OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mountain Education Centre of New Zealand

The Mountain Education Centre of New Zealand (MECNZ) was formally a division of Tai Poutini Polytechnic, located in Wānaka, New Zealand. Tai Poutini Polytechnic continues to run the Ski Patrol Programme from its Wānaka Campus.

## Certificate in Ski Patrol

The Ski Patrol programme is delivered by Tai Poutini Polytechnic located in Wānaka. A ‘classroom’ is also located at Wānaka Treble Cone snowsports area and during the winter season students spend much of the time learning in a snow environment.
This Level 3 Ski Patrol programme begins its practical units in Wānaka in mid February, and runs until late September. An additional three weeks of distance learning forms the initial part of the programme.
Core elements of this programme include:
* pre-hospital emergency care (first aid)
* avalanche stage 1 and back country touring
* meteorology
* advanced skiing or snowboarding
* ski patrol operations
* professional teamwork and ethics
* rescue toboggans
* basic mountaineering and rope techniques
* chair lift evacuation
* snow blasting

## Location

The Tai Poutini Polytechnic ski patrol programme is based in Wānaka.
# Winema Theater

The Winema Theater is a historic wooden theater building in the lumber town of Scotia, California. Built in a rustic style with redwood logs, it was designed by San Francisco architect Alfred Henry Jacobs and built in 1919. The first show was held in 1920. It was renovated in 2002. A historic marker is outside the theater. It has a gabled roof and a colonnade of redwood logs.
# Aliakmonas, Kozani

Aliakmonas (Greek: Αλιάκμονας, before 1927: Βρατίνιον – Vratinon, between 1927 and 1960: Παλιούριον – Paliourion), is a Greek village located in the municipality of Voio, in the regional unit of Kozani. It is located on the left bank of its namesake, the River Aliakmon. A formerly independent community, it became part of the municipality of Neapoli in 1997, and of the municipality of Voio in 2010.
At an altitude of 550 meters, Aliakmonas is the lowest village in Voio. Views include the Tymfi mountains, Smolikas, Voio, and Grammos. To the northeast, it provides views of the Askio mountain range. There are fertile plains in the valley of Aliakmonas River. The area produces tobacco and wheat.
A folklore museum, housed in the old village school, was founded in 2009.

## History

Archaeological digs near Aliakmonas have uncovered a few notable specimens. A statue of Aphrodite by the Greek sculptor Scopa (4th Century BC), for example, was discovered in a nearby settlement, where an early Christian mosaic floor was also uncovered. Coins, ceramics, statues, mosaics, floors were found near there.
The village (under the name Vratini) was mentioned in writing as early as 1534 AD, in the code of Zavorda. The name was changed to Paliourion in 1927, and subsequently to Aliakmonas in 1960. Statistical reporting in the early 20th century referred to the settlement as a Greek village in the sanjak Servia with a population of 400; if immediately surrounding settlements are included, the total population may have amounted to 750.
# Joseph Edmond Marcile

Joseph Edmond Marcile (October 22, 1854 – November 5, 1925) was a Canadian politician.
Born in Contrecœur, Canada East, Marcile was educated at the Acton Vale Model School. A merchant, he was a city councillor and mayor of Acton Vale, Quebec. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the Quebec electoral district of Bagot in an 1898 by-election held after the death of the sitting MP, Flavien Dupont. A Liberal, he would remain undefeated in the following seven elections and serve for almost 27 years until dying in office in 1925.

## Electoral record

By-election on Mr. Dupont's death, 14 December 1898 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph-Edmond Marcile | 1,431 |
| | Conservative | L.T. Brodeur | 1,384 |
vte1900 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 1,605 |
| | Conservative | Louis-Olivier Taillon | 1,449 |
vte1904 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 1,832 |
| | Conservative | François-Xavier Lajoie | 1,489 |
vte1908 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 1,884 |
| | Conservative | Victor Sylvestre | 1,551 |
vte1911 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 1,845 |
| | Conservative | Tancrède Marsil | 1,750 |
vte1917 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Opposition | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 3,318 |
| | Government | Joseph-Eugène Lafontaine | 92 |
vte1921 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 4,004 |
| Unknown | Louis-Homer Marcotte | 3,034 |
| Unknown | Joseph-Aldège Dupuis | 48 |
vte1925 Canadian federal election: Bagot :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Joseph Edmond Marcile | 3,571 |
| | Conservative | Guillaume-André Fauteux | 2,797 |
# S. J. Emmanuel

Reverend Father S. J. Emmanuel is a Sri Lankan Tamil Catholic priest, activist and president of the Global Tamil Forum, an umbrella organisation for Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora groups.

## Early life

Emmanuel was born in 1934 in Jaffna, Ceylon. He studied in Jaffna before going to the University of Ceylon in Colombo from where he obtained a bachelor's degree in physical sciences (Mathematics & Physics) in 1958. After graduation he spent time as a teacher and a journalist before he chose to join the priesthood. He then went to the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome from where he obtained a degree in philosophy and theology.

## Career

Emmanuel was ordained as a priest at St Peter's Basilica in December 1966. On returning to Ceylon he served as a pastor and diocesan director for lay apostolate. He returned to Rome in 1976 where he did research into lay ministries and obtained a doctorate in theology. After returning to Sri Lanka he served as a professor and Dean of Theology at the National Seminary in Kandy from 1976 to 1986, after which he was Rector of St. Francis Xavier’s Major Seminary in Jaffna for ten years. He was also the Vicar General of the Jaffna Diocese until 1997.
Emmanuel was amongst the half million people who fled the Jaffna peninsula in October 1995 when the Sri Lankan Military launched an offensive to recapture the peninsula from the rebel Tamil Tigers. He spent the next year in the jungles of Vanni before going into exile in 1997.

## Exile

Emmanuel moved to Germany in 1997 where he was a priest in a catholic parish in the diocese of Münster until 2007. Since 2007 he has served as Vicarius Cooperator in St. Nikolaus Parish in Darfeld, Germany.
Emmanuel has spent his exile as a conscientious Catholic and Tamil activist publicising the impact of the Sri Lankan Civil War, mostly on Tamil civilians. In 2010 he was elected President of the Global Tamil Forum, an umbrella organisation for Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora groups.
# Izabelin-Dziekanówek

Izabelin-Dziekanówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czosnów, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Czosnów, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Warsaw.
# Amos Lyle

Amos Moore Lyle (October 8, 1866 – April 1943) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1910 to 1914, as a member of the Conservative Party.
Lyle was born near Smiths Falls, Canada West (now Ontario), the son of Samuel Lyle and Mary Moore, a family that had emigrated from Ireland in 1848. He was educated at Smiths Falls and Morrisburg. He worked as a cabinet maker in Morrisburg and then went to Manitoba in 1886, and returned in 1891 after a period in British Columbia. Lyle was a farmer, and a breeder of purebred Clydesdales. He served on the town council for Lyleton. In 1900, Lyle married Lillian G. Lyle. In religion, he was a Presbyterian.
He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1907 provincial election, and lost to Liberal candidate John Williams by three votes in the Arthur constituency. He ran again in the 1910 election, and defeated Williams by 175 votes. The Conservatives won the election, and Lyle served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin's government.
He lost his constituency seat to Williams by 66 votes in the 1914 election.
Lyle died at home in Lyleton in early April 1943.
# Earl Flansburgh

Earl Robert Flansburgh (April 28, 1931 – February 3, 2009) was an American architect known for his modernist style and extensive work in the Boston area.

## Early life and education

Flansburgh grew up in Ithaca, New York. His father, Earl Alvah Flansburgh, was a professor at Cornell University.
Flansburgh graduated from the Cornell Architecture School in 1954, where he was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society. While at Cornell, Flansburgh was manager of the freshmen's men orientation camp.
From August 1954 through August 1956, Flansburgh served in the United States Air Force. In 1957, Flansburgh received a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and taught in London as a Fulbright scholar.

### Ties to Cornell

Flansburgh and his wife both had deep ties to Cornell University. Both their parents were professors there. His wife's grandfather was a member of the school's first graduating class of 1869, which made their son Earl the first-ever fifth-generation Cornellian.
From 1972 until 1987, Flansburgh was a University trustee, serving as chairman of the Buildings and Properties Committee. He designed the school's Campus Store and Builder's Wall; the store was honored with a citation by Progressive Architecture magazine in January 1969.
In the 1980s, the Flansburgh-headed Buildings and Properties Committee approved the controversial decision to demolish Stone Hall, Roberts Hall, and East Roberts Hall, over the objections of the City of Ithaca and local preservationist groups. This trio constituted the original buildings of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as city historic landmarks.

## Career

In 1963, Flansburgh formed the architecture firm, Earl R. Flansburgh & Associates (ERF+A) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In January 1969, Progressive Architecture selected Flansburgh's underground Cornell Campus Store for one of its 16 annual design awards. Under his direction, the firm won over 80 regional and national design awards.
Throughout his professional career, Flansburgh also taught or lectured about architecture at institutions including MIT, Wellesley College, and the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London.
Flansburgh received the Award of Honor for Lifetime Achievement from the Boston Society of Architects in 1999. His design of the Cornell University Campus Store was honored with a citation in Progressive Architecture Magazine in January 1969.

## Personal life

Flansburgh married Louise "Polly" Hospital, the daughter of General Ralph Hospital, in August 1955. She went on to found Boston By Foot, a not-for-profit group that gives walking tours of historic sites in Boston.
The couple had two sons, Earl Schuyler Flansburgh (now known as Paxus Calta), born in 1957, and John Flansburgh, born in 1960. Calta is an anti-nuclear activist; John is a member and co-founder of the musical group They Might Be Giants.
Flansburgh was buried in February 2009 at Lincoln Cemetery in Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
# Charles F. Nelson

Charles Franklyn Nelson (March 11, 1872 – November 1, 1940) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1916 to 1920 as a Liberal member for the constituency of Slocan. He won his seat in the assembly by defeating incumbent William Hunter in the 1916 British Columbia general election by one vote (448 to 447). Hunter subsequently beat him in the 1920 provincial election by 97 votes. Nelson lived in New Denver, British Columbia and was a druggist and photographer. He died of heart disease in 1940 at the age of 68.
# Albert Edward Smith (disambiguation)

Albert Edward Smith (1871–1947) was a Canadian politician.
Albert Edward Smith may also refer to:
* Albert Edward Smith (1871–1923), founder of the Australian company AE Smith
* Albert E. Smith (producer) (1875–1958), American film director and producer
* Albert Smith (South Australian politician) (1881–1965)
# Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz

Mieczysław Ludwik Boruta-Spiechowicz (20 February 1894, in Rzeszów – 13 October 1985, in Zakopane) was a Polish military officer, a general of the Polish Army and a notable member of the post-war anti-communist opposition in Poland.
He joined the army in 1914 and served at various posts within the Polish Legions. After Poland regained her independence in 1918 he remained in active service and took part in both the Polish-Ukrainian War and the Battle of Lwów, in which he commanded a separate defence line, and later a Lwów Infantry Regiment formed out of local volunteers. Dispatched to France, he became the commander of two regiments of the Blue Army, with which he returned to Poland in 1919. During the Polish-Bolshevik War he distinguished himself as a skilled commander of the Polish mountain infantry units, of which he formed a regiment and commanded it on various fronts of the conflict.
After the war he was sent to the Higher War School in Warsaw and received professional military training. He served at various commanding posts in a number of Polish infantry units, both standard and mountain. He was also a notable military theorist and writer of several books on the history and practice of warfare. During the Invasion of Poland he served as the commanding officer of the Boruta Operational Group, a part of the Kraków Army. Taken prisoner by the USSR, he was held in various Gulags and NKVD prisons until set free by the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement of 1941. He then joined the Anders' Polish Army in the East and became the commanding officer of the newly formed Polish 5th Infantry Division. He spent the rest of World War II as the commander of the Polish 1st Armoured Corps, combining the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the Polish Independent Parachute Brigade.
As one of the very few Polish pre-war generals to return to Communist-held Poland in 1945, he was initially accepted into the Polish Army. However, following a conflict with Karol Świerczewski he was demobilized and retired. He settled in Zakopane, where he became a farmer. He also remained an active member of the anti-communist opposition in Poland and in 1977 became one of the founding members of the ROPCiO movement.

## Honours and awards

* Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
* Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* Cross of Independence with Swords
* Cross of Valour (seven times)
* Gold Cross of Merit
# Veraison

In viticulture, veraison (French: véraison, IPA:) is the onset of the ripening of the grapes. The official definition of veraison is "change of color of the grape berries". Veraison represents the transition from berry growth to berry ripening, and many changes in berry development occur at veraison.

## Process

Grape berries follow a double sigmoid growth curve. The initial phase of berry growth is a result of cell division and cell expansion. As berry growth of phase I slows this is termed the lag phase. The lag phase is not a physiological growth stage, but an artificial designation between the two growth periods of grape berry development.
Post-veraison, fruit acidity decreases due to degradation of malic acid. The degradation of malic acid during ripening makes tartaric acid the predominant acid; grape berries also possess a small amount of citric acid. Tartaric acid accumulates early in phase I of berry growth, while malic acid accumulates at the end of phase I berry growth.
At the same time as acidity decreases, hexose sugars are accumulated. The accumulation of hexose sugars (glucose, fructose) is associated with the development of xylem cell discontinuities which reduce the volume of water entering the berry relative to the volume of sugar, resulting in an increase in sugar concentration. Physiologically, the sugar concentration can increase to around 25 percent via sugar development. Further increases in sugar concentration are due to dehydration of the fruit. The deposition of sugar into the berry depends on the level of leaf photosynthesis, the number of competing sinks on the vine and sugar accumulation.
As ripening continues, the fruit becomes attractive to animals due to changes in aroma from acidic to sweet with fruitiness. As ripening occurs, herbaceous aromas (e.g. methoxypyrazines) are degraded. It is unknown whether the degradation of herbaceous aromas allows fruit aromas to be detected, or if fruity aromas develop later in berry ripening.
The berry also changes in color, presumably because chlorophyll is broken down. In white cultivars, carotenoids are formed, while in red cultivars, anthocyanins and xanthophylls are formed.
The trigger of veraison is unknown, but may signify the seed reaching maturity, an unlikely signal, however, because seedless berries also proceed through veraison.

## Other uses

Fête de la Véraison is a medieval festival held in the famous winemaking village of Châteauneuf-du-Pape.
# Sri Lankans in France

Sri Lankans in France refer to residents and citizens of Sri Lankan ancestry, who were born in or immigrated to France legally and illegally. The estimated population of Sri Lankans in France is 52,300.

## History

Although most of immigration from Sri Lanka started during the Sri Lankan Civil War, there have been a presence of Sri Lankans in France since the early 20th century since the times of Ceylon. Ceylonese in high positions often went to Europe to study, tour and visit, mostly in England, but also France such as that of Sir John Kotelawala. There have been Ceylonese who fought alongside the British on the Western Front (areas of present-day Belgium, France and Luxembourg) during WW1.
Since the Sri Lankan Civil War the issue of illegal Sri Lankan immigration is a topic of concern for France.

## Demographics

The Sri Lankan population in France is estimated at approximately 52,300. However, the actual number is difficult to ascertain since statistics by ethnicity or religious denomination are prohibited in France.

## Organisations

The Sri Lankan Diaspora have created a number of associations which organise Sri Lankan festivals, cultural functions and sports events for the Sri Lankan community.

## Notable people

* Antonythasan Jesuthasan
* Tampalawela Dhammaratana
# Monoharpur Union, Manirampur

Monoharpur Union (Bengali: মনোহরপুর ইউনিয়ন) is a Union Parishad under Manirampur Upazila of Jessore District in the division of Khulna, Bangladesh.
# Andrew Foster (politician)

Andrew Edmond Foster (October 12, 1867—November 5, 1956) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1922 to 1927, and again from 1932 to 1936.
Foster was born in Enterprise, Ontario, the son of Andrew Foster and Annabella Victoria Boddy, and was educated in that province. He worked as a farmer.
He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1922 provincial election. Running as a candidate of the United Farmers of Manitoba (UFM) in the Killarney constituency, he defeated his Conservative opponent G.W. Waldon by 202 votes. The UFM unexpectedly won a majority of seats in this election, and formed government as the Progressive Party. Foster was a backbench supporter of John Bracken's government.
In the 1927 provincial election, Foster lost to Conservative candidate John Laughlin by 255 votes. He was returned to the legislature in the 1932 election, defeating Laughlin by 90 votes. Prior to this election, the Progressive Party had formed an electoral alliance with the Manitoba Liberal Party, and government members became known as "Liberal-Progressives". Foster again served as a backbench supporter of Bracken's ministry.
He lost to Laughlin for a second time in the 1936 election, this time by 509 votes.
In 1940, the Liberal-Progressives and Conservatives formed a wartime coalition government. Foster again challenged Laughlin in Hamiota, this time running as an anti-coalition Liberal. Laughlin, now a supporter of Bracken's government, won the challenge easily.
# Mobarakabad, West Azerbaijan

Mobarakabad (Persian: مبارک‌آباد, also Romanized as Mobārakābād; also known as Būzbūtābād and Bazmūtār (Persian: بزموتار)) is a village in Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 544, in 105 families.
# René Sheridan

René Sheridan (1873 – 10 September 1928) was a Belgian lawyer and judge who served in the Ministry of Justice of Siam from 1902 to 1928.

## Early life

Sheridan was born in 1873 in Bruges, and was educated at Brussels University receiving in 1899 his degree of Doctor of Law. He then returned to Bruges as a Fellow of the Bar.

## Career

Sheridan went to West Africa, shortly after qualifying, as first Substitut du Procureur d'Etàt, and subsequently served as a judge in the Congo.
After a year, he returned to Europe and accepted an appointment with the government of Siam. He arrived in Siam on 2 June 1902 and joined the Ministry of Justice as assistant legal adviser. In 1905, he was appointed judge of the Appeal Court, Bangkok, remaining in the position until 1928. The title of Phya Vides Dharmamontri was given to him by King Vajiravudh in the Birthday Honours of January 1925. He died in Bangkok in 1928.

## Honours

* Knight Commander of the Most Illustrious Order of the Chula Chom Clau, with the Golden Vase or "Phan Thong".
* Second Class Order of the White Elephant, and Second Class Order of the Crown of Siam.
* Knight of the Order of Leopold, and Knight of the Order of the Crown of Belgium.
* Knight of the Legion d'Honneur of France.
# Security Forces Headquarters – Mullaitivu

Security Forces Headquarters – Mullaitivu (SFHQ-MLT) is a regional command of the Sri Lanka Army, that is responsible for the operational deployment and command all army units stationed in Mullaitivu District, this includes several divisions and the independent brigades. This a new command established to maintain control over newly recaptured area. It is one of the five Security Forces Headquarters and the General Officer Commanding it is one of the most senior officers in the army, the post is designated as Commander Security Forces Headquarters - Mullaitivu. The current Commander SFHQ-MLT is Major General N A J C Dias WWV RWP RSP USP ndc. He assumed his duties as the Sixth Commander of the Security Force Headquarters (Mullaitivu) on 8 January 2014. The SFHQ-MLT is based at Mullaitivu.
Although it is primary a command of the Sri Lanka Army it coordinates operations and deployments of ground units of the Navy, Air Force and police with that of the army in that area.
Area of responsibility includes Mullaitivu District and Kilinochchi District.

## Composition

* 59 Division, operating in the Mullaitivu District
** 591 Brigade
** 592 Brigade
** 593 Brigade
* 64 Division
** 641 Brigade
** 642 Brigade
** 643 Brigade
* 68 Division
** 681 Brigade
** 682 Brigade
** 683 Brigade