OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Index of Freedom in the World

The Index of Freedom in the World is an index of civil liberties published in late 2012 by Canada's Fraser Institute, Germany's Liberales Institut, and the U.S. Cato Institute. The index is the predecessor of the Human Freedom Index, which has been published annually since 2015. The coauthors of both indexes are Ian Vásquez and Tanja Porčnik (née Štumberger).
The index is based on measures of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, individual economic choice, freedom of association, freedom of assembly, violence and crimes, freedom of movement, and women's rights. Other components of the Freedom Index include human trafficking, sexual violence, female genital mutilation, and homicide.
The index rates countries on a scale from 10 (freest) to 0 (least free). In 2012, the freest countries/regions were New Zealand (8.88), Switzerland (8.82), and Hong Kong SAR, (8.81). Least free were Syria (3.79), Venezuela (3.80), and Yemen (4.30). The components on which the index is based can be divided into economic freedoms and other personal freedoms. Highest ranking in economic freedoms were Hong Kong (8.91) and Singapore (8.71). Highest ranking in personal freedoms were U.S.A. (9.45) and the Netherlands (9.28).
The Freedom Index does not measure democracy, but it does measure freedom of speech and media, press killings, political imprisonment, etc. According to the report, democracy may be the form of government that best protects freedom, but democracy may both increase and reduce freedom. Nevertheless, democracy strongly correlates with freedom (7.9), as measured by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index and the Freedom Index.
The Freedom Index is included as part of the book Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom, written by 13 academics and economists from Canada (Fraser Institute), the United States (Cato Institute, Emory University), Germany (Liberales Institut, Goethe University Frankfurt), and Russia (Institute of Economic Analysis). Among other claims, the report argues that the criminalization of and the war on drugs have restricted many components of freedom.
# Râu de Mori

Râu de Mori (Hungarian: Malomvíz, German: Mühlendorf) is a commune in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eleven villages: Brazi (Gureny), Clopotiva (Klopotiva), Ohaba-Sibișel (Ohábasibisel), Ostrov (Nagyosztró), Ostrovel (Osztrovel), Ostrovu Mic (Kisosztró), Râu de Mori, Sibișel (Sebeshely), Suseni (Malomvízszuszény), Unciuc (Uncsukfalva), and Valea Dâljii (Vályadilsi).
The commune is situated at a mean altitude of 506 m (1,660 ft), at the foot of the Retezat Mountains. It lies on the banks of the Râul Mare and its right tributaries, the Râușor and the Sibișel. The Gura Apelor Dam forms a reservoir, from which water is piped to the Râul Mare Hydroelectric Power Station, that generates 650 GWh of electricity per year.
Râu de Mori is located at the southeastern extremity of Hunedoara County, 54 km (34 mi) south of the county seat, Deva, on the border with Caraș-Severin and Gorj counties. It is situated in the historical and ethnographical area known as Țara Hațegului, 17 km (11 mi) southeast of its hub, the town of Hațeg.
At the 2021 census, the commune had a population of 2,991; of those, 91.64% were Romanians and 1.71% Roma.
# Kursk Governorate

Kursk Governorate (Russian: Курская губерния, romanized: Kurskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1796 to 1928 with its capital in Kursk.

## Administrative divisions

As of 1914, Kursk Governorate included 15 uyezds.
* Belgorodsky Uyezd
* Grayvoronsky Uyezd
* Dmitriyevsky Uyezd
* Korochansky Uyezd
* Kursky Uyezd
* Lgovsky Uyezd
* Novooskolsky Uyezd
* Oboyansky Uyezd
* Putivlsky Uyezd
* Rylsky Uyezd
* Starooskolsky Uyezd
* Sudzhansky Uyezd
* Timsky Uyezd
* Fatezhsky Uyezd
* Shchigrovsky Uyezd

## Symbolic

* Coat of arms of the governorate before 1857
* Coat of arms of the governorate (1880)
# Ambrosini SAI.10

The Ambrosini SAI.10 Grifone ("Griffon") was a military trainer aircraft produced in small numbers for the Italian Regia Aeronautica early in World War II.

## History

With the approach of war, the Ministero dell' Aeronautica began a programme to increase the number of pilots available, and ordered a prototype primary trainer from Ambrosini. This aircraft, a parasol monoplane of mixed construction, first flew on July 8, 1939, with Guiliano Ferrari at the controls. A production batch of 50 was ordered, but this was quickly reduced to just 10 planes, all of which were delivered in 1940.

## Variants

Production aircraft differed by having a Fiat A.50 radial engine in place of the prototype's CNA D. Other engine fits that were tried included an example with a Siemens-Halske Sh 14, and one with an Alfa Romeo 110; this latter machine was designated SAI.11. Another experimental development that did not enter production was a float-equipped SAI.10 Gabbiano ("Seagull").

## Operators
### Kingdom of Italy

* Regia Aeronautica

## Specifications

Data from Italian Civil and Military Aircraft 1930–1945
General characteristics
* Crew: two, pilot and instructor
* Length: 6.50 m (21 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 10.30 m (33 ft 9.5 in)
* Height: 2.10 m (6 ft 10.75 in)
* Wing area: 14.3 m$^2$ (154 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 400 kg (880 lb)
* Gross weight: 615 kg (1,353 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Fiat A.50 radial , 63 kW (85 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 187 km/h (116 mph, 101 kn)
* Cruise speed: 161 km/h (100 mph, 87 kn)
# Vrhpolje pri Šentvidu

Vrhpolje pri Šentvidu (pronounced; German: Oberfeld) is a settlement east of Ivančna Gorica in the Lower Carniola region of Slovenia. The area is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Vrhpolje to Vrhpolje pri Šentvidu in 1953. In the past the German name was Oberfeld.
# Sovinj-e Olya

Sovinj-e Olya (Persian: سونج عليا, also Romanized as Sovīnj-e ‘Olyā; also known as Sovīch-e Bālā) is a village in Barvanan-e Gharbi Rural District, Torkamanchay District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 9 families.
# Kangchenjunga South

Kanchenjunga South Peak is a 8,476 m high subsidiary peak of Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.
The summit is located in the Himalayan range, on the border between Nepal and India. A ridge leads north over the middle peak to the main peak of Kangchenjunga. To the east, a ridge branches off to Zemu Kang (7,730 m). To the south, the ridge continues over Hogsback Peak (7,379 m) and Talung (7,349 m) to Kabru.

## Mountaineering

The mountain has rarely been climbed, with only six expeditions counted by the Himalayan Database as of 2024.
The first ascent of Kanchenjunga South took place in 1978, 23 years after the first successful summit of the main peak. It was climbed by a Polish team consisting of Eugeniusz Chrobak and Wojciech Wróż.
In 1989, the mountain was climbed for the first time without supplemental oxygen by a Russian team led by Eduard Myslovsky.
In 1991, Marko Prezelj and Andrej Štremfelj successfully summitted Kangchenjunga South by its Southwest ridge, in alpine style. After a challenging climb, they reached the summit on April 30. The following year, the pair were awarded the inaugural Piolets d’Or for their successful ascent.
In 2012, Kanchenjunga South was first summitted in Winter, when it was climbed by German Philipp Kunz and his team of four Sherpas, Tshering Dorje Sherpa, Kami Chiriri Lama, Lhakpa Wangel Sherpa, and Nima Ongdi Sherpa. The team reached the summit on February 15. Supplementary oxygen was not used in the ascent, and the expedition took 15 days in total.
# Apokoronas

Apokoronas (Greek: Αποκόρωνας) is a municipality and a former province (επαρχία) in the Chania regional unit, north-west Crete, Greece. It is situated on the north coast of Crete, to the east of Chania itself. The seat of the municipality is the village Vryses. The municipality has an area of 315.478 km$^2$ (121.807 sq mi). It has a total of 75 villages.

## Geography

Apokoronas extends from the foothills of the White Mountains north to the coast, in a wide plain with rolling hills. To the east, Cape Drapanon rises above the plain and extends out into the Sea of Crete. The area is very green and fertile, unusual for rocky Crete. The Kiliaris river, known in antiquity as 'Pyknos', runs through the region. Robert Pashley suggested that the name 'Apokoronas' came from the ancient city of Ippokoronas or Ippokoronion, also cited by Strabo. This city may have been located near modern Nipos, or on the site of the Venetian fortress, Castel Apicorono, on an outcrop between Kalyves and Almyrida. The major towns of Apokoronas are Vamos, Armenoi and Vryses, with police, municipal and utility offices as well as taverns and large churches; Kalyves, Almyrida and Georgioupoli are the largest beach resorts. Tourism and agriculture are the major local industries, with much construction and quarrying to satisfy the demands of many foreigners eager to buy or rent properties in what used to be beautiful and traditional villages. Gavalochori is among the more popular villages. Many residents or workers in Chania also have homes in the area.
Apokoronas was the location of much of the filming of the movie Zorba the Greek.

## Municipality

The municipality Apokoronas was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
* Armenoi
* Asi Gonia
* Fres
* Georgioupoli
* Kryonerida
* Vamos

## Province

The province of Apokoronas (Greek: Επαρχία Αποκορώνου) was one of the provinces of Chania Prefecture. It covered the same area as the current municipality. It was abolished in 2006.
# St. Francis Church, Riga

St. Francis Church (Latvian: Svētā Franciska Romas katoļu baznīca) is a Roman Catholic church in Riga, the capital of Latvia. The church is situated at the address 16 Katoļu Street in the Maskavas Forštate neighborhood. The building was consecrated in 1892 by Franciszek Albin Symon, the auxiliary bishop of Mohilev.

## Gallery

* St. Francis church in 2017
* Conradin Kreutzer’s grave stone in the cemetery of St. Francis church in Riga. Die Gartenlaube (1868)
* Conradin Kreutzer's grave in December 2014
# Max Schmid

Max W. Schmid (died January 1964) was a Swiss rower who won the single scull event at the 1920 European Championships. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics but failed to reach the final. In 1925 he won a European silver medal in the double sculls, together with Rudolf Bosshard.
# Paul Weier

Paul Weier (born 3 December 1934) is a Swiss former equestrian. He competed at the 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Peter Schärer

Peter Schärer is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the early 1970s. He won four medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with three golds (1971, 1973, 1975) and one bronze (1970).
# Peter Theurer

Peter Theurer (born 30 July 1969) is a Swiss sailor. He competed in the Finn event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Jacques Germeaux

Jacques Germeaux (born 11 May 1956) is a doctor and a Belgian politician of the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD).
He studied medicine at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels).
Since 1995 he is a member of the local council in the city of Genk. He became a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives on 10 October 2001. After the national elections of 2003, he was appointed as Senator.
# Charles Stanton Devas

Charles Stanton Devas (26 August 1848 – 6 November 1906) was an English political economist.

## Life

Charles Stanton Devas was born in Woodside, Old Windsor on 26 August 1848. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the honours School of Law and History. Before proceeding to the university he had been received into the Roman Catholic Church and his subsequent career was entirely devoted to the service of religion. By treating political economy, both in books and lectures, from a definitely Catholic standpoint, he was unusual in his field at the time.
The Groundwork of Economics (1883), the first work published in his own name (for the translation into English of Hergenröther's Church and State was anonymous), attracted considerable attention and was translated into German in 1896 by Walter Kampfe. The Manual of Political Economy (Stonyhurst Philosophical Series), published in 1892 (third edition, 1907), achieved more success, and became a recognised textbook in English-speaking schools and seminaries. In 1886, he published Studies in Family Life, a historical inquiry into this branch of economics, with a view to justifying the contention that Christianity is an essential factor in the problem of social well-being. This book was translated into German in 1887 by Paul Maria Baumgarten. In 1895 he published anonymously in London a poetical version of the story of Sintram.
Besides his books he wrote frequently for The Dublin Review, The Month, and other periodicals, both English and American, and read papers before The Manchester Statistical Society, The Catholic Truth Society, and other bodies. A considerable number of his later essays and lectures dealing with contemporary social problems were issued by The Catholic Truth Society in pamphlet form. He was a contributor to the Catholic Encyclopedia. His last book, The Key to the World's Progress, was published in 1906. This, unlike his earlier works, is directly apologetic, being an elaborate defence of the Catholic Church written with a view to meeting the difficulties and questionings of the twentieth century. A popular edition was issued after his death.
In 1874 he married Eliza Mary Katherine, the daughter of Francis Ridout Ward. She died in 1889, leaving nine children. Devas was a zealous member of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, and took a leading part in all Catholic enterprises of his time in England - notably in those which enabled Catholics to frequent universities - and exercised considerable influence over the thought and conduct of English Catholics. He was examiner in Political Economy at the Royal University of Ireland from 1889 to 1898.
Charles Stanton Devas died on 6 November 1906, and is buried at St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church, Mortlake.
# Ferdinand van Ingen

Ferdinand Jacobus van Ingen (8 December 1933 – 27 February 2021) was a Dutch scholar of Germanistics and a professor of German literature at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam from 1972 to 1998.

## Life

Van Ingen was born on 8 December 1933 in Maartensdijk. He studied German studies, literary science, art history and musicology at Utrecht University, the Free University of Berlin and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He obtained his PhD from Utrecht University in 1962.
From 1957 to 1962, he was a scientific assistant at the Institute for German Language and Literature in Utrecht. In 1964, Van Ingen became a lecturer at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. In 1970, he became an associate professor and a full professor for new German literature in 1973. He retired in 1998.
Van Ingen published on German and Dutch literature of the 17th century. He was known for his work on the Baroque time and contributed to expanding the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel. Van Ingen was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978.
He died in Zeist on 27 February 2021.
# Sphenophorus zeae

Sphenophorus zeae, the Timothy billbug, is a species of beetle in the family Dryophthoridae. It is found in North America.
# Templeport GAA

Templeport St Aidan's is a Gaelic football club based in Bawnboy, County Cavan, Ireland.

## History

The current Templeport St Aidan's club was founded on 11 December 1910. The club won the Cavan Senior Football Championship in 1923; it remains their only senior title. They have won the Cavan Intermediate Football Championship four times, most recently in 1995. The club won the junior championship for the sixth time in 2015 and won it again in 2020 (the final was played in 2021).
The club's current pitch was opened in 2005.

## Honours

* Cavan Senior Football Championship (1): 1923
* Cavan Intermediate Football Championship (4): 1923, 1924, 1977, 1995
* Cavan Junior Football Championship (7): 1922, 1923, 1930, 1942, 1968, 2015, 2020
# Laxman Dutta Joshi

Laxman Dutta Joshi (Nepali: लक्ष्मण दत्त जोशी) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal. In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election he was elected from the Darchula-1 constituency, winning 25404 votes.
# The Séance at Hobs Lane

The Séance at Hobs Lane is the fifth release by Drew Mulholland (with collaborators), under the pseudonym of Mount Vernon Arts Lab. Originally released through Via Satellite in 2001, the album was re-released on the Ghost Box Music label in 2007, and was created as an unofficial soundtrack to Quatermass and the Pit.

## Personnel

* Drew Mulholland - composer, synthesizer, theremin, guitar, effects, producer, recording engineer
* John Cavanagh - composer (track 4), harpsichord & clarinet (track 5), producer, recording engineer
* Norman Blake - composer & guitar (track 3)
* Adrian Utley - composer, mini moog & synthesizer (track 10)
* Isobel Campbell - cello (track 5)
* Raymond McDonald - saxophone (tracks 8 & 11)
* Morag Brown - flute (track 10)
* Coil - remixer (track 2)
* Barry 7 - remixer (track 7)
* Julian House - artwork (Ghost Box edition)
# Zabihollah Rezaee

Zabihollah Rezaee (Persian: ذبیح الله رضایی) (born 1954) is an Iranian-born/American accountant, the Thompson-Hill Chair of Excellence and Professor of Accounting at the University of Memphis, USA.

## Life and work

Rezaee obtained his BS in accounting at the N.I.O.C. School of Accounting and Finance in Iran, his MBA from Tarleton State University and his Ph.D. in accounting at the University of Mississippi.
He served two years on the Standing Advisory Group of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

## Selected publications

* Financial Institutions, Valuations, Mergers, and Acquisitions: The Fair Value Approach
* Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection
* U.S. Master Auditing Guide (3rd edition)
* Audit Committee Oversight Effectiveness Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
* Corporate Governance Post-Sarbanes-Oxley: Regulations, Requirements, and Integrated Processes
* Corporate Governance and Business Ethics
* Financial Services Firms: Governance, regulations, Valuations, Mergers and Acquisitions
* Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting
* "Chapter 2: IRAN" (Gholam Hossein Davani and Zabihollah Rezaee) in A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting and Public Policy, edited by Gary John Previts, Peter J. Walton, P. W. Wolnizer, Emerald Group Publishing Limited (July 17, 2012)

## Controversy

Rezaee was investigated and found guilty of plagiarizing a colleague during his employment at Middle Tennessee State University.
# Pierre-Yves Jorand

Pierre-Yves Jorand (born 20 May 1963) is a Swiss speed skier and sailor who has competed at multiple America's Cups.
Jorand joined North Sails Switzerland in 1984. Jorand was also a speed skier and was European champion. In 1984, he was the first skier to go faster than 200 km/h. He then represented Switzerland at the 1992 Winter Olympics, where he competed in the speed skiing event, which was a demonstration sport. On the morning of the finals, Jorand was warming up with a fellow competitor, Nicolas Bochatay, when Bochatay crashed into a snowmobile and died instantly.
He joined Alinghi and was their technical coach at the 2003 and 2007 America's Cups. He was then a main trimmer on the catamaran Alinghi 5 during the 2010 America's Cup. Since then, he has sailed with Alinghi in the Extreme Sailing Series.
In 2014 he joined the sailing selection committee for the Swiss Olympic Association.
# Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria)

The Democratic and Social Movement (Arabic: الحركة الديمقراطية والاجتماعية; French: Mouvement Démocratique et Social, MDS) is a political party in Algeria that was founded in 1966.

## History

The party was founded in 1966 as the Socialist Vanguard Party (French: Parti de l'Avant-Garde Socialiste, PAGS) by Bachir Hadj Ali. Although not legally recognized, it persisted as a political opposition party throughout the one-party period in Algeria. As an outgrowth of the Algerian Communist Party (Parti Communiste Algérien), which disappeared soon after Algerian independence, the PAGS has consistently opposed the government, offering sharp criticism of all political leaders and most of their programs. Its members, referred to as "Pagsistes", had infiltrated almost every legally recognized mass association despite their unofficial status. The Pagsistes were especially prominent in such organizations as the UNJA and General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) encouraging leftist tendencies.
The PAGS coalition relationship with the regime ended when Chadli Bendjedid came to power, who sought to purge pagistes from positions of power within the state-party apparatus, and moved toward economic liberalization.
The party was legalized in 1989.
In 1993, PAGS was reconstructed as Ettehadi by El Hachemi Chérif. A group who wanted to retain the communist legacy of the party broke away and formed the Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism. During the Algerian Civil War, Ettehadi strongly opposed the Islamists and supported the banning of Islamic Salvation Front, (FIS).
In 1999, Ettehadi was reconstructed as the Democratic and Social Movement (Mouvement Démocratique et Social). In the 17 May 2007 People's National Assembly elections, the MDS won 0.89% of the vote and 1 out of 389 seats.
On 9 January 2022, MDS's national co-ordinator, Fethi Ghares, was given a two-year prison sentence and a 200, 000 DA fine for "undermining national unity", as part of what Human Rights Watch called a wider "assault on fundamental freedoms" by the Algerian government.

## Regional strength

In the Algerian legislative election, 2007, support for the MDS was higher than its national average (0.89%) in the following provinces:
* Mascara Province 6.73%
* Tissemsilt Province 3.89%
* Béjaïa Province 3.55%
* Béchar Province 2.66%
* Saïda Province 2.42%
* Tébessa Province 2.19%
* Mila Province 2.16%
* Relizane Province 2.13%
* Chlef Province 2.06%
* Sidi Bel Abbès Province 1.81%
* Tlemcen Province 1.43%
* Souk Ahras Province 1.39%
* Boumerdès Province 1.35%
* Skikda Province 1.23%
* Annaba Province 1.13%
# Biryulyovskaya line

Biryulyovskaya line (Russian: Бирюлёвская линия) or Line 18 of the Moscow Metro is a line under construction since 2021 which is scheduled to end in 2028+. In the future, it will be connected with Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya line.

## Stations

| Station Name | Station Name | Transfer |
| English | Russian | Transfer |
| ZIL | ЗИЛ | ZIL ZIL |
| Ostrov Mechty | Остров мечты | Tekhnopark |
| Klenovy Bulvar | Кленовый бульвар | Klenovy Bulvar |
| Kuryanovo | Курьяново | |
| Moskvorechye | Москворечное | |
| Kavkazsky Bulvar | Кавказский бульвар | |
| Kaspiyskaya | Каспийская | |
| Lipetskaya | Липецкая | |
| Lebedyanskaya | Лебедянская | |
| Biryulyovo | Бирюлево | МЦД-5 Biryulyovo-Passazhirskaya |