OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dumuria Upazila

Dumuria (Bengali: ডুমুরিয়া) is an upazila of Khulna District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh.

## Etymology

Dumuria is named for the presence of Dumur, the Bengali word for Wild Fig.

## History

Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Chenchuri Nilkuthi, Chuknagar Nilkuthi, Madhugram Dak Bungalow.
Historical facts In 1948, the Tevaga movement took place in Sobna, Dhanibunia, Kanaidanga, Orabunia and Bakultala villages of the upazila. During the Liberation War, many Bengalis including Prafulla Kumar Biswas, Indubhushan, Lalchand, Amulya, Mahendra, Raicharan, Nihar and Ratan were martyred in the attack of Pak Army in Kalitalapara in April 1971. In addition, 14 soldiers of the allied forces were killed in the face-off between the liberation forces and the allied forces in Shalua Bazar. Chuknagar village was used as a transit point by the Bengali refugees going to India who were suffering from the atrocities of the Pakistan Army in the early days of the Liberation War. On May 20, 1971, a large number of refugees gathered in Chuknagar were indiscriminately killed by Pak forces. Every year this day is observed as 'Chuknagar Massacre Day'.

## Geography

Dumuria is located at 22°48′30″N 89°25′30″E﻿ / ﻿22.8083°N 89.4250°E﻿ / 22.8083; 89.4250. It has 71,909 households and a total area of 454.23 square kilometres (175.38 sq mi). There are two major rivers, Shipsha and Shangrail.

## Demographics

Religions in Dumuria Upazila (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 65.13% | 65.13% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 34.72% | 34.72% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.15% | 0.15% |
As of the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Dumuria upazila had 71,909 households and a population of 305,675. 58,123 (19.01%) were under 10 years of age. Dumuria had an average literacy rate of 52.58%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males. 19,828 (6.49%) of the population lived in urban areas.
According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Dumuria had a population of 256,503. Males constituted 51.12% of the population, and females 48.88%. The population aged 18 or over was around 138,764. Dumuria had an average literacy rate of 36.1% (7+ years), compared to the national average of 32.4% .

## Administration

Dumuria Upazila is divided into 14 union parishads: Atlia, Dhamalia, Dumuria, Ghutudia, Khornia, Magurkhali, Maguraghona, Raghunathpur, Rangpur, Rudaghora, Sahos, Shorafpur, Shovna, and Vandarpara. The union parishads are subdivided into 189 mauzas and 240 villages.

## Notable residents

* Gazi family of Chuknagar, Dumuria
** Gazi Shamsur Rahman (1921–1998), lawyer, writer, translator, columnist and television personality
** Gazi Ainun Nishat (born 1948), water resource and climate change specialist
* Haldar Mohammad Abdul Gaffar (1936–2020), lieutenant general
* Khan Tipu Sultan (1950–2017), politician
* Narayan Chandra Chanda, MP (Khulna-5), Minister of Ministry of Fisheries And Livestock of Bangladesh
# Palais des Sports Léopold-Drolet

The Palais des Sports Léopold-Drolet is a 3,646-seat multi-purpose arena in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. It was built in 1965. Starting in 2012, this arena was renovated and is now home to the Sherbrooke Phoenix of the QMJHL.
For the 1976 Summer Olympics in neighbouring Montreal, it hosted four women and five men's team handball matches.
It was home to the Sherbrooke Castors ice hockey team, before their move to Lewiston, Maine as the Lewiston Maineiacs in 2003. It was also home to two AHL hockey teams, the Sherbrooke Jets, and the Sherbrooke Canadiens who became the Fredericton Canadiens in 1990. With the recent folding of the Lewiston Maineiacs, Sherbrooke will be getting an expansion QMJHL team (Sherbrooke Phoenix) for the 2012–13 and the team will play at the renovated Palais De Sports. The team will be owned by a group led by former NHL goaltender Jocelyn Thibault.
It held the 2015 QMJHL Draft on June 7, 2015.
# Shahrak-e Kowsar

Shahrak-e Kowsar (Persian: شهرك كوثر, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Kows̱ar) is a village in Mahur Berenji Rural District, Sardasht District, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,506, in 283 families.
# Fontanka

vteWater system of Ligovsky Canal :
Legend :
The Fontanka (Russian: Фонтанка), a left branch of the river Neva, flows through the whole of Central Saint Petersburg, Russia – from the Summer Garden to Gutuyevsky Island [ru]. It is 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) long, with a width up to 70 metres (230 ft), and a depth up to 3.5 metres (11 ft). The Moyka River forms a right-bank branch of the Fontanka. Lined along the Fontanka Embankment stand the former private residences of Russian nobility.

## Description

The river, one of 93 rivers and channels in Saint Petersburg, was once named Anonymous Creek (in Russian, Bezymyannyi Yerik, Безымянный ерик). In Russian, yerik is a secondary or intermittent river-channel (creek or brook). In 1719 the river received its present name, because water from it supplied the fountains of the Summer Garden.
Until the mid-18th century the Fontanka River marked the southern boundary of Saint Petersburg. Along its banks stood the spacious messuages of members of the Russian Imperial Family and of the nobility, the most brilliant being the Summer Palace and the Anichkov Palace. In 1780–89, architect Andrey Kvasov supervised the construction of the granite embankments and approaches to the river. The river-bed was regularised as well.
Examples of Baroque architecture along the banks of the river include the Sheremetev Palace, Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Naryshkin-Shuvalov Palace, and the Church of St Panteleimon (built 1735–1739). Notable Neoclassical structures from the 18th century include the Catherine Institute [ru], the Anichkov Palace and the Yusupov Palace on Sadovaya Street [ru].
Some of the mansions contain museums of the writers and composers who lived there: Gavrila Derzhavin (1743–1816), Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837), Ivan Turgenev (1818–1833), Anna Akhmatova (1889–1966) and others.
Fifteen bridges span the Fontanka, including the 18th-century Lomonosov Bridge and the extravagant Egyptian Bridge. The most famous bridge, the Anichkov Bridge, carries the Nevsky Prospekt over the river.
# Gur Mordan Tigh Ab

Gur Mordan Tigh Ab (Persian: گورمردان تيغ اب, also Romanized as Gūr Mordān Tīgh Āb) is a village in Karvandar Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 11 families.
# Phultala Upazila

Phultala (Bengali: ফুলতলা) is an upazila of Khulna District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh.

## Geography

Phultala is located at 22°58′30″N 89°27′30″E﻿ / ﻿22.9750°N 89.4583°E﻿ / 22.9750; 89.4583. It has 19,555 households and total area 56.83 km$^2$.

## Demographics

Religions in Phultala Upazila (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 91.58% | 91.58% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 8.29% | 8.29% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.13% | 0.13% |
As of the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Phultala upazila had 19,555 households and a population of 83,881. 16,200 (19.31%) were under 10 years of age. Phultala had an average literacy rate of 59.02%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1005 females per 1000 males. 31,581 (37.65%) of the population lived in urban areas.
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Phultala has a population of 67,930. Males constitute 51.01% of the population, and females 48.99%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 36368. Phultala has an average literacy rate of 41.1% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.

## Administration

Phultala Upazila is divided into four union parishads: Atra Gilatala, Damodar, Jamira, and Phultala. The union parishads are subdivided into 18 mauzas and 29 villages.
# Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (German: Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse) is a 1921 book by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis.
In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements. A mass, according to Freud, is a "temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment." He refers heavily to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), summarizing his work at the beginning of the book in the chapter Le Bons Schilderung der Massenseele ("Le Bon's description of the group mind"). Like Le Bon, Freud says that as part of the mass, the individual acquires a sense of infinite power allowing him to act on impulses that he would otherwise have to curb as an isolated individual. These feelings of power and security allow the individual not only to act as part of the mass, but also to feel safety in numbers. This is accompanied, however, by a loss of conscious personality and a tendency of the individual to be infected by any emotion within the mass, and to amplify the emotion, in turn, by "mutual induction". Overall, the mass is "impulsive, changeable, and irritable. It is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious."
Freud extensively quotes Le Bon, who explains that the state of the individual in the crowd is "hypnotic", with which Freud agrees. He adds that the contagion and the higher suggestibility are different kinds of change of the individual in de mass.
Freud distinguishes between two types of masses. One is the short-lived kind, characterized by a rapidly transient interest, such as a trend or fad. The other kind consists of more permanent and enduring masses, which are highly organized, such as a religion or the military. "The masses of the former type, so to speak, ride on the latter, like the short but high waves on the long swell of the sea." However, the same basic mental processes operate in both kinds of masses.
Freud refers back to his theory of instincts and believes that masses are held together by libidinal bonds. Each individual in the mass acts on impulses of love that are diverted from their original objectives. They pursue no direct sexual goal, but "do not therefore work less vigorously".
Freud initially called the (largely unconscious) identification with the other individuals of the mass, all of whom are drawn in the same way to the leader, a binding element. The ego perceives a significant similarity with others in the group and identifies with them. In addition, admiration and idealization of the leader of the group takes place through the process of idealization. The narcissistic libido is displaced to the object which is "loved because of its perfection which the individual has sought for his own ego". Also, a process of identification with the aggressor can take place, for example, as happens in regression.
Thus, Freud came to the conclusion: "A primary mass is a number of individuals who have put one and the same object in place of their ego ideal and consequently identify with each other."
# Madan, Qazvin

Madan (Persian: مدان, also Romanized as Madān and Meydān) is a village in Alamut-e Pain Rural District, Rudbar-e Alamut District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 315, in 77 families.
# Rauheneck Castle (Baden)

Rauheneck Castle (German: Burgruine Rauheneck) is a ruined castle in Lower Austria, Austria. It is 348 metres (1,142 ft) above sea level.
# Salamaua

Salamaua (German: Samoahafen) was a small town situated on the northeastern coastline of Papua New Guinea, in Salamaua Rural LLG, Morobe province. The settlement was built on a minor isthmus between the coast with mountains on the inland side and a headland. The closest city is Lae, which can be reached only via boat across the gulf.

## History

In the 1920s prospective gold miners used Salamaua as a staging post to explore for gold in the inland areas. Gold was discovered at Wau and miners came from all over and made for the goldfields via the rough Black Cat Track.
The town was captured by the Japanese on 8 March 1942 during World War II and later retaken by Australian and United States forces led by General Douglas MacArthur on 11 September 1943 during the Salamaua–Lae campaign. During reoccupation the town was destroyed.
Today the villages of Kela and Lagui occupy the site, as well as holiday houses that are mainly owned by expatriates based in Lae.
# Chal-e Kuchek Latif Allah

Chal-e Kuchek Latif Allah (Persian: چال كوچك لطف اله, also Romanized as Chāl-e Kūchek Laṭif Allah) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 13 families.
# CD Alquerías

Club Deportivo Alquerías was a Spanish football team based in Alquerías, in the autonomous community of Murcia. Founded in 1992 and dissolved in 2010, it held home games at Estadio Los Pinos which had a capacity of 500 spectators.

## History

From 1996 to 2002, Alquerías played in the fourth division. Its seventh and final season in the fourth tier was in 2007–08.
In the summer of 2010 the club folded, selling its place to the newly-formed Águilas FC.

## Season-by-season record

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1992–93 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 16th |
| 1993–94 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1994–95 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1995–96 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 1996–97 | 4 | 3ª | 7th |
| 1997–98 | 4 | 3ª | 15th |
| 1998–99 | 4 | 3ª | 14th |
| 1999–2000 | 4 | 3ª | 13th |
| 2000–01 | 4 | 3ª | 17th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2001–02 | 4 | 3ª | 20th |
| 2002–03 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 17th |
| 2003–04 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 13th |
| 2004–05 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 15th |
| 2005–06 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 9th |
| 2006–07 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 7th |
| 2007–08 | 4 | 3ª | 19th |
| 2008–09 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 16th |
| 2009–10 | 5 | Terr. Pref. | 12th |
* 7 seasons in Tercera División
# Rasht County

Rasht County (Persian: شهرستان رشت) is in Gilan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Rasht.

## History

In 2009, the village of Luleman was elevated to the status of a city. After the 2016 National Census, the village of Pir Bazar rose to city status. In 2019, Khomam District was separated from the county in the establishment of Khomam County.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was 847,680 in 244,613 households. The following census in 2011 counted 918,445 people in 293,448 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 956,971 in 321,703 households.

### Administrative divisions

Rasht County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
Rasht County Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
| Central District | 624,507 | 696,576 | 740,985 |
| Howmeh RD | 20,703 | 20,664 | 20,449 |
| Lakan RD | 21,251 | 11,480 | 15,209 |
| Pasikhan RD | 10,018 | 7,523 | 8,723 |
| Pir Bazar RD | 21,374 | 16,958 | 16,609 |
| Pir Bazar (city) | | | |
| Rasht (city) | 551,161 | 639,951 | 679,995 |
| Khomam District | 52,050 | 53,600 | 54,860 |
| Chapar Khaneh RD | 11,620 | 10,774 | 9,967 |
| Chukam RD | 15,772 | 14,314 | 13,533 |
| Kateh Sar-e Khomam RD | 11,757 | 11,406 | 10,463 |
| Khomam (city) | 12,901 | 17,106 | 20,897 |
| Khoshk-e Bijar District | 28,051 | 27,249 | 26,102 |
| Hajji Bekandeh-ye Khoshk-e Bijar RD | 9,973 | 9,793 | 9,282 |
| Nowsher-e Khoshk-e Bijar RD | 10,600 | 10,323 | 9,575 |
| Khoshk-e Bijar (city) | 7,478 | 7,133 | 7,245 |
| Kuchesfahan District | 49,278 | 48,079 | 45,823 |
| Balasbaneh RD | 19,437 | 18,496 | 17,019 |
| Kenar Sar RD | 7,102 | 6,497 | 6,111 |
| Luleman RD | 14,388 | 10,078 | 5,241 |
| Kuchesfahan (city) | 8,351 | 9,450 | 10,026 |
| Luleman (city) | | 3,558 | 7,426 |
| Lasht-e Nesha District | 36,316 | 33,972 | 31,894 |
| Aliabad-e Ziba Kenar RD | 9,606 | 9,215 | 7,764 |
| Gafsheh-ye Lasht-e Nesha RD | 9,187 | 8,072 | 7,799 |
| Jirhandeh-ye Lasht-e Nesha RD | 6,652 | 6,023 | 5,792 |
| Lasht-e Nesha (city) | 10,871 | 10,662 | 10,539 |
| Sangar District | 57,478 | 58,969 | 57,303 |
| Eslamabad RD | 20,296 | 19,261 | 17,659 |
| Sangar RD | 16,808 | 15,513 | 14,475 |
| Saravan RD | 13,986 | 14,041 | 12,586 |
| Sangar (city) | 6,388 | 10,154 | 12,583 |
| Total | 847,680 | 918,445 | 956,971 |
| RD = Rural District ||||
# Left-bank Ukraine

Left-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Лівобережна Україна, romanized: Livoberezhna Ukrayina; Russian: Левобережная Украина, romanized: Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; Polish: Lewobrzeżna Ukraina) is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (east) bank of the Dnieper River, comprising the modern-day oblasts of Chernihiv, Poltava and Sumy as well as the eastern parts of Kyiv and Cherkasy.
Left-bank Ukraine is bordered by the historical regions of Right-bank Ukraine to the southwest, Zaporizhzhia to the southeast, Sloboda Ukraine to the east, and Polesia and White Ruthenia to the north.

## History

Since the Middle Ages, the region formed part of the Khazar Khanate, Kievan Rus', Mongol Empire, Golden Horde, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
The term appeared in 1663 with the election of Ivan Bryukhovetsky as the hetman of Ukraine in opposition to Pavlo Teteria. Bryukhovetsky was the first known "left-bank Ukraine" hetman over the area, that was under the Russian influence.
Up until the mid-17th century, the area had belonged to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654 saw the region tentatively come under Russian control, when local Cossack leaders swore allegiance to the Russian monarchy in exchange for military protection. Russian sovereignty over the area was later reaffirmed in the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667), and the Eternal Peace Treaty (1686) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Tsardom of Russia.
Under Russian rule, the left-bank Ukraine initially enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom (from 1721, Imperial Russia) as the Cossack Hetmanate, which was slowly withdrawn throughout the eighteenth century when the Zaporizhian Sich was destroyed.

## Related article

* Right-bank Ukraine
# Jowr Mahalleh

Jowr Mahalleh (Persian: جورمحله, also Romanized as Jowr Maḩalleh) is a village in Siahkalrud Rural District, Chaboksar District, Rudsar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 159, in 44 families.
# Alfredo Chiaradía

Alfredo Vicente Chiaradía (born February 15, 1945) is an Argentine academic and policy maker. He served as his country's Ambassador to the United States in 2010 and 2011.

## Life and times

Alfredo Chiaradía was born in Bahía Blanca in 1945. He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires, earning a Master's degree in Political Economy in 1968, received training at the Argentine Foreign Service Institute, and taught Economic theory at the Argentine Business University from 1970 to 1973.
Chiaradía served in numerous posts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in subsequent years, as well as in Argentine Embassies in Canada, Germany, and the United States. He returned to Buenos Aires in 1987 to accept an appointment as Chief of Cabinet to the Secretary of International Economic Relations, Carlos Bruno, and from 1988, served in the same capacity for the Foreign Minister, Dante Caputo.
He was named Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations a year later by President Raúl Alfonsín's successor, Carlos Menem. Chiaradía was transferred to the Argentine Consulate in Frankfurt in 1993, and as Consul, directed the Center for Argentine Promotion. He was named Undersecretary for International Economic Negotiations, a key post in foreign debt negotiations, in 1994, and from 1996 to 1999, served as Undersecretary for Latin American Affairs for Foreign Minister Guido di Tella. A career diplomat, Chiaradía served in a number of related posts for each of Argentina's short-lived governments in office over the next four years. He was the Ambassador to Japan until 2001, and Argentina's chief Trade Representative until August 2002, when he was named his nation's Representative to the World Trade Organization. President Néstor Kirchner appointed Chiaradía Secretary of Trade and International Economic Relations, succeeding Martín Redrado upon the latter's appointment to the Central Bank.
Chiaradía received numerous national honors during his tenure in the foreign service, including orders of national merit from Chile, France, and Italy, as well as the Order of Rio Branco (Brazil), the Order of the Rising Sun, the Order of the Aztec Eagle, and the Order of Francisco de Miranda, among others.
He was instrumental in controversial trade negotiations with China and Venezuela, and helped deflect accusations of patronage related to export licences granted by his bureau for trade with the latter country. The acrimonious, June 2010 departure of Foreign Secretary Jorge Taiana prompted Chiaradía to resign, though he was reportedly persuaded against leaving his post by Taiana's successor, Héctor Timerman; this development, as well as the support enjoyed by Chiaradía's deputy at the trade bureau, Luis Kreckler, from Planning Minister Julio de Vido, led to Kreckler's appointment as Secretary of Trade, and to Chiaradía's succeeding Timerman as Argentine Ambassador to the United States.
# Bosanci, Suceava

Bosanci (Polish: Boszańce, German: Bossancze), previously known as Bosancea, is a commune located in Suceava County, Bukovina, northeastern Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bosanci and Cumpărătura.

## Natives

* Teofil Sauciuc-Săveanu (1884 – 1971), epigrapher, archaeologist, and historian
# Bič, Trebnje

Bič (pronounced; German: Fitsch) is a village in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It lies just north of the Slovenian A2 motorway east of Ivančna Gorica. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The Municipality of Trebnje is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Bič was attested in written records as Physchs in 1250, Vutsch in 1251, Fitsch in 1293, and Fütsch in 1297, among other spellings. Based on medieval transcriptions of the name, it may have developed from *bъčь 'stone- or wood-lined depression with a spring, well' (cf. Slovene beč 'barrel'), thus referring to a local geographical feature. In the past the German name was Fitsch.

## Church

The local church is dedicated to Saint Martin and belongs to the Parish of Veliki Gaber. It has a Romanesque nave with 17th-century additions.
# Treaty of Tarascon

The Treaty of Tarascon was an accord between Pope Nicholas IV, Philip IV of France, Charles II of Naples, and Alfonso III of Aragón that was intended to end the Aragonese Crusade, an episode in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The treaty was signed at Tarascon, halfway between papal Avignon and Arles, on 19 February 1291, six years after Philip's brother, Charles of Valois, tried to conquer Aragón from Alfonso's father, Peter III of Aragon, in an event called the Aragonese Crusade because it was sanctioned by Nicholas' predecessor, Pope Martin IV. The intent of the signatories in putting an end to hostilities was to prevent Aragonese domination of Sicily, then ruled by Alfonso's brother, James II.
Alfonso was obligated by the treaty to:
* go to Rome in person to have the excommunication lifted.
* pay a tribute of thirty ounces of gold to the church
* carry out a crusade to the Holy Land
* remove from Sicily all Aragonese and Catalan knights in the service of James
Alfonso also promised that his brother would not hold his kingdom against the wishes of the papacy. He was counselled likewise to make peace with the king of Castile, Sancho IV.
The pope, for his part, annulled the investiture of Charles of Valois as king of Aragón and recognised the rights of James II of Majorca.
When Alfonso died a little more than a month after the signing of the treaty, the clauses were rendered null and void, and the treaty meant nothing. James, who had not been a signatory, now united in his person the crowns of Aragon and Sicily and was unwilling to part with either. It was superseded by the Treaty of Anagni of 1295, brokered by a stronger pope than Nicholas, Boniface VIII, which ended the struggle on terms that left the Aragonese masters of Sicily.