OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fifth Aliyah

The Fifth Aliyah (Hebrew: העלייה החמישית, romanized: HaAliyah HaHamishit) refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939, with the arrival of 225,000 to 300,000 Jews. The Fifth Aliyah, or fifth immigration wave, began after the comeback from the 1927 economic crisis in Mandatory Palestine and the 1929 Palestine riots, during the period of the Fourth Aliyah.
This wave of immigration began as a pioneering one, but with the onset of racial persecution in Nazi Germany attained the character of a mass migration between 1933 and 1939, with at least 55,000 Jews from Central Europe immigrating to Palestine or residing there as semi-permanent residents. The 1936–1939 Arab riots in Mandatory Palestine weakened the immigration wave, but during the years 1938–1939 thousands of Jewish immigrants arrived, some of them illegally. The British White Paper of 1939 severely curtailed Jewish immigration. The onset of World War II a few months later also inhibited immigration to Mandatory Palestine.

## The causes for the immigration

* The rise to power of Hitler and the Nazi Party caused enormous disruption to the lives of Jews in Germany and Eastern Europe. As Nazi persecution tightened its grip on the Jewish population, many who wished to leave Germany were prevented by the immigration laws of the Third Reich, forcing them to stay and suffer from the huge wave of overt antisemitism sweeping the country. In an attempt to ameliorate this problem, the Jewish agency and the Nazi authorities reached in August 1933 a transfer agreement, in Hebrew heskem ha'avara, stipulating that Jews leaving Germany be reimbursed for their assets, even though German law at the time required them to give up their assets in order to leave. These provisions were combined with an allowance for the importation of German merchandise to Palestine. While not destined to be a permanent arrangement, the Haavara Agreement served interests on both sides of the dispute and helped facilitate continued Jewish immigration to the region.
* The exchange of the British colonial administrator – the new British colonial administrator, Arthur Wauchope, was pro-Zionist, granting many immigration permits and encouraging the Jewish economy and Zionist settlement.
* The economic growth in Palestine – the transmission agreement with Germany bringing large amounts of money was a starting point to the recovery of the Jewish economy in Palestine after the crisis of the late 1920s.
* The closing of gates to the United States – in 1921 the United States decided to severely restrict immigration, and even during the period of the Fifth Aliyah the US kept its gates closed to the majority of immigrants, despite the persecution of the Jews in Europe.
* Anti-semitism in the world prevailed – many more regimes in mainly European countries adopted a policy of anti-semitism which encouraged riots, persecution and the economic and social limitations on Jews.

## Gallery

* Palestine immigrant certificate issued in Warsaw (16-9-1935) by the Jewish Agency
* Immigrants from Germany arriving at the port of Jaffa in 1933
# Reform

Reform refers to the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The modern usage of the word emerged in the late 18th century and is believed to have originated from Christopher Wyvill's Association movement, which identified “Parliamentary Reform” as its primary aim. Reform is generally considered antithetical to revolution.
Developing countries may implement a range of reforms to improve living standards, often with support from international financial institutions and aid agencies. This can involve reforms to macroeconomic policy, the civil service, and public financial management.
In the United States, rotation in office or term limits would, in contrast, be more revolutionary, by altering basic political connections between incumbents and constituents. Reform capacity might be limited by the political system or state capacity.

## Re-form

When used to describe something which is physically formed again, such as re-casting (moulding) or a band that gets back together, the proper term is re-form (with a hyphen), not "reform".
# Eerikki Koivu

Eerikki Koivu (born 29 December 1979 in Kokkola, Finland) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for Lørenskog IK in Norway's GET-ligaen in the 2010-2011 season.

## Career

Until 2004, Koivu had played two seasons in Ligue Magnus and the rest of his career in Mestis, the second tier of Finnish hockey. In the 2004–05 season, he played his first five games in SM-liiga with JYP and continued in the team for 2005-06 and 2006–07 seasons. He moved to Norway in 2007 to play with Lørenskog IK.
Koivu acquired Norwegian citizenship in 2010. After playing four seasons in Norway, he received eligibility to play for the Norwegian national team, and he was selected to play at the 2011 IIHF World Championship. He ended his playing career after a serious hand injury in 2011.
# Kato Achaia

Kato Achaia (Greek: Κάτω Αχαΐα) is a town and a community in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality West Achaea, of which it is the seat of administration. The community Kato Achaia consists of the town Kato Achaia and the villages Alykes, Manetaiikia, Paralia Kato Achaias and Piso Sykea. Nearby are the ruins of the ancient city of Dyme.
Kato Achaia is located 1km south of the Gulf of Patras and 20km southwest of Patras. The villages Alykes and Paralia Kato Achaias are on the coast. The Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) passes outside the town. Kato Achaia has a train station on the partly disused Patras–Pyrgos railway. Currently, train traffic is offered between Patras and Kato Achaia.

## Population history

| Year | Kato Achaia Town | Community |
| 1981 | 5,185 | - |
| 1991 | 4,947 | - |
| 2001 | 5,518 | 6,027 |
| 2011 | 6,618 | 6,880 |
| 2021 | 7,689 | 8,177 |

## Gallery

* Dymi (Kato Achaia) municipal unit
* Kato Achaia beach
* Roman archaeological findings in kato Achaia
* Kato Achaia
# Bulldog type

Bulldogs are a type of dog that were traditionally used for the blood sports of baiting and dog fighting, but today are kept for other purposes, including companion dogs, guard dogs and catch dogs. Bulldogs are typically stocky, powerful, square-built animals with large, strong, brachycephalic-type muzzles. "Bull" is a reference that originated in England that refers to the sport of bull-baiting, which was a national sport in England between the 13th and 18th century. It is believed that bulldogs were developed during the 16th century in the Elizabethan era from the larger mastiffs, as smaller, more compact dogs were better suited for baiting.

## List of bulldog breeds
### Extant breeds

* Alano Español (Spanish Bulldog)
* Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
* American Bulldog
* Bulldog
* Campeiro Bulldog
* Continental Bulldog
* French Bulldog
* Olde English Bulldogge
* Perro de Presa Mallorquin
* Serrano Bulldog

### Extinct breeds

* Bullenbeisser (German Bulldog)
* Old English Bulldog
* Toy Bulldog

## Gallery

* Old English Bulldog in Paris, 1863
* A bull and a bulldog, etching by F. Barlow, circa 17th century A.D..
* Bull-baiting with dogs, 19th century
* Spanish Alano dogs, bull-fighting scene by Goya, circa 1815
* Spanish Alano dogs, bull-fighting scene, circa 1795
# Clarence A. Walworth

Clarence Augustus Walworth (May 30, 1820 – September 19, 1900) was an American attorney, writer, ordained Roman Catholic priest and missionary. Walworth was a well regarded writer who published numerous works related to the Roman Catholic Church.

## Life

Clarence A. Walworth, the fourth child and oldest son Reuben Hyde Walworth and Maria Ketchum (Averill) Walworth, was born on May 30, 1820, at Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York.
He was educated at The Albany Academy, and graduated from Union College in 1838. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Canandaigua.
After a few years he abandoned the law, and instead studied theology at the General Theological Seminary in New York City. Before he completed his studies there, he decided to become a Catholic priest, entered the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, and continued his studies in Belgium. From 1866 to 1892 he was pastor of St. Mary's Church in Albany.
Walworth’s 1888 Andiatorocté; or, The Eve of Lady Day on Lake George and Other, Hymns, and Meditations in Verse was reviewed by Oscar Wilde:
“Andiatoroctè [sic] is the title of a volume of poems by the Rev. Clarence Walworth, of Albany, N. Y. It is a word borrowed from the Indians, and should, we think, be returned to them as soon as possible….Poems of this kind were popular in the Middle Ages when the cathedrals of every Christian country served as its theaters. They are anachronisms now, and it is odd that they should come to us from the United States. In matters of this kind we should have some protection.”
Walworth died September 19, 1900, in Albany, New York.
# Ržišče, Litija

Ržišče (pronounced; in older sources also Režišče, German: Archische) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills above the left bank of the Sava River, just south of Vače. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
# Saint-Marcel-Campes

Saint-Marcel-Campes (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sent Marcèl e Campas) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the Cérou river.
# Douzains

Douzains (Occitan: Dosens) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne, a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine ("New Aquitaine") region in south-western France. Douzains is located 48 km north of Agen, the capital of the department Lot-et-Garonne. The nearest town with amenities is Castillonnès, 5.5 km away.
# René Gillotin

René Gillotin (1814–1861) was a French naval officer and painter. He was born in Normandy and entered the naval school at Brest, France. His first campaign was to South America in 1833, with a first stop at Gorée in Senegal. 1844-1846 he visited French Polynesia on the frigate La Virginie. After promotion to lieutenant, he visited Senegal again in 1852 on the steam frigate Eldorado. He served in the Crimean War as a commander, and made many drawings and watercolor paintings throughout his naval career.
François Jacquin, a nephew of René Gillotin, came upon a trove of writings, drawings, sketches and watercolors by his uncle. Based upon this discovery, he published De Constantinople a Tahiti: Seize ans d'aquarelles autour du monde, 1840-1856, en suivant Rene Gillotin in 1997. Gillotin’s style is typical of mid-19th-century French painting. Although he is best known for his images of French Polynesia and Constantinople, he also drew and painted (presumably from life) in Africa, South America and Hawaii.
# Dadi Denis

Dadi Denis (born August 13, 1976) is a retired Haitian sprinter, who specialized in the 400 metres. Being born and raised in the United States, Denis represented his parental nation Haiti at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and was also a member of the track and field team for Morgan State Bears, in Baltimore, Maryland.
Denis qualified for the men's 400 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by attaining a B-standard time of 45.89. He threw down a 47.57 in heat six, but faded only to seventh and did not advance further into the semifinals, trailing behind U.S. sprinter and eventual winner Jeremy Wariner.
# Johnstonianidae

Johnstonianidae is a family of mites in the order Trombidiformes. There are about 7 genera and more than 20 described species in Johnstonianidae.

## Genera

These seven genera belong to the family Johnstonianidae:
* Centrotrombidium Kramer, 1896
* Charadracarus Newell, 1960
* Diplothrombium Berlese, 1910
* Hirstiothrombium Oudemans, 1947
* Johnstoniana George, 1909
* Marcandreella Feider, 1957
* Tetrathrombium Feider, 1955
# Sergey Borisov (cyclist)

Sergey Vladimirovich Borisov (born 25 January 1983) is a Russian cyclist. He competed in the keirin and the men's team sprint at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
# Henry Joseph Gill

Henry Joseph Gill (1836 – 1903) was an Irish publisher, translator, and politician.
He was educated at Castleknock College, Dublin and was a graduate of Trinity College Dublin, Henry Joseph Gill was the managing editor of M. H. Gill and Sons, publishers.
He translated works including The Cid Campeador by Antonio de Trueba.
He was Irish Parliamentary Party MP for Westmeath from 1880 to 1883 and for Limerick City from 1885 to 1888.
His son Henry Gill S.J., M.C., D.S.O., Jesuit priest, scientist, and served as a chaplain in the great war, where he earned Military Cross, Distinguished Service Order, serving with the 2nd Royal Irish Rifles.
# Ji-min

Ji-min, also spelled Jee-min, is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 46 hanja with the reading "ji" and 27 hanja with the reading "min" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names. Ji-min was South Korea's third-most popular name for baby girls in 2008, with 2,792 being given the name.
People with this name include:

## Actresses

* Yoon Ji-min (born Yoon Ji-young, 1977), South Korean actress
* Han Ji-min (born 1982), South Korean actress
* Kim Ji-min (comedian) (born 1984), South Korean comedian and actress
* Kwak Ji-min (born Kwak Sun-hee, 1985), South Korean actress
* Kim Ji-min (actress) (born 2000), South Korean actress

## Musicians

* J-Min (born Oh Ji-min, 1988), South Korean singer
* Shin Ji-min (born 1991), South Korean rapper
* Jimin (born Park Ji-min, 1995), South Korean singer and dancer, member of boy band BTS
* Jamie (born Park Ji-min, 1997), South Korean singer
* Karina (South Korean singer) (born Yu Ji-min, 2000), South Korean singer, member of girl group Aespa

## Sportspeople

* Kang Ji-min (born 1980), South Korean golfer
* Lee Ji-min (born 1983), South Korean football player
* Kim Ji-min (footballer, born 1984), South Korean football player
* Ha Jee-min (born 1989), South Korean sailor
* An Ji-min (born 1992), South Korean speed skater
* Kim Ji-min (footballer, born 1993), South Korean football player
* Park Ji-min (footballer) (born 2000), South Korean football player
# Makrisia

Makrisia (Greek: Μακρίσια) is a village in the municipal unit of Skillounta, Elis, Greece. It is situated near the left bank of the river Alfeios, 2 km northwest of Krestena, 3 km northeast of Kallikomo, 4 km southwest of Olympia and 16 km southeast of Pyrgos.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1981 | 1,788 |
| 1991 | 2,158 |
| 2001 | 1,965 |
| 2011 | 1,720 |
| 2021 | 1,584 |
# In Clothes Called Fat

In Clothes Called Fat (Japanese: 脂肪と言う名の服を着て, Hepburn: Shibō to Iu Nano Fuku o Kite) is a Japanese drama josei manga written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno and serialized on Shufu-to-Seikatsu Sha's Weekly Josei magazine. A compilation volume was released on November 15, 1997. It was published in English by Vertical and in French by Kana.

## Characters

* Noko Hanazawa (花沢 のこ Hanazawa Noko) - An overweight office lady resorts to eating to alleviate stress. After suffering repeated abuses at work and the revelation that her long-time boyfriend is cheating on her with Mayumi, Noko begins dieting out of the belief that becoming thin will make her prettier and happier. She winds up developing bulimia nervosa.
* Mayumi Tachibana (橘 マユミ Tachibana Mayumi) - One of Noko's co-workers, a sadistic woman who enjoys hurting people she considers ugly, especially Noko and Tabata. She begins an affair with Saito just to make Noko suffer more. When Noko is transferred to another department after Mayumi sets her up, Mayumi becomes irritable with not being able to bully Noko and begins bullying her other co-workers with less satisfaction.
* Toshihiko Saito (斉藤 利彦 Saitō Toshihiko) - Noko's boyfriend since high school, who has only stayed with Noko because she's fat and her weak will is comforting to him. He fears strong-willed and confident women like his mother, so he begins pushing Noko away when she tries to lose weight. They eventually break-up and he marries a fat woman with a mild personality.

## Reception

It was nominated for the Angoulême Essential Awards at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. The series was nominated for an Eisner Award for the "Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia" in 2015. On Anime News Network, Rebecca Silverman gave it an overall grade of B+, calling it "a grim yet fascinating look into the life of someone suffering from a disorder and never really getting the help she needs". On manga-news.com, the staff gave it a grade of 15 out of 20. On Manga Sanctuary, the staff gave it a grade of 7 out of 10.
# Steganacaridae

Steganacaridae is a family of mites in the order Oribatida.

## Genera

* Austrophthiracarus
* Hoplophthiracarus
* Notophthiracarus
# Theodore Paraskevakos

Theodore George "Ted" Paraskevakos (Greek: Θεόδωρος Παρασκευάκος; born March 25, 1937, in Athens, Greece) is a Greek-American inventor and businessman. Paraskevakos graduated from the Superior College of Electronics in Greece and served for 28 months as communications and electronics instructor in the Hellenic Air Force. He attended a variety of courses for digital engineering in Alabama and in Florida.

## Notable inventions

Paraskevakos' most notable inventions relate to the transmission of electronic data through telephone lines which formed the original basis for what is now known as caller ID. Paraskevakos began his work in this field in 1968 while working as a communications engineer with SITA and has since been issued over 20 patents worldwide based on this technology. His transmitter and receiver were put into practice in 1971 in a Boeing facility in Huntsville, Alabama.

## Patents

Paraskevakos holds over 50 patents worldwide including a digital alarm communication system, which also covered handheld or portable cardiac alarms automatic meter reading and load management, digital vending machine communications, indoor archery, vertical parking, intelligent currency validation network, and a method for identification of currency used in unlawful activity. He founded, among other companies, Metretek, Inc., DataVend, Inc. and Intelligent Currency Validation Network, Inc.
# John Chortasmenos

John Chortasmenos (Greek: Ἰωάννης Χορτασμένος; c. 1370 – before June 1439) was a Byzantine monk and bishop of Selymbria, who was a distinguished bibliophile, writer, and teacher.

## Life

Chortasmenos is first attested as a notary of the patriarchal chancery in 1391. He continued to occupy this position until c. 1415. At some point he became a monk, with the monastic name Ignatios. Eventually he was raised to metropolitan bishop of Selymbria, a post he held by 1431.

## Work

An ardent bibliophile, Chortasmenos is notable both as a writer as well as a teacher, counting scholars Mark of Ephesus, Bessarion and Gennadius Scholarius among his pupils. He was the author of philological, historical and philosophical works, as well as at least 56 surviving letters to various literati and to Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. He wrote a hagiography of Constantine the Great and Helena of Constantinople, commentaries on John Chrysostomos and Aristotle, a treatise on hyphenation, as well as poems.
It has been suggested that he wrote a historical work, now lost, covering the period between the end of the history of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and the early 15th century, when the historians who wrote after the Fall of Constantinople started their works with. Herbert Hunger attributed to him an anonymous account of the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1394–1402, but this was rejected by Paul Gautier.

## Library

At least 24 surviving manuscripts are known to have belonged to Chortasmenos' library. Among the more notable is the Juliana Anicia Codex of Dioscurides, which he had restored, rebound, and a table of contents and extensive scholia added in Byzantine Greek minuscule in 1406. Beside the same problem in Diophantus' manuscript next to which Fermat would later write his famous marginalia (Fermat's Last Theorem), Chortasmenos wrote, "Thy soul, Diophantus, be with Satan because of the difficulty of your other theorems and particularly of the present theorem." In 2013, Italian Philologist and historian of Mathematics Fabio Acerbi showed that Chortasmenos wasn't cursing Diophantus because of the same passage next to which Fermat wrote his theorem (II.8), but because of the far more difficult II.7.
# Ansouis

Ansouis (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Ansoís) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

## Geography

Ansouis is located between the Luberon massif and the Durance river.

## History

A fortress was first built in the city in the 10th century, and has since been modified three times: once in the 13th century and again in the 15th and 19th centuries.
Ansouis is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Association.

## Demographics

The population, after peaking at 1,029 people in 1841, declined to only 463 people in 1931. It has since rebounded to 1,105 in 2006.
# Friedrich Böhm

Friedrich Böhm (born 15 August 1885 in Harburg (Swabia) near Donauwörth, died 25 August 1965 in Munich) was a German actuarial and insurance mathematician and university lecturer. During World War II, Böhm was conscripted into Group IV of Inspectorate 7 (German: Horchleistelle), an early cipher bureau and Signals intelligence agency of the German Army (Wehrmacht) (German: Heer), working to decode foreign Ciphers. He would later work in the successor organization: General der Nachrichtenaufklärung, in a similar role.

## Life

Friedrich Böhm studied mathematics at the Gymnasium St. Anna in Augsburg, Munich. In 1908 he undertook his promotion to Dr Phil with a thesis titled: Parabolic metric in the hyperbolic space. Lindemann, who had already given lectures on Actuarial mathematics in Munich, drew his attention to questions of mortality and disability. In 1911, he enabled Böhm's Habilitation in this discipline. Böhm became a private lecturer and, following the example of the University of Göttingen ( Georg Bohlmann ), founded a seminar on statistics and the insurance industry. During the 1911-12 winter term, he began delivering lectures on insurance mathematics. He had also taken the state exams as a teacher and was a student councillor. In 1920 he became an extraordinary professor of insurance mathematics at the University of Munich, which he taught up to his retirement in 1955. He also taught other applications of mathematics in business.
He remained for a long time the only actuarial science mathematician at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and was only temporarily supported by the former director of Hamburger Feuerkasse, Paul Riebesell, who was appointed honorary professor in 1938 at the university. The successor of Böhm in Munich was Hans Richter, who in 1955 received an ordinariat (German: Lehrstuhl) for mathematical statistics and economic mathematics.
Böhm's two-volume textbook on actuarial science Versicherungsmathematik was widely disseminated.