OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maturationism

Maturationism is an early childhood educational philosophy that sees the child as a growing organism and believes that the role of education is to passively support this growth rather than actively fill the child with information. This theory suggests that growth and development unfold from within the organism. It is also based on the idea that a learner's development is governed by a biologically based schedule.

## Theory

In maturationism, genetic factors play a larger role in development than environmental ones, particularly in regard to language acquisition. Here, the effect of genetic inheritance to development has more bearing than the impact of nurture, experience, and learning. It is believed that an innate maturational schedule drives what a child will do and at what time.
Maturationism is associated with the concept of developmental stages. Maturation theorists maintain that the universal and invariant sequence of human development can be described and that the genetic makeup of an individual determines the pace of such development. It is often associated with the work of Arnold Gesell who, along with his colleagues at the Clinic of Child Development at Yale University, charted the development of thousands of children and described developmental milestones that were achieved in a developmental sequence.

## Maturation programs

Learning programs based on the maturationist perspective usually focus on certain tenets of psychodynamic theories of development and progressive educational philosophy. These draw, for instance, from the work of Sigmund Freud as reflected in their emphasis on early experience for subsequent emotional, social, and cognitive development. The objectives are also stated in global, qualitative terms and often associated to the development of competency and self-esteem, factors that are considered crucial in cognitive and social development.
# Shakhovo, Kursk Oblast

Shakhovo (Russian: Шахово) is a rural locality (Russian: село, lit. 'village') in Soldatsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 18 (2010 Census); 45 (2002 Census); 83 (1989 Soviet census).

## Geography

The village is located on the Usozha River (a left tributary of the Svapa in the basin of the Seym), 93 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 50 km north-west of Kursk, 10 km west of the district center – the town Fatezh, 2.5 km from the selsoviet center – Soldatskoye.

### Climate

Shakhovo has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Shakhovo is located 8 km from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway as part of the European route E105, 3 km from the road of regional importance 38K-038 (Fatezh – Dmitriyev), 2 km from the road of intermunicipal significance 38Н-679 (38K-038 – Soldatskoye – Shuklino), 26 km from the nearest railway halt 29 km (railway line Arbuzovo – Luzhki-Orlovskiye).
The rural locality is situated 53 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 168 km from Belgorod International Airport and 244 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Comte de Gabalis

Comte de Gabalis is a 17th-century French text by Abbé Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars (1635–1673). The titular "Comte de Gabalis" ("Count of Cabala") is an esotericist who explains the mysteries of the world to the author. It first appeared in Paris in 1670, anonymously, though the identity of the author came to be known. The original title as published by Claude Barbin was Le comte de Gabalis, ou entretiens sur les sciences secrètes, "The Count of Cabala, Or Dialogs on the Secret Sciences".
The book was widely read in France and abroad, and is a source for many of the "marvelous beings" that populate later European literature. French readers include Charles Baudelaire and Anatole France – it was the main source for his At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque (1892). In English literature, it influenced Alexander Pope, who borrowed from it to create the sylphs in The Rape of the Lock (1714), and in German, it is a likely source for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué's Undine. In recent times it has been considered by some to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy, though in its time it was taken seriously by many readers. Many later authors have also taken it to be a serious source, including Edward Bulwer-Lytton and prominent occult writers Éliphas Lévi, Helena Blavatsky and M. P. Hall.
# Portrait of Art Farmer

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
Portrait of Art Farmer is an album by trumpeter Art Farmer featuring performances recorded in 1958 and released on the Contemporary label. It was recorded when Farmer was adjusting to moving from Horace Silver's band, where he received a high level of rhythmic and harmonic support from the rhythm section, to Gerry Mulligan's quartet, where there was no piano and only light backing.

## Reception

The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected the album as part of its suggested Core Collection stating "The rhythm section is beautifully balanced and offers exemplary support to the leader, whose playing summons elegance, fire and craftsmanship in almost perfect accord, with his ballad playing particularly refined". The Allmusic review called the album "an excellent showcase for trumpeter Art Farmer in the 1950s".

## Track listing

All compositions by Art Farmer except as indicated
* "Back in the Cage" – 5:04
* "Stablemates" (Benny Golson) – 4:32
* "The Very Thought of You" (Ray Noble) – 5:41
* "And Now..." – 6:07
* "Nita" (George Russell) – 4:28
* "By Myself" (Howard Dietz, Arthur Schwartz) – 6:15
* "Too Late Now" (Burton Lane, Alan Jay Lerner) – 5:55
* "Earth" – 4:10
* "The Folks Who Live On the Hill" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) – 4:35
The original release on Contemporary contained tracks 1–8; track 9 was added to the Original Jazz Classics reissue.
Tracks 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 were recorded on April 19, 1958, the remainder on May 1, 1958.
"Back in the Cage" is a 12-bar blues with a theme that is not stated until Farmer's second entry. "Stablemates" is a 36-bar number in ABA form, with each A section lasting 14 bars; it contains several ii-V-I progressions. "The Very Thought of You" and "By Myself" are played by Farmer with a cup mute. "And Now..." is an up-tempo composition by Farmer over the chord changes from 'I Got Rhythm'. The ballad "Too Late Now" has a brassier trumpet performance from Farmer, as opposed to his breathier playing on the other tracks. "Earth" is a blues, played in a simple, swinging style.

## Personnel

* Art Farmer – trumpet
* Hank Jones – piano
* Addison Farmer – bass
* Roy Haynes – drums
# International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music

The International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music (ICEM), or Confédération Internationale de Musique Électroacoustique (CIME), cofounded by the Bourges International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music (IMEB, French: Institut international de musique électroacoustique de Bourges, also "Bourges International Institute of Electroacoustic Music"), formerly Groupe de musique expérimentale de Bourges, in 1981 in Bourges, is a music organization in support of electroacoustic music, including computer music.
The ICEM holds the International Electronic Music Festival and gives music awards for electroacoustic music during the former Bourges International Electro-Acoustic Music Competition (also known as "Bourges Electroacoustic Music Competition" and as the International Electro-Acoustic Music Competition, founded in 1973, "to promote elecoacoustic composition," and began to include music software as a category in 1996.
The ElectroAcoustic Music Days 2023 were held by Hellenic Electroacoustic Music Composers Association (HELMCA), in Rethymno.

## Recipients

* 1972: Eugeniusz Rudnik, Mobile
* 1973: Eugeniusz Rudnik, Ostinato 3rd prize
* 1976: Jack Body
* 1981: Alejandro Viñao
* 1983: Jean-Baptiste Barrière, Chréode
* 1984: Eugeniusz Rudnik, Homo Ludens 2nd prize
* 1989: Scott A. Wyatt, finalist
* 1999: Frank Corcoran, Sweeney's Vision
* 2009: Jack Body
* 2023 Prix CIME

### Euphonie d'Or

Golden Sound/Sound of Gold.
* 1992: Alejandro Viñao
* 1992: Jonty Harrison, Klang
* 2002: Natasha Barrett, Utility of Space
* 2004: Jon Christopher Nelson, Scatter

### Grand Prize

* 1984: Scott A. Wyatt

### Trivium Prize

* 2009: Jack Body, Intimate History no. 2: ssteve

#### Finalists

* 2008: Natasha Barrett

### Magisterium Prize

"The award is open to composers having at least 25 years of professional experience in the field, and its objective is 'the promotion and diffusion of works that might become milestones in the history of electroacoustic music'."
* 1998: Wlodzimierz Kotonski, Tierra Caliente; Jean-Claude Risset: Invisible
* 2007: Roger Doyle, Sectors 4 and 5 of The Ninth Set
# Who Killed Santa Claus?

Who Killed Santa Claus? (French: L'Assassinat du père Noël) is a 1941 French comedy-drama mystery film directed by Christian-Jaque and starring Harry Baur, Raymond Rouleau and Robert Le Vigan. This adaptation of Pierre Véry's 1934 novel of the same name was the first film produced by Continental Films. It was shot at the Neuilly Studios in Paris and on location at Chamonix in the French Alps. The films sets were designed by the art director Guy de Gastyne.

## Cast

* Harry Baur as Gaspard Cornusse
* Raymond Rouleau as Roland de La Faille
* Renée Faure as Catherine Cornusse
* Robert Le Vigan as Léon Villard, the schoolmaster
* Fernand Ledoux as Noirgoutte, the mayor
* Jean Brochard as Ricomet, the pharmacist
* Héléna Manson as Marie Coquillot
* Arthur Devère as Tairraz, the watchmaker
* Marcel Pérès as Rambert
* Georges Chamarat as Constable Gercourt
* Bernard Blier as police sergeant
* Jean Sinoël as Noblet
* Marie-Hélène Dasté as Mother Michel
* Jean Parédès as Kappel, the beadle
# Jules Verne's tomb

The Jules Verne's tomb is a grave memorial in Amiens, France La Madeleine Cemetery. It marks the grave of the 19th-century writer Jules Verne. The sculpture was designed by Albert Roze and it depicts a man breaking out of his grave and reaching skyward. Verne died March 24, 1905, and the sculpture was added to the gravesite in 1907.

## Background

In 1905 Jules Verne died in Amiens France, from chronic diabetes and complications from a stroke that paralyzed his right side. and two years later his tomb featured a dramatic sculpture of a man pushing his way out of the earth reaching to the heavens. The sculpture is entitled Vers l’immortalité et l’éternelle jeunesse ("Towards immortality and eternal youth"). It was announced in January 1907 sculptor Albert Roze would erect a monument at the Jules Verne gravesite.
The grave's sculpture has become a tourist attraction. The city of Amiens also features the tomb on their tourist page.
# Thale Ban National Park

Thale Ban National Park (Thai: ทะเลบัน) is a forested area south of the Banthat Mountains in southern Thailand, in the south of Satun Province bordering Malaysia; it borders Taman Negeri Perlis park. The park was established on 27 October 1980. It covers an area of 122,500 rai ~ 196 square kilometres (76 sq mi) of Khuan Don and Mueang Satun districts.
The nearest town to the park is Satun, west of the park and approximately 30 km (20 mi) southwest of park headquarters.

## Geography

The park is located around a valley which formed the historic link between Thailand and Malaysia. According to local lore, 300 years ago an earthquake formed the lake in the valley, probably due to a landslide which created a natural dam. Submerged trees found in the lake seem to confirm this story.
The limestone hills contain several caves. Tham Ton Din is a river cave near park headquarters. The highest elevation within the park is Chin Mountain with an elevation of 756 metres (2,480 feet).

## Flora and fauna

The park features forest types including tropical rain forest, mixed deciduous forest and coastal mangrove forests. The rain forest is home to species of Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Parashorea, Alstonia, Caryota and Calamus. The deciduous forest, unusual in southern Thailand, has species of Caryota, Lagerstroemia, Pterocymbium, Vitex, Schima and Dillenia. The coastal forest is home to mangrove species such as Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica and species of Avicennia.
The park is known to contain 64 mammal species, 282 bird species (including 8 hornbill species), 40 reptile species and 20 amphibian species.
Mammals include the endangered Malayan tapir, threatened Sumatran serow and protected marbled cat. Other mammals include tiger, leopard cat and sun bear. Birds in the park include chestnut-bellied malkoha, orange-breasted trogon, Gould's frogmouth, blue-winged pitta, blue-crowned hanging parrot, white-crowned hornbill, oriental pied hornbill, brown boobook, black-and-red broadbill, Asian green broadbill, banded broadbill and hill myna. Reptiles include the common house gecko, large forest gecko, reticulated python, king cobra, soft-shelled turtle and the endangered sunburst turtle.
# Vinnikovo-Nikolayevka

Vinnikovo-Nikolayevka (Russian: Винниково-Николаевка) is a rural locality (Russian: село, lit. 'village') in Vinnikovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 55 (2010 Census); 59 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located on the Vinogrobl River (a left tributary of the Tuskar in the basin of the Seym), 114 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 15 km north-east of the district center – the town Kursk, 1 km from the selsoviet center – 1st Vinnikovo.

### Climate

Vinnikovo-Nikolayevka has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Vinnikovo-Nikolayevka is located 11 km from the federal route P-298 (Kursk – Voronezh – P-22 "Kaspy" Highway; a part of the European route E38), 3.5 km from the road of regional importance 38K-016 (Kursk – Kastornoye), on the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-041 (1st Vinnikovo – Vodyanoye), 4 km from the nearest railway station Otreshkovo (railway line Kursk – 146 km).
The rural locality is situated 15 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 129 km from Belgorod International Airport and 188 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Stephen Harding

Stephen Harding (French: Étienne Harding) (c. 1060 – 28 March 1134) was an English-born monk and abbot, who was one of the founders of the Cistercian Order. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church.

## Early life

Stephen was born in south-west England and, as a youth, spent time at the Sherborne Abbey in Dorset. He then travelled to Scotland and France. Afterward, Stephen went on a pilgrimage to Rome. Back in France, Stephen joined a monastery at Molesme, Burgundy region.

## Founding the Cistercian Order

In 1098, Stephen, along with Robert and Alberic, left Molesme and founded a new monastery in Cîteaux, France. Robert became the first abbot. After Robert was ordered back to Molesme by Pope Urban II, Alberic became abbot and served for nine years until his death.
Stephen was the third abbot of Cîteaux. At first, under his administration, there was hardship, especially regarding the attainment of new members. Eventually, Bernard of Clairvaux entered the community, bringing with him thirty companions.
With Stephen and Bernard spearheading the order, many new Cistercian monasteries were founded. In 1119, Stephen received official approbation for the Carta Caritatis (Charter of Charity), an important document for the Cistercian Order, establishing its unifying principles. Many of his policies and decisions were influenced from his time with the Vallombrosians.
Stephen Harding served as abbot of Cîteaux for twenty-three years. While no single person is considered the founder of the Cistercian Order, the shape of Cistercian thought and its rapid growth in the 12th century were certainly due in some part to Harding's leadership. Insisting on simplicity in all aspects of monastic life, Stephen encouraged the severity of Cistercian architecture and the simple beauty of the Order's liturgy and music. He was an accomplished scribe; one of his greatest achievements is considered to be the Harding Bible. In 1133, he resigned as abbot because of poor eyesight. He died on 28 March 1134.

## Legacy

Veneration for Stephen began in the modern era. His feast was celebrated on 28 March until 1683 and then moved to 17 April, where it remained until the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council, when it was moved back to 28 March. In a joint commemoration with Robert of Molesme and Alberic, the first two abbots of Cîteaux, the Cistercians and Benedictines today celebrate Stephen Harding's feast day on 26 January.
# Cross of Honour for Military Service Abroad

The Cross of Honour for Military Service Abroad (Dutch: Erekruis voor Militaire Dienst in het Buitenland, French: Croix d'Honneur pour Service Militaire à l'Étranger) is a Belgian military decoration originally established for award to Belgian servicemen who served for a long period of time in the Federal Republic of Germany, Zaire (now Congo), Rwanda or Burundi. It was established on 16 June 1997 in three classes.

## Classes and award prerequisites

The Cross of Honour is awarded in three classes based on the duration of service in the relevant territory. Years of service do not have to be continuous:
* The First Class is awarded for 15 years of service
* The Second Class for 10 years of service
* The Third Class for 5 years of service
However, depending on the region where the services were performed, one year of actual service may count for more than one year for the purpose of awarding the Cross of Honour. One year of service in the Congo, Rwanda or Burundi counted as five years, one year of service at the border between the former West Germany and the former East Germany counted for three years, and one year of service performed in the central region of the former West Germany counted for two years.

## Insignia

The medal is a gold star with a red pearl at each tip. The star is suspended to the ribbon by a royal crown and a ring. The obverse bears a central medallion with a golden lion on a black enamelled background surrounded by a ring of blue enamel with the motto in gold letters Pro Patria. The reverse medallion bears a crown of laurels surrounding two crossed swords.
The ribbon is azure blue with a purple vertical border on each side and in the centre a vertical stripe the colour of which depends on the class: gold for first class, silver for second class, and red for third class.
| First Class Obverse | Second Class Obverse | Third Class Obverse | Third Class Reverse |
# Not Gon' Cry

"Not Gon' Cry" is a song by American R&B singer Mary J. Blige, from the soundtrack to the film Waiting to Exhale; the song is also featured on Blige's third album, Share My World (1997). It was written and produced by Babyface and became a major hit for Blige in the United States, where it peaked at numbers one and two on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles and Hot 100 charts, respectively. The single sold 1,000,000 copies domestically and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Blige received her third Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance (her first nomination in that category) at the 39th Grammy Awards in 1997 for the song. Coincidentally, other songs on that were later released as singles from the soundtrack ("Exhale" by Whitney Houston and "Sittin' Up in My Room" by Brandy) also received nominations in the same category. Blige performed the song at the 39th Grammy Awards telecast.

## Background

The lyrics of the song are inspired by a storyline in the movie Waiting to Exhale revolving around one of the films main characters, Bernadine (portrayed by actress Angela Bassett), who gets abandoned by her philandering husband. The music video, which incorporates clips from Waiting to Exhale, was directed by Wayne Maser and Elizabeth Bailey.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from Billboard felt "Not Gon' Cry" is "one of the strongest numbers" of the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack and "is finally given a crack at chart success." He added "Blige's worldly delivery breathes palpable depth and empathy into Babyface's composition tracing the bitter split of a relationship. She convincingly builds from white-knuckled anger to cathartic resolution in the space of four minutes, riding a slowly grinding R&B groove etched with quiet blues colors. Judging from the sparks ignited here, the pairing of Blige and Babyface is one that needs to happen again and again." Jonathan Bernstein from Entertainment Weekly described the song as "snarling". British magazine Music Week rated it three out of five, declaring it as a "slow, steel-tipped ballad". They added, "Good, if not memorable." A reviewer from People Magazine viewed it as Waiting to Exhale’s "jilted woman’s manifesto".

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Roberto Gavaldón

Roberto Gavaldón (June 7, 1909 in Jiménez, Chihuahua – September 4, 1986 in Mexico City) was a Mexican film director.
Eight of Gavaldón's films were featured on the list 100 Best Movies of the Cinema of Mexico. His 1958 film Ash Wednesday was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival and his 1959 film Beyond All Limits was entered into the following years festival. His 1960 film Macario was entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

## Selected filmography

* La tierra del mariachi (1938)
* Café Concordia (1939)
* The Count of Monte Cristo (1942)
* The Shack (1945)
* The Associate (1946)
* La Otra (1946)
* The Private Life of Mark Antony and Cleopatra (1947)
* The Kneeling Goddess (1947)
* Adventures of Casanova (1948)
* The Shadow of the Bridge (1948)
* The Little House (1950)
* Rosauro Castro (1950)
* Desired (1951)
* In the Palm of Your Hand (1951)
* The Night Falls (1952)
* Soledad's Shawl (1952)
* The Boy and the Fog (1953)
* The Three Perfect Wives (1953)
* Camelia (1954)
* Untouched (1954)
* After the Storm (1955)
* The Littlest Outlaw (1955)
* The Hidden One (1956)
* Ash Wednesday (1958)
* Beyond All Limits (1959)
* Macario (1960)
* Rosa Blanca (1961)
* Autumn Days (1963)
* El Gallo de Oro (1964)
* El hombre de los hongos (1976)
* La Playa vacia (1979)
# Dymes

Dymes (Greek: Δύμες) is a village in the Limassol District of Cyprus, located 4 km south of Kyperounta.
# Sageika

Sageika (Greek: Σαγέικα, also: Σαγαίικα - Sagaiika) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Movri, western Achaea, Greece. It is located in the plains between the Movri hills and the Gulf of Patras. It is 3 km west of Kareika, 6 km east of Metochi, 9 km southwest of Kato Achaia and 28 km southwest of Patras. The Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) runs through the village.
Sageika was the seat of the municipality of Movri, named for the Movri hills south of the village. The municipality was created under the Kapodistrias reform in 1998. The community Sageika consists of the villages Sageika, Apostoloi, Bouteika, Vrachneika, Gerouseika and Stathmos.

## Population

| Year | Village population | Community population |
| 1981 | 1,319 | - |
| 1991 | 1,188 | - |
| 2001 | 1,012 | 1,776 |
| 2011 | 1,038 | 1,868 |
| 2021 | 1,210 | 2,161 |