OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joy Lofthouse

Joy Lofthouse (14 February 1923 – 15 November 2017) was a British pilot having joined the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) as an ab initio pilot in December 1943. She went on to fly Spitfires and bombers for the Air Transport Auxiliary, and was one of only 168 "Attagirls" who served.

## Early life

Lofthouse was born Joyce Gough, but was always known as Joy, in Cirencester and grew up in South Cerney, both in Gloucestershire.

## Career

In 1943, 20-year-old Lofthouse and her elder sister Yvonne joined the Air Transport Auxiliary, after they saw an ad in a magazine which was seeking women to learn how to fly. Only 17 out of 2,000 applicants were accepted, including Joy, who had never even driven a car, and Yvonne.
She was one of a total of 168 women who were members of the Air Transport Auxiliary. Her job was to deliver aircraft from the factories where they were made to the airfields where they were to be flown from by Royal Air Force (RAF) pilots. Lofthouse was able to fly 18 different types of aircraft. During the war, they were based at White Waltham, in Berkshire.
After World War II, she became a teacher.
In May 2015, Lofthouse flew a Spitfire for the first time in over 70 years, to commemorate VE Day. She said, "It was the iconic plane, the Spitfire lasted much longer than [the Hurricane] because it was such a wonderful aeroplane, I think. [It is] the nearest thing to having wings of your own and flying."

## Personal life

She was married twice and had three children. Her second marriage was to Charles Lofthouse, himself a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot, and they were married for 30 years until his death in 2002 at the age of 80.
She died in November 2017, at the age of 94. Before she died, Lofthouse was one of the two surviving World War Two "Spitfire Girls".
# Chien Chih-cheng

Chien Chih-cheng (Chinese: 簡稚澄; pinyin: Jiǎn Zhìchéng) (d. 12 May 2016) was a Taiwanese veterinarian, animal welfare worker and director of an animal shelter. Her suicide caused outrage across Taiwan over the inadequate legislation regarding animal euthanasia, as well as the issue of cyberbullying by netizens and the press.

## Background

Chien graduated from the National Taiwan University as a veterinarian, achieving the highest score in Taiwan's Tekao (特考) civil service examination. She worked as the director of an animal shelter in Xinwu District. Chien appeared in a TV show which revealed that she had euthanized over 700 stray dogs in one year. This led to many animal activists attacking her, and the Taiwanese media and netizens branded her as a 'female butcher' (女屠夫) and 'female executioner' (女劊子手). At the time, Taiwan struggled with animal abandonment and overcrowding in its shelters. In 2015, Taiwan euthanized 10,900 shelter animals, and nearly 9,000 others died due to other causes. That year, 550,000 animals were adopted.

### Death

On 5 May 2016, Chien injected herself with the same drug she used to euthanize stray dogs, eventually passing on the 12th. She was 32. Chien was said to have left a note describing how much she loved animals and that she had taken her own life in an effort to communicate that "all lives are equal" and urge the government to do more to help abandoned animals. Her death highlighted the immense stress animal welfare workers were under. It also led to widespread condemnation of the netizens and the media over the portrayal of Chien.

### Legacy

One year after Chien's suicide, changes to Taiwan's Animal Protection Act (動物保護法), came into force, making it illegal to euthanize stray animals. The law was passed a year before Chien's suicide. The Taiwanese government additionally offered greater psychological support to shelter workers.
# Mike Chornohus

Mike Chornohus was a farmer and a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1922 to 1926 sitting with the United Farmers caucus in government.

## Political career
### Election and court action

Chornohus ran for a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as a United Farmers candidate in the electoral district of Whitford in the 1921 Alberta general election. The returning officer William Hawereliak did not accept his nomination papers on the grounds that it was improperly filled out with the claim that Chornohus signed his name with a "Z" and not an "S".
This legal technicality left Liberal incumbent Andrew Shandro to be returned by acclamation. The United Farmers of Alberta immediately took the matter to court to try to get an injunction to prevent the acclamation of Shandro.
The court action while unable to immediately prevent Shandro from being acclaimed was successful and resulted in having the results voided on December 4, 1921 causing Shandro to lose his seat. The court found that Chronohus nomination papers were denied for partisan reasons so that Shandro would be the only candidate in the race. They also found that Hawereliak was related to Shandro. The new writs for a by-election were issued for July 10, 1922 and the returning officer was replaced. The race was a rerun between Chronohus and Shandro, with Shandro getting defeated in a landslide. Ironically, both men were originally from the same village in Ukraine.

### Legislative career

Chornohus took his seat on July 24, 1922 at the opening of the second session in the 5th Alberta Legislative Assembly.
Chornohus ran for re-nomination at a convention held on June 5, 1926 at Boian, Alberta. He was defeated finishing last among the four contenders by George Mihalcheon. Chronohus chose to retire after losing his party nomination and did not run for a second term in office when the Assembly was dissolved in 1926.
# Nico Habermann

Arie Nicolaas Habermann (26 June 1932 – 8 August 1993), often known as A.N. Habermann or Nico Habermann, was a Dutch computer scientist.
Habermann was born in Groningen, Netherlands, and earned his B.S. in mathematics and physics and M.S. in mathematics from the Free University of Amsterdam in 1953 and 1958. After working as a mathematics teacher, in 1967 he received his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Eindhoven University of Technology under advisor Edsger Dijkstra.
In 1968, Habermann was invited to join the department of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University as a visiting research scientist. In 1969 he was appointed an associate professor, and was made full professor in 1974, acting department head in 1979, and department head from 1980 to 1988, after which he was named Dean of the new School of Computer Science (established under Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon). He also cofounded Carnegie Mellon's Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in 1985.
Habermann's research included programming languages, operating systems, and development of large software systems. He was known for his work on inter-process communication, process synchronization and deadlock avoidance, and software verification, but particularly for the programming languages ALGOL 60, BLISS, Pascal, and Ada. He also contributed to new operating systems such as Edsger Dijkstra's THE multiprogramming system, the Family of Operating Systems (FAMOS) at Carnegie Mellon, Berlin's Dynamically Adaptable System (DAS), and Unix.
Habermann served as visiting professor at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (1973) and Technische Universität Berlin (1976), and as adjunct professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1986–1993).
In 1994, the Computing Research Association began giving the A. Nico Habermann Award to people for work that increases the involvement of underrepresented communities in computer research.
# Ruhabad, Qazvin

Ruhabad (Persian: روح اباد, also Romanized as Rūḩābād) is a village in Rudbar-e Shahrestan Rural District, Alamut-e Gharbi District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 97, in 28 families.
# Gorki, Bolshezhirovsky selsovet, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast

Gorki (Russian: Горки) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bolshezhirovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 12 (2010 Census); 19 (2002 Census);

## Geography

The khutor is located in the Nikovets Brook basin (a right tributary of the Ruda in the basin of the Svapa), 93 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 35 km north-west of Kursk, 16 km south-west of the district center – the town Fatezh, 11 km from the selsoviet center – Bolshoye Zhirovo.

### Climate

Gorki has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

## Transport

Gorki is located 9.5 km from the federal route M-2 Crimea Highway as part of the European route E105, 17 km from the road of regional importance 38K-038 (Fatezh – Dmitriyev), 0.6 km from the road of intermunicipal significance 38H-221 (M2 "Crimea Highway" – Kromskaya), 33 km from the nearest railway halt 433 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated 39 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 153 km from Belgorod International Airport and 235 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
# Beaufort Castle, Luxembourg

Beaufort Castle (Luxembourgish: Buerg Beefort; French: Château de Beaufort; German: Burg Beaufort) dating from the 11th century consists of the ruins of the medieval fortress and an adjacent Renaissance château. It is located in Beaufort in eastern Luxembourg.

## History

It was probably in the 11th century that the castle began as a small square-shaped fortress on a large rock protected by a moat and a second wall above the valley. A reference from 1192 indicates that Wauthier de Wiltz et Beaufort was its first lord. During the first half of the 12th century, a keep was added and the gate was moved and enlarged. In 1348, the property came into the hands of the House of Orley after Adelaide of Beaufort married William of Orley. The Lords of Orley made significant extensions overlooking the valley. In 1477, Maximilian of Austria transferred the castle to Johann Bayer von Boppard after Johann von Orley-Beaufort committed a breach in trust. In 1539, Bernard von Velbrück became Lord of Beaufort through marriage and added the large Renaissance wing with cross-framed windows on top of the medieval walls.
The castle then came into the hands of Gaspard de Heu who had married Velbrück's granddaughter. A partisan of the Dutch resistance and the House of Orange, de Heu was captured by the Spaniards, accused of heresy and treason, and publicly executed in Luxembourg's fish market in 1593. Philip II of Spain confiscated the property and entrusted it to Peter Ernst Graf von Mansfeld, the governor of Luxembourg. Through marriage, the castle became the property of Henri de Chalon and then Gaspard du Bost-Moulin who had to sell it after being ruined by the Thirty Years War. Acting on behalf of the Spanish king, Johann Baron von Beck, governor of Luxembourg, bought most of the property in 1639. He initiated the construction of the Renaissance castle in 1643 but after he died of injuries from the Battle of Lens in 1648, the work was completed by his son in 1649.
After various changes in ownership including Pierre de Coumont (1774) and Jean Théodore Baron de Tornaco-Vervoy (1781), the castle was abandoned, fell into disrepair and at the beginning of the 19th century was even used as a quarry. In 1850, it was listed by the State as a national monument. In 1893, the new owner Henri Even restored the new building and, in 1928, Edmond Linkels cleared the rubble away and opened the medieval castle to visitors. In 1981, the property was acquired by the State.

## The castle today

The ruins of the medieval castle are open to visitors every day from Easter until 1 November from 9 am to 6 pm.

## Gallery

* Flag which flies over Beaufort Castle.
# Narcissus tortifolius

Narcissus tortifolius (in Spanish: varica de San José) is a type of Narcissus endemic to the Province of Almeria and the Campo de Cartagena in the Region of Murcia.

## Description

It is a plant very well adapted to the arid conditions of southeastern Spain. It inhabits in esparto grasslands and thyme fields.
It sprouts from the bulb in December and flowers between February and March.
In Cartagena it can be found in the towns of La Azohía and Isla Plana within the natural park of the Sierra de la Muela, Cabo Tiñoso y Roldán, as well as in the area of Cabezos del Pericón y Sierra de los Victorias, protected as a Site of Community Importance.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in Sorbas in 1977. Subsequently, new populations of this species were found in other areas of Almeria - as in Turre - and in 2000 some more were discovered in Cartagena, Fuente Álamo and Mazarrón.
Narcissus tortifolius was described by Francisco Javier Fernández Casas and published in Saussurea 8: 43. 1977.

### Cytology

Chromosome number of Narcissus tazetta (Fam. Amaryllidaceae) and infraspecific taxa: n=5 2n=10. 2n=20,21,30,31. 2n=22.

### Etymology

Narcissus generic name referring to the young narcissist of Greek mythology Νάρκισσος (Narkissos) son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Leiriope; who was distinguished by her beauty.
The name derives from the Greek word: ναρκὰο, narkào (= narcotic) and refers to the pungent, intoxicating odor of the flowers of some species (some argue that the word derives from the Persian word نرگس and pronounced Nargis, indicating that this plant is intoxicating).
tortifolius: Latin for "twisted-leaved", referring to the twisting of its leaves.
* Narcissus tortifolius in the Botanical Garden of Albardinar (Rodalquilar).
* Narcissus tortifolius in Peñas Blancas Cartagena.
* Narcissus tortifolius at Peñas Blancas
# Dueodde Lighthouse

The Dueodde Lighthouse (Danish: Dueodde Fyr) is located on the Danish island of Bornholm. It was built during the years 1960–62 and commissioned on 15 August 1962. It is 47 m (154 ft) in height, with a focal height of 48 m (157 ft). It is the nodal point of the southeast coast line, warning ships to keep away from the extreme southern tip of the island. Dueodde Lighthouse is Denmark's tallest lighthouse and one of the most important lighthouses of the Baltic Sea.

## Geography

Bornholm features varied topography, such as Almindingen, Hammeren, Jons Kapel, Paradisbakkerne, Rytterknægten, and Dueodde. The lighthouse was built on the western side of Dueodde's sand dunes, on the island's extreme southern tip.

## Construction

The foundation for the tower consisted of 14 m (46 ft) long reinforced concrete piles which involved two harsh winter seasons to complete. Water for the construction was drawn from the Baltic Sea using a 700 m (2,300 ft) long pipe line laid over the hill slope. After the completion of the foundation, the tower construction was taken up and completed speedily using sliding form work procedure to raise the hexagonal shaped cylindrical concrete tower to a height of 45 m (148 ft) without the fixtures. Materials used for construction included 300 m$^3$ (11,000 cu ft) of cement concrete and 50 tonnes of reinforcement steel.

## Architecture and fittings

The lighthouse is equipped with a Fresnel Rotary lens at a focal height of 48 m. Together with its lantern and double gallery, the tower has a total height of 47 m (154 ft). The Fresnel lens (1886) of the Dueodde Nord lighthouse was transferred to this tower. Electric supply of 1,000 watt is provided by the public utility as the illumination source for the incandescent lamp, which, together with the lens and the height of the burner provides a visual range of about 35 km (22 mi). The lens provides three white flashes every ten seconds. There are 197 steps to the top of the tower from where there is a panoramic view, weather permitting, of the sea and the sandy white beaches. It is the only lighthouse on Bornholm that is open to the public, but at irregular times.
# Nørre Alslev Church

Nørre Alslev Church (Danish: Nørre Alslev Kirke) in the small town of Nørre Alslev in the north of Danish island of Falster dates from at least 1308, a date found on its early frescos. Built in the Early Gothic style and painted pink according to local tradition, it is best known for its fresco of the death dance.

## History and architecture

In the Middle Ages, the church was dedicated to St Nicholas. The Early Gothic chancel and nave are built of brick on a 60 cm (24 in) high sloping foundation. The chancel, with a three-sided end, has a stepped frieze. The tower with its stepped gable and the porch are Late Gothic.

## Interior

The chancel has a dome-shaped vault with semicircular ribs on dwarf columns. The chancel arch is pointed while the nave has a humped vault with clover-shaped ribs and webbing. The present vault has possibly been supported by additional masonry after a fall as evidence of a higher vault has been found.
The recently restored altarpiece is the work of Jørgen Ringnis (1653). The central panel contains an alabaster relief by Henry Luckow-Nielsen (1948). The pulpit (1643) is also by Ringis.

## Frescoes

Nørre Alslev Church has frescos from four different periods. They have been restored on several occasions, first by Jacob Kornerup (1825–1913) who discovered them in 1895, then in 1911 by Eigil Rothe (1868–1929) and finally by Harald Borre (1891–1964) in 1941. Those in the apse date from the beginning of the 14th century, one apparently dated 1308. The Majestas Domini over the chancel arch is from c. 1350. Rothe discovered a number of frescos in the nave which were from around 1400 but they were again covered with whitewash in view of their fragile condition. Around 1500, the entire nave was decorated with frescoes by the Elmelunde Master and his workshop but many of those discovered have again been whitewashed.
The most interesting of the Elmelunde frescos is the one on the west wall depicting the death dance. While the death dance (which stems from the plague) can be seen in many church decorations across Europe, it is unusual in Denmark, the only other occurrences being in Egtved and Jungshoved. Given the limited space, the fresco in Nørre Alslev is somewhat simplified but it includes a king, a bishop, a lord and a peasant. Unlike the skeletons often represented in the death dance, the figures there are all fully clothed.

## Gallery

* The nave and the Majestas Domini (c. 1350)
* The altarpiece (1653)
* The pulpit (1643)
* Apse fresco: the Madonna (13th century)
* Fresco: the king and the bishop in the death dance (c. 1500)
* Font of Gotland limestone
# Nagymányok

Nagymányok (German: Großmanok) is a town in Tolna County, Hungary.

## History

The town appears first in writing in 1015 as Manek, where it is referenced as a Benedictine monastery. The main industry in the town was coal mining. Following the town's destruction by Turkish forces, it was resettled by Catholic Swabians.

## Demographics

As of 2022 the town was 89.9% Hungarian, 11.3% German, 1.8% Gypsy, and 1.9% of non-European origin. 38.5% of the townsfolk are Roman Catholic, 4.8% Lutheran, 2.5% Reformed, and 15.3% non-denominational.
# Percy Redfern

Percy Redfern (1875 – 11 February 1958) was a British co-operative movement writer and journalist and an advocate for consumer co-operation.

## Biography

Redfern was born the illegitimate son of a housekeeper in Leicester in 1875. He was raised by his father, Francis Redfern, who was an architect and by his stepmother. He went to seven different schools, including Nottingham Grammar School, before becoming an apprentice to a draper in Nottingham. He disliked the harsh conditions and corrupt practices of the retail industry and began to take an interest in socialism. He joined the Social Democratic Federation, contributed to the Federation's paper Justice and became an active member of the Independent Labour Party. Redfern was a pacificist and vegetarian. He had a succession of jobs including working for a wholesaler and as a storekeeper for the Manchester Vegetarian Society.
In 1899 he began working in a clerical job in Manchester for the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS) and subsequently began editing the CWS's monthly magazine the Wheatsheaf and its annual, the People's Year Book. In his 1920 manifesto The Consumers' Place in Society he advocated for consumer co-operation, arguing that the consumer has a key role to play in bringing about a new social order through voluntary collectivism. He ascribed central importance to the book Looking Backward at the time of the rise of the 'New Socialism.' In his autobiography he testified that 'to grasp at every means of radical change I read more industrial history, more of the opposite socialist futures pictured by Bellamy."
In 1913 he wrote his first history of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, The Story of the C.W.S., followed in 1938 by The New History of the C.W.S. He retired from the Co-operative Wholesale Society in 1938 but continued his work as a writer, with his autobiography Journey to Understanding published in 1946. He died in York on 11 February 1958 and was buried at the Southern Cemetery in Manchester.

## Publications

* —— (1907). Tolstoy: A Study. London: A.C. Fifield.
* —— (1913). The Story of the C.W.S. Manchester: C.W.S.
* —— (1915). Co-operation For All. Manchester: Co-operative Union.
* —— (1920). The Consumers' Place in Society. Manchester: Co-operative Union.
* —— (1923). John T. W. Mitchell: Pioneer of Consumers' Co-operation. Manchester: Co-operative Union.
* —— (1929). Twenty Faces the World. London: Ernest Benn.
* —— (1938). The New History of the C.W.S. Manchester: C.W.S.
* —— (1946). Journey to Understanding. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
# Salahi, Razavi Khorasan

Salahi (Persian: صالحي, also Romanized as Sālaḥī; also known as Sālakī) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 636, in 156 families.
# Caves of Don Gaspar

The Caves of Don Gaspar (Spanish: Zona Arqueológica de la Cueva de Las Caves of Don Gaspar) is an important archaeological site located in the north of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The cueva is located in the municipality of Icod de los Vinos. It consists of a series of deposits belonging to the ancient Guanche culture, which form an interrelated complex. The caves include the Cave of Don Gaspar itself, the Cave of Las Palomas and three nearby caves. They were inhabited by the aboriginal Guanche Berbers.
In the Cave of Don Gaspar there are three levels of occupation, the oldest from the third century CE, while the occupation level in the Cave of Las Palomas is even older, dating back to the third century BCE.
The caves are however famous for the discovery of plant debris in the form of carbonized seeds of wheat, barley and beans. This finding helps verify the practice of agriculture on the island of Tenerife in times of the Guanches.
The cave is declared a Site of cultural interest by the Government of the Canary Islands.