OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William James Hartley

William James "Bill" Hartley (born June 12, 1945) was a child care worker, restaurant owner and political figure in British Columbia, Canada. After being defeated in the riding of Dewdney in the 1986 provincial election, he represented Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1991 to 2001 as a member of the NDP. He served as Speaker of the assembly from 2000 to 2001. He previously served as deputy speaker from 1998 to 2000.
He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the son of Fred Hartley and Betty MacPherson, and was educated at Simon Fraser University. He served on the town council for Maple Ridge from 1983 to 1987 and was mayor from 1987 to 1990. In 1992, he married Alice Arnot Muir and became a father to Wallis Hartley.
# Momtazuddin Ahmed (philosopher)

Momtazuddin Ahmed (Bengali: মমতাজউদ্দিন আহমেদ; 24 December 1903 – 12 September 1971) was a Bangladeshi philosopher and educationist.

## Early life and education

Ahmed was born to a Bengali Muslim family from Brahmanbaria in the erstwhile Tippera District of eastern Bengal. He studied in Dhaka University and obtained MA in philosophy in 1927. In 1937 he earned his PhD degree in philosophy from University College London. His research for dissertation was on metaphysics and logic under the advisers John Cook Wilson and Bradley Stamp.

## Career
### Academia

Ahmed began his career as a lecturer at Dhaka University and later became the Head of the Department of Philosophy. He left the University in 1939 to become the first Muslim Principal of Dhaka College. He later served as the principal of Rajshahi College during 1945 to 1950. He then moved to Dhaka as Assistant Director of Public Instructions. He was elevated to the position of the Director of Public Instructions of East Pakistan in 1952, and in 1956 was appointed Education Adviser to the Government of Pakistan and concurrently held the position of the permanent secretary, Ministry of Education and Culture, Pakistan Government. He was appointed the Vice Chancellor of Rajshahi University in 1957 and stayed in the position until 1965.

### Governmental

Some of Ahmed's national and international affiliations include the following.
* Member of the Commission on National Education (1958)
* Member of the Pakistan Commission on Students Welfare (1965)
* Member of the Board of Trustees of the Pakistan National Press Trust (1964)
* Member of the Board of Governors of the Central Institute of Islamic Research
* Member (elected) of the Central Board for the Development of Bengali (1968)
* President of the Inter-University Board in erstwhile Pakistan (1965)
* President (elected) of the Eighth Congress of the Pakistan Philosophical Society, Karachi (1965)
* President (elected) of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress (1968–1971)
* Member of the Dhaka University Syndicate
* Member of Islamabad University Senate (1968–71)

### International

Ahmed represented the Government of Pakistan in many international initiatives, in bi-lateral and multilateral dialogues, conferences and fora including leading high level government delegations. These include leading delegations to Turkey, Iraq, Burma (Myanmar), Uruguay, India, Canada, France, the UK, the US to name some of them. He acted in the executive boards of international organizations and philanthropic foundations namely, the UNESCO General Conference in New Delhi in 1957 where he was elected a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, the Nuffield Foundation, UK, and others. He also attended the International Conference on Education in Geneva in 1956. Dr. Ahmed had been special guest to the Bukigham Palace and to the White House. He died in Dhaka.

## Legacy

Rajshahi University has named its Arts Building as Momtaz Uddin Academic Building after him in appreciation of his contributions to the institution.
# Qarayi

Qarayi (Persian: قرایی, also Romanized as Qarāyī; also known as Qareh Evlī) is a village in Dasht Rural District, Silvaneh District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 17 families.
# Mittagong Lions

Mittagong Lions Rugby League Football Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in Mittagong, New South Wales. Originally a rugby union club in the late 19th century, Mittagong was a founding member of the Berrima District Rugby League in 1914, just prior to the outbreak of the First World War.

## Notable players

* Daniel Alvaro (2015- Parramatta Eels)
* Jeremy Latimore (2009-19, various clubs)
* Bryson Goodwin (2021-)
# Li Shucheng

Li Shucheng (Chinese: 李書城; 1882–1965) was a senior leader of Kuomintang, and a politician of the People's Republic of China.
In 1921, the first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in his house in Shanghai, thus the CCP was founded with his brother Li Hanjun.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Li served as the first Minister of Agriculture of PRC.
# Stone Bridge, Riga

Stone Bridge (Latvian: Akmens tilts) is a bridge in Riga. It was called the October Bridge (Oktobra tilts) until 1992.
# Iatrosophia

Iatrosophia (Ancient Greek: ιατρoσóφια, literally 'medical wisdom') is a genre of Greek medical literature, originating in Byzantium. It comprises medical handbooks containing recipes or therapeutic advice, but the term can also be used of orally transmitted medical knowledge.

## Etymology

The term comes from Ancient Greek: ἰᾱτρός 'doctor' and Ancient Greek: σοϕία 'knowledge', and gave rise to the term Iatrosophist (Ancient Greek: ἰατροσοφιστής, Latin: iatrosophista), denoting a professor of medicine (from Ancient Greek: ἰᾱτρός 'doctor' and Ancient Greek: σοϕιστής 'learned person').

## Origins and development

It is thought that the iatrosophia genre arose in Byzantine hospitals, as compendia of recipes and therapeutic advice. The earliest known examples date from perhaps as early as the tenth century CE, but they survive in large numbers only from the fifteenth century onwards. After the fall of Byzantium, the iatrosophist tradition was maintained by Greek Orthodox monasteries and in secular, Greek-speaking parts of the Ottoman Empire into the early twentieth century. The texts drew on earlier Greek and Latin medical writing by Hippocratic writers such as Dioscorides and Galen, and, more importantly, later Byzantine authors (writing around the fourth to seventh centuries CE) such as Oribasius, Aetios of Amida, Alexander of Tralles and Paulus Aegineta. From the tenth century, influence from Arabic medicine (itself previously influenced by Greek medical writing) is also possible. Yet it is also clear that writers in this genre continually updated and adapted their texts on the basis of new information and experience.

## Modern research

Although nineteenth- and twentieth-century historians of medicine viewed iatrosophia texts as corrupt and degraded forms of more prestigious Classical medicine, recent work has emphasised that in their historical context they were intellectually valid works. Some researchers have even argued that some of the recipes in iatrosophia texts reflect clinically effective pharmacology.
Few texts in this genre have so far been edited or translated, surviving only in manuscript form. One survey of 700 Ottoman-era Greek medical manuscripts found that 45% were iatrosophia.
# Vogue, Cornwall

Vogue (Cornish: Fog, meaning blowing house or furnace) is a hamlet in the parish of St Day, Cornwall, England.

## Mining industry

At Vogue there was a mine called Wheal an Vogue alias Wheal an Byan, operational from the 17th century to the 19th century, and there were several stamping mills there, called Vogue Stamps, Tollan Vogue Stamps and the Lower Stamps, built circa 1700. The name Vogue itself is the Cornish word for a medieval smelting furnace or blowing house.

## Pub

In March 2022, a public house in the village, called "The Star Inn at Vogue", received a cease and desist letter from Condé Nast, owners of the magazine Vogue, asking them to change the pub's name because "as far as the general public is concerned a connection between your business and ours is likely to be inferred". The pub's owners declined to do so. Condé Nast later apologised, saying that "further research by our team would have identified that we did not need to send such a letter on this occasion."

## Cornish wrestling

There were many Cornish wrestling tournaments held at the Star Inn for prizes during the 1800s and 1900s.
# Sham, Iran

Sham (Persian: شم; also known as Sam) is a village in Negur Rural District, Dashtiari District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 16 families.
# Zug Oberwil railway station

Zug Oberwil railway station (German: Bahnhof Zug Oberwil) is a railway station in the municipality of Zug, in the Swiss canton of Zug. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Thalwil–Arth-Goldau line of Swiss Federal Railways.

## Services

As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Zug Oberwil:
* Zug Stadtbahn S2: hourly service between Baar Lindenpark and Erstfeld.
# 2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's team sprint

The Women's Team Sprint is one of the 7 women's events at the 2007 UCI Track World Championship, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
Eleven teams of two cyclists each participated in the contest. After the qualifying, the fastest two teams raced for gold, and 3rd and 4th teams raced for bronze.
The Qualifying and the Finals were held on the evening session on March 29.

## Qualifying

| Rank | Team | Lap 1 | Time | Speed (km/h) | Q |
| Rank | Team | Lap 1 | Lap 1–2 | Speed (km/h) | Q |
| 1 | Great Britain | 19.305 (1) | 33,630 | 53,523 | QF |
| | Victoria Pendleton Shanaze Reade | | 14.325 (1) | |
| 2 | Netherlands | 19.348 (2) | 34,071 | 52,830 | QF |
| | Yvonne Hijgenaar Willy Kanis | | 14.723 (4) | |
| 3 | Australia | 19.682 (6) | 34,155 | 52,700 | QB |
| | Kristine Bayley Anna Meares | | 14.463 (2) | |
| 4 | France | 19.583 (3) | 34,314 | 52,456 | QB |
| | Sandie Clair Virginie Cueff | | 14.731 (5) | |
| 5 | Germany | 19.691 (5) | 34,578 | 52,056 | |
| | Jane Gerisch Christin Muche | | 14.887 (6) | |
| 6 | China | 19.663 (4) | 34,676 | 51,909 | |
| | Tian Fang Gong Jinjie | | 15.013 (7) | |
| 7 | New Zealand | 19.782 (7) | 34,799 | 51,725 | |
| | Fiona Carswell Jocelyn Rastrick | | 15.017 (8) | |
| 8 | Russia | 20.172 (8) | 34,862 | 51,632 | |
| | Swetlana Grankowskaja Oksana Grishina | | 14.690 (3) | |
| 9 | Poland | 20.734 (10) | 36,159 | 49,780 | |
| | Renata Dąbrowska Magdalena Sara | | 15.425 (9) | |
| 10 | Spain | 20.656 (9) | 36,354 | 49,513 | |
| | Leire Olaberria Dorronsoro Ainhoa Pagola Alvarez | | 15.698 (10) | |
| 11 | Czech Republic | 21.514 (11) | 37,348 | 48,195 | |
| | Lada Kozlíková Lenka Valova | | 15.834 (11) | |

## Finals

| Rank | Team | Lap 1 | Time | Speed (km/h) |
| Rank | Team | Lap 1 | Lap 1–2 | Speed (km/h) |
| Gold Medal Race |||||
| | Great Britain | 19.269 (2) | 33,631 | 53,522 |
| | Victoria Pendleton Shanaze Reade | | 14.362 (1) | |
| | Netherlands | 19.267 (1) | 33,974 | 52,981 |
| | Yvonne Hijgenaar Willy Kanis | | 14.707 (2) | |
| Bronze Medal Race |||||
| | Australia | 19.287 (1) | 33,810 | 53,238 |
| | Kristine Bayley Anna Meares | | 14.523 (1) | |
| 4 | France | 19.700 (2) | 34,644 | 51,957 |
| | Sandie Clair Virginie Cueff | | 14.944 (2) | |
# Sorin Apostu

Sorin Apostu (born 8 February 1968) is a Romanian politician. A member of the Democratic Liberal Party, he was the mayor of Cluj-Napoca from December 2008 to February 2012, when he resigned while arrested in the midst of a corruption scandal.

## Biography

Apostu was born in Focșani and attended the University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine.
On 7 July 2014 he was convicted and sentenced to 4 months for receiving bribes from businessman Călin Stoia, to 3 months and 6 months for complicity in money laundering and 8 months for forgery. His sentences were merged into a 4 years and 6 months sentence.

## Political activity

In 2000 he started his political career and became the member of the Democratic Party. Emil Boc discovered him. At the local elections in 2004, he was elected as local counselor of the Cluj Napoca muni following the list of the Democratic Party. He resigned shortly from the position of the local counselor and took over the position of the direction of the Technical Department within the Cluj-Napoca Mayor-Office. In 2008, he again became a candidate for the position of the local counselor this time from the lists of the Democratic and Liberal Party. He was elected the local counselor of the Cluj Napoca muni and then, in June 2008, became the deputy mayor of the town. Then, in January 2009, he was elected as an acting mayor after the resignation of the mayor Emil Boc and on February 15, 2009, the Liberal Democratic Party designated him as a candidate for the position of mayor at the partial local elections. He won the elections in the first round with 60, 48% of votes.
# Quinine cartel

Quinine Cartel was a cartel regarding price and territory of producers of quinine and quinidine. There were two separate cartels with different members each time.
From the first isolation of quinine as an API in the year 1792 until the year 1947 it remained the only effective medicine against Malaria until Chloroquine (a comparable but synthetic API) and other drugs in adequate amounts entered the pharma market. Triggers of the cartels were the long cycles of over 10 years from planting until harvest of a tree and very volatile prices at auctions at the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Among other things, the main objective was to prevented that unprofitable plantations of cinchona were replaced by other crops such as tea or coffee. In the long term, those land areas would no longer be available for cultivating cinchona bark if the demand for quinine would suddenly rise again.

## First Cartel (between 1913 and 1942)

The first quinine cartel was founded in 1913. It collapsed due to the Japanese invasion of Java. It was a coalition of planters as well as producers of quinine. The headquarters of the quinine bureau was based in Amsterdam, dictating new plantations and scheduling production levels and prices.

## Second Cartel (between 1958 and 1963)

The second cartel only focused on territory and was only set up by quinine producers again under Dutch leadership. Prices and quotas were defined but also coordinated, that only German and Dutch producers were allowed to produce quinidine. There was no awareness of injustice. The cartel was even listed at the German Federal Cartel Office. The core of the cartel was also to form a purchasing cartel to purchase quinine sales by the US Army from the Defense National Stockpile Center, which were no longer needed. The amount of around 100 tons of quinine for sale in 1958 exceeded the total annual output of all producers and would have led to a serious drop in prices on the world market. As a comparison: in the year 2007 the NDA had a stockpile of only 4 tonnes.
Overall the fine accounted to DM 2 million imposed by the European Commission in 1969. At the time, it was the world's greatest punishment due to competition violations.
Members of the cartel:
* Nederlandse Combinatie voor Chemische Industrie (Netherlands). percentage of the penalty payment: 42%
* Boehringer Mannheim (Germany) percentage of the penalty payment: 38%
* Chininfabrik Braunschweig Buchler & Co.(Germany). percentage of the penalty payment: 13%
* Société Chimique Pointet-Girard S.A.(France). percentage of the penalty payment: 3%
* Société Nogentaise de Produits Chimiques (France). percentage of the penalty payment: 3%
* Pharmacie Centrale de France (France). percentage of the penalty payment: 2%
# Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship

The Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Scholarship U.K. was founded by Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma in 1966 as a tribute to the India's first Prime Minister – Jawaharlal Nehru – after his death in 1964.
The scholarship was funded by the Nehru Memorial Trust in London, U.K. and was mostly for one year period for studies in the U.K.
In 1970, the Scholarship was awarded to Dr. Vinod Kumar Chopra (Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur) for Low Temperature Physics works with Dr. Kurt Mendelssohn, at the Clarendon Laboratory of Oxford University.
The tenure of his scholarship was extended to 3-years from September 1970 to October 1973.
The Chairperson of the Scholarship from India was then-Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi, who personally interviewed the candidate after selection by the Education Ministry appointed Experts Committee headed by the UK Dy. High Commissioner.
The Scholarship was most prestigious and the scholars were honored by presenting them to the Queen at the Garden Party at the Buckingham Palace. They were invited to the annual Nehru Memorial Lectures as well.
The Trust Governors in the U.K were very high level dignitaries, such as Vice Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman, Lord Butler, Sir Graham Clifford and a few others. The Trust was very liberal in supporting the scholars' attending various international conferences.
The Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship is a fellowship conferred by the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, at the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, New Delhi to Indian citizens carrying out scholarly research in India.
The fellowship is not confined to any particular stream of studies and is awarded for research in the field of the natural sciences as well as in the humanities.
The fellowship is tenable for two years and carries a monthly stipend of Rs.1,00,000/-, which is exempted from the recipient's income tax, as per India's Income Tax Act, 1961 u/s 10(17A). Other additional financial requirements are met, to a ceiling of Rs.75,000/- per month.

## History

The Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship was founded in 1968 by the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF). Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Republic of India's first Prime Minister, had a great passion for expanding the frontiers of knowledge and scholarship in India, particularly through the agency of an Indian people newly-free, independent, and self-defining .

## Selection for the fellowship

The Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows are chosen by a selection committee consisting of persons in different fields.
# List of municipal and regional parks in British Columbia

This is a list of municipal and regional parks in British Columbia, Canada.

## City and municipal parks

* Beacon Hill Park (Victoria)
* Beecher Park (Burnaby)
* Central Park (Burnaby)
* Cloverdale Fairgrounds (Surrey)
* Como Lake Park (Coquitlam)
* Deer Lake (Burnaby)
* Douglas Park (Langley)
* Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden (Vancouver)
* Forests for the World (Prince George)
* Falaise Park (Vancouver)
* Fraser River Heritage Park (Mission)
* Hastings Park (Vancouver)
* Hillcrest Park (Vancouver)
* Hinge Park (Vancouver)
* Kensington Park (Burnaby)
* Lighthouse Park (West Vancouver)
* Lynn Canyon Park (District of North Vancouver)
* McAuley Park (Vancouver)
* Minoru Park (Richmond)
* Mystic Vale (University of Victoria, Oak Bay)
* Oppenheimer Park (Vancouver)
* Mundy Park (Coquitlam)
* Paddlewheel Park (Prince George)
* Robert Burnaby Park (Burnaby)
* Queen Elizabeth Park (Vancouver)
* Riverside Park (Kamloops)
* Rocky Point Park (Port Moody)
* Stanley Park (Vancouver)
* Sunrise Park (Vancouver)
* Terra Nova Adventure Park (Richmond)
* Thetis Lake (Saanich)
* Thunderbird Park (Victoria)
* Town Centre Park (Coquitlam)
* Vanier Park (Vancouver)
* Victory Square (Vancouver)
* Wendy Poole Park (Vancouver)

## Regional parks

* Belcarra Regional Park (Belcarra, Indian Arm)
* Burnaby Lake Regional Park (Burnaby)
* Capilano River Regional Park (North/West Vancouver)
* Cascade Falls Regional Park (NE of Mission, FVRD Electoral Area "F")
* Coats Marsh Regional Park (Gabriola Island)
* Derby Reach Regional Park (Langley)
* Descanso Bay Regional Park (Gabriola Island)
* Elk/Beaver Lake Regional Park (Saanich)
* Island View Beach (Central Saanich)
* Kanaka Creek Regional Park (Maple Ridge)
* Minnekhada Regional Park (Port Coquitlam)
* Mount Benson Regional Park (Nanaimo)
* Nanaimo River Regional Park (Nanaimo)
* Pacific Spirit Regional Park (UEL/Vancouver)
* Sooke Potholes Regional Park (Sooke)
* Surrey Bend Regional Park (Surrey)
# Rajlakshmi Srikanta

Rajlakshmi Srikanta (Bengali: রাজলক্ষ্মী শ্রীকান্ত) is a Bangladeshi Bengali language film released in 1987. The film is directed by Bulbul Ahmed and based on a novel by Saratchandra Chattopadhyay. The screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by Bulbul Ahmed, Mumtazuddin Ahmed and Zahirul Haque . Shabana and Bulbul Ahmed acted in the title roles of the film. Praveer Mitra, Nutan, Razzak and many others acted in other roles. The film won the National Film Award and Bacchus Award in multiple categories including Best Film in 1987 .

## Cast

* Shabana
* Bulbul Ahmed
* Rasel
* Prabir Mitra
* Nutan

## Soundtrack

| No | Song Title | Singer(s) | Duration |
| 1 | "Jamuna Boro Beimaan" | Sabina Yasmin | 4:09 |
| 2 | "Shoto Jonomer Shopno" | Sabina Yasmin | 5:17 |
| 3 | "Mora Ghoonghat Na Kholo Saawariya" | Sabina Yasmin | 3:10 |
| 4 | "Ami Jolshaghare Nupur Pora Bondini" | Sabina Yasmin | 4:17 |
| 5 | "Laglam Na To Karo Pujatey" | Subir Nandi and Abida Sultana | 4:40 |
| 6 | N/A | Runa Laila | |

## Awards
### 12th Bangladesh National Film Awards

* Best Film - Bulbul Ahmed
* Best Supporting Actor - Abul Khair
* Best Female Playback Singer - Sabina Yasmin
* Best Child Artist - Master Rasel and Suborna Shirin

### Bachsas Awards

* Best Film - Bulbul Ahmed
* Best Director - Bulbul Ahmed
* Best Actor - Bulbul Ahmed
* Best Actress - Shabana
* Best Supporting Actor - Prabir Mitra
* Best Supporting Actress - Nutan
* Best Screenplay - Bulbul Ahmed
* Best Female Playback Singer - Sabina Yasmin
* Best Lyricist - Gazi Mazharul Anwar
* Best Cinematographer - M. A. Mobin
* Best Editing - Atikur Rahman Mollik
# Melitón Manzanas

Melitón Manzanas González (9 June 1909 – 2 August 1968) was a high-ranking police officer in Francoist Spain, known as a torturer and the first planned victim of ETA.

## Background

Manzanas entered the police force in 1938, in Irun, where he established one of his infamous interrogation centres and collaborated with Nazi Germany — he helped the Gestapo to arrest Jews who were trying to escape from occupied France. He was assigned to Donostia-San Sebastián in 1941, eventually becoming commander of the Brigada Político-Social (BPS), the francoist political police division, in San Sebastián. A Basque himself, he was a vehement opponent of Basque nationalism, which had been revived in the 1960s, and, in particular, to the then fledgling organisation ETA.

## Death and aftermath

On 2 August 1968, he was murdered in the first planned killing committed by ETA in response to the killing of Txabi Etxebarrieta. His killers waited for him at his residence and shot him seven times.
Thirty years after his death, Manzanas was awarded the Medal of Civil Merit dedicated to the victims of terrorism by José María Aznar. Manzanas' service under Franco's regime, the fact that he was known for having used police torture, and the fact that he was not the first torturer rewarded by the Spanish Government raised some controversy about this award.
# Bani Saif al-Alli

Bani Saif al-Alli (Arabic: بني سيف العالي) is a sub-district located in Al Qafr District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Bani Saif al-Alli had a population of 6875 as of 2004.
# University of Copenhagen Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies

The Centre for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies (Danish: Center for Naturfilosofi og Videnskabsstudier, abbr. CNV) involves a small group of scientists, philosophers of science, and researchers at the University of Copenhagen. It engages in the interdisciplinary field denominated as the philosophy of nature and science studies, including history, philosophy and sociology of science. It operates under the Department of Science Education at the Faculty of Science.