OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sedgley OSS .38

The Sedgley OSS .38 glove pistol or Sedgley Fist Gun is a World War II firearm. It was designed by Stanley M. Haight and manufactured by Sedgley Co. of Philadelphia for the U.S. Marines and the U.S. Navy. Its official designation by the US Navy was Hand Firing Mechanism, Mk 2.

## Description

The Sedgley OSS is a single-shot, break-action, smoothbore .38 Special pistol which was designed by Stanley M. Haight for the Office of Naval Intelligence. It was meant as a covert operation and assassination weapon in the Pacific Theater. It was mounted on the back of a cowhide glove; a long-sleeved coat would usually be worn to hide the weapon. It was commonly nicknamed "Glove Pistol" or "Glove Gun".
The trigger is a bar parallel to and extending past the barrel. After being loaded and cocked, the weapon is fired by the shooter making a fist and pressing the trigger against the target's body. Between 52 and 200 are believed to have been manufactured.

## In fiction and popular culture

The Sedgley OSS is seen in the Quentin Tarantino World War II alternate history film Inglourious Basterds. The film centers on elements of the First Special Service Force operating under orders from the OSS dropping behind German lines to conduct a political assassination of Nazi high-command. Two Sedgley OSS weapons are utilized near the film's climax, including one loaded, concealed, and used by a character played by the actor Eli Roth and another used without concealment.
# Ameroseiidae

The family Ameroseiidae is one of the three families of mites under the superfamily Ascoidea. There are about 12 genera and more than 130 described species in Ameroseiidae. The family has a worldwide distribution.

## Description

Ameroseiidae can be recognised by: a well-sclerotised and often strongly ornamented dorsal shield; usually 27-30 pairs of setae on the dorsal shield and setae J5 always absent; the sternal shield often reduced to 2 pairs of setae with st3 on shield or on platelets; the corniculi often toothed; the chelicerae sometimes with a membranous lobe; and the tectum usually simple, smoothly (rarely toothed) triangular or weakly to strongly mucronate.
Leg chaetotaxy - the arrangements of setae on the legs - varies among species and genera, making this feature useful for classification.

## Ecology

Ameroseiids occur in many habitats including forest litter, garden mulch, dead wood and associated fungi, flowers, animal nests, tree hollows, humid soils and various anthropogenic structures (e.g. houses, offices, farms, granaries). Unlike most mesostigmatans, they typically feed on non-animal foods such as fungi. Some species feed on pollen and nectar, and these are the ones associated with flowers and flower-feeding animals.
One study looking at the ameroseiids of Slovakia (27 species total) found that eight species were edaphic (associated with soils, usually wet soils), another eight species were saproxylic (in dead wood and associated fungi), two species were saprophilous (in dunghills, excrements and compost heaps), eight species were aerial (spread around by air currents, allowing them to colonise ephemeral and scattered habitats), and one species was insecticolous (associated with insects, in this case European honey bee).
Some species of Ameroseiidae are phoretic on insects or other animals, riding these to disperse to new habitats. Others are non-phoretic and disperse using air currents, as noted above.

## Genera

These 12 genera belong to the family Ameroseiidae:
* Afrocypholaelaps Elsen, 1972
* Ameroseiella Bregetova, 1977
* Ameroseius Berlese, 1904
* Asperolaelaps Womersley, 1956
* Brontispalaelaps Womersley, 1956
* Epicriopsis Berlese, 1916
* Hattena Domrow, 1963
* Kleemannia Oudemans, 1930
* Neocypholaelaps Vitzthum, 1942
* Pseudoameroseius Mašán 2017
* Sertitympanum Elsen & Whitaker, 1985
* Sinoseius Bai & Gu, 1995
# HTV-X1

HTV-X1 is the first flight and the technical demonstration mission of HTV-X, an uncrewed expendable cargo spacecraft. As of 2024, it is intended to be launched in 2025 to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

## Cargo

In addition to the primary mission of carrying the resupply cargo to the ISS, HTV-X1 will carry the following payloads:
* i-SEEP, an exposed experiment platform
* DELIGHT, a technology demonstration of lightweight expandable flat antenna
* Mt.FUJI, a technology demonstration for satellite laser ranging
* Microsatellites to be deployed from HTV-X1 after departure from ISS
# Yellowknife River

The Yellowknife River is a river in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It flows south and empties into Yellowknife Bay just where it is crossed by the Ingraham Trail. It is part of Great Slave Lake, approximately 7.5 km (4.7 mi) north northeast of the city of Yellowknife. The lake is drained by the Mackenzie River into the Arctic Ocean as part of the largest drainage basin in Canada. The name of the river derives from the Yellowknives, a First Nations people who have lived in the area for thousands of years. The Dene had tools made of copper and the name reflects the colour of the tools.
The city of Yellowknife draws its water supply from the river and, in an emergency, Yellowknife Bay.
# The Last Deal

The Last Deal is a 2023 American crime thriller film written and directed by Jonathan Salemi. It stars Anthony Molinari, Sala Baker, Jeffri Lauren, Mister Fitzgerald, Mike Ferguson and Audra Van Hees. The film premiered at The Boston International Film Festival on April 15, 2022 where Salemi won The Best Director Award at the festival. The film later went on to make its Los Angeles premiere at Dances With Films on June 10, 2022. Scatena & Rosner Films gave the film a limited 22 theater release in the United States on February 3, 2023 before the film premiered on Starz in June 2023. The crime thriller received acclaim from critics, who praised Salemi's direction and large production scope albeit the film's low budget, and the performance of Molinari. The film was included in The New York Times "Five Action Films to Stream Now".

## Plot

Inspired by true events, the film is about a black market marijuana dealer that tries to make one final score before getting squeezed out of the business when cannabis becomes legal.

## Release

The Last Deal had its world premiere at the Boston International Film Festival on April 15, 2022, taking home the Best Director Award for Salemi. The film later screened at Dances With Films on June 10, 2022 at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood, California. It received a limited 22 theater release in the United States on February 3, 2023 before the film premiered on Starz in June 2023.

## Reception

The film has a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes from critics and was included in The New York Times' "Five Action Films to Stream Now".
The film won a Best Director award for Jonathan Salemi at the Boston International Film Festival and won the jury prize for Best Performance for Molinari at the San Antonio Film Festival.
# Heinz Becker (musicologist)

Heinz Becker (26 June 1922 – 20 September 2006) was a German composer and musicologist.

## Career

Born in Berlin, Becker began his studies at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1945, majoring in conducting, music composition, piano and clarinet, graduating in 1949. He was also a private student of the composer and music theorist Hermann Grabner. Further studies included musicology, art history and philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin. (1948–1951). In 1951 he received his doctorate on the subject On the problems and technique of musical final composition. He then worked as a lecturer at the Volkshochschule in West Berlin and from 1952 to 1955 he directed the private music teacher seminar at the John Petersen Conservatory in Berlin-Zehlendorf. In 1956 he took over a position as a research assistant at the Institute for Musicology at the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover. There he habilitated in 1961 with his thesis Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen Rohrblattinstrumente ("Studies on the developmental history of ancient and medieval reed instruments"). In 1966 he was appointed as the first full professor to the chair of musicology at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
Becker specialized in the study of timbre (wind instruments) and opera, especially the French Grand opéra. Becker was married to the musicologist Gudrun Becker née Weidmann, with whom he edited his edition of Meyerbeer documents.

## Honours

* Festschrift Heinz Becker zum 60. Geburtstag am 26. Juni 1982, edited by Jürgen Schläder and Reinhold Quandt
* Musiktheater im Fokus. Gedenkschrift für Heinz Becker, edited by Sieghart Döhring and Stefanie Rauch. [On behalf of the Meyerbeer-Institute] Studio-Verlag, Sinzig. 2014

## Publications

* Der Fall Heyne-Meyerbeer: Neue Dokumente revidieren ein Geschichtsurteil
# The Great Lola

The Great Lola (German: Die tolle Lola) is a 1954 West German comedy film directed by Hans Deppe and starring Herta Staal, Wolf Albach-Retty and Grethe Weiser. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Willi Herrmann and Heinrich Weidemann.

## Cast

* Herta Staal as Lola Cornero
* Wolf Albach-Retty as Carlo Werner
* Grethe Weiser as Nelly
* Walter Giller as Dr. Hugo Bendler
* Paul Dahlke as Emil Dornwald
* Käthe Haack as Agathe Dornwald
* Wera Frydtberg as Tilly
* Rudolf Platte as Jackson
* Rolf Arco
* Das Cornell-Trio as Singer
* Joe Furtner
* Horst Gentzen
* Friedel Hardt as Dolly
* Ruth Nimbach
* Die Novalis as Singers
* Marina Ried as Irene de Lorme
* Sunshine Quartett as Themselves, Singer
* Fritz Wagner
* Die Waldos as Singers
# Fritz Arnheim

Fritz Arnheim (29 March 1866 – 19 June 1922) was a German historian, traveler, and lecturer.
Arnheim was born in Berlin, Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia and educated at the universities of Berlin and Halle. He made prolonged tours through Sweden, Belgium, and Norway (1900–12), and subsequently lectured on those countries. In 1915 he became an editor of the Mittheilungen aus der historischen litteratur.
His older sister, Clara Arnheim, was a well known painter.

## Selected works

He published a four volume translation of Henri Pirenne's Histoire de Belgique as Geschichte Belgiens (1899–1913). A few of his other writings are:
* "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Nordischen Frage in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts." In Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft Bd. 2 (1889), S. 410–443; Bd. 5 (1891), S. 301–360; Bd. 8 (1892), S. 73–143 – Contributions to the history of the Nordic question in the second half of the 18th century.
* Der Ausserordentliche Finnländische Landtag of 1899. Die Antwortschreiben der Stände auf die Kaiserlichen Vorlagen über die Umgestaltung des Finnländischen Heerwesens. Translated from English in addition to a preamble. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1900 – The extraordinary Finnish Landtag 1899.
* Luise Ulrike, die schwedische Schwester Friedrichs des Großen. Ungedruckte Briefe an Mitglieder des preussischen Königshauses. 2 volumes, F. A. Perthes, Gotha 1909–1910 – Luise Ulrike, the Swedish sister of Frederick the Great. Unpublished letters to members of the Prussian royal family.
* Der Hof Friedrichs des Grossen (1912) – The court of Frederick the Great.
* Schweden. (= Perthes’ Kleine Völker- und Länderkunde. Volume 3) F. A. Perthes, Gotha 1917 – Sweden.
# Sarah Helm

Sarah Helm (born 2 November 1956) is a British journalist and non-fiction writer. She worked for The Sunday Times and The Independent in the 1980s and 1990s. Her first book A Life in Secrets, detailing the life of the secret agent Vera Atkins, was published in 2005.

## Biography

On completing her English studies at the University of Cambridge, Helm became a reporter for The Sunday Times. In 1986, she moved to the newly founded The Independent where she wrote several official secrets articles. For her coverage of the Spycatcher controversy she received the British Press Award for Specialist Writer of the Year. In 1987, she won the Laurence Stern Fellowship, allowing her to work as an intern for The Washington Post. As The Independent's Diplomatic Editor from 1989, she covered the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Gulf War and developments in the Middle East. From 1995, she covered European affairs in Brussels.
In 2007, Helm married her long-time partner, Jonathan Powell, who had been Tony Blair's chief of staff since 1997.
Helm's first book, A Life in Secrets: The Story of Vera Atkins and the Lost Agents of SOE (2005) traces the lives of missing female members of the Special Operations Executive and intricate details of the woman who searched for them. It was highly acclaimed by both The New York Times and The Washington Post. Her play Loyalty (2011) is a semi-fictional view of the Iraq War, said to have drawn on the views of her husband who was Tony Blair's chief of staff. Her latest book, If This Is A Woman: Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women (2015), provides accounts of the lives and deaths of thousands of female prisoners in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
# In Search of Security

In Search of Security was a 1987 international relations text by Caroline Thomas. It is considered a leading text of the Third World Security School.
# Africa Cuff Title

The Africa Cuff Title, or Africa Cuff Band, (German: Ärmelband Afrika) was a World War II German military decoration awarded to members of the Wehrmacht who took part in the North African campaign of 1941–43.

## Background

In February 1941, the German Africa Corps (DAK) was formed to support Italian forces in the North African campaign against British and Commonwealth forces. Under Erwin Rommel the DAK, supported by Luftwaffe and Naval units, occupied large parts of Libya and Egypt until finally defeated at El Alamein in October 1942. Forced to retreat, and faced with allied landings in Morocco and Algeria, DAK forces either evacuated North Africa or surrendered, with the last German units in Africa capitulating on 13 May 1943.
In July 1941, a dark-green cuff title with a white and khaki border inscribed AFRIKAKORPS was authorised, to be worn on the right cuff by members of the DAK who had served a minimum of two months in Africa. This was a corps designation badge, not a campaign award, and personnel who permanently transferred out of the North African theatre no longer had the right to wear it. The Luftwaffe later introduced a cuff title of a different design for airmen based in North Africa. As with the Army, this was not intended for wear by those no longer posted to North Africa. There was also a Navy version, that may have been a privately made unofficial item.

## Eligibility

On 15 January 1943, the Africa cuff title was instituted by Adolf Hitler as a formal campaign decoration.
The final terms of this award required at least six months service in the North African theatre of operations, or any lesser period if the recipient was decorated for bravery, was wounded or if killed – in which case a posthumous award was made. Those who contracted a debilitating illness which required evacuation required three months active service prior to illness. After 6 May 1943, the qualifying period of service was reduced from six to four months.
The deadline for applications for the cuff title was 31 October 1944.

## Design and wear

The cuff title is a 32mm wide mid-brown camel hair band, bearing the word AFRIKA flanked on both sides by an image of a palm tree and edged top and bottom with a 3mm strip, all embroidered in silver-grey braid or cotton. The design was the same for all three armed services.
The band was worn on the lower left sleeve of the uniform, including on greatcoats. Where two or more campaign cuff titles were awarded, the earliest qualified for was correctly worn above later awards, although this regulation was not always followed.
Nazi era decorations were banned after the war. The Africa Cuff Title was among those re-authorised for wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. While many awards were re-designed to remove the swastika, the original cuff title could be worn unaltered as it did not bear this symbol. Members of the Bundeswehr who were qualifying veterans wore the award on their ribbon bar, represented by a small replica of the cuff design on a silver-edged mid-brown ribbon.
# Cristian, Brașov

Cristian (German: Neustadt; Hungarian: Keresztényfalva) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Cristian.

## Geography

The commune is located some 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Brașov, in the Burzenland region of southeastern Transylvania. It is traversed south to north by the Ghimbășel river.

## Demographics

At the 2002 census, Cristian had 3,924 inhabitants; of those, 95.3% were Romanians, 2.9% Transylvanian Saxons, and 1.8% Hungarians. 93.1% were Romanian Orthodox, 2.6% Lutheran, 1.7% Christian Evangelical, 0.8% Reformed, and 0.5% Roman Catholic. At the 2011 census, the population had increased to 4,490, of which 91.63% were Romanians, 1.92% Transylvanian Saxons, and 1.71% Hungarians. At the 2021 census, the population had reached 6,292; of those, 84.85% were Romanians and 1.29% Hungarians.

## Natives

* Emil Dima (born 1997), racing cyclist
* Marcus Fronius (1659 – 1713), Lutheran theologian, pedagogue, and author
* Hans Hermannstädter (1918 – 2006), field handball player
# Albert Bielschowsky

Albert Bielschowsky ([bi:lšofski]; 3 January 1847 – 21 October 1902) was a German literary historian (Literaturwissenschaftler). He is known for his writings concerning Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Bielschowsky was born in Namslau (Namysłów), Prussian Silesia, into a family of Jewish merchants. He studied philology in Breslau (Wrocław) and Berlin. Because Bielschowsky's work on Goethe was cut short by his death in Berlin, the series was completed by Theobald Ziegler.

## Literary works

* Goethe. Sein Leben und seine Werke, 2 vols. Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1895–1903 (numerous printings).
* The Life Of Goethe: 1749–1788, From Birth To The Return From Italy
* The Life of Goethe: 1788–1815, from the Italian Journey to the Wars of Liberation
* The Life of Goethe: 1815–1832, from the Congress of Vienna to the Poet's Death
# Osse-en-Aspe

Osse-en-Aspe (French pronunciation:, literally Osse in Aspe; Occitan: Òussa) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
# Ilya Nikolaevich Bronshtein

Ilya Nikolaevich Bronshtein (Russian: Илья Николаевич Бронштейн, German: Ilja Nikolajewitsch Bronstein, also written as Bronschtein; born 1903, died 1976) was a Russian applied mathematician and historian of mathematics.

## Work and life

Bronshtein taught at the Moscow State Technical University (MAMI), then the State College of Mechanical Engineering, on the Chair of Advanced Mathematics established in 1939. He also collaborated at the Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.
With Dmitrii Abramovich Raikov, Bronshtein authored a Russian handbook on elementary mathematics, mechanics and physics (Справочник по елементарнои математике, механике и физике), which was published in 1943.
Bronshtein is known as the author of a handbook of mathematics for engineers and students of technical universities, which he wrote together with Konstantin Adolfovic Semendyayev around the 1939/1940 timeframe. Hot lead typesetting for the work had already started when the Siege of Leningrad prohibited further development and the print matrices were relocated. After the war, they were first considered lost, but could be found again years later, so that the first edition of Справочник по математике для инженеров и учащихся втузов could finally be published in 1945. This was a major success and went through eleven editions in Russia and was translated into various languages, including German and English, until the publisher Nauka planned to replace it with a translation of the American Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers by Granino and Theresa M. Korn in 1968. However, in a parallel development starting in 1970, the so called "Bronshtein and Semendyayev" (BS), which had been translated into German in 1958, underwent a major overhaul by a team of East-German authors around Günter Grosche, Viktor & Dorothea Ziegler (of University of Leipzig), to which Bronshtein himself could no longer contribute due to reasons of age. This was published in 1979 and spawned translations into many other languages as well, including a retranslation into Russian and an English edition. In 1986, the 13th Russian edition was published. The German 'Wende' and the later reunification led to considerable changes in the publishing environment in Germany between 1989 and 1991, which eventually resulted in two independent German publishing branches by Eberhard Zeidler (published 1995–2013) and by Gerhard Musiol [de] & Heiner Mühlig (published 1992–2020) to expand and maintain the work up to the present, again with translations into many other languages including English.

## Publications

* "О мнимых линейных Wurf'ax" [On Imaginary Linear Throws]. Matematicheskii Sbornik (Математический сборник) (in Russian). 34 (1): 37–47. 1927.
* With Semendyayev: "Handbook of Mathematics for Engineers and Students of Technical Universities" (Справочник по математике для инженеров и учащихся втузов), Moscow, 1945
# Syringophilidae

Syringophilidae is a family of mites, commonly known as quill mites. They are obligatory ectoparasites of birds, and inhabit their feather quills where they feed on subcutaneous tissue and fluids. Typically the Syringophilinae inhabit all but the body feathers (primaries, secondaries, tertials, rectrices and wing coverts), while the Picobinae specialize in infecting the body feathers internally. Quill mites have been recorded from hundreds of bird species, belonging to 95 families and 24 orders. Much knowledge of their hosts, diversity and systematics has been obtained since the late 1990s, but as of 2020 these were still considered to be poorly known.

## Life cycle

A single fertilized female enters the soft calamus of a developing feather through the opening called superior umbilicus. When this is getting closed, it produces offspring; a single male and several females, which develop within this enclosed space. The offspring then fertilize each other and produce one more generation still enclosed here. Again, only a single male offspring is produced by each female, which will fertilize their sisters and cousins. Finally, fertilized females disperse to look for new feathers on the same host bird or on another one. The most frequent type of transmission is the parent-offspring route. Due to this peculiar life cycle, quill mite populations are highly inbred and subjected to an extremely reduced (if any) sexual selection pressure.

## Symbionts

They may host strains of Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterial genus. Additionally Spiroplasma bacteria are suspected symbionts, besides potentially the pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Brucella and Bartonella.

## Genera

The family contains the following genera:
* Ascetomylla Kethley, 1970
* Aulobia Kethley, 1970
* Aulonastus Kethley, 1970
* Bubophilus J. R. Philips & R. A. Norton, 1978
* Calamincola Casto, 1978
* Castosyringophilus Bochkov & Perez, 2003
* Charadriphilus Bochkov & Chistyakov, 2001
* Chenophila Kethley, 1970
* Colinophilus Kethley, 1973
* Creagonycha Kethley, 1970
* Dissonus Skoracki, 1999
* Ixobrychiphilus Skoracki, Zmudzinski & Solarczyk, 2017
* Kalamotrypetes S. D. Casto, 1980
* Kethleyana Kivganov, in Kivganov & Sharafat 1995
* Megasyringophilus Fain, Bochkov & Mironov, 2000
* Mironovia Chirov & Kravtsova, 1995
* Neoaulobia Fain, Bochkov & Mironov, 2000
* Neoaulonastus Skoracki, 2004
* Niglarobia Kethley, 1970
* Peristerophila Kethley, 1970
* Philoxanthornia Kethley, 1970
* Picobia Haller, 1878
* Procellariisyringophilus Schmidt & Skoracki, 2007 (nom. nov. pro Syringonomus Kethley 1970 non Hope & Murphy, 1969)
* Psittaciphilus Fain, Bochkov & Mironov, 2000
* Selenonycha Kethley, 1970
* Stibarokris Kethley, 1970
* Syringonomus Kethley, 1970
* Syringophiloidus Kethley, 1970
* Syringophilopsis Kethley, 1970
* Syringophilus Heller, 1880
* Terratosyringophilus Bochkov & Perez, 2003
* Torotrogla Kethley, 1970
* Trypetoptila Kethley, 1970