# Nord (French department)

Nord (French pronunciation: ; officially French: département du Nord; Picard: départémint dech Nord; Dutch: Noorderdepartement, lit. 'Northern Department') is a département in Hauts-de-France region, France bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.
Nord is the country's most populous département. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the département), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.

## History

Until the 17th century, the history of the North (Nord, French department) was largely in common with the history of Belgium (the Celtics Belgians during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of Gaul). The historical French provinces that preceded Nord are French Flanders, French Hainaut (part of Hainaut and Flanders is in the Kingdom of Belgium). Tribes of the Belgae, such as the Menapii and Nervii were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.
During the 4th and 5th Centuries, Roman rulers of Gallia Belgica secured the route from the major port of Bononia (Boulogne) to Colonia (Cologne), by co-opting Germanic peoples north-east of this corridor, such as the Tungri. In effect, the area known later as Nord became an isogloss (linguistic border) between the Germanic and Romance languages. Saxon colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of Lille spoke a dialect of Old Dutch. This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the County of Flanders became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east.
During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the Duchy of Burgundy and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the Habsburg Netherlands (from 1482) and the Spanish Netherlands (1581).
Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and part of the Bishopric of Cambrai.
On 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution, Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.
Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch West Flemish dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub-dialect will be extinct within decades.

## Geography

Nord is part of the current Hauts-de-France region and is surrounded by the French departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, and Aisne, as well as by Belgium and the North Sea. Its area is 5,742.8 km$^2$ (2,217.3 sq mi). It is the longest department in metropolitan France, measuring 184 km from Fort-Philippe in the north-west to Anor in the south-east.
Situated in the north of the country along the western half of the Belgian frontier, the department is unusually long and narrow. The principal rivers are the following: Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, Sambre.

### Principal towns

The most populous commune is Lille, the prefecture. With nearby Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq, it constitutes the center of a cluster of industrial and former mining towns totalling slightly over a million inhabitants. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 30,000 inhabitants:
| Commune | Population (2019) |
| Lille | 234,475 |
| Roubaix | 98,828 |
| Tourcoing | 98,656 |
| Dunkirk | 86,279 |
| Villeneuve-d'Ascq | 61,957 |
| Valenciennes | 43,229 |
| Wattrelos | 40,898 |
| Douai | 39,613 |
| Marcq-en-Barœul | 38,486 |
| Cambrai | 32,176 |

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1801 | 765,001 | — |
| 1806 | 839,530 | +1.88% |
| 1821 | 905,777 | +0.51% |
| 1831 | 989,938 | +0.89% |
| 1841 | 1,085,298 | +0.92% |
| 1851 | 1,158,285 | +0.65% |
| 1861 | 1,303,380 | +1.19% |
| 1872 | 1,447,764 | +0.96% |
| 1881 | 1,603,259 | +1.14% |
| 1891 | 1,736,341 | +0.80% |
| 1901 | 1,866,994 | +0.73% |
| 1911 | 1,961,780 | +0.50% |
| 1921 | 1,787,918 | −0.92% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1931 | 2,029,449 | +1.28% |
| 1936 | 2,022,167 | −0.07% |
| 1946 | 1,917,452 | −0.53% |
| 1954 | 2,098,545 | +1.13% |
| 1962 | 2,293,112 | +1.11% |
| 1968 | 2,417,899 | +0.89% |
| 1975 | 2,511,478 | +0.54% |
| 1982 | 2,520,526 | +0.05% |
| 1990 | 2,531,855 | +0.06% |
| 1999 | 2,555,020 | +0.10% |
| 2007 | 2,564,950 | +0.05% |
| 2012 | 2,587,128 | +0.17% |
| 2017 | 2,604,361 | +0.13% |
source:SPLAF and INSEE :
With a population of 2,608,346 in 2019, Nord is the department with the largest population.

## Politics

The President of the Departmental Council is the unaffiliated right-winger Christian Poiret.
The first President of the Fifth Republic, General Charles de Gaulle, was born in Lille in the department on 22 November 1890.
| Party | Seats |
| Union of the Right (UD) | 30 |
| Union of the Left (UG) | 18 |
| Miscellaneous right (DVD) | 10 |
| Union of the Centre and the Right (UCD) | 8 |
| French Communist Party (PCF) | 4 |
| Miscellaneous left (DVG) | 4 |
| Union of the Left and Ecologists (UGE) | 4 |
| Miscellaneous centre (DVC) | 2 |
| Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) | 2 |

### Presidential elections second round

| Election | Winning Candidate | Party | % | 2nd Place Candidate | Party | % |
| 2022 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 52.85 | Marine Le Pen | RN | 47.15 |
| 2017 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 56.90 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 43.10 |
| 2012 | François Hollande | PS | 52.88 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 47.12 |
| 2007 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 51.75 | Ségolène Royal | PS | 48.25 |
| 2002 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 78.28 | Jean-Marie Le Pen | FN | 21.72 |
| 1995 | Lionel Jospin | PS | 53.70 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 46.30 |

### Current National Assembly Representatives

| Constituency | Member | Party |
| Nord's 1st constituency | Adrien Quatennens | La France Insoumise |
| Nord's 2nd constituency | Ugo Bernalicis | La France Insoumise |
| Nord's 3rd constituency | Christophe Di Pompeo | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 4th constituency | Brigitte Liso | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 5th constituency | Sébastien Huyghe | The Republicans |
| Nord's 6th constituency | Charlotte Lecocq | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 7th constituency | Francis Vercamer | Union of Democrats and Independents |
| Nord's 8th constituency | Catherine Osson | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 9th constituency | Valérie Petit | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 10th constituency | Vincent Ledoux | The Republicans |
| Nord's 11th constituency | Laurent Pietraszewski | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 12th constituency | Anne-Laure Cattelot | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 13th constituency | Christian Hutin | Citizen and Republican Movement |
| Nord's 14th constituency | Paul Christophe | The Republicans |
| Nord's 15th constituency | Jennifer de Temmerman | Liberties and Territories |
| Nord's 16th constituency | Alain Bruneel | French Communist Party |
| Nord's 17th constituency | Dimitri Houbron | La République En Marche! |
| Nord's 18th constituency | Guy Bricout | Union of Democrats and Independents |
| Nord's 19th constituency | Sébastien Chenu | National Rally |
| Nord's 20th constituency | Fabien Roussel | French Communist Party |
| Nord's 21st constituency | Béatrice Descamps | Union of Democrats and Independents |

## Economy

Until recently, the department was dominated economically by coal mining, which extended through the heart of the department from neighbouring Artois into central Belgium.
At the forefront of France's 19th century industrialisation, the area suffered severely during World War I and now faces the economic, social and environmental problems associated with the decline of coal mining with its neighbours, following the earlier decline of the Lille-Roubaix textile industry.

## Tourism

* The old stock exchange of Lille
* Saint-Winoc Abbey in Bergues
* Belfry of Douai
* Windmill in Boeschepe
* Mining museum in Lewarde