OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kamianyi Brid, Zviahel Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast

Kamianyi Brid (Ukrainian: Кам'яний Брід) is a rural settlement in Zviahel Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: 2,355 (2022 estimate) In 2001, population was 2,670.
50°24′44″N 27°50′27″E﻿ / ﻿50.41222°N 27.84083°E﻿ / 50.41222; 27.84083

## History

Until 26 January 2024, Kamianyi Brid was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Kamianyi Brid became a rural settlement.

### Jewish population

The earliest known information on the Kamianyi Brid Jewish community dates from the 1850s. The Zusmans' faience factory operated here since 1862. Three synagogues operated here for decades (including one, at the factory's territory, which was closed, to be transferred to the local club, in 1928). Local Jews were adherents of the Chernobyl chassidism. Their last Rebbe (Tsadick, or leader) was Gersh-Leib (Zvi-Arie) Tverskiy Z”L, of Berdichev / Makarov (Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)). A.-F. Zusman, the owner of the Kamianyi Brid faience factory, also lived in Berdichev, not far from the Tsadik's residence. In 1919, there was a pogrom in Kamianyi Brid, which took lives of more than 200 Jewish men, including the local rabbi Shmuel Shvartzstein. The Jewish cemetery was founded here after pogrom as the burial place for its victims. Later this cemetery was used as the burial place for the Jews from the neighboring village of Dovbysch. The cemetery survived, however, the majority of gravestones have been destroyed, and inscriptions have become unreadable. The cemetery was divided into two parts: for males and for females. Until 1917, the local Bund's branch operated here. Nehemia Kiselgof, the head of a small local hospital, was one of outstanding personalities of this shtetl. He was the main organizer of working-class movement in the Kamianyi Brid. He was known in the workers' circle under a pseudonym “Naumov”. Also Haim-Lejzer Perelmuter son of Moishe-Bir Perelmiter, born in Baranivka, became a member of the Bund party and an active revolutionary (finally he became the chief of the first post-office of Kamianyi Brid). Presently, no Jews live in Kamianyi Brid, and the faience factory is not in operation. At the factory, the museum of Kamianyi Brid has been founded.
# Romulus Cândea

Romulus Cândea (October 7, 1886 – January 27, 1973) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian ecclesiastical historian.

## Biography

Born in Avrig, Szeben County, in the Transylvania region of Austria-Hungary, his father was a Romanian Orthodox priest. He studied at the German High School in Sibiu from 1897 to 1905, followed by the Theology Faculty at Czernowitz University in Bukovina from 1905 to 1909. The same institution granted him a doctorate in 1912, and he returned for a while to teach in Sibiu. He also continued to study history and philosophy at Leipzig University, earning a doctorate in philosophy and master's degree in fine arts there in 1916.
From March 1915 to October 1919, he taught church history and pedagogy at the theological seminary in Sibiu. By the time he left, both Transylvania and Bukovina had united with Romania; from 1919 to 1922, he was professor of general church history at his alma mater in what was now Cernăuți. Between 1922 and 1940, when the area was occupied by the Soviet Union, he was professor within the department of medieval, modern and contemporary world history within the Literature and Philosophy Faculty at Cernăuți. For the 1923-1924 academic year, he was dean of the faculty, while from 1925 to 1926, he was rector of the university. In 1921, Cândea was involved in a student-led campaign to fire two Jewish professors, including Eugen Ehrlich, and wrote an article denouncing the "ferocious pan-Germanism of a Jew".
In 1929, Cândea was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy. He was a lay member both of the Cernăuți Archdiocese's assembly and of the national church congress. A friend and trusted advisor to Ion Nistor, his professional achievements, in the opinion of historian Lucian Nastasă, did not amount to much. He also had a parallel career in politics, serving as mayor of Cernăuți from 1927 to 1929. Within the Romanian Parliament, he represented his university both in the Assembly of Deputies and in the Senate in a number of legislatures. He was a prominent member of the quasi-fascist Romanian Front, elected on Pentecost 1935 as its regional leader for Bukovina.
Between 1940 and 1947, Cândea was a professor of world history within the Literature and Philosophy Faculty of Cluj University, which met at Sibiu for the first five years of that period, due to the Second Vienna Award. In 1948, the new communist regime stripped Cândea of his Academy membership.
# Burgata

Burgata (Hebrew: בורגתה, בּוּרְגְתָא), also Burgeta, is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain on Highway 57 between Netanya and Tulkarm, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,153.

## History
### Crusader period

The date of the construction of the fort is unknown. Until 1189, it was property of the Knights Templar. The "Maria Latin" convent, erected on the site, was acquired by the Knights Hospitallers in 1248.

### Moshav Burgata

The modern moshav was founded in 1949 by immigrants from Morocco and Turkey, and was named after the town of Burgata from the Amoraim era. Like many moshavim in Israel, the original homesteads now have given way to new neighbourhoods on the "b" lands, formally known as "Habanim", or in English, the lands belonging to the children. Originally these lands were cultivated mostly but it was forbidden to build on them. Since the regulations were relaxed, many of the "moshavniks" began building villas on the extended acreage in order to compensate for lost revenues in the ever depressing agricultural sector. Whole new neighbourhoods have sprung up in many moshavim, sometimes with better municipal services then the original homesteads, due to newer building codes.
# Oboe quartet

An Oboe quartet is a composition scored for oboe, violin, viola and basso. While the genre is not very common, Mozart wrote the most well known, his Oboe Quartet, K. 370. Other composers of oboe quartets include Johann Christian Bach, Josef Fiala, Franz Krommer, Colin Matthews, Peter McGarr, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich and Jesús Torres. The oboe quartet form is often less preferable to composers than the standard string quartet, as indicated by the few compositions for this ensemble.
* This article related to classical music is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# The Body (Kureishi novel)

The Body is the titular novella, published with seven other stories, in a 2003 collection by Hanif Kureishi. The narrator of the titular novella, Adam, is a British writer in his sixties who is given the chance to transfer his mind to a younger body, but then misses his wife and family.
# Rubinsohl

Rubinsohl (also referred to as Rubensohl) is a bridge convention that can be used to counter an opponent's intervention over a 1NT opening bid. After opponent's two-level overcall, all bids starting from 2NT are transfer bids to the next strain.

## Origins

The concept was introduced by Bruce Neill of Australia in a Bridge World magazine article in May 1983. Because he had based his concept on earlier work by Jeff Rubens on Rubens Advances and on Lebensohl, Neill named the treatment Rubensohl. However, from the fifth edition in 1994 onwards, The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge notes that Ira Rubin of the United States had devised similar methods earlier to replace Lebensohl and "...so Rubinsohl seems the appropriate name".

## Applications

When playing Rubinsohl, the following applies after an opposing 2♦ (natural) overcall over partner's 1NT opening:
1NT - (2♦) - ??
    dbl : penalty
    2♥/♠ : to play
    2NT : transfer to 3♣
    3♣ : transfer to opponent's suit -> asks for four card major
    3♦ : transfer to hearts (at least invitational)
    3♥ : transfer to spades (at least invitational)
    3♠ : transfer to 3NT -> game values but no major suit and no stopper in opponent's suit
    3NT : to play
Similar schedules apply following a natural two-level overcall in any of the other suits.
Unlike Lebensohl, the partner of the 1NT opener can always indicate his long suit at the first bid; this can be advantageous in competitive auctions.
The same transfer schedule can also be used following a conventional overcall over 1NT as long as this overcall indicates an anchor suit. For instance: following an Asptro 2♣ overcall (showing ♥ and another suit) over partner's 1NT opening, the bids 2NT, 3♣ and 3♥ would be transfers to the next strain, whilst 3♦ would be an asking bid.
Partnerships that have agreed to use Rubinsohl often extend its use to include responses to partner's takeout double over an opposing weak two opening. For instance:
(2♥) - dbl - (pass) - ??
    pass = penalty
    2♠ : to play
    2NT : transfer to clubs (weak or strong)
    3♣ : transfer to diamonds (weak or strong)
    3♦ : asking bid (looking for 4 card spade suit)
    3♥ : transfer to spades (at least invitational)
    3♠ : transfer to 3NT -> game values but no major suit and no stopper in opponent's suit
    3NT : to play
# Hypsotropa pusillella

Hypsotropa pusillella is a species of snout moth in the genus Hypsotropa. It was described by Ragonot in 1888, and is known from Zanzibar.
# 2012 Open Sud de France

The 2012 Open Sud de France was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 25th edition of the Open Sud de France, and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 Series of the 2012 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Arena Montpellier in Montpellier, France, from 28 January to 5 February 2012. It was the first edition to be held in January and the second held in Montpellier.

## Finals
### Singles

Tomáš Berdych defeated Gaël Monfils, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3
* It was Berdych's 1st title of the year and 7th of his career.

### Doubles

Nicolas Mahut / Édouard Roger-Vasselin defeated Paul Hanley / Jamie Murray, 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank | Seed |
| CZE | Tomáš Berdych | 7 | 1 |
| FRA | Gilles Simon | 14 | 2 |
| FRA | Gaël Monfils | 15 | 3 |
| FRA | Richard Gasquet | 18 | 4 |
| ESP | Feliciano López | 19 | 5 |
| GER | Florian Mayer | 21 | 6 |
| GER | Philipp Kohlschreiber | 41 | 7 |
| FIN | Jarkko Nieminen | 49 | 8 |
* Rankings as of January 16, 2012

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Nikolay Davydenko
* Paul-Henri Mathieu
* Guillaume Rufin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Roberto Bautista Agut
* Marc Gicquel
* Florent Serra
* Maxime Teixeira

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| GBR | Colin Fleming | GBR | Ross Hutchins | 70 | 1 |
| CZE | František Čermák | CZE | Lukáš Dlouhý | 78 | 2 |
| AUS | Paul Hanley | GBR | Jamie Murray | 84 | 3 |
| GER | Philipp Marx | CAN | Adil Shamasdin | 130 | 4 |
* Rankings are as of January 16, 2012

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Kenny de Schepper / Fabrice Martin
* Gaël Monfils / Daryl Monfils
The following pair received entry as alternates:
* Nikolay Davydenko / Igor Kunitsyn

### Withdrawals

* Feliciano López (injury)
# Hypsotropa vulneratella

Hypsotropa vulneratella is a species of snout moth in the genus Hypsotropa. It was described by Zeller in 1847, and is known from Syria, Croatia, France, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia and Sicily.
# Lübeck Nordic Film Days

The Lübeck Nordic Film Days (German: Nordische Filmtage Lübeck) is a film festival for movies from the Nordic and Baltic countries held annually in Lübeck, Germany, since 1956 on the first weekend in November. It is the only festival in Germany, and the only one in Europe apart from the Rouen Nordic Film Festival founded in Rouen, France, which is entirely devoted to the presentation of films from the North and Northeast of Europe. Thus is the most important festival for films from Scandinavia and the Baltic countries outside Scandinavia. The festival also presents films made in the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.
Feature films, documentaries and short films from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden are presented at this five-day event every year at the beginning of November. In addition, there is an extensive children's and youth film programme and a retrospective devoted to important eras, specific genres or famous persons of film history. Accompanying the film programme are seminars, discussions and roundtable talks.
The Nordic Film Days Lübeck is both an audience festival and an important meeting place for the film industry in Germany and northern Europe. Many directors whose debut works were presented in Lübeck have gone on to earn fame around the world - such as Bille August, Lasse Hallström, Aki Kaurismäki or Fridrik Thór Fridriksson.
The Nordic Film Days Lübeck is put on by the Hanseatic City of Lübeck in cooperation with the film institutes and foundations of Scandinavia as well as the corresponding film institutions in the Baltic countries. Patrons of the festival are the ambassadors of the Nordic countries in Germany. Honorary President is the Norwegian actress and film director Liv Ullmann. Media partner is the television and radio broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR).
# Nykis

The Nykis is a river of Kėdainiai district municipality, Kaunas County, central Lithuania. It is a right tributary of the Liaudė. It originates in Balsiai forest and flows east, meeting the Liaudė in Paberžė village.
There are 3 ponds on the Nykis. Along its course, the river passes Vikaičiai, Margininkai, Graužiai, Miegėnai, Paberžė villages.
The hydronym Nykis possibly derives from the Lithuanian verb nykti ('to disappear, to decay') although it was collated with Latvian: nica ('a downstream place'), Sanskrit: nīca ('short, low'), Old Slavic ниць ('prostrate') also.
# Tang-e Kureh-ye Sofla

Tang-e Kureh-ye Sofla (Persian: تنگ كوره سفلي, also Romanized as Tang-e Kūreh-ye Sofla) is a village in Zalaqi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Besharat District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 8 families.
# King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital

King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH, Thai: โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์; RTGS: Rongphayaban Chulalongkon) is a public general and tertiary referral hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. It is operated by the Thai Red Cross Society, and serves as the teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Srisavarindhira Thai Red Cross Institute of Nursing. With an in-patient capacity of 1,435 beds, it is one of the largest hospitals in Thailand, and as one of Thailand's leading medical school affiliates, is widely considered one of the best public hospitals in the country, along with Siriraj Hospital and Ramathibodi Hospital.

## History

The founding of the hospital was first proposed by King Vajiravudh, who, having observed the operations of the Red Cross Hospital of Japan during his travels, thought it beneficial to establish a hospital in the service of the Red Cross (then the Red Unalom Society). The hospital, named in honour of King Chulalongkorn, was founded through donations by King Vajiravudh and his brothers and sisters, together with the society's funds. The hospital was opened by King Vajiravudh on 30 May 1914.
King Ananda Mahidol aimed to increase physician in Thailand because at that time Thailand is under post–World War II period. Government of Thailand intentionally tried to find another hospital which is ready to be the second medical school of Thailand and finally they should King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital of the Thai Red Cross Society. On 4 June 1947, Affiliation with Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University was established.

## Facilities

Today, the hospital provides general and specialized medical services through its dentistry, forensic medicine, internal medicine, orthopedics, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, radiology and surgery clinics. It also operates five specialized medical service centers, namely: Cardiac Center, Glaucoma Imaging & Diagnostic Center, Excimer Laser Center, Chulalongkorn Craniofacial Center, and the Queen Sirikit Center for Breast Cancer. It serves as the office of many WHO Collaborating Centres in Thailand.
In 2007, ground was broken for the hospital's Bhumisirimangkalanusorn Building — claimed to be the largest medical hub in ASEAN — is a 12.5-billion baht (US$376 million) 29-storey facility. It was jointly financed by the state and the Thai Red Cross Society. The new addition opened on a partial basis in 2016 and is due to be fully inaugurated by the end of 2017. It has over 1,250 beds. Fully operational, it will house over 1,600 physicians and 2,100 nurses.
* Building in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
* Old administration building
* Sor Kor, Bhumisirimangkalanusorn, Or Por Ror and Sor Tor buildings
* The faculty building, Or Por Ror building
* The historic Administration Building, with the Bhumisirimangkalanusorn and Sor Kor buildings in the background
# Borough of Wellingborough

The Borough of Wellingborough was a non-metropolitan district and borough in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. It was named after Wellingborough, its main town, but also included surrounding rural areas.
The local council preferred to call itself the "Borough Council of Wellingborough" rather than the more usual form "Wellingborough Borough Council".
The borough covered almost the same area as the Wellingborough constituency. It was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the borough of Wellingborough with Wellingborough Rural District.
The borough bordered the districts of South Northamptonshire, Northampton, Kettering, Daventry and East Northamptonshire, as well as Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, and Bedford in Bedfordshire.

## Abolition and replacement

In March 2018, following suspension of the County Council arising from its becoming insolvent, due to financial and cultural mismanagement by the cabinet and officers, the then Secretary of State for Local Government, Sajid Javid, sent commissioner Max Caller into the council, who recommended the county council and all district and borough councils in the county be abolished, and replaced by two unitary authorities, one covering the West, and one the North of the county. These proposals were approved in April 2019. It meant that the districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire were merged to form a new unitary authority called West Northamptonshire, whilst the second unitary authority North Northamptonshire consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. These new authorities came into being on 1 April 2021. Elections for the new authorities were due to be held on 7 May 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Concurrent with these changes, the unparished area of Wellingborough was established as a civil parish and gained a Town Council.

## Settlements and parishes

Other than Wellingborough itself the borough included:
* Bozeat
* Earls Barton
* Easton Maudit
* Ecton
* Finedon
* Great Doddington
* Great Harrowden
* Grendon
* Hardwick
* Irchester
* Isham
* Little Harrowden,
* Little Irchester
* Mears Ashby
* Orlingbury
* Strixton
* Sywell
* Wilby
* Wollaston

## Political control

See Wellingborough Borough Council elections

## Arms

Coat of arms of Borough of Wellingborough :
* CrestOn a wreath of the colours in front of an annulet embattled on the outer edge per pale Gules and Sable a Garb Or.
* EscutcheonPer pale Gules and Or five roundels barry wavy of six those on the dexter Or and Gules and those on the sinister Gules and Or the centre roundel Or and Gules per pale counter-changed.
* SupportersOn the dexter side a bull guardant Sable armed and supporting an abbatical crozier Or with veil Proper and on the sinister side a lion guardant Or armed and langued Gules supporting with the front paw a currier's shave Proper.
* MottoForward Together
* BadgeA roundel barry wavy of six Gules and Or ensigned with a mural crown also Or with flames issuant Proper.
# Postgraduate certificate

A postgraduate certificate (abbreviated as PGCert, PG Cert or PGC is a postgraduate qualification at the level of a master's degree.
Like a postgraduate diploma, it is standard practice to use 'PGCert' as a post-nominal designation after completing the certificate course.

## United Kingdom

In United Kingdom, postgraduate certificate is a postgraduate qualification at the level of a master's degree (level 7 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, level 11 of the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland). Postgraduate certificates require a shorter period of study than master's degrees or postgraduate diplomas, typically equivalent to 225 contact hours or one-third of a full-time academic year. They should not be confused with graduate certificates, which are at the level of a bachelor's degree in the United Kingdom.
Although requirements vary depending on the program, a certificate program represents a focused collection of courses that, when completed, affords the student a record of academic accomplishment in a given discipline or set of related disciplines. The standard entry requirement is a UK honours degree or an equivalent foreign qualification.

### Postgraduate Certificate in Education

The Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCertEd) is the title used for postgraduate qualifications in education England, Wales and Northern Ireland at the level of master's degrees; in Scotland the title Postgraduate Diploma in Education or Professional Graduate Diploma in Education is used. Professional Certificate in Education is the title used for qualifications at bachelor's degree level.

### Certificate of Postgraduate Studies

The Certificate of Postgraduate Studies (CPGS, also called Certificate in Postgraduate Studies or Certificate in Postgraduate Study) is a postgraduate certificate offered by a variety of British universities. It is typically taken as the first year exam of a PhD-course and aims at making sure that the student has learnt the necessary knowledge for successfully working on their PhD.

## Ireland

In Ireland a postgraduate certificate (PgCert/Pg.Cert.) is a postgraduate qualification at the level of a master's degree (level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications). Postgraduate certificates have a typical study duration of maximum two years. The typical standard of entry for a postgraduate certificate programme of study is an honour in an undergraduate degree.
# Suleyman Stalsky

Suleiman Stalsky (Russian: Сулейман Стальский; Lezgian: Стӏал Сулейман, romanized: Sthal Suleyman; 18 May 1869 – 23 November 1937) was a North Caucasian poet of Lezgin descent from Dagestan. Russian writer Maxim Gorky described him as "Homer of 20th century".

## Legacy

Suleyman-Stalsky District, where his native village Ashaga-Stal is located, was renamed in his honor on the 100th anniversary of his birthday.
# Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni

Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni (Greek: Βάρη-Βούλα-Βουλιαγμένη) is a municipality in the East Attica regional unit of Attica, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Voula. The municipality has an area of 10,450 km$^2$. The municipal unit has an area of 37,225 km$^2$. It is part of Athens urban area, forming part of its southern suburbs and contains some of the area's most famous beaches and some of the most expensive real estate in Greece. Grigoris Konstantellos is the incumbent mayor, elected for a third term in October 2023.

## Formation

The municipality was formed at the 2011 local government reform known as the Kallikratis Plan, by the merger of the following three municipalities that became municipal units:
* Vari
* Voula
* Vouliagmeni