OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Grand Korean Waterway

The Grand Korean Waterway, officially known as the Pan Korea Grand Waterway, was a proposed 540-kilometer-long (340 mi) canal connecting Seoul and Busan, South Korea's two largest cities. The canal would run diagonally across the country connecting the Han River, which flows through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, to the Nakdong River, which flows through Busan into the Korea Strait. The proposed canal would traverse difficult mountainous terrain.
The Pan Korea Grand Waterway was a project of Lee Myung-bak, the 10th president of South Korea. It met with huge controversy and disapproval and was later abandoned. Lee stated that the canal would bring clear water source by cleaning layers of sediments that formed in the rivers, create tourist infrastructure and prevent disturbance of logistics.
Many Koreans were anxious about Lee's plans. They argued that the canal would prove disastrous to the natural environment and potentially hazardous to the freshwater sources that nearly 50 million residents of the country depend on. In addition, many researchers and interested distribution industries prospected the canal would be economically unprofitable because land transportation may be more cost-effective.
Supporters of the plan insisted that the length of the construction would only be 40 km, linking the Han River with the Nakdong River. The canal would require sufficient width, depth and height of bridge decks to allow barges passage. Major portions of the Han and Nakdong are far narrower and shallower than is required, with most of the bridges on these rivers being unsuitable as their clearance is too low. The scale of construction would be enormous; a number of bridges would need to be rebuilt and both rivers would require extensive dredging along the 540-kilometer route.
Lee proposed to fund the project almost exclusively through private funds and subsidize it through the sale of sand and gravel dredged from the rivers and streams involved in the project. This dredging would, he argued, also make the rivers cleaner.
The proposal included a smaller canal, planned to link Seoul and neighboring Incheon. It was suggested that this would assist economic partnerships between the two cities, lessen traffic congestion, and stimulate tourism, beyond providing Seoul access to the Yellow Sea (West Sea). The mouth of the Han River is in an area between North Korea and South Korea, which limits economic activity in the region for security reasons.
# George Stafford (rugby league)

George Stafford was a professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at club level for Castleford.

## Playing career
### County League appearances

George Stafford played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire League during the 1932–33 season.
# Jimmy Jones (rugby league)

Jimmy Jones is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at club level for Castleford.
# Tullius Cicero Tupper

Tullius Cicero Tupper (February 9, 1809 – August 14, 1866) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher, and major general of the Mississippi State Troops in the American Civil War.

## Early life

T.C. Tupper was born February 9, 1809, to a family of English descent in Barnard, Vermont. He attended the University of Vermont, and then moved to Canton, Mississippi. In Mississippi, he worked as an attorney and was the publisher of the Canton Herald newspaper in the late 1830s. Tupper killed two men in duels while living in Mississippi, but was never convicted of murder for their deaths.
T.C. Tupper married Mary Harding Drane in 1842. The couple had five children: Henry Clay Tupper (1842–1928), Tullius Cicero Tupper II (1845–1915), Walter Drane Tupper (1847–1906), Mary Green Tupper (1851–1853), and Anna Mary Powell (1854–1919).

## American Civil War

As a prominent attorney, deemed "a highly respectable and patriotic citizen," by Jefferson Davis, Tupper acted as an advisor to Mississippi governor John J. Pettus during the secession crisis. Tupper was commissioned as Major General of the Mississippi State Troops on March 10, 1862, and tasked with reorganizing the state defense force from the antebellum state militia companies. The State troops experienced problems with discipline and supply, and were faced with competing demands from the Governor to keep troops under local control for state defense, as opposed to the Confederate government, which wished to bring all military forces under the direct control of the Confederate army. General Tupper believed the State Troops should be sent back to their communities to act as a traditional home guard militia after an initial period of military training, but Mississippi Governor Pettus advocated a centralized system that kept the State Troops in camps. Due to these tensions, Tupper resigned his commission as Major General in the spring of 1863, and Samuel J. Gholson took over command of the State Troops.
After his resignation, Tupper returned to civilian life, and died on August 14, 1866, in Canton, Mississippi.
# Scott Milne Matheson Sr.

Scott Milne Matheson (August 9, 1897 – October 4, 1958) was the United States attorney for the District of Utah from 1949 to 1953.

## Life and career

Scott Milne Matheson was born on August 9, 1897, in Parowan, Utah, and served in the United States army during World War I. Matheson received his bachelor's degree from the University of Utah and then taught high school for a time in Parowan. He then went to Chicago where he earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago and did further studies at Northwestern University. In 1930, Matheson returned to Iron County, Utah, where he formed the law firm Matheson and Morris and also taught at the institution that is now Southern Utah University. From 1932 to 1934, he was the county attorney for Iron County. He was also a counselor in the presidency of the local stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1934, Matheson was made an assistant United States Attorney for the District of Utah. In 1949, he was appointed United States attorney for the District of Utah by President Harry S. Truman. In 1953, he resigned this office largely due to ill health. Matheson died on October 4, 1958, at age 61 from a heart attack.
Matheson is the father of Scott M. Matheson Jr., who served as Governor of Utah from 1977 to 1985. Matheson Sr. is the grandfather of U.S. Congressman Jim Matheson and federal judge Scott Matheson Jr.

## Sources

* Biography of Matheson from the United States attorney's office
* This American law–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
* e
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# Kumylzhensky District

Kumylzhensky District (Russian: Кумылженский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Kumylzhensky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,977 square kilometers (1,149 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a stanitsa) of Kumylzhenskaya. Population: 21,425 (2010 Census); 23,499 (2002 Census); 23,647 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kumylzhenskaya accounts for 37.1% of the district's total population.

## History

The district was called Podtyolkovsky District from 1970–1994.
# Reinhardt's fund

Reinhardt's fund (named after Aktion Reinhardt, which in turn was named after Reinhard Heydrich) was a group of Nazi German bank accounts where money and valuables stolen from concentration and death camp victims were kept. The money was used to finance a number of Nazi construction projects, including the construction of new concentration camps.
# Novokhopyorsky District

Novokhopyorsky District (Russian: Новохопёрский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,334 square kilometers (901 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Novokhopyorsk. Population: 36,148 (2021 Census); 41,128 (2010 Census); 45,074 (2002 Census); 50,684 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Novokhopyorsk accounts for 16.5% of the district's total population.
# Mountain Home, Texas

Mountain Home is an unincorporated community in Kerr County, Texas, United States, at the intersection of State Hwy 27 and State Hwy 41. Mountain Home has a post office with the ZIP code 78058.

## History

The community area was the site of an 1878 Indian raid, in which four settlers, all children, were killed.
The first Mountain Home post office was established in 1879, with Hiram L Nelson as the first Postmaster.
The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Fisheries Research Station opened on Highway 27 in 1925.
The Texas Catholic Boys Camp was started in Mountain Home in 1951 by the Society of Mary.

## Education

Divide Independent School District is the local school district for elementary school. Divide ISD feeds into Ingram Independent School District, which provides secondary education.
# La Nouvelle Colonie

La Nouvelle Colonie or La Ligue des Femmes is a comedy in three acts and in prose written by French playwright Pierre de Marivaux. It was first performed on 18 June 1729 by the Comédie-Italienne at the Hôtel de Bourgogne. La Nouvelle Colonie was a failure, and Marivaux therefore edited and published it as La Colonie in the Mercure de France in 1750.
The fact that he published it twenty years later shows how important the subject was to Marivaux. He did not accept the way women were treated in France at the time, their humiliating education, and their inferior social status. He was in favour of women's equality, gave them lead roles usually reserved to men, and argues that their frivolity was due to the poor quality of their upbringing rather than nature. In La Nouvelle colonie, he shows women overtly revolting against oppression.

## Characters

* Arthénice, noble woman.
* Madam Sorbin, craftsman's wife.
* Mr Sorbin, Madam Sorbin's husband.
* Timagène, noble man.
* Lina, Madam Sorbin's daughter.
* Persinet, young mand of the people and Lina's lover.
* Hermocrate, noble man.
* Troupe of women, nobles and poor.

## Plot

La Nouvelle Colonie is set on a fictitious Ancient Greek island inhabited with exiles, nobles from the Ancient Times such as Arthénice and Timagène, and Modern gentlemen and gentlewomen like Mr and Madam Sorbin. The population of the island urges Timagène and Mr Sorbin to write the laws of the colony. Arthénice, loved by Timagène, and Madam Sorbin, seize the opportunity to rebel against masculine tyranny and reclaim the right to pass laws too. In her speech to the women's assembly, Arthénice unveils Marivaux's arguments to support women's right to equality, stating that their inferiority is only due to their lack of education. But Madam Sorbin divides their support by passing the law that women should all become ugly, so that men would not woo them and they would not risk being enslaved once more. The men try to appease the insurrection by reminding the women of what they call their duties, but they lack arguments and pretexts against the women's inexhaustible eloquence. Timagène eventually finds a way to stop them, by pretending that the colony is attacked and the women will have to take arms and defend their land. They then accept to go home and let the men fight an imagined menace, when Timagène promises them that their rights and interests will be taken into consideration in the new statuses of the colony.

## Analysis

    « Minerva guides
    The wise, the virtuous,
    Juno presides
    Over the ambitious hearts,
    Venus decides
    Of lovers' fate.
    Everything that breathes
    Lives under the power
    Of such a flattering sex ».
Through subtle comparisons, Marivaux, without overtly supporting women, as he condemns their excesses and concludes the play with a return to a conservative order of society, hopes to make his reader realise certain truths about women. With the cover of satire, he reflects upon the place of women in society, disproves that only the laws of men count, and argues that women are more influential on men's decision than what the latter think.
# Vetluzhsky District

Vetluzhsky District (Russian: Ветлу́жский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Vetluzhsky Municipal District. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,992.4 square kilometers (1,155.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Vetluga. Population: 16,330 (2010 Census); 18,902 (2002 Census); 22,559 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Vetluga accounts for 54.8% of the district's total population.

## History

The district was established in 1929.

## Notable residents

* Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov (1880–1918), military officer, born in the village of Burdukovo, near Vetluga
* Aleksey Pisemsky (1821–1881), novelist and dramatist, lived his first ten years at Vetluga
* Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919), writer and philosopher, born in Vetluga
* Viktor Rozov (1913–2004), dramatist and screenwriter, received primary education at Vetluga from 1918
# Happy Birthday (Concrete Blonde song)

"Happy Birthday" is a song from American alternative rock band Concrete Blonde, which was released in 1989 as the second single from their second studio album Free. The song was written and produced by the band.

## Music video

The song's music video was directed by Jane Simpson. It was shot in an apartment in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. The footage is interspersed with animated drawings.

## Critical reception

On its release in the UK, Geoff Zeppelin of Record Mirror called "Happy Birthday" a "glorious, simple and downright hummable number" and continued, "Neat, jaunty and a snip over two minutes. What more could you ask for, except a chance to hear it on the radio?" Robert Sloman of the Staines & Ashford News described it as "original and hummable" and praised Concrete Blonde as "one of Los Angeles' finest rock bands". Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "This cheerful-sounding song, one of the year's catchiest, is really about an unhappy birthday, but Napolitano – writing about spending the night of her own 30th at home alone – is following in the great rock 'n' roll tradition of making feeling bad sound good. It's the best pop birthday song since the Beatles took a crack at it, and a little more substantive, too."
In a review of Free, Steve Hochman of the Los Angeles Times described the song as "guilelessly Beatlesque" and a song about "remembering and/or looking forward to better times". David Okamoto of the St. Petersburg Times commented, "Napolitano shows a playful sense of irony on 'Happy Birthday,' a deceivingly tuneful ditty about a poor woman who celebrates her birthday in a tenement apartment by listening to the radio and the cats in the alley." Mark Lepage of The Montreal Gazette wrote, "The music [on Free] has a particularly L.A. feel, half beauty and half grit that sticks to you in the heat, typified by 'Happy Birthday,' one of those perfect marriages of melody and rock 'n' roll consummated in just over two minutes."

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the UK CD single liner notes and the Free CD album booklet.
"Happy Birthday"
* Johnette Napolitano – vocals
* Jim Mankey – guitars
* Allan Bloch – bass
* Harry Rushakoff – drums
Production
* Concrete Blonde – producers (all tracks)
* Earle Mankey – recording (all tracks), producer ("Free")
* Chris Tsangarides – mixing (all tracks)
Other
* Anne Sperling – photography
* Johnette Napolitano – sleeve design

## Charts

| Chart (1989) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA Charts) | 81 |
| Canada Top Singles (RPM) | 82 |
# Aurillac–Tronquières Airport

Aurillac–Tronquières Airport (French: Aéroport d'Aurillac–Tronquières) (IATA: AUR, ICAO: LFLW) is an airport located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of Aurillac, a commune of the Cantal département in the Auvergne région of France.

## Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Aurillac Airport:
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Chalair Aviation | Paris–Orly |
# Grand Duke's Official Birthday

The Grand Duke's Official Birthday (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogsgebuertsdag, French: Célébration publique de l'anniversaire du souverain), also known as Luxembourgish National Day (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerger Nationalfeierdag, French: Fête nationale luxembourgeoise, German: Luxemburgischer Nationalfeiertag), is celebrated as the annual national holiday of Luxembourg. It is celebrated on 23 June, although this has never been the actual birthday of any ruler of Luxembourg. When the monarch of Luxembourg is female, it is known as the Grand Duchess's Official Birthday.

## Development of the holiday

The monarch's birthday has not always been celebrated on 23 June. Under William I (1815–1840), the date was 24 April (although his actual birthday was 24 August), and under William II (1840–1849), it was 6 December, his actual birthday. Because William I abdicated between 24 April and 6 December, the holiday was celebrated twice in 1840. Under William III (1849–1890), the date was set at 17 June until 1859, after which his birthday was celebrated on 19 February, two days after his actual birthday.
With the separation of the orders of succession, the Dutch and Luxembourgish thrones split in 1890. The Nassau-Weilburg monarchs celebrated their official birthdays on their actual birthdays. In 1947, the day was declared the 'national holiday'. As both the then-reigning Charlotte and the heir apparent (and regent) Jean were born in January, it was feared that their actual birthdays, therefore the nation's holiday, would be marred by poor weather. Thus, on 23 December 1961, the date was fixed on 23 June by Grand Ducal decree.

## Celebration of the holiday

The festivities of the Luxembourgish National Day begin on the afternoon of June 22nd. A torchlight parade takes place at dusk on the evening of June 22nd, and dancing and festivities continue late until the night. June 23rd is a public holiday and processions with the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg take place.
# Kosmos 850

Kosmos 850 (Russian: Космос 850 meaning Cosmos 850), also known as DS-P1-Yu No.79, was a Soviet satellite which was launched in 1976 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was a 400-kilogram (880 lb) spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and was used as a radar calibration target for anti-ballistic missile tests.
A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 850 from Site 133/1 of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch occurred at 11:00 UTC on 26 August 1976, and resulted in the successfully insertion of the satellite into low Earth orbit. Upon reaching orbit, the satellite was assigned its Kosmos designation, and received the International Designator 1976-084A. The North American Aerospace Defense Command assigned it the catalogue number 09387.
Kosmos 850 was the last of seventy nine DS-P1-Yu satellites to be launched, of which seventy two successfully achieved orbit. It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 267 kilometres (166 mi), an apogee of 479 kilometres (298 mi), 70.9 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 92 minutes. It remained in orbit until it decayed and reentered the atmosphere on 16 May 1977.
# Martin Murphy (rugby league)

Martin Murphy is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for England and Lancashire, and at club level for Oldham and Newtown Jets, as a fullback.

## Playing career
### International honours

Martin Murphy won a cap for England while at Oldham in 1975 against France.

### County Cup Final appearances

Martin Murphy played fullback in Oldham's 2-30 defeat by St. Helens in the 1968 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1968–69 season at Central Park, Wigan on Friday 25 October 1968.

## Honoured at Oldham

Martin Murphy is an Oldham Hall Of Fame Inductee.
# Paradeisia, Arcadia

Paradeisia (Greek: Παραδείσια, before 1924: Κούρταγα - Kourtaga) is a village and a community in Arcadia, Greece, and a part of the municipality of Megalopoli. The community consists of the villages Paradeisia and Fanaiti. Paradeisia is 4 km east of Chranoi, 4 km west of Veligosti, 4 km north of Chirades and 11 km southwest of Megalopoli.

## Population

| Year | Village population | Community population |
| 1981 | 310 | - |
| 1991 | 231 | - |
| 2001 | 303 | 339 |
| 2011 | 153 | 175 |
| 2021 | 146 | 161 |
# Nkandla

Nkandla is a South African place name that may refer to:
* Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal, a town
* Nkandla Local Municipality, the local authority that includes the town and surrounds
* Nkandla homestead, the homestead of President Jacob Zuma
* Nkandla (moth), a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae
# Zubiv, Ternopil Oblast

Zubiv (Ukrainian: Зубів) is a village in Mykulyntsi settlement hromada, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine.

## History

The first written mention of the village was in 1410.
After the liquidation of the Terebovlia Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Ternopil Raion.

## Religion

* Two churches of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1867, brick, OCU; 2010, brick, UGCC).
# Château de Noirmoutier

The Château de Noirmoutier is a castle on the Île de Noirmoutier in the Vendée département of France. It dominates the town of Noirmoutier-en-l'Île with its almost 20-metre-high (66 ft) keep. The castle is very well preserved and a fine example of 12th-century medieval architecture.

## History

The first traces of the castle appeared in 830 with the construction of a castrum by the abbot Hilbold, from the monastery of Saint-Philbert. It served to defend the monks and the island's population from the Vikings.
The castle was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century by the feudal power who was trying to stabilise the region, notably by preventing Norman pillaging. The island at that time was under the control of the barons of La Garnache. The keep was built by Pierre IV of La Garnache, then an enclosure equipped with towers was built around the lower courtyard.
In the 16th century, the castle was held by the La Trémoille family, then viscounts of Thouars.
The castle resisted numerous attacks:
* the English in 1342 and 1360, and again in 1386 under the command of the Earl of Arundel
* the Spanish in 1524 and 1588
but in 1674, it was taken by the Dutch troops of Admiral Cornelis Tromp.
The castle was sold in 1720 to Louis IV Henri de Bourbon-Condé, who resold it in 1767 to Louis XV.
During the French Revolution, the castle was used as a military prison. During the 19th century, it was used as a barracks. In 1871, during the Paris Commune, insurgents were imprisoned there.
The castle was used to intern German nationals during the First World War.
In 1960, a house was built within the castle grounds by the governor of the island and the castle. Today, the keep houses the Noirmoutier Museum.

## Architecture

The keep at the centre of the castle is solid and rectangular. Built of rubble, it has three floors, with the lords' residence at the top. The keep has numerous murder holes and defensive turrets at the corners. The rectangular fortification consists of two towers, a single gate and two watch turrets in the four corners. At the beginning of the 18th century, the towers were reconstructed and the keep adapted for artillery.
Property of the commune, the Château de Noirmoutier is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.