# MOSAID

MOSAID is a semiconductor technology company incorporated in Ottawa, Canada. It was founded in 1975 as a DRAM design company, and later branched out into other areas including EDA software, semiconductor reverse engineering, test equipment manufacturing and intellectual property licensing. MOSAID went public in 1994 with a listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange under ticker symbol "MSD". By 2011 the business was based exclusively on patent licensing and the company was acquired by Sterling Partners, a US-based private equity firm. MOSAID was renamed Conversant Intellectual Property Management in 2013. In 2021, the company announced it was changing its name back to MOSAID.

## Early Years before IPO (1975-1994)

MOSAID was launched in 1975 by Richard Foss and Robert Harland, who had been employed at Microsystems International. On their return from the 1975 ISSCC conference where they had presented a paper on MIL's 4kb DRAM, they found that they were no longer employed due to the company's bankruptcy proceedings. Their first project was a design for an improved 4kb DRAM which was sold to RCA. MOSAID went on to develop every generation of DRAM up to 256Mb in 1998.
Soon after the company was launched, Robert Harland invented the folded bitline DRAM architecture, a technique eventually adopted by the entire DRAM industry. The patent was sold to Standard Microsystems, whose head of R&D Paul Richman was a member of MOSAID's board of directors. The sale generated more than $1M which was used to fund the company's growth.
In 1988, as the DRAM industry transitioned from NMOS to CMOS process technology, MOSAID started the design of a 1Mb CMOS DRAM employing a regulated high voltage pumped supply and static wordline driver to replace the conventional NMOS boosted wordline approach. This work resulted in the Foss and Lines patents which laid the foundations for MOSAID's patent licensing business.
EDA tools were developed for internal use and for external sales. The MOSAID 1000 circuit simulator ran on a PDP-11 minicomputer and could handle circuits having as many as 1000 nodes. MOSFIT, an efficient MOS transistor modelling program addressing short channel effects was developed and subsequently licensed to Keithley Instruments for use with their parameter analyzer products.
During the early years MOSAID was perhaps best known for its reverse engineering reports focused mainly on semiconductor memory devices. These reports included complete circuit schematics, floorplans, simulations, extracted device parameters and sometimes critique of the techniques employed. The reports found wide use in competitive analysis, patent licensing negotiations, and outright copying of industry leading devices. The reverse engineering business was spun off in 1989 as Semiconductor Insights, now TechInsights.
In 1982 the SRT-1 (Simple Memory Tester) was introduced. This was a benchtop unit within a Tektronix TM504 enclosure which displayed a bitmap on a CRT screen. Test patterns were set up with front panel switches and timing parameters adjusted with potentiometers. Absolutely no software was required. A California subsidiary was subsequently formed for sales and marketing.
In 1985 the MS2000 series of testers was launched. These were also benchtop units but were now controlled by a PC running Microsoft Windows. Ease of use was a key selling point with test setup controlled by a point and click graphical interface without the need to write test programs. The free-standing MS3400 series was introduced in 1991 to address emerging memory products such as flash and SDRAM. In 1997 the higher performance MS4100 series providing full speed testing of SDRAM was launched.

## Years as a Publicly Traded Company (1994-2011)

Following the IPO in 1994 MOSAID began development of custom embedded memory such as HDRAM, a high-density RAM for logic processes that was used by Newbridge Networks for a custom ASIC employed in the core of their ATM switch product. Accelerix, a joint venture with UK-based Symbionics was formed to develop a fully integrated 2D graphics accelerator and frame buffer in a merged DRAM-logic process. The Accelerix chip failed to gain market traction as 3D graphics accelerators were introduced.
MOSAID continued designing industry standard DRAM components for semiconductor manufacturers. As a contributing member of the JEDEC standards organization, MOSAID helped define and develop some of the earliest Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) devices and progressed to Double Date Rate (DDR) SDRAM as well. MOSAID was also active in the Synchronous Link DRAM (SLDRAM) Consortium, an open-standards based alternative to Direct RAMBUS DRAM (DRDRAM), and developed a 72Mb SLDRAM prototype for the members of the Consortium. Although SLDRAM did not enter high-volume production, many of the features were incorporated later into JEDEC DDR standards.
1999 saw the development of several networking products to establish a MOSAID-branded fabless component supply business. These included a Gbit Ethernet switch on a chip with integrated DRAM switching fabric developed as a joint venture with Toshiba, a DRAM-based content addressable memory (CAM) for fast routing table lookup, and a multiprocessor cryptographic accelerator developed in partnership with Chrysalis-ITS. The dot-com crash in 2000 laid low MOSAID's plans to become a merchant semiconductor supplier.
Also in 1999 the first broad patent licensing agreement was signed with Fujitsu. Within a few years all the major Japanese DRAM manufacturers had licensed the MOSAID portfolio. The largest DRAM players would need litigation to encourage them to take a license, beginning with Samsung in 2001 followed by Infineon, Hynix, and Micron in later years. Patent licensing became MOSAID's most profitable revenue stream.
After the fabless component supply business shut down was completed in 2003, MOSAID entered the SIP (Semiconductor IP) market to provide silicon-proven macrocell blocks to system-on-chip developers. The first product was a DDR3 SDRAM interface and controller. California-based Virtual Silicon was acquired in 2005 to add standard cell libraries and PLL macrocells to the SIP offerings.
Following a shareholder proxy battle in 2007, the memory tester and SIP businesses were divested to focus on patent licensing. The SIP business was sold to Synopsys and the tester business was sold to Teradyne. Support and maintenance of the installed base of MOSAID testers was taken on by a startup company EPM Test. The company retained a small R&D group which developed a high performance NAND flash memory interface called HLNAND, which employed a synchronous point-to-point DDR ring architecture.
With the aging of MOSAID's home-grown patent portfolio, patent acquisitions were seen as the key to future growth. In 2011, in the midst of a hostile takeover bid from WiLAN, the company acquired a large portfolio of wireless patents from Nokia through its Core Wireless subsidiary. Shortly thereafter, the business was taken private by Sterling Partners, a US-based private equity firm.

## A Privately Held Company Once Again (2011-present)

In 2013, Sterling Partners and MOSAID established Longitude Licensing in Dublin, Ireland to hold and manage newly acquired patent portfolios. MOSAID subsequently provided resources to assist in the licensing of these portfolios. One such portfolio included thousands of memory related patents acquired from the leading Japanese DRAM manufacturer Elpida. Longitude Licensing was acquired in 2016 by Vector Capital, the owner of IPValue.
MOSAID was renamed Conversant Intellectual Property Management in 2013. In 2015, the R&D team along with the HLNAND technology was divested to Novachips, a Korean SSD controller company. The company enjoyed some modest success licensing the Core Wireless portfolio culminating in a transaction with RPX in 2020. In 2021, the company changed its name back to MOSAID while continuing with the intellectual property management business.
* ↑ "MOSAID 2001 Annual Report". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
* ↑ "History | Conversant". Retrieved 2020-10-31.
* ↑ Foss, R.; Harland, R. (1975). Simplified peripheral circuits for a marginally testable 4K RAM. 1975 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. XVIII. pp. 102–103. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1975.1155354.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "MOSAID 1994 Annual Report: Introducing MOSAID". 1996-11-11. Archived from the original on 1996-11-11. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
* ↑ US 4,045,783, "Mos one transistor cell ram having divided and balanced bit lines, coupled by regenerative flip-flop sense amplifiers, and balanced access circuitry", issued 1977-08-30
* ↑ "History of Standard Microsystems Corporation – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
* ↑ US 5,699,313, "High voltage boosted word line supply charge pump and regulator for dram", issued 1997-12-16
* ↑ US 5,214,602, "Dynamic memory word line driver scheme", issued 1993-05-25
* ↑ Silburt, A. L.; Foss, R. C.; Petrie, W. F. (1984). "An Efficient MOS Transistor Model for Computer-Aided Design". IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems. 3 (1): 104–111. doi:10.1109/TCAD.1984.1270063. ISSN 1937-4151. S2CID 16106485.
* ↑ Gribben, Anthony (1988). "MOSFET Characterization and its Application to Process Control and VLSI Circuit Design". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* ↑ "About Us | TechInsights". www.techinsights.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID SRT-1". TekWiki. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* ↑ "MOSAID 1997 Annual Report: Systems Division". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID 1995 Annual Report: Report on the Semiconductor Division". 1996-11-11. Archived from the original on 1996-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ Gillingham, P.; Hold, B.; Mes, I.; O'Connell, C.; Schofield, P.; Skjaveland, K.; Torrance, R.; Wojcicki, T.; Chow, H. (February 1996). "A 768 k embedded DRAM for 1.244 Gb/S ATM switch in a 0.8 μm logic process". 1996 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of TEchnical Papers, ISSCC. pp. 262–263. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1996.488615. ISBN 0-7803-3136-2. S2CID 36066722.
* ↑ "MOSAID ANNOUNCES ACCELERIX INVESTMENT AND RECEIPT OF $4 MILLION DESIGN CONTRACT". 1996-11-11. Archived from the original on 1996-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
* ↑ Paris, L.; Benzreba, J.; Mone, P. De; Dunn, M.; Falkenhagen, L.; Gillingham, P.; Harrison, I.; He, W.; MacDonald, D.; MacIntosh, M.; Millar, B. (1999). "A 800 MB/S 72 Mb SLDRAM with digitally-calibrated DLL". 1999 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC. First Edition (Cat. No.99CH36278). pp. 414–415. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1999.759329. ISBN 0-7803-5126-6. S2CID 24621965.
* ↑ "SLDRAM, Inc". 1998-12-02. Archived from the original on 1998-12-02. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
* ↑ "MOSAID 1999 Annual Report: New Chips Help Optimize Networks". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID Licenses Patent Portfolio to Fujitsu". www.sedar.com. 14 January 1999. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID Initiates Litigation Against Samsung for Patent Infringement". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID Acquires Virtual Silicon". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID Rejects Activist Hedge Fund Demand". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID to Sell Semiconductor Assets to Synopsys". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID to Sell Memory Test Assets to Teradyne". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "EPM Test Incorporated Home Page".
* ↑ "HLNAND: A New Standard for High Performance Flash Memory" (PDF). Flash Memory Summit. 2008.
* ↑ "WiLAN Announces Intention to Make an All-Cash Takeover Offer for MOSAID Technologies and C$200 Million Extendible Convertible Debenture Offering". www.wilan.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "MOSAID Acquires 1,200 Nokia Standards-Essential Wireless Patents and 800 Wireless Implementation Patents". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "Sterling Partners Agrees to Acquire MOSAID Technologies for $46 per Share". www.sedar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
* ↑ "LONGITUDE LICENSING".
* ↑ "Vector Capital Acquires Longitude Licensing".
* ↑ "MOSAID DOUBLES IN SIZE – AND BECOMES CONVERSANT". Archived from the original on 2016-07-30.
* ↑ "Novachips Acquires HLNAND Flash Memory Technology" (PDF).
* ↑ "JUDGE GILSTRAP AWARDS CORE WIRELESS $456,000 IN ENHANCED DAMAGES FOR LG'S WILLFUL INFRINGEMENT".
* ↑ "RPX CORPORATION AND CONVERSANT WIRELESS LICENSING S.À R.L. ANNOUNCE LICENSING TRANSACTION".
* ↑ "Mosaid Technologies Returns to its Roots - Conversant is once again Mosaid", Design & Reuse, 14 April 2021