OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Druie Bowett

Druie Bowett (1924–1998) was an English artist who was a member of The Midland Group and Women's International Art Club, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

## Life and career

Born Drucilla Glover in Ripon, North Yorkshire in 1924, Bowett attended the Queen Margaret's School, York before studying at the Harrogate School of Art under John Cooper, a pupil of Walter Sickert. She became a close friend of Hungarian artist Jean-Georges Simon during her time at Harrogate, and later worked alongside notable artists such as Henry Moore, Graham Sutherland, Terry Frost and Prunella Clough. She was an active member of the prestigious Midland Group - 'a regionally influential collective of Modernist painters based in Nottingham with links to the St Ives School and Wilhelmina Barns-Graham' - and through this formed an enduring friendship with its founding member, Evelyn Gibbs. She married John Bowett in 1943, whose death in 1994 inspired 'an extraordinary series of paintings' shown at the Pierrepoint Gallery, Nottinghamshire.
Alongside her artistic career, Bowett had many public responsibilities including acting as 'committee member, then chair, of the governing bodies of Chesterfield and Loughborough Colleges of Art and Design', and was later elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

## Art

Bowett's early work drew from antique, life drawing and industrial and pastoral landscape, with her focus at the Harrogate School of Art being on Fine Art. During her studies, she became profoundly influenced by the Hungarian artist Jean-Georges Simon, whose work 'opened her eyes to a wider European modern style of clean bright colour and formal discipline', and informed the 'confident abstraction' of her later work. An active member of The Midland Group, her paintings featured in many of their exhibitions held in Nottingham between 1940-60. During the 1950s, Bowett's work became increasingly abstractionist, with 'a hard-won clarity and abstraction of form [being] achieved during the 1960s in such paintings as Brown and Yellow and Wookery'. In 1957 she was included as one of the 'Young Artists of Promise' in Jack Beddington's book. Bowett's paintings in her 1995 exhibition, 'Given Space', at the Cartwright Hall, Bradford, were described as having shown her to be 'a painter at the height of her powers...[showing] bravura displays of colour, light and form, about sensations of space, nearness and distance'.
Bowett exhibited consistently over five decades, with exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts, the Paris Salon, the Royal Society of Arts and the Royal Society of Portrait Painters.
# Nicolas Hunziker

Nicolas Hunziker (born 23 February 1996) is a retired Swiss footballer who played as a forward.
Hunziker grew up Büsserach and because there is no football club in the small village he played his early football with local amateur club FC Breitenbach in the neighbouring village. FC Basel scouted him in 2007 and after a trainings week he joined Basel's youth section in 2008. Hunziker advanced through the ranks regularly and was soon called up to the represent Switzerland at youth level.
For the season 2014–15 he advanced to Basel's U-21 team, who played in the Promotion League, the third tier of Swiss football and played for them regularly. After having played in two test games Hunziker played his debut for the first team in the Swiss Cup game on 15 August 2015 as Basel won 4–0 against FC Meyrin. On 29 February 2016 Hunziker extended his professional contract with the club and he joined Basel's first team for the remainder of their 2015–16 season under head coach Urs Fischer. Hunziker played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 13 April as Basel won 4–1 against Lugano coming in as substitute.
Hunziker had had three short appearances with the first team that season and won the 2015–16 Super League championship. However, then he was loaned to Grasshopper Club for the following season and here he was able to gain match practice in fourteen league games, scoring one goal.
After his loan period he did not return to Basel but he moved on. During his short period with their first team, Hunziker played a total of 12 games for Basel without scoring a goal. Three of these games were in the Swiss Super League, one in the Swiss Cup and eight were friendly games.
On 1 June 2017, Basel announced that Hunziker had signed a three-year contract for Thun. Hunziker did not play regularly, mainly due to injuries. However one match is notable for the player, on 6 May 2018 he was substituted in during the match against Grasshopper Club. Hunziker scored two goals within a matter of minutes to turn the game into a 2–1 victory after being a goal down as he came on.
On 11 September 2019 FC Thun announced, the contract with Hunziker, which would have been valid until the following summer, was terminated early. Due to various long-term injuries, the center forward had never fully been able to demonstrate his talent.
He later joined Baden to keep fit, but could not advance to their first team. On 18 August 2020 the then 24-year old Hunziker announced his retirement from professional football due to his constant injuries.
Hunziker has completed various junior international matches from the U-15 to the Swiss U-21 team. His last match for the U-21 was on 5 September 2017.
# Abell (surname)

Abell is an English surname, from the given name Abel. Notable people with the surname include:
* Abraham Abell (1789–1851), Irish antiquarian
* Sir Anthony Abell (1906–1994), British colonial official, Governor of Sarawak
* Adam Abell (c.1480–c.1540), Scottish friar
* Alexander G. Abell (1818–1890), American diplomat and writer
* Alistair Abell, Canadian voice actor
* Arunah Shepherdson Abell (1806–1888), American newspaper publisher
* Ben Abell (1932–2019), American meteorologist
* Bud Abell (born 1940), American football player
* Chris Abell (1957–2020), British biological chemist
* David Abell (disambiguation), several people
* Derek F. Abell (born 1938), American businessman and educator
* Earl Abell (1892–1956), American football player
* Ferdinand Abell (died 1928), American businessman
* George Abell (disambiguation), several people
* Irvin Abell (1876–1949), American surgeon
* Joey Abell (born 1981), American heavyweight boxer
* John Abell (1653–c.1724), Scottish musician and composer
* John Abell (cricketer) (1931–2004), English cricketer
* Kjeld Abell (1901–1961), Danish dramatist
* Louis Abell (1884–1962), American Olympic rower
* Peter Abell (born 1939), British social scientist
* Richard Abell (c.1688–after 1744), British politician
* Robert Abell (c.1605–1663), colonial American immigrant and pioneer
* Roy Abell (1931–2020), English cricketer and artist
* Sam Abell (born 1945), American photographer
* Stig Abell (born 1980), British journalist
* Thomas Abel (martyr) (or Abell) (c.1497–1540), English priest and martyr
* Timothy Abell (1930–2009), English cricketer
* Tom Abell (born 1994), English cricketer
* Walter Abell (1897–1956), American art teacher and theoretician
* William Abell, (c.1584–c.1655) English vintner
* Westcott Stile Abell, (1877-1961), British naval architect
# Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

* This article is part of a series aboutZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Early life
Political career
Burial
Political views
Socialism
Elections
1970
1977
Political parties
Pakistan People’s Party (1967 onwards)
Convention Muslim League (before 1967)
Foreign Minister
Sino-Pakistan Agreement
Operation Gibraltar
President of Pakistan
Simla Agreement
Project-706
1973 Constitution
Federal Security Force
Utility Stores Corporation
Prime Minister of Pakistan
1970s operation in Balochistan
1973 Iraqi embassy raid
1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots
Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Nationalization process
Foreign policy
Hyderabad tribunal
Downfall
1977 Pakistani military coup
Execution
Bibliography
Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan
Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video :
vte :
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں چوتھی ترمیم) is an amendment that became part of the Constitution of Pakistan on 21 November 1975, under the Government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The IV Amendment decreed the seats for minorities and non-Muslims representation to the government of Pakistan and the Parliament of Pakistan, to protect the minority rights in the country. The IV Amendment also deprived courts of the power to grant bail to any accused or innocent [person] until proven guilty under any preventive detention. The IV Amendment protect the rights of Minorities in the country, and also protect the rights of accused [person] until proven guilty from the police brutality during the subsequent investigations.

## Text

   IV Amendment, Article VIII of the Constitution:In clause (3), for paragraph (b) the following shall be substituted, namely laws specified in the First Schedule as in force immediately before the commencing day or as amended by any of the laws specified in that schedule; (ii) other laws specified in Part I of the "First Schedule"; (c)(sic) in clause (4), for the words and commas "the First Schedule, not being a law which relates to, or is connected with, economic reforms," the words and figure "Part II of the First Schedule" shall be substituted.
   IV Amendment of Article XVII of the Constitution: In the Constitution, in Article 17, in clause (1), for the words "morality or public order" the words "sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, public order or morality" shall be substituted.
   IV Amendment of Article 199 of the Constitution. :A High Court shall not make an order until proven guilty; prohibiting the making of an order for the detention of a person, or for the grant of bail to a person detained, under any law providing for preventive detention.
   VI Amendment of Article 51 (LI) of the Constitution:. (2-A) In addition to the number of seats referred to in clause (1), there shall be in the National Assembly six additional seats reserved for the persons, who are not exclusively Muslims. As soon as practicable after the general election to the National Assembly, the members to fill seats reserved in that Assembly for the persons referred to in clause (2-A) shall be elected in accordance with law by the members of the Assembly referred to in clause (1)".
# Danish Clothing Workers' Union

The Danish Clothing Workers' Union (Danish: Dansk Beklædningsarbejderforbund, DBF) was a trade union representing people in the garment industry in Denmark.
The union was founded in 1895, and it soon joined the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO). At the start of 1959, the Danish Hatters' and Furriers' Union merged in to the union. By 1977, the union had only 20,596 members, of whom more than 92% were women. Because of its large number of women members, it was a leading force in the Trade Union Women's Secretariat from its formation in 1949, until its dissolution in 1970. Helyett Simonsen, who led the secretariat, joined the DBF along with the hatters.
In 1978, the DBF merged with the Danish Textile Workers' Union, to form the Danish Clothing and Textile Workers' Union.

## Presidents

    1897: Villiam P. Arup
    1917: Josef Andersson
    1950: Herman Schäfer
    1972: Anny Bengtsson
# Kwango District

Kwango District (French: District du Kwango, Dutch: District Kwango) was a district of the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It went through various changes in extent. It roughly corresponded to the present provinces of Kwilu and Kwango.

## Congo Free State

In 1895 the number of the districts in the Congo Free State was increased to fifteen. The districts now included Kwango District. It had been carved out of the west of the Kasai District. A map of the Congo Free State in 1897 shows the Kwango Oriental district bounded by the Stanley Pool District to the west, the Lualaba Kassai District to the east, and Portuguese possessions (Angola) to the south. The district extended south from the point where the combined Kwango and Kwilu rivers entered the Kasai River, and included the watershed of the Wamba River. The Kwango River formed the border with the Portuguese territory to the west, and the eastern boundary was to the east of the Kwilu River.

## Belgian Congo

The Congo Free State was annexed by Belgium in 1908 as the Belgian Congo. Kwango is shown with slightly different boundaries in maps of 1910, 1912, 1926 and 1933. In 1910 Kwango bordered Bas-Congo to the west, Moyen-Congo to the northwest, Lac Léopold II to the northeast and Kasai to the east.
Congo-Kasai formally become a vice-government in 1919. It contained the districts of Bas-Congo, Léopoldville, Kwango, Kasai and Sankuru. With the 1933 reorganization Bas-Congo, Léopoldville, Kwango and Lac Léopold II were included in the Léopoldville Province. A map from 1955-1957 showed a much smaller Kwango District after the northern part had been made into Kwilu District. Kwango was now bordered by the Portuguese territories to the south, Cataractes District to the west, Kwilu District to the north and Kasai District to the east. The area was 93,300 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) out of a total of 357,700 square kilometres (138,100 sq mi) for Léopoldville province as a whole.

## Post-independence

Léopoldville Province was divided in 1963–1966 into the provinces of Congo Central, Kwilu, Kwango, and Mai-Ndombe. Bandundu Province was formed in 1966 by merging Kwilu, Kwango and Mai-Ndombe. As of 2008 Kwango District contained the territories of Kenge, Popokabaka, Feshi, Kasongo-Lunda and Kahemba. In 2015 Kwango Province was formed from the Kwango district, whose town of Kenge was elevated to capital city of the new province.

## Maps

* Districts of the Congo Free State in 1895
* 1933 provinces and districts
* The present Kwango province
* The present Kwilu province
# Newhaven Heritage Museum

The Newhaven Heritage Museum was a museum located in the village of Newhaven, within the City of Edinburgh, Scotland.
The museum opened in 1993 and was established in the former fish market, close to the harbour. It detailed the history of the village, from its inception as a naval shipyard in the early 16th Century. The museum closed in September 2006 for work on the building but there are no plans for its reopening.
# Bucharest Chamber of Commerce Palace

The Bucharest Chamber of Commerce Palace (Romanian: Palatul Camerei de Comerț București), also the Stock Exchange Palace (Palatul Bursei), is a building located at 4 Ion Ghica Street, Bucharest, Romania.
In 1904, the head of the Bucharest Chamber of Commerce asked King Carol I for land on which to build a headquarters. He was granted a parcel in 1906 from the state's holdings. Fourteen architects submitted designs in 1907; Ștefan Burcuș was selected. Special brick and reinforced concrete were used in order to ensure the building's stability; Gogu Constantinescu supervised the latter material. The cost was estimated at 800,000 gold lei. The cornerstone was laid in May 1908, in the presence of various officials. The palace was inaugurated in 1911, with a speech by the King. It was used as a stock market for goods. In 1949, the nascent communist regime nationalized the building. It hosted the National Library of Romania until 2008, when the Chamber of Commerce regained possession.
The building has two tall floors, an attic and a basement, measuring 1957 square meters in total. Described by one observer as featuring “a simple, beautiful majesty, with a grandiose facade, classical and alive”, it is richly decorated, with a rounded front, interrupted corniches and a skylit mansard. Its principal element is the main entrance on the street corner, with its curved balcony topped by a central arch. A blazon has a lion's head in bas-relief, flanked by two allegories in ronde-bosse stone: Industry on the left (a veiled woman holding a hammer) and Commerce on the right (Mercury holding a caduceus and an anchor). The first two floors are in bossage, while the remainder has pilasters and Ionic capitals. The style becomes finer as it climbs from the massive stone foundation to the cast-iron balustrades of the balconies. The ceiling and panels of the council chamber are decorated in the style of François Boucher. The Chamber of Commerce seal appears on the exterior and interior.
The building is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.
# Pascal Bader

Pascal Bader (born 24 September 1982) is a Swiss former professional footballer who works as a coach.

## Career

In 2017 Bader became player-coach of FC Hochdorf.
# Thung Yai district

Thung Yai (Thai: ทุ่งใหญ่, pronounced) is the westernmost district (amphoe) of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand.

## History

Tambon Ku Rae was separated from Thung Song district and made the minor district (king amphoe) Ku Rae in 1906. When the office was moved to Tambon Tha Yang in 1909, the minor district was renamed following the central tambon name. However, when the government was about to upgrade the minor district, the name Tha Yang was already given to a district of Phetchaburi province. Thus, when the minor district was upgraded to a full district on 1 April 1961, it was named Thung Yai after one of the tambon of the district.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Tham Phannara, Chawang, Na Bon, Thung Song, Bang Khan of Nakhon Si Thammarat; Lam Thap, Khao Phanom of Krabi province; and Phrasaeng of Surat Thani province.
The important water resource is the Tapi River.

## Administration

The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 63 villages (mubans). Tha Yang is a township (thesaban tambon) covering parts of the tambon Tha Yang. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Tha Yang | ท่ายาง | 12 | 12,931 |
| 2. | Thung Sang | ทุ่งสัง | 7 | 5,100 |
| 3. | Thung Yai | ทุ่งใหญ่ | 10 | 9,266 |
| 4. | Kurae | กุแหระ | 8 | 7,088 |
| 5. | Prik | ปริก | 9 | 15,043 |
| 6. | Bang Rup | บางรูป | 9 | 7,933 |
| 7. | Krung Yan | กรุงหยัน | 8 | 9,841 |
# Obruchevsky District

Obruchevsky District (Russian: О́бручевский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twelve in South-Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 78,619.

## Municipal status

As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Obruchevsky Municipal Okrug.

## Economy

RusHydro, the world's second-largest hydroelectric power producer, has its head office in the district.
# Guillaume Loriot

Guillaume Loriot (born 21 May 1986) is a French football midfielder. He currently plays for FC Chambly.
# The Division of Labour in Society

The Division of Labour in Society (French: De la division du travail social) is the doctoral dissertation of the French sociologist Émile Durkheim, published in 1893. It was influential in advancing sociological theories and thought, with ideas which in turn were influenced by Auguste Comte. Durkheim described how social order was maintained in societies based on two very different forms of solidarity – mechanical and organic – and the transition from more "primitive" societies to advanced industrial societies.
Durkheim suggested that in a "primitive" society, mechanical solidarity, with people acting and thinking alike and with a shared collective conscience, is what allows social order to be maintained. In such a society, Durkheim viewed crime as an act that "offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience" though he viewed crime as a normal social fact. Because social ties are relatively homogeneous and weak throughout a mechanical society, the law has to be repressive and penal to respond to offences of the common conscience.
In an advanced, industrial, capitalist society, the complex system of division of labour means that people are allocated in society according to merit and rewarded accordingly: social inequality reflects natural inequality, at least in the case that there is complete equity in the society. Durkheim argued that moral regulation was needed, as well as economic regulation, to maintain order (or organic solidarity) in society. In fact this regulation forms naturally in response to the division of labor, allowing people to "compose their differences peaceably". In this type of society, law would be more restitutive than penal, seeking to restore rather than punish excessively.
He thought that transition of a society from "primitive" to advanced may bring about major disorder, crisis, and anomie. However, once society has reached the "advanced" stage, it becomes much stronger and is done developing. Unlike Karl Marx, Durkheim did not foresee any different society arising out of the industrial capitalist division of labour. He regarded conflict, chaos, and disorder as pathological phenomena to modern society, whereas Marx highlights class conflict.
# 1716 Algiers earthquake

The 1716 Algiers earthquake was part of a seismic sequence which began in February and ended in May 1716. The largest and most destructive shock occurred on February 3 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0. The earthquakes with an epicenter thought to be in the Algiers region had a maximum European macroseismic scale (EMS-98) intensity of IX (Destructive), killing approximately 20,000 people. The earthquake was felt in Catania and Syracuse on the Italian island Sicily.

## Tectonic setting

The nation of Algeria lie near a complex and poorly defined convergent plate boundary separating the African plate from the Eurasian plate. The converging plates create a zone of compression in northern Algeria, which are accommodated by mainly thrust and reverse faults onshore and inland. Thrusting of strata due to compression formed the Atlas Mountains in Algeria and Morocco. The tectonic situation of Algeria also makes the country vulnerable to large and deadly seismic events with magnitudes greater than 6.0. The offshore thrust faults also pose a tsunami threat to the Algerian coast during large earthquakes.

## Earthquake

A north-west dipping thrust fault known as the Sahel Fault which runs along the north coast of Algeria is thought to be the source of the quake. Paleoseismology studies along the approximately 60-km-long fault revealed evidence of a major earthquake(s) occurring at the same period as the destructive quake. Surface ruptures uncovered by trenching, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal led to the identification of two historical earthquakes before 1211 A.D., three between 778 A.D. and 1779 A.D., and three after 1727 A.D.. The 1716 earthquake, along with another event in 1365 fell within the range of paleoearthquakes and may correspond with activity on the Sahel Fault.
In an earthquake catalog by Hamdache and other researchers, the moment magnitude was placed at 7.0 M$_w$  with an epicenter location at 36°42′N 3°06′E﻿ / ﻿36.7°N 3.1°E﻿ / 36.7; 3.1.

## Impact

The first shock occurred on the morning of 3 February at 9:45 a.m. local time. It collapsed many poorly-constructed homes in Algiers. Well-constructed buildings including a mosque suffered extensive cracks throughout. Detailed documentation of damage to 204 homes and four mosques or palaces. Algiers was mostly destroyed after the earthquake. At the Dar Aziza, the upper floors experienced a collapse and walls cracked. Many homes up to 3 km away from Algiers were also damaged. The city was once again rocked by a second violent shock assigned IX (Destructive). The aftershock caused more damage and collapsed structures that were intact after the February 3 quake.