OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Coaraze

Coaraze (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Coarasa; Italian: Coarazza) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

## Geography

Coaraze is a small village in the Nice hinterland, in the valley of the River Paillon. The closest town is Contes, 8 km (5.0 mi) away.
The village itself is built on a sandstone mount at the foot of Mount Férion (1,414 metres or 4,660 feet (1,420 m) high).

## History

Erected as a baronnie in 1629, Coaraze was under Spanish administration from 1744 to 1748. In the nineteenth century the old trail was replaced by a road.

## Population

Its inhabitants are called Coaraziens in French.

## Tourism

Coaraze is one of sixteen villages grouped together by the Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur tourist department as the Route des Villages Perchés (Route of Perched Villages). The others are: Aspremont, Carros, Castagniers, Colomars, Duranus, Èze, Falicon, La Gaude, Lantosque, Levens, La Roquette-sur-Var, Saint-Blaise, Saint-Jeannet, Tourrette-Levens and Utelle.
Coaraze is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (most beautiful villages of France) association.

## Personalities

* Jean Cocteau
* Jules Engel
* Paul Vérola: poète, écrivain, cousin du Tsar par alliance
# Carlo Alberto Castigliano

Carlo Alberto Castigliano (9 November 1847, in Asti – 25 October 1884, in Milan) was an Italian mathematician and physicist known for Castigliano's method for determining displacements in a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of strain energy.
Alberto Castigliano moved from the region of his birth, Piedmont in northwestern Italy, to the Technical Institute of Terni (in Umbria) in 1866. After four years in Terni, Castigliano moved north again, this time to become a student at the Polytechnic of Turin. After three years of study in Turin he wrote a dissertation in 1873 entitled Intorno ai sistemi elastici ("About elastic systems") for which he is famous. In his dissertation there appears a theorem which is now named after Castigliano. This is stated as:
   ... the partial derivative of the strain energy, considered as a function of the applied forces acting on a linearly elastic structure, with respect to one of these forces, is equal to the displacement in the direction of the force of its point of application."
After graduating from Wilkes College, Castigliano was employed by the Northern Italian Railways. He headed the office responsible for artwork, maintenance and service and worked there until his death at an early age.
# Chinon Nuclear Power Plant

The Chinon Nuclear Power Plant (French: Centrale nucléaire de Chinon) is near the town of Avoine in the Indre et Loire département, on the river Loire (approximately 10 km from the town of Chinon) in central France. The power station has seven reactors, of which three have been closed.

## Operation

It employs approximately 1,350 full-time workers. The operator is Électricité de France (EDF).

## Performance

The site houses three of the first generation of French plants, of UNGG-type (similar to the Magnox design), which have now closed. These reactors were named EDF1, EDF2, EDF3 and were later renamed into Chinon-A1, Chinon-A2, Chinon-A3. Four of the first French PWR series were later built on the site (Chinon-B1, Chinon-B2, Chinon-B3, Chinon-B4). The site has four cooling towers, specially designed to be low-profile in order to minimise the visual impact on the Loire.
It is larger than most French plants and feeds approximately 6% of French electricity demand.

## Events

* During the unusually cold 1986-87 winter, the water intake from the river, as well as several other important pieces of equipment and machinery, froze.
* On 21 December 2005, sand accumulated inside the tertiary cooling circuit, threatening to block it. This could have stopped cooling of all the reactors.
* On 4 September 2008, some industrial oil was accidentally discharged to the river in a maintenance operation. It was not radioactively contaminated.
* On 30 April 2009, a bomb alert caused an evacuation of the plant and an intervention by several units of army security forces.
* On 10 February 2024, France's EDF shut down two nuclear reactors due to a fire at the plant.

## Other info

* Since 1986, the closed Chinon A1 reactor has been redeveloped to hold the French Atom Museum.
* The INTRA (INTervention Robotic on Accidents) group, a national nuclear event emergency intervention group equipped with remotely guided, radiation hardened machinery, has its headquarters at the plant.

## Reactors

| Unit | Type | Net power | Total power | Construction start | Construction finish | Commercial operation | Shut down |
| Chinon A1 | UNGG | 70 MW | 80 MW | 01.02.1957 | 14.06.1963 | 01.02.1964 | 16.04.1973 |
| Chinon A2 | UNGG | 210 MW | 230 MW | 01.08.1959 | 24.02.1965 | 24.02.1965 | 14.06.1985 |
| Chinon A3 | UNGG | 480 MW | 480 MW | 01.03.1961 | 04.08.1966 | 04.08.1966 | 15.06.1990 |
| Chinon B1 | PWR | 905 MW | 954 MW | 01.03.1977 | 30.11.1982 | 01.02.1984 | Qualified to operate until 2024 |
| Chinon B2 | PWR | 905 MW | 954 MW | 01.03.1977 | 29.11.1983 | 01.08.1984 | Qualified to operate until 2024 |
| Chinon B3 | PWR | 905 MW | 954 MW | 01.10.1980 | 20.10.1986 | 04.03.1987 | Qualified to operate until 2027 |
| Chinon B4 | PWR | 905 MW | 954 MW | 01.02.1981 | 14.11.1987 | 01.04.1988 | Qualified to operate until 2028 |
# Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Istanbul

The Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Istanbul, also known as Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople, serves Armenian Catholics in Turkey and is under the Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia. Its cathedral is St. Mary of Sakızağaç Cathedral in Istanbul.

## History

The eparchy was established by Pope Pius VIII on 6 July 1830. Pope Gregory XVI referred to it as "a new see" in a letter addressed to its first Archbishop, Antonio Nurigian sent on 3 February 1832.
The eparchy was combined with the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia from 1866 until 1928 and was the patriarch's see, based in Istanbul. When the patriarchal seat was moved to Beirut, Lebanon, the current archeparchy was erected on 15 October 1928.
On 21 March 2015, it was made known that the Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians, with the consent of the Synod of Bishops of the Patriarchal Church, and after having informed the Holy See, had accepted the resignation of Archbishop Hovhannes Tcholakian.
Mons. Boghos Lévon Zékiyan was then elected Archbishop of Istanbul by the Synod of Bishops of the Patriarchal Church of Armenia.
On the 21 October 2024, The Synod of the Church of Cilicia of the Armenians has accepted the resignation from the pastoral care of the archeparchy of Istanbul of the Armenians, presented by Archbishop Lévon Boghos Zékiyan, and has appointed the Reverend Archpriest Vartan Kirakos Kazanjian, until now protosyncellus of the same archeparchy, as eparchial archbishop of Istanbul of the Armenians, Turkey.
In 2008 there were 3,650 Armenian Catholics belonging to the diocese.
* Cathedral interior
# Magan Airport

* Russia portal
* Aviation portal
Magan Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Маган; Yakut: Маҕан аэропорда, Mağan aeroporda) (IATA: GYG, ICAO: UEMM) serves the village of Magan, a few kilometers west of Yakutsk, in Russia.
Until the early 1980s, Yakutsk/Magan was monitored as one of nine Arctic staging bases capable of handling the Tupolev Tu-22M (Backfire) bomber.
# Sreenath Subrahmanyam

Sreenath Subrahmanyam is a biologist and the director for the Institute of Bioecosciences, Virginia, United States of America.

## Education

Sreenath received his bachelor's degree in biological sciences from Loyola College, Madras, and a PhD diploma in biological sciences from Cranfield University, UK. Sreenath is a Beahrs Fellow on the Natural Resources Management Program, University of California, Berkeley.

## Research

Sreenath works on climate change adaptation strategies in Western Ghats, Indiacomputationally modelling tracheophytes and forest ecosystems. Sreenath worked on Environmental impacts of the proposed lignite mine at Jayankondam. At Cranfield University, Sreenath developed a new approach for the computational design of molecular imprinting, which is followed by research groups around the world. Sreenath proposed that natural receptors can be used in bio-recognition, an idea which many researchers have successfully used in Biology. Sreenath is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology,

## Training programs on ecology and conservation biology

Sreenath continues to direct a number of training programs such as the Young Advantage Program, Environmental Leadership Program, and the Faculty Enrichment Program.

## Popular contributions

Environmental impacts of thermal power plant: case study
Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids–implication in phytophagy
Application of natural receptors in sensors and assays
Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review
Ecological modelling of a wetland for phytoremediating Cu, Zn and Mn in a gold–copper mine site using Typha domingensis (Poales: Typhaceae) near Orange, NSW, Australia
Effective climate change adaptation strategies for biodiversity conservation
# 1962 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team

The 1962 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team was an American football team that represented Hardin–Simmons University as an independent during the 1962 NCAA University Division football season. In its first and only season under head coach Jack Thomas, the team compiled a 1–9 record and was outscored by a total of 206 to 72.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 15 | at Tulsa | Skelly FieldTulsa, OK | L 0–39 | 14,000 |
| September 22 | McMurry | Shotwell StadiumAbilene, TX | L 6–8 | |
| September 29 | at Wichita | Veterans StadiumWichita, KS | L 6–13 | |
| October 6 | at North Texas State | Fouts FieldDenton, TX | L 8–29 | |
| October 13 | at Abilene Christian | Shotwell StadiumAbilene, TX | L 6–14 | |
| October 20 | Trinity (TX) | Shotwell StadiumAbilene, TX | W 14–6 | |
| October 27 | at Arkansas | War Memorial StadiumLittle Rock, AR | L 7–49 | |
| November 3 | at Texas Western | Kidd FieldEl Paso, TX | L 6–7 | |
| November 10 | at Arlington State | Memorial StadiumArlington, TX | L 6–7 | |
| November 17 | West Texas State | Shotwell StadiumAbilene, TX | L 13–34 | |
| Homecoming ||||||
# Rudolf Brun

Rudolf Brun (1290s – 17 September 1360) was the leader of the Zürich guilds' revolution of 1336, and the city's first independent mayor.
Since 1234, Zürich had been governed by an aristocratic council. One third of the council's members were representatives of the nobility, and two thirds were drawn from the city's patriciate, consisting mainly of influential merchants. The city's mayor was appointed from among these by the abbess of the influential Fraumünster.
Rudolf was the son of Jakob Brun, a member of the city council, and of Mechthild. He was married to Margaretha Fütschi, daughter of Ulrich, another councillor. Rudolf was himself a member of the council from 1332 to 1336.
Brun overthrew the former city council with the help of the city's craftsmen in June 1336. According to the new constitution, the council was now composed of 26 members, of whom 13 were of the Konstaffel, consisting of the former patriciate; at least seven of these were required to hold knighthood. The remaining 13 councillors were the guild masters of the city's 13 guilds (Zünfte). In this sense, Brun's reform was not so much a revolution as the creation of a balance of power between the patriciate and the guilds.
Brun reserved for himself the title of mayor for life, and he dominated the council until his death in 1360.
In 1337, Brun defeated his political opponents, who had retreated to Rapperswil, at the Battle of Grynau. In 1349, Brun led a massacre of the Jewish community of Zurich, seizing many of the spoils for himself. An attempted coup by the aristocratic opposition was forcefully put down in 1350, Count Johann II of Rapperswil, the opposition's leader, was arrested, and the town walls of Rapperswil and Rapperswil Castle were destroyed by Brun. Zürich under Brun joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1351.
A result of Brun's revolution was a decrease of the influence of the city's two monasteries, the Grossmünster and the Fraumünster, which had dominated Zürich throughout the Middle Ages. The Fraumünster abbesses, traditionally women of the highest nobility, did retain considerable political influence, however, and the process was only completed with Huldrych Zwingli's reformation in the 1520s, in the course of which the monasteries were shut down.
# The Gabrieliad

The Gabrieliad (Russian: «Гавриилиада», Gavriiliada) is a humorous poem on the subject of the Annunciation widely believed to have been written by Alexander Pushkin in April 1821, while he was in his student years.

## Synopsis

The Gavriiliada is a satiric description of the beginning of the New Testament, primarily making fun of the virgin birth and God's ineptness. In Pushkin's narrative, Mary, the mother of Jesus, a young and attractive Jewish girl, is married to an old and impotent carpenter who has taken her as wife only to keep house. God chooses her to be the mother of Jesus and sends Archangel Gabriel to announce the good news. Satan learns about God's plan and arrives first in the form of a snake to seduce and deflower Mary. Gabriel arrives too late to save her from Satan but manages to drive him off with an illegal punch to testicles. Then he quickly has his way with Mary, who had already seen him in a vision and was impatiently waiting for him. The next morning, God in the form of a dove flies into Mary's bedroom and has intercourse with her, thus thinking He has conceived Jesus.

## Case of Gavrieliad

The poem was written anonymously because the author could be prosecuted for blasphemy by the Holy Synod. In 1828, an official investigation of the alleged authorship by Pushkin started. After initially denying writing the poem, Pushkin admitted it in a letter to Nicholas I.
# Provideniya Bay Airport

Provideniya Bay Airport (Russian: Аэропорт «Бухта Провидения») (IATA: PVS, ICAO: UHMD) (also Urelik and Ureliki) is a small airport in Chukotka, Russia located 3 km southwest of Provideniya at the northern end of the Istikhed lake on the eastern side of Provideniya Bay. It services primarily small transport aircraft. A concrete apron contains four parking spaces.

## Military history

In 1954, an 8,200 ft (2,500 m) hard surface runway capable of supporting a fighter regiment and jet bomber deployments was constructed. This attracted the interest of the US intelligence community as Provideniya was the closest Soviet military airfield to the United States. By 1964, at least three S-75 Dvina (SA-2) surface-to-air missile sites were identified surrounding the airfield.
529th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, part of 25th Air Defence Division, 11th Independent Air Defence Army, was stationed at the airfield from 1960 and 1968. It flew MiG-17 (ASCC Fresco) and MiG-19 aircraft. U.S. intelligence agencies reported it as a division. There were also three Mil Mi-4 helicopters. However after the Cold War, the airfield had deteriorated and was not adequate for Russia's modern military operations. There are anecdotal reports that it has received Tupolev Tu-95MR deployment flights as part of military exercises.

## Civilian history

This airport was famous for the 1988 flight of Alaska Airlines known as the Friendship Flight at that time, as well as a similar Bering Air flight in May of the same year.
On 25 July 2005, a Swedish Airforce C-130 Hercules landed in Provideniya Bay, bringing in an international research team from the Beringia 2005 expedition, organized by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat.
The airport itself and the surrounding towns are not accessible to foreigners without a special permit from the Russian government.

## Airlines and destinations

Chukotavia operates infrequent service to the regional capital Anadyr, usually 3-5 times a month. It also operates scheduled helicopter services around the region using a Mi-8, such as to Enmelen, Egvekinot and Lavrentiya.
Bering Air operates chartered tourist flights several times a year using small aircraft such as Beechcraft 1900 and CASA C-212 Aviocar.
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Chukotavia | Anadyr |
# Sh 2-140

Sharpless 140 is an H II region and emission nebula in the Cepheus constellation, 3,000 light years from the Solar System. It is part of the Cepheus bubble. The surface of the nebula's clouds primarily consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
# Bobot, Trenčín District

Bobot ( Hungarian: Bobót ) is a village and municipality in Trenčín District in the Trenčín Region of north-western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 240 metres and covers an area of 16.079 km². It has a population of about 725 people.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Nitra, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1725-1898 (parish A)

## Notable people

* Mikuláš Jozef Lexmann (1899 – 1952) Dominican priest
# Tha Sae district

Tha Sae (Thai: ท่าแซะ, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northwestern part of Chumphon province, southern Thailand.

## History

Mueang Tha Sae was under Mueang Chumphon, with its governor having the rank phra. King Chulalongkorn downgraded Mueang Tha Sae to a district of Chumphon Province. In 1920 the government downgraded Tha Sae to a minor district (king amphoe) of Pathio district. It was officially upgraded to a full district again in 1940.
The district name originates from the public canal pier (in Thai: tha), where plenty of catechu trees (Callerya atropurpurea) grow.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Bang Saphan Noi of Prachuap Khiri Khan province, Pathio and Mueang Chumphon of Chumphon Province, and Kra Buri of Ranong province. To the west is the Tanintharyi Division of Myanmar.
The important water resources are the Tha Sae and Rap Ro Rivers.

## Administration

The district is divided into 10 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 116 villages (mubans). Tha Sae is a township (thesaban tambon) covering parts of the tambon Tha Sea. Noen Sam Thi covers further parts of tambon Tha Sae. There are a further 10 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Tha Sae | ท่าแซะ | 18 | 10,726 |
| 2. | Khuring | คุริง | 7 | 3,411 |
| 3. | Salui | สลุย | 8 | 7,425 |
| 4. | Na Kratam | นากระตาม | 11 | 5,049 |
| 5. | Rap Ro | รับร่อ | 23 | 16,128 |
| 6. | Tha Kham | ท่าข้าม | 15 | 6,823 |
| 7. | Hong Charoen | หงษ์เจริญ | 14 | 10,963 |
| 8. | Hin Kaeo | หินแก้ว | 6 | 4,303 |
| 9. | Sap Anan | ทรัพย์อนันต์ | 7 | 3,854 |
| 10. | Song Phi Nong | สองพี่น้อง | 7 | 8,265 |

## Economy

The coffee-growing valley of Ban Panwal in the district includes 178,283 rai of robusta coffee plantations. It produces more than 24 million tonnes a year. Chumphon Province contributes 60 percent of Thailand's total coffee production, much of it from here. Local brands include Thamsing, ST Chumphon, and Khao Tha-Lu Chumporn.
# Sam McCrory (loyalist)

Samuel McCrory (22 March 1965 – 24 July 2022), also known as Skelly McCrory, was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), an Ulster loyalist paramilitary organisation. In 2008 he came out as gay, and as a gay activist.
In his youth McCrory formed a racist skinhead gang along with future UDA Brigadiers Johnny Adair and "Fat" Jackie Thompson. He was knee-capped by the UDA for assaulting a pensioner.
McCrory's first target was Francisco Notarantonio, who was set up by British Army agent Brian Nelson to divert the UDA from targeting Freddie Scappaticci. On 9 October 1987, Notarantonio, a 66-year-old who had been interned in 1971, was shot dead at his home in Ballymurphy.
In July 1992 McCrory, Thompson and two others set off to target Provisional Irish Republican Army leaders Brian Gillen and Martin Lynch. The UDA attackers were ambushed by the British Army on Finaghy Road North on the border between South and West Belfast and were fired upon. McCrory was arrested and received a long prison sentence. He eventually became the UDA officer in command at the Maze Prison and, as such, attended a meeting with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, during the peace process.
After his release, police accused him of involvement in a gun attack on a bar in August 2000 at the start of a loyalist feud with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
He appeared in an episode of Danny Dyer's Deadliest Men. In the programme, Danny Dyer met McCrory in the Scottish seaside town of Ayr, where McCrory was living. The two visited McCrory's former city of Belfast.
In 2015 four men were arrested in Glasgow and charged with plotting to kill to McCrory and Johnny Adair. Charges against one of the accused were subsequently dropped on 1 July 2015. The three other defendants, Antoin Duffy, Martin Hughes and Paul Sands, were convicted of the plot on 20 July 2015.
McCrory died after an accidental fall on concrete steps near his home on 24 July 2022, at the age of 57. He suffered fatal head injuries.
# Purba Paschim Dakshin

Purba Paschim Dakshin is a Bengali spiritual thriller film directed by Rajorshi Dey and produced by Suchandra Vaaniya. This film is based on Ebong Inquisition, compilation of three Paranormal fiction of Avik Sarkar. The film was released on 22 November 2019, under the banner of Just Studio. It is the last film acted by Mrinal Mukherjee and debut film of Manabi Bandyopadhyay, India's first transgender college Principal.

## Plot

The plot gradually unfolds through an eventful rail journey. Stuti, a widow, suffers from a terminal disease which can be treated by a particular doctor. During her journey, a co passenger narrates her three stories that are interconnected. The stories somehow relate with the worship of Goddess Kali and the practise of Tantra in Bengal at the time of renowned Bengali scholar and pioneer of Tantra Krishnananda Agamavagisha.

## Cast

* Paran Bandopadhyay as Krishnananda Agamavagisha
* Kamaleshwar Mukherjee as Narrator
* Arpita Chatterjee as Stuti
* Rajesh Sharma as Panditji
* Aryann Bhowmik as Tenia
* Rudraprasad Sengupta as Bhabesh Kaku
* Gaurav Chakrabarty as Atin
* Bidipta Chakraborty
* Manabi Bandyopadhyay
* Suchandraa Vaaniya as Titli
* Mrinal Mukherjee as Dwijottam Mishra
* Damini Basu as Pushpa Di
* Kaushik Kar as Firingia
* Satrajit Sarkar as Khodabox
* Priyanath Mukhopadhyay as Ahmed Khan
* Eshika De as Damori
* Padmanabha Dasgupta