OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Smrčná

Smrčná (Czech pronunciation:; German: Simmersdorf) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Smrčná lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Jihlava and 106 km (66 mi) south-east of Prague.

## History

The first written mention of Smrčná is from 1233.
# Spike driver

A spike driver (also known as a spiker) is a piece of rail transport maintenance of way equipment. Its purpose is to drive rail spikes into the ties on a rail track to hold the rail in place. Many different sizes of spikers are manufactured and in use around the world.

## History

Historically, spikers was the slang-name for the rail workers who drove in the spikes after the gandy dancers laid the track on the tie. Spikes are used to hold the rail in gauge and keep it connected to the ties. Before the development of automated spikers, this task was done entirely by hand using pickaxes to drive the spikes into the ties. This process was slow and not easy to learn (at the driving of the golden spike that marked the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869, several executives of the companies building the railroad tried and failed to drive in the final spike, showing how difficult a task it was).
To make the process of driving spikes faster and easier, automated self-propelled machines that travel on the rails were developed in the 1900s. These machines can insert spikes far faster than by hand. Brian Solomon writes that, "Spike drivers take less time to accomplish their tasks than it takes to read about it."

## Method of operation

When in operation, a spiker works by using rams to drive spikes into the ties, using either compressed air or hydraulics to power the rams. The spiker uses chutes to automatically feed spikes to the rams, which are present on both sides of the machine to allow spikes to be inserted on both rails at the same time. A worker will periodically add fresh spikes to the chutes as needed to keep the machine supplied. On larger spikers, spikes are supplied from a feed bin, eliminating the need to add spikes by hand. Railroad workers operate the machine by directing the rams and moving the spiker, which is usually self-propelled and powered by a diesel engine. The process is as follows:
* The spiker moves to a tie that needs spikes inserted. The spiker uses claws to grab the tie and hold it in place.
* Workers use a joystick to direct the rams to the locations where spikes are to be inserted, and then activate the rams to drive the spikes into the rail.
* The spiker releases the tie, and moves on to the next tie to repeat the process.
A typical spiker has controls on both sides of the machine, allowing it to operate when only one of the two rails needs spikes inserted.

## Manufacturers of spikers

* Harsco
* Nordco
# KhTZ-16

The KhTZ-16 (Russian: ХТЗ-16) (after the Kharkiv Tractor Factory; Ukrainian: Харківський Тракторний Завод) was a Soviet improvised fighting vehicle of the Second World War, built on the chassis of an STZ-3 tractor. The vehicles were built in Kharkiv until the factory was evacuated to the east, at which time production moved to Stalingrad. No less than 809 vehicles were planned, but no more than about 60-90 were actually built. Some vehicles were used in the fighting around Kharkiv in October 1941, but were quickly lost in battle against Axis forces.
The vehicle was operated by a crew of two, and armed with a 45mm anti-tank gun, 37mm anti-aircraft gun and a 7.62mm DT or Degtyarev light machine gun mounted in a fixed superstructure.
# Herbert von Denffer

Herbert Julius von Denffer (born 4 June 1907, date of death unknown) was a German actuarial mathematician. He was born in Narva, Estonia. During World War II, Denffer worked as a cryptanalyst in Referat F, the Mathematical Referat, as part of the Inspectorate 7/VI, that was the signals intelligence agency of the Wehrmacht, before and during World War II. He would later work for the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung, the successor organization to the In 7/VI, specifically undertaking research in general theory of cryptography.

## Life

Denffer was the son of author and banker Alexander von Denffer from the aristocratic Denffer family. On 26 February 1926, he received his Abitur certificate from the Marienstiftsgymnasium Gymnasium. Denffer undertook 3 semesters of study at the University of Tübingen and 6 semesters at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Denffer was eventually awarded an academic scholarship for gifted students, the Studienstiftung to undertake advanced study in mathematics at Berlin. On 15 December 1933, he became an actuarial mathematician and worked at the Association of Public Life Insurance Institutions (German: Verband öffentlicher Lebensversicherungsanstalten) in Berlin. On 8 February 1935, he was promoted to Dr. Phil with a theses titled: On the Bernstein theory of partial differential equations of the second order of the elliptical type (German: Über die Bernsteinsche Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung vom elliptischen Typus).
At the end of the war, Denffer was named as chief of the (German: Entzifferung) cryptanalysis unit with KONA 6 at the end.
# Mini Marvels

Mini Marvels is an all-ages comic book written and illustrated by Chris Giarrusso and published by Marvel Comics. The comic has been published in the form of back-ups in other comic books as well as original one-shots and trade paperback collections. The comics are a humorous depiction of the Marvel heroes as children of various ages, sometimes parodying storylines from the mainstream Marvel universe.

## Bullpen Bits

The Mini Marvels were originally in a comic strip called "Bullpen Bits", published in Bullpen Bulletins. They now can be viewed in several Mini Marvels trade paperbacks.

## Running Gags

* Neither Aunt May or J. Jonah Jameson ever notice that Peter Parker is Spider-Man, despite him always wearing his costume and using his powers around them.
* Hawkeye often complains about being in Captain America's shadow.
** Additionally, other characters don’t take Hawkeye seriously as a superhero.
* Hulk, Red Hulk, and original character Blue Hulk, often get into various adventures.
* Daredevil is always facing the wrong direction.

## Collections

* Giant-Size Mini Marvels #1 - "Paperboy Blues" and a collection of "Bullpen Bits"
* Spidey and the Mini Marvels #1 - "Paperboy Showdown" and "Cereal Quest"
* Mini Marvels Volume 1: Rock, Paper, Scissors - All comics from the above two collections, plus several other stories
* Mini Marvels Volume 2: Secret Invasion - More stories and "Bullpen Bits" by Giarrusso, as well as a few stories written by others
* Mini Marvels: Ultimate Collection - All the stories from Volumes 1 and 2, Five new stories, and a complete collection of Bullpen Bits
# Verkhnyaya Tura

Verkhnyaya Tura (Russian: Ве́рхняя Тура) is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Kushva in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the upper streams of the Tura River (Ob's basin), 187 kilometers (116 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 9,461 (2010 Census); 11,097 (2002 Census); 13,573 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

It was founded in 1737; town status was granted to it in 1941.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twelve rural localities, subordinated to the Town of Kushva—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of Verkhnyaya Tura is incorporated as Verkhnyaya Tura Urban Okrug. The town of Kushva and twelve rural localities are incorporated separately as Kushvinsky Urban Okrug.
# HC Kryzhynka Kyiv

HK Kryzhynka Kyiv (Ukrainian: ХК Крижинка Київ) was an ice hockey team in Kyiv, Ukraine. The team played in the Ukrainian Hockey League, the top level of Ukrainian ice hockey.
They were founded in 1991. Name changes
* from 1991 to 1999: Kryzhynka Kyiv
* from 1999 to 1999: Irbis Kyiv

## Achievements

* 1996–97 Ukrainian Hockey Championship
# Konrad VIII the Younger

Konrad VIII the Younger (Polish: Konrad VIII Młody; after 1397 – before 5 September 1444), was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1416–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers) and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa since 1427 until his death.
He was the fifth and youngest son of Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica, by his wife Judith. Like his four older brothers, at the baptism he received the name of Konrad, which was characteristic in this branch of the House of Piast.

## Life
### Choosing of the Church career

The modesty of his father's legacy forced that, of the five sons of Konrad III, three decided to follow the ecclesiastic career; Konrad VIII was one of them. The Church, during the time of the political fragmentation of Poland and the enormous progeny of the Piast dynasty, was the easiest way to develop influence in the fate of Silesia, by obtaining the prestigious (and profitable) Church dignities, which Piast princes easily accepted. The oldest of the brothers, Konrad IV, was made Provost of Wroclaw, and since 1417 Bishop of Wroclaw, and other, Konrad VI, in 1414, was appointed Dean of the Wroclaw Chapter.

### The Teutonic Order

In 1416, Konrad VIII became in a Teutonic Knight. Perhaps this decision was prompting by his brother Konrad VII the White, who fight at the side of the Teutonic Order in 1410 in the Battle of Grunwald. During the solemn religious vows of submission in Malbork Castle, Konrad VIII was accompanied by all his brothers. Then, in exchange for a loan of 3,000 Prague groschens, Konrad IV, Konrad V Kantner and Konrad VII concluded with the Great Master of the Teutonic Order, Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, an alliance against Poland and Lithuania. Committed themselves to assist in the Order, if that was attacked by the army of King Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Witold.
Konrad VIII served as Prokurator of the Teutonic Order over Gardawa during 1425-1429 and over Lochstedt during 1429-1433. The highest religious position exercised by him was the office of Provincial of the Teutonic Order in Bohemia and Moravia.

### Government in Silesia

Konrad VIII, despite the adoption of the religious state, didn't give up his rights over the government of his Silesian lands. In 1416 the older brother Konrad IV decided to renounce the government on his younger brothers, who co-ruled all the Duchy. After the death of Konrad VI in 1427, Konrad VIII took over the independent governments over Ścinawa and Rudna together with the surrounding areas. Henceforth he began to use the style of Duke of Ścinawa.
During the Hussite Wars in 1431 he helped his brother Konrad VII in Gliwice to escape from the hands of the Hussites. However, in 1435 he joined to the coalition of princes and cities who concluded an agreement with the Hussites, in order to preserve their patrimony.
# Khlong Maha Sawat

Khlong Maha Sawat (Thai: คลองมหาสวัสดิ์, pronounced), also known as Khlong Chaiyaphruek (คลองชัยพฤกษ์, pronounced), is a khlong (canal) in Thailand. It is a man-made waterway dug in 1859–1860 in the reign of King Rama IV. Today it is listed by the Fine Arts Department as a national heritage site. It starts from Khlong Lat Bang Kruai (Khlong Bangkok Noi) near Wat Chaiyaphrueksamala, flows along the border of Nonthaburi's Bang Kruai with Taling Chan and Thawi Watthana of suburban Bangkok, then flows through Phutthamonthon to meet the Tha Chin River at Ngio Rai Subdistrict in Nakhon Pathom's Nakhon Chai Si District. Its length is 28 km (17 mi). Note: Khlong Maha Sawat and Khlong Prapa Maha Sawat are two different canals.

## History

Connecting Bangkok Noi Canal and the Tha Chin (Nakhon Chaisi) River, the 28 kilometre-long Maha Sawat Canal was created as a shortcut to Phra Pathom Chedi and to open up land on both banks to agriculture. In 1852, King Rama IV ordered the restoration of Phra Pathom Chedi and assigned Somdej Chao Phraya Maha Prayoonrawong and his son, Chao Phraya Thipakornwong Maha Kosathibodi (Kham Bunnag), to supervise the digging of the Chedi Bucha and Maha Sawat canals. Chinese labourers dug the canal. They began on 13 September 1859 and finished on 1 May 1860. The cost was around 80,000 baht. The completed canal gave ready access to 20,000 rai (32 km$^2$) of new farmland.
A new bridge over the canal connecting Taling Chan District of Bangkok with Bang Kruai District of Nonthaburi Province, opened in March 2020, has drawn the ire of some locals. It is alleged that the bridge, built by a private real estate company named Asian Property (Krungthep) Co, Ltd., is too low to allow the passage of tourist boats at high tide.
# Cikháj

Cikháj (German: Ziegenhain) is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The name has its origin probably in the Czech word žíhání that once meant 'slash-and-burn'. The German name Ziegenhain was derived from the Czech name, meaning 'goat grove'. The name Cikháj was then created by transliterating the German name back into Czech.

## Geography

Cikháj is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Žďár nad Sázavou and 38 km (24 mi) northeast of Jihlava. It lies in the Upper Svratka Highlands. The highest point is the hill Žákova hora at 810 m (2,660 ft) above sea level. Two important Czech rivers originate in the municipal territory: the Sázava originates in the woods in the northwest and the Svratka originates in the woods in the east.
The municipality lies within the Žďárské vrchy Protected Landscape Area. The southern slopes of the Žákova hora hill are protected as a national nature reserve.

## History

The first written mention of Cikháj is from 1662.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 445 | — |
| 1880 | 372 | −16.4% |
| 1890 | 368 | −1.1% |
| 1900 | 341 | −7.3% |
| 1910 | 342 | +0.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 342 | +0.0% |
| 1930 | 319 | −6.7% |
| 1950 | 209 | −34.5% |
| 1961 | 193 | −7.7% |
| 1970 | 150 | −22.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 119 | −20.7% |
| 1991 | 113 | −5.0% |
| 2001 | 110 | −2.7% |
| 2011 | 97 | −11.8% |
| 2021 | 102 | +5.2% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

There are no significant historical monuments in the municipality, but there are several small monuments: a stone folk belfry from the 19th century, a former water mill from 1848 without preserved equipment, a cast iron cross from 1885 and a calvary from 1713.
# Gonbad-e Sorkh, Bandar Abbas

Gonbad-e Sorkh (Persian: گنبدسرخ; also known as Gonbad-e Sorkhī and Gonbad Sorkhī) is a village in Shamil Rural District, Takht District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 14 families.
# Dundaga Municipality

Dundaga Municipality (Latvian: Dundagas novads, Livonian: Dūoņig mōgõn) is a former municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dundaga parish and Kolka parish, the administrative centre being Dundaga. As of 2020, the population was 3,571.
On 1 July 2021, Dundaga Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Talsi Municipality.

## Notable sites

* Dundaga Castle
# Lesnovka, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast

Lesnovka (Russian: Лесновка) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Verkhnelyubazhsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 11 (2010 Census); 41 (2002 Census);
# Chepillo

Chepillo is a corregimiento in Chepo District, Panamá Province, Panama, with a population of 255 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 254; its population as of 2000 was 237.
# Ankatafa

Ankatafa is a municipality (French: commune, Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambanja, which is a part of Diana Region. According to 2001 census the population of Ankatafa was 8,652.
Ankatafa has a harbour, and primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 98% of the population are farmers. The most important crop is coffee, while other important products are cocoa and rice. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
13°37′S 48°22′E﻿ / ﻿13.617°S 48.367°E﻿ / -13.617; 48.367
* This Diana Region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Hathiyan railway station

Hathiyan Railway Station (Urdu: ہتھیان ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Pakistan.
It was established in 1886 during British India era.
# Cheung Tat-ming

Cheung Tat-ming (Chinese: 張達明) (born 2 July 1964) is a Hong Kong actor, comedian, director and writer.

## Personal life

Cheung married Ho Nim-chi, a psychiatrist, in September 2001, subsequently announcing their divorce in 2016. They had one son and one daughter.

## Filmography

* My Heart Is That Eternal Rose (1989)
* Lee Rock II (1991)
* A Moment of Romance II (1993)
* Big Bullet (1996)
* Lawyer Lawyer (1997)
* Troublesome Night 2 (1997)
* Troublesome Night 4 (1998)
* The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1999)
* A Wicked Ghost III: The Possession (2002)
* My Lucky Star (2003)
* The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng (2006)
* The Luckiest Man (2008)
* Love in a Puff (2010)
* Beauty on Duty (2010)
* Flirting Scholar 2 (2010)
* Bruce Lee, My Brother (2010)
* The Aroma City (2011)
* Love Shock (2011)
* Scary Market (2011)
* The Sorcerer and the White Snake (2011)
* Summer Love Love (2011)
* Fatal Invitation (2011)
* Good-for-Nothing Heros (2012)
* Everything Is Nothing (2012)
* Ultra Reinforcement (2012)
* Happy Hotel (2012)
* Moonlight Love (2012)
* The House (2013)
* Hello Babies (2014)
* An Inspector Calls (2015)
* House of Wolves (2016)
* Quiet Now! (2016)
* Always Be with You (2017)
* Agent Mr Chan (2018)
* A Home with a View (2019)
* The Incredible Monk 3 (2019)
* I'm Livin' It (2019) Won – Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actor
* Altar Angel (2019)
* Justice Sung Begins (2024)

## TV series

* Happy Mother-in-Law, Pretty Daughter-in-Law (2010)
* Teen Waves (2007)
* Hearts of Fencing II (2004)
* Broadcast Life (2000)
* Life For Life (1999)
* Justice Sung II (1999)
* A Recipe for the Heart (1997)
* Justice Sung (1997)
* Soldier Soldier (1992)
* Yellowthread Street (1992)
# Haft Khani, Aligudarz

Haft Khani (Persian: هفتخوانی; Romanized Haft Khānī) is a village in Zalaqi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Besharat District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 18 families.
# Sheristadar

A sheristadar was once the chief administrative officer in Indian courts entrusted with the tasking of receiving and checking court pleas. The word is derived from the Persian word sarishta-dār meaning "Administrative Officer of the court". They were responsible for the entire district judicial administration through the Principal District & Sessions Court, supervising all activities including record keeping
There were two categories of sherishtadar: a Category I sherishtadar was a senior official in the Principal District Court, and a Category II sherishtadar was a more junior official in the sub-courts. In the High Court the sherishtadar is named as Registrar General.
# Sunanda Kumariratana

* view
* talk
Sunanda Kumariratana (Thai: สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, RTGS: Sunantha Kumarirat, Sunandākumārīratana; 10 November 1860 – 31 May 1880) was a queen consort of Siam. She was one of the four royal wives of King Chulalongkorn.

## Background

She was a daughter and fiftieth child of Siamese King Mongkut (Rama IV) and Princess Consort Piam. She was the half-sister and first wife of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam (now Thailand). The king's other two wives were her younger sisters, Their Majesty Queen Savang Vadhana and Queen Saovabha Phongsri.
The queen and her daughter Kannabhorn Bejaratana drowned when the steam boat Sorawan collided with their royal boat towed by the steam yacht Pan Marut on the way to the Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (Summer Palace).
There is an often repeated myth that the many witnesses to the accident did not dare to touch the queen, a capital offense—not even to save her life. However, this was not the case; the King's diary records that boatmen dived into the water, pulled the queen and her daughter from the entangling curtains, and carried them to another boat, where attendants worked in vain to resuscitate them. No one else died in the accident.

## Funeral

The grief-stricken Chulalongkorn demanded a resplendent funeral for them. Preparations for the funeral took 10 months and the funeral ceremony did not begin until 10 March 1881. The bodies of the queen and princess were dried with injections of quicksilver and stored in golden urns while precious woods were collected for the construction of a funeral pyre; royal facilities where the king and entourage resided during the cremation ceremonies were also constructed in a location referred to as Pra Mane. The funeral pyre was reported to be 280 feet (85 m) tall and was built over an altar where the urns were placed for cremation.
The proceedings and celebrations were opulent, attended by many, and documented in great detail. Chulalongkorn lit the funeral pyre around 6:00 p.m. on 15 March to the sound of horns, and the pyre burned throughout the night. Celebrations ended on 20 March with a procession to the Grand Palace.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Sunanda Kumariratana :
# Gabaston

Gabaston (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Gavaston) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

## Hydrography

Gabaston is watered by the Gabas river which flows through the town. The river was known as the fluvius gavasensis in 982.

## Notable Personalities

Piers Gaveston (vers 1282-1312), Gascon knight, favorite of King Edward II of England.
# Rochefourchat

Rochefourchat (French pronunciation:; Vivaro-Alpine: Ròchaforchaa) is a commune in the Drôme department, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France. In the commune there is a single house, the St. Pierre's Church, a converted barn, and the ruins of an old castle. The commune is bordered by four other communes, and nearest to Rochefourchat are Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert, Les Tonils, Pradelle, and Brette.

## History

In 1178, the castle of Rocha Forcha was built by the bishops of Die as a stronghold against the Holy Roman Emperors. It belonged to French lords until the year 1766 when the last one, Lord Rey de Noinville, died. In 1796, a French trader, Pierre Jossaud bought the land surrounding the castle and renamed it Rochefourchat. The commune has been passed down through Jossaud's family.

## Population

The permanent population of Rochefourchat consists of one woman; yet Rochefourchat is not the least populous French commune, as there are six communes with no inhabitants, destroyed and abandoned during World War I but maintained as administrative subdivisions to preserve their memory.
# From the 13th Sun

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 8/10 |
| Rock Hard | 8.0/10 |
From the 13th Sun is the seventh studio album by Swedish doom metal band Candlemass, released on 6 September 1999 through Music For Nations.
The CD liner notes say the album is "dedicated to the greatest band of all time: Black Sabbath".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Leif Edling, except where noted

## Personnel
### Candlemass

* Björn Flodkvist – vocals
* Mats Ståhl – lead & rhythm guitar
* Leif Edling – bass
* Jejo Perkovic – drums

### Additional personnel

* Carl Westholm – synthesizers on ARX/NG 891

### Production

* Arranged and produced by Candlemass
* Recorded and engineered by Candlemass and Bjorn Wallmark
* Mixed by Leif Edling, Uffe Östling and Carl Westholm
* Mastered by Michael Lind
* Cover design by Tomas Arfert