OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1974 in fine arts of the Soviet Union

The year 1974 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.

## Events

* Exhibition of works of Leningrad artists devoted to 30th Anniversary of Victory under Leningrad was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.
* Art Exhibition named «Arkhip Kuindzhi and his pupils» was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad.
* Exhibition of works by Isaak Brodsky devoted to 90-years Anniversary was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad.
* Exhibition of works by Alexander Samokhvalov, devoted to 80-years Anniversary was opened in Leningrad in the Russian museum.
* The Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1974 was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists. The participants were Veniamin Borisov, Nikolai Galakhov, Ivan Godlevsky, Irina Dobrekova, Mikhail Kozell, Engels Kozlov, Maya Kopitseva, Elena Kostenko, Gevork Kotiantz, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Vladimir Krantz, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Oleg Lomakin, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Sergei Osipov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Semionov, Elena Skuin, German Tatarinov, Nikolai Timkov, Vitaly Tulenev, Alexander Shmidt, Lazar Yazgur, and other important Leningrad artists.

## Deaths

* April 12 — Yevgeny Vuchetich (Russian: Вучетич Евгений Викторович), Russian soviet sculptor, People's Artist of the USSR, Stalin Prize winner, Lenin Prize winner (born 1908).
* April 25 — Adrian Kaplun (Russian: Каплун Адриан Владимирович), Russian soviet painter and graphic artist, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (born 1887).
* July 12 — Yury Annenkov (Russian: Анненков Юрий Павлович), Russian painter and graphic artist, since 1924 lived in France (born 1889).
* October 28 — Eduard Krimer (Russian: Криммер Эдуард Михайлович), Russian painter, graphic artist, and theatre artist (born 1900).
* November 12 — Victor Popkov (Russian: Попков Виктор Ефимович), Russian soviet painter (born 1932).
* November 25 — Lev Muravin (Russian: Муравин Лев Давидович), Russian soviet sculptor (born 1906).
* December 27 — Nina Ivanova (Russian: Иванова Нина Александровна), Russian soviet painter (born 1919).
* Yury Annenkov — selfportrait
# Karaidel

Karaidel (Russian: Караидель, Bashkir: Ҡариҙел, Qariźel) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Karaidelsky District in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the Ufa River. Population: 5,980 (2010 Census); 5,174 (2002 Census); 4,284 (1989 Soviet census).
# Aetomilitsa

Aetomilitsa (Greek: Αετομηλίτσα, before 1927: Δέντσικο - Dentsiko, Aromanian: Densko, Denicko, Denisco) is a village in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Konitsa, of which it is a municipal unit. Before 2011, it was an independent community. The 2021 census recorded 200 residents in the village. The community of Aetomilitsa covers an area of 51.297 square kilometres (19.806 sq mi).

## Geography

The village lies on the Gramos mountain. It is one of the highest communities in Greece situated at an altitude of 1,430 metres (4,690 ft). A glacial lake, Moutsalia Lake (Greek: Λίμνη Μουτσάλια) is situated 5 km as the crow flies or 13 km drive on a dirt road from Aetomilitsa.

## Climate

Aetomilitsa has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, or a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the -3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month. Aetomilitsa experiences cold winters with high precipitation and warm, drier summers.
Climate data for Aetomilitsa :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.35 (34.43) | 4.05 (39.29) | 8.25 (46.85) | 11.39 (52.50) | 16.83 (62.29) | 20.88 (69.58) | 26.52 (79.74) | 25.39 (77.70) | 21.93 (71.47) | 14.78 (58.60) | 7.53 (45.55) | 3.41 (38.14) | 13.53 (56.35) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.65 (29.03) | 0.02 (32.04) | 3.11 (37.60) | 7.42 (45.36) | 12.30 (54.14) | 16.16 (61.09) | 20.39 (68.70) | 20.76 (69.37) | 15.45 (59.81) | 8.68 (47.62) | 3.53 (38.35) | −0.2 (31.6) | 8.83 (47.89) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.30 (22.46) | −3.32 (26.02) | −1.19 (29.86) | 2.27 (36.09) | 5.86 (42.55) | 9.42 (48.96) | 12.40 (54.32) | 12.10 (53.78) | 7.67 (45.81) | 4.39 (39.90) | −0.86 (30.45) | −4.04 (24.73) | 3.28 (37.91) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 144.84 (5.70) | 144.48 (5.69) | 115.25 (4.54) | 105.99 (4.17) | 111.82 (4.40) | 66.35 (2.61) | 51.45 (2.03) | 58.93 (2.32) | 54.78 (2.16) | 103.68 (4.08) | 155.22 (6.11) | 172.09 (6.78) | 1,284.88 (50.59) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 119.09 | 125.85 | 154.85 | 162.02 | 205.07 | 275.09 | 295.31 | 270.15 | 200.00 | 167.03 | 113.25 | 85.92 | 2,173.63 |
| Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service ||||||||||||||

## History

Aetomilitsa is today inhabited mainly by Aromanians (Vlachs) who are Greek Orthodox Christians. For a time during the Greek Civil War (1946-1949), Aetomilitsa was the seat of the communist rebels, the so-called "Provisional Democratic Government".
# Loukianos Kilaidonis

Loukianos Kilaidonis (Greek: Λουκιανός Κηλαηδόνης; 15 July 1943 – 7 February 2017) was a Greek composer, songwriter and singer.

## Biography

Kilaidonis was born at Kypseli, Athens. He studied at the Lycée Léonin of Patissia. He then studied architecture at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for 2 years and afterwards returned to Athens where he finished his studies at the National Technical University of Athens. He never did work in architecture because he started a career in music. His first work was the album Our city in 1970. Two years later he made the album Red Thread with Nikos Gatsos and the singers Manolis Mitsias and Dimitra Galani.

## The Party in Vouliagmeni

Kilaidonis organized a large scale concert, the Party in Vouliagmeni, which took place on 25 July 1983, gathering over 70000 people (other estimates place the number at 100000). Also appearing at the Party were Dionysis Savvopoulos, Margarita Zorbala, Vangelis Germanos, George Dalaras, Aphrodite Manou and Mando, reaching the floating stage by speedboats. At a time when the term beach party wasn't particularly well known in Greece, this beach concert managed to cause congestion from Vouliagmeni up to Syngrou Avenue and is considered to be "the Greek Woodstock".

## Death

Kilaidonis died in hospital on 7 February 2017 due to either heart disease or heart failure resulting from a respiratory infection. He was 74.
# Ansac-sur-Vienne

Ansac-sur-Vienne (French pronunciation:, literally Ansac on Vienne; Occitan: Ançac) is a commune in the Charente department in Southwestern France.
# Baznykivka

Baznykivka (Ukrainian: Базниківка, Polish: Baźnikówka) is a village in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Saranchuky rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
Until 18 July 2020, Baznykivka belonged to Berezhany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Berezhany Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.

## Etymology

The name Baznykivka originates from the local Ukrainian dialect word "базник" (Romanised:"baznyk"), which means "elder." It is believed that the name was given to the village due to the presence of a respected elder in the community who held a significant position of authority and influence.
Another version of the etymology of the name Baznykivka suggests that it was named after a fugitive from Moravia who was named Baznyk. This individual may have sought refuge in the village and become an influential figure in the community, leading to the naming of the village after him.

## History

According to a legend, the settlement was founded in the 10th-11th centuries and was destroyed by the Tatars in the 13th century. Burials from the times of Kyivan Rus (12th-13th centuries) have been discovered on the territory of Baznikovka.
The village was first mentioned in documents from 1731 and by the 1880s, Stanislav Pototsky was the owner of the farm. During the 20th century, many of the residents of Baznikivka were involved in the Ukrainian resistance movement, including the USS Legion, UGA, Halychyna division, and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Many soldiers of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and UPA died in the village.
In the 1930s, the OUN "troika" was created in the village with the help of teacher Olena Skaskiv. By the end of 1939, the local branch of the OUN included a large number of members, and the village was the center of the OUN field command. During the German occupation, several residents volunteered for the Halychyna division and fought bravely. After the Second World War, some of the soldiers were sent to Western Ukraine and died in battle with the Enkavedists.
In 1952, the village underwent an administrative reform, and the previously separate hamlets of Hirovytsia and Sokolytsia were annexed to the village. For 30 years, every summer, a training and recreation camp named "Lysonya" after I. Gavdydy was held near the Sokolytsia farm, attended by plastuns from all over Ukraine and members of various Christian organizations.
From 1939 to 2017, the village was part of the Saranchukiv Village Council. As a result, it became part of the newly established Saranchukiv village community.
After the Berezhan district was dissolved on July 19, 2020, the village was incorporated into the Ternopil district

## Population
### Languages

The dialect spoken locally belongs to the southwestern branch of the Transnistrian dialect of the Ukrainian language.
# Rullac-Saint-Cirq

Rullac-Saint-Cirq (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Rutlac) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

## Geography

The river Céor forms part of the commune's northern border.
# PT-109 (song)

"PT-109" is a 1962 song by Jimmy Dean about the combat service of John F. Kennedy and the crew of the PT-109 in World War II. The boat was famous even before Kennedy ran for office, because Kennedy and most of the crew had survived after it was rammed and cut in two by a Japanese destroyer. After several days on a tiny uninhabited island, Kennedy and the crew were rescued by two native Solomon Islanders—Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, part of an allied Coastwatchers team led by Australian Reg Evans—although the islanders are not mentioned in the song.
In 1961 Dean had recorded "Big Bad John," a song that would become his biggest hit ever, peaking at number one on the country and pop charts; in "PT-109", he would inject "Big Bad John" by singing the last line "Big John, Big John, Big Bad John" at the end in reference to Kennedy. Dean had five more top forty songs in 1962. "PT-109" was his biggest hit in 1962, reaching the top ten with Kennedy still in the White House — it preceded the 1963 film of the same title. The song was Dean's sixth release on the country chart; it peaked at number three and stayed on the country chart for thirteen weeks. "PT-109" also went to number eight on the pop chart and number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart. It was one of several military-themed singles of the 1960s — some pro-military, some anti-military. Others include "Ballad of the Green Berets," "Sink the Bismark," "Billy and Sue," "Gonna Raise a Ruckus Tonight," "Sky Pilot," "Navy Blue," and "Soldier Boy."

## Chart performance

| Chart (1962) | Peak position |
| Canada CHUM Chart | 33 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles | 3 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | 8 |
| U.S. Billboard Easy Listening | 2 |
# Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies

The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, founded in 1917 (one year after the foundation of the School) as Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, is an interdisciplinary journal of Asian and African studies, published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the SOAS University of London. The first editor was also the first director of the School, Edward Denison Ross. The name changed in 1940 as a consequence of the change in the School's name (changed 1938) to incorporate African Studies. Later editors have included Christopher Shackle, T.H. Barrett, and G.R. Hawting, and its current editors are Ayman Shihadeh and Mulaika Hijjas.
# Non Valley

The Non Valley (Italian: Val di Non or Valle di Non; Nones: Val de Nòn; German: Nonstal; Latin: Anaunia) is a valley mainly in the Trentino. Morever, the Deutsch Nonsberg (also known as simply Nonsberg, Alta Val di Non in italian), a subregion, consists of three primarily German-speaking municipalities in the province of South Tyrol, Northern Italy.
The most populous municipalities in the valley are Cles (the main town), Predaia, Ville d'Anaunia, Novella and Borgo d'Anaunia.
There are a total of 23 municipalities (comune):
* Amblar-Don
* Borgo d'Anaunia
* Bresimo
* Campodenno
* Cavareno
* Cis
* Cles
* Contà
* Dambel
* Denno
* Livo
* Novella
* Predaia
* Romeno
* Ronzone
* Ruffrè-Mendola
* Rumo
* Sanzeno
* Sarnonico
* Sfruz
* Sporminore
* Ton
* Ville d'Anaunia
The German-speaking Deutschnonsberg municipalities are:
* Laurein
* Proveis
* Unsere Liebe Frau im Walde-St. Felix
The latter comune is connected to the rest of its province by the Gampenpass, while the other two are accessible through a tunnel under the Hofmahdjoch from the rest of South Tyrol since 1998.
The Nones language is named after and spoken in the valley.
# Mueang Mae Hong Son district

Mueang Mae Hong Son (Thai: เมืองแม่ฮ่องสอน, pronounced) is the capital district (amphoe mueang) of Mae Hong Son province, northern Thailand.

## History

The Interior Ministry upgraded Mueang Mae Hong Son to a fourth-class city under Monthon Phayap on 10 May 1910. It then consisted of the four districts, Mueang Mae Hong Son, Mueang Yuam (now Mae Sariang District), Pai, and Khun Yuam.
In 1917, the district was renamed from Mueang to Muai To (ม่วยต่อ). In 1938 it was renamed Mueang Mae Hong Son. The northeastern part of the district was split off in 1987 and formed the new district Pang Mapha.

## Geography

The Daen Lao Range dominates the landscape of this district. Neighboring districts are (from south clockwise): Khun Yuam of Mae Hong Son Province; Kayah State of Myanmar; Pang Mapha and Pai of Mae Hong Son Province; and Galyani Vadhana and Mae Chaem of Chiang Mai province.
The Namtok Mae Surin National Park office is in the district.

## Administration

The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 70 villages (mubans). Mae Hong Son itself is a town (thesaban mueang) which covers tambon Chong Kham. Each of the other six tambons is administered by a tambon administrative organization (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Chong Kham | จองคำ | - | 06,534 |
| 2. | Huai Pong | ห้วยโป่ง | 15 | 06,948 |
| 3. | Pha Bong | ผาบ่อง | 12 | 09,519 |
| 4. | Pang Mu | ปางหมู | 13 | 14,725 |
| 5. | Mok Champae | หมอกจำแป่ | 09 | 06,936 |
| 6. | Huai Pha | ห้วยผา | 08 | 05,431 |
| 9. | Huai Pu Ling | ห้วยปูลิง | 11 | 03,240 |
Missing numbers are tambons which now form Pang Mapha District.
# Mae Tha district, Lamphun

Mae Tha (Thai: แม่ทา; IPA:) is a district (amphoe) of Lamphun province, northern Thailand.

## Etymology

The district is named after the Mae Tha River.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) Mae Tha was established in 1939, when it was split off from Mueang Lamphun district. It was upgraded to a full district on 22 July 1958.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Thung Hua Chang, Ban Hong, Pa Sang and Mueang Lamphun of Lamphun Province, Mae On of Chiang Mai province, Mueang Lampang, Hang Chat and Soem Ngam of Lampang province.
The Khun Tan Range stretches from north to south along the district.

## Administration

The district is divided into six sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 68 villages (mubans). There are two townships (thesaban tambons): Tha Sop Sao covers parts of tambon Tha Sop Sao, and Tha Kat parts of tambon Tha Kat and Tha Khum Ngoen. There are a further six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Tha Pla Duk | ทาปลาดุก | 14 | 7,594 |
| 2. | Tha Sop Sao | ทาสบเส้า | 16 | 10,883 |
| 3. | Tha Kat | ทากาศ | 15 | 8,004 |
| 4. | Tha Khum Ngoen | ทาขุมเงิน | 11 | 6,858 |
| 5. | Tha Thung Luang | ทาทุ่งหลวง | 6 | 3,990 |
| 6. | Tha Mae Lop | ทาแม่ลอบ | 6 | 3,032 |
# Electoral district of Enmore

Enmore was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1913. It included the suburb of Enmore in Sydney's Inner West. With the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into the multi-member electorate of Botany. It was recreated in 1927, but was abolished in 1930 and partly replaced by Petersham.

## Members for Enmore

First incarnation (1913–1920) :
| Member | Member | Party | Term |
| | David Hall | Labor | 1913–1916 |
| | David Hall | Nationalist | 1916–1920 |
| Second incarnation (1927–1930) ||||
| Member | Member | Party | Term |
| | Joe Lamaro | Labor | 1927–1930 |

## Election results

1927 New South Wales state election: Enmore :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labor | Joe Lamaro | 7,000 | 57.4 | |
| | Nationalist | Henry Morton | 5,198 | 42.6 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 12,198 | 99.0 | |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 127 | 1.0 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 12,325 | 83.3 | |
| | Labor win | Labor win | (new seat) | (new seat) | (new seat) |
# Frederick George Sandy

Frederick George Sandy was a Canadian politician from Ontario. He represented Victoria South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1919 to 1923, and 1926 to 1929.
# John Henry Mitchell

John Henry Mitchell was a Canadian politician from Ontario. He represented Simcoe Southwest in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1929.
# Ioditis capnobactra

Ioditis capnobactra is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
# Josse Goffin

Josse Goffin (2 November 1938 – 9 July 2024) was a Belgian artist and graphic novelist.

## Biography

Born in Brussels on 2 November 1938, Goffin read The Adventures of Tintin, Spirou, and Zig et Puce in his youth. He was an admirer of Maurice Sendak and Tomi Ungerer, the Babar the Elephant series, and Saul Steinberg. He studied drawing and graphic design at La Cambre. He then worked in Maurice Rosy's office and for the publisher Dupuis. He then worked for several publishing houses in Paris before returning to Brussels in 1962, becoming an independent comic books author. He then created several book covers and magazine covers, including for Spirou. He also created album covers for Julos Beaucarne and television credits.
In addition to his artistic career, Goffin taught at La Cambre from 1977/1979 to 2004. He won the Grand Prize for Graphic Design at the Bologna Children's Book Fair in 1992 for his book Oh !. He spent most of his career working in his office in Ixelles, reflected in his 2010 retrospective Josse Goffin / Inventaire, published by Éditions Racine [fr].
Goffin died in Ixelles on 9 July 2024, at the age of 85.

## Works
### Children's books
#### Author and illustrator

* Oh ! (1991)
* Ah ! (1991)
* Petit Poisson (2003)

#### Illustrator

* Grand-mère Sucre, grand-père Chocolat (text by Gigi Bigot [fr], 2001)
* Drôle de doudou ! (text by Evelyne Reberg, 2002)
* L'Imagier malin (text by Marie-Agnès Gaudrat-Pourcel [fr], 2016)

### Comic book series

* Contes de Noël du journal Spirou 1955-1969 (2020)

### Expositions

* Le Monde de Josse Goffin (2023)
# A Madea Christmas (musical play)

A Madea Christmas is a 2011 American stage play created, produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry. It stars Tyler Perry as Mabel "Madea" Simmons and Cassi Davis as Aunt Bam. The play also marks the debut appearance of Hattie Mae Love, played by Patrice Lovely. The live performance released on DVD on November 22, 2011 was recorded live in Atlanta at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in May 2011. This was Perry's first production that wasn't available on tour and had only 2 premiere performances.

## Plot

The members of the Mansell family—who can be identified without fear of stereotyping as mean mother Lillian, pompous father John, restless daughter China, and virginal son Japan —prepare for the holiday feast with the help of their saintly maid Margaret and their mouthy chef Hattie. Eager to impress China's super-rich beau/presumed fiancé Bobby, Lilian forces Margaret to work on Christmas instead of celebrating with her family. So China secretly invites the whole disreputable brood: Madea, Aunt Bam, and grown children Lucy, George, and Eric. China was once in love with Eric; his reappearance lets her rethink her relationship with Bobby.

## Cast

* Tyler Perry as Madea
* Cassi Davis as Aunt Bam
* Patrice Lovely as Hattie
* Chandra Currelley-Young as Lillian "Lilly" Mansell
* Cheryl Pepsii Riley as Margaret
* Maurice Lauchner as John Mansell
* Támar Davis as China Mansell
* Zuri Craig as Japan Mansell
* Tony Grant as Eric
* Jeffery Lewis as George
* Alexis Jones as Lucy
* Shannon Williams as Bobby

## The Band

* Ronnie Garrett - Musical Director & Bass Guitar
* Derek Scott - Guitar
* Marcus Williams - Drums
* Michael Burton - Saxophone
* Justin Gilbert - Keyboards
* Aaron Draper - Percussion
* Jeff Bradshaw - Trombone
* Natalie Ragins - Keyboards & Organ
* Melvin Jones - Trumpet
* Sheryl Boyd - Background Vocals & Lucy (Understudy)
* Natasha Evans - Background Vocals
* Tony Hightower - Background Vocals

## Musical Numbers

All songs written and/or produced by Tyler Perry and Elvin D. Ross.
* "O Come, All Ye Faithful" - Margaret, Lillian, Hattie, Japan & John
* "What About Us?" - Japan & China
* "That's My Little Girl..." - John
* "I Pray" - Margaret
* "Who's It Gonna Be?" - Eric
* Gospel Medley
** "Jesus Never Fails" - Margaret & Hattie
** "Tis' So Sweet to Trust in Jesus" - Aunt Bam
** "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" - Lillian
* "Lord I Need You More Than Ever Before" - Lillian
* "Please Be The Man" - China
* "O Holy Night" - Eric
* "Mary Did You Know?" - Lucy & John
* "Do You Hear What I Hear?" - China & George

## Film adaptation

The film Tyler Perry's A Madea Christmas was released in theaters on December 13, 2013. However, the film version is only connected to the stageplay via name-only. Otherwise, it has a completely different storyline and different characters.
# Ruslan Shakhbazov

Ruslan Shakhbazov (born 1 May 1996) is a Russian judoka.
Shakhbazov is the silver medalist of the 2019 Judo Grand Slam Baku in the +100 kg category.
# Alfred Songoro

Alfred Songoro (born 10 January 1975) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Papua New Guinea, and at club level for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and Union Treiziste Catalan, as a wing or centre. Songoro was a Brisbane Broncos junior, playing for their Colts side in 1993 and 1994. In 1994, he represented the Queensland Under 19 side.

## International honours

Alfred Songoro won caps for Papua New Guinea in 2000 against Australia, in the 2000 World Cup against France, South Africa, Tonga, and Wales, and in 2001 against Australia.
# Problems (Aristotle)

Problems (Greek: Προβλήματα; Latin: Problemata) is an Aristotelian or possibly pseudo-Aristotelian collection of problems written in a question and answer format. The collection, gradually assembled by the peripatetic school, reached its final form anywhere between the third century BC and the 6th century AD. The work is divided by topic into 38 sections, and the whole contains almost 900 problems.
Later writers to compose question-and-answer works in imitation of Problems include Plutarch, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Cassius Iatrosophista. The medieval and Renaissance commentators of Aristotle's Problemata include Pietro d'Abano (whose Expositio of 1310 was reprinted in a number of early editions), Giulio Guastavini and Ludovico Settala.