OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spatharios

The spatharii or spatharioi (singular: Latin: spatharius; Greek: σπαθάριος, literally "spatha-bearer") were a class of Late Roman imperial bodyguards in the court in Constantinople in the 5th–6th centuries, later becoming a purely honorary dignity in the Byzantine Empire.

## History

Originally, the term was probably applied to both private and imperial bodyguards. The original imperial spatharioi were probably or later became also the eunuch cubicularii (Greek: koubikoularioi), members of the sacrum cubiculum (the imperial "sacred chamber") charged with military duties. They are attested from the reign of Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408–450), where the eunuch Chrysaphius held the post. The existence of the specific title of spatharokoubikoularios for eunuchs in 532 probably suggests the existence by then of other, non-eunuch, spatharioi in imperial service. The various generals and provincial governors also maintained military attendants called spatharioi, whilst those of the emperor were distinguished with the prefix basilikoi ("imperial ones"). The officer leading the imperial spatharioi held the title prōtospatharios ("first spatharios"), which became a separate dignity probably in the late 7th century.
By the early 8th century, these titles had lost their original military connotations and become honorific titles. The title of spatharios ranked initially quite high, being awarded for instance by Emperor Justinian II (r. 685–695) to his friend and future emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717–741). It gradually declined, however, and in the Klētorologion of 899, it occupies the seventh-highest place in the hierarchy of ranks for non-eunuchs, above the hypatos and below the spatharokandidatos. According to the Klētorologion, the insignia of the dignity was a gold-hilted sword. At the same time, the term oikeiakos spatharios still designated a bodyguard of the imperial oikos ("household"), as distinct from the basilikoi spatharioi who now were the holders of the honorary dignity. The term ceased to be used in these contexts after circa 1075, and by the time Anna Komnene wrote her Alexiad in the early 12th century, a spatharios was held to be completely insignificant.

## Other occurrences

* In the Lex Alemannorum (79.7), a spatharius is a swordsmith.
* In medieval Moldavia, the Spătar was the keeper of the royal sword and bludgeon, commander of the cavalry and second-in-command of the army after the voivode.
* Ælfric of Eynsham glosses spatharius as "sword-bearer": "swyrd-bora. Id est, Ensifer."
* In the 12th century, the Milites Ordinis Militaris S. Jacobi de la Spatha, a Portuguese chivalric order, were known as Spatharii.
# Nepal Pratap Bhaskara

The Nepal Pratap Bhaskara (Nepali: नेपाल प्रताप भास्कर) is a decoration of Nepal. It is also called as the Nepal Decoration of Honour. It is the highest honour of Nepal given to only foreign monarchs and Nepalese ruling sovereign.

## History

It is instituted on 25 December 1966 by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.

## Insignia

The ribbon of the order is blue with a white-edged red central stripe. It has a badge worn on the chest and one on the sash ribbon.

## Grades

The Nepal Pratap Bhaskara has one grade: Member. The decoration consists of the Sovereign (Parama-Nepal-Pratap-Bhaskara), Grand Master (Ati-Nepal-Pratap-Bhaskara), and ordinary members (Nepal-Pratap-Bhaskara). Conferred on members of the Nepalese and foreign Royal houses.

## Recipients

* King Mahendra of Nepal (1966)
* Queen Ratna of Nepal (1966)
* King Birendra of Nepal (1972)
* Queen Aishwarya of Nepal (1975)
* King Juan Carlos I of Spain (1983)
* King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand (1986)
* Queen Sirikit of Thailand (1986)
* Queen Margrethe II of Denmark (1989)
* Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal (1995)
* King Gyanendra of Nepal (2001)
* Queen Komal of Nepal (2001)
# Yugoslav Third League

Yugoslav Third League (Croatian: 3. savezna liga; Serbian Cyrillic: 3. савезна лига) was the third tier football league of SFR Yugoslavia. The top clubs were promoted to the second tier, the Yugoslav Second League.
The Yugoslav Third League was played only in season 1950. In the period before and after 1950 the league system was different and a Yugoslav Third League never existed as such.

## League format

League was unified, comprising twelve teams.

## Seasons

| Season | Champion | Second place | Third place | Promoted to Second League |
| 1950 | Radnički Beograd | Velež Mostar | Dinamo Pančevo | Radnički, Velež, Dinamo, Zagreb, Proleter, Rabotnički, Rudar Trbovlje |

## Yugoslav Inter-Republic League

In 1988, Inter-Republic Leagues were introduced as a third tier between Yugoslav Second League and Republic Leagues.

### Seasons

| Season | Season | Champion | Second place | Third place | Promoted to Second League |
| 1988–89 | West | Rudar Ljubija | Mladost Petrinja | Zagreb | Rudar Ljubija |
| 1988–89 | East | Mladost Lučani | FAP | Bor | Mladost Lučani |
| 1988–89 | North | Zemun | Rudar Kostolac | Vrbas | Zemun |
| 1988–89 | South | Iskra Bugojno | Famos Hrasnica | Neretva Metković | Iskra Bugojno |
| 1989–90 | West | Zagreb | Zadar | Mladost Petrinja | Zagreb |
| 1989–90 | East | Bor | Novi Pazar | Radnički Kragujevac | Bor |
| 1989–90 | North | Radnički Beograd | Bečej | Jedinstvo Brčko | Radnički Beograd |
| 1989–90 | South | Mogren | Rudar Kakanj | Famos Hrasnica | Mogren |
| 1990–91 | West | Zadar | Jugokeramika Zaprešić | Rudar Ljubija | Rudar Ljubija |
| 1990–91 | East | Balkan Stokokomerc | Radnički Kragujevac | Teteks | Balkan, Radnički, Teteks |
| 1990–91 | North | Bečej | Vrbas | Hajduk Kula | Bečej, Vrbas, Hajduk |
| 1990–91 | South | Čelik Zenica | Jedinstvo Bijelo Polje | Neretva Metković | Čelik, Jedinstvo |
| 1991–92 | West | Travnik | Lokomotiva Mostar | Vitez | — |
| 1991–92 | East | Jastrebac Niš | Sileks | Dubočica | — |
| 1991–92 | North | Novi Sad | Dinamo Pančevo | Agrounija Inđija | — |
| 1991–92 | South | Rudar Pljevlja | Mladost Lučani | Novi Pazar | — |
* ↑ The Inter-Republic League in 1991–92 season was played without Croatian and Slovenian clubs.
* ↑ Competition in the West group was abandoned after 20 rounds due to the outbreak of the Bosnian War. (There is a placing after a 20th round and were indicated with italic letters.)
# Ghara

Ghara is an earthen pot made in the Indian subcontinent. It is used for storing drinking water and keeping it cool.
The word ghara has cognates in Pahari, Bengali and Odia languages that can all be traced to the Sanskrit word ghaṭa meaning pot. It is spelled in Hindi: घड़ा; in Nepali: घड़ा ghaṛā; in Urdu: گھڑا; in Saraiki: دِلّا and in Punjabi: ਘਡ਼ਾ.
The word ghara is also used for the hollow bulbous protuberance on the snout of mature male gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) as it is shaped like a ghara. This protuberance enables them to emit a hissing sound that can be heard 75 m (246 ft) away.
# The Black Imp

The Black Imp (French: Le Diable noir) is a 1905 French silent trick film by Georges Méliès. It was sold by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 683–685 in its catalogues.

## Synopsis

A mischievous magic imp cavorts around inside of a hotel room, jumping from the bed to the table, and then, from the chair to an expensive couch. A respectable resident arrives escorted by the landlady and her husband, and before long, strange things begin to occur. Articles of furniture magically move from place to place, and even disappear entirely before their eyes. In the end, the mischievous imp materializes before the startled guests, causing a major emotional shock.

## Production

Méliès appears in the film as the distinguished hotel guest. The special effects include pyrotechnic techniques as well as many substitution splices; there are 61 substitution splices in the moving chair sequence alone.
John Frazer's 1979 book-length study of Méliès, and a 1981 guide to Méliès's work from the Centre national de la cinématographie, both devote sections to The Black Imp. The compilers of the latter book report that two different versions of the film appear to exist: the copy viewed for their analysis differs from Frazer's summary in plot outline, and even in the number of chairs that are involved in the chair sequence.
In an April 1979 article in Cahiers du cinéma, film director Marie-Christine Questerbert described The Black Imp as a classic example of Méliès's way of evoking disorder, creating proliferation from simple visual motifs.
# B word

The "B" word is a euphemism generally used to replace a profane word starting with the letter b. The profanity in question may be:
* Bitch (slang)
* Bastard (slang)
* Bollocks
# Chymes

Chymes (Greek: Χύμης) was a Greco-Roman alchemist who lived before the third century. He is known only through fragments of text in the works of Zosimos of Panopolis and Olympiodorus of Thebes.
Some theorists state that Chymes is the eponymous founder of alchemy. Zosimus associates him with Mary the Jewess. He may likely date from this earliest period of alchemy.

## Etymology

Chymes' name has also been recorded as Chemas, Cheimas, Chimes, Chemes, and Chimas. He was referred to by Ibn al-Nadim as both "Kimas" and "Shimas". Jewish-Hellenistic traditions have equated Chymes with Cham, the biblical figure known as Ham (son of Noah). Despite this, Chymes can not been identified with any known personage.

## Fragments

One is the All, and it is through it that the All is born. One is the All, and if the All does not contain all, the All will not be born.
# Musikot, Western Rukum

Musikot (Nepali: मुसिकोट) is a municipality and the district headquarter of Western Rukum District in Karnali Province of Nepal that was established as Musikot Khalanga on 2 December 2014 by merging the two former Village development committees Musikot and Khalanga. From 2014 until 2018, Musikot was called Musikot Khalanga and until 2017 served as the district headquarter of Rukum District. It lies on the bank of Sani Bheri River. It borders with Eastern Rukum in the east, Sanibheri rural municipality in the west, Banfikot rural municipality in the north and Tribeni rural municipality and Rolpa district in the south.
Once a red fort of CPN (Maoist Centre), Musikot is now ruled by Nepali Congress since the year 2022 and Maoists have finally lost both mayoral and deputy mayoral post.

## Demographics

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Musikot Municipality had a population of 33,882. Of these, 98.9% spoke Nepali, 0.5% Magar-Kham, 0.4% Magar and 0.1% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 57.8% were Chhetri, 18.4% Magar, 10.9% Kami, 3.9% Damai/Dholi, 3.0% Thakuri, 2.9% Hill Brahmin, 1.7% Sarki, 0.3% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.3% Badi, 0.2% Newar, 0.1% other Dalit, 0.1% Kumal, 0.1% Musalman, 0.1% other Terai, 0.1% Thakali, 0.1% Tharu and 0.1% others.
In terms of religion, 98.4% were Hindu, 1.3% Christian, 0.1% Buddhist, 0.1% Muslim, 0.1% Prakriti and 0.1% others.
In terms of literacy, 71.9% could read and write, 2.0% could only read and 26.1% could neither read nor write.

## Media

To Promote local culture Musikot has one FM radio station, Radio Sani Bheri F.M. - 89.2 MHz, which is a Community radio Station.

## Transportation

Rukum Salle Airport lies in Old-Musikot offering flights to Nepalgunj and Kathmandu. Rapti Highway links Musikot to the Terai region of Nepal.
# Food Union NNF

The Food Union NNF (Danish: Fødevareforbundet NNF) is a trade union representing food and tobacco workers in Denmark.
The union was founded in 1980, when the Bakery, Pastry and Mill Workers' Union merged with the Danish Union of Slaughterhouse Workers, the Danish Tobacco Workers' Union, and the Confectionery and Chocolate Workers' Union. They formed the Danish Food and Allied Workers' Union (NNF), and in 1983, the Association of Dairy Workers also merged in. In 2009, the union shortened its name, to become the "Food Union NNF".
Like its predecessors, the union affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, and since 2019 has been a member of its successor, the Danish Trade Union Confederation. In 1997, it had 41,913 members, but by 2018, membership had dropped to only 17,095.
# Krebs School

Krebs School (Danish: Krebs' Skole) is a private school located in Stockholmsgade in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was founded on 15 August 1872 by Conrad Peter Julius Krebs. Several members of the Danish royal family have attended the school, along with other members of the Danish upper class and nobility. As of 2023, the school's headmaster is Mikael Fink-Jensen.

## History

The school was established on 15 August 1872 by C.P.J. Krebs, who had been the headmaster of Metropolitanskolen until 1871. Initially, the school was run out of Krebs' own home on Sortedam Dossering. It soon moved to a location on Tordenskjoldsgade in central Copenhagen and then to Nørregade 20. In 1878 the school secured funding to construct its own building at Stockholmsgade 5. It was designed by architect Charles Abrahams. The school officially moved into the building on 17 September 1878. Stockholmsgade 5 contained all of the school's programs until 1959, when it began expanding into other buildings. Today, the school's campus consists of Stockholmsgade 5, 7, and 9, as well as a smaller pavilion.

## Notable alumni

* Frederik X
* Prince Joachim
* Count Nikolai of Monpezat
* Count Felix of Monpezat
# Buceș

Buceș (Hungarian: Bucsesd) is a commune in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Buceș, Buceș-Vulcan, Dupăpiatră (Dupapiátra), Grohoțele, Mihăileni (Miheleny), Stănija (Sztanizsa), and Tarnița.
At the 2021 census, the commune had a population of 1,595; of those, 88.6% were Romanians and 5.4% Roma.

## Gallery

* Wooden church in Stănija
* Interior of the wooden church from Stănija
* Buceș in the Josephinische Landesaufnahme cadastral maps, 1769-72
* Vulcan Mountain seen from Buceș
* Road sign near Stănija and Dupăpiatră
* Orthodox church in Mihăileni
* Mihăileni Dam
* Orthodox church in Buceș-Vulcan
# Thakur Prasad Gyawaly

Thakur Prasad Gyawaly (Nepali: ठाकुर प्रसाद ज्ञवाली) is 27th Chief of Nepal Police. He was appointed as the Chief of Nepal Police after succeeding Sarbendra Khanal on February 12, 2020 by the cabinet decision of the Government of Nepal.
# Stratford railway station, Victoria

Stratford railway station is a regional railway station on the Gippsland line, part of the Victorian railway network. It serves the town of Stratford, in Victoria, Australia. Stratford station is a ground level unstaffed station, featuring one side platform. It opened on 8 November 1887, with the current station provided in 2004. It initially closed in August 1993, then reopened on 3 May 2004.

## History

When Stratford opened, it was a temporary terminus of the line from Stratford Junction, a few kilometres to the west. On 8 May 1888, the line was extended to Bairnsdale.
Major signalling changes occurred at the station in 1986, including the abolition of the electric staff sections Sale - Stratford Junction, and Stratford Junction - Stratford, which was replaced by the electric staff section Sale - Stratford, with an intermediate electric staff instrument provided at Stratford Junction. All signals and interlocking at Stratford Junction were also abolished during that time.
Under the Kennett government, V/Line passenger services to Stratford were suspended in August 1993. The passenger service was restored on 3 May 2004.
As part of the Regional Rail Revival project to upgrade the Gippsland line, a new railway bridge was built over the Avon River, south of the station. It replaced the previous bridge, dating from 1888, on which train speeds had been restricted to 10 km/h for safety reasons. The new bridge was opened in December 2020.
Until their closure, Munro, Fernbank, Lindenow and Hillside stations were located between Stratford and Bairnsdale stations.

## Platforms and services

Stratford has one platform and is served by V/Line Bairnsdale line trains.
Platform 1:
* Gippsland line services to Bairnsdale and Southern Cross

## Gallery

* Former V/Line platform signage, September 2008
* Station building and entrance, February 2015
* Station entrance signage, January 2021
* Station building and entrance, April 2021
* Platform signage, April 2021
* Southern Cross bound VLocity train, April 2021
# St. Bartholomew's Church, Vrahovice

St. Bartholomew's Church (Czech: Kostel svatého Bartoloměje) is a baroque building which was built from 1831 to 1836 and which is used by a Catholic Church. It lies at the main square in Vrahovice. The church is protected as a cultural monument of the Czech Republic.
St. Bartholomew's Church is the third church which was built up in Vrahovice. The first one burned at the end of the 16th century, the second one proved to be too small. The construction of the current church began in 1831. There were financial issues and its construction was finished in 1836. It was also consecrated in 1836. The interior was completed at 1890s. In the 1990s the church was fully reconstructed.
# Přemysl Hajný

Přemysl Hajný (December 18, 1925 – October 24, 1993) was a Czechoslovakian ice hockey player. He won a silver medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics with the Czechoslovakian national team.
# Auguste Salzmann

Auguste Salzmann (1824–1872) was a French archaeologist, painter, and pioneer in the field of archaeological photography.

## Life and career

Salzmann was born into a wealthy family of entrepreneurs from Alsace. He was a friend of painter and writer Eugène Fromentin, with whom he travelled in 1847 to Algeria. In 1851, while in Egypt, Salzmann met with Egyptologist Auguste Mariette and developed a particular interest in his work.
Salzmann, who was a painter of landscapes and religious scenes, also became one of the first to use photography as a means of archaeological study. He is, together with Louis De Clercq [fr], the most important photographer from the time of calotype whose work is not defined by Egyptology. His 1854 Jerusalem images are inspired by the work of archaeologist Félix de Saulcy.
In 1853 Salzmann applied for a government assignment for researching the buildings of the Knights Hospitaller from the Island of Rhodes. When he departed on 12 December 1853, his actual target was not Rhodes anymore, but Jerusalem. In the meantime he had become interested in a scientific debate regarding, at its core, the age of the walls of Jerusalem. The debate had been kicked off in 1852 by de Saulcy, who had expanded on it in his 1853 book, Voyage autour de la Mer Morte (lit. 'Travels Around the Dead Sea'). Salzmann, who was acquainted to Saulcy, had a spontaneous change of heart and modified his travel plans: "I have changed my travel destination in the belief of making a true service to science. I have researched all the monuments of Jerusalem and photographed mainly those whose origin has been under dispute." Salzmann stayed for four months in Jerusalem, gathering almost 200 images, until being forced by a fever to return to France.
The most prominent images from his photo book Jerusalem, which includes a total of 174 photographs, are without doubt the depictions of architecture details and the excavation findings. These he brought back and presented as hard facts in the running dispute of the time. Salzmann managed to combine his skills as a painter with his scientific acumen as an archaeologist. The publication also contains views of Jerusalem, the Valley of Josaphat, and Bethlehem. Salzmann's images are aesthetically richer when compared, from today's perspective, to the classical approach of his contemporary, Maxime Du Camp. The photo book was published in 1856 and marketed for a price which was, at that time, completely out of bounds: over 1400 Francs. Less of a commercial success than Du Camp's book, it was mainly targeting an archaeologically interested public whose curiosity in such topics had substantially decreased lately.
In 1860, the magazine Le Tour du monde published the images as woodcuts.

## Publications

* Jérusalem: Études et reproductions photographiques de la Ville Sainte depuis l'époque judaïque jusqu'à nos jours (4 volumes; Gide et Baudry, Paris 1856); available at Gallica.
* Nécropole de Camiros. Journal des fouilles exécutées dans cette nécropole pendant les années 1858 à 1865 (A. Detaille, Paris 1875); available at Gallica.
# Hudajužna

Hudajužna (pronounced; Italian: Villa Iùsina) is a village in the valley of the Bača River in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia. The Bohinj Railway line runs through the settlement.

## Name

The settlement was first attested in 1515 as Pochudauschna (and as Chuda Jusna in 1566, Cudaiusna in 1591, and per Hudeiusine in 1628). The name is a fused compound derived from *Huda južina (< hud 'intense, strong' + južina 'southern weather'), and thus refers to a local area that experienced the first significant thaw. The cadastral survey carried out under Emperor Francis I indicates that the name first referred to a rock shelter on Obloke Hill (Slovene: Obloški hrib) above the village, known as the place where the snow first melts away in spring. The adjective hud also means 'bad' and the noun južina 'lunch', and so popular imagination has created a story about how the name refers to an Ottoman attack on the village while the villagers were having lunch.

## Church

The church in Hudajužna is dedicated to Saint Barbara. It was built in 1905 at the same time the railroad was built. It is a small building with a chancel walled on three sides and a nave through which the bell tower rises. It is roofed with sheet metal.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Hudajužna include:
* Leopold Kemperle (1886–1950), journalist and editor
* Janez Kokošar (1860–1923), composer

## Gallery

* Hudajužna railway station
* 1915 postcard of Hudajužna
# Radoslav Svoboda

Radoslav Svoboda (born 18 December 1957 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is an ice hockey player who played for the Czechoslovak national team. He won a silver medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1974–75 | TJ ZKL Brno | TCH | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1975–76 | TJ ZKL Brno | TCH | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1976–77 | TJ Zetor Brno | TCH | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1977–78 | VTJ Písek | TCH III | 41 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1978–79 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1979–80 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 37 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1980–81 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 26 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1981–82 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 44 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1982–83 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 43 | 11 | 8 | 19 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1983–84 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 40 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1984–85 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 30 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1985–86 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 46 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1986–87 | TJ Zetor Brno | TCH | 42 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1987–88 | Esbjerg IK | DNK | 30 | 21 | 23 | 44 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1988–89 | Esbjerg IK | DNK | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1991–92 | EC Graz II | AUT II | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1992–93 | UEC Mödling | AUT II | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1993–94 | UEC Mödling | AUT II | | | | | | | | | | |
| TCH totals | TCH totals | TCH totals | 309 | 43 | 54 | 97 | 184 | — | — | — | — | — |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1981 | Czechoslovakia | CC | 5 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| 1982 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 1983 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| 1984 | Czechoslovakia | OG | 7 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 |
| 1985 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | 34 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 18 |