OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1925 in Malaya

This article lists important figures and events in the public affairs of British Malaya during the year 1925, together with births and deaths of prominent Malayans.

## Incumbent political figures
### Central level

* Governor of Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States :
** Laurence Nunns Guillemard
* Governor of Straits Settlements :
** Laurence Nunns Guillemard

### State level

* Perlis :
** Raja of Perlis : Syed Alwi Syed Saffi Jamalullail
* Johore :
** Sultan of Johor : Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur
* Kedah :
** Sultan of Kedah : Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
* Kelantan :
** Sultan of Kelantan : Sultan Ismail
* Terengganu :
** Sultan of Terengganu : Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah
* Selangor :
** British Residents of Selangor : Oswald Francis Gerard Stonor
** Sultan of Selangor : Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman
* Penang :
** Residents-Councillor : William Peel
* Malacca :
** Residents-Councillor : Ralph Scott
* Negri Sembilan :
** British Residents of Negri Sembilan :
*** Edward Shaw Hose (until unknown date)
*** Ernest Charteris Holford Wolff (from unknown date)
** Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan : Tuanku Muhammad Shah ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah
* Pahang :
** British Residents of Pahang : Henry Wagstaffe Thomson
** Sultan of Pahang : Sultan Abu Bakar
* Perak :
** British Residents of Perak :
*** Cecil William Chase Parr (until 20 December)
*** Oswald Francis Gerard Stonor (from 20 December)
** Sultan of Perak : Sultan Abdul Aziz Al-Mutasim Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa I

## Events

* 29 June – The Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia is founded.
* July – The British government agrees to suppress the Kuomintang in Malaya.
* Unknown date – Toh Allang Chinese Tin Ltd. is the first all-Chinese limited liability company established in Perak.

## Births

* 1 January – Ahmad Koroh, fifth governor of Sabah (died 1978)
* 18 February – Ghafar Baba, former 6th Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia (died 2006)
* 10 July – Mahathir Mohamad, former 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia
* 8 August – Aziz Sattar, actor and comedian (died 2014)
** 22 December - Harun Idris, former 8th Chief Minister of Selangor (died 2003)

## Deaths

* 5 September – Lionel Mabbot Woodward, Chief Judicial Commissioner of the Federated Malay States (1920-1925) (born 1864)
# Lambda Aquilae

Lambda Aquilae, Latinized from λ Aquilae, is a star in the constellation Aquila. It has the traditional name Al Thalimain /ælˌθælɪˈmeɪn/, which it shares with ι Aquilae. The name is derived from the Arabic الظلیمين al-ẓalīmayn "the two ostriches". Lambda Aquilae is more precisely Al Thalimain Prior. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.43, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about 125 light-years (38 parsecs) from Earth.

## Properties

Lambda Aquilae is a main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9Vn, which means that, like the Sun, it is generating energy at its core through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen. It is more massive than the Sun, with about three times its mass, and radiates about 55 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at a higher effective temperature of 11,780 K. This temperature gives Lambda Aquilae the blue-white hue that is a characteristic of B-type stars. Lambda Aquilae was one of the least variable stars observed by the Hipparcos satellite. It is a suspected Lambda Boötis star and has an age of about 160 million years.
This star lies about 5° from the galactic plane and about 30° from the line of sight to the Galactic Center. This region of the sky is crowded with other objects along the line of sight, with at least 55 located within 10 arcseconds of the star. Examination of the star shows no companions with an 85% probability. Despite this, it is suspected of being a spectroscopic binary star. That is, it may have an orbiting companion whose presence is revealed by displacements in the absorption lines in the spectrum caused by the Doppler effect. Based upon the width of these lines, the star is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 103 km s$^{−1}$.

## Related space mission

NASA's Pioneer 11 space probe, launched in April 1973, exited the Solar System in 1990 and continued in the direction of Lambda Aquilae. It is estimated that it will take around 4 million years for the probe to make its closest approach to its destination, assuming it will remain intact. However, NASA stopped communicating with Pioneer 11 in March 1997 because the space probe's power was already too weak to transmit any data.

## Etymology

In Chinese, 天弁 (Tiān Biàn), meaning Market Officer, refers to an asterism consisting of λ Aquilae, α Scuti, δ Scuti, ε Scuti, β Scuti, η Scuti, 12 Aquilae, 15 Aquilae and 14 Aquilae. Consequently, the Chinese name for λ Aquilae itself is 天弁七 (Tiān Biàn qī, English: the Seventh Star of Market Officer).
This star, together with η Aql, θ Aql, δ Aql, ι Aql and κ Aql made up the obsolete constellation Antinous.
# Sun Zhen (field hockey)

Sun Zhen is a Chinese-born professional field hockey player who participated in the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid, Spain playing for China. She was part of the Chinese team that became the 2006 Asian Games champions in women's field hockey.
# Prospekt Vernadskogo (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line)

Prospekt Vernadskogo (Russian: Проспект Вернадского) is a station on the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line of the Moscow Metro. It was opened on 7 December 2021 as part of the section between Mnyovniki and Kakhovskaya. Passengers can transfer to Prospekt Vernadskogo.
# Kirill Setkin

Kirill Setkin (born 13 March 1993) is a Russian slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2009.
He competes in the C1 category and he won a bronze medal in the C1 team event at the 2019 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in La Seu d'Urgell as well as a bronze medal in the same event at the 2019 European Canoe Slalom Championships in Pau. He is the U23 World Champion in the C1 team event from 2014 and the Junior World Champion in the C1 event from 2010.
In September 2012, Setkin was suspended from competition for six months, after he was found to have violated RUSADA anti-doping regulations.

## World Cup individual podiums

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| 2019 | 7 September 2019 | Prague | 2nd | C1 |
# Tahrir (vocal technique)

Tahrir is a melismatic form in Persian classical singing that employs a vocal technique involving rapid glottal strokes over a series of notes. It is considered "an ornament of the melodic line," consisting of one or more short frequency jumps—called tekye—towards higher pitches. Tahrir is sometimes referred to as a form of yodeling.
# Khanjar Bolagh

Khanjar Bolagh (Persian: خنجربلاغ, also Romanized as Khanjar Bolāgh) is a village in Rudbar-e Mohammad-e Zamani Rural District, Alamut-e Gharbi District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 19 families.
# Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union

The Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers Union (DWRGLU), often known as the Dockers' Union, was a British trade union representing dock workers in the United Kingdom, founded in 1887 and merged into the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1922.

## History

The union was founded in 1887 as the Tea Operatives and General Labourers' Association, to organise opposition to a cut in wages for workers involved in unloading and processing tea at the East and West India Dock Company's Cutler Street warehouse. From the start, it included other supportive workers, with secretary Ben Tillett working at nearby Monument Quay Warehouse. Considered part of the New Unionism movement, it grew rapidly, with 2,300 members by the end of 1888.
The union was central to the London dock strike of 1889, many of the participants in the strike joining the union immediately after the strike. By the end of the year, it had 30,932 members, and had been renamed as the "Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union", reflecting the broader base of its membership. However, most dock labourers working in the docks on the south bank of the River Thames instead joined a new rival, the South Side Labour Protection League, in protest at the degree of centralisation in the Dockers' Union, and its refusal to allow branch meetings to take place in pubs.
The Dockers' Union rapidly became the principal union for dockworkers in London, Bristol, Cardiff, and other ports in the south and south-west. In South Wales it attracted a large following amongst metal-workers. The union was renamed the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Workers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1899. By this time, it had lost most of its members in London, but continued to grow as more workers joined elsewhere in the country.
The union was a constituent of the National Transport Workers' Federation and was keen to amalgamate with other similar unions. Ernest Bevin became a prominent official in the union from 1910, and he initiated the merger process which formed the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1922.
The union published the Dockers' Record as a monthly report of its activities.

## Election results

The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in two general elections, some of whom won election:
| Election | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Position |
| 1906 | Eccles | Ben Tillett | 3,985 | 26.4 | 3 |
| 1918 | Bristol South | Thomas Lewis | 6,409 | 31.8 | 2 |
| 1918 | Forest of Dean | James Wignall | 9,731 | 62.8 | 1 |
| 1918 | Salford North | Ben Tillett | 12,079 | 74.4 | 1 |

## Leadership
### Secretaries

    1887: Ben Tillett

### Presidents

    1887: Harry Orbell
    1889: Tom Mann
    1901: Thomas Merrells
    1902: J. Howell
    1905: James Wignall
    1908: J. Howell
    1911:
    1913: Dan W. Milford
# Westre

Westre (Danish: Vestre) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# Frolishchi

Frolishchi (Russian: Фроли́щи) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Volodarsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Population: 1,644 (2010 Census); 1,687 (2002 Census); 2,046 (1989 Soviet census).
# Pierre Mollaret

Pierre Mollaret (10 July 1898 – 3 December 1987) was a French neurologist who made significant scientific contributions to the study of infectious diseases and neurology.
He was born July 10, 1898 in Auxerre, France and died December 3, 1987 in Paris. A rare disease characterized by recurrent episodes of aseptic meningitis was discovered by Mollaret, and subsequently named after him - called Mollaret's meningitis, this disease is typically caused by herpes simplex virus infection of the brain.
In 1959 he described with Pierre Mollaret the brain death, called by them coma dépassé. Additionally, Mollaret is credited with characterizing a neural pathway known as the Guillain-Mollaret triangle or Myoclonic triangle, and the discovery of the causative agent of cat-scratch disease.
# Zaj Kan-e Sofla

Zaj Kan-e Sofla (Persian: زاجكان سفلي, also Romanized as Zāj Kān-e Soflá, Zāchgān-e Soflá, Zāchkān-e Soflá, Zadzhkan-Sufla, and Zājkān Sufla; also known as Zāj Kān-e Pā’īn) is a village in Kuhgir Rural District, Tarom Sofla District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census its population was 92, in 22 families.
# Nova Vas pod Rifnikom

Nova Vas pod Rifnikom (pronounced, Slovene: Nova vas pod Rifnikom, German: Neudorf) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Šentjur in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the village was changed from Nova vas (literally, 'new village') to Nova vas pod Rifnikom ('new village below Rifnik') in 1953 in order to differentiate it from other settlements with the same name.

## Geography

Nova Vas pod Rifnikom lies below the northeast slope of Rifnik Hill (elevation 568 meters or 1,864 feet) above the left bank of the Voglajna River. The houses stand on a fluvial terrace, below which is a damp flood plain with meadows. The soil is loose and has a low loam content.

## History

Nova Vas pod Rifnikom was annexed by Šentjur in 1984, ending its existence as an independent settlement.
# Phallusia mammillata

Phallusia mammillata is a solitary marine tunicate of the ascidian class found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

Phallusia mammillata is a solitary species of ascidian and can grow to a height of about 20 cm (8 in). The tunic is a translucent, bluish-white colour and is covered with irregular rounded lobes or mounds.

## Distribution

This tunicate is found on rocky, sandy or muddy substrates in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea to depths of about 200 m (656 ft).

## Biology

Like all tunicates, Phallusia mammillata has a thick leathery tunic containing a cellulosic material. The tunic encloses a sac-shaped cavity with separate siphons through which water is drawn in and expelled. The animal feeds on the planktonic particles that it filters from the incoming seawater by passing it through a mucous net.
Phallusia mammillata is one of a small number of ascidians that accumulate the element vanadium in their blood cells. It is unclear why the tunicate should do this, but concentrations of up to 350 mM have been found, some ten million times higher than in the surrounding seawater. The ascidian has at least ten different types of blood cell, and the vanadium-accumulating cells have been shown to be "vacuolated and granular amoebocytes, signet ring cells and type-II compartment cells".
Each P. mammillata individual is a hermaphrodite. Eggs are released through the exhalent siphon and external fertilization in the water column takes place. The eggs hatch into free-swimming, tadpole-like larvae, which within a few days settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juveniles.
# 1936 in Malaya

This article lists important figures and events in the public affairs of British Malaya during the year 1936, together with births and deaths of prominent Malayans.

## Incumbent political figures
### Central level

* Governor of Federated of Malay States :
** Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
* Chief Secretaries to the Government of the FMS :
** Marcus Rex (until unknown date)
* Federal Secretaries of the Federated of Malay States :
** Christopher Dominic Ahearne (from unknown date)
* Governor of Straits Settlements :
** Shenton Whitelegge Thomas

### State level

* Perlis :
** Raja of Perlis : Syed Alwi Syed Saffi Jamalullail
* Johore :
** Sultan of Johor : Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur
* Kedah :
** Sultan of Kedah : Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
* Kelantan :
** Sultan of Kelantan : Sultan Ismail Sultan Muhammad IV
* Trengganu :
** Sultan of Trengganu : Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah
* Selangor :
** British Residents of Selangor : Theodore Samuel Adams
** Sultan of Selangor : Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah
* Penang :
** Monarchs :
*** King George V (until 20 January)
*** King Edward VIII (20 January – 11 December)
*** King George VI (from 11 December)
** Residents-Councillors : Arthur Mitchell Goodman
* Malacca :
** Monarchs :
*** King George V (until 20 January)
*** King Edward VIII (20 January – 11 December)
*** King George VI (from 11 December)
** Residents-Councillors :
* Negri Sembilan :
** British Residents of Negri Sembilan : John Whitehouse Ward Hughes
** Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan : Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
* Pahang :
** British Residents of Pahang : C. C. Brown
** Sultan of Pahang : Sultan Abu Bakar
* Perak :
** British Residents of Perak : G. E. Cater
** Sultan of Perak : Sultan Iskandar Shah

## Events

* 18 February – Football Association of Selangor established.
* 22 February – Selangor FA was founded.
* Unknown date – The enactment of Penal Code.

## Births

* 19 January – Sidek Abdullah Kamar, Badminton player (died 2005)
* 21 May – Abdul Taib Mahmud, 4th Chief Minister of Sarawak (1981–2014) (died 2024)
* 16 November – Elyas Omar, politician (died 2018)
# National Party (Romania)

The Partida Națională (English: National Party) was a Romanian political party which existed in both Danubian Principalities from ca. 1700 to 1859, comprising those boyars who opposed foreign interference. It was a loose group which helped to popularize Romanian nationalism, and finally the union of the Principalities.
# French Rugby League Federation

The French Rugby League Federation (French: Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII (FFR)) is the governing body for the sport of rugby league in France. The Federation was formed during 1934 and since then has organised and governed the French rugby league championship, the Lord Derby Cup and all of the clubs that are contained within those organisations.
The FFR also controls the France national rugby league team organizing fixtures that they compete in, they also have a major voting position in the Rugby League International Federation where they help organise many aspects of rugby league worldwide.
Following development work by both Harry Sunderland (on behalf of the Australian Rugby League) and the Rugby Football League based in England, the Australian and Great British Test teams played an exhibition game at Stade Pershing in Paris in late December 1933. The French Rugby League was formed on 6 April 1934.
The Federation was arguably at its most progressive under the presidency of Paul Barrière. Barrière was a driving force in the formation of an International Board for the sport in 1948 and the institution of a World Cup in 1954.
# Pesakh (general)

Pesach or Pesakh (Hebrew: פסח psḥ) was a Khazar Jewish general mentioned in the Schechter Letter.
Pesach was military commander of the region around the Kerch Strait who defeated the armies of the Rus' prince hglw (Hebrew: הלגו‎), most likely Oleg the Wise, around the year 941 in the Taman Peninsula.

## Linguistic discussion

Dunlop argued that the term psḥ should be read as "the Beg" or "Ebe-shad".

### Critical assessment of the letter

The letter associates Pesach with the term bwlšṣy (Hebrew: בולשצי‎) with the phrase בולשצי הוא פסח המקר‎ or "bwlšṣy, who is Pesach the mqr". This has given rise to two interpretations:
* That bwlšṣy represents the Khazar military title baliqchi, which is only attested to by the Greek accounts of Theophanes the Confessor - thus affording the reading "Pesach, he (who is the) baliqchi"
* That bwlšṣy represents a personal name, perhaps the Turkic Boluščï, indicating that "Pesach" was merely the general's nickname, or at the very least was not his name at birth - thus affording the reading "Boluščï, he is (who is called) Pesach".
Assuming bwlšṣy does represent the title of baliqchi, it might indicate that Pesach commanded ships or a port, instead of soldiers on the ground, as baliqchi is thought to roughly translate to "Fisherman" (or, in alternate translation "Fish-Lord") in the Khazar language; leading scholars to hypothesize that the office was actually a naval rank within the Khazar military.
The term hmqr ("the mqr") is similarly obscure. Dunlop reads hmyqr, haMeyuqqar, meaning "the Honored", while Schechter proposed "the Reverer," or emending to המיחד hmyḥd "the Uniter". David Kahane proposed the alternate reading השומר hšmr "the Guardian". Golb and Pritsak write that "the word is clearly spelled hmqr, not hmyqr... recognition that there is no yod in the word at all makes unnecessary further speculation about the meaning of the reading hmyqr; but the term hmqr in itself also makes no sense as it stands. That it is a Hebrew word, however, would seem to be indicated by the initial consonant he signifying the definite article. mqr is not a known Hebrew root, but may be cogently emended based on the fact that the previous line of the text states that “the Commander (הפקיד, haPaqid), the chief of the armed troops" . . . the evidently corrupt המקר, hmqr, is with facility emended back to הפקיד, hpqyd.”
# Machi Castle

Machi Castle (Persian: قلعه مچی) is a historical castle located in Hamun County in the Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. The fortress dates back to the Safavid dynasty.
# Bukošek

Bukošek (pronounced, German: Bukoschek) is a settlement northeast of Brežice in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
# Nancy Rubin Stuart

Nancy Rubin Stuart (née Nancy R. Zimman; b.1944), formerly known as Nancy Rubin, is an American author and journalist.
Stuart is Executive Director of the Cape Cod Writers Center as of 2024.
She is the author of eight nonfiction books about women and social history.
Stuart has contributed to the Journal of the American Revolution, The Saturday Evening Post, The New England Quarterly, The Huffington Post and many pre-digital magazines.

## Education and career

Stuart is a 1966 graduate of Jackson College, Tufts University. She received her Master of Arts in Teaching from Brown University in 1967.
Stuart was a contributor to the New York Times from 1977-2001 in the Westchester, Long Island, Travel, National Career Survey, Education Life and News in Review sections under the byline of Nancy Rubin.
Stuart was a Time Inc. Fellow at the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference in 1979 and a 1981 Fellow at the MacDowell Colony. Stuart won the American Society of Journalists and Authors' 1992 Author of the Year for her book Isabella of Castile.
Mount Vernon College (now part of George Washington University) conferred a Doctor of Humane Letters upon Stuart in 1995 for her biography of Marjorie Merriweather Post, American Empress.
Stuart served as a writer for Cinetel Productions in A&E Network's America's Castles between 1996-1998, for which she won an Excellence in Writing Telly Award. From 1999-2001 she served as a writer-producer for Scripps Production's Restore America series for HGTV and received two additional Telly Awards.
# Phallusia nigra

Phallusia nigra is a solitary marine tunicate of the ascidian class found in tropical seas around the world. It usually lives in shallow waters, attached to any hard substrate.
Like all tunicates, P. nigra has a thick leathery envelope (tunic) containing cellulosic material. Like all solitary ascidians, the tunic encloses a sac-shaped body with separate water entrance and exit tubes (siphons). It lives on plankton that it filters from seawater with a mucous net. This tunicate is often host to the small symbiotic pea crab Tunicotheres moseri which takes up residence in its atrial chamber.
An adult P. nigra may be 10 cm (4 in) long. The tunic is usually velvet black or dark brown, but may be gray in specimens that are younger or live in shaded areas. Its original range is unclear; the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean have been proposed.
The tunic of P. nigra contains many vesicles filled with a strong acid (with pH near 1), containing mostly sulphate SO $_4$$^{2−}$ and chloride (Cl$^−$ ) anions. The vesicles are concentrated towards the outer surface and are easily ruptured by contact; they are believed to protect the animal from predation and fouling.
Substances extracted from the dried tunic with methanol have been found to have cytotoxic, antibacterial, antipyretic, analgesic, and histamine-like activity.