained-glass window depicting the crucifixion of Christ which dates from the 1890s.

## Civil parish

On 1 April 1935 the parishes of Reymerston and Thuxton were merged with Garveston, on 4 August 1999 the merged parish was renamed "Garvestone, Reymerston & Thuxton". In 1931 the parish of Garveston (prior to the merge) had a population of 265.

## Notable residents

* Edward Wright (1561–1615) – English mathematician and cartographer

## War memorial

The war memorial for Garvestone and Thuxton takes the form of a rough-hewn stone cross with a two-stepped plinth, located in St. Margaret's Churchyard. The memorial lists the following men for both villages for the First World War:
* L-Cpl. Sidney E. Jowlings (1894–1917), 7th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Gnr. Algernon H. Easlea (1886–1918), 99th (Siege) Bty., Royal Garrison Artillery
* Pvt. George Stocking (d.1916), 2nd Bn., Royal Berkshire Regiment
* Pvt. Colin L. Whitehand (1899–1918), 8th Bn., East Surrey Regiment
* Percy Howard
* Harry Newson
* W. Read
* Jesse Ward
And, the following for the Second World War:
* Pvt. C. George Softley (1919–1943), 4th Bn., Royal Norfolk Regt.
* Pvt. Robert Frost (1906–1940), Royal Pioneer Corps
* Ernest Greenwood
* James Mann
* George Richardson
# Old Tai Po Police Station

The Old Tai Po Police Station is a former Hong Kong police station at the top of Tai Po Wan Tau Tong Hill. It is located at No. 11 Wan Tau Kok Lane, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, near the Old District Office North.

## History

The Old Tai Po Police Station was built in 1899, shortly after the British leased the New Territories in 1898. It was the first police station and police headquarters in the New Territories. It is said to have been built at the site of the British flag raising ceremony which marked the official British takeover of the New Territories. It operated as a police station until the new district police station of Tai Po started its service in 1987.

## Conservation

The Old Tai Po Police Station was listed as a Grade II historic building from 1988 to 2021. In 2008, it was part of the seven buildings of Batch I of the Hong Kong Government's Revitalising Historic Buildings Through Partnership Scheme seeking adaptive reuse of government-owned historic buildings. The project was awarded by UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards in 2016 with honourable mention. The Old Tai Po Police Station was declared a monument on 16 July 2021.
# Lyambirsky District

Lyambirsky District (Russian: Ля́мбирский райо́н; Erzya: Лямбирьбуе, Lämbiŕbuje; Moksha: Лямбирень аймак, Lämbireń ajmak; Tatar: Ләмберә районы, Lämberä rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is located in the northern and central parts of the republic. The area of the district is 852 square kilometers (329 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Lyambir. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 34,142, with the population of Lyambir accounting for 24.8% of that number.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Lyambirsky District is one of the twenty-two in the republic. The district is divided into sixteen selsoviets which comprise seventy rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Lyambirsky Municipal District. Its sixteen selsoviets are incorporated into sixteen rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Lyambir serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.
# Vilanova d'Alcolea

Vilanova d'Alcolea (Spanish: Villanueva de Alcolea) is a municipality in the province of Castelló, Valencian Community, Spain. The town is located inland 36 km northeast of the town of Castelló de la Plana, on the north of the Valencian Community. It is a rural dryland farming town surrounded by vineyards as well as olive, almond and carob trees.

## History

Historically Vilanova d'Alcolea used to depend from Les Coves de Vinromà and, after the Moorish time to Blasco de Alagón, then in 1245 to the Knights of Calatrava and in 1295 to the Knights Templar. Finally from the year 1319 onwards it fell under the protection of the Knights of Montesa. Until the 19th century neighboring La Torre d'en Doménec depended from the Vilanova d'Alcolea parish.

## Airport

The airport of Castelló de la Plana, Aeroport de Castelló - Costa Azahar, has been built 2 km south of this town. Despite having been completed in 2011, the airport is still not in operation because of doubts about its viability for Valencia's Manises airport is relatively near to Castelló. Some groups that were concerned about the ecology of the region have questioned both the location and the need for the airport, but it was built nonetheless.

## Villages

* Església de Sant Bartomeu (Vilanova d'Alcolea)Vilanova d'Alcolea
* Mas de Calaf
* Els Pasqualets
# Milovka

Milovka (Russian: Миловка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Milovsky Selsoviet, Ufimsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 2,767 as of 2010. There are 68 streets.

## Geography

Milovka is located 16 km northwest of Ufa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zaton is the nearest rural locality.
# Jürgen Luczak

Jürgen Luczak (born 28 November 1943) is a German wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 63 kg at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Peoples' Aman Committee

The Peoples' Aman Committee (Urdu: پیپلز امن کمیٹی) was an alleged militant group tied to the Pakistan People's Party and based in Karachi, Pakistan. The PAC was founded by the infamous Karachi gangster Rehman Dakait in 2008 and is accused of being involved in organized crime and gang wars. After Rehman's death in 2009, leadership of the group was taken over by Uzair Baloch.
The PAC is avowedly a support group for the Pakistan Peoples Party, the ruling party in Pakistan from 2008 until the 2013 elections.
The organization initially only served Lyari, but soon offices were set up in other Baloch populated neighbourhoods of Karachi, such as Dalmiya (Shantinagar), Malir, Gadap, Old Golimar, Mawach Goth, and even in some nearby town and villages in Sindh and Balochistan.
The PAC has a bitter rivalry with the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) in the city of Karachi. In March 2011, the PAC agreed to disband after its parent organization the Pakistan Peoples Party was pressured by its then allies, the MQM. Despite being officially defunct, the organization continues to function de facto on the ground.

## Prohibition

On October 11, 2011, the PAC was banned under Clause (11/B) of Anti-terrorism Act 1997.
The Sindh Home Ministry, after issuing its notification also directed the law enforcement agencies to monitor PAC activities.
The home ministry notification outlaws establishment of PAC offices and restricts its activities anywhere in the province.
# Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim

Rabbinic literature :
Talmud Readers by Adolf Behrman :
Talmudic literature :
Halakhic Midrash :
Aggadic Midrash :
Targum :
vte :
The Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim (Hebrew: מכילתא לספר דברים, lit. 'collection of rules of interpretation for the Book of Deuteronomy') is a halakhic midrash to Deuteronomy from the school of Rabbi Ishmael which is no longer extant. No midrash by this name is mentioned in Talmudic literature, nor do the medieval authors refer to such a work. Although Maimonides says, "R. Ishmael explained from 've-eleh shemot' to the conclusion of the Torah, that is, the Mekhilta," he did not see this midrash, which also includes Deuteronomy, since he does not quote any Mekhilta passages to that book of the Pentateuch in his Sefer ha-Mitzvot, although he draws upon the halakhic midrashim in discussing most of the commandments. Maimonides probably knew, therefore, merely through an old tradition which he had heard that such a midrash by R. Ishmael existed.

## Evidence in favor of its existence

But there are other circumstances which prove that there was once such a work. Many midrashic baraitot to Deuteronomy are introduced in the Talmud with the words "Tena debei R. Yishmael," and may be recognized in form and substance as R' Ishmael's midrashim. Bava Batra 124b quotes a passage to a verse in Deuteronomy from the "She'ar Sifre devei Rav," a term by which the Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael is designated. This clearly indicates that there was a midrash to Deuteronomy by R. Ishmael at the period of the Amoraim.
This work, which was called also "Mekhilta," disappeared at an early date, and was therefore unknown to the medieval authors. The editor of the Midrash ha-Gadol, however, knew it and included many passages from it in his collection. The citations from R. Ishmael's Mekhilta to Deuteronomy which are contained in the Midrash ha-Gadol have been collected by David Zvi Hoffmann and printed under the title Liḳḳuṭe Mekilta: Collectaneen aus einer Mechilta and separately under the title Liḳḳuṭe Batar Liḳḳuṭe: Neue Collectaneen aus einer Mechilta zu Deuteronomium. It appears from these passages that this midrash contained much valuable material from the earlier halakic exegetes. Especially noteworthy is the statement that R. Simon Gamaliel, together with R. Johanan b. Zakkai, addressed a circular letter to the Galileans and other communities, a statement which certainly antedates the parallel passage in Tosefta, Sanh. 2:6.
Hoffmann's collection of extracts from the Mekhilta includes also many quotations from Maimonides' Yad. Aside from the passages included in the Midrash ha-Gadol, some fragments of the Mekhilta have been preserved in the Cairo Genizah; these were discovered by S. Schechter and published by him in the J. Q. R.

## Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography

* D. Hoffmann, Zur Einleitung in die Halachischen Midraschim, p. 77, Berlin, 1887;
* idem, Ueber eine Mechilta zu Deuteronomium, in Jubelschrift zum Siebzigsten Geburtstag des Dr. Isr. Hildesheimer, German part, pp. 83–98, Berlin, 1890.
# Alexeyevsk, Irkutsk Oblast

Alexeyevsk (Russian: Алексеевск) is an urban locality (urban-type settlement) in Kirensky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,529 (2010 Census); 3,164 (2002 Census); 3,685 (1989 Soviet census).
# Arłamów Airfield

Arłamów Airfield (Polish: Lotnisko Krajna) (ICAO: EPAR) is a former government aerodrome in Arłamów, in the extreme southeast of Poland (near the Ukraine border), in gmina Bircza. The site is often referred to as Łodzinka Górna, Krajna, Trójca or Łomna (after nearby villages).

## History

The aerodrome was built in the late 1970s in the vicinity of a secret, luxurious, recreational complex called Arłamów. This exclusive, highly protected complex was situated in the midst of a heavily forested area that was accessible only with difficulty. Since it was highly popular among the chief representatives of the Polish Communist government, easy access to the facilities was badly needed, from which the concept of building a nearby airfield emerged.
Finding a suitable place for the aerodrome was not an easy task, since the surrounding terrain was hilly and densely forested. Finally, the engineers found a plateau on the grounds of the war-torn village of Krajna, 10 km NW of Arłamów. A 1193 m long and 35 m wide concrete/bitumen runway was built, thus enabling the party and government officials to land safely in propeller aircraft and small jets. Since the Arłamów complex also hosted special international guests arriving in big jets, they were instead flown to Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport and then driven to Arłamów.
Beside the runway, an apron was built, but no terminal was needed—the arriving officials were immediately picked up by limousines and driven to the hotel. The runway's direction is 16/34 at an elevation of 441 metres.
Since the collapse of the Iron Curtain, Arłamów and the airfield were both dissolved. In recent years the complex has re-opened as a tourist attraction. Arłamów Airfield is still there and in fairly good condition, but it is not maintained nor supervised. It is occasionally used for sport aviation, and chartered tourist flights, but landings are performed at one's own risk. More often, the runway is occupied by car-borne speed drivers.

### Russo-Ukrainian War

In February 2022, US Troops from the 82nd Airborne Division landed at Arłamów airport and established a temporary base to defend NATO territory during the Russo-Ukrainian war. While it is not clear whether the airport has been used as a transit point for NATO equipment being sent to Ukraine, its proximity to the Ukrainian border (11 km) and the city of Lviv (110 km) make it the closest US Military base to the warzone. The US military has regularly conducted exercises at the airport with NATO allies throughout the course of the conflict.
# Baeothele

Baeothele is a monospecific genus of ovoviviparous velvet worm containing the single species Baeothele saukros. This species has 15 pairs of legs in both sexes. The type locality of this species is Wollemi National Park, New South Wales, Australia.
# Borovnička

Borovnička (German: Klein Borowitz) is a municipality and village in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

## Notable people

* Naďa Urbánková (1939–2023), singer and actress; grew up here
# Ludgershall railway station, Wiltshire

Ludgershall railway station served the town of Ludgershall in Wiltshire, England from 1882 to 1961.

## History

The station was opened on 1 May 1882, on the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway. By 1894, the operator was the Midland and South Western Junction Railway, running services between Cheltenham and Southampton. In 1901, a branch from Ludgershall was built to serve Tidworth Camp, carrying military personnel, and was opened to the public in 1902. In 1943 a short spur was added to serve the military depot at Ludgershall, to the south of the main road.
As a whole, traffic on the M&SWJR fell steeply after the Second World War. The station closed to passengers in 1961, along with the northern section of the line up to Swindon, while the branch to Tidworth closed to passengers in 1955, and fully closed in 1963. The spur at Ludgershall and line south to Andover remain open, to allow the Army to transport tanks and other equipment to and from the depot and onwards to the Salisbury Plain Training Area. There is a level crossing on Tidworth Road.

## Possible reopening

Ludgershall Town Council and the pressure group Railfuture have been campaigning for the line between Ludgershall and Andover to be reopened for passenger services, due to the growth in population in Tidworth.

## Routes

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Collingbourne Line and station closed | Midland and South Western Junction Railway Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway | Weyhill Line and station closed |
# FC Hirnyk Rovenky

FC Hirnyk Rovenky (Ukrainian: Футбольний клуб «Гірник») was a Ukrainian football club from Rovenky, Luhansk Oblast. The club was formerly known as FC Avanhard Rovenky.

## History
### Main club

Some trace its history back to 1924 when there was created the first football club in the city as the 1.RFC "Krasny Gornyak". However, Avanhard is better known since 1946 when the team started to compete under the flag of Voluntary Sports Society (VSS) Shakhter. In 1957 Several such societies in Ukraine were merged as the VSS Avanhard. In Soviet Union Avanhard Rovenky mostly competed in regional competitions or competitions among the society's members. In 1968 the club was included in competitions of masters category which is today referred to professionals.
The club once again appeared in the Ukrainian professional competitions after the fall of Soviet Union where it competed for some 10 years. At the end of 2003 Avahard Rovenky went through some financial difficulties and merged with another amateur club FC Inter Luhansk into FC Avanhard-Inter Luhansk, but soon it merged again with FC Molnia Sieverodonetsk. Since then FC Avanhard-Inter Luhansk was playing in Sieverodonetsk, while most of its squad were players of Molnia. After the 2003–2004 season, Molnia recovered its name replacing FC Avanhard-Inter Luhansk in the league.

### Shakhtar Rovenky

On 2 March 1995 at the Frunze Mine of Rovenky-Antratsyt was organized another team Shakhtar Rovenky that in 1995 became a champion of the Luhansk Oblast Championship and participated in national amateur competitions. Out of Luhansk on the post of head coach was invited Yevhen Kotylevskyi who previously worked at the Luhansk School of Olympic Reserve (UOR Luhansk). Most of players were from Luhansk except for couple of local footballers.
The team did not exist long and after playing 10 games in the 1996 Luhansk Oblast Championship withdrew from all competitions and was dissolved.

## Honours

* Ukrainian Second League
** Winners: 1996–97 (group)
* Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR/Ukraine among KFK/amateurs
** Winners (2): 1967, 1993–94 (group)
** Runners-up: 1992–93
* Donbas Football Championship (Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts)
** Runners-up: 2013
* Luhansk Oblast Football Championship
** Winners (6): 1964, 1966, 1967, 1983, 1989, 2012
** Runners-up (3): 1949, 1980, 1992

## League and cup history

    Season Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Domestic Cup Europe Notes
# Pearsonema

Pearsonema is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Capillariidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
* Pearsonema feliscati (Diesing, 1851)
* Pearsonema mucronata (Molin, 1858)
# Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Dzerzhinsky District (Russian: Дзержи́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,290 square kilometers (500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kondrovo. Population: 56,470 (2021 Census); 60,377 (2010 Census); 61,159 (2002 Census); 59,599 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kondrovo accounts for 27.9% of the district's total population.

## Administrative and municipal status

Administratively, the district is not divided into smaller units and has direct jurisdiction over 1 town (Kondrovo), 3 settlements of urban type, and 163 rural localities. Municipally, the territory of the district is incorporated as Dzerzhinsky Municipal District.
# S. V. China Appala Naidu

Sambangi Venkatachina Appala Naidu (born 1955) is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of 15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly from Bobbili Assembly constituency.

## Early life

Appala Naidu hails from Pakki village in Bobbili mandal, Vizianagaram district. He belongs to Backward Class community of Koppala Velama. His father Surapu Naidu is a farmer. He studied intermediate(plus two) and later completed his graduation.

## Career

He began his political career as a village sarpanch in 1976. Following the call given by late chief minister NT Ramarao, he joined Telugu Desam Party and became an MLA for the first time in 1983. He won as MLA again in 1994 and was made the government whip in 1995. After winning the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election on YSRCP ticket, he was made as the pro tem speaker and administered oath to all the 175 MLAs.
# Kisvejke

Kisvejke (German: Deitschwecke) is a village in Tolna County, Hungary.
Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants were Roman Catholic Danube Swabians, also locally called Stifulder, because the majority of their ancestors once arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (district). Most of the former German settlers were expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria between 1945 and 1948 after the Potsdam Agreement. As a result, only a few Germans live there; the majority today are the descendants of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange.
The Stifolder or Stiffoller are a Roman Catholic Subgroup of the Danube Swabians. Their ancestors arrived between 1717 and 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in Baranya and Tolna. They hold their own German Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect and culture, and have a salami after them.