OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Centime

20 French Centime with Marianne on Obverse. :
| Obverse: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty. | Reverse: Face value and French motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". |
| This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001. ||
Centime (from Latin: centesimus) is French for "cent", and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland, Algeria, Belgium, Morocco and France).
In France, the usage of centime goes back to the introduction of the decimal monetary system under Napoleon. This system aimed at replacing non-decimal fractions of older coins. A five-centime coin was known as a sou, i.e. a solidus or shilling.
In Francophone Canada 1⁄100 of a Canadian dollar is officially known as a cent (pronounced /sɛnt/) in both English and French. However, in practice, the form of cenne (pronounced /sɛn/) has completely replaced the official cent. Spoken and written use of the official form cent in Francophone Canada is exceptionally uncommon. In the Canadian French vernacular sou, sou noir (noir means "black" in French), cenne, and cenne noire are all widely known, used, and accepted monikers when referring to either 1⁄100 of a Canadian dollar or the 1¢ coin (colloquially known as a "penny" in North American English).

## Subdivision of euro: cent or centime?

In the European community, cent is the official name for one hundredth of a euro. However, in French-speaking countries, the word centime is the preferred term. The Superior Council of the French language of Belgium recommended in 2001 the use of centime, since cent is also the French word for "hundred". An analogous decision was published in the Journal officiel in France (2 December 1997).
In Morocco, dirhams are divided into 100 centimes and one may find prices in the country quoted in centimes rather than in dirhams. Sometimes centimes are known as francs or, in former Spanish areas, pesetas.

## Usage

A centime is one-hundredth of the following basic monetary units:

### Current

* Algerian dinar
* Burundian franc
* CFP franc
* CFA franc
* Comorian franc
* Congolese franc
* Djiboutian franc
* Ethiopian birr (as santim)
* Guinean franc
* Haitian gourde
* Moroccan dirham
* Rwandan franc
* Swiss franc (by French and English speakers only; Italian speakers use centesimo. See Rappen)

### Obsolete

* Algerian franc
* Belgian franc (Dutch: centiem)
* Cambodian franc
* French Camerounian franc
* French Guianan franc
* French franc
* Guadeloupe franc
* Katangese franc
* Latvian lats (Latvian: santīms)
* Luxembourgish franc
* Malagasy franc
* Malian franc
* Martinique franc
* Monegasque franc
* Moroccan franc
* New Hebrides franc
* Réunion franc
* Spanish Peseta
* Tunisian franc
* Westphalian frank
# Case of Wijikala Nanthan and Sivamani Sinnathamby Weerakon

Wijikala Nanthan and Sivamani Sinnathamby Weerakon are Sri Lankan Tamil women who were allegedly raped and tortured on March 19, 2001, in Mannar, Sri Lanka.

## Background

Human rights groups have documented that women have been allegedly targeted by members of the Sri Lankan security forces with impunity with acts of violence including rape and sexual harassment during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

## Incident

Wijikala Nanthan and Sivamani Sinnathamby Weerakon were aged 24 and 22 years when they arrested by the Sri Lankan Navy in Mannar and accused of being members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Wijikala who was pregnant, her husband, Sivamani Sinnathamby Weerakon and her child were arrested at 11.00 PM and allegedly tortured in custody. They were allegedly stripped naked and raped by the Sri Lankan security forces. Further, they were tortured to sign documents that claimed they were members of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The Sri Lankan security forces threatened them not to give evidence against them in any judicial investigation.

## Investigation

The government indicated that a complaint was lodged on 24 June 2001 and that Maradana (Colombo) police launched an investigation within 48 hours after she was allegedly raped. Four suspects were reportedly remanded. The attorney general assigned a state counsel to advise the police in the conduct of the investigations. The judicial medical officer who examined the alleged victim could not confirm signs of penetration or signs of resistance. However, the victims claimed that they were not actually examined. Instead, the medical officer checked off the "no injury" box of the report. After pressure from non-governmental organizations and local churches the women were re-examined. Upon re-examination it was concluded that Ehamparam Wijikala was tortured and raped and Sinnathamby Sivamany was tortured and sexually assaulted. During an identification parade conducted on 6 July 2001 by the Magistrate of Maligakanda (Colombo), the complainant identified two of her alleged aggressors, including a reserve police constable. The latter was dismissed from his functions. The police investigation was concluded and case was forwarded to the attorney general, who was due to advise the police to institute non-summary proceedings at the Magistrate's Court against the suspects. However, due to deficiencies in investigation led to the collapse of the case and there has been no conviction. United Nations Special Rapporteur further expressed grave concern into the lack of serious investigation into rape cases.
# Bataveh-ye Najak

Bataveh-ye Najak (Persian: با تاوه ناجك, also Romanized as Bātāveh-ye Nājak) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. In a 2006 census, its population was 109, in 18 families.
# Mozaffarabad Castle

Mozaffarabad castle (Persian: قلعه مظفرآباد) is a historical castle located in Qom County in Qom Province, The longevity of this fortress dates back to the Qajar dynasty.
# Shahrak-e Janbazan

Shahrak-e Janbazan (Persian: شهرك جانبازان, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Jānbāzān) is a village in Esfivard-e Shurab Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 558, in 120 families.
# Osterbrunnen

The Osterbrunnen (Easter Well or Easter Fountain) is a German tradition of decorating public wells or fountains with Easter eggs for Easter. It began in the early 20th century in the Franconian Switzerland region of Upper Franconia but has spread to other regions. The decoration is usually kept from Good Friday until two weeks after Easter.

## History

Decorating a well for Easter honours water, essential for life, and Easter, the feast of renewed life. In addition to eggs (now often artificial, to guard against vandalism), paper ribbons called "Pensala" and garlands of evergreens are woven around well-heads or formed into crowns over them. In several locations flowers are also used.
Franconian Switzerland (German: Fränkische Schweiz), so called for its rugged rock outcroppings, lies in the region of Upper Franconia in northern Bavaria. The tradition of Osterbrunnen began there in the early 20th century. The Osterbrunnen in Aufseß is said to have been first decorated around 1909; that in the village of Engelhardsberg has been dressed since 1913. After World War II, public wells became less important, reducing the amount of decoration. However, beginning in 1952, Dr. Kunstmann and his wife, of Nuremberg, worked to revive the tradition in Franconian Switzerland. During the 1980s the idea spread to other parts of Upper Franconia. The decorated wells became a tourist attraction; the wells in Heiligenstadt and Bieberbach are destinations for bus tours from cities such as Munich and Dresden. Heiligenstadt is visited by some 80 buses a day. The fountain in Bieberbach was listed in 2001 in the Guinness World Records for 11,108 hand-painted eggshells.
The tradition of the Osterbrunnen has also spread outside Franconia to Hesse and to the Steigerwald, to the valley of the Altmühl, to Saxony, to the Palatinate, to the Saarland and to Swabia.

## Possible origins

There was an old tradition throughout Germany of drawing water in silence at Easter for purification and medical treatment, which was sometimes referred to as Osterbrunnen. Wells were cleaned and decorated with garlands and sometimes eggs in May, a tradition which survived relatively late in the 19th century in Bacharach. Other dates for well decorating included Pentecost in southern Thuringia and Midsummer in Fulda; it took place at Easter in Bohemia. Nineteenth-century writers, particularly Karl Weinhold, suggested that these traditions of well cleaning and decorating were remnants of pre-Christian practices. In work first published in 1987, Claudia Schillinger has argued for a Wendish origin of the decoration of wells in Franconia.
* Osterbrunnen in Bieberbach (2010)
* Painted eggs in Bieberbach (2004)
* Osterbrunnen in Tiefenpölz (2009)
* Osterbrunnen in Münchsteinach (2010)
* Easter Fountain in front of palace Fantaisie in Eckersdorf, district Bayreuth, Germany
# Lotto South

Lotto South was a lottery game in Georgia, Kentucky, and Virginia. It resulted from the September 2001 merger of three smaller jackpot games, one from each of the three lotteries. This was done in an attempt to create larger jackpots.
Drawings took place at the WTVR-TV studios in Richmond, Virginia, on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 11:00 p.m. ET. Jackpots began at $2 million (annuitized); top-prize winners could choose to be paid either in 30 annual payments, or the cash option. The game was jointly administered by the Georgia Lottery, Kentucky Lottery, and Virginia Lottery.
Sales of the game began on September 9, 2001.
Its record jackpot was $27 million, won on December 31, 2005.
The game had four prize levels; players needed to match at least three numbers to win. All prizes were paid on a parimutuel basis. The jackpot was paid either in cash or 30 annual payments, according to the winners' wishes.
In January 2006, it was announced that the game would be retired; its final drawing took place on February 25, 2006. That jackpot was not won; the lower-tier prizes doubled (instead of rolling down the entire prize pool, which lotteries often do when a jackpot game is retired.) The three lotteries kept the rest of the money. Lotto South′s replacement was Win for Life, which ended in 2011 in Kentucky and winter 2014 in Georgia; Win for Life was retired on September 13, 2014, after which Virginia replaced it with $1,000,000 Moneyball.
Georgia, Kentucky, and Virginia began sales of Decades of Dollars on January 30, 2011. (Arkansas joined on May 3, 2011.) Decades of Dollars became a Virginia-only game in October 2014, as the other three lotteries were part of the launch of Monopoly Millionaires' Club.
# Debeče

Debeče (pronounced; German: Debetsche) is a small dispersed settlement in the hills north of Stična in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
A small roadside chapel-shrine west of the settlement is dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua and was built in the early 20th century.
# Peski, Kolomensky District, Moscow Oblast

Peski (Russian: Пески) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kolomensky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,845 (2010 Census); 3,736 (2002 Census); 4,074 (1989 Soviet census).

## Paleontology

In 1995, fossils of dipnoan fish Ceratodus segnis were found in the Middle Jurassic deposits of Peski.
# Chiusaforte

Chiusaforte (Slovene: Kluže; German: Klausen; Friulian: Sclûse) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

## Geography

It is located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Udine, on the border with Slovenia. Chiusaforte is situated in the Canal del Ferro valley of the Fella River, running between the Carnic and Julian Alps to its confluence with the Tagliamento.
Chiusaforte borders the following municipalities: Dogna, Malborghetto Valbruna, Moggio Udinese, Bovec (Slovenia), Resia, Resiutta, Tarvisio.
The Fella Valley is the site of Pontebbana railway line from Udine to Tarvisio and the Austrian border. It is also traversed by the parallel Italian Autostrada A23 highway from Palmanova to Tarvisio.

## History

The narrow valley probably had been the site of a Roman Road from Italy to the Noricum province. Ulric von Eppenstein, Patriarch of Aquileia (1086–1121) had a fortress erected to charge tolls to travellers crossing the Alps. The Patriarchs had to defend their territory against the claims raised by the Counts of Görz and the Dukes of Carinthia, until in 1420 the Republic of Venice conquered the Fella Valley up to Pontebba and incorporated it into the Domini di Terraferma.
Annexed by the Habsburg monarchy according to the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio it was part of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1815, until it fell with Venetia to the newly established Kingdom of Italy according to the 1866 Treaty of Vienna.
# Sartuf-e Delik

Sartuf-e Delik (Persian: سرطوف دليك, also Romanized as Sartūf-e Delīk; also known as Sar Ţūf and Sartūf) is a village in Doshman Ziari Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 4 families.
# Georgiana Chapman

Georgiana Charlotte Clive Chapman, Lady Chapman, (née Bayley; 11 May 1855 – 4 April 1941) was an English biographer and educator. She was a council member and college administrator for Westfield College in Hampstead from 1890 to her death in 1941.

## Early life

Georgiana Charlotte Clive Bayley was born in London on 11 May 1855, the daughter of Edward Clive Bayley and the writer Emily Anne Theophila Bayley. Her father held a position in the English Civil Service in India, and Georgiana spent her early years in Bengal.
By 1884, Bayley was living with her widowed mother in Ascot when she took up a part-time post as secretary to the council of Westfield College in Hampstead. She was responsible for a range of administrative duties and helped the college's Principal, Constance Maynard, with the accounts.

## Marriage and time in India

In 1886, Bayley left the college after her marriage to Edward Francis Chapman. They moved to India, where he took up post as quartermaster-general, until 1889 when they returned to England. Whilst in India she gathered the material for her book, Sketches of some Distinguished India Women, which was published in 1891. The books introduction precedes profiles of the social reformer Pandita Ramabai, physician Dr. Anandi Gopal Joshi, The Marahani of Kuch Behar, the poet Toru Dutt and the lawyer Cornelia Sorabji.

## Involvement with Westfield College

On their return to England, Lady Chapman took up a post as a member of the Westfield College council which she held for the rest of her life. She shared the College's aims of both preparing women for London University degrees and Christian service. The College required all council members to belong to the evangelical wing of the Church of England. She focussed heavily on her work with the College, serving on committees and drawing up the annual report.
In 1909, Lady Chapman was offered the role of vice-chair when it was created. As vice-chair she frequently deputised for the men who held the office of chair. From 1917, Chapman was also the chair of the finance committee of the college. She and her husband both donated from their own collections to the college library. A new library, completed in 1927, was named after her.
Between 1900 and 1920, and again from 1931 to 1933, Lady Chapman was President of the Westfield College Association: a membership group for former students.
She officially gave up her roles with the college in 1937, but remained on its council.

## Other activities

From 1901, when her husband retired, the Chapmans lived in Limpsfield. She co-founded a branch of the Women's Citizens' Association and was co-opted onto the education committee of Surrey County Council. She was critical of the state educational offer as she felt it was biased towards the needs of men and boys.
She became Lady Chapman when her husband was knighted in 1906. After her husband's death, Chapman moved to Hampstead to be near Westfield College.

## Death

Chapman died on 4 April 1941 in Hampstead, and her funeral was held in the college chapel.
# Luža, Trebnje

Luža (pronounced, German: Lacken) is a small settlement near Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. The Municipality of Trebnje is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Luža was attested in historical sources as Lakken in 1444, Lakhen in 1471, and Lusach in 1507. The Slovene name Luža comes from the Slovene common noun luža 'pond, pool, puddle', referring to a local geographical feature. The German name Lacken is believed to be of similar origin (cf. German Lache 'pool, puddle').
# Lower Austrian Football Association

The Lower Austrian Football Association (German: Niederösterreichischer Fussballverband; NÖFV) is the umbrella organization of the football clubs of the Austrian state Lower Austria. The NÖFV was founded in 1911 and has its headquarters in Sankt Pölten.
The NÖFV is one of 8 regional organizations of the Austrian Football Association (German: Österreichischer Fußball-Bund, ÖFB).
The NÖFV is provider of the Sportschule Lindabrunn.
# Tranchet axe

A tranchet axe is a lithic tool made by removing a flake, known as a tranchet flake. The flake is removed parallel to the final intended cutting edge of the tool which creates a single straight and sharp cutting edge as wide as the tool itself. The blade can be easily resharpened by detaching a new tranchet flake.
This stone working technique represents an important step in the evolution of lithic technology, as it bridged the gap between the more rudimentary Paleolithic tools and the relatively polished tools of the Neolithic. At certain European excavation sites, the discovery of tranchet axeheads is regarded as an early Mesolithic marker.
Archeologists have unearthed these axes from various time periods in excavation sites on many continents. They have been found in some Acheulean assemblages as well as in Mesolithic flaked stone industries. Archeologists have also excavated tranchet axes from Central American sites, including the Mayan site of Cohla, Belize. An archeologist working in the Solomon Islands believes that tranchet axes have been used as adze-heads until recent times.
The axes were typically made from hard stones like flint, chert, agate or other types of rock that could hold a sharp edge when struck.
Archeologists believe that the axe’s principal use was as an adze; that is, as a tool whose cutting edge is perpendicular to the handle, not parallel. Tranchet axes would have been used primarily for cutting, chopping, and shaping wood while building shelters, making dugout canoes, and crafting tools and weapons. The tranchet axe might have been used to fell lighter timber or for coppicing.
# Gadidae

The Gadidae are a family of marine fish, included in the order Gadiformes, known as the cods, codfishes, or true cods. It contains several commercially important fishes, including the cod, haddock, whiting, and pollock.
Most gadid species are found in temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere, but several range into subtropical, subarctic, and Arctic oceans, and a single (southern blue whiting) is found in the Southern Hemisphere. They are generally medium-sized fish, and are distinguished by the presence of three dorsal fins on the back and two anal fins on the underside. Most species have barbels on their chins, which they use while browsing on the sea floor. Gadids are carnivorous, feeding on smaller fish and crustaceans.
Gadids are highly prolific, producing several million eggs at each spawning. This contributes to their high population numbers, which, in turn, makes commercial fishing relatively easy.
Concepts differ about the contents of the family Gadidae. The system followed by FishBase includes a dozen genera. Alternatively, fishes in the current Lotidae (with burbot, cusk) and Phycidae (hakes) have also been included in the Gadidae, as its subfamilies Lotinae and Phycinae.
# Pol Gardan

Pol Gardan (Persian: پل گردن, also Romanized as Pol-e Gardan) is a village in Kolijan Rostaq-e Sofla Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,091, in 294 families.
# Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul

Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul (Arabic: كَاتِدرَائِيَّة مَار بُولُس, romanized: Kâtidrâîyye Mâr Bûlüs) is the cathedral of the Syriac Catholic Church, located in Damascus, Syria. It is the see of the Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus and is located in the Christian quarter of Damascus, 100 m west of Bab Sharqi.
# Lasbu Mahalleh

Lasbu Mahalleh (Persian: لسبومحله, also Romanized as Lasbū Maḩalleh) is a village in Reza Mahalleh Rural District, in the Central District of Rudsar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 256, in 77 families.
# Golshavar, Minab

Golshavar (Persian: گلشوار, also Romanized as Golshavār, Golashvār, and Goleshvār; also known as Gūshvār) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 458, in 87 families.
# Arwan

Arwan (Arabic: عروان) is a sub-district located in al-Sabrah District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Arwan had a population of 5,531 according to the 2004 census.
# Zarvijan

Zarvijan (Persian: زرويجان, also Romanized as Zarvījān and Zervī Jān) is a village in Esfivard-e Shurab Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 968, in 272 families.
# Iphiclides feisthamelii

Iphiclides feisthamelii, the southern scarce swallowtail, southern swallowtail or Iberian scarce swallowtail, is a butterfly found in Italy, Slovenia, southern France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of I. podalirius.

## Description

* Male
* Male underside
* Female
* Female underside
* Male side
The larva feeds on Prunus amygdalus (almond), P. persica (peach), P. insititia (a kind of plum), P. longipes, Pyrus communis (common pear), Malus domesticus (apple) and Crataegus oxyacantha.
# Gugah, Rahimabad

Gugah (Persian: گوگاه, also Romanized as Gūgāh; also known as Goga) is a village in Rahimabad Rural District, Rahimabad District, Rudsar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 12 families.
# Spur and groove formation

Spur and groove formations are a geomorphic feature of many coral reefs. They are ridges of reef formed by coral ("spurs") separated by channels ("grooves") which often have sediment or rubble bed. Spur and groove formations vary in their size and distribution worldwide but are a common feature on many forereefs of fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls which are exposed to moderate wave energy. Spur and groove formations are influenced by the incoming surface waves, and the waves induce a circulation pattern of counter rotating circulation cells.
The alongshore shape of spur and groove formations varies from smoothly varying rounded spurs, to flat spurs with shallow rectangular grooves, or deeply cut rectangular or overhanging channels sometimes called buttresses. Spur and groove formations have typical scales of: spur height 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) to 10 metres (33 ft), alongshore wavelength 5 to 150 metres (16 to 492 ft), width of groove 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 100 metres (328 ft), and found in depths from 0 to 30 metres (0 to 98 ft). The mechanism for maintaining preferential coral growth on the spur is thought to be caused by higher wave stress on the spur which causes sediment to be shed towards the groove and downslope and preferential coral growth on the spur. Thus, it is believed that spur and grooves are essentially constructional in formation, while a less important mechanism may occur from sediment scour in the grooves.