OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Closed-end credit

In finance, closed-end credit is a type of credit that should be repaid in full amount by the end of the term, by a specified date. The repayment includes all the interests and financial charges agreed at the signing of the credit agreement. Closed-end credits include all kinds of mortgage lending and car loans.

## Types

In case of mortgages the total is divided into monthly installments so that a person should repay certain amounts of principal plus interest. After the last repayment is made the right for the property is transferred to the borrower.
The same scheme refers to an auto loan. It is extended for a fixed period during which a person makes repayments. The latter also includes principal and interest and a borrower gains the right for a vehicle as soon as the final repayment is made. However, closed-end credits of auto type differ from the mortgage ones as they are considerably shorter and in the majority of cases have got fixed interest rates.

## Features

The advantage of closed-end credits is that they allow a person to achieve good credit score image, provided that all the repayments are made in time. Auto loans are especially beneficial in this respect. Successful management of a closed-end credit is a very demonstrative indicator for future lenders.
The peculiar feature of closed-end credits is that they preserve the same interest rate level and the loan principal is not increased after the disbursement of funds or after the partial repayment.
Opposed to closed-end credits there are also open-end credits that are also known as revolving credit lines. The most widespread among them are credit card loans.
All the types of credits in the U.S. are regulated by the laws. One of them is The Truth in Lending Act (TILA). It was implemented by the Board's Regulation Z (12 CFR Part 226) and is aimed at providing information and customer protection. It was introduced in order to spread information about all customer loans and to enforce lenders to adequately disclose information about terms and cost of a loan.
# Stunted projective space

In mathematics, a stunted projective space is a construction on a projective space of importance in homotopy theory, introduced by Ioan James (1959). Idea includes collapsing a part of conventional projective space to a point.
More concretely, in a real projective space, complex projective space or quaternionic projective space
    $\mathbb {KP} ^{n}$
where $\mathbb {K}$ can be either $\color {blue}{\mathbb {R} }$, $\color {blue}{\mathbb {C} }$ or $\color {blue}\mathbb {H}$. One can find (in many ways) copies of
    $\mathbb {KP} ^{m}$
where, $m<n$. The corresponding stunted projective space is then
    $\mathbb {KP} ^{n,m}=\mathbb {KP} ^{n}/\mathbb {KP} ^{m}$
where, the notation implies that the $\mathbb {KP} ^{m}$ has been identified to a point. This makes a topological space that is no longer a manifold. The importance of this construction was realised when it was shown that real stunted projective spaces arose as Spanier–Whitehead duals of spaces of Ioan James, so-called quasi-projective spaces, constructed from Stiefel manifolds. Their properties were therefore linked to the construction of frame fields on spheres.
In this way the question on vector fields on spheres was reduced to a question on stunted projective spaces:
   For $\mathbb {RP} ^{n,m}$, is there a degree one mapping on the 'next cell up' (of the first dimension not collapsed in the stunting) that extends to the whole space?
Frank Adams showed that this could not happen, completing the proof.
In later developments spaces $\mathbb {KP} ^{\infty ,m}$ and stunted lens spaces have also been used.
# Judba

Judba (Urdu and Pashto: جدبا) is the district headquarters of Torghar District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
# Lowlet

Lowlet (Persian: لولت; also known as Lolet and Lūt) is a village in Tangeh Soleyman Rural District, Kolijan Rostaq District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 77, in 27 families.
# From Population Control to Reproductive Health

From Population Control to Reproductive Health: Malthusian Arithmetic is a book by Mohan Rao. It is a critique of the post-1990s Indian family planning system.
In it, Rao endeavors to critique the family-planning programme in India, its assumptions, unstated bias, and implications. It describes the approach for health in India which is more about doctors, hospitals, and technical interventions rather than living conditions, work environment, and access to food etc., criticizing the over-dependence on technology in family planning program, and traces the evolution and growth of family-planning program in India. It also talks about the death and resurfacing of eugenic ideas, Malthusianism and Neo-Malthusian approach to population and the impact of the International Conference on Population and Development etc.
It has been described as being outstanding for the depth of scholarship and insights of the author, and as having important policy implications.
# Yakunino, Kursk Oblast

Yakunino (Russian: Якунино) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Klyukvinsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 135 (2010 Census); 124 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The village is located on the Seym River (a left tributary of the Desna), 101 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 10 km east of the district center – the town Kursk, 3.5 km from the selsoviet center – Dolgoye.

### Climate

Yakunino has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Yakunino is located 3 km from the federal route P-298 (Kursk – Voronezh – P-22 "Kaspy" Highway; a part of the European route E38), on the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-278 (R-298 – Klyukva – Yakunino), 4 km from the nearest railway station Konaryovo (railway line Klyukva — Belgorod).
The rural locality is situated 10 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 116 km from Belgorod International Airport and 196 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Abdu Dawakin Tofa

Alhaji Abdu Dawakin Tofa (1932– 2003) was a Nigerian politician who served as Governor of Kano between May 1983 and October 1983 during the Second Nigerian Republic. Prior to his governorship, he also served as the deputy to the preceding Governor of Kano, Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi, who held office from 1979 to 1983.

## Background

Abdu Dawakin Tofa earned a Higher Diploma from the School of Agriculture, Samaru, Zaria. From 1954 to 1960, he was an agricultural assistant in the former Borno Province. Tofa was a senior academic at the Audu Bako School of Agriculture, Dambatta when he was appointed Commissioner for Agriculture for Kano State in 1979. Later he became Commissioner for Special Duties in the cabinet of Governor Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi.

## Politics

When Deputy Governor Ibrahim Farouk was impeached, Tofa took his place. The Peoples Redemption Party (PRP) split into Santsi (Imodu) and Tabo Factions. He became the party Chairman of Kano Directorate Imodus Faction while Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila was the party Secretary-General of the Imodus Faction Kano State Directorate.
When Rimi moved from the People's Redemption Party (PRP) to the Nigerian People's Party (NPP) following his fall out with his political mentor Aminu Kano, in preparation for the 1983 elections he resigned from office. Tofa became governor in May 1983 and held office until October 1983. He was instrumental in establishing the Kano Agricultural Research Development Authority – KNARDA – with the goal of "the total emancipation of the common man from hunger, disease, poverty and squalor".

## Corruption

After the military government of General Muhammadu Buhari took power in the 1983 Nigeria coup d'etat, Tofa was put on trial by a special tribunal and was jailed for 21 years for offences that included receiving a ₦265,000 kickback for a ₦3.5 million contract awarded to Ashab construction company.
# Převýšov

Převýšov (German: Neudorf) is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The initial name of the village was Přibýšov. The name was derived from the personal name Přibýš, meaning "Přibýš's (court)". In the 19th century, the name was distorted to Přebýšov and then to Převýšov.

## Geography

Převýšov is located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) southwest of Hradec Králové. It lies on the border between the East Elbe Table and Central Elbe Table.

## History

The first written mention of Převýšov is from 1386, when there was a stronghold. The village was part of the Chlumec estate. The most notable owners were the Kinsky family and the Pernštejn family. Vojtěch I of Pernštejn had founded vineyards here, but winegroving ended during the Thirty Years' War. In the 1870s, a railway was constructed, which contributed to the development of the area.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 364 | — |
| 1880 | 452 | +24.2% |
| 1890 | 427 | −5.5% |
| 1900 | 411 | −3.7% |
| 1910 | 445 | +8.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 435 | −2.2% |
| 1930 | 440 | +1.1% |
| 1950 | 368 | −16.4% |
| 1961 | 340 | −7.6% |
| 1970 | 331 | −2.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 366 | +10.6% |
| 1991 | 344 | −6.0% |
| 2001 | 353 | +2.6% |
| 2011 | 319 | −9.6% |
| 2021 | 333 | +4.4% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Převýšov is located on the railway line Kolín–Trutnov.

## Sport

The municipality is home to SK Převýšov, which plays in lower amateur tiers.

## Sights

There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality. The only historical landmark is a wooden belfry.
# George Washington Hotel

George Washington Hotel can refer to:
* George Washington Hotel (New York City)
* The George Washington Hotel (Pennsylvania), in Washington, Pennsylvania
* The George Washington Hotel (Winchester, Virginia)
* Hotel George Washington (Jacksonville), Florida
# Phil Groeneveld

Phil Groeneveld (born September 18, 1974) is a Canadian-Dutch retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He last played for HC Alleghe in Italy's Serie A league, and retired in 2009.

## Career

Born in Oshawa, Ontario, Groeneveld has played for clubs in France, the Netherlands, and Italy. A 6 ft 0 in (183 cm), 190 lb (86 kg) goaltender, Groeneveld attended Ohio State University for a brief time however began his pro career in the United States in 1995 with the Wichita Thunder. Later in the same season he joined the Fort Worth Fire, also of the CHL where he scored the first ever goalie goal in league history. The following season he joined French club Viry-Châtillon EH where he remained for two years before joining a second French team, Rouen HE 76, for whom he played the next four seasons where he won two championships, two top goaltender awards and scored another goalie goal.
Groeneveld spent 2003–5 with Amsterdam Bulldogs again winning two championships while suffering an ACL injury. For 2005-6 he played for SV Renon in Serie A in Italy assisting the club to the league final for the first time in 32 years. Groeneveld spent 2006-07 playing 5 games for Riviere-du-Loup CIMT of the CQSHL, and 33 games for HC Alleghe in Serie A. For 2007-8 he played for Hockey Club Bolzano Foxes in Serie A Italie where he won another championship. In 2008-9 he played for HC Alleghe.
Groeneveld was a member of the Netherlands National Team from 2004 to 2010 winning two top goaltender awards in World Championships and a bronze medal. Amazingly, Groeneveld scored a third goalie goal in an exhibition game between France and the Netherlands.

## International

Groeneveld plays internationally for the Netherlands national ice hockey team. In 2005 he played for the Netherlands national team for the first time, in Olympic qualifying and the 2005 World Championships (Division 1) winning a bronze medal. In 2005 and in 2007 Groeneveld won best goaltender award of the World Championships.

## Sources

* Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
* This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey goaltender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997

Bosnia and Herzegovina was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 with the song "Goodbye", written by Milić Vukašinović and Sinan Alimanović, and performed by Alma Čardžić. The Bosnian-Herzegovinian participating broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Bosne i Hercegovine (RTVBiH), selected its entry for the contest through a national final, after having previously selected the performer internally. They finished in an 18th place out of 25 countries with 22 points, sharing this placement with Germany, as the tie-breaking rule at the time only affected the first place.

## Before Eurovision

Bosnia and Herzegovina had low average score over the previous four years, and so would have to withdraw, however Israel declined to participate, as the contest was held on its Holocaust Remembrance Day, so their place was awarded to Bosnia and Herzegovina, who ultimately competed.

### BH Eurosong 1997

Radiotelevizija Bosne i Hercegovine (RTVBiH) held the national final on 22 February 1997 at its television Studios in Sarajevo. Alma Čardžić sang all the songs and the winner was chosen by an "expert" jury.
Final – 22 February 1997 :
| Draw | Song | Songwriter(s) |
| 1 | "Godine" | Igor Karača, Safet-Sajo Selimović |
| 2 | "Zbog tebe" | Jasmina Kapić |
| 3 | "Još uvijek te volim" | Faruk Hasanbegović, Safet Plakalo |
| 4 | "Interpol" | Suad Jukić, Esad Purić |
| 5 | "SOS" | Suad Jukić, Milić Vukašinović |
| 6 | "U tvojim očima" | Eldin Huseinbegović, Omar Krasnić |
| 7 | "Goodbye" | Milić Vukašinović, Sinan Alimanović |
| 8 | "Ostani" | Milić Vukašinović |
| 9 | "Oprosti mi" | Milić Vukašinović |
| 10 | "Baybe-be" | Jaka Osmanagić |

## At Eurovision

Heading into the final of the contest, RTÉ reported that bookmakers ranked the entry 22nd out of the 25 entries. Alma Čardžić performed 14th on the night of the contest, following Estonia and preceding Portugal. At the close of voting it had received 22 points, placing joint 18th (with Germany) out of 25 entries. Due to a low average score over the past 5 contests, Bosnia and Herzegovina was forced to sit out the 1998 contest. The country returned to Eurovision in 1999.
# Posht Tang-e Dustali

Posht Tang-e Dustali (Persian: پشتتنگدوستعلي, also Romanized as Posht Tang-e Dūst‘alī and Posht-e Tang-e Dūst ‘Alī) is a village in Itivand-e Shomali Rural District, Kakavand District, Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 107, in 22 families.
# Rak Thailand Party

The Rak Thailand Party (Thai: พรรครักประเทศไทย, Phak Rak Prathet Thai, English: Love Thailand Party) was a political party in Thailand. It was founded in 2011, by Chuwit Kamolvisit, a major massage parlor owner.
In campaign for the 2011 general election, the party was noted for its anti-corruption and protest canvass, presenting leader Chuwit as the "Angry Man". Eventually and to Chuwit's own surprise, the party won 3.07% of the party-list votes and could occupy four of the 500 seats in the House of Representatives. The party's MPs sat on the opposition benches, together with their colleagues, the Democrats. The Election Commission dissolved the party on 11 April 2019.
# Marie Luise Kaschnitz Prize

The Marie Luise Kaschnitz Prize (Marie Luise Kaschnitz-Preis) is a German literary prize, awarded approximately every two years by the Tutzing Protestant Academy Evangelische Akademie Tutzing. It recognizes the lifetime achievements of writers in the German language. The monetary value is €7,500.
The prize commemorates Marie Luise Kaschnitz, who died in 1974. The first award was announced on 14 October 1984.

## Recipients

* 1984 Ilse Aichinger
* 1986 Hanna Johansen
* 1988 Fritz Rudolf Fries
* 1990 Paul Nizon
* 1992 Gerhard Roth
* 1994 Ruth Klüger
* 1996 Erica Pedretti
* 1998 Arnold Stadler
* 2000 Wulf Kirsten
* 2002 Robert Menasse
* 2004 Julia Franck
* 2006 Pascal Mercier
* 2008 Sibylle Lewitscharoff
* 2010 Mirko Bonné
* 2012 Thomas Lehr [de]
* 2015 Lutz Seiler
* 2017 Michael Köhlmeier
* 2019 Angelika Klüssendorf
* 2021 Iris Wolff
# Grahovo ob Bači

Grahovo ob Bači (pronounced; Italian: Gracova Serravalle) is a village on the Bača River in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Grahovo to Grahovo ob Bači (literally, 'Grahovo on the Bača River') in 1955. The name is believed to have the same origin as Grahovo in the Municipality of Cerknica. If so, it is probably derived from the personal name Grah, which is still preserved as a surname in Slovenia and is probably borrowed from the Old High German name Gracco. The place name would thus mean 'Grah's (village)'. Another possible derivation is from the common noun *grahovišče 'pea field' via the contracted form *grahovše. Direct derivation from the Slovene common noun grah 'pea' is unlikely because of the rarity of such names and the suffixation pattern.

## Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Anne and belongs to the Koper Diocese.

## Other cultural heritage

The village was one of the main filming locations for the 1948 film On Our Own Land. The east end of the Bukovo Tunnel (937 meters or 3,074 feet) on the Bohinj Railway stands in the easternmost part of the settlement's territory.

## Gallery

* Old postcard of Grahovo ob Bači
* The Bukovo Tunnel east of Grahovo ob Bači
# Willy Jäggi

Willy Jäggi (28 July 1906 – 1 February 1968) was a Swiss footballer who played for Switzerland in the 1934 FIFA World Cup. He also played for FC Solothurn, Servette FC, FC La Chaux-de-Fonds, Urania Genève Sport, FC Lausanne-Sport, FC Biel-Bienne and represented Switzerland at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Faisalabad–Samundri Road

Faisalabad–Samundri Road (Punjabi, Urdu: فیصل آباد – سمندری سڑک), also known locally as Sumundri Road is a provincially maintained road in Punjab that extends from Faisalabad to Samundri.

## Salient features

Length: 43 km
Lanes: 4 lanes
Speed limit: Universal minimum speed limit of 60 km/h and a maximum speed limit of 80 km/h for heavy transport vehicles and 100 km/h for light transport vehicles.
# Nikolaos Kallergis

Nikolaos Kallergis (Greek: Νικόλαος Καλλέργης; 1699–1747), also known as Kalergis. He was a Greek painter during the Greek Rococo and the Modern Greek Enlightenment in art also known as Neo-Hellenikos Diafotismos. His art also exhibited Venetian influence. Painters of the maniera greca began to refine their art. Philotheos Skoufos, Elias Moskos, and Theodore Poulakis were all active painters on the Ionian Islands prior to Kallergis. They set the stage for the transition to the Heptanese School. Panagiotis Doxaras is the forefather of the new painting style. He was the father of Greek Rococo and the Modern Greek Enlightenment in painting. Kallergis became an active member of the school. Kallergis also represents the Greek Rococo. His art began to exhibit qualities of Greek and Italian Neoclassicism. His style influenced countless painters. Examples include Nikolaos Kantounis, Nikolaos Koutouzis, Nikolaos Doxaras, Spiridione Roma, and Eustathios Karousos. His most famous work is Christ and Angel it is at the Zakynthos Museum.

## History

Kallergis was born in Zakynthos. His mother's name was Helena and his father was famous painter and priest Fragiskos Kalergis. The family was originally from Rethymno Crete. They migrated to Zakynthos before he was born. The local Metropolitan Priest Iosef Doksas bequeathed the Church of Saint Anna of Zakynthos to his father. His only sister Anastasia was given the church and a massive library. He also had three brothers. His father died on March 20, 1728, and was buried in the family church. Famous Cretan poet Marino Tzanes discussed the Kallergis family in his writing.
Nikolaos was taught painting from a young age. Historical documentation regarding Nikolaos is dated from 1744 regarding a painting in the Church of Faneromenis in Zakynthos. He painted an icon of Jesus Christ. Kallergis refined the Heptanese Art. His father was a member of the late Cretan Renaissance. Nikolaos, Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Kantounis, Nikolaos Doxaras and Nikolaos Koutouzis were all members of the Heptanese School. Kallergis takes us into the late-Baroque or Rococo during the Modern Greek Enlightenment in art also known as Neo-Hellenikos Diafotismos. According to the Institute of Neohellenic Research, thirty-two paintings have survived. He also painted frescos in the family church, Saint Anna of Zakynthos.

## Gallery

* Angel with Column
* Saint Spyridon

## Notable works

* Virgin and Saint John, Collection of P. Modinou, Paris, France
* Angel Holding the Body of Christ
# Skarlett Riot

Skarlett Riot is a British hard rock band, formed in Scunthorpe, England, in 2010.

## History

The band members met for the first time in school, where they were known under the name 'Fuzion'. A short time later, they renamed themselves Skarlett Riot and produced their first EP, which was released on 4 November 2010.
Two years later, the second EP called "Villain" was released, with which they gained their first wave of fame. In 2013, they released their first single, "Faded Memory", which can be found on their debut album Tear Me Down, which was released in the same year. In the same year, bassist Tom Mansfield left the group. Martin Shepherd rehearsed with Skarlett Riot for the first time before being officially appointed as the new bassist on 16 January 2014. Together, they performed at the Eat You Alive Festival.
On 16 February 2015, the band released their third EP called We Are the Brave and supported Gus G. on his UK tour.
In 2017, the single "Feel" was released, which can be found on the previously released EP, Sentience. Both a music video and a remix of Zardonic were released in a short time.
On 27 October 2017, Skarlett Riot released their second album Regenerate.
In early 2019, the band announced the departure of bassist Martin Shepherd. Tim Chambers formally joined the band as their new bassist at the end of 2019.
On 7 May 2021, Skarlett Riot released their third album Invicta.

## Members
### Current members

* Chloe "Skarlett" Drinkwater - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2010-present)
* Danny Oglesby - lead guitar, backing vocals (2010-present)
* Luke Oglesby - drums (2010-present)
* Tim Chambers - bass guitar, backing vocals (2019-present)

### Former members

* Tom Mansfield - bass guitar, backing vocals (2010-2013)
* Martin Shepherd - bass guitar, backing vocals (2014-2019)

## Discography
### Albums

* 2013: Tear Me Down
* 2017: Regenerate
* 2021: Invicta
* 2024: Caelestia

### EPs

* 2010: Skarlett Riot
* 2012: Villain
* 2015: We Are the Brave
* 2016: Sentience

### Singles

* 2013: "Faded Memory"
* 2014: "House of Cards"
* 2015: "Ignite"
* 2016: "Voices"
* 2017: "Feel"
* 2017: "Feel (Zardonic Remix)"
* 2017: "Break"
* 2017: "Warrior"
* 2017: "Affliction"
* 2020: "Human"
* 2020: "Gravity"
* 2021: "Underwater"
* 2021: "Black Cloud"
* 2023: "Chemicals"
* 2023: "Hold Tight"
* 2024: "Lullaby"