OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Colombia–Germany relations

On the diplomatic level, Colombia–Germany relations have existed since 1872 and thus for more than 140 years.

## History

The German conquistador Ambrosius Ehinger died at Chinácota in Colombia in 1533.
In 1889, Leo S. Kopp, a native of Offenbach, Germany, founded Sociedad Kopp's German Brewery, now known as Bavaria Brewery., the largest brewery in Colombia. In 1919, the German-Colombian Airline (Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transportes/SCADTA) was founded as the second oldest airline in the world still in existence. Its successor, Avianca, is today the largest Colombian airline.
During World War II, Colombia – after massive pressure from the US – was one of the last Latin American countries to declare war on Germany on 27 November 1943. The declaration of war did not have military consequences, but it did allow for the confiscation of property from Germans.
After the war, relations were initially resumed as trade relations. In early 1949, the Bank deutscher Länder and the Colombian Central Bank agreed that Colombia would deliver coffee (worth US$4 million), bananas (worth US$3 million), and tobacco (worth US$2 million), among other goods, to the Trizone from 1 July 1949, to 30 June 1950, and that this was to be settled with the delivery of German machinery and vehicles.
According to the German Foreign Office, "friendly and increasingly close relations" have existed between the two countries for a long time.

## Economic relations

Bilateral trade volume in 2021 was 2.6 billion euros. This makes Germany the fifth-largest trading partner for Colombia and the largest within the EU. A free trade agreement between Colombia and the EU has been in place since 2013.

## German Colombians

Famous German Colombians include:
* Ambrosius Ehinger
* Nikolaus Federmann
* Carlos Ardila Lülle
* Rudolf Hommes
* Aura Cristina Geithner
* Helmut Bellingrodt
* Antonio Navarro Wolff
* Carlos Lemos Simmonds
* Jacquin Strouss Lucena
* Leopoldo Rother
* Marino Klinger
* Roberto Gerlein
* Carlos Lehder

## Diplomatic locations

* Germany has an embassy in Bogotá.
* Colombia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate general in Frankfurt am Main.
# Quaker Hill

Quaker Hill may refer to:
Places:
* Quaker Hill, California
* Quaker Hill, Connecticut, a village
* Quaker Hill, Hockessin, Delaware
* Quaker Hill, New York, a community
* Quaker Hill Historic District (Waterford, Connecticut), listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
* Quaker Hill Historic District (Wilmington, Delaware), listed on the NRHP in Delaware
# Palpita simplicissima

Palpita simplicissima is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1997. It is found in Thailand.
# Andalucia (Doves song)

"Andalucia" is a single from Doves' best-of compilation, titled The Places Between: The Best of Doves. The song was released as a promo single on 1 March 2010. The single received its first airplay on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 3 March 2010, and again on 4 March 2010, on Steve Lamacq's BBC 6 Music radio show Roundtable. The song was then released as a digital download-only single on 5 April 2010, the same day the compilation was released. It was the band's final single before their ten-year hiatus. "Andalucia" also marks the first Doves single release not available commercially on a physical format.
A music video was produced for the song, filmed in Granada and directed by Soup Collective and photographer Percy Dean, but was not included on the DVD for The Places Between. nthWORD said of the music video, "It's very possible that the video for Doves' "Andalucia" will start your day off on the right feet. Dig the old man." A video of Jimi Goodwin and Jez Williams performing an acoustic version of "Andalucia" at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire premiered on The Guardian's website on 4 April 2010.

## Track listings

All tracks are written by Jez Williams, Jimi Goodwin, and Andy Williams

## Credits

* "Andalucia" produced by Doves and Dan Austin.
* Mixed by Dave Bascombe.
* Violin by Belinda Hammond.
* Art direction by Rick Myers and Art-Utility.
# For the Lord reigneth

"For the Lord reigneth" (German: "Nun preiset alle Gottes Barmherzigleit") is a German Christian hymn written by Matthäus Apelles von Löwenstern in 1644. It was translated into English in 1863 by Catherine Winkworth.
# Gazaki

Gazaki (Persian: گزكي, also Romanized as Gazakī) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 4 families.
# Garniga Terme

Garniga Terme (Garniga in local dialect, German: Garnich) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 364 and an area of 13.1 square kilometres (5.1 sq mi).
Garniga Terme borders the following municipalities: Trento, Cimone and Aldeno.
# Davari-ye Bala

Davari-ye Bala (Persian: داوري بالا, also Romanized as Dāvarī-ye Bālā; also known as Dāvarī) is a village in Dar Pahn Rural District, Senderk District, Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 290, in 61 families.
# Esophageal spasm

Esophageal spasm is a disorder of motility of the esophagus.
There are two types of esophageal spasm:
* Diffuse or distal esophageal spasm (DES), where there is uncoordinated esophageal contractions
* Nutcracker esophagus (NE) also known as hypertensive peristalsis, where the contractions are coordinated but with an excessive amplitude.
Both conditions are linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). DES and nutcracker esophagus present similarly and can may require esophageal manometry for differentiation.
When the coordinated muscle contraction are irregular or uncoordinated, this condition may be called diffuse esophageal spasm. These spasms can prevent food from reaching the stomach where food gets stuck in the esophagus. At other times the coordinated muscle contraction is very powerful, which is called nutcracker esophagus. These contractions move food through the esophagus but can cause severe pain.

## Signs and symptoms

The symptoms may include trouble swallowing, regurgitation, chest pain, heartburn, globus pharyngis (which is a feeling that something is stuck in the throat) or a dry cough.

## Causes

It is not clear what causes esophageal spasms. Sometimes esophageal spasms start when someone eats hot or cold foods or drinks. However, they can also occur without eating or drinking. The increased release of acetylcholine may also be a factor, but the triggering event is not known. Spasms may also be the result of a food intolerance.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis is generally confirmed by esophageal manometry. DES is present when more than a fifth of swallows results in distal esophageal contractions. NE is present if the average strength of the contractions of the distal esophagus is greater than 180 mmHg but the contraction of the esophagus is otherwise normal.

### Differential diagnosis

Often, symptoms that may suggest esophageal spasm are the result of another condition such as food intolerance, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or achalasia. The symptoms can commonly be mistaken as heart palpitations.

## Treatment

Since esophageal spasms are often associated with other disorders, management in these cases involve attempts to correct the underlying problem. Medications may include use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and nitrates. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and sildenafil can be used as alternative treatment options. If caused by food allergy, an elimination diet may be necessary.
There have been reports of treatment of distal esophageal spasm in 8 patients using low amounts of peppermint oil (five drops of peppermint oil in 10ml of water), and a report of treatment of an elderly patient with the same diagnosis.

### Procedures

If medical therapy fails either botulinum toxin injection or surgical myotomy may be tried in distal esophageal spasms.

## Epidemiology

Distal esophageal spasm is rare.
# Thakur Panchan Chand

Thakur Panchan Chand was an Indian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of Interim East Punjab Assembly from 3 November 1947 to 20 March 1951 and Member of 2nd Punjab Legislative Assembly from Kangra North Assembly constituency. He was the first deputy speaker of Punjab.
# Beeston, Bedfordshire

Beeston is a hamlet of about 530 acres (2.1 km$^2$) in the town of Sandy in the Wixamtree hundred of the county of Bedfordshire, England, about a half a mile south of Sandy, north of Biggleswade and east of Bedford. Beeston appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 where it shown as having a mill: "Bistone: Roland, Norman and Pirot from Eudo FitzHubert; William Speke; Thurstan the Chamberlain; Godmund; Alwin from the King. Mill."
The medieval period saw the construction of the Great North Road, the post road connecting London to Edinburgh, which ran through Beeston. In the 1930s the Ministry of Transport upgraded the Great North Road to a trunk road and it became the A1 in 1923. Subsequent upgrades during the 1960s saw this section of the road become a dual carriageway which effectively split the hamlet and isolated the larger part of Beeston from Sandy, pedestrian access being limited to a footbridge. Plans are afoot to reposition the road to bypass Beeston/Sandy but no date for this work has been set.
Historically the main occupation of the residents of Beeston was market gardening, farming and straw plaiting (woman & girls) for the hat industry.
Beeston is in the Anglican Parish of St Swithun, Sandy. It has a Wesleyan (Methodist) Chapel built 1865 with seating for 300. A former chapel on Beeston Green is now a private home.
The major feature of Beeston is the 13-acre (53,000 m$^2$) village green bounded by many of the older residences.
# Millen Matende

Millen Matende (born 23 September 1982) is a Zimbabwean long distance runner. He competed in the men's marathon at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.
# Endalkachew Kebede

Endalkachew Kebede (born August 17, 1980 in Addis Ababa) is a retired amateur Ethiopian boxer. He claimed a silver medal in the light flyweight division at the 2003 All-Africa Games in Abuja, Nigeria, and also represented his nation Ethiopia at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Kebede qualified for the men's light flyweight division (48 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Earlier in the process, he guaranteed a spot on the Ethiopian boxing team after picking up a silver medal from the All-Africa Games. Kebede opened his bout with a forceful 26–21 victory over Japan's Toshiyuki Igarashi, before he lost the second round to China's Zou Shiming, resulting in an effortless score 8–31.
# Alaimus

Alaimus is a genus of nematode belonging to the family Alaimidae.
The genus was first described by J. G. de Man in 1880.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
# Pedro Olmos Muñoz

Pedro Olmos Muñoz (Valparaiso, June 11, 1911 - Linares, Chile, May 9, 1991) was a painter and illustrator Chilean folkloric character.

## Biography

His childhood and adolescence were spent in San Felipe. Later, he studied arts at the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Chile. In his college years he was part of the intellectual groups of the '30s, alongside the likes of Pablo Neruda and Juvencio Valley.
In 1938, he moved to Argentina where he specialized in murals and directed the exhibition hall of the Teatro del Pueblo de Buenos Aires. In 1946 he participated in the exhibition "Ars Americana" in Paris and the Exhibition of UNESCO.
In the late 50's he moved with his wife Emma Jauch, herself a noted Chilean writer and painter, to the city of Linares, where he taught at the high school of that city. He was also one of the drivers of Ancoa Group and one of the drivers of the installation of the Linares Museum of Art and Craft. He was also the restorer of the historic Museum of Yerbas Buenas, the "House of Romance".

## Work

The work of Pedro Olmos was of manners and figurative, which often portrays everyday situations of rural and urban life in the central area of the country. Included in his still lifes, portraits, signs of popular religion, folk scenes, among others.
Olmos used several painting techniques, such as oil, prints, drawings and murals. In this technique include, among others, made in the municipality of Linares with important figures in the area, or the Hospital the mine El Teniente.
# Prime Sports Upper Midwest

Prime Sports Upper Midwest was an American regional sports network owned by Hubbard Broadcasting and Liberty Media, which operated as an affiliate of the Prime Network. Headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the channel broadcast regional coverage of sports events throughout the Upper Midwest region. Prime Sports Upper Midwest was available on cable providers throughout Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin.

## History

Prime Sports Upper Midwest launched in 1990, receiving its affiliation with the Prime Network through Liberty's partial ownership interest. The centerpiece of the network's sports coverage was the rights to the games of the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves and Milwaukee Bucks, along with a number of college sports events and outdoors programs.
The network struggled only having one team's sports rights against the more established Midwest Sports Channel, which had the rights to Minnesota Twins baseball, and the backing of Midwest Radio and Television, the owners of the dominant WCCO stations. MSC's strength in the Twin Cities became more dominant in 1992 after CBS Corporation purchased Midwest Radio and Television, along with the Twins' win in the 1991 World Series, while PSUM was stunted by the terminal mediocrity of the Timberwolves in the 90s, along with other challenges to Hubbard's longevity in the Twin Cities market, namely Gannett NBC affiliate KARE permanently unseating Hubbard's KSTP-TV as the market's spirited competitor to WCCO, and KMSP-TV beginning its slow rise in viewership and news and sports strength.
In the spring of 1995, MSC signed an agreement with the Timberwolves to acquire the exclusive regional cable television rights to the team's games beginning with the 1995–96 season. As a result, on October 5, 1995, Hubbard and Liberty Media announced that Prime Sports Upper Midwest would be shut down. The announcement came three weeks before News Corporation acquired a 50% ownership interest in the Prime Sports networks on October 31, with the intent to partner with Liberty to have the Prime Sports networks to serve as the cornerstones for a new group of regional sports networks – developed as a cable venture for Fox Sports – which would also offer national programming distributed to the Prime-affiliated RSNs not owned by Liberty. Prime Sports Upper Midwest ceased operations on December 31, 1995. Fox Sports would then purchase MSC in 1999 from Viacom as it spun off extraneous assets from its first merger with CBS, relaunching it as Fox Sports North in 2001.
# Amidostomatidae

Amidostomatidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Strongylida.
Genera:
* Amidostomum Railliet & Henry, 1909
* Epomidiostomum Skrjabin, 1915
# Haroonabad Tehsil

Haroonabad Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل ہارون آباد) is a tehsil located in Bahawalnagar District, Punjab, Pakistan. The city of Haroonabad is the headquarters of the tehsil which is administratively subdivided into 22 Union Councils.

## History

Under the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the Tehsil Municipal Administration for Haroonabad was converted into a Municipal Committee for the city of Haroonabad.
In 2017, the Hindu community of the area was asked to vacate their houses by local administration, allegedly due to pressure from the owners of a housing scheme who intended to demolish these homes. A protest was held in response urging the Punjab government to take action. The Hindu community has lived in the area for about 30 years since the commissioner of Bahawalnagar District allowed them to construct homes on government land in 1987. The Hindu community managed to obtain a stay order from the Punjab government against the notices to vacate their houses.

## Geography

Haroonabad Tehsil has an area of 1,295 km$^2$.

### Adjacent tehsils

* Bahawalnagar Tehsil (northeast)
* Raisinghnagar Tehsil, Sri Ganganagar District, Rajasthan, India (northeast)
* Anupgarh Tehsil, Sri Ganganagar District, Rajasthan, India (southeast)
* Fort Abbas Tehsil (south)
* Yazman Tehsil, Bahawalpur District (southwest)
* Chishtian Tehsil (northwest)

## Demographics

According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, there are 525,598 people living in Haroonabad Tehsil and 85,626 households. Its population recorded in the 1998 census was 381,767.
# Allahabad-e Sofla, Kerman

Allahabad-e Sofla (Persian: الله‌آباد سفلی, also Romanized as Allahābād-e Soflá; also known as Allahābād-e Pā’īn) is a village in Hoseynabad Rural District, Esmaili District, Anbarabad County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 451, in 107 families.
# Pineapple emoji

The pineapple emoji 🍍 (Unicode U+1F34D) was approved as part of Unicode 6.0 in 2010.
It can mean "complicated relationship status" in texting or social media.
It can also be as a shorthand or code for "cannabis" or "getting high". The usage may be a reference to the stoner film Pineapple Express.
One critic found the pineapple emoji distasteful as an expression of British imperialism, and attendant "codes of racism and classism".
# Tito Benady

Mesod Benady MBE (born 17 July 1930) is a Gibraltarian historian of Sephardic Jewish descent. He currently lives in Grendon, Northamptonshire in the United Kingdom.
Benady was involved in local politics during the seventies; he contested the 1976 election, as an independent, and in the 1980 election, as a candidate of the Party for the Autonomy of Gibraltar, led by Joseph Triay; he defended positions of rapprochement with Spain. In neither election was he successful.
Benady has specialised in the local and military history of Gibraltar and has also written about:
* Sephardic Jews in general;
* The Jewish communities in Gibraltar,
* Malta
* Menorca; and
* The Royal Navy.
In 2000 he was appointed MBE after a proposal by the Government of Gibraltar for his services to local history. In 1993 he founded a history journal published by the Gibraltar Heritage Trust. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, was one of the board members of the Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society 1985–2013. Benady was elected "Consejero de Honor" of the Centro de Estudios Campogibraltareños (English: Centre for Campo de Gibraltar Studies) and runs the publishing house Gibraltar Books Ltd., specialising in books about Gibraltar.

## Works

* The Settlement of Jews in Gibraltar, 1704 -1783, Transactions, Jewish Historical Society of England 26 (1979)
* The Gibraltar police, 1830–1980 (Mediterranean Sun, 1980)
* The Jewish Community of Gibraltar, in Western Sephardim (Gibraltar Books, 1989)
* Guide to the Gibraltar Museum, ISBN 0-948466-10-3 (Ashford, Buchan & Enright, 1989)
* The Royal Navy at Gibraltar, ISBN 0-907771-49-1 (Maritime Press, Liskeard, 1992)
* Los menorquines en Gibraltar in Revista de Menorca (1992)
* Grendon in Northamptonshire, with Eileen Wilmin, ISBN 0-948466-34-0 (Gibraltar Books, 1994)
* The Streets of Gibraltar, ISBN 0-948466-37-5 (Gibraltar Books, 1996)
* The Convent at Gibraltar in Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research 77 (Summer 1999)
* Spaniards in Gibraltar in Gibtel Gibraltar Heritage Journal No 7, ISBN 0-9524808-5-9 (2000)
* The Settee Cut: Mediterranean Passes issued at Gibraltar in The Mariner's Mirror 87:3 (August 2001)
* Genoese in Gibraltar in Gibtel Gibraltar Heritage Journal No 8, ISBN 0-9524808-6-7 (2001)
* The Royal Navy at Gibraltar Since 1900, ISBN 978-1-904459-04-0 (Maritime Books, 2004)
* The Royal Gibraltar Police, with Cecilia Baldachino (Gibraltar Books, 2005)
* Trade and Contraband in Gibraltar in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, Anglo-Saxons in the Mediterranean (Malta University Press 2007)
* "Essays on the History of Gibraltar" (Gibraltar Books 2014)
# For the Journey

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Blabbermouth | 9/10 |
| LouderSound | |
For the Journey is the tenth studio album by progressive metal band Threshold. It is the fourth and last studio album to feature lead vocalist Damian Wilson, the second and last to feature second guitarist Pete Morten and their third album on their current label, Nuclear Blast.

## Personnel
### Members

* Damian Wilson – lead vocals, backing vocals
* Karl Groom – guitar, backing vocals
* Richard West – keyboards, backing vocals
* Johanne James – drums
* Steve Anderson – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Pete Morten – guitar

### Production

* Karl Groom and Richard West – production
* Karl Groom – mixing
* Mika Jussila – mastering
# Spread option

In finance, a spread option is a type of option where the payoff is based on the difference in price between two underlying assets. For example, the two assets could be crude oil and heating oil; trading such an option might be of interest to oil refineries, whose profits are a function of the difference between these two prices. Spread options are generally traded over the counter, rather than on exchange.
A 'spread option' is not the same as an 'option spread'. A spread option is a new, relatively rare type of exotic option on two underlyings, while an option spread is a combination trade: the purchase of one (vanilla) option and the sale of another option on the same underlying.

## Spread option valuation

For a spread call, the payoff can be written as $C=\max(0,S_{1}-S_{2}-K)$ where S1 and S2 are the prices of the two assets and K is a constant called the strike price. For a spread put it is $P=\max(0,K-S_{1}+S_{2})$.
When K equals zero a spread option is the same as an option to exchange one asset for another. An explicit solution, Margrabe's formula, is available in this case, and this type of option is also known as a Margrabe option or an outperformance option.
In 1995 Kirk's Approximation, a formula valid when K is small but non-zero, was published. This amounts to a modification of the standard Black–Scholes formula, with a special expression for the sigma (volatility) to be used, which is based on the volatilities and the correlation of the two assets. Kirk's approximation can also be derived explicitly from Margrabe's formula.
The same year Pearson published an algorithm requiring a one-dimensional numerical integration to compute the option value. Used with an appropriate rotation of the domain and Gauss-Hermite quadrature, Choi (2018) showed that the numerical integral can be done very efficiently.
Li, Deng, and Zhou (2006) published accurate approximation formulas for both spread option prices and their Greeks.
# Seyqalan-e Varzal

Seyqalan-e Varzal (Persian: صيقلان ورزل, also Romanized as Şeyqalān-e Varzal) is a village in Lakan Rural District, in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 393, in 133 families, down from 523 people in 2006.