OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Niefern-Öschelbronn

Niefern-Öschelbronn is a municipality in the Enz district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the river Enz, 6 km east of Pforzheim.

## History

Öschelbronn had been a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg since 1504, while Niefern was a possession of the Margraviate of Baden from 1529. Öschelbronn was ceded to Baden in an 1810 exchange of territories between the now Kingdom of Württemberg and Grand Duchy of Baden, and it and Niefern were assigned to the district of Pforzheim. The two towns remained under the jurisdiction of Pforzheim through the reorganizations of 1819 and 1 October 1864, and again when the district was reorganized on 25 June 1939 as Landkreis Pforzheim [de]. On 1 August 1971, Öschelbronn was incorporated into Niefern, which changed its name to Niefern-Öschelbronn on 18 November 1971. The new municipality was assigned on 1 January 1973 to the Enz district by the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform [de].

## Geography

The municipality (Gemeinde) of Niefern-Öschelbronn covers an area of 22.02 square kilometers (8.50 sq mi) of the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg and the Federal Republic of Germany. Physically, the municipality is located where the buntsandstein of the Black Forest meets the muschelkalk plateaus of the Neckar basin [de]. The primary watercourse is the Enz, whose wide valley makes up the northern area of the municipality. The banks of the Enz are the site of the lowest elevation above sea water in the municipality at 226 meters (741 ft) Normalnull (NN). The highest elevation, 431 meters (1,414 ft) NN, is the Steinbuckel, in the south of the municipality.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1970 | 8,911 |
| 1987 | 9,530 |
| 2011 | 11,755 |

## Coat of arms

Niefern-Öschelbronn's municipal coat of arms is a combination of Niefern and Öschelbronn's coats of arms and their tinctures. It depicts a golden fountain with silver waters and three gold six-pointed stars upon a field of blue. The image of a fountain had been in Öschelbronn's seals as early as 1755. The three stars, of Niefern, were taken from the coat of arms of Martin Achtsynit, Chancellor of Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, who had a castle in the town. The municipal coat of arms was approved by the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 31 July 1972.
# Laura Kinsale

Laura Kinsale is an American writer of historical romance novels since 1985.

## Biography

Kinsale has a Master of Science in Geology from the University of Texas at Austin. She worked in the petroleum industry before beginning to write. Now, she is a winner and multiple nominee for the Best Book of the Year award given by the Romance Writers of America.
She once characterized the oft-derided happy ending in romance novels as an "integration of the inner self."

## Career

Kinsale is the creator of Hedgehog Inc., which publishes audiobooks written by Kinsale and other authors, narrated by Nicholas Boulton and produced by The Story Circle, London. Several of the audiobooks released by Hedgehog Inc have been winners or nominees for AudioFile Earphones Awards.

## Awards

* The Prince of Midnight: 1991 Rita Awards Best Novel winner
* Shadowheart: 2005 Rita Awards Best Historical Novel winner
* Midsummer Moon: 2013 Audiofile Magazine Earphones Award, Best Voices, Fiction and Classics
* My Sweet Folly: 2013 Audiofile Magazine Earphones Award, Best Voices, Fiction and Classics
* The Shadow and the Star: 2013 Audiofile Magazine Earphones Award, Best Voices, Fiction and Classics
* For My Lady’s Heart: by Laura Kinsale; Narrated by Nicholas Boulton; Hedgehog, Inc.; Audio Publishers Association, 2014 Best Romance Finalist
# Pharmacy Act 1852

The Pharmacy Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. 56) was the first legislation in the United Kingdom to regulate pharmacists and druggists.
It set up a register of pharmacists and limited the use of the title to people registered with the Pharmaceutical Society, but proposals to give the society exclusive rights to sell drugs or poisons were rejected. It did not provide a legal definition for the trade and practice of pharmacy.
# Will Maher

Will Maher (born 4 November 1995) is an English former rugby league footballer who last played as a prop forward for Keighley Cougars in the RFL League 1, on season-long loan from Halifax Panthers in the RFL Championship.
He has previously played for the Castleford Tigers in the Super League, and spent time on loan from Castleford at Oxford and the Keighley Cougars in League 1, and the Batley Bulldogs and Halifax in the Championship.

## Background

Will Maher was born in Haverthwaite, near Ulverston, Cumbria, England. He attended Penny Bridge Primary School in Penny Bridge, and John Ruskin School in Coniston, Cumbria.

## Playing career

He spent the 2018 season on loan at Halifax in the Championship.
His brother, Patrick Maher, is a coach at Barrow Raiders.

### Halifax Panthers

In October 2022, Maher signed a two-year contract with Halifax Panthers.

### Keighley Cougars (loan)

On 31 Oct 2023 it was reported that he would join Keighley Cougars on season-long loan for 2024.
At the end of the 2024 season he announced his retirement to take up a role at a school.
# Ivanychi

Ivanychi (Ukrainian: Іваничі; Polish: Iwanicze) is a rural settlement in Volyn Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the historic region of Volhynia. It is the administrative seat of Ivanychi settlement hromada. Population: 6,260 (2022 estimate).

## History

Until 26 January 2024, Ivanychi was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Ivanychi became a rural settlement.

## Notable people

* Ihor Lapin - Ukrainian lawyer, politician and military commander.
* Oksana Kukhta - Ukrainian wrestler.
# Christian Audigier

Christian Audigier (French:; 21 May 1958 – 9 July 2015) was a French fashion designer known for the Ed Hardy and Von Dutch clothing lines.

## Early life

Christian Audigier was born on 21 May 1958 in Avignon, France.

## Career

Audigier began working in the fashion industry at the age of fifteen. He designed a line of denim that was inspired by his love for rock and roll, specifically The Rolling Stones. His designs became so popular that a top executive from MacKeen Jeans took notice of Audigier's talent, affording him the opportunity to create with the company and travel the world. He moved to New York in his early twenties to expand his own brand. He worked with Guess, Levi's, Diesel, Fiorucci, Bisou Bisou and XOXO, Smet, among others.
He then moved to Los Angeles where he would achieve most of his success as a fashion designer. After the death of artist Kenny Howard, also known as Von Dutch, in 1992, Howard's daughters sold the Von Dutch name to Ed Boswell who then began working together with Michael Cassel and Robert Vaughn to create the Von Dutch brand. Later, Tonny Sorensen would be brought in as an investor and would become a 51% owner of the company while Michael Cassel owned 49%. It was Tonny Sorensen who initially brought in Christian Audigier. The clothing brand that followed gained popularity in the US and attracted the attention of celebrities such as Madonna, Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, and later Ashton Kutcher and Eric Church. Audigier helped popularize the brand, but left on amicable terms in 2007. He went on to popularize the Ed Hardy brand. Audigier's other brands include SMET with French singer Johnny Hallyday. Audigier's brands are sold internationally in over 40 countries.
In 2008, he joined forces with a small cooperative in France, Montpeyroux Estates, to release a line of fine wines. The bottles are wrapped with labels that are designed with the classic Ed Hardy designs and are done by art director and photographer Barry Sutton.
Audigier was a partner along with Pure Management in a nightclub in the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. The nightclub closed in September 2010.
He released a line of Ed Hardy perfumes for men and women. In 2012, he appeared on an episode of Sweden's Next Top Model.
In 2011 Christian Audigier sold Ed Hardy to Iconix Brand Management Group.

## Personal life

He had four children: Crystal, Dylan, Rocco and Vito. Audigier resided in the Mid-Wilshire section of Los Angeles.

## Health problems and death

Christian Audigier was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome, a blood cancer, in January 2015. He died 10 July 2015 at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, California, after lapsing into a coma. He was 57 years old.
# Roman Svichkar

Roman Yuliyovych Svichkar (Ukrainian: Роман Юрійович Свічкар, romanized: Roman Julijovych Svičkar; born 23 June 1993) is a Ukrainian épée fencer, bronze medallist in the 2018 World Fencing Championships.

## Career

Roman Svichkar represented Ukraine at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore, where he was 12th in individual event.
Svichkar earned a place in the national team in 2017. Since then he participates in different international senior competitions. On May 13, 2018, he won his first ever World Cup medal which was bronze in team event in Paris. At the 2018 European Fencing Championships he was 19th in individual competition and 5th in team.
He surprised at the 2018 World Fencing Championships in Wuxi, China, where he won bronze having beaten the reigning at that time World Champion Paolo Pizzo from Italy.

## Personal life

Svichkar is a student at the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University.
# Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (Bolivia)

The Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (Spanish: Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil, DGAC) is an agency of the government of Bolivia. Its headquarters are on the ninth floor of the Edificio Multicine (Mutliplex Cinema Building) in La Paz. The agency investigates aviation accidents and incidents.
# Newlyn School of Art

Newlyn School of Art is a not-for-profit educational organisation based in West Cornwall offering short art courses and mentoring by way of professional development for artists. The art school was set up in 2011 with part funding from the Arts Council of England towards the equipment set up costs.
Newlyn School of Art is based in the famous artists' colony of Newlyn in West Cornwall and provides art courses in painting, drawing, sculpture, pottery and printmaking taught by many of the best known artists working in Cornwall today. Many of the art school's courses take place in the dramatic coastal surroundings nearby which inspired the famous Newlyn School of Painters in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
The art school has provided courses for over 2,000 students since opening towards the end of 2011. Aside from the courses it provides on its own premises at the art school it has also been commissioned to provide courses for Tate Gallery, Penlee House Gallery and Museum and in association with Newlyn Art Gallery in Cornwall. The first annual fundraising exhibition of the art school's tutors took place in October 2013 at Newlyn Art Gallery.
The school provides teaching work for over thirty of Cornwall's most respected artists currently including; Rose Hilton, Neil Pinkett, Jason Walker, Naomi Frears, Jack Doherty, Paul Lewin, Jesse Leroy Smith, Tim Shaw, Paul Wadsworth, Lisa Wright, Sam Bassett, Jessica Cooper, Gareth Edwards, Hannah Woodman, Patrick Lowry, Maggie O'Brien, Rachael Kantaris, Mary Crockett, Kate Walters, Mark Spray, Tom Rickman, David Paton, Mark Surridge, Marie Claire Hamon, Faye Dobinson, Claire Armitage, Lucy Willow, Caroline Pedler, Jacqui Knight, Nik Strangelove, Alex Higlett, Geogina Hounsome, Mark Jenkin and Rachael Reeves.
The art school is housed in a Victorian school building in the Artists' Quarter of Newlyn.
# Vradiivka

Vradiivka (Ukrainian: Врадіївка; Russian: Врадиевка) is a rural settlement in Pervomaisk Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Vradiivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Until 1964 the settlement was known as Velyka Vradiivka. Population: 7,956 (2022 estimate).
Vradiivka is located on the right bank of the Kodyma, a right tributary of the Southern Bug.

## History

Aryeh Leib Schochet, a Chassidic scholar, became a rabbi in Vradiivka in the 19th century.
In the 1920s, the current area of the district belonged to Odessa Governorate. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. In 1923, Velyka Vradiivka Raion with the administrative center in Vradiivka was established. It belonged to Pervomaisk Okruha. In 1925, the governorates were abolished, and okruhas were directly subordinated to Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, okruhas were abolished, and on 27 February 1932, Odessa Oblast was established, and Velyka Vradiivka was included into Odessa Oblast. In February 1954, Velyka Vradiivka Raion was transferred to Mykolaiv Oblast. In January 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Velyka Vradiivka Raion was abolished and merged into Kryve Ozero Raion. In 1964, Velyka Vradiivka was renamed Vradiivka. On 8 December 1966 Vradiivka Raion with the administrative center in Vradiivka was established on the lands previously belonging to Kryve Ozero Raion. In 1967, Vradiivka was granted urban-type settlement status.
On 18 July 2020, Vradiivka Raion was abolished as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Mykolaiv Oblast to four. The area of Vradiivka Raion was merged into Pervomaisk Raion. On 26 January 2024, a new law entered into force which abolished the status of urban-type settlement status, and Vradiivka became a rural settlement.

### Vradiivka rape

In June 2013, a rape of a local resident by policemen caused riots in Vradiivka and nationwide, after the authorities initially failed to charge the perpetrators.
On 26 June 2013, two police officers and a taxi driver raped Iryna Krashkova in Vradiivka and then tried to kill her. The victim survived but with severe injuries. Originally, only one police officer and the taxi driver were arrested. As a result, on 1 July 2013 hundreds of angry protesters stormed the district police department and demanded the arrest of the second officer, who was detained soon after. All three men were sentenced to prison. Since then, "Vradiivka has become a symbol for protests against police crimes and the arbitrariness of the justice system".

## Transportation

Vradiivka railway station in the settlement has connections to Pervomaisk and Podilsk.
# Medial dorsal nucleus

The medial dorsal nucleus (or mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, dorsomedial nucleus, dorsal medial nucleus, or medial nucleus group) is a large nucleus in the thalamus. It is separated from the other thalamic nuclei by the internal medullary lamina.
The medial dorsal nucleus is interconnected with the prefrontal cortex, therefore involved in prefrontal functions. Damage to the interconnected tract or the nucleus itself will result in similar damage to the prefrontal cortex. It is also believed to play a role in memory.

## Structure

The medial dorsal nucleus relays inputs from the amygdala and olfactory cortex and projects to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, and in turn relays them to the prefrontal association cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking, and active memory.
The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain.
By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated at around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells.

### Parts of nucleus

The medial dorsal nucleus has four parts.
* paralaminar part of the medial dorsal nucleus
* magnocellular part of the medial dorsal nucleus
* parvicellular/parvocellular part of the medial dorsal nucleus
* densocellular part of the medial dorsal nucleus

## Function
### Pain processing

While both the ventral and medial dorsal nuclei process pain, the medial dorsal nucleus bypasses primary cortices, sending their axons directly to secondary and association cortices. The cells also send axons directly to many parts of the brain, including nuclei of the limbic system such as the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate, and the hippocampus. This part of the sensory system, known as the non-classical or extralemniscal system is less accurate, and less detailed in regards to sensory signal analysis. This processing is known colloquially as "fast and dirty" rather than the "slow and accurate" processing of the classical or lemniscal system. This pathway activates parts of the brain that evoke emotional responses.

### Saccadic efference copy

The medial dorsal nucleus is also presumed to play a role in monitoring internal movements of the eye. Specifically, its function is to relay the information about how the eyes will be moved (efference copy, also known as corollary discharge) from the superior colliculus to the frontal eye fields (FEF) in order to aid the neurons in FEF to change their receptive fields to where the visual stimuli will appear after the saccade.

## Clinical significance

Damage to the medial dorsal nucleus has been associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.

## Additional images

* Thalamus
* Thalamus
* Human left thalamus (left upper rear view)
# Solbus

Solbus is a Polish bus manufacturer founded in 2001 in Solec Kujawski. It has been described as one of the "major players in Poland's automotive industry". In 2005 it accounted for 20% of bus production in Poland, and was named by the business daily Puls Biznesu as the best company and one of the three fastest growing companies in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Currently it produces approximately 100-150 buses a year.

## Products - buses

Actual offer:
* Tourist coaches
** Solbus Soltour ST10
** Solbus Soltour ST11
* Intercity buses
** Solbus Soltour ST10/I
** Solbus Soltour ST11/I
** Solbus Solway SL10
** Solbus Solway SL11
* Local buses
** Solbus Solcity SN11L
* City buses
** Solbus Solcity SN11M
** Solbus Solcity SM12
** Solbus Solcity SM12 CNG
** Solbus Solcity SM12 LNG
** Solbus Solcity SM18 - new
** Solbus Solcity SM18 LNG - new
Historical buses:
* Tourist coaches
** Solbus LH 9,5
** Solbus C 10,5/1
* Intercity buses
** Solbus C 9,5
** Solbus C 10,5
* City buses
** Solbus B 9,5
# Erstroff

Erstroff (French pronunciation:; German: Ersdorf) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Italian Chess Federation

The Italian Chess Federation (Italian: Federazione Scacchistica Italiana; FSI) is the governing chess organization of Italy. It is a member of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) and FIDE (the World Chess Federation).

## Administration

* President
* President Honoris
* Board of Directors (10 members)
* Presidential Commission (5 members)
* Board of Fiscal Directors (5 members)
* Commission of Justice and Discipline (14 members)
* Commission of Arbiters (5 members)
* Office staff (3 members)
Only the three-member office staff receives compensation.

## Clubs and individual members

The Italian Chess Federation is structured in terms of clubs which are members of the federation, and individuals who are members of the clubs. All individual memberships are made through the clubs and are on a calendar year basis with the individual being a member of only one club for any particular calendar year.
2011 Membership Statistics:
* 380 clubs
* 14,184 individual members
* 856 instructors (a part (subset) of the individual members)
* 366 arbiters (a part (subset) of the individual members)
Since memberships are on an annual basis as opposed to a rolling basis, complete 2012 statistics will be not available until December 31, 2012.
# Athanasios Diakos, Greece

Athanasios Diakos (Greek: Αθανάσιος Διάκος, before 1958: Άνω Μουσουνίτσα - Ano Mousounitsa) is a small village in the municipal unit of Kallieis, Phocis, Greece. It was named after the Greek national hero Athanasios Diakos. He may have been born there as well, but this is disputed by the village Artotina. The village is situated on the eastern slope of the Vardousia mountains, above the upper valley of the river Mornos, at about 1000 m elevation. It is the largest village in the municipal unit. It is 2 km northwest of Mousounitsa, 12 km east of Artotina and 26 km northwest of Amfissa.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1981 | 135 |
| 1991 | 308 |
| 2001 | 307 |
| 2011 | 518 |
| 2021 | 272 |
# National Library of Mauritania

The Bibliothèque Nationale de Mauritanie (English: National Library of Mauritania, Arabic: المكتبة الوطنية الموريتانية) is located in Nouakchott, Mauritania in the building of the National Museum of Mauritania. The library has a collection of 10,000 volumes and employs 41 staff members.
The library has seven branches.
# Huiberdina

Huiberdina is a first name of Dutch origin. Notable people with this name:
* Huiberdina Donkervoort (born 1953), Dutch sports administrator and former Olympic rower
* Huiberdina Krul (1922–1994), Dutch Olympic artistic gymnast
# Oštrelj

Oštrelj (Serbian Cyrillic: Оштрељ; Romanian: Oștreli) is a village in the municipality of Bor, Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 523 people.
# Choli, Cyprus

Choli (Greek: Χόλη) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 7 km south of Polis Chrysochous. It is home to three churches: the late fifteenth- to early sixteenth-century Arkhángelos Mikaïl church, the fifteenth-century Panayía Odhiyítria Orthodox church and the twelfth-century St George church.

## Nearby

The east side of the village is connected with the main road of Pafos-Poli Chrisochous, through the village Skoulli. The north side is connected with the village Goudi. In other words, Choli is only 2 kilometers away from Goudi and 1.5 kilometers away from Skoulli, which is actually the bridge of communication with Pafos.

## Climate

The average rainfall here is 580 mm annually.
# Siddharth Lama

Siddarth Lama (Nepali: सिद्धार्थ लामा) (born 1985; Pokhara, Nepal) is a Nepali film actor. Outside Nepal he is best known for his memorable role as the Rimpoche in the Malayalam film Yoddha (1992). He has since played the lead role in Lenin Rajendran's Malayalam film Edavappathy (2016).

## Personal life

Siddharth is the son of the Nepali film maker and actor Yubraj Lama. He is a graduate in management and works with the Nepal National Sports Council. He is a recovered drug addict, a Trained Drug Counselor and General Secretary of D-Care Foundation, a NGO that works with drug users in Nepal. He has authored a book Drug and Drug Addiction.

## Film career

Siddharth, then a six-year-old, shot to fame and immense popularity in Kerala for his role as the young Rimpoche in the hit Malayalam movie Yoddha. He plays the lead role in Lenin Rajendran's Edavappathy alongside Manisha Koirala and Utthara Unni. Siddharth has also starred as a child artiste in several Nepali films and played the lead in one feature film, Gandharva, and in a couple of short films.
# Serixia merangensis

Serixia merangensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958.
# Serixia mindoroensis

Serixia mindoroensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1960.