OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HMS Nadder

HMS Nadder was a River-class frigate of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy in 1945 and renamed Shamsher.

## Construction

HMS Nadder was built by Smiths Dock Co., Ltd., South Bank-on-Tees in 1943. Nadder was powered by two Admiralty 3-drum type boilers providing a top speed of 20 knots and carried a complement of 118. She was armed with two 4 inch dual-purpose guns and eight 20 mm anti-aircraft guns. She also carried one Anti-Submarine Projector, known as a Hedgehog, and two slides to launch depth charges.

## War service

On 10 April 1944 Nadder joined as an escort to Convoy UGS 37 through the Straits of Gibraltar. The convoy came under heavy dive bomber and torpedo attack. One ship was damaged during the encounter, but the escorts did keep the German submarines U-421, U-471 and U-969 at bay.
In April 1944 Nadder was involved with the Greek Naval Mutiny, and captured the corvette Apostolis.
On 12 August 1944 Nadder took part in the sinking of U-198 near the Seychelles, East Africa, in position 03°35′S 52°49′E﻿ / ﻿3.583°S 52.817°E﻿ / -3.583; 52.817. On 10 September 1944 Nadder rescued survivors from a U-boat attack on the British merchant SS Troilus. Carrying coconut oil, tea and copra for the Ministry of Food, Troilus was homeward bound from Colombo. She was sailing independently via Suez but was torpedoed and sunk by U-859 300 miles north east of Socotra Island on 1 September 1944. HMS Taff and Nadder were sent to search for survivors and on 10 September they rescued 95 survivors of the attack and landed them at Aden 10 days later.
On 7 August 1945 Nadder was involved in an OSS operation off the west coast of Sumatra. The National Archives have an admiralty document reference ADM 1/30567 mentioning awards to three of Nadder's ratings of Nadder for services during search for a missing OSS team on the west coast of Sumatra 7–11 August 1945 (Operation CAPRICE V). Temporary Acting Lieutenant-Commander Kitto is mentioned in despatches along with Engine Room Artificer Third Class Quintrell and Petty Officer Eustis "for bravery, skill and determination whilst serving in Nadder, in successfully beating off an enemy air attack on 10 August 1945, whilst engaged in a special operation many hundreds of miles from any supporting force".
Reports from veteran Nadder crew members indicate that the ship may have been one of the last ships to be bombed after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

## Post-war service

In 1945, Nadder was transferred into Royal Indian Navy and renamed HMIS Shamsher. In February 1946, the Indian Navy mutinied. Shamsher was the only ship in Bombay not to mutiny. Shamsher was underway at sea during the mutiny, however, her commanding officer, Lt. Nilakanta Krishnan, submitted testimony to the Commission of Inquiry stating that the fact that the ship's officers were primarily of Indian origin, unlike many ships of the RIN, may also have been a reason for the ratings not joining the mutiny. From there she passed to the Pakistani Navy in 1947 being used as a training ship. She was eventually sold for breaking up on 2 March 1959.
# Kuleh Nab

Kuleh Nab (Persian: کوله ناب, also Romanized as Kūleh Nāb; also known as Guleh Nav (Persian: گوله ناو), also Romanized as Gūleh Nāv) is a village in Itivand-e Jonubi Rural District, Kakavand District, Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 15 families.
# Psychomotor learning

Psychomotor learning is the relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement. Psychomotor learning is demonstrated by physical skills such as movement, coordination, manipulation, dexterity, grace, strength, speed—actions which demonstrate the fine or gross motor skills, such as use of precision instruments or tools, and walking. Sports and dance are the richest realms of gross psychomotor skills.
Behavioral examples include driving a car, throwing a ball, and playing a musical instrument. In psychomotor learning research, attention is given to the learning of coordinated activity involving the arms, hands, fingers, and feet, while verbal processes are not emphasized.

## Stages of psychomotor development

According to Paul Fitts and Michael Posner's three-stage model, when learning psychomotor skills, individuals progress through the cognitive stages, the associative stage, and the autonomic stage. The cognitive stage is marked by awkward slow and choppy movements that the learner tries to control. The learner has to think about each movement before attempting it. In the associative stage, the learner spends less time thinking about every detail, however, the movements are still not a permanent part of the brain. In the autonomic stage, the learner can refine the skill through practice, but no longer needs to think about the movement.

### Factors affecting psychomotor skills

* Psychological feedback
* Amount of practice
* Task complexity
* Work distribution
* Motive-incentive conditions
* Environmental factors

## How motor behaviors are recorded

The motor cortices are involved in the formation and retention of memories and skills. When an individual learns physical movements, this leads to changes in the motor cortex. The more practiced a movement is, the stronger the neural encoding becomes. A study cited how the cortical areas include neurons that process movements and that these neurons change their behavior during and after being exposed to tasks. Psychomotor learning is not limited to the motor cortex, however.
# Election Commission (Nepal)

The Election Commission, Nepal (Nepali: निर्वाचन आयोग, नेपाल; Nirvācana āyōg, Nēpāl) is a constitutional body responsible for conducting and monitoring elections, as well as registering parties and candidates and reporting election outcomes, in Nepal. It was born out of the 1950 revolution in Nepal, and was established in law in 1951, although it has been changed somewhat by law over time. It has six members who serve for six-year terms, as established by the Constitution of Nepal. During the Constituent Assembly elections in 2008, it was criticized for not fully upholding its duties, but was acknowledged to have managed the elections well nonetheless.
The first election commissioner was Subarna Shumsher Rana in 1951.

## History

The year 1950 was important in the history of Nepal: in that year, the Rana dynasty, which had controlled the government for exactly 104 years, was overthrown. The coup d'état marked Nepal's first attempt at democracy; one of the primary goals of the revolution was to eventually establish the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. The democratic experiment was short-lived; in less than ten years, King Mahendra dissolved the government in favor of the Panchayat system. However, another major accomplishment was the establishment of the National Election Commission in 1951.
The commission was declared by law to be independent of the government in 1966. This has been confirmed by Nepal's interim constitution in 2007.

## Composition

It has five members, consisting of the Chief Election Commissioner and four others. The members serve for 6 years. In order to enforce its election guidelines, the commission employs a group of around 240,000 officials, mostly civil servants, to monitor elections.
When the commission was established, the members were chosen by the King. In 1989, King Birendra's constitution declared that the Chief Election Commissioner would still be appointed by the king, but the others would not. The interim constitution further amended the body's composition in 2006: all five members were made under appointment of the Prime Minister. The new constitution of Nepal has made the provision of appointment of chief election commission and other members by the president on the recommendation of constitutional members

## Criticism

The commission came under some criticism during the Constituent Assembly elections for failing to enforce the code of conduct during elections. It also failed to fully educate voters about the election. However, it was acknowledged to have helped the elections run smoothly overall. The commissions role was highly criticized in 2021 is being criticized for no decision in Nepal Communist Party and People's Socialist Party, Nepal dispute. However, Supreme Court took decision to re-establish Maoist-Centre and UML, commission gave no decision though signature of majority central committee members were submitted time and again by a faction. Same is the case for PSP-N.
# Lucy, Moselle

Lucy (French pronunciation:; German: Lixingen bei Delmen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Nerlerit Inaat Airport

Nerlerit Inaat Airport (Greenlandic: Mittarfik Nerlerit Inaat, Danish: Constable Pynt Lufthavn) (IATA: CNP, ICAO: BGCO), also referred to as Constable Point Airport is an airport in the Sermersooq municipality in eastern Greenland. It is located on Jameson Land and serves the town of Ittoqqortoormiit, approximately 40 km (25 mi) to the south-east. The airport can serve STOL aircraft. An AS 350 helicopter of Air Greenland is permanently housed at the airport, linking it with Ittoqqortoormiit Heliport. The helicopter also provides search and rescue capabilities within the surrounding area, and can be chartered for transport.

## History

The airport was built in 1985 by the US oil company ARCO in connection with oil exploration in Jameson Land. It was sold to Greenland in 1990.
In summer 2004 the airport was the destination of an arctic trip by two German microlight pilots flying a Flight Design CT2K light aircraft.
The airport may be relocated to a new site on Liverpool Land closer to Ittoqqortoormiit, between the settlement and Uunarteq cape (Danish: Kap Tobin) to the south, thus eliminating the need for helicopter transfers.
On July 28, 2021, in Nerlerit Inaat Airport, a temperature of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) was recorded.

## Operations

The airport has around 15 employees, who have their home within the airport area. No other settlement is reachable by road, making the airport possibly the one with smallest population reachable by road in the world. There is a road to a seaport around 2 km south of the terminal building, and some other roads in the area. Transportation to the main settlement in the area (Ittoqqortoormiit) is by helicopter or (in the summer) by boat .
The airport acts as stopping off point for a number of expeditions into Jameson Land and Northeast Greenland National Park. Areas such as Renland have only just been visited, or have had no known visitors.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Greenland | Ittoqqortoormiit |
| Norlandair | Akureyri, Reykjavik |
# Samuele Preisig

Samuele Preisig (born 5 April 1984) is a former footballer from Switzerland, who played as defender.

## Career

Preisig signed his first professional contract with FC Basel and joined their U-21 in the summer of 2003. He was called into their first team for some test games that year. One year later, he joined Basel's first team during the Autumn of their 2004–05 season under head coach Christian Gross. After playing in ten test games Preisig played his first team debut for the club in the Swiss Cup game on 18 September 2004 as Basel won 4–0 against local amateur club FC Oberdorf. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 11 December as Basel played a three all draw with Thun. The game wasn't ideal for Preisig. He was called into the starting eleven, because Basel's three centre backs, Murat Yakin, Alexandre Quennoz and Boris Smiljanić were out with injuries. After just five minutes, Andres Gerber put the visitors 1–0 up - Preisig came too late. Just four minutes later, the 20-year-old had to leave the pitch with a thigh strain. In January 2005 Preisig prolonged his contract with the club and to obtain more playing experience, he was then loaned out to local club FC Concordia Basel, who at that time played in the Challenge League, the second tier of Swiss football.
After 18 months with Concordia, Preisig signed a contract with FC Aarau. With them he also played 18 months and then he moved on again. In January 2008 he signed with Lugano. He played five season for Lugano in the Challenge League. After this time he retired from professional football and joined amateur club FC Mendrisio in the fourth tier.
# Sovinj-e Sofla

Sovinj-e Sofla (Persian: سونج سفلي, also Romanized as Sovīnj-e Soflá; also known as Sovīch-e Pā'īn) is a village in Barvanan-e Gharbi Rural District, Torkamanchay District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 331, in 72 families.
# Charles Hope, 3rd Marquess of Linlithgow

Charles William Frederick Hope, 3rd Marquess of Linlithgow MC (7 April 1912 – 7 April 1987) was a British peer and businessman. He was the son of Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, and elder twin brother of John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon. Hope received his education at Ludgrove School and Eton College, respectively.
During the Second World War, with the 51st (Highland) Division, Lord Hope displayed such courage and dedication to duty that he was awarded the Military Cross for his valour and service. He was taken prisoner in 1940 at Dunkirk and sent to Colditz Castle. After the war, Lord Hope entered the world of finance and became a director of Eagle Star Insurance. This new chapter in his life tested his resilience and showed him to be an adaptable man-he took all the determination and leadership developed in the military and put it into a highly successful business career.
In 1974, Lord Linlithgow established the Hopetoun House Preservation Trust with the express purpose of preserving his ancestral home, Hopetoun House, as a national monument. Since that time, it and its collection of historical artifacts, which include furnishings, paintings, manuscripts, and other relics of interest, have been carefully maintained under the guidance of the Trust. The house has also been improved by the Trust to facilitate public openings and educational use, and thus has given considerable enhancement to Scotland's cultural heritage, promoting a better understanding of its history.

## Early years

The son of Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow. He was the elder twin brother of John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon. His first wife, Vivien Kenyon-Slaney, daughter of Major Robert Orlando Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney, died on 23 September 1963. He later married Judith Lawson, daughter of Stanley Matthew Lawson, in 1965.
He was educated at Ludgrove School and Eton College. Lord Hope fought in WWII and received the Military Cross for his service. He was a member of the 51st (Highland) Division. In 1940, he was taken prisoner at Dunkirk and held at Colditz Castle.
After the war he went into finance and was a director of Eagle Star Insurance.
In 1974, Lord Linlithgow created The Hopetoun House Preservation Trust to ensure Hopetoun House and the estate were preserved for future generations.

## Marriages and children

Lord Linlithgow was married twice. His first marriage was to Vivien Kenyon-Slaney, daughter of Major Robert Orlando Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney and Lady Mary Cecilia Rhodesia Hamilton, on 24 July 1939. The couple had two children together.
* Lady Mary Sarah-Jane Hope (25 May 1940 – 8 November 2012); married Michael Gordon Learoyd, son of Philip Halkett Brook Learoyd, on 3 October 1967. The couple had one son and were divorced in 1978.
* Adrian John Charles Hope, 4th Marquess of Linlithgow (born 1 July 1946)
Lady Linlithgow died on 23 September 1963. Lord Linlithgow married, secondly, Judith Lawson, daughter of Stanley Matthew Lawson, on 15 February 1965.
He died on his 75th birthday on 7 April 1987, and was succeeded in the marquessate by his son, Adrian.
# Hyposmocoma inflexa

Hyposmocoma inflexa is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Thomas de Grey the 6th in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Maui. The type locality is Haleakalā, where it was collected at an altitude of 5,000 feet (1,500 m).
# Lucie Manvel

Lucie Manvel, née Lucie Jeanne Tanchon (1 May 1863 – 3 November 1943) was a French stage actress from Marseille.

## Short biography

A student at the Conservatoire of Paris with Sarah Bernhardt and Louis Monrose as teachers, she made her debut in the 1880s and played, among others, at the Théâtre du Vaudeville, the Ambigu-Comique, the Théâtre-Libre, the Théâtre de l'Odéon, the Théâtre des Variétés, the Théâtre du Cercle in Aix-les-Bains (La Vie facile, Mathias Sandorf, La Chance de Françoise, Myrtil et Mélicerte, Amoureuse, La Jeunesse des mousquetaires, La Vie à deux, Fedora, Jeunes Amours, La Flamboyante, Les Femmes savantes, Gogo, Les Dominos roses, Midi à quatorze heures, Le Nouveau Monde, La Course au baiser, Les Rantzau (in London), La Marchande de sourires, Le bonheur conjugal, Les Espérances, Chez l'avocat, Diplomate...)
She is buried at Montmartre Cemetery.
# Samantha Boshnack

Samantha Boshnack (Born May 30, 1981) is a Seattle-based trumpeter, composer, and bandleader of contemporary jazz music.

## Biography

Boshnack attended Bard College in New York, where she studied with Erica Lindsay, graduating in 2003. She subsequently moved to Seattle, Washington to play with the jazz ensemble Reptet, with whom she released four albums and toured. In 2011 she began two projects as bandleader: B'Shnorkestra and the Sam Boshnack Quintet. In 2014, she joined the composer collective Alchemy Sound Project, which includes Lindsay, pianist Sumi Tonooka, and others.
Boshnack's work has received support from many cultural institutions, including 4Culture, ASCAPlus, Artist Trust, Meet the Composer, Earshot Jazz, and Seattle Mayor's Office of Arts & Culture.

## Critical Response

In its write-up of Boshnack after awarding her the Make Jazz Fellowship in 2018, arts organization 18th Street Arts Center said, "Boshnack synthesizes a dazzling array of musical influences." Other critical responses have similarly emphasized her wide stylistic reach, calling her "difficult to define," a composer existing outside of "rigidly defined categories." Her large-concept works often showcase this explorational impulse. Global Concertos features five soloists from five continents, while Sam Boshnack's Seismic Belt charts the route of the ring of fire, Earshot Jazz noting: "Boshnack skillfully weaves melodies ... to express arcs, plate movements, and explosive volcanic activity."
Boshnack's "left of center modern jazz, with avant leanings" is also typified by her Nellie Bly Project, a 2017 concept record about the journalist Nellie Bly that features sung and spoken quotations from Bly's own writing. Avant Music News called the piece "an unusually compelling 35-minute suite that is strongly recommended."

## Grants/Awards/Fellowships

* 2012 Artist Trust Fellowship
* 2013 Artist Trust GAP Grant
* 2018 Make Jazz Fellowship from 18th Street Art Center

## Discography
### With Reptet

* Reptet (Monktail Creative Conern), 2003
* Do This! (Monktail), 2006
* Chicken or Beef? (Monktail), 2008
* At the Cabin (ARC Music, ARC-2253), 2011

### With B'shnorkestra

* Go to Orange (Present Sounds Recordings PS1301), 2013
* Global Concertos (self-released), 2016

### With Sam Boshnack Quintet

* Sam Boshnack Quintet, Exploding Syndrome (Self Release), 2014
* Sam Boshnack Quintet, Nellie Bly Project s (ARC Music, ARC-2772), 2017

### With Alchemy Sound Project

* Alchemy Sound Project, Further Explorations (ARC Music, ARC-2666), 2016.
* Alchemy Sound Project, Adventures in Time and Space (ARC Music, ARC-2857), 2018.
* Alchemy Sound Project, Afrika Love, 2021 (ARC Music, ARC-3574).

### With Samantha Boshnack's Seismic Belt

* Live in Santa Monica (Orenda Records, 0059), 2019.
# USS Kanawha (AOG-31)

USS Kanawha (AOG-31) was a T1-M-A2 Mettawee-class gasoline tanker acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of transporting gasoline to warships in the fleet, and to remote Navy stations.
The fourth ship to be named Kanawha by the Navy, AOG-31 was laid down 30 August 1944 by the East Coast Shipyard, Inc., Bayonne, New Jersey, under a United States Maritime Commission contract; launched 18 October 1944; sponsored by Mrs. May T. Norton; transferred to the Navy 13 November; and commissioned 23 November 1944.

## World War II service

Following shakedown in Chesapeake Bay, Kanawha cleared Norfolk, Virginia, 15 January 1945 to load oil at Aruba, Netherlands West Indies, and arrived San Pedro, Los Angeles, 13 February.

### Pacific Fleet operations

She arrived Pearl Harbor 20 March and departed 6 April with a cargo of lube oil, arriving Eniwetok 2 weeks later. Kanawha continued fueling services in the Marshalls and Marianas until she departed Ulithi 7 June with a cargo of lube oil for the Philippines and arrived Leyte 11 June. The tanker operated in the Philippines for the rest of the war and began similar duties at Okinawa 6 October.

## Post-war decommissioning

Kanawha sailed for America 14 November and arrived Mare Island, California, 14 December via Pearl Harbor. She decommissioned 23 March 1946 and was transferred to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) August 1946. She entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California, 4 September. She was sold for scrapping 2 March 1964. Final disposition: scrapped, 1964.
# Phase-field models on graphs

Phase-field models on graphs are a discrete analogue to phase-field models, defined on a graph. They are used in image analysis (for feature identification) and for the segmentation of social networks.

## Graph Ginzburg–Landau functional

For a graph with vertices V and edge weights $\omega _{i,j}$, the graph Ginzburg–Landau functional of a map $u:V\to \mathbb {R}$ is given by
    $F_{\varepsilon }(u)={\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\sum _{i,j\in V}\omega _{ij}(u_{i}-u_{j})^{2}+{\frac {1}{\varepsilon }}\sum _{i\in V}W(u_{i}),$
where W is a double well potential, for example the quartic potential W(x) = x$^2$(1 − x$^2$). The graph Ginzburg–Landau functional was introduced by Bertozzi and Flenner. In analogy to continuum phase-field models, where regions with u close to 0 or 1 are models for two phases of the material, vertices can be classified into those with u$_j$ close to 0 or close to 1, and for small $\varepsilon$, minimisers of $F_{\varepsilon }$ will satisfy that u$_j$ is close to 0 or 1 for most nodes, splitting the nodes into two classes.

## Graph Allen–Cahn equation

To effectively minimise $F_{\varepsilon }$, a natural approach is by gradient flow (steepest descent). This means to introduce an artificial time parameter and to solve the graph version of the Allen–Cahn equation,
    ${\frac {d}{dt}}u_{j}=-\varepsilon (\Delta u)_{j}-{\frac {1}{\varepsilon }}W'(u_{j}),$
where $\Delta$ is the graph Laplacian. The ordinary continuum Allen–Cahn equation and the graph Allen–Cahn equation are natural counterparts, just replacing ordinary calculus by calculus on graphs. A convergence result for a numerical graph Allen–Cahn scheme has been established by Luo and Bertozzi.
It is also possible to adapt other computational schemes for mean curvature flow, for example schemes involving thresholding like the Merriman–Bence–Osher scheme, to a graph setting, with analogous results.
# Willy Kuijpers

Willy Kuijpers (1 January 1937 – 17 November 2020) was a Belgian politician.

## Career

A Flemish nationalist, he sat in the Belgian Federal Parliament (both as a representative and a senator), the Flemish Parliament, and the European Parliament, as well as being active in local politics and serving as mayor of Herent. He had a particular interest in education policy and international development aid.
Kuijpers died from COVID-19 in 2020.
# Sandro Lombardi

Sandro Lombardi (born 12 July 1986) is a retired Swiss footballer.

## Biography

Lombardi started his career at Grasshopper Club Zürich, and played for its reserve team at regional league. In 2009, he joined Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione and a year later signed a reported 3-year contract. However he only played twice in 2010–11 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione.
In July 2011 he returned to Switzerland for Wil in 1-year contract.
Lombardi decided to retire at the end of the 2018-19 season.