OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Haviq Rural District

Haviq Rural District (Persian: دهستان حویق), is in Haviq District of Talesh County, Gilan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Haviq.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 11,201 in 2,550 households. There were 9,247 inhabitants in 2,487 households at the census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 9,826 in 2,934 households. The most populous of its 36 villages was Herandan, with 2,971 people.
# Kal Kalab

Kal Kalab (Persian: كل كلاب, also Romanized as Kal Kalāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 182, in 31 families.
# Lucy Stedman Lamson

Lucy Stedman Lamson (June 19, 1857 – September 2, 1926) was an American businesswoman and educator.
In 1918, the music in the 30 grade schools of Tacoma, Washington was under the supervision of Lamson, prominently known through the Northwest as a director of public school music. Cooperating with her in her work were the 300 teachers of the grade schools, where the following threefold system-plan was established by Lamson: sight singing and the singing of two, three- and four-part standard choruses; a thorough knowledge of the patriotic and best war songs; and organized chorus of children to lead in a series of community "sings", assisted by a local orchestra and soloists.
Stedman made a fortune in buying and selling real estate in Washington state. Her career stood out in defiance of the tradition in her era of women's inefficiency in money and business matters. Her home became one of the landmarks of Tacoma.

## Early life and education

Lucy Stedman Lamson was born in Albany, New York, June 19, 1857. Her father, Homer B. Lamson, was a lawyer of note, who died in 1876. Her mother, Caroline Francis Brayton Lamson, was a woman of culture and died at an early age, leaving three children, Lucy S., Hattie B. and William Ford.
Lamson was educated in a private school and in the public schools of Albany. She was a student of the Albany High School for one year and attended the Adams Collegiate Institute, Adams, New York, four years, where she was graduated in 1874.

## Career

After graduation, she taught in the public schools of Adams, Cape Vincent, Albany, and Brooklyn, New York, and Tacoma, Washington. In 1886, she was graduated from the State Normal School in Albany, New York (now, University at Albany, SUNY, and in the following year, she studied with special teachers in New York City.
In September, 1888, she accepted a position in the Annie Wright Seminary, Tacoma. During 1888 and 1889, much excitement prevailed in regard to land speculations, and Lamson, not being in possession of funds, borrowed them and purchased city lots, which she sold at a profit. In March, 1889, she filed a timber claim and a pre-emption in Skamania County, Washington, and in June, in the beginning of the summer vacation, she moved her household goods to her pre-emption, and, accompanied by a young Norwegian woman, commenced the six months' residence required by the government to obtain the title to the land. The claim was situated 9 miles (14 km) above Cape Horn, Washougal River, a branch of the Columbia River. Having complied with the law and gained possession of the timber claim and pre-emption, Lamson sold both at an advantage and invested the proceeds in real estate. In September, 1890, she accepted a position in the Tacoma High School. She had charge of 160 pupils in vocal music, elocution, and physical culture, and instructed the city teachers, 110 in all, in music and gymnastics.

## Personal life

In the fall of 1890, she built a small house in the northern part of Tacoma, which she made her home.
She died in Tacoma, September 2, 1926, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York.
# Black pitohui

The black pitohui (Melanorectes nigrescens) is a species of bird in the monotypic genus of Melanorectes in the family Pachycephalidae. It is found throughout the highlands of New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The black pitohui was originally described in the genus Rectes (a synonym for the genus Pitohui) and re-classified to Melanorectes in 2013. Alternate names include black whistler and dusky pitohui.

### Subspecies

The following six subspecies are recognized:
* M. n. nigrescens – (Schlegel, 1871): Found in northwestern New Guinea
* M. n. wandamensis – (Hartert, 1930): Found in the Wandammen Peninsula (western New Guinea)
* M. n. meeki – (Rothschild & Hartert, 1913): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Pitohui. Found in west-central New Guinea
* M. n. buergersi – (Stresemann, 1922): Found in northern and east-central New Guinea
* M. n. harterti – Reichenow, 1911: Originally described as a separate species. Found in northeastern New Guinea
* M. n. schistaceus – (Reichenow, 1900): Found in southeastern New Guinea
# Institute for Balkan Studies (Greece)

The Institute for Balkan Studies (Greek: Ίδρυμα Mελετών Xερσονήσου του Aίμου), known by the acronym IMXA, is a Thessaloniki-based institution specialized in Balkan studies. The institution's activities include researching aspects of the Balkans, publishing scholarly studies and periodicals, organising conferences and academic meetings, teaching Balkan languages, and Greek courses for non-speakers. It was founded in March 1953, as a branch of the Society for Macedonian Studies. It became a private legal entity in 1974, supported by the Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs. The governing board is presided by professor Kalliopi Koufa, while the director is professor Basil Kondis. It is co-funded by the ERDF (80%) and the Greek government.

## Publications

IMXA publishes the annual journal Balkan Studies ISSN 2241-1674, its main organ, since 1960, and also "Valkanika Symmeikta" since 1980.
# Dormah Kola

Dormah Kola (Persian: درمه كلا, also Romanized as Dormah Kolā; also known as Dormah Kolā-ye Bālā) is a village in Bala Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 275, in 76 families.
# Ripollès

Ripollès (Catalan pronunciation:; Spanish: Ripollés) is a comarca (county) in the Girona region, Catalonia, Spain. It is located in the Ribes and Camprodon river valleys. In 2001, its population was 25,744, about 40% of whom lived in the capital, Ripoll.
Ripollès borders the comarques of Baixa Cerdanya, Berguedà, Lluçanès, Osona, Garrotxa, and – across the border in France – Vallespir, Conflent, and Alta Cerdanya.

## Municipalities

| Municipality | Population(2014) | Areakm$^2$ |
| Campdevànol | 3,395 | 32.6 |
| Campelles | 132 | 18.6 |
| Camprodon | 2,359 | 103.4 |
| Gombrèn | 195 | 43.3 |
| Llanars | 509 | 24.7 |
| Les Llosses | 211 | 114.0 |
| Molló | 339 | 43.1 |
| Ogassa | 245 | 45.2 |
| Pardines | 155 | 31.0 |
| Planoles | 300 | 18.8 |
| Queralbs | 182 | 93.5 |
| Ribes de Freser | 1,859 | 41.9 |
| Ripoll | 10,751 | 73.7 |
| Sant Joan de les Abadesses | 3,413 | 53.7 |
| Sant Pau de Segúries | 674 | 8.7 |
| Setcases | 195 | 49.1 |
| Toses | 150 | 57.9 |
| Vallfogona de Ripollès | 215 | 39.2 |
| Vilallonga de Ter | 421 | 64.2 |
| • Total: 19 | 25,700 | 956.6 |
# Kani Guzlah

Kani Guzlah (Persian: كاني گوزله, also Romanized as Kānī Gūzlah; also known as Kānī Kūzlah) is a village in Akhtachi-ye Mahali Rural District, Simmineh District, Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 111, in 22 families.
# Kempston Rural

Kempston Rural is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England.

## History

Kempston Rural was formed in 1896 when the old parish of Kempston was split into two parts - Kempston Urban District (now the town of Kempston), and Kempston Rural parish.
Historically Kempston was a large but lightly populated parish, with a decentralised population pattern. The typical parish in pre-Industrial England had one main village, perhaps complemented by a few hamlets, but in Kempston the settlement around the church - Church End - has never had more than a dozen or so houses, so it has never dominated the parish. When urban growth arrived in Kempston in the 19th century it was concentrated in the eastern parts of the parish, around the neighbouring ends of East End and Up End (i.e. the area around the High Street and St John Street) and in Kempston New Town, close to the boundary of Bedford.

## Geography

Kempston Rural is to the west of the town of Kempston, and comprises approximately the western half of the historical ecclesiastical parish of Kempston. The parish includes the small hamlets ("ends" in local parlance) of Box End, Church End, Gibraltar, Green End, West End and Wood End. These five ends each have a dozen or more houses, up to a hundred or so, with Box End and Wood End being the largest and most identifiable of the settlements.
The narrow south western extension of the parish was once known as Bourne End or Kempston Bourne, but the hamlet is now represented only by Meadow Farm. Other semi-forgotten "ends" in Kempston Rural - now represented by just a house or two - include Crow End and Littleworth End, in the Western part of the parish, and Moor End and Mill End, both of which lie to the north of Box End, towards Bromham.
Not all of "rural" Kempston is in Kempston Rural: there is one "end" of the old parish - Kempston Hardwick - which is now within the boundaries of the Stewartby civil parish, and the rural land either side of Ridge Road at the Bury and Bell End Farm, is in Kempston Urban.
All Saints' Church at Church End, was originally the parish church for the whole of Kempston, and is the most notable historical building in either part of Kempston.

## Governance

There are two tiers of local government covering Kempston Rural at civil parish and unitary authority level: Kempston Rural Parish Council and Bedford Borough Council. The parish council meets at the Church Hall in Church End.
For local election purposes Kempston Rural is in Turvey Ward, which also includes the civil parishes of Stagsden and Turvey. The area is represented on Bedford Borough Council by Mark Smith, elected in May 2007.
# Said Kandi, Zanjan

Said Kandi (Persian: سعيدكندي, also Romanized as Sa‘īd Kandī; also known as Saiyid Kandi, Seytkendi, and Seyyed Kandī) is a village in Bughda Kandi Rural District, in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. In the 2006 census, its population was 205, in 43 families.
# Dobříň

Dobříň (German: Doberschin) is a municipality and village in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Dobříň lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of Litoměřice, 31 km (19 mi) south-east of Ústí nad Labem, and 40 km (25 mi) north of Prague.
# Gent per Formentera

Gent per Formentera (English: People for Formentera, GxF), is a political grouping of the island of Formentera that appeared in 2007 to contest the elections to the Island Council of Formentera and the elections to the Parliament of the Balearic Islands (in coalition with PSIB). They describe themselves as a left-wing, environmentalist and nationalist party dedicated to fulfilling the specific needs of the island.

## History

In the 2007 Island Council elections, GxF was the most voted party, obtaining five councilors. This result, along with a post-election pact with the two councilors of the PSIB, resulted in the GxF leader Jaume Ferrer Ribas becoming president of the newly formed Island Council of Formentera. In the 2011 election, GxF obtained six island councilors, returning the incumbent insular government to power. The group also won the regional deputy of the island of Formentera for the Parliament of the Balearic Islands. In 2015, GxF won the election in the Island Council by absolute majority and retained its sole representative in the regional Parliament.

## Electoral performance
### Parliament of the Balearic Islands

| Date | Votes | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Status | Size | Notes |
| Date | # | % | ±pp | # | ± | Status | Size | Notes |
| 2007 | 1,456 | 0.4% | +0.1 | 0 / 59 | 0 | N/A | * | |
| 2011 | 1,904 | 0.5% | +0.1 | 1 / 59 | 1 | Opposition | * | |
| 2015 | 2,006 | 0.5% | ±0.0 | 1 / 59 | 0 | Opposition | * | government support |
| 2019 | 2,036 | 0.5% | ±0.0 | 1 / 59 | 0 | Opposition | ** | government support |
| 2023 | 1,679 | 0.4% | –0.1 | 0 / 59 | 1 | N/A | * | |
* * Within People for Formentera+PSOE
* ** Within People for Formentera+PSOE+EUIB

### Island Council of Formentera

| Date | Votes | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Status | Size |
| Date | # | % | ±pp | # | ± | Status | Size |
| 2007 | 1,134 | 32.8% | – | 5 / 13 | – | Government | 1st |
| 2011 | 1,662 | 44.0% | +11.2 | 6 / 13 | 1 | Government | 1st |
| 2015 | 1,817 | 49.8% | +5.8 | 9 / 17 | 3 | Government | 1st |
| 2019 | 1,398 | 35.5% | –14.3 | 6 / 17 | 3 | Government | 1st |
| 2023 | 1,030 | 26.0% | –9.5 | 5 / 17 | 1 | Opposition | 2nd |
# Shire of Merredin

The Shire of Merredin is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, about 250 kilometres (155 mi) east of Perth, the state capital. Its seat of government is the town of Merredin, where 2,804 of the Shire's 3,595 residents live. The Shire covers an area of 3,300 square kilometres (1,274 sq mi).

## History

On 30 June 1921, the Merredin Road District was created. On 1 July 1961, it became a shire under the Local Government Act 1960.

## Wards

On 3 May 2003, all wards were abolished and all 11 councillors sit at large.
Prior to this, the ward structure was as follows:
* Central Ward (7 councillors)
* North West Ward
* North East Ward
* South West Ward
* Totadgin Ward

## Towns and localities

The towns and localities of the Shire of Merredin with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
| Locality | Population | Area |
| Burracoppin | 114 (SAL 2021) | 312.7 km$^2$ (120.7 sq mi) |
| Goomarin | 15 (SAL 2021) | 277.9 km$^2$ (107.3 sq mi) |
| Hines Hill | 59 (SAL 2021) | 237.8 km$^2$ (91.8 sq mi) |
| Korbel | 59 (SAL 2021) | 341.2 km$^2$ (131.7 sq mi) |
| Merredin | 2,604 (SAL 2021) | 250.1 km$^2$ (96.6 sq mi) |
| Muntadgin | 39 (SAL 2021) | 262.2 km$^2$ (101.2 sq mi) |
| Nangeenan | 75 (SAL 2021) | 184.6 km$^2$ (71.3 sq mi) |
| Nokaning | 48 (SAL 2021) | 233.6 km$^2$ (90.2 sq mi) |
| Norpa | 29 (SAL 2021) | 209.3 km$^2$ (80.8 sq mi) |
| Nukarni | 39 (SAL 2021) | 242 km$^2$ (93 sq mi) |
| South Burracoppin | 30 (SAL 2016) | 366.2 km$^2$ (141.4 sq mi) |
| Tandegin | 16 (SAL 2021) | 376.4 km$^2$ (145.3 sq mi) |

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1921 | 2,799 | — |
| 1933 | 3,445 | +1.75% |
| 1947 | 3,023 | −0.93% |
| 1954 | 3,797 | +3.31% |
| 1961 | 4,563 | +2.66% |
| 1966 | 5,297 | +3.03% |
| 1971 | 4,693 | −2.39% |
| 1976 | 4,730 | +0.16% |
| 1981 | 4,525 | −0.88% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1986 | 4,177 | −1.59% |
| 1991 | 3,802 | −1.86% |
| 1996 | 3,634 | −0.90% |
| 2001 | 3,595 | −0.22% |
| 2006 | 3,245 | −2.03% |
| 2011 | 3,282 | +0.23% |
| 2016 | 3,350 | +0.41% |
| 2021 | 3,119 | −1.42% |

## Notable councillors

* William Telfer, Merredin Roads Board member 1936–1955, chairman 1938–1955; also a state MP

## Heritage-listed places

As of 2024, 99 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Merredin, of which 15 are on the State Register of Heritage Places.
# Lacinato kale

Lacinato kale, also known as Tuscan kale, Italian kale, dinosaur kale, kale, flat back kale, palm tree kale, black Tuscan palm, or, in Italian and often in English, cavolo nero, is a variety of kale from the Acephala group of cultivars Brassica oleracea grown for its edible leaves. Lacinato has a long tradition in Italian cuisine, especially that of Tuscany, where it has been grown for centuries, and it is one of the traditional ingredients of minestrone and ribollita.

## Description

Lacinato kale grows 60 to 90 centimetres (2 to 3 ft) tall and has dark blue-green leaves with an "embossed texture"; its taste is described as "slightly sweeter and more delicate" than curly kale and "slightly bitter [and] earthy". The lacinato variety is sometimes called dinosaur kale because its bumpy leaves may resemble what dinosaur skin looked like, and perhaps because the unique appearance of the leaves is evocative of primordial flora. Because of its taste, it has been called "the darling of the culinary world".

## Preparation and dishes

Lacinato kale, like most other kale varieties, is usually blanched first, and then sautéed with other, flavourful ingredients; in Campanian cuisine, anchovies are often added. It is commonly used in pastas and soups, but can also be eaten raw, in a salad.
In Tuscan cuisine, lacinato kale is often used in ribollita (literally: "reboiled"), a thick, hearty soup made up of ingredients cooked for a meal the day before.
In Dutch, it is called (as in German) palmkool or palmkohl, referring to the palm-like shape with the leaves growing from the stem, especially after the bottom leaves are harvested. In Swedish and Finnish, it is known as svartkål or mustakaali, meaning 'black cabbage'.

## Cultivation

Lacinato kale dates to the 18th century in Italy. This cultivar is popular among gardeners because of its colour and texture, and was amongst the plants Thomas Jefferson recorded in his 1777 garden at Monticello. The plant grows to a height of 60 centimetres (2 ft), with blistered leaves often over 30 cm (1 ft) in length and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) wide. The straplike leaves are typically harvested from the bottom of the stem, leaving the remainder of the plant resembling a palm tree.
# Kharajgil

Kharajgil (Persian: خرجگيل) is a village in, and the capital of, Kharajgil Rural District of Asalem District, Talesh County, Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,849 in 629 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,819 people in 793 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,801 people in 826 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Lunca Mureșului

Lunca Mureșului (Hungarian: Székelykocsárd; German: Holten) is a commune located in the north-east of the Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Gura Arieșului (Vajdaszeg; Walddorf), and Lunca Mureșului.

## Geography

Lunca Mureșului has an area of 31.35 km$^2$ (12.10 sq mi) and is located on the Mureș River, in the north-east corner of Alba County, approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) from the town of Ocna Mureș on the county road DJ107F, 20 km (12 mi) from the towns of Câmpia Turzii and Luduș, and 60 km (37 mi) from the county capital, Alba Iulia.
The commune is bordered by Cluj County in the north, Mureș County in the north-west, the town of Ocna Mureș in the west, and the commune of Noșlac in the south.
The commune is important from a geographical point of view because on its territory (in the village of Gura Arieșului) the river Arieș flows into the Mureș.

## Demographics

The 2002 Romanian census recorded 2,669 people living in the commune, of which 1,719 Romanians, 755 Hungarians (most of them in the village of Lunca Mureșului), and 195 Roma. At the 2021 census, there were 2,297 inhabitants, of which 50.41% Romanians, 21.99% Hungarians, and 18.98% Roma.

## Natives

* Sándor Kónya-Hamar (born 1948), politician
# Northern fantail

The northern fantail (Rhipidura rufiventris) is a species of bird in the family Rhipiduridae. It is found in New Guinea and northern Australia (from Broome in Western Australia to the Shire of Burdekin in Queensland). Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. The Biak fantail (R. kordensis) was formerly considered a subspecies.
# Kosmos 2050

Kosmos 2050 (Russian: Космос 2050 meaning Cosmos 2050) is a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1989 as part of the Soviet military's Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.
Kosmos 2050 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 20:35 UTC on 23 November 1989. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1989-091A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 20330.
# Solotvyn

Solotvyn (Ukrainian: Солотвин, Polish: Sołotwina) is a rural settlement in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, 40 km from Ivano-Frankivsk. Solotvyn hosts the administration of Solotvyn settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its estimated population was 3,692 (2022 estimate).
Solotvyn is on the Bystrytsia Solotvynska, the left of the two long headstreams of the Bystrytsia River (a tributary of the Dniester), at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains. In the seventeenth century it was named Krasnopil.

## History

Until 18 July 2020, Solotvyn belonged to Bohorodchany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Bohorodchany Raion was merged into Ivano-Frankivsk Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Solotvyn was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Solotvyn became a rural settlement.
# Paul Chung

Paul Chung (5 April 1959 – 1 September 1989) was a Hong Kong actor, MC (Master of Ceremonies) and a DJ in the early 1980s. He committed suicide on 1 September 1989.

## Biography

Paul Chung was originally a host in Commercial Radio and was part of a 13 member DJ group, including Brenda Lo, Winnie Yu and Suzie Wong (TV host), so-called "6 pair-half". In 1981, he had a dispute with Commercial radio, and joined Asia Television (ATV/RTV) where he was cast in several TV dramas. He became popular when he costarred with Danny Chan and Leslie Cheung in two films.
Chung joined TVB in 1985, hosting a number of TV shows such as Miss Hong Kong Pageant and Enjoy Yourself Tonight (EYT). He was praised by media as "the best host of Miss Hong Kong".
He committed suicide on 1 September 1989 in his home of Shatin City One. It was reported that he had amassed large gambling debts prior to his death.

## Filmography
### Movies

| Year | Film's Name | Character | Director | Starring |
| 1980 | 《Encore (1980 film)》 | Paul | | Danny Chan, Leslie Cheung, Mary Jean Reimer Lau |
| 1980 | 《The Beasts》 | Louis | | Patricia Chong, Kent Cheng |
| 1981 | 《On Trial (1981 film)》 | Paul | Clarence Fok | Danny Chan, Leslie Cheung |
| 1985 | 《Carry On Doctors and Nurses》 | Paul Lo | Anthony Chan (actor) | Anthony Chan (actor), Lawrence Cheng, Keith Kwan, Alfred Cheung, Sandy Lamb, Amy Chan |

### Drama (RTV / ATV)

| Year | Name | Character | Starring |
| 1981 | 《I.Q. 100》 | Ah Man | Patricia Chong, Kenneth Choi, Blanche Tang, Dang Wai-Si |
| 1981 | 《Agency 24》 | | Rosamund Kwan, Leslie Cheung, Max Mok (replacing Paul after an accident during shooting) |