OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Global citizens movement

The global citizens movement is a constellation of organized and overlapping citizens' groups seeking to foster global solidarity in policy and consciousness. The term is often used synonymously with the anti-globalization movement or the global justice movement.

## Background

The concept of global citizenship first emerged in the 4th Century BCE among the Greek Cynics, who coined the term “cosmopolitan” – meaning citizen of the world. The Stoics later elaborated on the concept, and contemporary philosophers and political theorists have further developed it in the concept of cosmopolitanism, which proposes that all individuals belong to a single moral community.
The twenty-first century has seen increasing calls for global citizenship in light of how transportation and technology—are binding disparate parts of the world more closely together than ever before. Authors as Paul Raskin, Paul H. Ray, David Korten, and Gus Speth have argued for the existence of a latent pool of tens of millions of people ready to identify with a global consciousness, such as that captured in the Earth Charter. Organizations such as Oxfam International believe that a global citizens movement rooted in social and economic justice is emerging and is necessary for ending global poverty. The Global Scenario Group likewise identified such a movement as the key change agent in a Great Transition to a socially and ecologically sustainable future. A more recently formed group vying for a sustainable global future through international unification via an international federation are the Young World Federalists.
A global citizens movement would differ from the existing fragmented civil society organizations and social movements in that such campaigns and movements tend to be issue-specific rather than united in a shared struggle for a socially just and ecologically sustainable global society and the establishment of an institutional structure to support it.

## Critiques

Skeptics of the notion of a global citizens movement question whether or not a high enough level of global solidarity can emerge in light of nationalism, racism, and the dominance of the Westphalian state system. However, other scholars point out that the historical emergence of nationalism must have felt just as improbable in a time of warring city-states, and yet in retrospect appears inevitable.
In their book Multitude, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri offer a more radical critique that posits Michel Foucault's notion of a “plurality of resistance” as the only legitimate path forward. Instead of leadership and organizational structures, Hardt and Negri put faith in the emergence of spontaneous coherence due to self-organized networks among various autonomous resistance movements. However, it remains unclear how a network of autonomous movements would differ in practice from a global citizens movement.
# Znamenka, Kuyurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Znamenka (Russian: Знаменка) is a rural locality (a village) in Krivle-Ilyushkinsky Selsoviet, Kuyurgazinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 88 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Znamenka is located 22 km east of Yermolayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoyamashevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Bill Trinen

Bill Trinen (born William Trinen on August 21, 1972) is the Vice President, Player & Product Experience of Nintendo of America. He is also a professional Japanese-to-English translator who has worked on the localization of numerous Nintendo-published video games. He often acts as an interpreter for various Japanese developers, most notably video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto.

## Education

Trinen began studying Japanese while in high school and continued at the University of Oregon, where he majored in Japanese and minored in Business. He also studied international business, international management, economics, and translation for a year overseas at the Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo, Japan, and lived in Shibuya.

## Role at Nintendo

Trinen began work with Nintendo translating bug reports on The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, and was then hired full-time for the Nintendo Treehouse, its game localization division. He described his responsibilities in the Treehouse as "helping explain to people at Nintendo what the cool new features of the games are and points to focus on in PR and marketing". Trinen's first translation project was Mario Party, a Nintendo 64 game first released in Japan in 1998 and in western regions in 1999. He became the interpreter for Shigeru Miyamoto six months into the job by request of former NOA software engineering manager Jim Merrick. Trinen has also presented in various North American Nintendo Direct presentations, appeared in numerous E3s and is a significant public figure of NOA's Nintendo Treehouse division.
# SM UC-110

SM UC-110 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I.

## Design

A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of 491 tonnes (483 long tons) when at the surface and 571 tonnes (562 long tons) while submerged. She had a length overall of 56.51 m (185 ft 5 in), a beam of 5.54 m (18 ft 2 in), and a draught of 3.77 m (12 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing 300 metric horsepower (220 kW; 300 shp) (a total of 600 metric horsepower (440 kW; 590 shp)), two electric motors producing 770 metric horsepower (570 kW; 760 shp), and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of 75 metres (246 ft).
The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph) and a submerged speed of 6.6 knots (12.2 km/h; 7.6 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) at 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h; 5.2 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 9,850 nautical miles (18,240 km; 11,340 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). UC-100 was fitted with six 100 centimetres (39 in) mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three 50 centimetres (20 in) torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/45 or 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

## Construction and career

The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 16 December 1918. Because UC-110 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-110. UC-110 was surrendered to the Allies at Harwich in 1919 in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany. She was retained by the UK for possible experimental work, but was in the event laid up at Portsmouth until scuttled in the English Channel on 1 July 1920.
# Hypomecis

Hypomecis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821.

## Description

Palpi oblique, reaching beyond the frons and fringed with hair below. Forewings with slightly crenulate (scalloped) cilia. Vein 3 from near angle of cell and veins 7 to 9 from near upper angle. Typically with vein 10 and 11 arise from cell. Hindwings with vein 3 from near angle of cell. Cilia crenulate.

## Ecology

Most of them are patterned cryptically and when they sit on bark, the markings appear like patches of lichen. Studies have shown that they choose the site for resting with care so that the pattern of crypsis is enhanced.

## Selected species

Species include:
* Hypomecis adamata (Felder, 1874)
* Hypomecis brevifasciata (Wileman, 1911)
* Hypomecis buchholzaria (Lemmer, 1937)
* Hypomecis ceylanicaria Nietner, 1861
* Hypomecis cineracea (Moore, 1888)
* Hypomecis corticea (Bastelberger, 1911)
* Hypomecis driophila Goldfinch, 1944
* Hypomecis formosana (Wileman, 1912)
* Hypomecis gnopharia (Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1858)
* Hypomecis intectaria (Walker 1863)
* Hypomecis longipectinaria A. Blanchard & Knudson, 1984
* Hypomecis lunifera (Butler, 1879)
* Hypomecis luridula (Hulst, 1896)
* Hypomecis monotona (Inoue, 1978)
* Hypomecis nudicosta Inoue, 1983
* Hypomecis obliquisigna (Wileman, 1912)
* Hypomecis percnioides (Wehrli, 1943)
* Hypomecis punctinalis (Scopoli, 1763) – pale oak beauty
* Hypomecis roboraria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – great oak beauty
* Hypomecis separata (Walker 1863)
* Hypomecis transcissa (Walker, 1860)
* Hypomecis umbrosaria (Hübner, 1813)
# Harshabardhan and Gobardhan

Harshabardhan (Bengali: হর্ষবর্ধন) and Gobardhan (Bengali: গোবর্ধন) are humorous fictional characters in Bengali literature created by Shibram Chakraborty. Harshabardhan along with his younger brother Gobardhan, his wife, and the author Shibram are the subject of a number of satirical short stories. A characteristic of these stories is acerbic wit, play on words, and a characteristic goodnaturedness on the part of the characters. Harshabardhan is a successful black-marketeer dealing in timber who was born in Tezpur, Assam, migrates and lives in Ranaghat, West Bengal. Often to hide his ignorance on day-to-day matters, he comes up with outlandish explanations to impress his devoted younger brother and wife.

## Character

"Harshabardhan" means whose wealth is joy and his brother's name, "Gobardhan" whose wealth consists of cow-dung.
# Elman Guttormson

Elman Kreisler Guttormson (March 24, 1929 in Lundar, Manitoba – October 10, 2000) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1956 to 1969.
The son of John Guttormson and Sigridur Johnson, Guttormson was educated at Lundar and United College. He worked for the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper as a reporter, covering fields as diverse as crime and horse racing. He won a national newspaper award in 1962, while serving as a member of the legislature. In 1952, he married Hildur Thorsteinson.
He was first elected to the legislature in a by-election on December 30, 1956 in the mid-northern constituency of St. George, defeating his Progressive Conservative and CCF opponents by a comfortable margin. He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government for the next year and a half.
The Liberals were defeated provincially in the 1958 election, although Guttormson won his own seat by a wider margin than before. He was also re-elected without difficulty in the elections of 1959, 1962 and 1966. Guttormson also served as party whip.
The Liberals lost much of their support base in the 1969 election, and Guttormson lost his seat to Bill Uruski of the New Democratic Party by 398 votes. He sought a political comeback in the 1973 election, but lost to Uruski by an increased margin.
Guttormson supported the federal and provincial Liberal parties for his entire adult life. One of his daughters married Bob Axworthy, a relative of Lloyd Axworthy.
Guttormson, later in his career, became a newspaper editor, retiring in 1993. He died in Winnipeg at the age of 71 following a long illness.
# Parah Puneh

Parah Puneh (Persian: پاراپونه, also Romanized as Pārāh Pūneh; also known as Qanāt, Para Pīvna, Par Pīūneh, and Pūneh) is a village in Beyranvand-e Jonubi Rural District, Bayravand District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 36 families.
# SEIDO

Subprocuraduría Especializada en Investigación de Delincuencia Organizada, 'Assistant Attorney General's Office for Special Investigations on Organized Crime'(SEIDO), is the organized crime division of Mexico's Office of the Attorney General.
In October 2012, the organization changed its name from SIEDO to SEIDO.

## History and Organization

SEIDO was formed in the wake of a 2003 scandal that found agents in the Attorney General's anti-narcotics prosecution office, FEADS, actively working for or protecting Mexican drug cartels. As a result, SEIDO was formed with 117 agents whose backgrounds and psychological profiles were intensely researched, in the hope that agents prone to Cartel corruption would be weeded out before they could enter the force.
# James Alexander Paton

James Alexander Paton (July 25, 1884 – February 19, 1946) was a newspaper owner and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Vancouver-Point Grey in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1937 to 1946 as a Conservative.
He was born in Beamsville, Ontario and, in 1903, travelled west to Alberta, where he worked on a cattle ranch and as a night clerk in the Calgary post office. He later worked at placer mining, at railroad construction and as an employment agent. In 1906, he came to Vancouver, where he worked in a stationery store. Paton also spent some time in Prince Rupert where he worked at carpentry and surveying and helped set up the post office; he also was involved in surveying and mining in Whitehorse.
From Vancouver, he moved to Eburne, where he became involved in newspaper publishing. In 1908, he purchased the Point Grey Gazette, later the Vancouver Courier. Paton also operated a store where he sold books and stationery and other assorted goods and offered printing, publishing and bookbinding services. He sold the newspaper at the beginning of World War I and enlisted in the 72nd Battalion of the Canadian Infantry, serving in Belgium and France.
On his return to Canada in 1918, Paton re-purchased the Gazette. He was elected to the Point Grey municipal council in 1924 and served as reeve from 1925 to 1927. In 1925, Paton and others were charged with involvement in the kidnapping of Wong Foon Sing, accused by some of having murdered Janet Smith, but Paton was acquitted. In 1926, he married Cora May Fraser. Paton sold the Gazette later that year. In 1929, he became an alderman for the city of Vancouver. During World War II, Paton supported the movement of Japanese-Canadians into the province's interior; he also opposed giving them the right to vote. In 1946, he died in office at the age of 61.
# SM UC-111

SM UC-111 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine, or U-boat, built for the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I.

## Design

A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of 491 tonnes (483 long tons) when at the surface and 571 tonnes (562 long tons) while submerged. She had a length overall of 56.51 m (185 ft 5 in), a beam of 5.54 m (18 ft 2 in), and a draught of 3.77 m (12 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing 300 metric horsepower (220 kW; 300 shp) (a total of 600 metric horsepower (440 kW; 590 shp)), two electric motors producing 770 metric horsepower (570 kW; 760 shp), and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of 75 metres (246 ft).
The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph) and a submerged speed of 6.6 knots (12.2 km/h; 7.6 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) at 4.5 knots (8.3 km/h; 5.2 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 9,850 nautical miles (18,240 km; 11,340 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). UC-100 was fitted with six 100 centimetres (39 in) mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three 50 centimetres (20 in) torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/45 or 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

## Construction and career

The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 14 January 1919. Because UC-111 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-111. UC-111 was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921.
# Samuel Arthur Cawley

Samuel Arthur Cawley (November 29, 1858 – January 5, 1947) was a farmer, merchant, miner, real estate and insurance agent and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Chilliwhack from 1909 until his retirement at the 1916 provincial election as a Conservative.

## Biography

He was born in Brant County, Ontario in 1858, the son of Samuel Cawley and Isabella Falconer, and was educated there. Cawley came to British Columbia in 1878. In 1882, he married Emma Reeves. He farmed in the Chilliwack Valley until 1890, when he opened a hardware business in Chilliwack. He sold that business in 1896 and mined in the Harrison River area. Finally, Cawley returned to Chilliwack, where he established a real estate, insurance and mining business. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1894 and in 1907. Cawley died in Chilliwack at the age of 88 in 1947.
# Lalbhai

Lalbhai is a name of Indian origin. Notable people with the name include:
* Lalbhai Dalpatbhai (1863-1912), Indian industrialist
* Kasturbhai Lalbhai (1894-1980), Indian industrialist
* Umedram Lalbhai Desai (1868-1930), Indian medical doctor
* Arvind Narottambhai Lalbhai (1918-2007), Indian industrialist
# Evelyn Shannon

Evelyn Foster Shannon (September 14, 1890 – died January 28, 1973) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive representative from 1936 to 1945.
# Cyprus in the Eurovision Young Musicians

Cyprus has participated in the biennial classical music competition Eurovision Young Musicians 12 times since its debut in 1988, most recently taking part in 2010.
Cyprus is one of the poorest performing countries in the contest, not reaching the final in any contest to date.

## Participation overview

| Year | Entrant | Instrument | Final | Semi |
| 1988 | Plotinos Mikromatis | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 1990 | Constantinos Stylianou | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 1992 | Manolis Neophytou | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 1994 | Manolis Neophytou | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 1996 | Manolis Neophytou | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 1998 | Nicolas Melis | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 2000 | Roman Kariolou | Violin | Did not qualify | - |
| 2002 | Andreas Ioannides | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 2004 | Andreas Ioannides | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 2006 | Jórgosz Mánnurisz | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 2008 | Orfeas Hiratos | Clarinet | Did not qualify | - |
| 2010 | Lambis Pavlou | Piano | Did not qualify | - |
| 2012–2022 | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate |
# Hôtel du Lac, Tunis

The Hôtel du Lac (English: Lake Hotel) is a hotel in Tunis. The building was designed in the Brutalist style by the Italian architect Raffaele Contigiani and built from 1970 to 1973 for the Tunisian government of Habib Bourguiba.

## Location

The hotel stands to the north of the Place du 14 – Janvier 2011 [fr] (formerly the Place du 7 – Novembre 1987) at the eastern end of Avenue Habib Bourguiba, between Avenue Mohammed V and A1 motorway, to the west of the Lake of Tunis.

## Construction and design

It was constructed on 190 reinforced concrete piles up to 60 m (200 ft) deep, and built from exposed concrete (béton brut) around a steel structure, creating a single long block with ten floors, with large windows. Projecting cantilevered stairs at each end create an inverted pyramid shape. The 416 bedrooms are mostly on the upper floors, with the top floor twice as long as the ground floor. The interior décor reflected the 1970s, with floors covered by linoleum and a colour palette of brown, orange and red.
The striking design, departing from traditional Arab and European architecture, made the hotel a symbol of modernism in Tunis. It remains an important example of Brutalism in North Africa. Its distinctive shape has prompted comparisons with the sandcrawler vehicle of the Star Wars films.

## Recent history

The hotel was privatised in the 1990, but it fell into disrepair and closed in 2000. It was bought by the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO) in 2013, which proposed demolishing the building and spending up to $100m to replace it with a new five-star hotel tower. Concerns about imminent demolition were raised again in 2019.
* The hotel in central Tunis in 2015
* The hotel in 2005, viewed from the Place du 7 – Novembre 1987 (now the Place du 14 – Janvier 2011)
* The hotel in 2018

## References and sources
### References

* ↑ The mystery of Star Wars and Tunisia's rundown Brutalist hotel. Neil Arun, BBC News, 10 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
* ↑ "ACA Archives – Raffaele Contigiani". arab-architecture.org. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

### Sources

* LAFICO to Develop Tunisian Resort, Libya-businessnews.com, 26 November 2013
* Tunisia's high-flying Brutalist hotel is safe after demolition scare, The Architects Newspaper, 13 March 2019
* The inspiration for Star Wars' Sandcrawler, Hôtel du Lac, faces imminent demolition, Archinect News, 27 March 2019
* Raffaele Contigiani: Hôtel du Lac, 1970–1973, sosbrutalism.org
* Hôtel du Lac, World Monuments Fund
# Centrache

Centrache (Greek: Kentrikos) is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.

## History

During the 1908 Messina earthquake, buildings and other structures throughout Centrache were destroyed; 80,000 people were killed.
# Delfi Limited

Delfi Limited, formerly Petra Foods, is a Singaporean confectionery manufacturer that primarily produces the various brands of chocolate.

## History

Delfi Limited was established in 1984 by John Chuang and his brothers as Petra Foods Pte Ltd..
In 2012, Petra Foods entered into an agreement with Barry Callebaut where the latter would acquire the cocoa ingredient business of the former. The acquisition was completed in 2013.
In 2016, Petra Foods announced its intention to rename itself as Delfi Limited, after its main brand to mark a shift from focusing on cocoa ingredients to chocolate-based confectionery.

## Products and brands

Prior to Delfi Limited's divestment of its cocoa ingredient division, it was known for providing cocoa ingredients to companies such as Cadbury, Mars, Meiji, and Nestlé.
Among its products is Take It, a chocolate-coated wafer. Delfi has been involved in a legal dispute with Nestle in Singapore for Take It's similarity with the latter's KitKat. Delfi won the dispute in 2014.
In 2018, Delfi acquired the license for Van Houten chocolate brand.
It also owns Philippine brands Goya and Knick Knacks as well as Indonesian chocolate bar brand SilverQueen.
In 2019, the Singapore-based joint venture Delfi Yuraku Pte Ltd. was formed, with Japanese firm Yuraku Confectionery Co. Ltd. holding a 60% controlling stake, to market Black Thunder and other Yuraku products in Indonesia and Malaysia.

## Operations in the Philippines

The operations in the Philippines is managed by Delfi Marketing Inc. and Delfi Foods, Inc. It manages local chocolate confectionery brand Goya which was previously owned by Philippine Cocoa. Philippine Cocoa was acquired by Nestlé in 1997 and Delfi (as Petra Foods) became involved with the Goya brand in 2006. Petra Foods would eventually buy Philippine Cocoa from Nestlé. Delfi also manufactures Knick-Knacks chocolate product in the Philippines. It operates a manufacturing plant in Marikina.
# Katia Escalera

Katia Giselle Escalera (born 20 September 1974) is a Bolivian operatic soprano. A native of Cochabamba, Escalera graduated from the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester in 1996 with a Bachelor of Music. She has been an Adler Fellow at the San Francisco Opera, winner of the Aspen Summer Music Festival's Concerto Competition, and placed first in the Lotte Lenya Vocal Competition. She is known for her vivid, natural stage presence, and versatile, clear voice. Among her recordings are the collaborations with the Florilegium Music Ensemble on Bolivian Baroque Volumes 1 & 2. She is also lyric soprano on Janis Mattox's Solombra.
Escalera was named 2004's Outstanding and Excellent Bolivian Professional by the Human Development Foundation of Bolivia. \

## Sources

* Kohan, Pablo, "Con ayuda de Telemann", La Nación, 3 August 2006
* Luján, Mónica, Katia Escalera: "Cantar es una adicción", Los Tiempos, 9/08/2009
* La Razón, "Un disco da la bienvenida al VI Festival de Música de Chiquitos", 14 September 2005