OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Single-scattering albedo

Single-scattering albedo is the ratio of scattering efficiency to total extinction efficiency (which is also termed "attenuance", a sum of scattering and absorption). Most often it is defined for small-particle scattering of electromagnetic waves. Single-scattering albedo is unitless, and a value of unity implies that all particle extinction is due to scattering; conversely, a single-scattering albedo of zero implies that all extinction is due to absorption.
For spherical particles, one can calculate single-scattering albedo from Mie theory and knowledge of bulk properties of material such as refractive index. For non-spherical particles one could use discrete dipole approximation or other methods of computational electromagnetics. The albedo of particles of shapes that are easily parameterized in non-standard coordinate systems may be determined through solutions of Maxwell's equation analogs in such coordinate systems. Scattering albedo equations have yet to be determined in elliptical, toroidal, conical, and many others. Derivation and solutions to such equations is a field of ongoing research.
# Kotchandpur Upazila

Kotchandpur (Bengali: কোটচাঁদপুর) is an upazila of Jhenaidah District in Khulna Division, in south-west Bangladesh.

## Geography

Kotchandpur is located at 23°24′00″N 89°01′00″E﻿ / ﻿23.4000°N 89.0167°E﻿ / 23.4000; 89.0167. It has a total area of 165.63 km$^2$. It is under Jhenaidah district. Kotchandpur is surrounded by three upzilla, in the east "Kaliganj", in the south-west "Moheshpur" and in the north "Jhenaidah" sadar. There are two rivers cross Kotchandpur. One is the Kopothakho River (also called Kobadak, Kabadak, and Kapotaksma), which crosses the town and another is the Chitra, which forms the northern border of Kotchandpur. This town is very close to India. Once it was famous for sugar. It is also famous for Boluhor Fish Project.

## Demographics

Religions in Kotchandpur Upazila (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 90.38% | 90.38% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 9.60% | 9.60% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.02% | 0.02% |
As of the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Kotchandpur upazila had 34,249 households and a population of 141,121. 27,796 (19.70%) were under 10 years of age. Kotchandpur had an average literacy rate of 50.4%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 males. 33,094 (23.45%) of the population lived in urban areas.

## Administration

Kotchandpur Upazila is divided into Kotchandpur Municipality and five union parishads: Baluhar, Dora, Elangi, Kushna, and Sabdalpur. The union parishads are subdivided into 81 mauzas and 79 villages.
Kotchandpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 25 mahallas.

### Politics

Municipality mayor: Md. Zahidul Islam (ZIRA) is the current mayor of the municipality (Pourasava). He was elected in 2016 and serving his third term.
Upazila chairman: Md. Tazul Islam. He was in politics for 20 years, under the banner of the opposition party Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (2014–present).
Upazila vice chairman: Md. Muabia Hossain. He was in politics for 25 years, under the banner of the opposition party Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (2014–present).
Upazila Mohila vice chairman: Mst. Nazma Khatun. She was in politics for 10 years, under the banner of the opposition party Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (2014–present).
Member of the Parliament (MP): Shafiqul Azam Khan

## Education

There are six colleges in the upazila. They include Government K. M. H. College, founded in 1969, Kotchandpur Poura Mohila College, G. T. College Talsar, and S. D. Degree College.
The madrasa education system includes one kamil madrasa.
# Talizman

Talizman were Japanese pop and rock band perhaps best known for performing the opening and closing songs of Ultraman 80 and three image albums for the manga Locke the Superman. They also did several songs for musicals such as the Japanese version of Hair. After the band broke up in 1981, Noboru Kimura, the vocalist of the band, operated under his stage name Harry Kimura, doing several anime and tokusatsu themes.

## Members

* Noboru Kimura (vocals)
* Nobuo Hocchi (guitar, vocals)
* Keiju Ishikawa (bass, vocals)
* Kenji Mishiro (keyboards, vocals)
* Satoshi Ishii (drums)
* Takami Asano (guitar, chorus): Guest on the album "Chojin Locke: Lord Leon" only.
# Saint-Epvre

Saint-Epvre (French pronunciation:; German: Sankt Erffert) is a commune in the Moselle department, Grand Est, northeastern France.
# Well integrity

Well integrity, in regard to oil wells, is defined by NORSOK D-010 as the "“Application of technical, operational and organizational solutions to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids throughout the life cycle of a well”. There are various facets to well integrity, including accountability/responsibility, well operating processes, well service processes, tubing/annulus integrity, tree/wellhead integrity and testing of safety systems.
A similar form of words are used in ISO 16530 well integrity standard

## Accountability/responsibility

Accountability is the position that ensures a particular task is being done. They typically control the budget and organizational chart structure.
Responsibility is the position that actually does the task. There are a variety of tasks associated with well integrity and responsibility can reside with a field's well operations engineer, operators, well service technicians, etc.

## Well operating processes

This includes processes such as personnel competency, well startup-operating-shutdown procedures, process to report anomalies, corrosion/erosion control, etc.

## Well service processes

This includes processes such as personnel competency, intervention procedures, etc.

## Tubing/annulus integrity

This refers to the integrity of the production tubing. Common threats to tubing integrity are erosion and corrosion by production fluids, which denude the steel. The other threat is pressure differential between the tubing and the 'A' annulus. If it exceeds the rated pressure of the tubing, there is a risk of tubing burst or tubing collapse.
This refers to the integrity of the casing strings, which bound the annuli. All annuli will naturally be filled to some level with brine or other fluids from the completion, though the 'A' annulus may have gas down to the lowest gas lift valve if the well is gas lifted. The major integrity issues comes from the differential pressure across the casings due to the weight of brine on either side. To protect well integrity, each annulus will have a Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure.

## Tree and wellhead integrity

This refers to the integrity of the surface (or subsea) equipment. The wellhead and the tree are typically suitably engineered to be able to withstand the normal operating pressures. The major integrity issues for these components surround the operation of the valves, which are prone to leaking. For this reason, valves must be routinely maintained.

## Testing of safety systems

This refers to testing of surface and subsurface safety systems.
# Hieracium transiens

Hieracium transiens is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to south-eastern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. It was first described by Josef Franz Freyn in 1891 as Hieracium subvillosum var. transiens before he raised it to a full species in 1894. More than 50 subspecies were accepted in 2024, many of which, such as Hieracium insolitum, had previously been treated as full species.

## Subspecies

As of October 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted 55 subspecies. Most of these were transferred from Hieracium erythrocarpum when this species was reduced to H. transiens subsp. erythrocarpum in 2007. Many of the subspecies had also been treated as independent species. For example, H. transiens subsp. insolitum was first described in 1912 as H. erythrocarpum subsp. insolitum before being raised to the full species H. insolitum in 1960.
# Former Sanhe Bank

The Former Sanhe Bank (traditional Chinese: 舊三和銀行; simplified Chinese: 旧三和银行; pinyin: Jiù Sānhé Yínháng) is a historical bank building in Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

## History

The bank building was the branch of Sanjushi-Ginko Bank set up in 1921. In 1933, the bank was changed to Sanwa Bank after series of merging negotiation. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the Kaohsiung branch of Sanwa Bank was merged with other branches into the Bank of Taiwan. The bank building was then turned into the property of Sinbin Police Station under the Kaohsiung City Police Department. In 1990, the police station was moved to its current location due to space congestion. The building has then been idle.

## Architecture

The bank uses reinforced concrete beam-column structure. Its exterior walls are covered with khaki face bricks and stucco washing finish. Its ceiling is mud-plastered with bamboo inside.

## Transportation

The building is accessible within walking distance north of Sizihwan Station of Kaohsiung MRT.
# The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs

The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs (French: Entretiens Avec William Burroughs) is a book by Daniel Odier built around an extensive series of interviews with Beat Generation author William S. Burroughs which concluded 15 November 1968. The topics range from Scientology to Burroughs' opinions of other writers, views on power, etc.
As Burroughs explains in a foreword, a series of impromptu interviews was expanded with previously-written material (some published, some not). "The result is interview form presented as a film with fade-outs and flash-back illustrating the answers. Burroughs' replies are hence discursive, extending the usual interview format to incorporate fiction. The contents vary between editions, as outlined below.

## Contents

The structure of the book is unorthodox. Here are the contents as present in the most recent (and most complete) Penguin edition.
* "Playback from Eden to Watergate"
* introduction
* "Author's Foreword"
* "One: Journey through time-space" including section
** "Control"
* "Two: Prisoners of the earth come out" including section
** "Don't have to think"
* "Three: A new frog"
* "Four: Academy 23" including sections
** "Anti-junk"
** "The invisible generation"
** "Electronic revolution 1970-71"
** "Scribe street"
** "How to be Humphrey Bogart"

## Editions

Odier, Daniel (1969). Entretiens Avec William Burroughs. Paris: Editions Pierre Belfond.
Odier, Daniel (1970). The Job: Interviews with William Burroughs. New York: Grove Press. 189 pp. First edition in English, with a printing of 5,000 copies. Hardbound black cloth w/ metallic-green lettering on spine, plus dust jacket. This is sometimes confusingly described as a "Revised and Enlarged Edition" since it has a new (one page) introduction by Burroughs.
Odier, Daniel (1970). The Job: Interview with William Burroughs. London: Jonathan Cape. 192 pp. First British printing, hardbound. Note the singular "interview" in the title.
Odier, Daniel (1974). The Job: Interviews with William Burroughs. New York: Grove Press. 224 pp. This is the actual Revised and Enlarged edition, which now includes "Playback from Eden to Watergate" and "Electronic Revolution". These are both taken from the 1970 publication The Electronic Revolution, published by Expanded Media Editions. "Playback from Eden to Watergate" has been rewritten from the original "Feedback from Watergate to the Garden of Eden".
Burroughs, William (1984). The Job: Topical Writings and Interviews. London: John Calder. Contents unknown.
Odier, Daniel (1989). The Job: Interview with William Burroughs. New York: Penguin. 224 pp. Contents as given above.
# Gemin, Kerman

Gemin (Persian: گمين, also Romanized as Gemīn) is a village in Maskun Rural District, Jebalbarez District, Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 21 families.
# Yellow-footed honeyguide

The yellow-footed honeyguide (Melignomon eisentrauti) is a species of bird in the family Indicatoridae. It is found in Cameroon, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by loss of its forest habitat.

## Description

This small, unobtrusive bird grows to a length of about 18 cm (7 in). The sexes are similar in this species but females are slightly smaller than males. The head and upper parts are olive green, with the back rather yellower than the head. The flight feathers of the wings and the two central feathers of the tail are brownish-black, as are the bases of the outer four pairs of feathers, the remainder being white, with dark tips. The chin, throat, breast and front of the belly are pale grey, while the rear belly and the under-tail coverts are pure white. The beak is yellowish, the orbital ring greenish-yellow and the iris brown. The legs and feet are yellow. The voice is a sequence of about a dozen clear notes, each rising in pitch, the whole series gradually slowing and descending.

## Distribution

The yellow-footed honeyguide is native to tropical West Africa where it has been recorded in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is known from lowland forest at altitudes of up to 750 m (2,500 ft).

## Ecology

This bird feeds on insects, fruits and seeds, and probably on beeswax as evidenced by a waxy yellow material being found among the stomach contents. Little is known of its breeding behaviour.

## Conservation status

The yellow-footed honeyguide occupies a total area of around 485,000 km$^2$ (187,000 sq mi) and is described as being rare, although this may be because it is an unobtrusive bird. It is threatened by habitat destruction, as the forests where it is found are being degraded or cleared, but it is tolerant of some degree of habitat disturbance. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature suspects that its population is slowly declining and has assessed the species as having a "near threatened" conservation status.
# Waltembourg

Waltembourg (French pronunciation:; German: Waldenburg) is the commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Yom hillula

A Yom Hillula (Hebrew: יום הילולא, day of festivity) is another word for yahrzeit or "death anniversary". However, it differs from a regular yahrzeit in two respects. It refers specifically to the yahrzeit of a great tzaddik "saint", and unlike a regular yahrzeit, which is marked with sadness or even fasting, a Yom Hillula is commemorated specifically through simcha "joy" and festive celebration.
The yom hillula is most often used in Hasidic Judaism to refer to the day of the death of rebbes (influential leaders), and also for historical thinkers and teachers of Kabbalah or Hasidic philosophy.
The observation of hilluloth for North African ascetic or mystical saints in Maghrebi Jewish communities is widespread, especially in Morocco, with the Hiloula of Rabbi Isaac Ben Walid and the Hiloula of Rabbi Haim Pinto among them, as well as the Baba Sali in the Israeli town of Netivot.

## Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai

According to modern kabbalah, this day is the Hillula of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and/or the anniversary of his death. According to a late medieval tradition, Simeon ben Yochai is buried in Meron, and this association has spawned several well-known customs and practices on Lag BaOmer, including the lighting of bonfires and pilgrimages to Meron. The source for this idea appears to be a passage by Hayyim ben Joseph Vital, which read שמחת רשב״י "the celebration of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai" but was mistakenly printed as שמת רשב״י "when Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai died", a difference of one letter. The actual origin of kabbalistic traditions of visiting Meron on any of several dates in the month of Iyar date to the Middle Ages; but it is not clear when, by whom, or in what way Lag baOmer was first connected to Shimon ben Yochai.
# Kallindoia

Kallindoia (Greek: Καλλίνδοια) is a former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lagkadas, of which it is a municipal unit. The 2021 census recorded 2,980 inhabitants in the municipal unit. The municipal unit of Kallindoia covers an area of 154.748 km$^2$. The seat of the municipality was in Zagliveri.
# Biruwa Rural Municipality

Biruwa (Nepali: बिरुवा) is a Village council in Syangja District in Gandaki Province, central Nepal.

## History

On 12 March 2017, the government of Nepal implemented a new local administrative structure consisting of 744 local units. With the implementation of the new local administrative structure, VDCs have been replaced with municipal & village councils. Biruwa is one of these 744 local units. Biruwa is created by merging Biruwa Archale, (4-8) Wards of Rangvang, (3-9) Wards of Pelkachaur, Oraste, Manakamana, (1-6) Wards of Chinnebas & (1-5,7) wards of Kichnas.

## Political situation

Biruwa is divided into 8 Wards. It is surrounded by Putalibazar at northern side, Harinas & Tanahun District from east, Bhirkot & Waling from west and Chapakot at south. Biruwa Archale is its headquarter.

## Population

As Biruwa is created by merging Biruwa Archale, (4-8) Wards of Rangvang, (3,9) Wards of Pelkachaur, Oraste, Manakamana, (1-6) Wards of Chinnebas & (1-5,7) wards of Kichnas. The sum population of Biruwa, 18,413, is residing in an area of 95.79 km$^2$.
# Audrey Smedley

Audrey Smedley (1930 – October 14, 2020) was an American social anthropologist and professor emeritus at Virginia Commonwealth University in anthropology and African-American studies.

## Early life and education

Smedley received her B.A. and M.A. in history and anthropology from the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in social anthropology from the University of Manchester in the UK, based on field research in northern Nigeria. She taught undergraduate and graduate-level courses in social anthropology, African societies and cultures, the history of anthropology, and anthropological theory.

## Career

Smedley wrote on the history of anthropology and the origin and evolution of the idea of human races since the late 1970s. Her research interests also included comparative slavery, human ecological adaptation, and the roles of women in patrilineal societies.
# Joseph Blakesley

Joseph Williams Blakesley (6 March 1808 – 18 April 1885) was an English clergyman.

## Life

Blakesley was born in London and was educated at St Paul's School, London, and at Corpus Christi and Trinity College, Cambridge. At university he became a member of the "Apostles Club", along with Alfred Tennyson and other literary names. In 1831 he was elected a fellow, and in 1839 a tutor of Trinity. In 1833 he took holy orders and from 1845 to 1872 held the college living of Ware, Hertfordshire. Over the signature "Hertfordshire Incumbent" he contributed a large number of letters to The Times on the leading social and political subjects of the day, and he also wrote many reviews of books for that paper.
In 1863 he was made a canon of Canterbury Cathedral and in 1872 Dean of Lincoln. Blakesley was the author of the first English Life of Aristotle (1839), an edition of Herodotus (1852–1854) in the Bibliotheca Classica, and Four Months in Algeria (1859).
# National Route 720 (Costa Rica)

National Tertiary Route 720, or just Route 720 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Terciaria 720, or Ruta 720) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Alajuela province.

## Description

In Alajuela province the route covers Atenas canton (Concepción district).
# Norfolk thrush

The Norfolk thrush (Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus), also known as the grey-headed blackbird or guava bird, was a bird in the thrush family endemic to Norfolk Island, an Australian territory in the Tasman Sea. It is the extinct nominate subspecies of the island thrush (Turdus poliocephalus).

## Description

The Norfolk thrush was mainly dark brown in colour, with a pale grey-brown head and upper breast. It was about 21 cm in length, with a wingspan of 34 cm and a weight of 55 g. It had a yellow bill, orbital ring and legs. Males and females were similar in size and appearance.

## Habitat

The Norfolk thrush used to be common in forest and was often seen in gardens adjacent to rainforest remnants.

## Behaviour
### Breeding

The subspecies nested in trees, including the introduced lemon tree. The clutch size was 2–4.

### Feeding

The Norfolk thrush foraged mainly on the ground, in leaf litter, for small invertebrates, seeds and fallen fruit.

## Status and conservation

The subspecies became extinct around the late 1970s, with the last confirmed record in 1975. The cause of its extinction is attributed to a combination of clearing of native vegetation and predation by rats and feral cats. Additional factors were competition with introduced song thrushes and common blackbirds, as well as by interbreeding with the latter species producing sterile offspring.
# Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo

Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo (transl. Shantilal and the butterfly mystery) is an Indian Bengali mystery-thriller film, directed by Pratim D. Gupta. The film starred Ritwick Chakraborty, Paoli Dam and Goutam Ghose in lead roles. It was released on 16 August 2019 under the banner of Platoon One Films.

## Plot

Shantilal, a deadbeat weather reporter of a Kolkata based newspaper, who is in his late 30s, still unmarried and lives with his mother. Glamorous actress Nandita now wants to venture into politics. While Shantilal is watching old porn film he finds body part of Nandita in a clipping of famous porn star of Padma Pictures, Miss Roshni. Being curious he starts investigation about the porn film production house, Padma Pictures in Chennai. Shantilal moves from Kolkata to Chennai to Singapore to find Roshni. But no one wants to speak about Padma Pictures.

## Cast

* Ritwick Chakraborty as Shantilal
* Paoli Dam as Nandita
* Goutam Ghose as editor of The Sentinel
* Akshay Kapoor as Hindol
* Srijit Mukherji as Praffula
* Ambarish Bhattacharya as Rocket Ronjon
* Shankar Chakraborty as Shantilal's friend
* Alakananda Ray as Shantilal's mother
* Chitrangada Chakraborty as Candy
* Sanghasri Sinha Mitra as Roshni

## Production
### Development

The screenplay of the film was selected for the 2013 Indian edition of the prestigious Sundance Lab, organised by Sundance Institute, where Pratim got to discuss and dissect his script with international writers and directors like Asif Kapadia, Bill Wheeler, Joshua Marston, Carlos Cuaron and Marti Noxon. The film was titled Ink at that time.
The script was subsequently read by actor Irrfan Khan who wished to direct the film for private television channel. Pratim declined Irrfan because he wished to make the film himself.

### Casting

This is the fourth collaboration of Pratim and Ritwick after Shaheb Bibi Golaam, Maacher Jhol and Ahare Mon. The film also marks the fourth collaboration between the director and Paoli Dam. They have previously worked together in Maacher Jhol, Ahare Mon and the telefilm Mirchi Malini.

### Filming

Shooting for the film started in Kolkata in 2018 when the premiere of the film Guptodhoner Sandhane was used by Pratim to shoot a sequence for his film.

## Release

The film was released theatrically on 16 August 2019.

## Soundtrack

The songs for Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo have been composed by Arko and the lyrics have been penned by Arko, Ritam Sen and Pratim himself. The music rights have been acquired by Zee Music Company.
All music is composed by Arko
# Hawangsimni-dong

Hawangsimni-dong (Korean: 하왕십리동) is a dong (neighborhood) of Seongdong District, Seoul, South Korea.