OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frederick Kirsten

Frederick Kurt Kirsten (born Kurt Friederich Johannes Kirsten, March 13, 1885 - November 19, 1952) was an American professor, engineer and inventor.
Kirsten was born in Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1902. He graduated from University of Washington in 1909 and later taught there as a professor of aeronautical engineering. During his life he was granted numerous patents on a wide variety of subjects. Among his inventions were the Kirsten pipe (a tobacco pipe), and the Kirsten-Boeing propeller (a cycloidal propeller ). The Kirsten Wind Tunnel at University of Washington was promoted by and named after him.

## Inventions
### Kirsten Pipe

The Kirsten pipe is a tobacco pipe with an aluminium stem combined with a bowl and mouth piece from more traditional materials. The metallic stem with its large inner diameter cools off the smoke while condensing moisture and supposedly removing harmful particles. Kirsten developed it after being told by his physician to stop smoking. To manufacture and sell these pipes he created the Kirsten Pipe Company that is still run by his descendants.

### Kirsten-Boeing Propeller

The Kirsten-Boeing propeller is a cycloidal propeller that differs from other such propellers in that instead of the propeller blades being parallel to the motion of the craft, in Kirsten's design the blade going backwards is perpendicular, operating like a paddle. Kirsten first envisioned this propeller to be used in airplanes, but later realized it was more suited to be used in water. Unlike a cycloidal propeller controlled with a linkage, in Kirsten's design only direction can be controlled. The propeller can be also used as a turbine, and some research has been done to improve Kirsten's original design in this domain.
# Julia Cavanough

Julia Cavanough (born 17 March 2004) is an Australian cricketer who currently plays for Tasmania in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) and Hobart Hurricanes in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL). She plays as a left-arm medium bowler.

## Domestic career

In May 2022, Cavanough received her first contract, signing with Tasmania for the upcoming WNCL season. In October 2022, Cavanough was also signed by Hobart Hurricanes for the upcoming WBBL season, although she did not play a match for the side that year. In December 2022, she played for Tasmania in the Cricket Australia Under-19 National Female Championships, and was the side's leading run-scorer, including two half-centuries. On 18 December 2022, Cavanough made her debut for Tasmania's senior team, taking 1/33 from her 7 overs in her side's 10 wicket victory over New South Wales. She went on to play ten matches for the side that season, taking six wickets at an average of 39.50.
# Uniformitarian Principle (linguistics)

The Uniformitarian Principle is a key hypothesis in the study of linguistics and language change today. Peter Trudgill calls the uniformitarian principle "one of the fundamental bases of modern historical linguistics," which he characterizes, other things being equal, as the principle "that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present." It is the linguistic adaptation of a widespread principle in the sciences, there usually known as uniformitarianism.

## Application in linguistics

In linguistics, Uriel Weinreich, William Labov and Marvin Herzog appear to have been the first to expressly elaborate, in the 1960s, on a hitherto tacit assumption of equivalent processes being at play in the present time as in the past. They did not do so without precedent, however, as historical and comparative linguistics, from the late 18th century on, seem to have adopted such process-oriented thinking. Hermann Paul, for instance, assumed what he the called "psychological" principles in the 1860s as underlying language change. William Labov's "Principles of Language Change, Part 1: Internal Factors," from 1994, gives probably the most coherent account to date by expressly linking the Uniformitarian Principle to geographical uniformitarianism and expressing the parallels. Around the same time William Dwight Whitney wrote of "So far back as we can trace the history of language, the forces which have been efficient in producing its changes ... have been the same". Labov summarizes the state-of-the-art: "Today, it would seem that linguistics has accepted the uniformitarian principle and its consequences, as geology, biology, and other historical sciences have done."

### Sociolinguistics and language varieties

The Uniformitarian Principle is often applied in sociolinguistics. J. K. Chambers mentions it as a benchmark in his Sociolinguistic Theory, which draws on Labov's summary. Recently, the Uniformitarian Principle has been revoked to alert scholars to the "way English linguists construe pluricentricity" as "the anti-thesis of its treatment by a substantial number of German linguists" today. In Pluricentricity Debate, Dollinger argues that "the unity of cross-linguistic dialectology" is "threatened" by (German) disregard for the Uniformitarian Hypothesis: if multiple standards in English are allowed and the social constraints are similar in other languages, the Uniformitarian Hypothesis demands that sociolinguists allow for multiple standards in theses contexts too, e.g. Austrian Standard German, German Standard German and Swiss Standard German.
# Moqam

Moqam (Persian: مقام, also Romanized as Moqām) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 277, in 76 families.
# Oslica

Oslica (pronounced; German: Osselze) is a small settlement just northwest of Muljava in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Oslica was attested in written sources as Ozlitz in 1291 and as Osslizi in 1584. The origin of the name Oslica is uncertain, but is likely derived from the common noun osel 'donkey' (or from the surname Osel derived from that noun). A less likely possibility, argued against by medieval transcriptions, is that the name is derived from the plant name oselica 'pepper-saxifrage'. The toponym Oselica has the same etymology.
# Racovița, Timiș

Racovița (Hungarian: Rakovica; German: Rikaß or Rakowitz) is a commune in Timiș County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Căpăt, Drăgoiești, Ficătar, Hitiaș, Racovița (commune seat) and Sârbova.

## Name

| Romanian | Hungarian | German |
| Căpăt | Keped | Kepet |
| Drăgoiești | Drágonyfalva | Dragojest |
| Ficătar | Feketeér | Fikater |
| Hitiaș | Hattyas | Hitiasch |
| Racovița | Rakovica | Rikaß or Rakowitz |
| Sârbova | Szirbó | Serbau |

## History

The first recorded mention of Racovița dates from 1447. In the Middle Ages it was called Rakovicza and belonged to Temesdoboz estates. After the expulsion of the Turks from Banat, it was inhabited by Romanians and became the property of the Aerarium. In the chamber records from 1717 it appears mentioned with 40 houses, belonging to Nagykövéres estates.

## Demographics

Ethnic composition (2011)
Religious composition (2011)
Racovița had a population of 3,168 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 4% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (87.41%), larger minorities being represented by Roma (3.82%) and Ukrainians (3.31%). For 4.14% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (88.95%), but there are also minorities of Pentecostals (3.19%), Greek Catholics (1.36%) and Roman Catholics (1.2%). For 4.14% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown.

## Gallery

* Căpăt Orthodox church
* Căpăt wooden church
* Hitiaș Orthodox church
* Racovița Orthodox church
# Shang Shu (Jin)

Shang Shu of Jin (Chinese: 晉殤叔; pinyin: Jìn Shāng Shū; lit. 'Uncle Shang of Jin'), personal name unknown, was a ruler of the Jin state. He usurped the throne of Jin after his elder brother, Marquis Mu, died in 785 BC. After Shang Shu ascended the throne, Marquis Mu's son, Ji Chou (Marquis Wen), was forced to leave Jin in fear of his uncle.
In 781 BC, Ji Chou overthrew Shang Shu and ascended the throne as the next Jin monarch.
# James Lockhart of Lee

Sir James Lockhart, Laird of Lee (1596-1674) was a Scottish courtier, politician and judge, and a royalist commander of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

## Life

He was son of Sir James Lockhart XI of Lee, of a lairdly family, by his wife, Jean Weir of Stonebyres, Lanarkshire. While still a young man he was a gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles I, and was knighted. He sat in the Scottish parliaments of 1630 and 1633 as commissioner for Lanarkshire, and was appointed lord of the articles on 20 June 1633.
Lockhart did not sit in the parliament of 1641, perhaps because of his adherence to the Marquis of Hamilton. In 1644, and again in 1645, he contested Lanarkshire against Sir William Hamilton, and on the second occasion with success: on the first there was a disputed return decided, 5 June 1644, in favour of Hamilton. On 1 February 1645 he was appointed a commissioner of the exchequer, and on 2 July 1646 an ordinary lord of session in succession to Lord Durie the elder, who had died.
Lockhart took part in the engagement for the relief of King Charles in 1648, and under the Marquis of Hamilton commanded a regiment at the battle of Preston. On 16 February 1649, he was deprived of his office by the Act of Classes, and was banished with others by an act of the estates, 4 June 1650. He petitioned for the removal of his sentence of banishment, and on 5 December of the same year his banishment was annulled.
On his return Lockhart became a member of the committee of estates, was chosen to superintend the levy for the invasion of England under Charles II. On 28 August 1651 he was surprised by a party of English parliamentarian soldiers at Blyth, and was made prisoner. He taken to Broughty Castle, and from there to England, where he was eventually placed in the Tower of London.
Several years later Lockhart's son Sir William Lockhart interceded, and he was set free. In 1661 was restored to his seat on the bench, was sworn of the privy council in Scotland, and was again appointed a commissioner of the exchequer. In the parliaments of 1661, 1665, and 1669 be represented Lanarkshire, and was throughout a lord of the articles. In 1662 he opposed the Ejection Act at Glasgow; he was said have been the only man sober in the assembly.
In 1671 Lockhart succeeded John Home, Lord Renton as lord justice clerk, and held that post till he died in May 1674.

## Family

Lockhart's first wife was Helen, daughter of Alexander Fairlie of Braid. He then married a maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria. With his second wife, Martha, daughter of Sir George Douglas of Mordington, Lockhart had children including:
* William (see above), first son;
* George, the second son., murdered in 1689
* John, of Castle-hill;
* Anne who married George Lockhart of Torbreicks.
* Martha who married Sir William Lindsay of Covington.
# Hal Lawrence

Harold Ernest Thomas Lawrence (1920–1994) was a Canadian naval officer and author. He was born in the Corps of Royal Engineers barracks at Chatham, England; and moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

## Career

Lawrence entered the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve as a midshipman in 1939, and was promoted to Sub-lieutenant while serving aboard the Armed Merchant Cruiser HMS Alaunia. He received Mention in Dispatches for service aboard HMCS Moosejaw during the battle of Convoy SC 42. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for leading HMCS Oakville's boarding party onto the sinking U-94 during the battle of convoy TAW-15. The citation reads:
    "Lieutenant Lawrence was in charge of a boarding party of two which attempted to prevent the scuttling of a U-boat. With complete disregard for his own safety, the Officer, accompanied by a Petty Officer, boarded the U-boat and, having subdued the enemy crew, he took action in an endeavor to prevent the scuttling of the U-boat, notwithstanding the fact that it was then sinking. His spirited and determined conduct was worthy of the highest traditions of the Royal Canadian Navy."
Lawrence was subsequently promoted to lieutenant and executive officer of HMCS Oakville. Lawrence was next assigned as gunnery officer in the commissioning crew of HMCS Sioux. He was transferred from the volunteer reserve to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1945 and became executive officer of HMCS Sioux. He received a master's degree from the University of Ottawa before retiring from the Navy in 1965.

## Retirement

Lawrence taught at the University of Ottawa and the University of Victoria after retiring from the Navy. He wrote three books concerning World War II. A Bloody War was published in 1979, Tales of the North Atlantic in 1985, and Victory at Sea in 1989. He died in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1994. The University of Victoria maintains the Hal Lawrence fonds of 120 taped interviews with historical photographs and maps. He donated his personal library to the Naval Officer Training Centre at Esquimalt, B.C. where the books are housed as the Hal Lawrence Library.
# Kazhdom Castle

Kazhdom castle (Persian: قلعه کژدم) is a historical castle located in Izeh County in Khuzestan Province, The longevity of this fortress dates back to the Early centuries of historical periods after Islam.
# Bodenseekreis

Bodenseekreis ("Lake Constance district") is a Landkreis (district) in the south-east of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west, clockwise) Konstanz, Sigmaringen and Ravensburg, and in Bavaria, Lindau district. To the south, on the opposite shores of Lake Constance, lies Switzerland.

## History

The district was created in 1973, when the previous district Tettnang was merged with most of the district Überlingen.

## Geography

The district is located at the northern shore of Lake Constance (German: Bodensee), which also gives the district its name. The landscape covered by the district is called Oberschwäbisches Hügelland and Westallgäuer Hügelland, and as the name suggests it is mostly hilly landscape.

## Partnerships

The district has a partnership with the Muldentalkreis in Saxony, Germany, as well as with the Polish district Częstochowa.

## Coat of arms

The blue colour as well as the three wavy lines at the bottom of the coat of arms represent the Lake Constance. The wheel derives from the coat of arms of the Lords of Markdorf and Raderach, but it also represents the industry in the district.

## Cities and towns

| Cities | Towns |
| Friedrichshafen Markdorf Meersburg Tettnang Überlingen | Bermatingen Daisendorf Deggenhausertal Eriskirch Frickingen Hagnau am Bodensee Heiligenberg Immenstaad am Bodensee Kressbronn am Bodensee Langenargen Meckenbeuren Neukirch Oberteuringen Owingen Salem Sipplingen Stetten Uhldingen-Mühlhofen |
| Administrative districts | Bermatingen Daisendorf Deggenhausertal Eriskirch Frickingen Hagnau am Bodensee Heiligenberg Immenstaad am Bodensee Kressbronn am Bodensee Langenargen Meckenbeuren Neukirch Oberteuringen Owingen Salem Sipplingen Stetten Uhldingen-Mühlhofen |
| Eriskirch-Kressbronn-Langenargen Friedrichshafen Markdorf Meersburg Salem Tettnang Überlingen | Bermatingen Daisendorf Deggenhausertal Eriskirch Frickingen Hagnau am Bodensee Heiligenberg Immenstaad am Bodensee Kressbronn am Bodensee Langenargen Meckenbeuren Neukirch Oberteuringen Owingen Salem Sipplingen Stetten Uhldingen-Mühlhofen |
# Gunich

Gunich (Persian: گونيچ, also Romanized as Gūnīch and Govānīch; also known as Gūnīj) is a village in Karvandar Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 277, in 54 families.
# Aivars Lazdenieks

Aivars Lazdenieks (26 February 1954 – 20 August 2023) was a Latvian rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
In 1976 he was a crew member of the Soviet boat which won the silver medal in the quadruple sculls event.
Lazdenieks died on 20 August 2023, at the age of 69.
# Osazuwa

Osazuwa is a Bini surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Agnes Osazuwa (born 1989), Nigerian sprinter
* Uhunoma Osazuwa (born 1987), Nigerian heptathlete
# The Devil (novella)

"The Devil" (Russian: Дьявол) is a novella by Leo Tolstoy. It was written in 1889, given an alternative ending in 1909, but published only posthumously in 1911. Like Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata, written around the same time, "The Devil" deals with the consequences of sexual emotion.

## Plot summary

Two young men, Eugene Irtenev and his brother, are left a large inheritance after the death of their father. However, the inheritance is saddled with debts, and the brothers must decide whether or not to accept it. Eugene accepts the inheritance and buys off his brother's portion, thinking that he can sell off large tracts of land while making improvements to the rest. Living alone with his mother while working on the farm, Eugene misses the relations he had with women while living in St. Petersburg. He inquires around the village, and the watchman introduces Eugene to a local peasant named Stepanida whose husband lives away in the city. For several months Eugene and Stepanida have encounters, with Eugene paying her each time. Eventually, Eugene's mother thinks it is time for him to get married, preferably to an heiress who will help them with their debts. To her disappointment, Eugene falls in love with Liza Annenskaya, a charming middle-class girl, and they are married after Eugene breaks off relations with Stepanida.
After a year of marriage, Liza employs two peasant women to help with cleaning the estate. One of them is Stepanida. When Eugene notices her, all the passion for her that he thought was forgotten comes rushing back. He can't stop thinking about her and decides that she must be sent away. Liza later suffers a harmful fall while pregnant, and Eugene takes her for a rest cure to Crimea for two months on doctor's orders. She gives birth to a daughter, and Eugene's financial prospects are starting to look promising. His estate is described as being in the best working condition it has ever been, and he thinks he is finally happy.
At a village festival, Eugene notices Stepanida dancing, and their glances re-awaken his desire. Tormented by lust, he thinks of resuming relations with her, but realizes that the affair would cause too much of a scandal. Eugene says of Stepanida, "Really, she is--a devil. Simply a devil. She has possessed herself of me against my own will." He convinces himself that there are only two options: to kill Stepanida, or to kill his wife and run off with Stepanida. Eugene then thinks of a third option, which is to commit suicide. When his family finds him dead of a revolver shot, they cannot understand why he killed himself since, although he was evidently tormented, he did not confide in his closest relatives.
# Pierre Suard

Pierre Suard (born November 9, 1934, in Lons-le-Saunier) is a French engineer, senior official, director of national companies and alumnus of École Polytechnique and École des Ponts ParisTech.
In the 1990s, he was the chairman of Alcatel Alsthom SA.
# Charles H. Craven

Charles Henderson Craven (November 30, 1843 – March 1, 1898) was an officer of the United States Navy.

## Biography

He was a son of Thomas Tingey Craven. He was born at Fort Preble in South Portland, Maine on November 30, 1843. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from Maine on September 20, 1860. He graduated on May 2, 1863, during the American Civil War.
Craven was promoted to ensign, and served in that capacity in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron until 1865. He participated in many of the engagements in the vicinity of Charleston and Savannah during 1863/64, and was attached to the USS Housatonic when she was blown up in February 1864. Promoted to master in 1865, Craven served in the European Squadron on the USS Colorado until 1867. He was commissioned lieutenant in November 1866. He then served on the USS Wampanoag, and was made lieutenant commander in March 1868, after which he was attached to the Pacific Squadron.
Subsequently, he served on shore duty at Mare Island, California. In 1874 he became executive officer of the USS Kearsarge, of the Pacific Squadron, and later of the USS Monocacy.
Craven was detached from duty in June 1879, broken down by overwork, and was retired in May 1881. He died on March 1, 1898, in Washington, D.C. Craven and his wife Mary Folger (Shepard) Craven are buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
# Pir Katpar railway station

Pir Katpar Railway Station (Urdu: پیر کاٹپر ریلوے اسٹیشن, Sindhi: پیر ڪٽبر ریلوي اسٽیشن) is located in Pir Katpar village, Khairpur District of Sindh province of the Pakistan.
# Zygogonium ericetorum

Zygogonium ericetorum is a species of alga belonging to the family Zygnemataceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
# 1968 Puerto Rican general election

General elections were held in Puerto Rico on November 5, 1968. Luis A. Ferré of the New Progressive Party (PNP) was elected Governor. In the House of Representatives elections the PNP won a plurality of the vote, but the Popular Democratic Party won a majority of the seats. They also won a majority of seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 78%.

## Results
### Governor

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Luis A. Ferré | New Progressive Party | 400,815 | 43.62 |
| | Luis Negrón López | Popular Democratic Party | 374,040 | 40.71 |
| | Roberto Sánchez Vilella | People's Party | 107,359 | 11.68 |
| | Antonio J. González | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 32,166 | 3.50 |
| | Ramiro L. Colón | Partido Estadista Republicano | 4,449 | 0.48 |
| Total | Total | Total | 918,829 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 918,829 | 99.57 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 3,993 | 0.43 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 922,822 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,176,895 | 78.41 |
| Source: Nohlen, Puerto Rico Election Archive |||||

### Resident Commissioner

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Jorge Luis Córdova | New Progressive Party | 400,544 | 43.81 |
| | Santiago Polanco-Abreu | Popular Democratic Party | 384,998 | 42.11 |
| | Alfredo Nazario Tirado | People's Party | 94,519 | 10.34 |
| | Juan Antonio Agostini | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 29,491 | 3.23 |
| | Nicolás Nogueras, Jr. | Partido Estadista Republicano | 4,646 | 0.51 |
| Total | Total | Total | 914,198 | 100.00 |
| Source: House of Representatives |||||

### House of Representatives

| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Popular Democratic Party | 26 |
| | New Progressive Party | 25 |
| | People's Party | 0 |
| | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 0 |
| | Partido Estadista Republicano | 0 |
| Total | Total | 51 |
| Source: Nohlen |||

### Senate

| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Popular Democratic Party | 15 |
| | New Progressive Party | 12 |
| | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 0 |
| Total | Total | 27 |
| Source: Nohlen |||
# Sarhud Khoda Rahim

Sarhud Khoda Rahim (Persian: سرهودخدارحم, also Romanized as Sarhūd Khodā Raḥim) is a village in Shahi Rural District, Sardasht District, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 5 families.
# Fryanovo

Fryanovo (Russian: Фряново) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Shchyolkovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,243 (2010 Census); 11,180 (2002 Census); 13,199 (1989 Soviet census). It has grown up around a silk factory which was established in 1735 by the Armenian Lazaryan family.
# MTV Campus Diaries

MTV Campus Diaries is a college connect digital platform.
MTV Campus Diaries has been associated with brands like B'Llue Amazon.com and Dell

## Hosts/ VJs

* VJ Jose Covaco
* Gurbani Judge
* Gaelyn Mendonca
* Parth Samthaan
* Krissann Barretto
* Varun Sood
* Nikhil Chinapa
* Benafsha Soonawalla