OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Qudama ibn Ja'far

Qudāma ibn Jaʿfar al-Kātib al-Baghdādī (Arabic: قدامة بن جعفر الكاتب البغدادي; c. 873 – c. 932/948), was a Syriac scholar and administrator for the Abbasid Caliphate.

## Life

Little is known with certainty about Qudama's life and work. He was probably born ca. 873/874, possibly at Basra. His grandfather was a Syriac Christian. Whether it was his grandfather, or he himself, who converted to Islam under al-Muktafi bi-Allah in ca. 902–908 is unclear. Ibn al-Nadim described him as a master of literary style, a polished writer and distinguished philosopher of Logic despite having an uneducated father. He held various junior administrative positions in the caliphal secretariat in Baghdad, and eventually rose to a senior post the treasury department. Various dates for his death have been supplied, ranging from 932 to 939/940 and 948.

## Works

Of his several books on philosophy, history, philology, and administration, only three survive:
* the Kitab al-Kharaj (كتاب الخراج -the Book of the Land Tax, in full form Book of the Land Tax and the Art of the Secretary), for which Qudama is chiefly known. The last four sections of the original eight, survives. It was written after 928 as a manual for administrators, and deals with the structure of the state and the army, as well with geographic details, including valuable accounts on the Caliphate's neighbours, especially the Byzantine Empire. It also included a now lost section on literary rhetoric.
* the Kitab al-Alfaz (Book of Words) or Jawahir al-Alfaz (Jewels of Words), a compilation of synonyms and phrases for the use of poets and orators, as well as containing an introduction on the figures of speech.
* the Kitab Naqd al-Shi'r (كتاب نقد الشعر -Book on Poetic Criticism), an essay and guide on composing good poetry.
* The Cleanser ("Sabun" or "soap")of Sorrow (كتاب صابون الغمّ)
* Dismissal of Anxiety (كتاب جلاء الحزن)
* Epistle about Abu 'Ali ibn Muqlah known as "The Brilliant Star" (كتاب الرسالة في أبي علي بن مقلة وتعرف بالنجم الثاقب)
* Withstanding Grief (كتاب صَرف الهمّ)
* Wines of Thought (كتاب درياق الفكر فيما عاب به أبا تمام)
* Book of Unconsciousness (كتاب جلاء الحزن)
* Book of Politics (كتاب السياسة)
* Refutation of Ibn al-Mu'tazz (كتاب الردّ على ابن المعتز)
* The Pleasure of Hearts and the Provision of the Traveller (كتاب صناعة الجدل وكتاب نزهة القلوب وزاد المسافر)
To Ibn Jaʿfar was once also attributed the Naqd al-nathr, now known to be the Kitāb al-Burhān fī wujūh al-bayān of Ibrāhīm ibn Wahb al-Kātib.
# Keroa Union

Keroa Union (Bengali: কেরোয়া ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad under Raipur Upazila of Lakshmipur District in the Chittagong Division of eastern Bangladesh. It has ten wards and covers an area of 4,140 acres (17 km$^2$). There are four villages in the union: Enayetpur, Keroa, Lamchari, and Ludhua.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, the union had a population of 30,668. The overall literacy rate was 65.5%, with the male literacy rate at 64.7% and the female at 66.1%. Keroa Union is predominately Muslim, with only 2.4% Hindu.

## Infrastructure

Infrastructure in Keroa is better than much of Bangladesh, although most roads remain unpaved. People usually use rickshaws and CNG autorickshaws for local transport. Most houses have electric connections, but load shedding remains as a big problem. Some homes are using renewable energy such as solar panels.
Drinking water comes predominantly from village tubes or wells. Only 34% of homes in Keroa have water-sealed sanitary toilets and 15% remain without toilets; however, this is better than the national figure, as only 23% of homes in Bangladesh have water-sealed sanitary toilets while 43% remain without toilets.

## Employment

Most people work in agriculture, but the densely populated union suffers from a lack of arable land and as a result the people have to buy most of their food from the market. There are four local markets: Sunamgonj Bazar, Ludua Bazar, Noarhat/Mollar Hat, and Peer Fojlullah Bazar. A large number of locals are expatriates, mostly from the Middle East and other parts of Bangladesh.
# Hpa-An Airport

Hpa-An Airport (IATA: PAA, ICAO: VYPA) is an airport of serving Hpa-an (also spelled Pa-An), a city of Karen in south-eastern Myanmar.

## Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 41 feet (12 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 03/21 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,502 by 102 feet (1,372 m × 31 m).

## Former airlines and destinations

| AIRLINE | ICAO | DESTINATIONS | ROUTE | NOTES |
| Myanmar National Airlines | UBA | Yangon | Domestic | Ceased |
| Myanmar National Airlines | UBA | Mawlamyine | Domestic | Ceased |
| Myanmar National Airlines | UBA | Hpapun | Domestic | - |
Now, it's not used for public routes.
# Ctenus hibernalis

Ctenus hibernalis, or the Alabama wandering spider, is a species of wandering spider in the family Ctenidae. It is found in the United States, almost exclusively within the state of Alabama.

## Range and Habitat

Found primarily above the fall line in the state of Alabama. Generally prefers rocky mixed woodland relatively close to water. Sometimes invades human structures.

## Venom

Ctenus hibernalis has a complex venom with neurotoxic components. Anecdotal reports of medical significance to humans are so far unsupported.
# Jarya

Jarya or jariya (SING; Arabic: جارية), also jawari (PLUR), was a term often used for female slaves in the medieval Islamic world. In a courtly context, they could be "slaves for pleasure" (muṭʿa, ladhdha) or “slaves for sexual intercourse” (jawārī al-waṭ), who had received special training in artistic skills. In contrast to the Qiyan, however, they normally did not perform for men other than the man in whose harem they were placed.

## History

The slave category of the jarya—similar to the qiyan—rose to fame during the Abbasid Caliphate era, possibly because free Arab women became more and more secluded from society during this time period.
They were acquired by purchase or captured as war booty. The term were applied to such enslaved women who, by instruction or self-education, acquired a great knowledge of artistic skills and intellectual knowledge by which they could entertain a man, rather than by sexuality and physical beauty. They could study issues from music and poetry to religion, history and literature, and many were known to be able to entertain their owner by both intellectual as well as musical abilities. There were many examples of jawaris who managed to gain influence over male rulers.
The jawaris differed from qiyan in that they appear not to perform in public, only in the harem to which they belonged. Royal harems could employ a very large number of jawaris, who acted as the entertainers of the royal harem and who were not necessarily synonymous with the concubines of the ruler. The Abbasid harem had thousands of jawari as well as concubines who were not always the same, and this was adopted by the harems of many other Islamic rulers, such as the rulers of the Caliphate of Cordoba and the Fatimid Caliphate.
The jariya category of sexual harem slaves were described by the 9th-century writer Al-Jahiz, who accused them of exerting a destructive influence over their owners created by their artistic skills, which created a web of dependent feelings such as love (hub), passion (hawa), affinity (mushakala) and a wish for continued companionship (ilf).
Though most scholarly attention has gone to courtly contexts, jawari were also present in non-courtly urban settings, including the homes of merchants and artisans, notably as domestic workers. A wide range of representations features jawari, including technical treatises and spiritual literature.

## Examples

There were many famous jaryas noted in Islamic literature and history, such as Al-Khayzuran, Alam al-Malika, and Hababah.
# Latvian Military Police

Latvian Military Police (Latvian: Militārā Policija, MP) provide military discipline and legal order in the National Armed Forces of Latvia. They were established in 1997. After merging with the Latvian Security Service in 2009, the Military Police is also responsible for security of the Parliament and the President of Latvia.

## Mission

The Military Police carries out military discipline and ensuring lawful provision functions with the right to perform investigations and operational activities, and prepares Military Police units for their deployment to international missions. It safeguards military and strategically important sites, provides escort and security of military transport columns, military cargoes, as well as of state and foreign officials. The Military Police provides for the exchange of classified materials between the state institutions of Latvia, institutions of NATO member states and other competent foreign institutions.
The main mission of the Military Police is to:
* Assist in the provision of security during military events and provide military discipline, law and order;
* Guard objects as ordered by the NAF Commander;
* Control military traffic, escort officials and guard military cargo.

## Cooperation

One of their priorities is to establish an MP unit for participation in NATO-led international operations. MP soldiers have participated in the peacekeeping mission in Kosovo since 1999. In addition, the first MP unit was deployed in Iraq in 2003. MP soldiers are always well-prepared for their work on these missions, thus their input is always highly appreciated.
# Cyclopentyl methyl ether

Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), also known as methoxycyclopentane, is a hydrophobic ether solvent. A high boiling point of 106 °C (223 °F) and preferable characteristics such as low formation of peroxides, relative stability under acidic and basic conditions, formation of azeotropes with water coupled with a narrow explosion range render CPME an attractive alternative to other ethereal solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dioxane, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).

## Synthesis

The synthesis of this compound can be done in two different ways:
(1) by methylation of the cyclopentanol.
(2) by the addition of methanol to the cyclopentene. This second method is better from the point of view of sustainable chemistry as it does not produce by-products.

## Applications

Cyclopentyl methyl ether is used in organic synthesis, mainly as a solvent. However it is also useful in extraction, polymerization, crystallization and surface coating.
Some examples of reactions where it acts as a solvent are:
* Reactions involving alkali agents: nucleophilic substitutions of heteroatoms (alcohols and amines)
* Lewis acids-mediated reactions: Beckmann Reaction, Friedel-Crafts Reaction etc.
* Reactions using Organometallic reagents or basic agents: Claisen condensation, formation of enolates or Grignard reaction.
* Reduction and oxidation.
* Reactions with transition metal catalysts.
* Reactions with azeotropical removal of water: acetalization, etc.
Cyclopentyl methyl ether possesses characteristics that make it a potential alternate for other ethers. According to an evaluation of three chemistry journals from 2020, ethereal solvents have a share of 22–25% of all solvents employed.
In contrast to water-soluble ethers like tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane, cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) - being hydrophobic - acts suitably as an extractant. In aqueous phases, only trace amounts of CPME remain due to its low solubility. CPME also exhibits stability at both low and high pH levels, even under elevated temperatures and extended contact times. It can form an azeotrope with water in a ratio of 83.7% CPME to 16.3% water at an azeotropic end temperature of 83 °C. These properties enable CPME to function effectively as an entrainer during esterification processes and acetalizations. The solvent also displays low solubility for water in CPME, reported to be 0.3 g / 100 g.
Recently, investigations into the use of cyclopentyl methyl ether as an eco-friendly solvent in a wide range of chemical reactions, such as reductions, oxidations, and Grignard reactions, have been conducted.
At present, however, the production of cyclopentyl methyl ether, which in multiple respects fulfills the criteria of a "green" chemical, still depends on cyclopentene derived from non-renewable, fossil-fuel sources. The platform chemical furfural can yield cyclopentanol in high yields through catalytic hydrogenation using a copper contact or a nickelcobalt contact. The resulting cyclopentanol can then be easily dehydrated to cyclopentene.
# Atlas (Helsinki)

#REDIRECT Vuosaari
# Zolivar

Zolivar (Persian: زليوار, also Romanized as Z̄olīvār; also known as Zoleyvā and Zolīvā) is a village in Khaveh-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 518, in 114 families.
# Allah Chattar

Allahu Chattar (Bengali: আল্লাহু চত্বর, romanized: Allahu Chottor, lit. 'Allahu Square'), also known as Allah Chattar (Bengali: আল্লাহ চত্বর, romanized: Allah Chottor), is a tower in Muradnagar, Comilla. It replaced the Doel Square.

## Location and history

Under the initiative of local politician Yussuf Abdullah Harun, plans to build a tower were announced. The politician mentioned that he designed the tower himself. It was officially opened by Harun on 7 September 2019 at 5pm. The square is located east of the Muradnagar bus stand on the four-road junction. It is bounded on the north-west by Homna Upazila, on the north-east by Ramchandrapur via Bancharampur Road, on the south by Muradnagar-Dhaka Road and on the east by Companyganj via Nabinagar Road.

## Structure and details

The circular tower contains the 99 names of Allah written in Arabic text. The name Allah is inscribed at the top. It is 30 feet high and 14 feet in diameter from the ground. The plaque is rich in six Arabic calligraphy terracotta.
# The Dresden Soul Symphony

The Dresden Soul Symphony is a German concert show. The musicians reinterpret soul hits and combine them with classical music. The musical ensemble contains the singers Joy Denalane, Bilal, Tweet and Dwele; the radio orchestra of the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk; four backing vocalists; the MDR children's choir and four instrumentalists, who do not belong to the orchestra. The performance venue of the show is Dresden, Germany. The premiere was on April 26, 2008.

## Project history

The idea of The Dresden Soul Symphony came from Reinhard Bärenz, the musical director of the German radio station MDR Sputnik. Bärenz had some experience with classical music – he played the violin professionally in a symphony orchestra in the 1980s. Bärenz decided to found a crossover project to combine classical music with another music genre. He sought for the support of Johann Michael Möller, the radio director of the MDR who was enthusiastic about Bärenz's idea. So he contracted the MDR Symphony Orchestra and Bärenz started contacting various musicians. The first to join the project was soul singer Joy Denalane. Bärenz believed that soul and classic would work well together. For that reason the American soul musicians Bilal, Tweet and Dwele joined the ensemble. Bärenz was able to engage Larry Gold (former cellist of MFSB) and Daniel Felsenfeld (composer of classical music and Gold's son-in-law) as arrangers.
The show took place on April 26 and 27, 2008 at 08:00 pm (CET) in the concert hall Alter Schlachthof in Dresden, Germany. It was broadcast by radio stations MDR Sputnik and MDR Figaro live on April 27 from 9 pm (CET). Both a CD and DVD were released in October 2008.

## Discography

* The Dresden Soul Symphony

## Songs
### Movement I: Sonata-Allegro

* "Prelude"
* "Midnight Train to Georgia" by Gladys Knight & the Pips
* "I Thank You" by Sam & Dave
* "Take Me to the River" by Al Green
* "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin
* "I Got a Woman" by Ray Charles
* "Lovin' You" by Minnie Riperton
* "Midnight Train to Georgia" (Reprise)

### Movement II: Adagio

* "A Song for You" by Leon Russell
* "You're All I Need to Get By" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell
* "Let's Stay Together" by Al Green
* "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" by James Brown
* "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul
* "Betcha by Golly Wow!" by The Stylistics

### Movement III: Scherzo

* "I'll Take You There" by The Staple Singers
* "ABC" by The Jackson 5
* "Sir Duke" by Stevie Wonder
* "Everything Is Everything" by Lauryn Hill

### Movement IV: Finale

* "Prelude"
* "Master Blaster (Jammin)" by Stevie Wonder
* "Love's Theme" by Love Unlimited Orchestra
* "The Sound of Philadelphia" by MFSB
* "Love Train" by The O'Jays
* "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" by McFadden & Whitehead
* "Midnight Train to Georgia" (Finale)
# Kobrinsky Uyezd

Kobrinsky Uyezd (Russian: Кобринский уезд) was one of the nine subdivisions of the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kobryn (Kobrin).

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Kobrinsky Uyezd had a population of 184,453. Of these, 79.6% spoke Ukrainian, 13.7% Yiddish, 3.1% Russian, 2.2% Polish, 0.8% Belarusian, 0.1% Tatar, 0.1% Mordvin and 0.1% German as their native language.
# Shelaidaha Union

Shelaidaha Union (Bengali: শিলাইদহ ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad of Kumarkhali Upazila, in Kushtia District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 64.41 square kilometres (24.87 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 24,238. There are 17 villages and 17 mouzas in the union.
# Shire of Albany

The Shire of Albany was a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia centred on (but not including) the town of Albany about 410 kilometres (255 mi) south-southeast of the capital, Perth, and covering an area of 4,280 square kilometres (1,653 sq mi).

## History

It was established as the Albany Road District on 10 April 1896.
A section of the district was separated to form the new Denmark Road District on 22 September 1911.
The Albany Road District was declared a shire and named the Shire of Albany with effect from 1 July 1961 following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
It amalgamated with the Town of Albany to become the City of Albany on 1 July 1998. At the time of amalgamation, it had thirteen councillors and five wards, with Harbour Ward (five councillors) and four others (including Hassell and Millbrook) with two councillors each.
# Monument Rocks (Kansas)

Monument Rocks (also Chalk Pyramids) are a series of large chalk formations in Gove County, Kansas, rich in fossils. The formations were the first landmark in Kansas chosen by the U.S. Department of the Interior as a National Natural Landmark. The chalk formations reach a height of up to 70 ft (21 m) and include formations such as buttes and arches. The carbonate deposits were laid down during the Cretaceous Period in what was then the Western Interior Seaway, which split the continent of North America into two landmasses. They are estimated to have been formed 80 million years ago.

## History

On January 29, 2008, Monument Rocks, 25 miles south of Oakley, Kansas, and Castle Rock, 31 miles to the east, were jointly named as one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas.

## Gallery

* Wide view of largest formation and arch
* Southernmost rock in the early 1890s
* Wide view from the west
* With car for scale
* Night view with Milky Way
# Nikolai Ekk

Nikolai Vladimirovich Ekk (Russian: Николай Владимирович Экк; 14 June 1902 – 14 July 1976) was a Soviet and Russian film director and screenwriter. "Ekk" was in fact a pseudonym; his real surname was Ivakin (Russian: Ивакин).
Born in Riga, he studied acting and directing in the theater of Vsevolod Meyerhold. He directed six feature films between 1929 and 1967. Among them was the first Soviet sound film Road to Life and the first Soviet color motion picture film The Nightingale.

## Filmography

* How Should and How Shouldn't (Как надо и как не надо) (1929)
* Road to Life (Путёвка в жизнь) (1931)
* The Nightingale (Груня Корнакова) (1936)
* The Fair of Sorochyntsi (Сорочинская ярмарка) (1938)
* When the Snow Is Falling... (Когда падает снег...) (1962)
* A Man in a Green Glove (1967)
* The Nile and The Life (1968)
* Those People of the Nile (1972)

## Family

Nikolai Ekk was married to Ukrainian film actress Valentina Ivashova.
# News24 (Bangladeshi TV channel)

News24 (Bengali: নিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর), stylized as NEWS24, is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language satellite and cable pay television channel dedicated to news programming. It began broadcasts on 28 July 2016 and is owned by East West Media Group, a subsidiary of Bashundhara Group. News24 is based in the Bashundhara Residential Area in Baridhara.

## History

In November 2013, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission granted East West Media Group a broadcasting license to operate News24. It received its frequency allocation in January 2015. Its logo was officially revealed in February 2016. The channel began test broadcasts on 25 March 2016 at 19:00 (BST). News24 was one of the nine Bangladeshi television channels to sign an agreement with Bdnews24.com to subscribe to a video-based news agency run by children called Prism in May 2016. The channel officially went on the air on 28 July 2016.

## Organisation

Sayem Sobhan is the managing director of News24. Shahnaz Munni is the chief news editor. Naem Nizam was the CEO the channel from its inception until November 2021, he was relieved from his position.
# SS Marie Fisser

Marie Fisser was a 1,235 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1937 by Lübecker Flender-Werke AG, Lübeck for German owners. She was seized by the Allies at Emden in May 1945, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Conisborough. In 1946, she was passed to the Soviet Union and renamed Stepan Shaumian.

## Description

The ship was built in 1937 by Lübecker Flender-Werke AG, Lübeck.
The ship was 222 feet 4 inches (67.77 m) long, with a beam of 34 feet 8 inches (10.57 m) a depth of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m). She had a GRT of 1,235 and a NRT of 685.
The ship was propelled by a compound steam engine which had two cylinders of 1215⁄16 inches (33 cm) and two cylinders of 279⁄16 inches (70 cm) diameter by 279⁄16 inches (70 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Christiansen & Meyer, Hamburg.

## History

Marie Fisser was built for Fisser & Van Dornum, Emden. Her port of registry was Emden and she used the Code Letters DGLG. In May 1945, Marie Fisser was seized by the Allies at Emden in a damaged condition. She was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Conisborough. Her port of registry was changed to London and she was placed under the management of the Dundee, Perth & London Steamship Co Ltd. She was allocated the Code Letters GMXM and the United Kingdom Official Number 180713. In 1946 she was passed to the Soviet Union and renamed Stepan Shaumian.
# SM City Xiamen

SM City Xiamen (Chinese: 厦门SM城市广场; pinyin: Xiàmén SM Chéngshì Guǎngchǎng) is a shopping centre in Xiamen city, Fujian province, China. It is owned by SM Prime Holdings, the largest retail and mall operator in the Philippines. Opened on 13 December 2001, it is the first SM Supermall in mainland China.
In Xiamen, it is aptly called "SM Laiya". The mall has a gross floor area of 126,000 m$^2$ (1,360,000 sq ft) with over 500 shops featuring local and international brands. It is located along Jiahe and Xianyue Roads.