OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Volost

Volost (Belarusian: во́ласць, romanized: volasts; Russian: во́лость; Ukrainian: во́лость) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Kievan Rus', the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and the Russian Empire.

## History

The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907) states that the origins of the concept is unclear: whether it originally referred to an administrative subdivision or to a peasant obshchina, the term referring to a territory under a single rule.
In earlier East Slavic history, in the lands of Ruthenia, volost was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ruler or with varying degree of autonomy from the Velikiy Knyaz (Grand Prince). Starting from the end of the 14th century, volost was a unit of administrative division in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland, Muscovy, lands of modern Latvia and Ukraine. Since about the 16th century it was a part of provincial districts that were called "uezd" in Muscovy and the later Russian Empire. Each uezd had several volosts that were subordinated to the uezd city.
After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volost became a unit of peasant's local self-rule. A number of mirs are united into a volost, which has an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. These elect an elder (starshina) and, hitherto, a court of justice (volostnoy sud). The self-government of the mirs and volosts was, however, tempered by the authority of the police commissaries (stanovoi) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants".
Volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of both volosts and uezds.

## Administration

Volosts were governed by volost administration (волостное правление, volostnoye pravleniye), which consisted of the electable chief of volost (volostnoy starshina), chiefs of villages (village starostas) and other officials electable by the Volost Assembly (волостной сход, volostnoy skhod).
Volost Court was the court electable by the Volost Assembly, which could handle smaller civil and criminal cases. It could sentence people to corporal punishment, fine or short-term incarceration.

## Russian Federation

In modern Russia, Veps National Volost existed in the Republic of Karelia during 1996-2004. There were also volosts in Olonets Raion of Karelia during 1993-2004, e.g., Nurmolsky selsoviet Нурмольский сельсовет based on Nurmolitsy [ru] was renamed into Nurmolskaya volost in 1992. There were also ru:Коткозерская волость, ru:Видлицкая волость.
# Marc Schneeberger

Marc Schneeberger (born 5 July 1981) is a Swiss sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres.
He was born in Täuffeln. He competed at the 2006 European Championships, the 2007 World Championships, the 2008 Olympic Games, the 2009 World Championships, the 2010 European Championships and the 2011 World Championships without reaching the final. In the 4 x 100 metres relay he competed at the 2009 World Championships, the 2010 European Championships and the 2011 World Championships.
His personal best times are 10.46 seconds in the 100 metres, achieved in June 2009 in Frauenfeld; and 20.42 seconds in the 200 metres, achieved in August 2010 in Rieti. He also holds the Swiss record in the 4 x 100 metres relay.
# Nymfasia

Nymfasia (Greek: Νυμφασία, before 1927: Γρανίτσα - Granitsa) is a village in the municipal unit of Vytina, Arcadia, Greece. It sits at 1,000 m above sea level, at the foot of the Mainalo mountains. It is 2 km north of Vytina and 10 km west of Levidi.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1981 | 271 |
| 1991 | 247 |
| 2001 | 251 |
| 2011 | 114 |
| 2021 | 114 |
# Nathalie den Dekker

Nathalie Marina Hendrika Maria Den Dekker (26 June 1989) is a Dutch lawyer, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe Netherlands 2012 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2012 pageant as well as other international pageants.

## Early life

Den Dekker studied law. Her interests include reading, spending time with friends and family, and swimming. She describes herself as a confident person who is hard-working, friendly, and committed.

## Designations

Den Dekker was designated as representative for the Netherlands at Miss World and Miss Universe 2012 by Kim Kotter, national director of Miss Nederland, as Miss Nederland took place during the Miss Universe competition.

## International pageants

* 2010: Miss Supranational in Poland
* 2010: Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International in China (Top 20)
* 2010: Miss Bikini International in China (Top 26，Miss Bikini Healthy Winner)
* 2010: Miss Tourism International in Malaysia (Winner)
* 2012: Miss World in China (Top 15)
* 2012: Miss Universe in the United States (2nd Runner-up in National costume)
* 2013: Miss International in Japan (1st runner up)
# Souleyman Chebal Moctar

Souleyman Chebal Moctar (born 31 December 1986), also spelled Souleyman Ould Chebal, Souleymane Ould Chebal, or Souleymane Ould Chebel, is a track athlete from Mauritania. His specialty is the 800 metres. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, he was the Mauritania team's flagbearer and finished 7th in his 800 m heat.
Moctar's time of 1:55.65 still stands as a Mauritanian national record in the 800 metres.
# Dalmatian

Dalmatian may refer to:
* Dalmatia, a region mainly in the southern part of modern Croatia
** Dalmatian language, an extinct Romance language
** Dalmatian (South Slavic), one of the historical names for proto-Serbo-Croatian
** Dalmatian identity, a historical identity in the region
** Dalmatian dog, a breed of dog originating in this region
* Dalmatian (band), a South Korean boy band
** Dalmatian (EP), its self-titled EP
* Dalmatian pelican, a large bird native to central Europe
# Havas Kandi

Havas Kandi (Persian: حواس كندي, also Romanized as Ḩavās Kandī; also known as Havās) is a village in Ojarud-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 185, in 32 families.
# Natee Thongsookkaew

Natee Thongsookkaew (also spelled Thongsukkao, Thai: นที ทองสุขแก้ว; born 8 December 1966) is a former Thai footballer. He played for the Thailand national team from 1986 to 2000.

## International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | February 12, 1988 | UAE | Bangladesh | 1-1 | Drew | 1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification |
# Marco Cribari

Marco Cribari (born 7 July 1985) is a former Swiss sprinter, who specialized in the 200 m.
Cribari was born in Zurich. He competed at the 2004 World Junior Championships, the 2006 European Championships, the 2007 World Championships, the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2009 World Championships without reaching the final. In the 4 x 100 metres relay he competed at the 2009 World Championships.
His personal best times are 10.35 seconds in the 100 m, achieved in July 2007 in Lausanne; and 20.54 seconds in the 200 m, achieved in June 2007 in Genève. He also held the Swiss record in the 4 × 100 m relay from 2008 until 2010.
In October 2009 Cribari ended his career because, as he stated, it was no longer possible for him to combine his sportive activities with his study of medicine.
# Edward S. Farrow

Edward Samuel Farrow, (April 20, 1855 – September 8, 1926) born in Worcester County, Maryland, was an author and a commander in the American Indian Wars of the late 19th century. He is particularly known for his service in the Sheepeater Indian War. Farrow was a graduate of the West Point Military Academy in 1876, and was a commanding officer of Indian Scouts in the Departments of the Columbia. He went on to become Assistant Instructor of Tactics at the US Military Academy (West Point), and published prolifically on the subject of Native American Indians, Military Training, and Mountain Scouting.

## Works

* Farrow, Edward S. (2000) [First published in 1881]. Mountain scouting: a hand-book for officers and soldiers on the frontiers (Print book). Foreword by Jerome A. Greene. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3209-9. OCLC 42765211. Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via WorldCat.
* A Military System of Gymnastics Exercises and a System of Swimming
* Farrows Manual on Military Training (1920)
* American Small Arms - A veritable Encyclopedia of Knowledge for Sportsmen and Military Men
* Farrow, Edward Samuel (1895) [First published in 1885]. Farrow's Military Encyclopedia; A Dictionary of Military Knowledge (Print book). Vol. 3 volumes, illustrated with maps and about three thousand wood engravings (2nd ed.). New York: Military-Naval Publishing Company. OCLC 993066046. Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via WorldCat.
* Mineral Resources of Bland County in Southwestern Virginia
* Farrow, Edward S. (1918). A dictionary of military terms (Print book) (Rev. ed.). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. OCLC 1266763. Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via WorldCat.
* Gas Warfare
# Maryhill School of Theology

Maryhill School of Theology (MST) is an institute for theological studies which holistically engages its students to do theology based upon a careful reflection on the Judeo-Christian-Islamic Tradition and then holding it alongside the present day situation as its critique and inspiration. As a center of excellence in the theological field, the school supports the endeavor that goes beyond developing a theology that can be applied to Philippine life. Rather, MST aims to foster a theological approach in which Filipino culture is at the core of its methods and discourse. In addition to academic training, Maryhill recognizes the importance and role of spirituality as sustenance and source of strength for the great men and women who shall carry out the Church's work for evangelization.

## Relationship with CICM

The Philippine Province of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM, from the Latin Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae) established Maryhill School of Theology in 1972. Moreover, the Board of Trustees of the CICM Mission Seminaries, Inc. directs and supervises MST as a non-stock, non-profit educational entity. Maryhill has been accepted by the Provinces of the CICM Asian Region as a Regional School of Theology since 1989.

## Founders

* Rev. Fr. Paul Van Parijs, C.I.C.M.
* Dom Anscar Chupungco, O.S.B.
* Rev. Fr. Eugene Flameygh, C.I.C.M.
* Rev. Fr. Herman Hendrickx, C.I.C.M.
* Rev. Fr. Paul Staes, C.I.C.M.
* Rev. Fr. Lode Wostyn, C.I.C.M.

## Student body

The school's inclusive approach to student admission has resulted in a diverse student population, including:
* laypersons
* professed religious
* diocesan priests
* seminarians

## Graduate programs

The Philippine education bureau has approved Maryhill's Graduate School Program in 1977 and authorized the institute to bestow the academic degree of Master of Arts in Theology. However, from the school's inception, candidates to the priesthood were provided with a four-year training in theology on a non-degree basis.

### General Theology Program (GTP)

The GTP track is designed for full-time students such as seminarians, religious, and laypersons. It is guided by the norms of the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education and the Episcopal Commission on Seminaries for Priestly Formation. The two available areas of specialization include:
* Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS)
* Master in Pastoral Ministry (MPM)

### Adult Theological Education Program (ATEP)

The ATEP track offers continuing education in theology to priests, religious, and laypersons for their personal development (audit basis) or for coursework required in a master's degree. The two available areas of specialization include:
* Master of Arts in Religious Studies (MARS)
* Master of Arts, Major in Pastoral Ministry (MAPM)
# Steen Smidt-Jensen

Steen Smidt-Jensen (born 26 January 1945) is a Danish athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Laurits Jørgensen

Laurits Møller Jørgensen (December 16, 1896 - September 10, 1976) was a Danish track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920, he finished sixth in the pole vault competition.
# Al-Sharaf

Al-Sharaf (Arabic: الشرف) is a sub-district located in Al Makhadir District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Al-Sharaf had a population of 9860 as of 2004.
# Hoseynabad, Dabudasht

Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād) is a village in Dabuy-ye Jonubi Rural District, Dabudasht District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 185, in 48 families.
# Tevin, Kandovan

Tovin (Persian: طوين, also Romanized as Ţovīn and Ţovīn; also known as Ţīvīūn and Ţīvyūn) is a village in Garmeh-ye Shomali Rural District, Kandovan District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 594, in 118 families.
# PJ Torokvei

PJ Torokvei (born Peter Torokvei; March 19, 1951 – July 3, 2013) was a Canadian screenwriter, actor. A trans woman, her professional credits are generally under her former name. In 2001, she announced to friends and family her intention to transition from her original sex at birth and undergo sex reassignment surgery.
Torokvei was involved with both The Second City and SCTV. Her notable works in film include the screenplays for Real Genius, Armed and Dangerous, Back to School and Guarding Tess. Her most notable work for television was as a producer and head writer on WKRP in Cincinnati. She appeared in and wrote for various television shows and films from the 1970s through the 1990s. She died at home from liver failure on July 3, 2013, at the age of 62.

## Filmography
### Actor

* The New Avengers (1977)
* SCTV (1981)
* I, Martin Short, Goes Hollywood (1989)
* Hostage for a Day (1994)
* Falling for You (1995)
* Stuart Saves His Family (1995)

### Producer

* WKRP in Cincinnati (Producer - 2 episodes) (1981-1982)

### Writer

* SCTV (1981)
* WKRP in Cincinnati (1979-1982)
* Real Genius (with Neal Israel and Pat Proft) (1985)
* Back to School (with Harold Ramis, Steven Kampmann and Will Porter) (1986)
* Armed and Dangerous (with Harold Ramis) (1986)
* Caddyshack II (with Harold Ramis) (1988)
* The Earth Day Special (1990)
* Guarding Tess (with Hugh Wilson) (1994)
* Hostage for a Day (with Kari Hildebrand and Robert David Crane) (1994)
* A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (1995)

## Career

In 1977 Torokvei joined the Toronto branch of Second City, where she met writer/performer Steven Kampmann and Martin Short. Torokvei, Kampmann, and Short collaborated on a short comedy film called The Cisco Kid, which involved dubbing comic dialogue and sound effects onto an older western (much like Woody Allen's What's Up, Tiger Lily?). The film was later broadcast on Canadian TV as an "extra" episode on SCTV. In 1979, Kampmann and Torokvei went to Los Angeles after The Cisco Kid came to the attention of Hugh Wilson, who invited them to come in and pitch WKRP script ideas. Torokvei would eventually become head writer and stay until near the end of the final season. Many of the show's most memorable and imaginative episodes, including "Real Families," "Daydreams," and "Rumors" were written by Torokvei.

## Awards

In both 1981 and 1982, Torokvei (as Peter Torokvei) was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards in her role as producer on WKRP in Cincinnati. She is often cited as one of the first transgender people to be nominated for an Emmy.
# Sede do BankBoston

Sede do BankBoston (formerly Edifício Itaú Bank, at Itaú Fidelité Marginal Pinheiros) is a 35-story skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. The structure is a great office skyscraper located in Brooklin, near the Marginal Pinheiros, São Paulo, Brazil. Inaugurated in 2002, it is 145 meters in height and has 35 floors, making it one of the largest in the country and one of the more modern high-rises in Latin America. In 2006, the building was sold to Banco Itaú, prior to which time BankBoston company had merged with Fleet Bank, and ceased to exist as a separate entity. Today, some people call it an Edifício Itaú Bank.

## Start of construction

The builder Hochtief, the German capital, was chosen to build the new Brazilian offices of BankBoston, on the ground located on the Marginal Pinheiros São Paulo. The project's financial institution demand the investment of about $65 million, according to Manager of New Business Development of Hochtief, Léo Teixeira. The future of BankBoston headquarters occupy an area of 30 square meters and will have 25 floors. According to the institution, the work began in May 1999 and finished in 28 months, concluding in 2002. Next to the bank building will be constructed a network Hyatt hotel, the United States and one office tower of the ACD, the company's former shareholder of Pão de Açúcar Group Alcides Diniz. The plot of land which will house the condominium, next to the new headquarters of Rede Globo, was owned by Diniz, that the area received as compensation for the purpose of the company in. The architectural design of the condominium was headed by Julio Neves, who did not want to comment on the project.

## Architecture

The Sede do BankBoston is one of the works of architecture and engineering more complex and innovative built on Brazilian soil in recent years. The complex, with its important green area, near the building and its surroundings. The geometric concept of the tower and the pedestrian areas to form a background to scan the landscape. The area of the building houses offices used by 3000 employees, and 8% for the same individuals. 10% of built area refers to the meeting rooms and common areas. The total space is used for banking, commercial and administrative. There is also a cafeteria with a capacity for 500 people, auditorium with 300 seats and center meetings. The tower, designed as a facade in staggered form, is composed of granite, metal and glass. Its structure, cast in sit concrete beams with protestations, creates modern silhouette and distinct profile in the city.
# Coșna

Coșna (German: Koszna) is a commune located in Suceava County, in the historical region of Bukovina, northeastern Romania. It is composed of five villages, namely: Coșna, Podu Coșnei, Românești, Teșna, and Valea Bancului. These were part of Dorna Candrenilor commune until 2003, when they were split off.

## Gallery

* Residential houses in Coșna
* The CFR train station in Coșna
# Bhoe Asal

Bhoe Asal (Urdu: بهوۓ آصل), is a town and Union Council of Kasur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is on the Lahore-Karachi railway track and on Pattoki-Raiwind Road. The town is in close proximity to Changa Manga, Pakistan's biggest planted forest. Bhoe Asal railway station here takes its name from the town, which is situated between Kot Radha Kishan and Changa Manga.
# Marco Hämmerli

Marco Hämmerli (born 7 May 1985) is a Swiss football coach and a former defender who is the manager of Wil.

## Coaching career

On 24 May 2024, Hämmerli signed a contract with Wil in Swiss Challenge League.
# Badatz

A Badatz (Hebrew: בד״ץ plural batei din) is a major Jewish beth din (rabbinical court). The term is a modern one, and is an acronym for beit din tzedek ("court of Justice").
In Israel, the term Badatz is often used to refer to the Badatz of the Edah HaChareidis; however, it is not the title of this group, and other batei din use the title as well. It is often used in the context of hechsherim (kashrut certification).
In most Jewish communities, there has been a beit din, which was often headed by the rabbi of the city, hence the nickname "Rabbad" - combining "Rabbi" and "Av Beit Din." In various ultra-Orthodox communities today, there are three jewish judges serving as a local badatz.
This term is also used for kosher commercial entities in Israel.

## Badatz in Israel

Badatz is not a major beth din according to the laws of the State of Israel. Certain Badatz, such as that of the ultra-Orthodox community, do not recognize the authority of the State of Israel, and the judgments are not legally valid but only halakhic.

## Rabbinical Courts

Rabbinical courts that use this title include:
* Badatz Edah HaChareidis from Jerusalem
* Badatz Igud Rabbonim of Rabbi Osher Yaakov Westheim
* Badatz Chassam Sofer from Bnei Brak, and Rabbis Shmuel Eliezer Stern and Yitzchok Shlomo Ungar
* Badatz Mehadrin of Rabbi Simcha HaKohen Kook and Rabbi Avraham Rubin
* Badatz Machzikei HaDas of Belz
* Badatz Beit Yosef of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef
* Badatz Agudas Yisroel
* Badatz Yoreh Deah of Rabbis Shlomo Machpoud and Ovadia Yosef
* Badatz Chug Chassam Sofer of Rabbi A. Wosner
* Badatz of the Hisachdus Kehilas Hayereim
* Badatz of Toronto of Rabbi Amram Assayag
* Badatz Rabbinical Court, based in Lakewood, New Jersey, with courtrooms around the U.S.
* Badatz Mekor Haim, based in Queens, New York, of Rabbi Eliyahu Ben Haim
# Purvaičiai, Kėdainiai

Purvaičiai (formerly Russian: Пурвайци) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village was uninhabited. It is located 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) from Meironiškiai, by the Paropėlė rivulet.
There were Purvaičiai estate and homestead before the Soviet era.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1902 | 62 | — |
| 1923 | 50 | −1.02% |
| 1959 | 13 | −3.67% |
| 1970 | 13 | +0.00% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1979 | 6 | −8.23% |
| 1989 | 0 | −100.00% |
| 2001 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2011 | 0 | 0.00% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 :
# Breg pri Temenici

Breg pri Temenici (pronounced; German: Rann) is a settlement on the right bank of the Temenica River in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. The railway line from Ljubljana to Novo Mesto runs just south of the settlement. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Breg pri Temenici was attested in written sources as Rain in 1361, Rain bey Temenicz in 1369, and Temenicz an dem Rain in 1436, among other spellings. The name of the settlement was changed from Breg to Breg pri Velikem Gabru in 1955. The name was changed again in 1997 to Breg pri Temenici. In the past the German name was Rann.
# Great Crown of Victory

The Great Crown of Victory (Thai: พระมหาพิชัยมงกุฎ; RTGS: Phra Maha Phichai Mongkut) is one of the regalia of Thailand. Made of gold and enamelled in red and green during the reign of King Rama I in 1782, the crown is 66 centimeters (26 inches) high and weighs 7.3 kg (16 pounds). In the reign of King Rama IV, a set of diamonds was added to the crown. Also added was a large cut diamond from India to decorate the top of the crown, called the Great Diamond (พระมหาวิเชียรมณี Phra Maha Wichian Mani). The crown is of a distinctive Thai design, being a multi-tiered conical diadem, terminating in a tapering spire.
The crown is worn only when a king is crowned. He places the crown on his own head. The shape of the crown represents the concept of divine monarchy. The tall spire signifies divine authority and the right to rule over his subjects.
The Great Crown of Victory is the most important of the five regalia of Thailand, yet at one time the crown was accorded the same importance as the other regalia.

## As symbol

The Great Crown of Victory is used as part of symbol in many public organization and educational institutions. The rank insignia of Royal Thai Army and Royal Thai Police field grade officers (Major and above) all depicts the grand crown.

## Gallery

* The Great Crown of Victory (heraldic version)
* The Great Crown of Victory (heraldic version), drawn by Hugo Gerard Ströhl
* The privy seal of King Mongkut (Rama IV), depicting the Great Crown of Victory.
* Flag of the Minister of Defence of Thailand since 1936.
* A replica of the Great Crown of Victory for the mast of the royal yacht Mahachakri II, Royal Thai Naval Museum, Samut Prakan.
* The Great Crown of Victory exhibit showing Thai regalia in honour of the 60th anniversary of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's accession to the throne in 2006.