OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ceded and Conquered Provinces

The Ceded and Conquered Provinces constituted a region in northern India that was ruled by the British East India Company from 1805 to 1834; it corresponded approximately—in present-day India—to all regions in Uttar Pradesh state with the exception of the Lucknow and Faizabad divisions of Awadh; in addition, it included the Delhi territory and, after 1816, the Kumaun division and a large part of the Garhwal division of present-day Uttarakhand state. In 1836, the region became the North-Western Provinces (under a Lieutenant-Governor), and in 1904, the Agra Province within the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.

## Ceded Provinces

At the start of the 19th century, only the Benares division and the fort of Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh were under British rule. In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh, Saadat Ali, ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by Zaman Shah Durrani, the grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani. The territory included the Gorakhpur and Rohilkhand divisions; the districts of Allahabad, Fatehpur, Cawnpore, Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah; the southern part of Mirzapur; and the terai parganas of Kumaun, and came to be known as the Ceded Provinces. A year later the Nawab of Farrukhabad ceded Farrukhabad district to the British.

## Conquered Provinces

With the outbreak the Second Anglo-Maratha War, General Lake, took the Meerut division (including Aligarh, after the Battle of Ally Ghur), and soon, the rest of the Agra division (including Agra city), and the districts around Delhi. In addition, most of the trans-Jamuna districts of Banda and Hamirpur were added, as well as a small area in Jalaun district.
In 1816, under the Treaty of Sugauli signed at the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), the Kumaon division and Dehradun district of present-day Uttarakhand state were annexed as well.

## Administration

The Ceded and Conquered Provinces were a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India under the administration of the Governor-General-in-Council. The great distance of the newly acquired territory from the capital of the presidency in Calcutta created administrative hitches. In response, a number of temporary arrangements were attempted, but proved to be less than optimal; finally, in 1831, an independent Board of Revenue and a separate Sadr Diwani and Nizamat Adalat (Chief Civil and Criminal Courts) were created for these provinces. In 1833, an act of the British Parliament, the Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 85) concurrently promulgated the division of the Bengal Presidency, the elevation the Ceded and Conquered Provinces to the new Presidency of Agra, and the appointment of a new Governor for the latter. However, the plan was never carried out, and in 1835 another act of Parliament, the India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 52) renamed the region the North Western Provinces, this time to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, the first of whom, Sir Charles Metcalfe, would be appointed in 1836.
# European Conservatives

The European Conservative Group was a conservative political group that operated in the European Parliament between 1973 and 1979. At its height in July 1979, it had 63 MEPs.

## History

On 1 January 1973 the Community enlarged for the first time to include Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. The British Conservative Party and Danish Conservative People's Party formed their own group called the European Conservative Group on 16 January 1973.
In the ensuing years, the group collected additional centre-right members, and on 17 July 1979 it changed its name to the "European Democratic Group".
In March 2009 it was reported that the European Conservatives could be re-created as a group in the European Parliament, led by the British Conservative Party if they withdraw from the European People's Party–European Democrats (EPP-ED) group and succeed in meeting the minimum requirements for a political group in the Parliament.
On 22 June 2009, the British Conservative Party with their colleagues launched the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group.

## Members

| Country | Name | Name | Name | Ideology |
| United Kingdom | | Conservative Party | Conservatives | One-nation conservatism Liberal conservatism |
| Denmark | | Conservative People's Party | DKF | Liberal conservatism Social conservatism |
# Khoshi District

Khokhi District is located in the East part of Logar Province, Afghanistan. 80 km away from Kabul and 18 km from Pul-i-Alam centre of Logar Province. Centre of the district is called Khoshi and the population is made up of Pashtuns , Tajiks and Hazara, accounting for 65%, 34%, 1% of the total population respectively.

## Geography

Khoshi is a long narrow green valley, beginning from Qala-e-Wazer of Pul-i-Alam and ending into Lata Kora mountain in Dobandi with a length of 38 km. Khoshi is situated at an elevation of about 2,250 meters above sea level which, covering an area of 477 km$^2$. The district is surrounded by Mohammad Agha, Pul-i-Alam, Jaji, Azra and Baraki Barak.

### Villages

The district has 86 villages and is divided into four parts (Khoshi, Karizona, Manai, and Dobandi). Main villages where Pashtuns are living are Dobandi, Manai, Darkh, Kandaw, Chenari, Tora Chena, Sher Agha, Baryam, fatihkhilo Karez, Darya Khan Karez, Sulimankhailo Karez, Degaan kariz, Kajer Karez, Gul Mohammad Khailo Karez and Sraghowanda.
The main villages of Khoshi are Abtak, Bala Deh, Meyana Deh and Payan Deh, where Tajiks live. Shia are living in Abtak, Bala Dah, Meyana Deh and Payan Deh of Khoshi. Dobandi is one of the most destroyed areas as it was on the main supply road for Mujahideen during the Russian invasion in Afghanistan.

## Demographics

The estimated population of Khoshi District in 2010 was roughly 30,000.

## Economic

The area has been severely affected by drought in the past four years. The socio-economic situation of the residents is poor. The main sources of income are from agriculture, selling of wood and trading inside Afghanistan or Pakistan.

## Education

There are around 4 high schools and 12 primary schools in the district.
# Oliver James

Oliver James may refer to:
* Oliver James (psychologist) (born 1953), pop psychologist, author and television presenter
* Oliver James (actor) (born 1980), English musician, singer, songwriter and actor
* Oliver James (footballer) (born 1987), English professional footballer
* Oliver James (cricketer) (born 1990), Welsh cricketer
* Oliver James (rower) (born 1990), Paralympic rower
* Ollie Murray James (1871–1918), American politician
# Panagiotis Trivoulidas

Panagiotis Trivoulidas (10 January 1891 – 1970) was a Greek long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon and the individual cross country events at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He also won the Boston Marathon in 1920.
# Samrong Thap railway station

Samrong Thap railway station (Thai: สถานีรถไฟสำโรงทาบ) is a railway station located in Pradu Subdistrict, Samrong Thap District, Surin Province. It is a class 2 railway station located 471.00 km (292.7 mi) from Bangkok railway station and is the main railway station for Samrong Thap District.
# Haripal Kaushik

Haripal Kaushik, VrC (2 February 1934 – 25 January 2018) was an Indian field hockey player, military officer and television commentator.

## Field hockey

He won gold medals in the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was vice captain of the team that won the gold medal in the 1966 Asian Games, and was later a field hockey administrator and television commentator. He received the Arjuna Award for excellence in athletic competition in 1998.

## Military service

Commissioned into the Indian Army in 1959, Kaushik served in the 1st Battalion of the Sikh Regiment.
In the early days of the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Kaushik was commanding the forward company at the Battle of Bumla along the border between India and China when the Chinese People's Liberation Army invaded on 23 October. During heavy combat with much larger enemy forces, he led a successful retreat, saving the unit's heavy machine guns and mortars.
Kaushik was awarded the Vir Chakra for "exemplary courage and self-disregard" on the battlefield. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
Haripal Stadium at the Indian Army's Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre in Ahmednagar is named in his honor.

## Vir Chakra

The citation for the Vir Chakra awarded to him reads:
   Lieutenant Hari Pal Kaushak was commanding a Company holding the Tongpengla position in N.E.F.A. At 05.30hrs on 23rd October 1962 the Chinese started attacking with a Regiment on the Bumla axis with the intention of breaking through to Towang. His company's position was first attacked by a Chinese Battalion, but the attack was repulsed, with heavy losses, by his forward platoon. After the fall of the forward platoon, a second Battalion of the enemy attacked on a wide front trying to overrun the Company's position. Lieutenant Kaushak moved from one section position to another under enemy fire encouraging his troops. He was a source of inspiration to his men who continued to fight with great determination under his leadership. Eventually when under heavy enemy pressure he was ordered to withdraw. he handled the withdrawal skilfully and managed to clear, in the face of enemy fire, all his personnel and weapons including heavy mortars and medium machine guns.

## Family and later years

He was married to Prem Bala Kaushik, who died before him in 1983. They had one daughter, Veronica. Kaushik took early retirement from his military service and worked for a sugar mill in Phagwara as a general manager. He also created Goal Getter which was his own brand of hockey sticks. He died at his home in the Jalandhar cantonment, after suffering from dementia for several years. A book titled Camouflage: Forgotten Stories from Battlefields written by Probal DasGupta was released in November 2023 which features a chapter on the life of Kaushik, namely Rise after the Fall of 1962: The Amazing Comeback of Haripal Kaushik.
# Ernst Adolf Coccius

Ernst Adolf Coccius (19 September 1825 – 24 November 1890) was a German ophthalmologist who was a native of Knauthain, which today is part of the city of Leipzig.
He studied medicine in Leipzig, Prague and Paris, and earned his degree in 1848 with the thesis "De morbis typhum sequentibus". From 1849 to 1857 he served as an assistant to Friedrich Philipp Ritterich at the Leipzig Eye Clinic, becoming its director and a full professor in 1867, positions he held up until his death in 1890. After his death, he was succeeded by Hubert Sattler (1844-1928) at the University of Leipzig.
In 1853, Coccius provided the first description of retinal breaks of the eye, and subsequently made the association to retinal detachment. In 1853 he devised an ophthalmoscope that was a modification of the device invented by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894).
His elder brother was the pianist and pedagogue Theodor Coccius (1824-1897).

## Written works

* Über die Ernährungsweise der Hornhaut und die Serum führenden Gefässe im menschlichen Körper. Müller, Leipzig 1852.
* Ueber die Anwendung des Augenspiegels nebst Angabe eines neuen Instruments. (On the use of the ophthalmoscope, etc.) Müller, Leipzig 1853.
* Über die Neubildung von Glashäuten im Auge. Müller, Leipzig 1858.
* Ueber Glaucom, Entzündung und die Autopsie mit dem Augenspiegel. (On glaucoma, inflammation and the autopsy with the ophthalmoscope) Müller, Leipzig 1859
* Ueber das Gewebe und die Entzündung des menschlichen Glaskörpers. (On the tissue and the inflammation of the human vitreous) Müller, Leipzig 1860.
* Der Mechanismus der Accommodation des menschlichen Auges: nach Beobachtungen im Leben dargestellt. (The accommodation mechanism of the human eye, according to empirical observations); Teuber, Leipzig 1868.
* Die Heilanstalt für arme Augenkranke zu Leipzig zur Zeit ihres fünfzigjährigen Bestehens. Vogel, Leipzig 1870. (with Theodor Wilhelmi).
* Ophthalmometia und Spannungsmessungen am kranken Auge. Leipzig 1872.
* Die Diagnose des Sehpurpurs im Leben. (Diagnosis of visual purple); Leipzig 1877.
# Masawaiyh

Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (circa 777–857), (Arabic: يوحنا بن ماسويه), also written Ibn Masawaih, Masawaiyh, and in Latin Janus Damascenus, or Mesue, Masuya, Mesue Major, Msuya, and Mesuë the Elder was a Persian or Assyrian East Syriac Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur. According to The Canon of Medicine for Avicenna and 'Uyun al-Anba for the medieval Arabic historian Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, Masawaiyh's father was Assyrian and his mother was Slavic.

## Life

Born in 777 CE as the son of a pharmacist and physician from Gundishapur, he came to Baghdad and studied under Jabril ibn Bukhtishu.
He became director of a hospital in Baghdad, and was personal physician to four caliphs. He composed medical treatises on a number of topics, including ophthalmology, fevers, leprosy, headache, melancholia, dietetics, the testing of physicians, and medical aphorisms. One of Masawaiyh's treatises concerns aromatics, entitled, On Simple Aromatic Substances.
It was reported that Ibn Masawayh regularly held an assembly of some sort, where he consulted with patients and discussed subjects with pupils. Ibn Masawayh apparently attracted considerable audiences, having acquired a reputation for repartee.
He was also the teacher of Hunain ibn Ishaq. He translated various Greek medical works into Syriac, but wrote his own work in Arabic. Apes were supplied to him by the caliph al-Mu'tasim for dissection.
Many anatomical and medical writings are credited to him, notably the "Disorder of the Eye" (Daghal al-'ain), which is the earliest Systematic treatise on ophthalmology extant in Arabic and the Aphorisms, the Latin translation of which was very popular in the Middle Ages.
He died in Samarra in 857 CE.
# Naudero

Naudero, also spelled Naundero, Nodero (Sindhi: نئون ديرو, Urdu: نوڈیرو) is a town and union council of Ratodero Taluka in the Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. The union council also includes the village of Garhi Khuda Bakhsh. It lies to the northwest of the district capital Larkana, connected by road. Irrigated by canals, the area is noted for its rice production. A sugar mill has been constructed in the area, funded by the Chinese. Asif Zardari held a press conference in the town two days after Benazir Bhutto's murder, accusing the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) party leadership of people responsible for her murder. Her grave and that of her father's Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto are located in Naudero.
# Theofiel Roekaert

Theofiel Roekaert (born 6 February 1896, date of death unknown) was a Belgian middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 1500 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Sala Keoku

Sala Keoku (Thai: ศาลาแก้วกู่; RTGS: Sala Kaeo Ku;, also spelled as Sala Keo Ku, Sala Keo Koo, Sala Kaew Ku, Sala Kaew Koo, Salakaewkoo, Sala Gaew Goo, Sala Kaeoku, etc.; alternative name: Wat Khaek) is a park featuring giant fantastic concrete sculptures inspired by Buddhism and Hinduism. It is located near Nong Khai, Thailand in immediate proximity of the Thai-Lao border and the Mekong river. The park has been built by and reflects the vision of Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat and his followers. The construction started in 1978. It shares the style of Sulilat's earlier creation, Buddha Park on the Lao side of Mekong, but is marked by even more extravagant fantasy and greater proportions.
Some of the Sala Keoku sculptures reach 25m. Those include a monumental depiction of Buddha meditating under the protection of a seven-headed Naga snake. While the subject (based on a Buddhist legend) is one of the recurrent themes in the religious art of the region, Sulilat's approach is unusual, with its naturalistic (even though stylized) representation of the snakes.
The Sala Keoku pavilion is a three-story concrete building, whose domes bear a resemblance to a mosque. It was constructed following Sulilat's plans after his death. The third floor houses related artifacts, as well as Sulilat's mummified body.
Perhaps the most enigmatic part of the park is the Wheel of Life, a circular multi-part group of sculptures representing the karmic cycle of birth and death through a progression of tarot-like characters. The composition culminates with a young man taking a step across the fence surrounding the entire installation to become a Buddha statue on the other side.
# Vasylkiv maiolica rooster

Vasylkiv maiolica rooster (Ukrainian: Півник васильківської майоліки, romanized: Pivnyk vasylkivskoi maioliky) is a replicated decorative piece produced by the maiolica factory in Vasylkiv, created by Valerii Protoriev and Nadiia Protorieva. It became a symbol of resilience during the Russian invasion of Ukraine after a photo of one of the houses in Borodianka went viral: despite the flat being almost completely destroyed, a kitchen cabinet on the wall survived. Upon closer inspection, a decorative maiolica rooster was noticed atop it.

## History

The origins of the Vasylkiv maiolica rooster date back to the 18th century, when the town of Vasylkiv was a center of pottery production in Ukraine. The tradition of creating maiolica pottery in Vasylkiv was brought to the region by skilled craftsmen from Italy, and was further developed by local artisans. It became a symbol of Ukrainian folk art and culture.
The rooster was produced at the maiolica factory in Vasylkiv from early 1960s to 1980s. After a photo of the surviving cabinet with a rooster from a ruined house in Borodianka got famous all around the world, Ukrainian media and people on social networks became interested in this work of art. The cabinet was noticed and photographed by Yelyzaveta Servatynska and the deputy of the Kyiv City Council Victoria Burdukova drew everyone's attention to the rooster.
The rooster, together with the cabinet, were taken to the exposition of the National Museum of the Revolution of Dignity.

## Authors

The work was initially mistakenly attributed to Prokop Bidasiuk.
Serhii Denysenko, the chief artist of the Vasylkiv maiolica factory, believes that the authorship of the rooster belongs to Valerii Protoriev and his wife Nadiia.

## Symbol

The kitchen cabinet with a rooster, which survived the bombing and remained on the wall, became a symbol of fortitude and perseverance. A meme appeared: "Be as strong as this kitchen cabinet". It is also mentioned as a symbol of the indomitable Ukrainian spirit.
The rooster appears in the illustrations of Olexandr Grekhov, Dima Kovalenko, Inzhyr the Cat. It is actively sought after on local online marketplaces.
The rooster has become one of the popular themes for pysanky (Easter eggs) – for example, the Lithuanian designer Laimės Kūdikis placed it on one. During the visit of the UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson to Kyiv on April 9, 2022, both he and the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyi were presented with similar ceramic roosters.
# Paul Groves (rugby league)

Paul Groves (born 27 May 1965) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Lancashire, and at club level for Salford, St Helens and Oldham, as a hooker.

## Playing career
### St Helens

In October 1987, Groves signed for St Helens from Salford for a fee of £40,000. He played hooker in St Helens' 15–14 victory over Leeds in the 1987–88 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1987–88 season at Central Park, Wigan on 9 January 1988.
Groves played hooker in St Helens' 24–14 victory over Rochdale Hornets in the 1991 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1991–92 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington, on 20 October 1991.

### International honours

Groves won a cap for Great Britain while at St Helens in 1987 against Papua New Guinea. He was selected to go on the 1988 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia but didn't play in any Test matches.
# Drepane (fish)

Drepane is a genus of marine and brackish water ray-finned fishes, known commonly as the sicklefishes. It is the only genus in the monotypic percomorph family Drepaneidae. These fish occur in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, and in the eastern Atlantic near Africa.

## Taxonomy

Drepane was first proposed as a genus in 1831 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier. In 1917 David Starr Jordan designated Chaetodon punctatus, which had been described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758 with its type locality given as Asia, as its type species. In 1872 Theodore Gill classified the genus within the family Drepaneidae and it is the only genus classified within that family. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the Drepaneidae within the order Moroniformes alongside the Moronidae and Ephippidae. However, other authorities have found that the Moronidae is not closely related to the other two families and classify the Drepaneidae and the Ephippidae in the order Ephippiformes. Other authorities classify all three families in the Moroniformes sensu Fishes of the World in the Acanthuriformes.

## Etymology

Drepane means "sickle" and this refers to the sickle-shaped pectoral fins.

## Species

The currently recognized species in this genus are:
* Drepane africana Osório, 1892 (African sicklefish)
* Drepane longimana (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Concertina fish)
* Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Spotted sicklefish)

## Characteristics

Drepane sicklefishes have 13 or 14 spines and between 19 and 22 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 3 spines and between and 17 and 19 soft rays in the anal fin. They have a highly protractile mouth, the pectoral fins are longer than the head and are shape like sickles. The distal part of the maxilla is exposed but the subocular shelf is absent. They have 24 vertebrae. These fishes attain a maximum published total length of 50 cm (20 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Drepane sicklefishes are found in the eastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific. They are inshore fishes found on sand or mud bottoms in reefs, estuaries and harbours.
# Srinaga Svati

Princess Srinaga Svati (Thai: ศรีนาคสวาดิ; RTGS: Sinak Sawat; 14 July 1855 – 7 August 1913) was a princess of Siam (later Thailand). She was a member of Siamese royal family is a daughter of King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Tieng.
Her mother was Chao Chom Manda Tieng (daughter of Dis Rojanadis and Klai Rojanadis). She was given the full name as Phra Chao Borom Wong Ther Phra Ong Chao Srinaga Svati (Thai: พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าศรีนาคสวาดิ).
Princess Srinaga Svati died on 7 August 1913 at the age of 58.
# Sabahattin

Sabahattin is a Turkish given name for males. Variant forms of the name such as Sabahudin are also found in the former Ottoman Empire. Notable people with the name include:
* Prens Sabahaddin (1877–1948), Ottoman sociologist
* Sabahattin Ali (1907–1948), Turkish novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist
* Sabahudin Bilalović (1960–2003), Bosnian basketball player
* Sabahudin Bujak (born 1959), Bosnian-Herzegovinian football player
* Sabahattin Burcu (born 1951), Turkish boxer
* Sabahattin Cevheri (born 1950), Turkish politician
* Sabahattin Çakmakoğlu (1930-2024), Turkish bureaucrat and politician
* Sabahudin Delalić (born 1972), Bosnian sitting volleyball player
* Sabahattin Eyüboğlu (1908–1973), Turkish writer and essayist
* Sabahattin Hamamcıoğlu (born 1966), Turkish alpine skier
* Sabahattin Kalender (1919–2012), Turkish composer
* Sabahudin Kovačevič (born 1986), Slovenian ice hockey player
* Sabahudin Kurt (1935–2018), Bosnian singer
* Sabahattin Kuruoğlu (1937–1995), Turkish footballer
* Sabahattin Oğlago (born 1984), Turkish cross-country skier
* Sabahattin Özbek (1915–2001), Turkish minister
* Sebahattin Öztürk (born 1962), Turkish politician
* Sebahattin Öztürk (born 1969), Turkish wrestler
* Sabahudin Topalbećirević (born 1964), Bosnian sports commentator
* Sabahattin Usta (born 1990), Turkish footballer
* Sabahudin Vugdalić (born 1953), Bosnian sports journalist and football player