# Galaxidi

Galaxidi or Galaxeidi (Greek: Γαλαξίδι/Γαλαξείδι), is a town and a former municipality in the southern part of Phocis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Delphi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 126.088 km$^2$.
Galaxidi is built on a natural double harbor on the west coast of the Gulf of Itea, which is a northward bay of the Gulf of Corinth. It is 7 km southwest of Itea, 15 km southwest of Delphi, 17 km south of Amfissa and 48 km east of Nafpaktos. The Greek National Road 48 connects Galaxidi with Nafpaktos, Itea and Delphi. Galaxidi is a 2.5-3 hour drive from Athens and a relatively popular weekend retreat. The territory of the municipal unit hosts the site of the ancient town of Chalaeum.

## History
### Ancient Haleion

Modern Galaxidi is built on the site of ancient Haleion, a city of western Locris. Traces of habitation are discernible since prehistoric times with a peak in the Early Helladic Period (Anemokambi, Pelekaris, Kefalari, islet of Apsifia). A significant Mycenaean settlement has been located at Villa; the hill of St. Athanasios also revealed a fortified Geometric settlement (ca. 700 BC). In the Archaic and Classical periods (7th-4th centuries BC) was developed the administrative and religious centre at the modern site of Agios Vlasis. It seems that in ca. 300 BC the present site was settled and surrounded by a fortification wall; it is the period of the expansion of power of the Aetolian League. Haleion flourished throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods until the 2nd century AD.

### Middle Ages

Galaxidi is mentioned for the first time in the late 10th century (981 or 996), when it was destroyed in a raid by the Bulgarians under Tsar Samuel. The inhabitants fled to the offshore islands, and the town was not settled again until 50 years later. The most important harbour of the Gulf of Itea alongside Krissa, the town was again devastated by the Norman invasions of 1081 and 1147.
After the Fourth Crusade (1204) it came under the control of the Frankish Lordship of Salona, but was recovered by the Greek Despotate of Epirus in 1211. The town remained under Epirote control until the division of the realm in c. 1268, when it passed under the rule of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly. In 1311, it was conquered, along with Salona, by the Catalan Company. It was captured by the Ottomans in 1397, but was regained shortly after by the Despotate of the Morea under Theodore I Palaiologos. In 1403, it was ceded briefly to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1447-48, it was refortified by Constantine Kantakouzenos, but this did not prevent its final capture by the Ottomans shortly after.

### Ottoman period and maritime trade

Ottoman presence in the settlement was minimal, the majority of the inhabitants consisting of Orthodox Christians. The city flourished due to the development of maritime trade in the 18th century. The commercial exchanges with the West, particularly for the agricultural products of Corinthia and the Corinthian Gulf in general triggered the development of a local commercial fleet, taking advantage also of the exquisite natural port of Galaxidi. Particularly after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), many of the ship owners of Galaxidi operated under the Russian flag.

### Greek Independence

Despite their privileged position, the inhabitants joined immediately the forces of the revolutionaries (especially naval) during the Greek War for Independence and their city was destroyed twice by the Ottoman army, namely in 1821 and in 1825-26. It recovered, however, and in the course of the 19th century it thrived as a commercial and maritime centre, a fact attested also by the spacious and luxurious houses of the traditional settlement.
Until the late 19th century, Galaxidi had a sizeable merchant marine fleet and was a prosperous commercial centre. This is reflected in the size and style of the local buildings and mansions. Preservation of the traditional architecture has facilitated the growth of tourism in recent decades. The marine museum contains exhibits from this period. In recent years commercial fish farming has been developing.

## The Chronicle of Galaxidi

In the Monastery of Sotir, on a hill just outside the city, the Greek ethnographer and scholar Constantine Sathas discovered in 1864 a manuscript containing the “Chronicle of Galaxidi”, written in 1703 by the monk Euthymios; it constituted the only source for the history of Phocis from the medieval period to the year of its composition.

## Town layout

Galaxidi is a small port situated on a natural double harbour surrounded by mountains. The deeper main harbour provides docking facilities for yachts and small fishing boats and is lined with restaurants, bars, and stores. The smaller harbour is Chirolaka.
On the rocky shoreline by the side of the larger harbour, is a pine forest planted by school children in the early twentieth century. There is a road behind the town that leads up the mountain to the Monastery of the Metamorphosis (actually a convent that was inhabited by one nun as of 2010). This provides a splendid view of the town and its surroundings.
No traces remain of the town's medieval castle. The Church of Saint John of Jerusalem, built by the Hospitallers in 1404, survived until after World War I, when it was replaced by a modern church dedicated to Saint Nicholas.

## Subdivisions

The municipal unit Galaxidi consists of the following communities:
* Agioi Pantes
* Galaxidi
* Penteoria
* Vounichora

## Historical population

| Year | Town population | Municipality population |
| 1981 | 1,264 | - |
| 1991 | 1,369 | 2,494 |
| 2001 | 1,718 | 3,030 |
| 2011 | 2,011 | 2,989 |
| 2021 | 1,797 | 2,597 |

## Sites of interest

In an old mansion in Galaxidi are two museums: the Archaeological Collection and the Maritime and Historical Museum of Galaxidi. The building was constructed in ca 1870, to house the Girls' School, the Town Hall and the Police Station. It was continuously used as such until 1979, and from 1932 it also housed a school of weaving and handcrafts.

### Archaeological Collection of Galaxidi

The Archaeological Collection of Galaxidi is under the directorate of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Phocis. The collection was established in 1932 in order to host antiquities found and donated by citizens as well as excavated finds from the regions in and around Galaxidi. The exhibition is organised in three main themes: (a) Private and daily life, (b) Trade and maritime activity and (c) Cemeteries. The finds are accompanied by educational pictures and texts, revealing the history of ancient Haleion, the precursor of Galaxeidi. The settlements represented in the first display case are Dexameni, Kefalari, Apsifia and Anemokambi; the Early Helladic period (3200-1900 B.C.) of Haleion itself is also represented. Among these exhibits Mycenaean vessels (three-eared pithoid amphora, stirrup jar and pyxis) and Geometric vessels from the cemetery of Agios Athanasios stand out. In the next case are finds from the city of Haleion (Galaxeidi) itself. The city wall, dating to the period of the Aetolian League delimited the settlement and made it one of the best-protected ports on the Gulf of Corinth. At Heröon Square there a cemetery rich in finds was excavated, illuminating aspects of the ordinary life in Haleion. A black-glazed kantharos, two lagynoi, some spindle-shaped unguentaria and terracotta lamps are the outstanding finds. From the Archaic period (7th century BC) date cotylae with angular handles, aryballoi and pyxides originating from Corinth, and other vessels. Attic pottery is represented through black-figure cylixes and lekythoi and two black-glazed kantharoi. Particularly interesting is the red-figured pelike with the representation of a man wearing the himation (an outer garment worn by the ancient Greeks over the left shoulder and under the right), leaning a stick and talking to a young man, also wearing the himation (2nd quarter of the 5th century BCA). This is a fairly common type; a similar one is exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Amphissa and one in the Archaeological Museum of Messenia, found in Nihoria. Seven glass vessels represent the glass-making of the 1st century A.D. Among them stands out a cast cup, bearing the inscription “Be happy in everything in everything you do" or "that you participate in”. Severalwomen's items are on display, including two bronze mirrors, pieces of bronze Geometric jewellery and a remarkable pendant in the form of a head of Ammon Zeus, probably dating to the Roman period. Household weaving, one of the basic women's activities, is attested by numerous clay loom-weights, one of which bears the name “Agesiou”. The case opposite to the entrance comprises clay figurines and metal vessels and tools from the site Akona or Ankona. These are mainly busts, seated figures and a standing figure with a tall head-dress, holding a bird to her chest.
More than 100 bronze vessels and utensils from Galaxeidi are to be found in fifteen museums across America and Europe. These were all 'illegally exported' in the 19th century. In 1973 these vessels were identified through the discovery of a bell-shaped lekythos and a tall handle, reminiscent of two lekythoi in the British Museum and one in Edinburgh which bear the indication “Galaxeidi”. In a corner case a globular amphora of the Late Early Helladic II period (2400-2200 B.C.) from Anemokambi is displayed, covered entirely with shell residues [?]. In a compartment with sand on the floor are seven commercial amphoras for transportation of wine, dated to various periods and from different regions (Corinth, Corfu, Cnidus, Hellenistic of the 1st century B.C., Aegean type of the 5th-6th century A.D).
At the end of the hall are displayed finds from Agios Athanasios (Geometric period) and from the town of Galaxeidi itself (Classical-Roman period). Part of a Roman marble statue and a funerary relief as well as three inscribed funerary stele of the late Hellenistic period are displayed. Geometric pottery comprises mainly skyphoi and wine jugs from Corinth as well as other vessels. The Hellenistic pottery comprises lagynoi, Corinthian kantharoi, miniature lekythoi, etc. Among the Roman vessels one with a gladiator design stands out, as well as another with a cupid and a third with the a female figure holding torches and wearing a crescent on her head, possibly an representation of Night.

### Maritime Museum of Galaxidi

Maritime Museum of Galaxidi, a museum which includes the Chronicle of Galaxidi which was published by Konstantinos Sathas in 1865. It used to serve as a town hall for Galaxidi.

## Flour Wars

The Carnival Season in Greece ends with the celebration of Clean Monday which coincides with the beginning of the Greek Orthodox Lent. On that particular day the custom of Alevromoutzouroma (Greek: Αλευρομουτζούρωμα, literally Flour Smudging, or else Flour Wars), takes place in Galaxidi. The origins of the custom are unclear, however it appears in its current form since the mid-19th century.
Around noon, locals and visitors of all ages dressed up in old clothes rendezvous at a predefined location where flour is distributed in large quantities. Various types of coloring is added for effect while people paint their faces with charcoal. Then they march to the harbor which is usually split into a war zone and a neutral zone for the observers and the fight begins. The participants throw coloured flour at each other (and at unsuspecting bystanders) until everyone runs out of supplies.
The event often attracts media coverage.

## Notable people

* Constantine Sathas, historian
* Spyros Vassiliou, artist