OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Koinon

Koinon (Greek: Κοινόν, pl. Κοινά, Koina), meaning "common thing", in the sense of "public", had many applications, some societal, some governmental. An abstract noun formed from the neuter of the adjective, koinos, "common", the koinon could mean any sort of organization. It had more than one meaning in the governmental sense.

## Polis

One was a polis or its politeia, Latin res publica, "the public thing", or "commonwealth", as seen in the Athenian model. A polis, by definition, is a government of common concern rather than private, making it a republic. The polis also functioned as a federal state with a politeia, or "constitution", which established citizenship. Citizens managed the state through elected magistracies and the assembly. These institutions, claiming supreme political power, directly performed their constitutional duties across executive, judicial, or legislative domains. While political theory had not yet conceptualized the three-branch system common in modern republics, the functions existed in various forms, including the military, law courts, and economic regulation.

## Alliance

The focus of this article is on a concept that extends beyond the individual polis: the formation of alliances among various poleis. Groups of poleis with shared interests, such as building a strong military for offense or defense, might form alliances, like the Ionians who defended the Greek coast of Anatolia against incoming Iranians. In such cases, the concept of "the public thing" or commonwealth would be extended to the alliance itself. To differentiate the alliance from a single republic, an ethnic name might be used, such as "the alliance of the Ionians."
The alliance was then "the common thing of the allies," as it is in Isocrates 14.21, where the allies are symmachoi ("fighters in common,"), and the alliance is a symmachia. The league was not strictly a "federation," as the member states guarded their independence jealously. Even so, in the Delian League, the most powerful state, Athens, managed to control the other states to such a degree as now to be called "the Athenian Empire."
As the government of a league, a koinon encompassed functions like defense, diplomacy, economics, and religious practices among its member states. This association more closely resembled a confederation rather than a federal union, like the one Alexander created. Members of the alliance primarily contributed taxes, men, and equipment, rather than directly managing or issuing binding commands.
Some examples follow. In Epirus itself there had in ancient times existed the Koinon of the Molossians. There was a Lacedaemonian League (κοινὸν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων), centered on Sparta and its old dominions for a period under Roman rule, and a Koinon of the Macedonians, also under Roman rule. In modern Greek history, during the Greek War of Independence, a local self-government termed Koinon was set up in the islands of Hydra, Spetses and Psara.
# Palata Rural Municipality

Palata (Nepali: पलाता गाउँपालिका) is a rural municipality located in Kalikot District of Karnali Province of Nepal.
According to Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration, Palata rural municipality has an area of 318.84 square kilometres (123.10 sq mi) and the total population of the rural municipality is 15,303 as of 2011 Nepal census.
Dholagohe, Khin and Thirpu which previously were all separate Village development committees merged to form this new local level body. Fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015, Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration replaced all old VDCs and Municipalities into 753 new local level bodies.
The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated at Thirpu.
# Rodney Barton

Rodney Barton was the U.S. National Badminton Men's Champion in 1983 and 1984. He attended Palo Alto High School. He is African American.
# Sar Qaleh, Zaz-e Sharqi

Sar Qaleh (Persian: سرقلعه, also Romanized as Sar Qal‘eh and Sarqal‘eh) is a village in Zaz-e Sharqi Rural District, Zaz va Mahru District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 10 families.
# Kapurkot Rural Municipality

Kapurkot (Nepali: कपुरकोट गाउँपालिका) is a rural municipality located in Salyan District of Karnali Province of Nepal.
The population in 2011 was 18,273.

## Demographics

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Kapurkot Rural Municipality had a population of 18,273. Of these, 99.7% spoke Nepali, 0.1% Sign language and 0.2% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 42.4% were Chhetri, 35.5% Magar, 12.0% Kami, 3.7% Damai/Dholi, 1.9% Thakuri, 1.5% Sarki, 1.3% Hill Brahmin, 1.0% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.2% other Terai, 0.1% Badi, 0.1% Musalman, 0.1% Teli, 0.1% Tharu and 0.3% others.
In terms of religion, 93.4% were Hindu, 5.6% Buddhist, 0.9% Christian and 0.1% Muslim.
In terms of literacy, 66.4% could read and write, 2.3% could only read and 31.3% could neither read nor write.
# Mohammadabad, Nishapur

Mohammadabad (Persian: محمداباد, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād) is a village in Rivand Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 144, in 37 families.
# On a Night like This (Trick Pony song)

"On a Night Like This" is a song by American country music group Trick Pony. It was released on May 7, 2001, as the second single from the group's debut studio album. It was written by Doug Kahan and Karen Staley and produced by Chuck Howard.
It became the group's only top ten hit on the US Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number four. The song also reached number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Critical reception

Billboard gave the song a positive review saying, "The track swells nicely to a mid- to uptempo treatise on braving the pitfalls of love in an effort to reap the rewards. The interplay of vocals, spoken-word, and music is a little different and should stand out from the usual fare."

## Music video

Peter Zavadil, who also directed the video for "Pour Me", would return to direct the video for "On a Night Like This", filming it in Los Angeles, California. The video would make its debut to CMT on June 3, 2001.
The video for "On a Night Like This" was hugely popular, becoming the second most viewed video on CMT for the week of October 14, 2001. The video received a nomination at the 2001 Billboard Music Video Awards for "Best new artist clip of the year."

## Commercial performance

"On a Night Like This" debuted on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart the week of May 5, 2001, at number 56. It reached its peak position of number 4 on October 27, 2001, where it stayed for four consecutive weeks, spending 33 weeks in total on the chart. The song also reached number 4 on the Radio & Records Country Top 50, while topping that magazine's Country Indicator chart for two weeks. The song crossed over at number 47 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and Hot 100 Airplay chart. In March 2006, the song would received a Spin Award from Broadcast Data Systems for 200,000 spins.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Quibdó

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quibdó (Latin: Dioecesis Quibduana) is a diocese located in the city of Quibdó in the ecclesiastical province of Santa Fe de Antioquia in Colombia.

## History

* 14 November 1952: Established as Apostolic Vicariate of Quibdó from the Diocese of Antioquía and Apostolic Prefecture of Chocó
* 30 April 1990: Promoted as Diocese of Quibdó

## Ordinaries

* Vicars Apostolic of Quibdó
** Pedro Grau y Arola, C.M.F. † (24 Mar 1953 – 6 Jun 1983) Retired
** Jorge Iván Castaño Rubio, C.M.F. (6 Jun 1983 – 30 Apr 1990) Appointed, Bishop of Quibdó (see below)
* Bishops of Quibdó
** Jorge Iván Castaño Rubio, C.M.F. (30 Apr 1990 – 16 Feb 2001) Appointed, Auxiliary Bishop of Medellín
** Fidel León Cadavid Marin (25 Jul 2001 – 2 Feb 2011) Appointed, Bishop of Sonsón-Rionegro
** Juan Carlos Barreto Barreto (30 Jan 2013 – present)
# Vufflens Castle

Vufflens Castle (French: Château de Vufflens) is a medieval castle in the Swiss municipality of Vufflens-le-Château in the canton of Vaud. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

## History

The castle was built between 1420 and 1430 by Henri de Colombier, an advisor to Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy, on the site of a previous medieval castle mentioned as early as 1108. In 1530, it was set on fire by Bernese troops. After the death of Philibert de Colombier in 1544, it passed through various owners, and in 1641 it was acquired by the de Senarclens family. The castle is privately owned.

## Castle site

From the previous castle of the lords of Vufflens, nothing remains. Of the original castle by Henri Colombier, the donjon, several towers, outbuildings, the surrounding wall and the gate house remain.

## In popular culture

Referenced in "The Four Towers of Vufflens"; a Swiss myth. In the myth the lord of the castle (Grimoald) punished his wife for giving birth to a daughter (when he wanted a son to inherit) by telling his wife he would kill the daughter. Rather than killing her he built a new tower on one corner of the castle & sent the daughter & a nurse to live in it. This occurred 3 more times; until, upon the birth of his 4th daughter he sent his wife and new daughter to live imprisoned in the fourth and final tower.
# Sassandra-Marahoué District

Sassandra-Marahoué District (French: District du Sassandra-Marahoué,) is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Daloa.

## Creation

Sassandra-Marahoué District was created in a 2011 administrative reorganisation of the subdivisions of Ivory Coast. The territory of the district was composed by merging the regions of Haut-Sassandra and Marahoué.

## Administrative divisions

Sassandra-Marahoué District is currently subdivided into two regions and the following departments:
* Haut-Sassandra Region (region seat also in Daloa)
** Daloa Department
** Issia Department
** Vavoua Department
** Zoukougbeu Department
* Marahoué Region (region seat in Bouaflé)
** Bouaflé Department
** Sinfra Department
** Zuénoula Department

## Population

According to the 2021 census, Sassandra-Marahoué District has a population of 2,720,876, making it the third most populous district in Ivory Coast, behind Abidjan Autonomous District and Montagnes District.

### Villages

* Détroya
* Zébouo-Nord
# Kaarlo Castrén

Kaarlo Castrén (28 February 1860 – 19 November 1938) was a Finnish politician and Prime Minister of Finland. He represented the National Progressive Party.

## Biography

Castrén was born in Turtola and graduated in 1887 as a Bachelor of Law. From 1888 to 1892, he worked in the finance division of the Senate of Finland, and from 1888 to 1898 in the Castrén & Snellman attorneys-at-law office.
From 1892 to 1904, Castrén was a member of the board in the Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank. He attended the state board meetings in 1894 and from 1905 to 1906. He was Senator from 1908 to 1909, after which he founded an attorney-at-law office. In 1916, Castrén was elected as the director of Kansallis-Osake-Pankki.
In November 1918, Castrén was named Minister of Finance. He served as Prime Minister of Finland from 17 April to 15 August 1919. His government gave a proposal of the republic form of government in Finland, and after the proposal was accepted, the government disbanded.
Castrén died in Helsinki.

## Cabinets

* Kaarlo Castrén Cabinet
# Church of the Holy Spirit, Tallinn

The Church of the Holy Ghost or Church of the Holy Spirit (Estonian: Püha Vaimu kirik, German: Heiliggeistkirche) is a medieval Lutheran church in the old town district of Tallinn, Estonia. It is located behind Raekoja plats, and lies opposite the Great Guild and Maiasmokk, Tallinn's oldest café.

## History

Building of the church probably started sometime during the first half of the 13th century, and the church is mentioned in written sources for the first time in 1319. The fact that the church does not face due east may suggest that it was erected in an already built-up area and had to adapt to the street layout. Originally the church was part of a greater almshouse complex, and dedicated to the Holy Ghost, and apart from the main entrance on the north side of the church, there was also an entrance from the almshouse yard, on the south side of the church.
The oldest part of the church is the choir, to which the aisle was added sometime in the late 13th century or early 14th century. The original wooden ceiling was replaced in 1360, when the present vaulting, tower and large gothic windows were added. In 1630, the tower received its current appearance, which however is a reconstruction as the tower was ravaged by fire in both 1684 and 2002. The church was the first church in Estonia to hold services in Estonian, and the first extracts of the catechism to be published in Estonian were printed here in 1535.
Chronicler Balthasar Russow (1536-1600) was a pastor of the church.

## Architecture

The church has a plain, white-washed exterior with crow-stepped gables, an octagonal tower with the above-mentioned reconstructed renaissance spire and few but rather large Gothic windows with fine stone dressing. The stained glass windows are late 20th century. Most noteworthy in the exterior is the finely carved clock, a work by Christian Ackermann (late 17th century).
The layout of the interior is somewhat unusual, with the choir located asymmetrically to the north and a two-aisled nave. Of the interior decoration, especially the remarkable main altar, a work by Bernt Notke, is noteworthy. It dates from 1483 and depicts, on the central panel, the descent of the Holy Ghost on the twelve apostles at Pentecost. The galleries in the church are richly decorated with scenes from the Bible, painted in the mid-17th century and probably by different artists. Of more recent origin is the organ, dating from 1929, and a commemorative plaque next to the altar, put up in memory of British sailors who lost their lives during the British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919).

## Gallery

* The tower of the church at night.
* Clock of the Church of the Holy Ghost in Tallinn, made by Christian Ackermann
* The main altar, by Bernt Notke (1483)
* Stained glass window
# Kick (football)

Kicking is a skill used in many types of football, including:
* Association football
* Australian rules football
* Gaelic football
* Gridiron football
** American football
** Arena football
** Canadian football
* International rules football
* Rugby league football
* Rugby union football
Kicking is the act of propelling a ball by striking it with the foot or, depending upon the sport, the shin. Kicking is most common in Association Football, where only the two goalkeepers are allowed to use their hands. It is also the primary method of transferring the ball in Australian rules football and Gaelic football. Whereas most sports allow points to be scored by methods other than kicking, in Australian rules football kicking for goal is the only method allowed to score a goal and get the maximum six point score. Kicking is used less frequently in Rugby League, Rugby Union, American football, and Canadian football, and may be restricted to specialist positions, but it is still an important tactical skill in each sport.

## List of common kicking styles

The range of kicking styles available is typically influenced by the shape of the ball and the rules (whether hands can be used to carry or pick up the ball).
| Football code | Off the ground | Grubber kick | Bomb | Drop kick | Drop punt | Punt | Torpedo punt | Checkside punt | Bicycle kick | Place kick | Dribbling |
| Association (soccer) | Yes | No | No | Goalkeeper | No | Specialist | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Australian rules | Yes | Yes | Yes | Rare | Yes | Yes | Rare | Yes | Rare | Dropped | Rare |
| Gaelic | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Rare |
| Gridiron (US & Canadian variations) | No | No | No | Rare | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Rugby union | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Restricted | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Rare |
| Rugby league | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Restricted | Rare | Yes | No | Yes | Rare |
# Komal Gandhar

Komal Gandhar (Bengali: কোমল গান্ধার Kōmal Gāndhār), also known as A Soft Note on a Sharp Scale, is a 1961 Bengali film written and directed by legendary film maker Ritwik Ghatak. The title refers to the Hindustani equivalent of "E-flat". It was part of the trilogy composed of Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), Komal Gandhar and Subarnarekha (1962), all dealing with the aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947 and the refugees coping with it, though this was the most optimistic film of his oeuvre. The film explores three themes juxtaposed in the narrative: the dilemma of Anusuya, the lead character, the divided leadership of IPTA, and the fallout from the partition of India.

## Overview

The film title was taken from the line of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore that meant a sur or note, E-flat. As in other films by Ghatak, music plays a pivotal role in the movie.
Through the microcosmic perspectivising of a group of devoted and uncompromising IPTA workers, Ghatak with his signature style touches on varied issues of partition, idealism, corruption, the interdependence of art and life, the scope of art, and class-struggle. Unlike his other films, this one runs along an upbeat mood with the lead pair of lovers (Vrigu and Anusua) being reunited.

## Cast

* Supriya Devi as Anusuya
* Abanish Bannerjee as Bhrigu
* Bijon Bhattacharya as Gagan
* Satindra Bhattacharya as Shibnath
* Debabrata Biswas
* Chitra Sen as Jaya
* Anil Chatterjee as Rishi
* Gyanesh Mukherjee
* Satyabrata Chattopadhyay
* Gita Dey as Shanta

## Soundtrack

Music was by Jyotirindra Moitra, from IPTA, and a noted Rabindra Sangeet exponent who had previously given music in Ghatak's Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), and had song by singers like, Bijon Bhattacharya, Debabrata Biswas, Hemanga Biswas. Bahadur Khan played sarod in the soundtrack. The film is noted for its wedding songs and also contrapuntal use of sound.

## Screening of Komal Gandhar aka E-Flat in different festivals

* 2017: Ritwik Ghatak Retrospective UK, at Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee, Scotland, UK, Programme curated by Sanghita Sen, Department of Film Studies, St Andrews University, UK
# Ezeritai

The Ezeritai (Greek: Ἐζερῖται) were a Slavic tribe that settled in the Peloponnese in southern Greece during the Middle Ages. In the early decades of the 7th century, Slavic tribes (Sclaveni) settled throughout the Balkans following the collapse of the Byzantine Empire's defense of the Danube frontier with some groups reaching as far south as the Peloponnese. The Sclaveni often settled in small groups (i.e., families and clans) and their demographic impact in mainland Greece was both weak and diffuse. Of these, two groups are known by name from later sources, the Ezeritai and the Melingoi, both having settled on the slopes of Mount Taygetos.

## Etymology

The Ezeritai apparently settled in the area known as Helos (Greek for "swamp"), from which their name derives (South Slavic ezero meaning "lake").

## History

The Ezeritai are mentioned in the De administrando imperio of Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 945–959), who records that they paid a tribute of 300 gold nomismata. The emperor further records that they had rebelled, along with the Melingoi, during the reign of Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–945), but were defeated by the strategos Krinites Arotras and forced to pay double tribute as a consequence. They are not mentioned thereafter, except for a reference to a bishopric of Ezera in the area, dating to 1340.
# Damien Hudd

Damien Hudd (born 5 February 1981) is a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He has played club level rugby union (RU) for Tredegar RFC, Ebbw Vale RFC, Brynmawr RFC (two spells), and Cross Keys RFC, as a lock, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Torfaen Tigers and Newport Titans, as a prop or second-row. He captained Ebbw Vale RFC in their 2010-11 season in Division One East in which they won the league competition. In June 2011 it was announced that he had signed for Ebbw Vale for the season 2011-12.

## International honours

Damien Hudd won caps for Wales (RL) while at Torfaen Tigers 2003…2004 1(2?)-caps + 1-cap (interchange/substitute).
# Mueang Trang district

Mueang Trang (Thai: เมืองตรัง, pronounced), also Mueang Thap Thiang (Thai: เมืองทับเที่ยง), is the capital district (amphoe mueang) of Trang province, Thailand. The city (thesaban nakhon) has a population of 59,637 (2005) and covers tambon Thap Thiang of Mueang Trang District.

## History

Mueang Trang or the previous name Thap Thiang, became the capital district of Trang province in 1915, when the capital was moved inland from Kantang, which was prone to flooding.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Na Yong, Yan Ta Khao, Kantang, Sikao, Wang Wiset, Huai Yot of Trang Province; and Si Banphot of Phatthalung province.

## Administration

The district is divided into 15 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 118 villages (mubans). The city (thesaban nakhon) Trang covers tambon Thap Thiang. The township (thesaban tambon) Khlong Teng covers parts of tambon Na Tham Nuea. There are a further 14 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Thap Thiang | ทับเที่ยง | - | 59,637 |
| 4. | Na Phala | นาพละ | 10 | 3,382 |
| 5. | Ban Khuan | บ้านควน | 6 | 3,928 |
| 6. | Na Bin La | นาบินหลา | 6 | 3,381 |
| 7. | Khuan Pring | ควนปริง | 6 | 7,603 |
| 8. | Na Yong Tai | นาโยงใต้ | 8 | 4,537 |
| 9. | Bang Rak | บางรัก | 6 | 3,917 |
| 10. | Khok Lo | โคกหล่อ | 12 | 10,557 |
| 13. | Na To Ming | นาโต๊ะหมิง | 6 | 4,809 |
| 14. | Nong Trut | หนองตรุด | 9 | 5,482 |
| 15. | Nam Phut | น้ำผุด | 12 | 9,683 |
| 17. | Na Ta Luang | นาตาล่วง | 6 | 5,843 |
| 18. | Ban Pho | บ้านโพธิ์ | 10 | 8,360 |
| 19. | Na Tham Nuea | นาท่ามเหนือ | 13 | 10,509 |
| 20. | Na Tham Tai | นาท่ามใต้ | 8 | 5,406 |
Missing numbers are tambons which now form Na Yong District.

## Economy

Na Muen Si village in tambon Na Yong is the home of the Na Muen Si Woven Cloth Community Enterprise. The group of mostly elderly women has resurrected the village's ancient art of weaving. The collective weaves 39 patterns using 10 traditional looms along with ki kratuk shuttle looms. In 2014, the Na Muen Si Woven Cloth Museum opened with the financial support of local authorities and the Central Group. The museum exhibits about 100 traditional fabrics donated by the elders of the village and also newly woven cloth that exhibits its 32 original patterns.

## Notable people

* Chuan Leekpai – politician
* Arkhom Chenglai – boxer who won 1992 Summer Olympics bronze medal
# Robert Desty

Robert Desty was a Canadian-American lawyer and politician. He was elected to the California State Senate in 1879, but was denied his seat on the grounds that he was not a naturalized citizen. He served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War.