OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Axinite-(Mg)

Axinite-(Mg) is a borosilicate mineral of aluminum, calcium and magnesium of the axinite group, with magnesium as the dominant cation in the place of the structure that can also be occupied by iron and manganese. It was discovered in gem material from Merelani Hills, Lelatema Mts, Manyara Region, Tanzania, which is consequently its type locality. It was initially called magnesioaxinite, referring to its membership in the axinite group and the role of magnesium as the dominant cation. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) later changed its name to axinite-(Mg). Occasionally it has been carved as a collection gem.

## Physical and chemical properties

Like the rest of the minerals in the axinite group, axinite-(Mg) belongs to the triclinic system, appearing in the form of crystals with the characteristic ax-shaped morphology. Its structure can be described as a sequence of alternating layers of cations coordinated tetrahedrally and octahedrally.

## Deposits

The axinite group minerals are found in medium-to-low contact metamorphism, regional or metasomatic environments, in boron-containing environments. Axinite-(Mg) appears more frequently in areas of contact metamorphism.
It is a relatively rare mineral, known in about a dozen locations in the world. In addition to the type locality, already indicated, in which specimens with transparent crystals of various colors, up to 3 cm in size, have been found in the area of Lunning, Mineral Co., Nevada (USA), as violet brown crystals. In Spain, axinite-(Mg) associated with crystalline calcite has been found in the diabase of a quarry located in El Zurcido, Adamuz (Córdoba) .
# Hestur

Hestur (Danish: Hestø) is an island in the central Faroe Islands, to the west of Streymoy and the south of Koltur. Hestur means horse in Faroese.
On the west coast is a guillemot colony. In the north there is moorland with four small lakes, of which Fagradalsvatn is the largest. At Hælur, Hestur's southernmost tip, there is a lighthouse. The island has one settlement, a village also named Hestur on the east coast. The village enjoys the view over to Gamlarætt and Velbastaður on Streymoy. There is a ferry link to the port at Gamlarætt.

## History

The island has been settled since Viking times; the old settlement was at Hælur, the southern tip of the island. Due to it being the sunward side of the island, cereal ripened better there than anywhere else on the island. But due to extreme difficulties in landing boats there, the village was abandoned and the current village of Hestur was established.
In 1919 a fishing accident resulted in the deaths of one-third of Hestur's men. In an attempt to fight the depopulation of the village, a swimming pool was built on the island in 1974. On the southern part of the island by the lake Fagradalsvatn, one can camp. Hestur's postal code is FO 280. Since 1 January 2005 the island has been part of the municipality of Tórshavn.

## Important Bird Area

The coastline of the island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, especially Atlantic puffins (25,000 pairs), European storm petrels (5000 pairs) and black guillemots (50 pairs).

## Mountains

The island has the following four mountains
| Name | Height |
| Múlin | 421 m |
| Eggjarrók | 421 m |
| Nakkur | 296 m |
| Álvastakkur | 125 m |

## Gallery

* Hestur
* Hestur
# UCPH School of Pharmaceutical Sciences

The UCPH School of Pharmaceutical Sciences is part of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at University of Copenhagen (UCPH). It is located at the university's North Campus on the border between Nørrebro and Østerbro. The school is organized in two departments.

## History

The Pharmaceutical College (Danish: Den Farmaceutiske Læreanstalt) was founded in 1892 by the chemist Christian D.A. Hansen. The first professor was appointed in 1936, the dr.pharm. degree was introduced in 1942 and the lic.pharm. degree was introduced in 1945. The school was originally located in Stockholmsgade (No. 28) but outgrew its premises in the late 1930s. In 1942, the Pharmaceutical College relocated to its current building in the University Park and changed its name to the Danish Pharmaceutical College (Danmarks Farmaceutiske Højskole). Its name was changed to Danmarks Farmaceutiske Universitet (DFU) in 2003.
On 1 January 2007, DFU was merged into the University of Copenhagen and was renamed as the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Farmaceutiske Fakultet, abbr. FARMA). Its current name was introduced in 2012 when it became a school under the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.

## Building

The school is located at Universitetsparken 2. Its building from 1942 was designed by Kaj Gottlob. The school was expanded with a new Pharma Science Building designed by Cf. Møller Architects in 2015. The four-storey building has a total floor area of 5,130 and contains new laboratories. It is joined to existing buildings by a tall, glazed atrium to the north and to by an indoor walkway to the south. It is clad with tombac panels in a rhomboid pattern on three sides.

## Programmes

* MSc programmes
* BSc and MSc programmes in Danish
* Continuing and professional education - part-time master programmes

### In Danish

* Bachelor of Science (BSc) – 3-year programme in Danish
* Master of Science (MSc) – 2-year programme in Danish

### Drug Research Academy (DRA)

The Drug Research Academy is a graduate programme in pharmaceutical sciences under the Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences

### In English

MSc programmes
* Medicinal Chemistry
* Pharmaceutical Sciences

## Library

The school has its own library, UCPH Pharmaceutical Sciences Library, which holds a collection of new and old books, magazines and provides access to numerous databases. The library is part of the CULIS collaboration between the Royal Library and the libraries at the University of Copenhagen).
# Governor of Palpa

In the Kingdom of Nepal, the Governor of Palpa (Nepali: पाल्पाका बडा हाकिम, romanized: Palpākā baḍā hākima) was the head of Palpa Gaunda (Province). This position was considered to be most important outside of the capital, Kathmandu. The Governor of Palpa was directly appointed by the prime minister.

## Governors

| Governor | Years | Notes |
| Amar Singh Thapa | 1806–1814 | Father of Bhimsen Thapa |
| Bakhtawar Singh Thapa | 1824 | |
| Ujir Singh Thapa | 1825 | |
| Badri Narsingh Kunwar | | |
| Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana | 1887 | |
# Prokhor Dubasov

Prokhor Ivanovich Dubasov (Russian: Прохор Иванович Дубасов; 1743—1823) was a Russian person, notable for serving as batman to general Alexander Suvorov from around 1760 until Suvorov's death. He appears in several literary and historical works related to the general and was known by the nickname 'Proshka'. Alexander I of Russia awarded Dubasov an annual pension of 1200 roubles. He is played in the film Suvorov by Georgy Kovrov.
* This biographical article related to the Russian military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Comparator hypothesis

The comparator hypothesis is a psychological model of associative learning and performance. To understand the model, it helps to consider how associative learning is usually studied. For example, to study the learning of an association between cues, such as lights and sounds, and an outcome such as food, an experimenter typically pairs the cues and the food a number of times (the learning phase) and then tests with one or more of the cues to see if a response has been learned (the test phase). Most theories of associative learning have assumed that phenomena of interest (see Classical conditioning for a list of phenomena) depend on what happens during the learning phase. The comparator hypothesis assumes, on the contrary, that what happens during the learning phase is fairly simple, and that most interesting phenomena depend on what happens during the test phase. The comparator hypothesis arose primarily in response to so-called “cue competition” effects. If for example in classical conditioning, two conditioned stimuli A and B are presented with an unconditioned stimulus, one may find on test that the subject responds to A or to B or to both or not very much to either. How can one account for such varied results?
First proposed by Ralph Miller, the comparator hypothesis is a model of Pavlovian associations which posits that cue competition effects arise at the time of test, that is during performance, not during learning. The model assumes, essentially, that during conditioning the subject acquires both CS-US and context-US associations. At the time of the test, the associations are compared, and a response to a CS occurs only if the CS-US association is stronger than the context-US association. The model was initially proposed to account for unexplained variations in cue competition effects such as recovery from blocking, but has been expanded to apply more broadly to learning phenomena. The success of the hypothesis has led to modifications in existing theories, such as Wagner's SOP and the Rescorla-Wagner model, enabling them to explain such phenomena as retrospective reevaluation, but other phenomena such as counteraction still pose difficulties for most models.
Recently Ghirlanda and Ibadullayev studied Stout and Miller's mathematical formulation of the comparator hypothesis, and compared its predictions with a variety of experimental results. They concluded that "...all versions of comparator theory make a number of surprising predictions, some of which appear hard to reconcile with empirical data."
# Hussein Fakhry Pasha

Hussein Fakhry Pasha KCMG (1843-1920) was the Prime Minister of Egypt for two days during the Khedivate of Egypt. He was Prime Minister from January 15, 1893 to January 17, 1893. He had previously served as a cabinet minister. He was Minister of Public Works during the building of the Aswan Low Dam and was appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in December 1902.

## Personal life

He was of Turkish origin. His son, Mahmoud Fakhry, served as the minister of finance and minister of foreign affairs during the 1920s.
# Bell House, Dulwich

Bell House is a large Georgian house on College Road in Dulwich, South East London.
It is Grade II* listed on the National Heritage List for England. It was built in 1767 for Thomas Wright, who was Sheriff of the City of London in 1779 and Lord Mayor of London in 1785. Thomas Wright made his fortune as a stationer and from publishing almanacs.
The house gets its name from the striking bell tower. Whenever a fire broke out in the village, the bells of Bell House and the Dulwich College chapel were rung to gather help in pumping up water for the village fire engine. Thomas Wright lived at Bell House until his death on 7 April 1798. In 1833, the house was extended to provide servants' quarters. Further extensions were made in the 1870s and Sir Edwin Lutyens was engaged to carry out certain alterations in 1918.
Dulwich College took over the lease of Bell House in 1926 and it became the official residence of the Master of the College in 1927. During the Second World War the Master moved out of Bell House to a smaller house and in 1947 the building became a junior boarding house. In 1993 it was returned to private ownership, as the college recognised the reduced need for a second junior boarding house. The house was bought in the summer of 2016 by an educational charity – Bell House Dulwich.
# Hans Tausen Ice Cap

Hans Tausen Ice Cap (Danish: Hans Tausens Iskappe) is an ice cap in Peary Land, northern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.

## Age

Ice cores show it is around 3500–4000 years old. It formed since the Holocene climatic optimum of 6000-8000 BP. It is a well studied ice cap, and is important to understanding the Holocene climatic optimum.

## Geography

The ice cap is located south of Amundsen Land and the Nordpasset, at the western end of the De Long Fjord area, east of Freuchen Land across the inner J.P. Koch Fjord, west of Odin Fjord and south of the O.B. Bøggild Fjord. It is about 100 km (62 mi) from north to south and 80 km (50 mi) from east to west and sits on a 1,300 m (4,300 ft) high plateau.
The Hans Tausen Ice Cap is the source of many glaciers, including the Ymer Glacier to the east, the Aajaku Glacier, Inukitsaq Glacier and Persuaq Glacier to the west, and the Lur Glacier and Tjalfe Glacier to the north.
# The First Circle (1973 film)

The First Circle (Danish: Den første kreds) is a 1973 English-language drama film directed by Aleksander Ford and starring Gunther Malzacher [de]. It is an adaptation of the novel In the First Circle by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The film was a co-production between Danish and West German companies.

## Plot

An outspoken scientist is sent to a brutal Soviet labor camp in Siberia. As he dreams of escape, his tormentors can't break his independent spirit.

## Cast

* Gunther Malzacher [de] as Gleb Nerzhin
* Elżbieta Czyżewska as Simochka
* Peter Steen as Volodin
* Vera Tschechowa as Clara
* Ole Ernst as Ruska Doronin
* Ingolf David as Rubin
* Preben Neergaard as Bobynin
* Preben Lerdorff Rye as professor Chelnov
* Per Bentzon Goldschmidt as Bulatov
* Ole Ishøy as Siromakha
# Skipanes

Skipanes (Danish: Skibenæs) is a hamlet on the Faeroese island of Eysturoy in Runavík Municipality. Founded in 1841, the population as of August 2022 was 55 people. In amalgamation with undir Gøtueiði in Eysturkommuna, it forms a tiny conurbation; a small creek acts as a border between the two settlements. Notable residents of Skipanes include Terji Skibenæs, the guitarist of the Faeroese Viking Metal group Týr (band).
Its postal code is FO-665.
# Conservative Philosophy Group

The Conservative Philosophy Group (CPG) was formed in the UK in 1974 by Sir Hugh Fraser, a Conservative MP, to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism at a time when the Conservative Party had just lost two general elections and elected a new leader, Margaret Thatcher. It was founded with four board members: Fraser, Roger Scruton, John Casey, and Jonathan Aitken MP.
Other members included Alan Clark MP, Enoch Powell MP, Maurice Cowling, Edward Norman, Sir Alfred Sherman, Paul Johnson, T. E. Utley, Lord Black, Lord Bauer, Lord Blake, Lord Sieff, Lord Weinstock, Lord Thomas and Lord Quinton. The following addressed the group: F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, Michael Oakeshott, Elie Kedourie, and Harold Macmillan.
Thatcher attended the group on a number of occasions, and Aitken claims she said to him whilst attending a meeting, "We must have an ideology; the other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well." The CPG disbanded during the John Major years.
The Group was restarted in 2013 by Professor Roger Scruton with the assistance of Rodney Leach and other academics in partnership with the organisers of the Conservative Renewal Conferences in Windsor, George Bathurst and Richard Hyslop. It meets in the home of Lord Flight and other locations in Westminster.
# Jack Gold (labor)

Jack Gold was a 20th-century American union labor leader and political activist who served as manager of the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) and was a founding board member of the Amalgamated Bank of New York.
For Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) (of which Amalgamated Bank co-founder Sidney Hillman was president), Gold served as the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board, manager of the New York Joint Board of the ACWA, chairman of the ACWA committee for the United Labor party,
Fellow co-founders of the Amalgamated Bank included Sidney Hillman and Max Lowenthal.
# National Route 713 (Costa Rica)

National Tertiary Route 713, or just Route 713 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Terciaria 713, or Ruta 713) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Alajuela province.

## Description

In Alajuela province the route covers San Ramón canton (San Rafael district), San Mateo canton (Desmonte district), Atenas canton (Jesús district), Palmares canton (Zaragoza, Santiago districts).
# Golam Sarwar Tuku

Golam Sarwar Tuku (born 7 July 1970) is a Bangladeshi politician. He is a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Barguna-1 constituency.

## Career

Tuku was elected to parliament in January 2024 from Barguna-1 as an Independent candidate. He received 61, 742 beating Awami League candidate Dhirendra Debnath Shambhu.
# Guam Department of Youth Affairs

The Guam Department of Youth Affairs (Chamorro: Depåttamenton Asunton Manhoben) is the youth corrections agency of the United States territory of Guam. The department has its headquarters in the village of Mangilao. The Guam Youth Correctional Facility, operated by the department, is in Mangilao. The agency also operates the Cottage Homes, located in the village Talofofo. The Liheng Famaguon School provides educational services to inmates of the department.
# Milia, Famagusta

Milia (Greek: Μηλιά, literally 'Apple tree', (Turkish: Yıldırım) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.
# Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci

The Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci (French: Lycée italien Leonardo da Vinci) is an Italian government-owned Italian international school in Paris, France. Its scuola media and liceo scientifico (junior and senior high school, or high school and sixth-form college), along with the school administration, occupies one campus in the 7th arrondissement. The elementary school is housed in a different campus in the same arrondissement.
The Lycée français Chateaubriand, the French school of Rome, is considered to be its sister school. This was established by the Convention Culturelle italo francese of November 4, 1949.

## History

In 1932 Paris's first Italian school opened on Rue Bixio, and it moved to Avenue de Friedland in 1934. The school had a main campus on Rue de la Faisanderie and a Vincennes branch by 1937, and by 1939 each campus had 300 students, the maximum capacity for each. World War II, however, disrupted the Italian school.
It moved to the 12 rue Sédillot location in the 1949-1950 school year. The primary school campus at Avenue de Villars opened in 1961.

## Campuses

12 rue Sédillot, an Art Nouveau building, was designed by Jules Lavirotte. It was first built in 1899. On May 6, 1930 the Italian Government bought the building. Before it became the Italian school, it was used as a "House of Italy". The fascists had used it for several years, before the French Provisional Government took possession in the post-World War II period. The French gave the building back to the Italians, and it opened as the Italian school on November 5, 1949.
Miriam F. Stimpson, author of A Field Guide to Landmarks of Modern Architecture in Europe, described 12 rue Sédillot as "One of Lavirotte's most flamboyant works in the Art Nouveau style."
# National Route 110 (Costa Rica)

National Secondary Route 110, or just Route 110 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Secundaria 110, or Ruta 110) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the San José province.

## Description

In San José province the route covers San José canton (Hospital, Hatillo districts), Alajuelita canton (Alajuelita district).
# Archaeolepis

Archaeolepis mane is amongst the earliest undisputed lepidopteran fossils. It dates from the Lower Jurassic (ca 190 million years ago). It was found in the Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Dorset, United Kingdom.

## Etymology

Archaeolepis means 'ancient scale', referring to the antiquity of the specimen, and the scales (modified and flattened hairs characteristic of butterflies and moths) that identify it as a lepidopteran. The species name, A. mane means 'dawn', further emphasising that it is the earliest known member of this group.

## Taxonomy

Both the genus and the species were first described in 1985 by Paul Whalley.

## Discovery

The fossil was found by J. F. Jackson (1894–1966) of Charmouth, and later purchased by the British Museum of Natural History. The fossil of Archaeolepis was not studied until the 1980s, when it was described as a type of early lepidopteran, the family that includes butterflies and moths.
The fossil (which comprises a wing) is just over 5 mm long (0.2 inches) and 2 mm wide.

## Distribution

The species has been found only at Birchi Nodules, Black Ven, Charmouth.

## Significance

The fossil of Archaeolepis consists of wings with scales that are similar to those in lepidopterans. Recent re-examinations have backed up this conclusion. When it was found it pushed the known fossil range of lepidopterans back another 50 million years. This was surprising, because it had been assumed that butterflies and moths first emerged alongside flowering plants in the Cretaceous. Finding Archaeolepis in the Early Jurassic, means that the first members of this group must have originated earlier.
Similar scales to those of butterflies and moths have been found in earlier deposits from the Latest Triassic, and some researchers argue this, along with evidence from genes, provides evidence for a much earlier appearance of the group. But the identification of these fossils is disputed, so Archaeolepis remains the oldest confirmed fossil lepidopteran.