OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gordon J. Freeman

Gordon J. Freeman is an American immunologist and oncologist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School.

## Education

Freeman earned a bachelor's degree in biochemistry and molecular biology from Harvard University. In 1979, he earned a Ph.D. there and then worked as a postdoctoral fellow with Harvey Cantor and Lee Nadler at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI).

## Career and research interests

As of 2016, he leads a working group at the DFCI and is a professor of internal medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Freeman is concerned with stimulatory and inhibitory signals in the process of the immune response . He was able to significantly clarify the importance of B7-1, B7-2 and other members of the B7 gene family as well as of CD28 and CTLA-4 in T cell activation and of PD-L1 / PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) contribute to the inhibition of T cell activation.

## Recognition

In 2014, Freeman received the William B. Coley Award along with Tasuku Honjo, Lieping Chen and Arlene Sharpe.
In 2017, Freeman was one of the winners of the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize, and in 2022 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences.
# Jean-Paul Diamond

Jean-Paul Diamond (born 9 April 1940) is a politician in the Canadian province of Quebec, who was elected to represent the riding of Maskinongé in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. He is a member of the Quebec Liberal Party.
Diamond was a prefect for 10 years for the Maskinongé Regional County Municipality in the Mauricie region and was also mayor and councillors for the municipality of Saint-Alexis-des-Monts. He was an administrative member of the Fédération québécoise des municipalités. He also worked for the Cabinet of former Agriculture Minister Yvon Picotte and as vice-president of a local construction and paving company from over 10 years.
# Gaston Hardy

Gaston Hardy (April 22, 1917 – July 15, 1977) was a municipal and provincial politician in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec. He was the 13th Mayor of the City of Shawinigan Falls, from 1954 to 1957.

## Biography

Gaston Hardy was born in 1917 in Portneuf, Quebec. He completed commercial scientific studies in 1934 in Trois-Rivières. In 1942, he settled in Shawinigan Falls, where he worked for the Aluminium Company of Canada (Alcan). He later worked as insurance agent. He once lived at 1512, rue Saint-Joseph, in the Saint-Marc neighborhood.
In the July 5, 1954 general municipal election, Hardy ran for mayor of Shawinigan Falls and won the election over the other candidate, Paul-Émile Bélanger, a businessman. He was sworn into office on July 12, 1954. During Hardy's term, the City created a city planning department and appointed a full-time city planner. On January 7, 1957 mayor Hardy's proposal to annex to the City the three neighbouring municipalities of Shawinigan-Sud, Shawinigan-Est and Baie-Shawinigan was defeated by a majority of the City council members. On January 14, 1957 Hardy announced his resignation as mayor for reasons of health problems, on the advice of his doctors. A by-election was called for February 11, 1957 to elect a new mayor for the remaining 10 months of the term. The two candidates were businessman J.-Armand Foucher and alderman Fernand Bilodeau. Foucher won.
Hardy was the Union Nationale candidate in the district of Saint-Maurice in the 1956 and the 1960 Quebec general elections. Each time he lost against incumbent MLA René Hamel.
He died in 1977 in Shawinigan.
Rue Hardy in the Shawinigan-Nord neighbourhood was named to honour him.
# Anjirak, Khuzestan

Anjirak (Persian: انجيرك, also Romanized as Anjīrak) is a village in Shamsabad Rural District, in the Central District of Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,704, in 700 families.
# Sar Ghol

Sar Ghol (Persian: سرغل; also known as Sar Qol) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. In the 2006 census, its population was 196, which included 40 families.
# Gevanduk

Gevanduk (Persian: گوندوك, also Romanized as Gevandūk; also known as Gandavak) is a village in Tabadkan Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 167, in 36 families.
Cities, towns and places near Gevanduk include Gandavak, Deh Mozaffar and Zeyn ol `Abedin . The closest major cities include Mashhad, Neyshabur, Sabzevar and Asgabat.
# Matrosovka

Matrosovka (Russian: Матросовка) is a rural locality (a village) in Yefremkinsky Selsoviet, Karmaskalinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 168 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Matrosovka is located 20 km south of Karmaskaly (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bochkaryovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Mizzi Griebl

Mizzi Griebl (27 February 1872 – 8 June 1952) was an Austrian stage and film actress. She appeared in a number of supporting roles during the silent and early sound era.

## Selected filmography

* Oh, Dear Augustine (1922)
* Fatme's Rescue (1922)
* The Iron King (1923)
* The City Without Jews (1924)
* The Family without Morals (1927)
* What Price Love? (1929)
* Devotion (1929)
* The Uncle from Sumatra (1930)
* General Babka (1930)
* Shadows of the Past (1936)
* Hannerl and Her Lovers (1936)
# Mala Lahinja

Mala Lahinja (pronounced; German: Lachina) is a settlement at the source of the Lahinja River south of Dragatuš in the Municipality of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Geography

The Zjot Karst Field lies south of Mala Lahinja, near the source of the Lahinja River.
# Semanín

Semanín (German: Schirmdorf) is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Semanín lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Ústí nad Orlicí, 52 kilometres (32 mi) east of Pardubice, and 148 kilometres (92 mi) east of Prague.
# Walter Pick

Walter Pick (born 4 January 1917, date of death unknown) was a Czech alpine skier. He competed in the men's combined event at the 1936 Winter Olympics.
# List of judgements of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

This is a list of judgments given by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom between the court's inception on 1 October 2009 and the most recent judgments. Cases are listed in order of their neutral citation and where possible a link to the official text of the decision in PDF format has been provided. The case summaries below are not official or authoritative.
Unless otherwise noted, cases were heard by a panel of 5 judges.
Cases involving Scots law are highlighted in orange. Cases involving Northern Irish law are highlighted in green.
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2009
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2010
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2011
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2012
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2013
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2014
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2015
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2016
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2017
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2018
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2019
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2020
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2021
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2022
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2023
* List of judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom delivered in 2024
# Ab Gazag

Ab Gazag (Persian: اب گزگ, also Romanized as Āb Gazag) is a village in Zalaqi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Besharat District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. In the 2006 census, its population was 89, with 15 families.
# Alidad, Khuzestan

Alidad (Persian: عليداد, also Romanized as ʿAlīdād) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 18 families.
# Lazo Pivač

Lazo Pivač, Лазо Пивач (born 18 January 1967) is a Serbian rower. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Henricus montanus

Henricus montanus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Venezuela.
The wingspan is about 21 mm.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the type locality.
# Saïda, Algeria

Saïda (Arabic: سعيدة, saʿīda, pronounced) is a commune and the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.

## History

The city's site has been of military importance ever since the Romans built a fort there. Saïda was a stronghold of Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian national leader, who burned the town as French forces approached it in 1844.
Modern Saïda was founded as a French military outpost in 1854 and once housed a regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Its growth was stimulated by the arrival of the Oran-Béchar (narrow-gauge) railway in 1862.
In 2005 the population was 158,856 inhabitants. It is nicknamed the city of waters, because of its abundant underground springs. The area is forested and the main products of the town are cereals, wool, leather and bottled mineral waters.

## Geography
### Location

Saïda is located in north-western Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range at the northern fringe of the High Plateaus. The city lies on the right bank of the Wadi Saïda, protected by wooded mountains on the opposite shore that rise steeply from the valley floor to an elevation of some 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).

### Climate

Climate data for Saïda (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.6 (78.1) | 28.6 (83.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 42.2 (108.0) | 42.9 (109.2) | 44.2 (111.6) | 43.7 (110.7) | 41.3 (106.3) | 37.5 (99.5) | 31.1 (88.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 44.2 (111.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) | 15.2 (59.4) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 36.6 (97.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | 30.3 (86.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 15.0 (59.0) | 24.1 (75.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 9.3 (48.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 14.2 (57.6) | 18.5 (65.3) | 23.4 (74.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 22.8 (73.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 9.7 (49.5) | 17.0 (62.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) | 3.3 (37.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 7.0 (44.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.1 (44.8) | 4.4 (39.9) | 10.0 (50.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) | −6.2 (20.8) | −5.8 (21.6) | −3.5 (25.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 8.4 (47.1) | 7.0 (44.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 2.0 (35.6) | −2.4 (27.7) | −11.0 (12.2) | −11.0 (12.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.9 (1.69) | 36.5 (1.44) | 43.0 (1.69) | 38.7 (1.52) | 30.1 (1.19) | 12.1 (0.48) | 6.0 (0.24) | 10.8 (0.43) | 25.7 (1.01) | 43.0 (1.69) | 44.4 (1.75) | 36.7 (1.44) | 369.9 (14.56) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.1 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 56.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 193.4 | 197.9 | 233.6 | 260.4 | 296.1 | 327.6 | 334.9 | 310.9 | 261.1 | 244.7 | 194.9 | 183.0 | 3,038.5 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Transport

Saïda is served by a narrow gauge railway from Mohammadia; however, a standard gauge line is proposed.

## Demographics

Saïda had a population of 110,865 in 1998, while the population grew to 124,989 in 2008, representing a 12.74% increase.

## Gallery

* Saïda, Algeria
* Saïda, Algeria
* Saïda, Algeria
# Hasban

Hasban (Arabic: حصبان) is a sub-district located in Manakhah District, Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. Hasban had a population of 6715 according to the 2004 census.
# Hermannskarsee

The Hermannskarsee is a lake in Tyrol, Austria.

## Location and access

The Hermannskarsee is located at a height of 2,216 m in the Hermannskar, a rocky cirque, known locally as a kar, in the Hornbach chain. The kar and lake are surrounded by mountains: the Großer Krottenkopf mountain to the southwest, the Hornbachspitze to the west and the Faulewandspitzen to the north. The Marchspitze rises to the east. The lake lies entirely within Tyrol, about one kilometre southeast of its border with Bavaria. It may be reached on the Enzensperger Way, a mountain path which links the Kemptner Hut with the Hermann von Barth Hut.
* This Tyrol location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Jerko Bulić

Jerko Bulić (25 September 1924 – 11 June 2008) was a Yugoslav sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Vanash-e Pain

Vanash-e Pain (Persian: وناش پائين, also Romanized as Vanāsh-e Pā’īn; also known as Vanāsh) is a village in Alamut-e Pain Rural District, Rudbar-e Alamut District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 7 families.
# James Mathenge Kanini

James Mathenge Kanini (born 1972) is a Kenyan politician, popularly known as Kanini Kega. He was the former Member of Parliament for Kieni Constituency representing the Jubilee coalition.

## Early life and education

Kanini was born on 31 October 1972 in Watuka village, Kieni, Nyeri County. He attended Muthuini Primary School and Chinga Boys High School for his secondary education. In 1998, he graduated from University of Nairobi with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

## Political career

Kanini first showed interest in the Kieni parliamentary seat in the 2002 General Election. It was during the campaign period ahead of the 2002 Elections that he got the name Kanini Kega (which means 'young and good' in Gikuyu), a name Kanini said was given to him by the electorate. He lost the parliamentary seat twice in 2002 and 2007, before his ultimate win in 2013.
He served in the Kenyan National Assembly as a member of Parliament for Kieni Constituency from 2013 to 2022. In the 11th Parliament he was a member of the Public Accounts Committee, Departmental Committee on Lands and Departmental Committee on Energy, Communication & Information while in the 12th Parliament he was a member of the Departmental Committee on Trade, Industry and Cooperatives. He was also the Chairman of the Budget and Appropriations Committee.

## 2022 General Elections

Kanini was among the members of parliament from central Kenya who strongly supported President Uhuru Kenyatta and has actively been a part of the handshake team popularly known as “Kieleweke”. Kega was in the Azimio la Umoja One Kenya Coalition under Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) leader Raila Odinga, during the August 9 polls. He lost the Kieni Parliamentary seat to Njoroge Wainaina of United Democratic Alliance (UDA) during the 2022 General Elections.
On Thursday, November 17, he was elected to represent Kenya at the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA).
# Thomas Nathaniel Davies

Thomas Nathaniel Davies (1922–1996) was a Welsh artist and teacher, born in Dowlais, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. Shunning a promising early career with Cardiff City Football Club, he enrolled at Cardiff College of Art in 1939, where he was taught and befriended by the painter Ceri Richards.
His studies were interrupted by the Second World War and he was called up for service with the Royal Corps of Signals in North Africa. On his return he taught for a brief period at the Royal College of Art where the sculptor John Skeaping, a professor there, became a close friend. In 1945 he accepted a job at Newton Abbot Art School, before later becoming the Head of Art at South Devon College, Torquay.
During this post-War period he produced paintings that reflected both his childhood in the grey iron town of Dowlais and the green landscape of his new life in Devon. It also marked an intense time of portrait painting, with influences ranging from Post-Impressionism to Picasso. In 1957 a portrait of his was included as one of the 'Young Artists of Promise' in Jack Beddington's book. His self-portraits from this period also form a small but masterly body of his work, in which the artist is searching out his real identity as an individual and as a painter in the aftermath of the War.
The 1950s saw a new confidence in Davies' work with the artist's style moving away from representational views; during the 1960s, he took an even bolder step towards abstraction. The boats in the harbour became fragmented, for example, and his portraits were pared down into simple geometric forms. In the early 1970s he produced large, clean, sparse paintings eschewing figuration entirely but, as always in his work, powerful definition of line was preeminent. Indeed, at this time he produced a series of spot paintings and sculptures - some twenty years before Damien Hirst would think of his designs. This led him to begin to work more out of coloured perspex and wood.
Davies retired as Head of South Devon College's school of Art in 1984. With less inclination to produce big paintings, he concentrated on woodcuts in his Newton Abbot studio. Davies died in 1996. .
# Council of Capharthutha

The Council of Capharthutha (also Kafartut or Kafr Tut) was a synod of the Syriac Orthodox Church held in February 869 AD under Patriarch John IV of Antioch. It was called to resolve the differences between the Patriarch of Antioch and the Maphrian of the East over their ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Mesopotamia and Persia. It aimed to regulate mutual relations and to resolve some difficulties that were frequently arising between two centers.

## Canons

The assembly codified eight canons preserved in Bar Hebraeus' 13th-century nomocanon, the Kthobo d-Hudoye (Book of Guides):
* The bishops and the monks in the Mar Mathai's Monastery, should submit to and obey the Maphrian whose seat is in Tikrit
* The Patriarch should not interfere in the administration of the Church in Tikrit, unless when invited. In the same way the maphrian should not interfere in the Patriarchal See
* When the Maphrian is present along with the Patriarch of Antioch he should be seated immediately at the right hand side of the Patriarch. The name of the Maphrian shall be mentioned immediately after that of the Patriarch, in the liturgy; and he should receive the Holy Qurobo after the Patriarch
* When a Maphrian is alive, a Patriarch should not be installed without his concurrence, otherwise, the orientals shall have the right to install the Maphrian by themselves. The question of who should perform the laying on of hands on the new Patriarch - i.e., the Maphrian or the President of the Synod, shall be decided by four bishops, two each elected by the orientals and the westerners (Antiochan) respectively
* The Archdiocese of Kurdu, Beth-Sabdaya and also Najran, provided, the Arabs agree to it, shall vest with Tigris administration
* The mutual excommunications between the orientals and the Antiochans shall be withdrawn
* A final decision was taken about the three bishops consecrated by the Patriarch in the see of the Maphrian
* A bishop excommunicated by the Maphrian shall also be considered as excommunicated by the Patriarch

## Maphrian

The word Maphrian is an analogue of the Greek καθολικός (katholikos), meaning 'concerning the whole', 'universal' or 'general'. It was a title that existed in the Roman Empire where a government representative who was in charge of a large area was called a catholicos. The churches later started to use this term for their chief bishops.
Maphriyono ('Maphrian') is derived from the Syriac word afri, 'to make fruitful', or 'one who gives fecundity'. This title be used exclusively for the head of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the East. From the mid 13th century onwards, a few occupants of the Maphrianate were also titled catholicos, but the title never came into extensive usage.
According to one of the most famous Maphriyans, Mar Gregorios Bar Ebraya (Bar Hebraeus), the Apostle Thomas was the first in the Apostolic succession of the East. Bar Ebraya did not believe that the Eastern Church was an integral part of the Antiochian Church, due to the historical context of the time in which he lived. He did, however, vigorously defend his rights, as dictated by the church canons.
# Kamalnagar Upazila

Kamalnagar is an upazila of Lakshmipur District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

## Administration

Kamalnagar Upazila is divided into nine union parishads: Char Folcon, Char Kadira, Char Kalkini, Char Lawrench, Char Martin, Hajirhat, Patarirhat, Shaheberhat, and Torabgonj. The union parishads are subdivided into 33 mauzas and 33 villages.

## Demographics

Religions in Kamalnagar Upazila (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 98.21% | 98.21% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 1.78% | 1.78% |
According to the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Kamalnagar Upazila had 46,092 households and a population of 222,915. 69,319 (31.10%) were under 10 years of age. Kamalnagar had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 30.7%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males. 12,747 (5.72%) lived in urban areas.
# Jow Poshtan

Jow Poshtan (Persian: جوپشتان, also Romanized as Jow Poshtān) is a village in Reza Mahalleh Rural District, in the Central District of Rudsar County, Gilan Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 157, in 44 families.
# Fernand Grenier (Canadian politician)

Fernand Grenier (June 28, 1927 – January 19, 1988) was a Canadian politician from Quebec.

## Background

He was born on June 28, 1927, near Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, and made a career in education.

## Member of the legislature

Grenier ran as a Union Nationale and won a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the 1966 provincial election in the district of Frontenac. He was defeated by Ralliement créditiste candidate Paul-André Latulippe in the 1970 election.

## Mayor

He was Mayor of Nantes, Quebec from 1969 to 1971.

## Political comeback

Grenier remained active in the Union Nationale. He ran as the party candidate in Lotbinière in the 1973 election but was defeated.
He was re-elected in the 1976 election in the district of Mégantic-Compton and won. He served as his party's House Whip from 1976 to 1980.

## Federal politics

Grenier resigned his seat and ran as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the district of Mégantic-Compton-Stanstead in the 1980 federal election. He was defeated against Liberal incumbent Claude Tessier. After the defeat, Grenier attempted to win back his seat to the National Assembly of Quebec, but finished third.

## Local politics

He served as a city councillor in Lac-Mégantic from 1986 until his death.
# Idiochlora caudularia

Idiochlora caudularia is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Achille Guenée in 1857. It is found in Sri Lanka and South India.