OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Estrone sulfotransferase

Estrone sulfotransferase (EST) (EC 2.8.2.4), also known as estrogen sulfotransferase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of an unconjugated estrogen like estrone into a sulfated estrogen like estrone sulfate. It is a steroid sulfotransferase and belongs to the family of transferases, to be specific, the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. This enzyme participates in androgen and estrogen metabolism and sulfur metabolism.
Steroid sulfatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reverse reaction, the transfer of a sulfate to an unconjugated estrogen.

## Reaction

In enzymology, an EST is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
    3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estrone $\rightleftharpoons$ adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estrone 3-sulfate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and estrone, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and estrone 3-sulfate.
The enzyme also catalyzes the same reaction for estradiol, with estradiol sulfate as the product.

## Types

Two enzymes have been identified that together are thought to represent estrone sulfotransferase (EST):
* SULT1A1 (catalyzes the reactions estradiol to estradiol sulfate and, to a lesser extent than SULT1E1, estrone to estrone sulfate)
* SULT1E1 (catalyzes the reactions estrone to estrone sulfate and estradiol to estradiol sulfate)

## Structure

As of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1AQU, 1AQY, 1BO6, 1G3M, and 1HY3.

## Names

The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:estrone 3-sulfotransferase. Other names in common use include 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate-estrone 3-sulfotransferase, estrogen sulfotransferase, estrogen sulphotransferase, oestrogen sulphotransferase, and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:oestrone sulfotransferase.
# Chryse (Troad)

Chryse (Greek: Χρύση), or Chrysa (Χρύσα), was a town of the ancient Troad, mentioned by Pliny as being on the coast north of Cape Lectum.
The site of Chryse is located near modern Göztepe.
# Katalepsis

Katalepsis (Greek: κατάληψις, "grasping") is a term in Stoic philosophy for a concept roughly equivalent to modern comprehension. To the Stoic philosophers, katalepsis was an important premise regarding one's state of mind as it relates to grasping fundamental philosophical concepts, which was followed by the assent, or adherence to the truth thus understood.
According to the Stoics, the mind is constantly being bombarded with impressions (phantasiai). Some of these impressions are true and some false. Impressions are true when they are truly affirmed, false if they are wrongly affirmed. Cicero relates that Zeno would illustrate katalepsis as follows:
   He would display his hand in front of one with the fingers stretched out and say "A visual appearance is like this"; next he closed his fingers a little and said, "An act of assent is like this"; then he pressed his fingers closely together and made a fist, and said that that was comprehension (and from this illustration he gave to that process the actual name of katalepsis, which it had not had before); but then he used to apply his left hand to his right fist and squeeze it tightly and forcibly, and then say that such was knowledge, which was within the power of nobody save the wise man.
Katalepsis was the main point of contention between the Stoics and the two schools of philosophical skepticism during the Hellenistic period: the Pyrrhonists and the Academic Skeptics of Plato's Academy. These Skeptics, who chose the Stoics as their natural philosophical opposites, eschewed much of what the Stoics believed regarding the human mind and one's methods of understanding greater meanings. To the Skeptics, all perceptions were acataleptic, i.e. bore no conformity to the objects perceived, or, if they did bear any conformity, it could never be known.
# Saw u

The saw u (Thai: ซออู้, RTGS: so u, pronounced; also spelled saw ou) is a Thai bowed string instrument. It has a lower pitch than the saw duang and is the lowest sounding of the saw family.
Reliable evidence shows that pattern of the Saw U was probably taken from the Chinese instrument and it is very similar to a two stringed Chinese instrument called the hu hu. The saw U was invented since the age of the present Bangkok period (c. 1782) or perhaps from the end of the preceding in the age of Ayudya (c.1700 - 1767). By the end of the 19th century, the Saw U was added to the pi-phat-mai nuam ensemble which uses padded playing sticks and the pi phat derk dam ban which is a special pi phat ensemble in a particular form of theater. From the past Saw U was generally played in pi phat ensemble with other accompanying instruments. Thai people call it “Saw U” because of the characteristic sound that Thai people heard from it. The soundbox is made from a coconut shell that is covered on the open front by cowskin. The saw u is held vertically and has two silk strings that are played with a bow. The bow is between the strings and the player tilts the bow to play each string. The bow is made out of horse tail hair like every other bow and needs to have rosin put on occasionally just like a western stringed instrument. The saw u is a very fragile instrument and is played traditionally on the lap sitting down. The saw u can be played as a solo instrument in some cases but is mainly used for the backbone in some ensembles because of its rich, dark, and mellow tone. The saw u performs its best when playing slow to moderate paced melodies. The sound that the saw u makes is more fit for those types of songs rather than fast paced melodies. The morn (bridge) that rests at the bottom is extremely sensitive and drifts over time, causing changes in tone. The saw u is similar to the Cambodian tro u and was developed by the Chinese into the yehu.
# 12th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)

The 12th Cavalry Division (Russian: 12-я кавалерийская дивизия, 12-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.

## Organization

* 1st Cavalry Brigade
** 12th Regiment of Dragoons
** 12th Uhlan Regiment
* 2nd Cavalry Brigade
** 12th Regiment of Hussars
** 12th Regiment of Cossacks
* 12th Horse Artillery Division

## Commanders

* 1878–1886: Victor Fedorovitch Winberg
* 1886–1896: Alexander Mikhailovich Lermontov
* 1896–1898: David Ivanovich Orlov
* 1898–1899: Sergei Vasilchikov
* 1912-1915: Alexey Kaledin
* 1915-1917: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
# Zenodotus (philosopher)

Zenodotus (/zəˈnɒdətəs/; Greek: Ζηνόδοτος; fl. late 5th century AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Athens. He was described as "the darling of Proclus." Zenodotus served under Marinus of Neapolis when Marinus succeeded Proclus as the head (scholarch) of the school (c. 485). He was a teacher of Damascius when he came to Athens to learn philosophy (c. 492). Whereas Marinus taught mathematics and scientific courses to Damascius, Zenodotus taught the more conventional philosophy courses. He was an important philosopher in Athens during the time when Marinus and Hegias were contending for the leadership of the school, but he seems to have been overlooked as a possible scholarch on more than one occasion.
# Jack W. Thomas

Jack William Thomas (born October 24, 1930, in Seattle, Washington) is an American screenwriter and pulp magazine author.

## Biography

Thomas enlisted in the United States Navy for four years in 1950 during the period of the Korean War. He entered the University of Arizona on the G.I. Bill earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1957. The following year Thomas traveled through Europe and Mexico.
Thomas became a screenwriter working for Robert L. Lippert's 20th Century Fox B picture unit Regal Films later Associate Producers Incorporated where he wrote the films Lone Texan (1959), 13 Fighting Men (1960) and 20,000 Eyes (1961). His experience led him to co-write the screenplay for Michael Curtiz's Francis of Assisi (1961) for Fox. In 1962 Thomas produced and wrote the documentary We'll Bury You that was released by Columbia Pictures. He used his profits to travel to Egypt in 1964 where he wrote a script for an unmade documentary, Nine Bows to Conquer.
Seeking secure and rewarding work, Thomas became a Los Angeles County deputy probation officer for six years. His experiences led him to write a series of 11 novels for Bantam Books about troubled youth that were translated into five languages and sold over 1.5 million copies.
Thomas returned to screenwriting for Embryo (1976).
# Lykoporia railway station

Lykoporia railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Λυκοποριάς, romanized: Sidirodromikós Stathmós Lykoporia) is a Station in Lykoporia, a small seaside town in Corinthia, Greece. It is located just south of Lykoporia, close to the Olimpia Odos motorway. It was opened on 22 June 2020 as part of the €848-million ERGOSE project extension of the Athens Airport–Patras railway to Aigio rail line, co-financed by the European Union's Cohesion Fund 2000–2006. The station is served by Hellenic Train local services between Kiato and Aigio. It should not be confused with the now-closed station on the old Piraeus–Patras railway, which is located northeast of the current station, closer to the coast of the Corinthian Gulf

## History

The Station opened 22 June 2020 by Minister of Transport, Kostas Karamanlis. as part of the €848-million ERGOSE project extension of the Athens Airport–Patras railway to Aigio railline co-financed by the European Union's Cohesion Fund 2000–2006. It was one of three new stations in (Xylokastro, Akrata, and Aegio) and six holts (Diminio, Lykoporia, Lygia, Platanos Beach, Diakopto, and Eliki) to come online when the section of track opened. It should not be confused with the now-closed station on the old Piraeus–Patras railway SPAP, which is located northeast of the current station, closer to the coast of the Corinthian Gulf.

## Facilities

The raised station is assessed via stairs or a ramp. It has two side platforms, with station buildings located below the platform level, with access to the platform level via stairs or lifts. The Station buildings are equipped only with a waiting area. At platform level, both platforms have sheltered seating and Dot-matrix display departure and arrival screens and timetable poster boards. There is currently no car park on-site. Currently, there is no local bus stop connecting the station.

## Services

Since 15 May 2022, this station serves the following routes:
* Hellenic Train local service between Kiato and Aigio, with six trains per day in each direction: passengers have to change at Kiato for Athens Suburban Railway trains towards Athens and Piraeus.
Line structure :
Legend :

## Station layout

| Ground level | Customer service | Exit/Tickets |
| Level Ε1 | Side platform, doors will open on the right | Side platform, doors will open on the right |
| Level Ε1 | Platform 1 | Hellenic Train to Aigio (Lygia) ← |
| Level Ε1 | Platform 2 | Hellenic Train to Kiato (Xylokastro) → |
| Side platform, doors will open on the right ||
# Vescheim

Vescheim (German: Weschheim) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Andreas Rüedi

Andreas Rüedi (20 June 1931 – 22 February 2008) was a Swiss alpine skier. He competed in the men's downhill at the 1956 Winter Olympics. In 1957, he founded an architecture company based in Klosters, Switzerland. It is now led by his son, Andreas Rüedi jr.
# Fyodor Panfyorov

Fyodor Ivanovich Panfyorov (Russian: Фёдор Иванович Панфёров; 2 October 1896 – 10 September 1960) was a Soviet writer.

## Life and career

Fyodor Panfjorov was born into a poor peasant family. Due to a lack of funds, he had to leave his studies at the Volski teacher's seminar. After the October revolution, he worked in the editorial office of a local newspaper, in the engagement committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) and in the agricultural commune he founded. His first published works of fiction appeared in 1920. In 1926, Panfyorov joined the Communist Party.
From 1924 to 1931 he worked as an editor of the Krestjanski zhurnal (Peasant Journal), and from 1931 until his death 1960, at short intervals, as the editor-in-chief of the Oktyabr literary magazine. In the 1920s, he served as the head of the Association of Proletarian Writers of Russia and from 1934 as a member of the board of the Union of Soviet Writers. In the 1930s and 1950s, Panfyorov was also a representative of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
Panfjorov's main work is the extensive novel Bruski, describing the collectivization of agriculture. In time, the novel received the support of the authorities. After the Second World War, Panfyorov wrote a tendentious trilogy of novels Borba za mir ("Fight for peace", 1945–1947), V strane poveržennyh ("In the land of the vanquished", 1948), Bolšoje iskusstvo ("Great art", 1939), of which two for the first volume he received the Stalin Prize.
He died on September 10, 1960 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
# Fort Thüngen

49°36′59″N 06°08′20″E﻿ / ﻿49.61639°N 6.13889°E﻿ / 49.61639; 6.13889
Fort Thüngen is a historic fortification in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It is sited in Dräi Eechelen Park, in the Kirchberg quarter, in the north-east of the city. It is also colloquially known as Three Acorns (Luxembourgish: Dräi Eechelen, French: Trois glands, German: Drei Eicheln) in reference to the acorns that sit atop each of the three towers.
The fort was built in 1732-1733 and named after military commander Adam Sigmund von Thüngen [de]. In 1836 and from 1859 to 1860, the fort was enlarged and reinforced. Most of the original fortress was demolished after the 1867 Treaty of London, which demanded the demolition of Luxembourg City's numerous fortifications. The three towers and the foundations of the rest of the fort were all that remained. During the 1990s, the site was reconstructed in its entirety, in parallel with the development of the site for the construction of the Mudam, Luxembourg's museum of modern art. After being fully restored, the building was reopened in 2012 as Musée Dräi Eechelen.
# Lucy Hardcastle

Lucy Hardcastle (c. 1771–1834) was a British botanist and teacher who ran a school in Derby. She was the author of An Introduction to the Elements of the Linnaean System of Botany, for Young Persons, published in 1830.

## Early and family life

Lucy Swift was born in Derby around 1771, the second child of Lamech and Dorothy Swift. Her father was initially a clerk to the collector of excise but later ran the Derby Silk Mill as a silk throwster where silk thread was prepared for weaving. As a child or young person she was friendly with Erasmus Darwin's illegitimate daughters and she was instructed, alongside them, by Darwin. This early education began her interest in botany. She married John Hardcastle, a grocer and tea dealer in Birmingham, in January 1792, but as a consequence of illness, bereavements, and the failure of her husband's business, the couple returned to Derby with their two children.

## Botanical and education career

To support the family through her husband's continuing ill health, she ran a day and boarding school for young ladies from at least 1796 until the 1830s, and she also gave classes in botany and illustration. She was in communication with some of the leading botanists of the day. Through Francis Boott, the husband of her younger daughter Mary, Hardcastle was introduced to James Edward Smith, founder of the Linnean Society of London.
A manuscript including eight watercolours of flowers and fungi was purchased in 2021 by Derby Museum and Art Gallery with funding from Arts Council England / V&A Purchase Grant Fund as well as the Derby Museums' Friends group. In addition to the paintings, it records her observations on meadow saffron and the timing of flowering in autumn but apparent seed-set in spring. The manuscript had originally been a gift from Hardcastle to Francis Boott after he qualified as a medical doctor.
In 1830 Hardcastle published a book for young people about the Linnean classification system for plants. An Introduction to the Elements of the Linnean System of Botany provides an illustrated introduction to plant anatomy and botanical terminology before giving an outline of the Linnean system of classification. The book also includes many ethnobotany anecdotes.

## Works

* An Introduction to the Elements of the Linnaean System of Botany, for Young Persons published Thomas Richardson, Derby and Hurst, Chance & Co., London. 1830. Original manuscript now held in the Natural History Museum, London.
* Watercolour of a mushroom in Derby Museum and Art Gallery
* Manuscript of 8 watercolours and botanical observations (1825), originally a gift to Francis Boott, Hardcastle's son-in-law. Now in Derby Museum and Art Gallery
# James McNaughton (politician)

James McNaughton (March 10, 1864 – January 1, 1959) was a Canadian politician and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from Alberta.

## Political career

James was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for Little Bow for the Alberta Liberal Party in a hotly contested race against popular southern Alberta merchant John T. McDonald in the 1913 Alberta general election.

## 1913 election

The 1913 Little Bow election became bitter and scandal-plagued after campaign workers of Conservative rival John T. McDonald were arrested without charge and detained until after the election. The Calgary Herald claimed it was caused by "Siftonism" running rampant through the province. In that same election the Liberals were also accused of gerrymandering Little Bow to be very liberal-friendly.

## 1917 election

James was easily re-elected in a landslide in the 1917 Alberta general election. H. Thomas of the Socialist Party was the only other candidate during the election. Turn out in Little Bow was at its lowest ever with only 35% of the population turning out.

## Defeat

James McNaughton was handily defeated by future speaker Oran McPherson from the United Farmers of Alberta in the 1921 Alberta general election.
# Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture

The Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture (Spanish: Departamento de Agricultura) is one of the few Cabinet-level government agencies explicitly created by the Constitution of Puerto Rico as the Department of "Agriculture and Commerce", most of the commerce at the time of its enactment being agriculture-based. The DAC oversees rural development work and conservation and is headed by a cabinet secretary. The current secretary is Ramón González Beiró who was confirmed in May 2021.

## History

Prior to the Constitution, according to law 60 of April 25, 1940, it was known as Department of Agriculture. The most recent reorganization of government responsibilities concerning the department come from Law No. 4 of 2010.
The purpose of DAPR is to:
* Support agricultural production, commercial fishing, and aquaculture to ensure fair prices and stable markets for producers and consumers;
* Work to improve and maintain farm income; and
* Help to develop and expand markets abroad for agricultural products.

## Activities

DAPR administers rural development, credit, and conservation programs that are designed to implement national growth policies, and it conducts scientific and technological research in all areas of agriculture. Through its inspection and grading services, DAPR ensures standards of quality in food offered for sale.
Throughout the years, the department's name has been modified, as well as its structure, but today remains a separate structure with additional agencies and public corporations as part of the Department of Agriculture "umbrella".
The department is headed by a cabinet secretary, appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico and subject to the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico. The current incumbent is Ramón González Beiró.

## Secretaries

* Miguel Hernandez Agosto
* Antonio González Chapell
* Carlos López Nieves
* Javier Rivera Aquino
* Justo A. Méndez Rodriguez
* 2012–2013: Neftalí Soto
* 2013: Myrna Comas Pagan
* Ramón González Beiró 2021-present
# Kakar Khurd

Kakar Khurd is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. Kalan is a Persian language word which means big and Khurd is a Persian word which means small. When two villages have the same name they are distinguished as Kalan big, and Khurd small, with the village name. It is located 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) from Shahkot, 36 kilometres (22 mi) from Nakodar, 49 kilometres (30 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 190 kilometres (120 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

## Transport

Shahkot Malisian station is the nearest train station. The village is 97 kilometres (60 mi) away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 101 kilometres (63 mi) away in Amritsar.
# Gelvaran-e Bala

Gelvaran-e Bala (Persian: گيلوران بالا, also Romanized as Gelvarān-e Bālā and Gol Varān-e Bālā) is a village in Koregah-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 726, in 145 families.
# Hellamaa, Hiiu County

Hellamaa is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
The village was first mentioned in 1565 (Hellemaa, or Hallemäky wacka), or 1798 (Hellama). Historically, the village was part of Suuremõisa Manor (German: Grossenhof).
# Tom Beard

Thomas LeRoy Beard Jr. (born June 10, 1948) is an American former professional football center who played with the Buffalo Bills in 1972. He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the eighth round of the 1971 NFL draft, and also played for the Lansing All Stars of the Midwest Football League (MFL) in 1971.
# Cooper T83

The Cooper T83 is an open-wheel formula racing car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer Cooper, for Formula 3 categories, in 1966. It was an evolution of the previous T76. It was powered by a 998 cc (60.9 cu in) BMC four-cylinder engine, developing 88 hp (66 kW) @ 7,750 rpm, which had a 12.5:1 compression ratio. The chassis used was a tubular space frame, while the body was constructed as a semi-stressed skin. The front suspension was altered to widen the front track and minimise the leverage rate of the front shock absorbers. The rear suspension was also totally reworked, to equal the symmetry of the T81 Formula One car. The car was not successful. It suffered severe understeer, due to the undertray of the car being "flat-bottomed" in design (compared to the original "round-bottomed" design), almost creating aerodynamic vortices under the car, and affecting its ground effect properties. Only 7 models were produced. A developmental version of the car used a larger Cosworth SCB Formula Two engine. It entered more than 5 races, and claimed one pole position, but didn't finish that particular race; with the wheel coming off, and achieved no further success after that.
# Irakleio, Thessaloniki

Irakleio (Greek: Ηράκλειο) is a village and a community of the Lagkadas municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Lagkadas, of which it was a municipal district. The 2021 census recorded 1,171 inhabitants in the village. The community of Irakleio covers an area of 9.825 km$^2$.
# Kayser Mountain

Kayser Mountain (Danish: Kayser Bjerg) is a mountain in Hall Land, NW Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park. This peak was named after German geologist and paleontologist Emanuel Kayser.

## Geography

Kayser Mountain is located at the eastern end of the Haug Range in northern Hall Land, at the southern limit of the Polaris Foreland. It rises 6 km to the southwest of the shore of the Newman Bay fjord. With a height of 1,094 metres (3,589 ft), Kayser Mountain is the highest elevation of Hall Land and of the Haug Range.
Brachiopod fossils of genus Pentamerus dating back to the Lower Silurian have been found in this mountain.
* Map of the Nares Strait area.