OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# René König

René König (5 July 1906 – 21 March 1992) was a German sociologist. He was very influential on West German sociology after 1949.

## Biography

Born in Magdeburg, he 1925 took up Philosophy, Psychology, Ethnology, and Islamic Studies at the Universities of Vienna and Berlin. He gained his doctorate (Dr. phil.) 1930 at the Berlin University. As an enemy of the Nazis, he could not obtain his post-doctoral degree (Habilitation) in the Reich, so he emigrated to Switzerland in 1937 and passed the examination at the university of Zürich, 1938. By then, he was strongly influenced by Émile Durkheim, Maurice Halbwachs, and Marcel Mauss. 1949, he was called to the chair of Sociology at Cologne University, where he built up what was to be known later as the "Cologne School" (Kölner Schule) and established the Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. He never left this university, in spite of several calls, and became Professor Emeritus in 1974, dying at Cologne 1992.
He never gave up cultural studies writing the first sociology of fashion, but at the same time he was a German pioneer of empirical methods, as against the ideological biases of many contemporal colleagues.
He played as well an important role in the International Sociological Association. He was the fifth president of ISA (1962-1966).
Besides, he was en engaged liberal writer and essayist, and translated the novelist Giovanni Verga from the Italian into German.
The René König Society (René-König-Gesellschaft) is publishing a complete edition of his writings.
# Louis-Alphonse Boyer

Louis-Alphonse Boyer (May 31, 1839 – May 29, 1916) was a Quebec merchant and political figure. He represented Maskinongé in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878.
He was born in Montreal, the son of Louis Boyer and Aurélie Mignault, and was educated at the Chambly and Jesuit Colleges. Boyer was the head of a lumber firm and a director of the Royal Canadian Insurance Company and of La Banque Ville Marie. He also served as mayor of St-Lambert. In 1865, he married Alphonsine Meilleur, the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Meilleur. Boyer ran unsuccessfully in the federal riding of Jacques Cartier in 1904. Boyer operated a model farm in St-Lambert. He was flour inspector for Montreal from 1878 to 1888.
His brother Arthur was a member of the Quebec assembly and the Canadian senate.
# Nemška Loka

Nemška Loka (pronounced; German: Unterdeutschau) is a settlement in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. It was inhabited mostly by Gottschee Germans. During the Second World War its original population was expelled. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Nemška Loka was attested in historical sources as Teutschau in 1574. The Slovene name Nemška Loka literally means 'German flood-meadow' and corresponds to the German name Unterdeutschau (literally, 'lower German flood-meadow'). The name refers to the local geography and the original ethnic German settlers that arrived in the 14th century.

## History

In 1574 the village had twelve half-farms and one tenant farmer. During the Ottoman raids, the villagers were responsible for carrying letters to Kočevje and Poljane Castle in Predgrad. Straža Hill (834 m) west of the settlement was used for bonfires and cannons fired as signals during these raids. An elementary school was established in the village in 1860 (and discontinued in 1947). In 1965 there were 10 families living in the village: five Slovenian, three Bosnian, one Croatian, and one Romani.

## Churches

The local parish church was dedicated to Mary Help of Christians and was a large Baroque pilgrimage church. It was demolished after the Second World War. A second church, dedicated to Saint Margaret in the hamlet of Tanči Vrh northwest of the main village was burned down in 1942 when the entire previously abandoned settlement was set on fire. It was not restored after the war. In 1980 the remaining nave collapsed and in 1992 the unsafe sanctuary was removed.
# Hastak

Hastak (Persian: هستك) is a village in Zalaqi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Besharat District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 108, in 20 families.
# Séverin Lachapelle

Séverin Lachapelle (September 18, 1850 – June 18, 1913) was a physician, educator and political figure in Quebec. He represented Hochelaga in the House of Commons of Canada from 1892 to 1896 as a Conservative member.
He was born Pierre-Alphonse-Séverin in Saint-Rémi, Canada East, the son of Léon Lachapelle and Rébecca Lanctôt, and was educated at the Petit Séminaire de Montréal. Lachapelle served as a papal zouave from 1868 to 1870. He then studied at the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery and set up practice in Saint-Constant, later moving to Saint-Henri. Lachapelle married Elise Demers in 1874. He was mayor for Saint-Henri from 1886 to 1887.
He contributed to the monthly L’Union médicale du Canada, also serving on its editorial board, and wrote a science column for the Revue canadienne; he also was the first editor for the Journal d’hygiène populaire and the magazine La Mère et l’enfant. He became one of the first professors at the Montreal campus of the Université Laval and served on the medical board for the Notre-Dame Hospital. In 1888, he published Manuel d’hygiène à l’usage des écoles et des familles ..., an instructive guide on hygiene which was also translated into English in 1891. In 1889, he was named superintendent for the Crèche de la Miséricorde, a child care facility. He contributed to Le médecin de la famille, encyclopédie de médecine et d’hygiène publique et privée contenant la description de toutes les maladies connues ..., published in 1893. In 1907, he helped found the Hôpital Sainte-Justine. He helped establish the Gouttes de Lait program at Montreal with the aim of reducing infant mortality.
Lachapelle was first elected to the House of Commons in an 1892 by-election held after Alphonse Desjardins was named to the Canadian senate. He was defeated by Joseph Alexandre Camille Madore when he ran for reelection in 1896 and 1900. He died in Montreal at the age of 62 and was buried in Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.
In 1880, Lachapelle said "There is one particularly unsettling belief that is particularly widespread and deeply rooted in our families because it is shared by medical practitioners, and that is that there is no point in treating children's diseases." He was part of a movement which addressed that misperception.

## Electoral record

vte1900 Canadian federal election: Hochelaga :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Alexandre Camille Madore | 4,127 | 54.38 | +0.64 |
| | Conservative | Sévérin Lachapelle | 3,462 | 45.62 | -0.64 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 7,589 | 100.00 |
vte1896 Canadian federal election: Hochelaga :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Alexandre Camille Madore | 3,635 | 53.74 | +11.79 |
| | Conservative | Séverin Lachapelle | 3,129 | 46.26 | -11.79 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 6,764 | 100.00 |
Note: change in popular vote indicates change from 1891 general election.
By-election on 21 October 1892
Desjardins called to the Senate, 1 October 1892 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Séverin Lachapelle | acclaimed |
# Joseph Lavergne

Joseph Lavergne (October 29, 1847 – January 9, 1922) was a lawyer, judge, editor and political figure in Quebec. He represented Drummond—Arthabaska in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1897 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Saint-Pierre-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, Montmagny County, Canada East, the son of David Lavergne and Marie-Geneviève Delagrave, was educated at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and studied law with his uncle Joseph Delagrave. He was called to the Quebec bar in 1869, set up practice in Princeville and then Arthabaska, where he practised law in partnership with Wilfrid Laurier. In 1876, Lavergne married Émilie Barthe, the daughter of Joseph-Guillaume Barthe. He served as mayor for Arthabaskaville and warden for Arthabaska County. Lavergne was editor for L'Union des Cantons de l'Est. He was also bâtonnier for the Arthabaska section of the Quebec Bar.
Lavergne resigned his seat in 1897 after he was named puisne judge for the Quebec Superior Court for Ottawa district. His brother Louis succeeded him as representative for Drummond—Arthabaska in the House of Commons. In 1901, he was transferred to Montreal district. Lavergne was named to the Court of King's Bench in 1906. He died in Montreal at the age of 74.
His son Armand Renaud also served as a member of the House of Commons.

## Electoral record

vte1887 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Joseph Lavergne | acclaimed |
vte1891 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Joseph Lavergne | 3,159 |
| | Conservative | L.P.E. Crépeau | 2,197 |
vte1896 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Joseph Lavergne | 3,561 |
| | Conservative | E. Désy | 2,255 |
By-election on 13 November 1897
Lavergne nominated as Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec, 4 August 1897 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Louis Lavergne | 3,022 |
| | Conservative | Auguste Noel | 1,374 |
vte1900 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Louis Lavergne | acclaimed |
vte1904 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Louis Lavergne | 3,753 |
| | Conservative | Stanislas Montplaisir | 1,277 |
vte1908 Canadian federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Louis Lavergne | 3,754 |
| | Independent Liberal | Luc Louis Philippe Poulin de Courval | 2,920 |
# Bessatsu Hana to Yume

Bessatsu Hana to Yume (Japanese: 別冊花とゆめ), also known as BetsuHana (別花), was a Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Hakusensha from 1977 to 2018. It was a sister magazine to Hana to Yume.

## History

Bessatsu Hana to Yume was launched in July 1977 as a sister magazine to Hana to Yume. After 41 years, it ceased publication with the release of its July 2018 issue on May 26, 2018.
The publishing schedule for Bessatsu Hana to Yume changed regularly since its inception:
| Years | Publishing schedule |
| 1977–1991: | Quarterly |
| 1991–1993: | Bimonthly |
| 1993–2001: | Monthly |
| 2002–2006: | Bimonthly |
| 2006–2018: | Monthly |

## Serializations

The following is a partial list of titles serialized in the magazine:
* Ai no Moto ni Tsudoe by Miku Sakamoto
* Blank Slate by Aya Kanno
* Blood Hound by Kaori Yuki
* Boku wo Tsutsumu Tsuki no Hikari by Saki Hiwatari
* Boku wa Chikyū to Utau by Saki Hiwatari
* Camelot Garden (one-shot) by Kaori Yuki
* Glass Mask by Suzue Miuchi
* Grand Guignol Orchestra by Kaori Yuki
* Gunjō Cinema by Ritsu Miyako
* King of Cards by Makoto Tateno
* Ludwig Kakumei by Kaori Yuki
* Ludwig Gensōkyoku: Kaguya-hime by Kaori Yuki
* Orange Chocolate by Nanpei Yamada
* Otomen by Aya Kanno
* Patalliro! by Mineo Maya
* Rasetsu by Chika Shiomi
* Sakura no Hana to Kōcha Ōji by Nanpei Yamada
* Skyblue Shore by Nanpei Yamada
* Shinrei Tantei Yakumo: Akai Hitomi wa Shitteiru by Manabu Kaminaga (story), Ritsu Miyako (art)
* Shitsuji-sama no Okiniiri by Fuyu Tsuyama (story), Rei Izawa (art)
* Tōran Merry Rose by Ritsu Miyako
* Touring Express Euro by Masumi Kawasou
* The Vampire & His Pleasant Companions by Marimo Ragawa
* Usotoki Rhetoric by Ritsu Miyako
* Yukarism by Chika Shiomi
# Ho Liang Shung

Ho Liang Shung (April 15, 1879–May 14, 1952) was a Chinese engineer and spy.
In January 1904, Ho and Sidney Reilly stole the Port Arthur harbor defense plans for the Japanese navy, enabling it to navigate through the Russian minefield protecting the harbor, in the Battle of Port Arthur. The surprise attack was allegedly made possible by the intelligence gathering of Sidney Reilly and Ho Liang Shung in June.
Ho was a Chinese engineer working for the head marine architect Svirski. Ho Liang Shung had a detailed knowledge of the harbor defense plans.
# Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation

Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation (Burmese: ပြည်သာယာ စစ်ဆင်ရေး), officially known as Operation Pyi Thaya in English, was a military operation conducted by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) in northern Rakhine State, near Myanmar's border with Bangladesh. The operation took place between 1991 and 1992, under the military junta of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), officially as a response to the military expansion of the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO).
Similar to Operation Nagamin (Operation Dragon King) in 1978, the government's official explanation for the operation was to expel so-called "foreigners" from the area, as well as capturing RSO insurgents. The resulting violence however, resulted in 200,000 to 250,000 civilians being displaced (most of whom fled to neighbouring Bangladesh) and failed to prevent further attacks by the RSO, which continued until the end of the 1990s.
In December 1991, Tatmadaw soldiers crossed the border and accidentally fired on a Bangladeshi military outpost, causing a brief strain in Bangladesh–Myanmar relations.
# Thames Basin Heaths

The Thames Basin Heaths are a natural region in southern England in Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey, a slightly mottled east-west belt of ecologically recognised and protected land.
They are recognised as national character area 129 by Natural England, the government's advisor on the natural environment. They cover 118,529 hectares (457.64 sq mi) of countryside. Inset towns include Newbury, Camberley, Ascot and Woking, To the west sit the Berkshire Downs, across similar size, well-drained, and intensively farmed, sports-use or settled Thames floodplains to the north are the similarly protected Chilterns and to the near south are the Hampshire Downs. Not protected as extensively but in significant part adding to the habitats of fauna are the Thames Valley (including Thames Basin lowlands) to the east and as described to the north.

## Environment

The terrain of the heathland is characterized by flat or gently sloping plateaux with numerous watercourses incising broad or sometimes steep-sided valleys. Apart from these, the heaths are lower heading east (before the London Basin) and along the main river valleys to the low-lying areas of the Kennet floodplain and lower reaches of the Loddon and its largest tributary, the Blackwater. At the western edge is the chalk scarp of the Hampshire Downs. The highest elevation is 296 metres.

## Drainage

The other main watercourses are the Basingstoke Canal, the Kennet & Avon Canal, the Wey, Whitewater, Pang and Mole.

## Protected areas

Just over 20,000 hectares (17%) sits in the North Wessex Downs AONB.
The zone has:
* Two Special Protection Areas: Thames Basin Heaths SPA; and South West London Waterbodies SPA
* Three Special Areas of Conservation: Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons, Ash, Pirbright and Chobham SAC; Kennet Valley Alderwoods SAC; and Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain SAC
* Three national nature reserves: Chobham Common NNR; Castle Bottom NNR; Ashford Hill NNR.
There are many Sites of Special Scientific Interest or SSSIs within – one of the largest is the Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths SSSI where rare types of birds and other species are professionally monitored and conserved.
Much of the east of the zone there can be easily traced a Roman Road, the Devil's Highway (Roman Britain). The region has an Iron Age hillfort, one of several so-named, in this case specifically, Caesar's Camp, Bracknell Forest.

## Incursionary barriers

Ecologically near-sterile obstacles to migration, coupled with longstanding biome and habitat loss are significant. Chiefly these are the:
* M3 motorway
* M4 motorway
To a lesser extent (the narrower) main routes of rail and road:
* The South West Main Line
* The Waterloo to Reading Line
* The Ascot to Guildford Line
* A30
* A329
No wildlife crossings to abate these obstacles have yet been made.
# Pas Chat Delik

Pas Chat Delik (Persian: پس چات دليك, also Romanized as Pas Chāt Delīk; also known as Pas Chāt) is a village in Doshman Ziari Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 6 families.
# Nadeem Malik (cricketer)

Nadeem Malik (Urdu: ندیم ملک; born 6 October 1982) is an English first-class cricketer, a right-arm fast-medium seam bowler and right-handed lower-order batsman. He was born to British Pakistani parents in Nottingham on 6 October 1982.
After several appearances for the second team, Malik made his List A debut with the Nottinghamshire Cricket Board team at the age of 17 against Gloucestershire Cricket Board in the 2000 NatWest Trophy, bowling six overs without reward. That winter he toured India with England Under-19s, though played in only two the final two unofficial "ODIs".
Malik made his full Nottinghamshire debut in May 2001, against Durham in the Benson & Hedges Cup, though he conceded 20 runs from the mere three overs he was allowed. His first-class debut had to wait until the match against Worcestershire in August, when he claimed a notable first wicket at this level in Graeme Hick.
After an injury-hit trip to New Zealand for the 2002 Under-19 World Cup, he spent another two years at Trent Bridge, but in 2003 he became frustrated by the lack of first-team opportunities after playing just two first-team games all summer and signed for Worcestershire at the end of the season, a move he had first considered a year before. Malik cited his admiration of then Worcestershire coach Tom Moody as a reason for his choice.
Malik's Worcestershire career got off to an excellent start, when after claiming 6–41 in a minor match against Cardiff UCCE he marked his first-class debut for his new county with 5–88 against Kent, his first victim being Test batsman Rob Key. Shortly afterwards, Malik took 4–42 in a totesport League game against Sussex.
Although he could not quite keep up this standard, Malik finished the season with 24 first-class wickets at 32.54 and 19 in List A cricket, and although he missed Worcestershire's early games in 2005, by June he was firmly established in the first team as the county's fourth seamer.
However, in the next two seasons he struggled to maintain a first team place, even returning to Nottinghamshire for a short-term loan spell, before in December 2007, he signed a one-year deal with Leicestershire.
Malik did not bowl a ball in 2009 after suffering a number of injuries but he made his mark in 2010, playing a key role in being the first change bowler once Matthew Hoggard and Nathan Buck had finished their opening bursts. Consequently, he was given a new one-year deal, which was followed by another one-year deal and he will now be at Grace Road until at least the end of the 2012 season.
# Grass climbing

Grass climbing (German: Grasklettern) is a type of climbing in which, unlike rock climbing, the climber has to scale very steep grass mountainsides, through which the underlying rock protrudes in places.

## Description

This type of climbing is used in the Alps, especially in the Bavarian range known as the Allgäu Alps where the numerous grass mountains, which are not high, but very steep, make this mode of ascent necessary or possible (e.g. on the Höfats, Himmelhorn and Schneck).
Other regions notable for grass climbing include: the gorges of the Himalayas, Scotland, Poland's Tatra Mountains, and Lofoten.
The level of protection possible when grass climbing is usually less than that for pure rock climbing. As a result, fatal falls are more common. Experienced grass climbers often use an ice tool.
# Pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase deficiency

Pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase deficiency (PCDD) is one of the known forms of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. This condition is associated with mutations of the PCBD1 gene. As of 2020, PCDD was the rarest form of BH4 deficiency in terms of cases described in medical literature.

## Symptoms and signs

Patients with PCDD are mostly asymptomatic, although they may have transient neurologic deficits in infancy, and sometimes hypomagnesemia and nonautoimmune diabetes mellitus in puberty.

## Diagnosis

Pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase deficiency causes hyperphenylalaninemia and therefore can be suspected upon finding elevated levels of phenylalanine. To distinguish it from other forms of BH4 deficiency, further analyses are made. PCDD is associated with elevatel levels of primapterin, especially in urine, while biopterin levels range from low to normal, and neopterin levels from normal to high.

## Treatment

Treatment involves a diet with a low phenylalanine content, and sapropterin to help normalize phenylalanine levels. Since phenylalanine levels in this disease have been reported to be only mildly elevated in the majority of patients, relaxation and discontinuation of phenylalanine-reduced diet and/or sapropterin supplementation can be attempted after the first year of life under careful monitoring of phenylalanine levels, according to a consensus guideline published in 2020.
# Colin Thiele

Colin Milton Thiele AC (/ˈtiːli/; 16 November 1920 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian author and educator. He was renowned for his award-winning children's fiction, most notably the novels Storm Boy, Blue Fin, the Sun on the Stubble series, and February Dragon. As Vice Principal and Principal of Wattle Park Teachers College and Principal of Murray Park CAE for much of the 1960s and 70s he had a significant impact on teacher education in South Australia.

## Biography

Thiele was born in Eudunda, South Australia, to a Barossa German family. The young Colin only spoke German until he went to school at Julia Creek. He was educated at several country schools including the Eudunda Higher Primary School, and Kapunda High School before studying at the University of Adelaide, graduating in 1941. He later taught in high schools and colleges. He became principal of Wattle Park Teachers College in 1965, principal of Murray Park CAE in 1973, and director of the Wattle Park Teachers Centre until his retirement in 1980.
Thiele enlisted in the Australian Army in December 1940, and was posted to the 18th Light Horse (Machine Gun) as a private. He transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in July 1942, serving out the remainder of the war as a corporal posted to Air Defence Headquarters, Higgins Field, at the tip of the Cape York Peninsula.
He started teaching at Robertstown South Australia, before war service. His first post war teaching post was Port Lincoln, where he wrote his first book, a geography textbook due to frustration with the available textbooks.
Thiele wrote more than 100 books, which often described life in rural Australia, particularly the Eudunda, Barossa Valley, and Murray River/Coorong regions of South Australia. Several of his books have been made into films or television series, including Sun on the Stubble, The Fire in the Stone, Blue Fin and Storm Boy.
In 1977, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia, then the second highest level of the order, for his services to literature and education.
Thiele suffered from severe arthritis from 1955 and in his later years left South Australia to settle in warmer conditions near Dayboro, Queensland.
On 4 September 2006, Thiele died from heart failure in a Brisbane hospital, aged 85. He was survived by his wife, Rhonda, two children, seven grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Media coverage of his death was minimal, as he died on the same day as Australian conservationist and media personality Steve Irwin.
# Farahiyeh

Farahiyeh (Persian: فراهيه, also Romanized as Farāhīyeh and Faraḩīyeh) is a village in Qaflankuh-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 77, in 15 families.