OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Ashe (Canadian politician)

George Lyle Ashe (October 5, 1932 – August 3, 2014) was a Canadian politician. He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1977 to 1987 who represented the Durham region riding of Durham West. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

## Background

Ashe was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and educated in that city. He worked in agency management for Northern Life of Canada. He was a Separate School trustee for the Roman Catholic board in Gloucester Township in the late 1950s. He and his wife Margo raised four children.

## Politics

He was an alderman for Nepean Township in the early 1960s. He was elected deputy reeve of Pickering in 1969, and became the city's first mayor four years later. Ashe served as mayor of Pickering until 1977, and was also a member of the Durham Regional Council.
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1977 election, in the riding of Durham West defeating New Democratic Party incumbent Charles Godfrey by 593 votes. He served as parliamentary assistant to three ministers, and was re-elected with an increased plurality in the 1981 election. Ashe was appointed to Bill Davis's cabinet on April 10, 1981, as Minister of Revenue.
Following a cabinet shuffle on July 6, 1983, Ashe was named as Minister of Government Services. Ashe supported Frank Miller to succeed Davis in the Progressive Conservative Party's 1985 leadership convention, and was named Minister of Energy when Miller became in as Premier of Ontario on February 8, 1985.
Ashe was re-elected in the 1985 election, which reduced Miller's Conservatives to minority government status. He was appointed as Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet on May 17, 1985, but accomplished little before Miller's government was defeated in the house in June. In opposition, he served as his party's critic for Revenue, the management board, and Financial Institutions. He lost the Durham West constituency to Liberal Norah Stoner by 5,843 votes in the 1987 election, amid a Liberal sweep of the province.
Ashe's son, Kevin is also the Mayor of Pickering, elected in 2022. During the 40th Ontario general election, Ashe was the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in Ajax—Pickering but ultimately lost.

### Cabinet positions

Ontario provincial government of Frank Miller :
| Cabinet posts (2) |||
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Bette Stephenson | Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet 1985 (May–June) | Elinor Caplan |
| Philip Andrewes | Minister of Energy 1985 (February–May) | Mike Harris |
| Ontario provincial government of Bill Davis |||
| Cabinet posts (2) |||
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Douglas Wiseman | Minister of Government Services 1983–1985 | Bob Runciman |
| Lorne Maeck | Minister of Revenue 1981–1983 | Bud Gregory |

## Later life

In 2003, Ashe was elected as a Trustee for the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington District School Board and he served one three-year term. He died in 2014 of Parkinson's disease.
# Muçolli

Muçolli is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Agon Muçolli (born 1998), Danish footballer
* Arbnor Mucolli (born 1999), Danish-Albanian football player
* Erza Muqoli (Albanian: Erëza Muçolli; born 2005), French singer
# Bhuwan Chand

Bhuwan Chand (Nepali: भुवन चन्द; born June, 1949) is a Nepalese actress. She is known for Aama, the first Nepali feature film which was produced in 1964. Owing to her lead role in the first feature film produced in Nepal, which was produced by the Nepal government, she is known as the first actress of Nepal. Her other works include Hijo, Aaja, Bholi (1967), Manko Baandh (1973), Sindoor (1980), Jivan Rekha, Ke ghar ke dera (1987), Pachchis Basanta (1988) and Santideep (1989) among others.
Chand is one of the leading faces of Rastriya Nachghar, the iconic national theatre on Nepal. She is also set to receive "Extraordinary Services Award (Actress), 2019" from the Film Development Board, in its 19th anniversary celebration event.

## Personal life

She was born on 14 June 1949 (1 Ashadh 2006 BS) in Kuslechaur, Kathmandu, Nepal. She has received a Matric, IA and a Sr. Diploma in Kathak dance. She is the granddaughter of Late Padma Bahadur Thapa, and daughter of Gujeshwari Thapa and Bhairab Bahadur Thapa. Her father was a singer in Radio Nepal. She married Michael Chand in 1976.
# Ammachatram

Ammachatram is a village situated 6 km from Kumbakonam (Temple Town) to Mayiladuthurai route on [State Highway (SH - 64)] and 277 km away from Chennai. The village is called Mela Ammachatram (West) and Ammachatram (East) that's centered in between UmaMaheswarapuram, Thirunageswaram(Famous for Rahu and Oppiliappan temple), Kumbakonam and Mayiladuthurai which is nearby the panchayat of Thepperumalnallur (famous for its Bhagavatha mela) and comes under Kumbakonam and Thiruvidaimarudur Taluk in Thanjavur District. Ammachatram is a village in Kumbakonam taluk, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Ammachatram had a population of 2967 with 1455 males and 1512 females, giving a sex ratio of 1039 compared to the state average of 996. 270 (9.1%) of the population was aged 0-6, and the literacy rate was 85.09% compared to a state average of 80.09%.

## Etymology

An ancient village prescribed in "Bavishyotta puranam" as "Bairavapuram" after some period it was called "Sakkuvambalpuram" or "Ammani Ammal Chatiram", presently pronounced as Ammachatiram in Tamil.
# Karlo Weissmann

Dr. Karlo Weissmann (14 February 1890 – 1953) was a Croatian physician and founder of the first sanatorium in Osijek.
Weissmann was born in Virovitica to a Jewish family on 14 February 1890. He completed elementary school in Osijek and Gymnasium education in Zagreb. Weissmann graduated from the Medical University of Vienna. During World War I he was recruited in the Austro-Hungarian Army and was stationed in Albania. In 1921 Weissmann finished specialization at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Upon completing specialization he returned to Osijek where he led an anti-tuberculosis dispensary. Soon after he co-founded, with Dr. Julijo Bathory, the first sanatorium in Osijek, "Weissmann-Bathory".
Weissmann was a long time member of the Jewish community Osijek. On 20 April 1926 Weissmann and several others Jewish athletes founded the "Rowing sport club Bar Kohba", which he also presided. During World War II, as a Jew, he was persecuted and forced to leave Osijek. He escaped to Jastrebarsko where he worked as physician from 1942 to 1945. After the war Weissmann returned to Osijek where he died from a heart attack. He was buried at the Jewish cemetery Osijek.
# Land og Folk

Land og Folk (Danish:; Danish: Land and People) was a communist newspaper published from 1919 to 1990. It became the main organ of the Communist Party of Denmark (DKP) from 1920 and boomed in circulation during World War II, growing from 12,000 copies in 1940 to 120,000 copies in 1945. The paper was printed in Copenhagen, but distributed countrywide. It ran the Land og Folk Festival, which gathered around 100,000 visitors annually.

## History and profile

The newspaper was established as a weekly in 1919 under the name of Arbejdet (Danish: The Labour). In 1920, it became the central organ of the DKP. The following year it was renamed as Arbejderbladet (Danish: The Worker's Paper) after the formation of the Communist Federation. The paper was published on a daily basis from 1964.
Its title was Arbejderbladet until June 1941 which was changed to Land og Folk on 1 March 1942, after a brief existence with the title Politiske Maanedsbreve (Danish: Political Monthly Letters). During the German occupation of Denmark in World War II, on 22 June 1941, and a few months before Denmark joined a revised anti-comintern pact in November that same year, Danish police arrested and detained hundreds of communists. On 22 August 1941 the paper was banned. However, it was published illegally by the Danish resistance movement until 1945.
In 1950, an automatic Mercedes printing machine and in 1969, a printing press were given to Land og Folk by the East German ruling communist party, SED. The paper had some conflicts with the DKP in the mid-1960s. The paper claimed in the early 1950s that the American Federal Bureau of Investigation was like the Gestapo describing the Truman administration as a Fascist government.
In the 1960s the subscribers of Land og Folk included large number of Russians, and the paper was sent to Moscow each day. However, a rift occurred between the paper and the DKP central committee in 1968 when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia.
Frede Jakobsen served as the editor-in-chief of Land og Folk which was based in Copenhagen. David Hejgaard was the industrial editor of the paper in the mid-1940s.
Land og Folk ceased publication in 1982. It was later restarted, but permanently folded on 28 December 1990.
The photo archive of Land og Folk is kept in Arbejdermuseet in Copenhagen.

### Circulation

In the 1920s its circulation ranged between 4,000 and 6,000 copies. During the next decade its circulation was significantly increased and became nearly 12,000 copies in 1940. By the end of the Nazi occupation in 1945 the paper had a daily circulation of 120,000 copies.
The circulation of Land og Folk was 19,181 in 1952. During the last six months of 1957 the paper sold 10,833 copies on weekdays. Land og Folk had a circulation of 7,100 copies in 1975.
# Atalar, Mazıdağı

Atalar (Kurdish: Xarok) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mazıdağı, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Abasan and Rutan tribes and had a population of 260 in 2021.
# Biruda

Biruda (Nepali: विरुडा) is a mixture of five seeds of crops used for worshipping and blessing during the Gaura festival. The mixture is composed up of five different types of grains and pulses (wheat, horse gram, pea, rhododendron and black gram). This festival is mainly celebrated in Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal and the Biruda mixture is mainly eaten in this region. On the event of the Gaura festival, it is believed that the god Mahesh (Shiva) was married to the goddess Gaura (Parvati).
In the day of Panchami, Biruda is kept with water in a copper pot to make them wet. The next day the mixture is washed and water is replaced with full customs and worship of Goddess Gaura. Next day this process recontinues. Finally, fourth day from Panchami called Ashtami, all women who wore a sacred thread dubi dhaga fast for good fortune of them and their family members. Whole day women worship goddess Gaura chanting different mantras and folk songs. At last near to end every one gets up, Biruda and fruits are kept in pieces of cloths and they are thrown towards sky, everyone starts to catch anything they can, it is believed that it is good for fortune to catch these things.
# Kulata

41°23′15″N 23°21′50″E﻿ / ﻿41.38750°N 23.36389°E﻿ / 41.38750; 23.36389
Kulata (Bulgarian: Кулата, lit. 'the tower', Greek: Κούλα or Κούλατα) is a village in Petrich Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province, in southwestern Bulgaria. As of 2006 it has 892 inhabitants and the mayor is Dimitar Manolev. The village is a major border checkpoint on the border with Greece. The community of Promachonas in Serres regional unit lies across the border.
The first-class European route E79 and the railway from Sofia to Thessaloniki pass through the village. It will be an important stop on the Struma motorway.
* This Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Vretsia

Vretsia (Greek: Βρέτσια, Turkish: Vretça) is an abandoned Turkish Cypriot village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Koilineia. After the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Turkish-Cypriot natives of the village abandoned their properties and moved to the north of Cyprus.
# Gastria

Gastria (Greek: Γαστριά, Turkish: Kalecik) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, located on the Karpas Peninsula. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus. The Gastria Castle is located south–west of the village.

## History

Around the village are multiple prehistoric sites that have been the subject of archaeological excavations. The Alaas site, located 3 km from the village, contains 19 tombs that have been studied, dated to the Late Bronze Age, between 1090-1050 BC. This site was looted in 1973 and items sold to private collectors, who then "helped" the Cypriot Department of Antiquities find the site and excavate it.
The village's name is an archaic plural form of the word "castle" in Greek and comes from the medieval Templar castle found in proximity to the village. The ruins of the castle were visible as late as the 1960s.
Writing in 1961, Nearchos Clerides noted that the modern village of Gastria is "not old", and that it was founded around one hundred years prior to the time of writing by inhabitants of a nearby village called Kamares (no longer extant), who migrated to the site of today's village. These inhabitants consisted entirely of Greek Cypriots, and the village was recorded as being home to 297 people in the 1891 census. The population reached a peak of 376 people in 1946 but then fell significantly to 198 by 1973.
During the 1974 conflict, the village was captured by the Turkish army and thus became a de facto part of Northern Cyprus. Most inhabitants fled in the wake of the advancing Turkish army, but 29 people tried to stay in the village, only to be displaced in September 1976. These around 200 inhabitants are now scattered throughout the southern part of Cyprus. In their place, the village was repopulated with settlers from Turkey in 1976 and 1977, particularly from the Feke and Kozan districts of Adana Province.

## Economy

Gastria is home to the Kalecik power plant, a fuel oil-based plant operated by Aksa, which generates 45% of the electricity used in Northern Cyprus and provides employment in the village. Unemployment, particularly for young people, is a common problem.
# Cap of the North

The Cap of the North, also known as the North Calotte, (Nordkalotten in Norwegian and Swedish, or Pohjoiskalotti in Finnish) is the regions of Norway, Sweden, and Finland located north of the Arctic Circle. It usually consists of the counties Finnmark, Nordland and Troms in Norway, Norrbotten in Sweden, and Lapland in Finland. The region has a subarctic climate and is home to the majority of the Sámi people.
The region contains over 30% of the total area of the three countries, but it houses less than 5% of their population.
The Kola Peninsula was considered a part of this region until 1917, but this was changed after the Russian Revolution, with the new Soviet Union closing their borders.
Sámi historian Per Guttorm Kvenangen has criticized the term Nordkalotten for displacing the overlapping term Sápmi and hiding the "Sámi character" of northern Fennoscandia.
# Landskrona City Hall

Landskrona City Hall is a city hall in Landskrona that hosts the central government of Landskrona Municipality. The house is located by the new harbor, near the Sofia Albertina Church and barely half a kilometer east of the Landskrona Water Tower, which is located along the city's west coast.
The building, designed by Sten Samuelson and Inge Stoltz, was inaugurated in September 1976 and most recently underwent an interior renovation that was completed in 2021.
# The Catastrophe of the Balloon "Le Pax"

The Catastrophe of the Balloon "Le Pax" (French: Catastrophe du Ballon 'Le Pax') was a 1902 short silent film directed by Georges Méliès. It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 398 in its catalogues.
The film is a recreation of a real-life catastrophe that occurred in Paris on 12 May 1902. At 5 a.m. on that day, the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo de Albuquerque Maranhão and his mechanic, M. Georges Saché, set off in Severo's dirigible, the Pax. They intended to fly from Paris to Issy-les-Moulineaux. However, while the aeronauts were still over Paris at about 400 meters' altitude, the motor stopped and the dirigible exploded. Both Severo and Saché were killed.
The Catastrophe of the Balloon "Le Pax" is the second-to-last of Méliès's "reconstructed newsreels" (staged re-enactments of current events), made between The Eruption of Mount Pelee and The Coronation of Edward VII. It is currently presumed lost.
# Alekos Papadopoulos

Alekos Papadopoulos (Greek: Αλέκος Παπαδόπουλος; b. 1949 in Giromeri, Thesprotia) is a Greek lawyer and politician of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). He is a former Member of Parliament and was a minister three different times.

## Political career

Between 1989 and 2004 he was a Member of the Hellenic Parliament for Thesprotia representing the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). In 1994 Papadopoulos assumed as Minister of Economics. During his tenure he oversaw the structural adjustments which Greece had to undertake to enter the European Economic and Monetary Union. He initiated major reforms in the taxation of companies and also in the education of future civil servants establishing a School of Economics associated with the Ministry of Economics. From September 1996 onwards until February 1999 he acted as the Minister for Internal Affairs, Public Administration and Decentralization. As such, he implemented several reforms, most notably the “Kapodistrias plan", restructuring Greece in new administrative regions. In February 1999 he was forced to resign over accusations to have collaborated with Turkey in the capture of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). In April 2000 he was appointed Minister of Health. In June 2002, he announced that he would not present himself as a candidate in the upcoming elections, but still mentioned he would implement the reforms he had initiated. This caused some frictions within the PASOK party specially with Prime Minister Costas Simitis who was disappointed that such a popular politician would leave his team and dismissed him a few days after. As a former minister he often comments on the political situation or criticizes the financial politics of the Greek government. In 2018, he doubted that Greece would be able to stay within the Eurozone.
# 1941 in Malaya

This article lists important figures and events in the public affairs of British Malaya during the year 1941, together with births and deaths of prominent Malayans. The Japanese occupation of Malaya started in December 1941.

## Incumbent political figures
### Central level (until February 1942)

* Governor of Federated of Malay States :
** Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
* Federal Secretaries of the Federated of Malay States :
** Hugh Fraser
* Governor of Straits Settlements :
** Shenton Whitelegge Thomas

### State level (until February 1942)

* Perlis :
** Raja of Perlis : Syed Alwi Syed Saffi Jamalullail
* Johore :
** Sultan of Johor : Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur
* Kedah :
** Sultan of Kedah : Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
* Kelantan :
** Sultan of Kelantan : Sultan Ismail Sultan Muhammad IV
* Trengganu :
** Sultan of Trengganu : Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah
* Selangor :
** British Residents of Selangor : G. M. Kidd
** Sultan of Selangor : Sultan Sir Hishamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj
* Penang :
** Monarchs : King George VI
** Residents-Councillors : Arthur Mitchell Goodman
* Malacca :
** Monarchs : King George VI
** Residents-Councillors :
* Negri Sembilan :
** British Residents of Negri Sembilan : John Vincent Cowgill
** Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan : Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
* Pahang :
** British Residents of Pahang : C. C. Brown
** Sultan of Pahang : Sultan Abu Bakar
* Perak :
** British Residents of Perak : Marcus Rex
** Sultan of Perak : Sultan Abdul Aziz Al-Mutasim Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa I

## Events

Below, the events of World War II have the "WW2" acronym
* 8 December – WW2: Imperial Japanese Army landings at Pak Amat Beach, Kota Bharu. This marked the official start of the Japanese occupation of Malaya.
* 8–11 December – WW2: Operation Krochol
* 9 December – WW2: Sungai Petani, Butterworth and Alor Star airport were captured by the Imperial Japanese Army.
* 10 December – WW2: The British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse were sunk by Japanese aircraft after relying on false intelligence as to the location of the landings.
* 11–13 December – WW2: Battle of Jitra
* 14–16 December – WW2: Battle of Gurun
* 18 December – WW2: Malayan Peoples's Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA) founded.
* 30 December – WW2: Starting Battle of Kampar until 2 January 1942.
* Unknown date – Construction of India House (Penang) completed.

## Births

* 30 January – Ahmad Kamal Abdullah – Writer and National Sasterawan
* 20 February – Lim Kit Siang – Democratic Action Party (DAP) politician
* 1 March – Laila Taib – Wife to former Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud (died 2009)
* 22 June – Ariffin Mohamad @ Ayah Pin – Secterian leader (died 2016)
* 17 September – Syed Hussein Alatas – Writer
* 26 September – Raja Jaafar – Raja Muda Perak
* 7 October - Leo Moggie Anak Irok – Former Minister of Energy, Communication and Multimedia (1998-2004), Chairman Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd
* 1 November – Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim – Former Attorney General of Malaysia (2003-2007)
* Unknown date – A. Galak – Actor
* Unknown date – Mohd. Yusof Noor – Politician
# Odder Line

The Odder Line (Danish: Odderbanen), also known formerly as the Hads-Ning Herreders Jernbane (HHJ), is a 26.5 km (16.5 mi) long standard-gauge single-track light-rail line which connects the city of Aarhus to the town of Odder in the Central Denmark Region. The Odder Line has its own route between Rosenhøj and Odder, and parallels the mainline between Rosenhøj and Aarhus.
The line, first opened in 1884, was originally operated by the HHJ, which merged with the Lemvig Line (VLTJ) in 2008 to form Midtjyske Jernbaner. From 2012 to 2016 services on the line were operated by DSB as part of Aarhus Nærbane (Aarhus Commuter Rail).
The line was rebuilt in 2016–2018 to convert it into an electrified Aarhus Letbane (Aarhus Light Rail) route, operated by Midttrafik, with new tram-trains entering service in August 2018.
# Reliable User Datagram Protocol

In computer networking, the Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP) is a transport layer protocol designed at Bell Labs for the Plan 9 operating system. It aims to provide a solution where UDP is too primitive because guaranteed-order packet delivery is desirable, but TCP adds too much complexity/overhead. In order for RUDP to gain higher quality of service, RUDP implements features that are similar to TCP with less overhead.

## Implementations

In order to ensure quality, it extends UDP by means of adding the following features:
* Acknowledgment of received packets
* Windowing and flow control
* Retransmission of lost packets
* Over buffering (Faster than real-time streaming)
RUDP is not currently a formal standard, however it was described in an IETF Internet Draft in 1999. It has not been proposed for standardization.

## Cisco RUDP

Cisco in its Signalling Link Terminals (either standalone or integrated in another gateway) uses RUDP for backhauling of SS7 MTP3 or ISDN signaling.
* RUDP v0 (no checksums) is used for SS7 MTP3 backhaul.
* RUDP v1 (with checksum) is used for ISDN PRI backhaul.
The versions are mutually incompatible and differ slightly from the IETF draft. The structure of the Cisco Session Manager used on top of RUDP is also different.

## Microsoft R-UDP

Microsoft introduced another protocol which it named R-UDP and used it in its MediaRoom product (now owned by Ericsson) for IPTV service delivery over multicast networks. This is a proprietary protocol and very little is known about its operation. It is not thought to be based on the above referenced IETF draft.