OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Ritchie (priest)

Charles Henry Ritchie (1887–1958) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of England the Anglican Church of Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia and the Scottish Episcopal Church.

## Life

Born on 28 May 1887, he was the youngest son of John Macfarlane Ritchie and Ella Ritchie, of Dunedin, New Zealand. He was educated at Wanganui Collegiate School, Wanganui, New Zealand; St John's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1910; M.A. 1914); and Leeds Clergy School (1910). He was ordained in the Anglican ministry as a deacon in 1911 and a priest in 1912. His first pastoral appointment was a curate at St. Michael's Church, Chester Square, London, 1911–14. In 1915, he married Marjorie Alice Stewart, youngest daughter of Sir Charles and Lady Mary Stewart. During the First World War, he served as an acting chaplain for temporary service in the Royal Navy, 1914–19. After the war, he was briefly a curate at All Saints' Church, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1920–22, before returning to England where was a curate at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, 1922–27. He served as the Rector of St John's, Edinburgh, 1927–39, and a canon of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, 1937–39. He was then Archdeacon of Northumberland, 1939–54, and a canon of St Nicholas' Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1939–54. Followed by as a canon of St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 1954–58. He also served as a chaplain to King George VI and then to Queen Elizabeth II, and a chaplain to Heathfield School, Ascot. He died in Polzeath, Cornwall on 8 September 1958, aged 71.
# The Curtain Rises

The Curtain Rises (French: Entrée des artistes) is a 1938 French crime film directed by Marc Allégret and starring Louis Jouvet, Claude Dauphin and Odette Joyeux. It was shot at the Epinay Studios in Paris and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Jacques Krauss and Alexandre Trauner.

## Cast

* Louis Jouvet as Le professeur Lambertin
* Claude Dauphin as François Polti
* Odette Joyeux as Coecilia
* Janine Darcey as Isabelle
* André Brunot as Monsieur Grenaison
* Madeleine Lambert as Élisabeth
* Roger Blin as Dominique
* Noël Roquevert as Pignolet
* Julien Carette as Lurette
* Marcel Dalio as le juge d'instruction
* Bernard Blier as Pescani
* Yves Brainville as Sylvestre
* André Roussin as Giflard
* Robert Pizani as Jérome
# Albin Moller

Albin Moller was a Sorbian author, astrologer, and translator who lived in eastern Germany during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

## Life and career

Moller was born in Straupitz, and worked there as a pastor. He died in Altdöbern.

## Astrological works

In 1596, Moller published Die grosse: Practica Astrologica, a guide to astrology. In 1602, he published Fleissig und Getrewlich Gestellet, an astrological calendar, in Leipzig. The title page features a woodcut of Moller at age sixty. He published another calendar, Alt und New Schreibcalender Auff das Jar nach unsers Herrn Jhesu Christi Geburt MDCI, around 1600.

## Other works

Moller translated the Lutheran hymn book Hymnal and catechism into the Lower Sorbian language in 1574, the first book to be printed in the language. He published Die Pflanzen der Arzneikräuter-Liste von (List of Medicinal Plants and Herbs) in 1582.
# Av Beit Din

The av beit din (Hebrew: אָב בֵּית דִּין, romanized: ʾāḇ bēṯ din, lit. 'chief of the court, chief justice'), abbreviated abd (אב״ד avad), was the second-highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin during the Second Temple period and served as an assistant to the nasi. The av beit din was known as the "Master of the Court;" he was considered the most learned and important of these seventy members.
Menahem the Essene served as av beit din in the 1st century BCE before abdicating to "serve the King" in 20 BCE. The House of Shammai attained complete ascendency over the Sanhedrin from 9 CE until Gamaliel became nasi in 30 CE. The post of av beit din was eventually filled since the Babylonian Talmud states that Joshua ben Hananiah was the av beit din in Baba Kamma 74b and Nathan the Babylonian was av beit din in Horayot 13b in the Babylonian Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud tells the story of how Gamaliel II was deposed and Eleazar ben Azariah replaced him as Nasi. After Gamaliel was reinstated, Eleazar ben Azariah was made av beit din. The parallel story in the Babylonian Talmud has Eleazar ben Azariah remaining as a co-nasi with Gamaliel.

## Modern usage

In modern times the title is often used as an honorific for the presiding rabbi of a beth din "rabbinical court", who is typically the salaried rabbi of the local Jewish community and usually a posek or "decisor" of Halakha. It is also abbreviated as avad when it is after the name of the Chief Rabbi of a national Jewish community. It can also refer to the most senior member of the court.
Although the title av beit din historically is higher than that of rosh beit din, the rankings are sometimes reversed. The London Beth Din specifically addresses this, saying: "The Chief Rabbi formally holds the title of Av Beth Din" but that "Due to his extensive workload as well as convention of his office" he's "not generally personally involved;" the rosh beth din runs the court.

## Rosh Beit Din

The holder of the title rosh beth din (Hebrew: ראש בית דין, lit. 'Head of the Court', abbreviated ראב״ד ravad) is often the person to whom outsiders look for rulings. In 1934, Yehezkel Abramsky was given this title. Federation of Synagogues' Yisroel Yaakov Lichtenstein used this title when he published a major response in 2009, even though he was ABD. In smaller communities, the avad also serves as the ravad.
# Bret Burchard

Bret Burchard is an American former basketball player currently working as an assistant coach for the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA G League. He attended Taylor University.

## Coaching career

Buchard began his coaching career as an assistant coach for his college, Taylor University.
In 2010, he began working for the Phoenix Suns organization. Burchard was originally a part of the inaugural season's coaching staff for the Northern Arizona Suns NBA G League team. Early in the 2017–18 season, Burchard was named an associate head coach for the Northern Arizona squad. However, during the middle of that same season, he was promoted to the Phoenix Suns as a player development assistant coach after the firing of the original coaching staff held together under former coach Earl Watson at the time.
On July 25, 2018, he was named the head coach of the Northern Arizona Suns, the NBA G League affiliate of the Phoenix Suns, after serving as an assistant coach for Phoenix the previous season.
On June 19, 2019, the Suns announced that he would return as the head coach for the 2019–20 season.
On September 20, 2023, Burchard joined the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA G League as an assistant coach.

## Personal life

Brett's father is Bob Burchard, the recently retired head coach at Columbia College in Missouri. He served as the head coach for 31 years.
# FK Šilutė

Futbolo Klubas Šilutė (before 2003, Laisvė Šilutė) is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šilutė. The team plays in the II Lyga, the third tier of Lithuanian football. A notable former player of the club is Adebayo Akinfenwa.

## Participation in Lithuanian Championships

* 2003 – 3rd (I Lyga)
* 2004 – 6th
* 2005 – 6th
* 2006 – 9th
* 2007 – 9th
* 2008 – 8th
* 2009 – 1st (I Lyga)
* 2010 – 8th (I Lyga)
* 2011 – 8th (I Lyga)
* 2011 – 7th (I Lyga)

## Current squad

    As of 17 April 2016
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | LTU | Liudvikas Valius |
| 2 | DF | LTU | Aldas Žernys |
| 3 | MF | LTU | Arnoldas Nausėdas |
| 4 | DF | LTU | Arvydas Miklovis |
| 5 | DF | LTU | Žilvinas Česnulis |
| 6 | MF | LTU | Giedrius Kurpeikis |
| 7 | FW | LTU | Dovijus Česnulis |
| 8 | MF | LTU | Andrius Gedgaudas |
| 11 | DF | LTU | Paulius Juška |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 12 | DF | LTU | Tadas Kazlauskas |
| 13 | FW | LTU | Darius Paldauskas |
| 14 | DF | LTU | Edgaras Lukoševičius |
| 15 | MF | LTU | Gediminas Strikys |
| 20 | MF | LTU | Justas Milius |
| 21 | MF | LTU | Martynas Golubovskis |
| 22 | MF | LTU | Lukas Konaverskis |
| 24 | MF | LTU | Donatas Surblys |
| 33 | GK | LTU | Algirdas Surgautas |

## Managers history

In 2019, Bronius Mackevičius was confirmed as the new head coach of the club.
| Head coach | from | until |
| Svajūnas Česnulis | 2002 | Dec 2017 |
| Marijus Jazbutis | Feb 2018 | Dec 2018 |
| Bronius Mackevičius | Apr 2019 | May 2020 |
| Svajūnas Česnulis | May 2020 | Present |
# Seyyed Mahalleh-ye Shirabad

Seyyed Mahalleh-ye Shirabad (Persian: سيدمحله شيراباد, also Romanized as Seyyed Maḩalleh-ye Shīrābād; also known as Khvājeh Karī, Seyyed Lar Maḩalleh, and Seyyed Maḩalleh) is a village in Haviq Rural District, Haviq District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 534, in 137 families.
# Arrondissement of Oudenaarde

The Arrondissement of Oudenaarde (Dutch: Arrondissement Oudenaarde; French: Arrondissement d'Audenarde) is one of the six administrative arrondissements in the Province of East Flanders, Belgium. It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement. However, the Judicial Arrondissement of Oudenaarde also comprises the municipalities of Geraardsbergen, Herzele, Sint-Lievens-Houtem and Zottegem in the Arrondissement of Aalst.

## Municipalities

The Administrative Arrondissement of Oudenaarde consists of the following municipalities:
Per 1 January 2019, the municipalities of Kruishoutem and Zingem merged into the new municipality of Kruisem.
# Polchata

Polchata (Russian: Полчата) is a rural locality (a village) in Beryozovsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.

## Geography

Polchata is located 21 km northeast of Beryozovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tuyasy is the nearest rural locality.
# Tamsheh Lameh

Tamsheh Lameh (Persian: تمشه لامه, also Romanized as Tamsheh Lāmeh) is a village in Khotbeh Sara Rural District, Kargan Rud District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 142, in 34 families.
# Nomadic Wax

Nomadic Wax is an international music, film, and events production company specializing in hip-hop and underground music.

## Background

Ben Herson founded Nomadic Wax in 1999, while living in Brooklyn, New York. In the summer of 1999, Herson discovered the local independent hip-hop scene in Senegal and was inspired by the politically and socially conscious lyricism employed by the artists. Nomadic Wax was founded with the stated purpose of aiding artists and musicians who use art as a platform for social and political activism. Nomadic Wax expanded to include an office in Washington DC, run by Creative Director Magee McIlvaine.

## Film and television

Nomadic Wax began working with film in 2007, debuted in the film “African Underground: Democracy in Dakar" co-produced with non-profit film company Sol Productions. The film is a feature-length documentary that explores the role of youth hip-hop activism in the 2007 Senegalese elections. On December 11, 2008, “Democracy in Dakar” was screened on LinkTV. In 2009, it was screened on WHUT in Washington DC. Till then, “Democracy in Dakar” has been shown at film festivals and universities internationally.
“Democracy in Haiti” is Nomadic Wax's third documentary project. It follows a variety of young people to examine why Haiti's youth have become so separated from mainstream Haitian society and the democratic system.
# Walter Biel

Walter Biel (20 July 1933 – 1 February 2024) was a Swiss journalist and politician of the Alliance of Independents (LdU).

## Biography

Born in Pfaffenhoffen on 20 July 1933, Biel earned a doctorate in economic sciences from the University of Basel. In 1959, he began working as a journalist for Die Tat and in 1971 became editor-in-chief for the publishing section of Migros. In 1977, he joined the company's upper management.
In 1967, Biel was elected to represent the Canton of Zürich in the National Council as a member of the LdU, where he served until 1991. He became president of the National Roads Review Commission and sponsored the Federal popular initiative "Democracy in the construction of national roads" [fr], which bears his name. From 1978 to 1985, he was president of the LdU.
Walter Biel died in Basel on 1 February 2024, at the age of 90.

## Publications

* Die Industrialisierung Süditaliens (1959)
* Zukunftsgerechte Finanzreform für die Schweiz (1971)
* Dichtung und Wahrheit : Migros und Steuern : eine Studie des Migros-Genossenschafts-Bundes Zürich (1981)
* Innovative Schweiz : Zwischen Risiko Und Sicherheit (1987)
# Sam Ngam district

Sam Ngam (Thai: สามง่าม, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northwestern part of Phichit province, central Thailand.

## History

Originally Sam Ngam was a tambon of Tha Luang district. On 1 March 1939 the government separated Tambons Sam Ngam, Rang Nok, Wang Chik, Phai Rop, Ban Na, and Noen Po from Mueang Phichit District, Kamphaeng Din and Hat Kruat from Bang Krathum district, Phitsanulok province to establish the new district, Sam Ngam. Later in 1943 Tambon Wang Chik and Phai Rop were assigned to Pho Prathap Chang District.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise) Mueang Phichit, Pho Prathap Chang of Phichit Province, Bueng Samakkhi, Sai Thong Watthana, Sai Ngam of Kamphaeng Phet province, Wachirabarami of Phichit Province, Bang Rakam and Bang Krathum of Phitsanulok province.

## Administration
### Central administration

Sam Ngam is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 80 administrative villages (mubans).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 01. | Sam Ngam | สามง่าม | 16 | 09,334 |
| 02. | Kamphaeng Din | กำแพงดิน | 12 | 05,826 |
| 03. | Rang Nok | รังนก | 12 | 06,113 |
| 06. | Noen Po | เนินปอ | 20 | 09,078 |
| 07. | Nong Sano | หนองโสน | 20 | 12,424 |
Missing numbers are districts which now form Wachirabarami District.

### Local administration

There are three sub-district municipalities (thesaban tambons) in the district:
* Kamphaeng Din (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลกำแพงดิน) consisting of parts of sub-district Kamphaeng Din.
* Sam Ngam (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลสามง่าม) consisting of parts of sub-district Sam Ngam.
* Noen Po (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลเนินปอ) consisting of sub-district Noen Po.
There are four sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
* Sam Ngam (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลสามง่าม) consisting of parts of sub-district Sam Ngam.
* Kamphaeng Din (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลกำแพงดิน) consisting of parts of sub-district Kamphaeng Din.
* Rang Nok (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลรังนก) consisting of sub-district Rang Nok.
* Nong Sano (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองโสน) consisting of sub-district Nong Sano.
# Zambretti Forecaster

The Zambretti Forecaster is a weather forecasting instrument used in conjunction with a barometer. It interprets the reading of a barometer into one forecast from a large selection of permutations after making allowances for variable factors. These include wind direction, a rising, falling or steady barometer, and the season.
Negretti and Zambra were scientific instrument makers, noted for their barometers. The Forecaster was produced in 1915 as a portable forecaster which needed minimal instrumentation, a simple barometer and an observation of the wind direction, and was easy to calculate with. It was produced as a small disc calculator made of overlaid discs of ivorine, an early plastic. Despite its simplicity, it achieved 90% accuracy for 12 hour forecasts. The original Zambretti algorithm has since been implemented in a number of electronic forecasters.
# Asiab Sham

Asiab Sham (Persian: آسياب شم, also Romanized as Āsīāb Sham‘) is a village in Kharajgil Rural District, Asalem District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, in northwestern Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 169, in 37 families.
# Caux-et-Sauzens

Caux-et-Sauzens (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Caus e Sausens) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
Located 8 kilometres west of Carcassonne between the Montagne Noire and Malepère, at the crossroads of the old Roman roads to Toulouse and from Foix towards Ariège and Spain. The Canal du Midi runs between the Village of Caux and the Hamlet of Sauzens. Its inhabitants are known as Cauxois.

## History

The hamlet of Sauzens and the village Caux joined to form Caux et Sauzens during the French Revolution in 1791.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 508 | — |
| 1800 | 504 | −0.11% |
| 1806 | 531 | +0.87% |
| 1821 | 507 | −0.31% |
| 1831 | 465 | −0.86% |
| 1836 | 487 | +0.93% |
| 1841 | 488 | +0.04% |
| 1846 | 493 | +0.20% |
| 1851 | 508 | +0.60% |
| 1856 | 496 | −0.48% |
| 1861 | 446 | −2.10% |
| 1866 | 422 | −1.10% |
| 1872 | 432 | +0.39% |
| 1876 | 422 | −0.58% |
| 1881 | 520 | +4.26% |
| 1886 | 540 | +0.76% |
| 1891 | 527 | −0.49% |
| 1896 | 553 | +0.97% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 551 | −0.07% |
| 1906 | 556 | +0.18% |
| 1911 | 522 | −1.25% |
| 1921 | 503 | −0.37% |
| 1926 | 524 | +0.82% |
| 1931 | 556 | +1.19% |
| 1936 | 505 | −1.91% |
| 1946 | 507 | +0.04% |
| 1954 | 510 | +0.07% |
| 1962 | 450 | −1.55% |
| 1968 | 429 | −0.79% |
| 1975 | 516 | +2.67% |
| 1982 | 594 | +2.03% |
| 1990 | 705 | +2.16% |
| 1999 | 739 | +0.52% |
| 2007 | 770 | +0.51% |
| 2012 | 821 | +1.29% |
| 2017 | 979 | +3.58% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Cywiński Lublin

The Cywiński Lublin I and II were very similar Polish gliders, designed and built for the 1923 First Polish Glider Contest.

## Design and development

Reports of the first German glider contest, held at the Wasserkuppe in the late summer of 1920, generated considerable interest in Poland, leading to the First Polish Glider Contest at Czarna Góra between 30 August and 13 September 1923. The contest was not a great success, limited by novice designers and pilots and a poor site, but the Karpiński SL.1 Akar was by far the most successful entrant.
The Lublin was designed by Stanisław Cywiński and two examples, designated Lublin I and Lublin II, were built in the Lublin works of Plage i Laśkiewicz. The only differences between the two were in their ailerons.
The Lublin was an aerodynamically clean, wooden, high-wing monoplane. Its one-piece wing had two spars, a trapezoidal plan, and a fabric covering. The fuselage had a rectangular section and in profile resembled a thick airfoil. It was covered with dural sheet forward and fabric aft and included an open, single-seat cockpit. At the rear, the rudder and fin together were strongly swept back and roughly rhomboidal in shape. An all-moving tailplane was mounted on the extreme fuselage.
Like most of the gliders at the contest, the Lublin had wheeled landing gear and a tail skid. The main wheels were mounted close to the fuselage underside on a single axle carried, via rubber-cord shock absorbers, by short V-struts.
Each Lublin made only one flight, both piloted by Franciszek Rutkowski and ending in a crash. On 28 August 1923, the Lublin I managed a flight of only 10 seconds and on 6 September the Lublin II lasted 60 seconds. The latter was enough to earn the Plage i Laśkiewicz concern fourth prize, behind the two Akars and the Kubicki Ikub I.

## Specifications

Data from J. Cynk, 1971 except where noted
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in)
* Height: 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)
* Wing area: 17 m$^2$ (180 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 9.2
* Empty weight: 125 kg (276 lb)
* Gross weight: 200 kg (441 lb)
# How Deep Is Your Hood

How Deep Is Your Hood is the second and last album of the American gangsta rap group Damu Ridas. It was released on November 10, 1998. Rappers included Big Wy and Dogg as well as B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk and several other Bloods and Pirus.

## Track listing

* This 1990s hip hop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Medal "Defender of a Free Russia"

The Medal "Defender of a Free Russia" (Russian: Медаль «Защитнику свободной России») is a state award of the Russian Federation. It was created on July 2, 1992 by Law of the Russian Federation № 3183-I in the wake of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow to recognise the courage of the civil resistance members.

## Award Statute

The Medal "Defender of a Free Russia" is awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons for their courage in defending the constitutional order during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, for merit in the implementation of democratic transformation, economic and political reforms, the strengthening of Russian statehood, and for contributions to the solution of national problems.
The Russian Federation Order of Precedence dictates the Medal "Defender of a Free Russia" is to be worn on the left breast with other medals immediately after the Medal of Pushkin.

## Award Description

The Medal "Defender of a Free Russia" is a 34mm in diameter circular medal made of silvered red brass. Its obverse bears a straight equilateral cross, on the cross center in relief, St George on horseback slaying the dragon. On the lower arm of the cross, the relief inscription "August 21, 1991" (Russian: "21 августа 1991 г."). Between the cross arms, multiple branches of oak and laurel protruding towards the outer circumference.
The reverse bears the image of the White House of the Soviets of Russia with the 1991 barricades. Below the image, the relief inscription on three lines "Defender of a Free Russia" (Russian: "Защитнику свободной России"). The award serial number is etched between the image of the barricades and the inscription just right of center revealing the red brass core of the medal.
The medal is suspended to a standard Russian pentagonal mount by a ring through the medal suspension loop. The mount is covered by an overlapping 24mm wide silk moiré ribbon with a blue left side and the right side in the colours of the Ribbon of Saint George.

## Award Recipients (partial list)

1. The first medals "Defender of a Free Russia" were posthumously awarded to Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky and Vladimir Usov who died during the events of August 19–21, 1991. The musicians Konstantin Kinchev and Andrey Makarevich also received it for their participation in the "Rock on the barricades" concert. American CNN reporters Steven Hurst and Claire Shipman also received the medal for their coverage of the events.
2. Number of medals "Defender of a Free Russia" awarded to date:
| 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | After 2006 | Total |
| 3 | 1402 | 268 | 42 | 97 | 68 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1994 |
# Maqsudabad, Mashhad

Maqsudabad (Persian: مقصوداباد, also Romanized as Maqşūdābād) is a village in Tabadkan Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 216, in 61 families.