OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lewis Boss

Lewis Boss (26 October 1846 – 5 October 1912) was an American astronomer. He served as the director of the Dudley Observatory in Schenectady, New York.

## Early life

Boss was born in Providence, Rhode Island to Samuel P. and Lucinda (née Joslin) Boss, and attended secondary school at the Lapham Institute in North Scituate and the New Hampton Institution in New Hampshire. In 1870, he graduated from Dartmouth College, then went to work as a clerk for the U.S. Government.

## Career

He served as an assistant astronomer for a government expedition to survey the U.S-Canada–United States border. In 1876 he became the directory of the Dudley Observatory in Schenectady, New York.
Boss is noted for his work in cataloguing the locations and proper motions of stars. He also led an expedition to Chile in 1882 to observe the transit of Venus, and catalogued information concerning cometary orbits. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1889. His most significant discovery was the calculation of the convergent point of the Hyades star cluster. He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905.
He became editor of the Astronomical Journal in 1909, and the following year published Preliminary General Catalogue of 6188 Stars for the Epoch 1900, a compilation of the proper motions of stars. He was elected to both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1911. Following his death, responsibility for the Astronomical Journal passed to his son, Benjamin Boss. Benjamin continued to edit the journal until 1941 and also expanded his father's star catalogue, publishing the Boss General Catalogue in 1936.

## Death and legacy

Boss died on October 5. 1912 in Albany, New York. The Moon crater Boss is named in his honor.

## Family life

Boss married Helen M. Hutchinson on December 30, 1871. Their son Benjamin Boss was also a noted astronomer.
# Lyubov Basova

Lyubov Valeriyivna Basova, née Shulika (Ukrainian: Любов Валеріївна Басова (Шуліка); born 16 July 1988), is a Ukrainian track cyclist.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's team sprint for the national team, along with the individual sprint and the keirin. At the 2016 Olympics, she was the only Ukrainian track cyclist, qualifying for the women's keirin.

## Career results
### 2008

    UEC European U23 Track Championships
       2nd Sprint
       3rd Keirin

### 2009

    UEC European U23 Track Championships
       1st Keirin
       1st Sprint

### 2015

    Grand Prix Galichyna
       1st Sprint
       1st Keirin
       2nd 500m Time Trial
    Grand Prix of Poland
       2nd Team Sprint (with Olena Starikova
       3rd Sprint
    Grand Prix Minsk
       3rd Sprint
       3rd Team Sprint, (with Olena Starikova)
    3rd Team Sprint, Memorial of Alexander Lesnikov (with Olena Starikova)
    Prova Internacional de Anadia
       3rd Keirin
       3rd Sprint

### 2017

    Grand Prix Galichyna
       1st Keirin
       1st Sprint
       1st 500m Time Trial
    3rd Keirin, UEC European Track Championships

### 2021

    6th Keirin, Olympic Games
# A (pharaoh)

A was the name of an Early Dynastic pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. His name is known from a graffito serekh carved into a sandstone outcropping 10 to 12 kilometers south-west of Umm el-Dabadib at the Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert. The presence of the serekh shows evidence of royal activity in the far reaches of the Western Desert as early as the protodynastic period.

## Discovery

During the 2004 season of the North Kharga Oasis Survey (NKOS), a serekh was discovered on the north-eastern face of a sandstone massif under the direction of Dr. Salima Ikram. It was isolated near the Darb Ain Amur, the ancient caravan route that connected the Kharga Oasis via the site of Umm el-Dabadib and Ain Amum to the Dakhla Oasis. The serekh was located among other groups of graffiti with different styles and depths of cut, implying that they were from different time periods.

## Serekh

The serekh is surmounted by a falcon, as is conventional for serekhs, and contains a single sign. The sign is an arm, or A (D36 in Gardiner's sign list). This name does not correspond to any other known Early Dynastic ruler. One of the legs of the falcon reaches into the serekh, and the crouching position of the falcon is typical of serekhs from the Dynasty 0 or the First Dynasty. Thus, it would seem that the serekh contains the Horus name 'A' of a previously unattested king belonging to Dynasty 0 or the First Dynasty. Surrounding the serekh on the sandstone massif are illustrations of various animals including a crocodile, a giraffe, a hippopotamus, an ostrich, a cow or bull, and a possibly pregnant oryx.
# Georges Gautschi

Georges Harold Roger Gautschi (6 April 1904 – 12 February 1985) was a Swiss figure skater. He won the bronze medal in men's singles at age nineteen at the 1924 Chamonix Olympics. He went on to come in third at the 1926 European Figure Skating Championships and then came in second in 1929. Gautschi won the bronze medal at the 1930 World Figure Skating Championships.

## Results

| Event | 1922 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1929 | 1930 | 1931 |
| Winter Olympic Games | | 3rd | | | | | | |
| World Championships | | | 6th | | 4th | | 3rd | |
| European Championships | 9th | 7th | 4th | 3rd | | 2nd | | |
| Swiss Championships | | | | 1st | 1st | | | 1st |
# Rhopalaea

Rhopalaea is a genus of tunicates belonging to the family Diazonidae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in warm and temperate oceans.

## Species

The genus Rhopalaea has 21 recognized species:
* Rhopalaea abdominalis (Sluiter, 1898)
* Rhopalaea bilobata Mondal J., Raghunathan & Mondal T., 2017
* Rhopalaea birkelandi Tokioka, 1971
* Rhopalaea circula Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001
* Rhopalaea cloneyi Vazquez & Young, 1996
* Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman, 1880)
* Rhopalaea defecta (Sluiter, 1904)
* Rhopalaea desme Monniot F., 2003
* Rhopalaea flemingi (Herdman, 1880)
* Rhopalaea fusca (Herdman, 1880)
* Rhopalaea hartmeyeri (Salfi, 1927)
* Rhopalaea idoneta Shenkar, 2013
* Rhopalaea macrothorax Tokioka, 1953
* Rhopalaea meridionalis Kott, 2006
* Rhopalaea neapolitana Philippi, 1843
* Rhopalaea orientalis (Pérès, 1958)
* Rhopalaea perlucida Monniot C., 1997
* Rhopalaea piru Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987
* Rhopalaea respiciens Monniot C., 1991
* Rhopalaea sagamiana Oka, 1927
* Rhopalaea tenuis (Sluiter, 1904)
# The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka

The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law is a book by Francis Boyle on the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War and its war crimes. The United Nations, which has acknowledged its calamitous failures under the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, is still trying to tally the numbers and apportion the blame, four years on: 40,000 to 70,000 Tamil civilians killed over five months of the final conflagration, the number the UN now accepts, though many argue the figure is far higher.
# Steve Portugal

Steve Portugal is a British zoologist and animal physiologist working in avian energetics and behavioral physiology.

## Education and career

Portugal was educated at The University of Wales Aberystwyth where he was awarded a BSc in Marine and Freshwater Biology with Zoology in 2001, and The University of Wales Bangor where he did an MSc in Ecology in 2003. He was awarded his PhD in 2008 at The University of Birmingham studying the "Ecophysiological aspects of the annual cycle of barnacle geese". In 2014 was appointed as a Lecturer at Royal Holloway University of London, where in 2018 he was promoted to Reader. In 2024 he was appointed Associate Professor of Animal Behaviour at The University of Oxford and St Hugh's College.

## Research

His research looks at animal behaviour and physiology, and he has published over 100 academic papers.
He has looked at the energy expenditure of migratory birds and the physiology of feather moult, by tracking wild barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) from Svalbard to Scotland, using biologging technology. Portugal's team have studied avian vision, and the sensory ecology behind collisions with anthropogenic objects, notably with birds of prey. Portugal has studied the etiquette of aggression in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), and the developmental energetics of avian brood parasites.
Much of Portugal's work has focused on avian flight and aerodynamics. His research has shown how birds fly in V-formation, using Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) that were part of a European reintroduction scheme. His team has worked extensively with homing pigeons (Columba livia), demonstrating how individuals compromise on speed to stay together as a flock, and the increased energy expenditure required to fly as a group.
Other work has focused on the eggshell collection at The Natural History Museum, where Portugal is a Scientific Associate, demonstrating how eggshell properties have evolved. Work with secretary birds (Sagittarius serpentarius) demonstrated their capacity to deliver a kick 5 times their own body weight, while his studies on African harrier-hawks (Polyboroides typus) showed their unique visual system designed to support their unusual foraging technique of extracting food from tree holes.
In 2019 he was awarded the Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society, awarded annually in recognition of work done by a biologist under the age of 40 years. He has appeared in numerous nature documentaries, including David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities. Portugal is very active in writing popular science articles, writing about migration for the British Trust for Ornithology, eggshells for Birdguides, Cassowaries for BBC Wildlife magazine, and numerous pieces for The Conversation.

## Awards

* Bicentenary medal (2019).
# Kate Plus Ten (film)

Kate Plus Ten (also known as Queen of Crime) is a 1938 British thriller film directed by Reginald Denham and starring Jack Hulbert, Genevieve Tobin and Noel Madison. It was written by Jeffrey Dell and Jack Hulbert adapted from the 1917 Edgar Wallace novel Kate Plus Ten.

## Plot summary

Kate Westhanger, the leader of a gang of criminals, works as secretary to an aristocrat allowing her to pick up vital information. However, the police soon become suspicious of her and Scotland Yard's Inspector Pemberton is sent on her trail.

## Cast

* Jack Hulbert as Inspector Mike Pemberton
* Genevieve Tobin as Kate Westhanger
* Noel Madison as Gregori
* Francis L. Sullivan as Lord Flamborough
* Arthur Wontner as Colonel Westhanger
* Frank Cellier as Sir Ralph Sapson
* Peter Haddon as Boltover
* Googie Withers as Lady Moya
* Edward Lexy as Sergeant
* Felix Aylmer as Bishop
* Leo Genn as Doctor Gurdon
* James Harcourt as bank manager
* Vincent Holman as detective
* Oliver Johnston as Cunningham
* Ronald Adam as Police Chief
* Philip Leaver as Mulberry
* Arthur Hambling as 3rd signalman
* Bryan Herbert as 2nd signalman
* Leonie Lamartine as stout woman
* Queenie Leonard
* Walter Sondes
* Albert Whelan
* Arthur Brander
* Geoffrey Clark
* Paul Sheridan

## Production

The film was an independent production shot at Shepperton Studios.
The final third of the film makes extensive use of railway locations. Among these, the main line between Bath and Westbury (Wiltshire) was employed, with a stolen train smashing through fake level crossing gates at Freshford station. The branch line through Limpley Stoke and Camerton was also featured, and a closed colliery in the Somerset coalfield was the location for the scene in which a steam locomotive crashes through wooden shed doors.

## Critical reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "A good thriller in a light vein."
Britmovie called it a "light-hearted comedy-thriller," adding, "like so many Wallace stories logic takes a back seat, but the speeding train sequence generates some lively thrills, and Hulbert and Tobin craft a likeable onscreen chemistry. Tobin is wickedly delightful as Kate, and Hulbert, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jeffrey Dell, gives an agreeable performance in spite of the artificiality of the role."
# Gottfried Utiger

Gottfried Utiger (28 March 1912 – 1989) was a Swiss long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Chet Singhwala railway station

Chet Singhwala railway station (Urdu: چیٹ سنگھ والا ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Pakistan.
# Sammarinese Socialist Party

The Sammarinese Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Sammarinese, PSS) was a socialist and, later, social-democratic political party in San Marino. Its Italian counterpart was the Italian Socialist Party and its international affiliation was with the Socialist International.
There was a previous party of the same name existing from 1892 until 1926 when it was banned during Fascist rule. In the 1940s and 1950s the party was closely linked to the Sammarinese Communist Party (PCS) and this led the moderates of the party to split and form the Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party (PSDIS) in 1957. Later the PSS distanced itself from the PCS and entered in coalition with the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) and PSDIS, which was re-united with the PSS in the early 1990s.
In the 2001 general election the PSS won 24.2% and 15 seats of 60 in the Grand and General Council and governed as the junior partner in a coalition with the PDCS until 2005, when it merged with the post-communist Party of Democrats to form a united social-democratic party, the Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD). This led to the split of the centrist wing of the party which formed the New Socialist Party (NPS).
# Combe Florey

Combe Florey is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Taunton, on the West Somerset Railway. The village has a population of 261. The parish includes the hamlet of Eastcombe which is a linear settlement along the A358 Taunton-Wiliton Road.
The village public house is The Farmer's Arms.

## History

The first part of the name Combe Florey comes from cwm meaning valley, and the second part from Hugh de Fleuri who was lord of the manor around 1166.
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the village was part of the Bishop of Winchester's estate of Taunton Deane. The parish of Combe Florey was part of the Taunton Deane Hundred.

## Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton (formed on 1 April 2019) and, before this, the district of Taunton Deane (established under the Local Government Act 1972). From 1894-1974, for local government purposes, Combe Florey was part of Taunton Rural District.
It is also part of the Tiverton and Minehead county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

## Religious sites

The Church of St Peter and St Paul has some remains from the 13th century but is mostly from the 15th century and is designated as a Grade I listed building.

## Notable residents

Sydney Smith was rector of the parish of Combe Florey from 1829 until his death in 1845. Combe Florey House was the home of the novelist Evelyn Waugh, and later of his son, Auberon. Auberon Waugh is buried in St Peter and Paul's churchyard. Evelyn Waugh is buried in a private plot of land next to the churchyard. The writers Daisy Waugh and Alexander Waugh both grew up at Combe Florey House, but their mother, Auberon Waugh's widow, sold the house in 2008.
* West Somerset Railway
* Cemetery
* Auberon Waugh's grave
* Church of St Peter and St Paul
# Abeshki, Razavi Khorasan

Abeshki (Persian: ابشكي, also Romanized as Ābeshkī; also known as Āvoshkī and Aveshkī) is a village in Kenevist Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 129, in 32 families.
# Jewellery Maker

Jewellery Maker is a British jewelry shopping channel launched on 4 May 2010 and is a sister channel of Sewing Quarter. The presentation and format of the channel are similar to the crafting channel Create & Craft. Jewellery Maker is available on Freesat, Freeview, Sky, and online. The channel broadcasts live from 8 am to 10 pm and rebroadcasts the live shows during downtime. The channel's website live streams all programming. The website also provides video tutorials and workshops.
With a staff of over 100 people, the channel operations and company are based at Ivy House in Studley, Warwickshire.

## History

Jewellery Maker was launched on 4 May 2010 after the Colorful Company Group purchased the Thomas Cook TV EPG slot on Sky. For the first two months, the channel only broadcast pre-recorded shows. On 7 July 2010, Jewellery Maker started to broadcast live, due to the completion of the sale involving a rival channel Gems TV. Jewellery Maker used the former Rocks TV studio, after it moved into the former Gems TV 2 studio, following the acquisition of Gems TV UK Limited.
On 10 August 2010, Jewellery Maker launched on Freesat channel 807. On 8 September 2010, the channel also launched on Virgin Media channel 756, replacing Gems TV 2. On 1 January 2022, the channel was removed from Virgin Media, which the channel classified as a “Personal Decision” for its removal.
In 2015 the Immediate Media Company acquired Jewellery Maker from the Genuine Gemstone Company, adding to Immediate's Craft and Arts portfolio.

### Freeview

Following the acquisition of a 24-hour Freeview slot for Gems TV in 2011, Jewellery Maker began to broadcast on Freeview channel 43 during its live hours (9 am - 1 pm), as Gems TV was broadcast as a teleshopping block on 5* during this period; channel 43 relayed Gems TV between 1 pm and 9 am.

### The Late Show

As of 1 March 2012, the channel also broadcasts live from 5 pm to 9 pm in what is billed as "The Late Show". As Gems TV was (and is) using Freeview 43 at these times, The Late Show was only broadcast on Jewellery Maker's dedicated satellite and cable channels.
From the DTT platform at the start of November 2013, the shopping channel Marketplace (on Freeview channel 50) increased its broadcast hours to provide a round-the-clock shopping service, following the removal of the BT Sport Preview promotional channel and the remaining Top Up TV services. TGGC leased a four-hour programming block on this station to allow the Jewellery Maker Late Show to be simulcast. Marketplace is not broadcast as a channel on satellite or cable platforms.
The cessation of Marketplace in February 2014 means Jewellery Maker has reverted to its prior day-show-only service on Freeview.

## HobbyMaker

HobbyMaker is a sister channel to Jewellery Maker. It is broadcast on Freeview channel 73 and Virgin Media channel 754.
# Tamil Tigers' Debt to America

Tamil Tigers' Debt to America: US Foreign Policy Adventurism & Sri Lanka's Dilemma is a book written by Daya Gamage, a retired public affairs assistant and political specialist of United States Department of State. The book provides an analysis and interpretation of Washington's covert and overt foreign policy adventurism on Sri Lanka and practices that revived the country’s domestically annihilated military organisation Tamil Tigers (LTTE) in the global arena.
The author, Daya Gamage was a public affairs assistant and political specialist from 1970-1994 at the US diplomatic mission in Sri Lanka. He won a Meritorious Honor Award for his superior performance and professionalism in 1988 from the U.S. State Department.

## Synopsis

The book describes how Washington created a conducive ambience through its foreign policy to make a respectable global recognition to the Tamil Diaspora, to bring Sri Lanka to the UNHRC in Geneva and possibly for war crimes at ICC in The Hague, after its disappointment in failure to salvage the leadership of Tamil Tigers, the organization which was designated as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) by America itself under US Federal laws, at the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War. Also it documents about how then US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had used her authority to suspend IMF funding to Sri Lanka during the last months of the armed conflict as a way of put pressure on the Rajapaksa regime to halts its military offensive against Tamil Tigers to facilitate Prabhakaran to leave the battle ground.
# Safar Zehi

Safar Zehi (Persian: صفرزهي, also Romanized as Şafar Zehī; also known as Şafar Zā’ī, Separze‘ī, and Separze’t) is a village in Pir Sohrab Rural District, in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 548, in 98 families.
# Zadar Archipelago

The Zadar Archipelago (Croatian: Zadarski arhipelag, Italian: Archipelago zaratino) is a group of islands in the Adriatic Sea, near the Croatian city of Zadar.

## Important Bird Area

The northern part of the Zadar Archipelago, including the islands of Premuda, Silba, Olib, Škarda, Iž and Molat, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports breeding populations of several species of fish-eating seabirds.

## Main islands

* Dugi Otok
* Galešnjak
* Iž
* Lavdara
* Ošljak
* Pašman
* Rava
* Rivanj
* Sestrunj
* Tun Veli
* Ugljan
* Vir
* Vrgada
* Zverinac
# Borovnice (Benešov District)

Borovnice (Czech pronunciation:; German: Borownitz) is a municipality and village in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.
# Gérard Vuilleumier

Gérard Vuilleumier (5 December 1905 – 17 April 1984) was a Swiss ski jumper and cyclist. He competed in the individual event at the 1928 Winter Olympics.

## Ski jumping

Vuilleumier was part of the national team at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. When jumping from the normal hill, he landed in the first round at 57.5 meters (189 ft). In the second round he improved to 62 meters (203 ft), but fell and therefore did not get past 30th place.

## Cycling

In addition to his winter sports career, Vuilleumier was a successful cyclist in summer. For the 1928 Summer Olympics, he was registered as a participant in the road bike race, but did not take part. In the same year he won the Bern-Genève road race as an amateur. A little later, in 1929, after a third place in the amateur class at the Swiss road championships, he turned professional. A year later he secured a bronze medal in the professional championship. In 1931 he won Bern-Genève in the Pro category. At the Tour de Suisse in 1933, he finished 34th.