OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scalmatica

Scalmatica is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae.

## Biology

One species of this genus Scalmatica albofasciella Stainton 1859 had been found boring aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis in India and *Scalmatica corticea Meyrick, 1925 had been reported from Vitis sp..

## Species

Some species of this genus are:
* Scalmatica albifusa Meyrick, 1926
* Scalmatica albofasciella (Stainton 1859) (from India)
* Scalmatica ascendens Gozmány, 1966
* Scalmatica constrata Meyrick, 1919 (from Sri Lanka)
* Scalmatica corticea (Meyrick, 1925) (from Egypt)
* Scalmatica gnathosella Mey, 2011
* Scalmatica insularis Gozmány, 1969
* Scalmatica malacista Meyrick, 1924
* Scalmatica myelodes Meyrick, 1921
* Scalmatica phaulocentra Meyrick, 1921
* Scalmatica retiaria Meyrick, 1919
* Scalmatica rhicnopa Meyrick, 1919
* Scalmatica rigens Meyrick, 1916
* Scalmatica rimosa Meyrick, 1911
* Scalmatica rimosa Meyrick, 1911 (from Seychelles)
* Scalmatica saccusella Mey, 2011
* Scalmatica separata Gozmány, 1965
* Scalmatica zernyi Gozmány, 1967
# Cuesmes

Cuesmes (French pronunciation: or; Walloon: Cweme) is a sub-municipality of the city of Mons located in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1972. On 1 January 1972, it was merged into Mons.

## History

Cuesmes was and originally is a coal mining village, as many of the residents who live there are descendants of coal miners from the 19th and 18th centuries. Coal mining is such a big part of Cuesmes and its culture that the village is surrounded by slag heaps, the most famous being Mount Héribus. Other slag heaps include Terril Du Lavunt, Terril Saint-Joseph, and Terril Sainte-Henriette. Terril Du Lavunt is 2.9 km (1.8 mi) away from Mount Héribus.

### Cemetery

Cuesmes community cemetery is the public graveyard for the village of Cuesmes. The cemetery contains 47 Commonwealth burials of World War I, 9 of which are identified bodies, the rest are unidentifiable. The bodies date from August 1914 to November 1918, and were brought to the cemetery after the Armistice. The cemetery is located 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Mons.

## Geography

Cuesmes is surrounded by villages and a city. The city of Mons gives protection from any invaders in the north east of the village, whilst the three towns, Hyon, Mesvin, and Cuesmes, give the village protection from the east. Its neighbouring town, Jemappes, has a road going through the middle of it called 'Rue de Cuesmes', this is because of how close they are together.
As a whole, the village of Cuesmes is surrounded in slag heaps, this is because coal miners would dump large quantities of rock in areas, and they eventually built up into large hills around the mine shafts. When there's not houses or streets, there are large farming fields, and small areas with trees, such as the yard surrounding Maison Van Gogh.

## Notable people

* Vincent van Gogh (1853 – 1890), lived here during the years of 1879 and 1880, at Maison Van Gogh (now a museum).
* Charles Lemaire (1863 – 1926), explorer and military officer

## Gallery

* Place (Square) de Cuesmes.
* The Mount Héribus.
* The village seen from the Mount Héribus.
* Giant miner's lamp.
* House of Vincent van Gogh.
# Hradyzk

Hradyzk (Ukrainian: Градизьк) is a rural settlement in Kremenchuk Raion of Poltava Oblast of Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Hradyzk settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 6,962 (2022 estimate).
Hradyzk is also known as Horodyshche.

## History

Until 18 July 2020, Hradyzk belonged to Hlobyne Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Poltava Oblast to four. The area of Hlobyne Raion was merged into Kremenchuk Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Hradyzk was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Hradyzk became a rural settlement.

## Sights

* Pyvykha

## Gallery

* A church in Hradyzk, Poltava region
* Hradyzk town council
# Vere Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland

Lieutenant-Commander Vere Anthony Francis Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland (25 March 1893 – 12 May 1948), styled Lord Burghersh until 1922, was a British peer.
Styled Lord Burghersh from birth, he was the eldest son of Anthony Fane, 13th Earl of Westmorland, by Lady Sybil Mary, daughter of Robert St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn. He served in the Royal Navy during the First World War and was present at the Battle of Jutland aboard Lion, Lord Beatty's flagship. Noted as a "sporting peer", he succeeded his father in the earldom in 1922, when he began his association with horse racing. Having always been a keen rider to hounds he now raced as an amateur both on the flat and under National Hunt rules. He also owned and trained racehorses, having a particularly successful season in 1923 when he trained 23 winners. In 1924 Royal Chancellor won him the Scottish Grand National.
Having visited America to study business methods he began a business career in 1929 and was elected to the boards of two energy companies. He retired from training in 1931 but continued his sporting interests, which included hunting, boxing, shooting, and in his later years golf; he was also on the board of Arsenal Football Club.
Lord Westmorland married the Honourable Diana, daughter of Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, and widow of both Percy Lyulph Wyndham (son of George Wyndham and half-brother of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster) and Arthur Capel, in 1923. They had two sons, of whom the elder, David, succeeded him; the younger son was the author Julian Fane. They also had a daughter, Lady Rose Fane. Lord Westmorland died at his home near Badminton, Gloucestershire, on 12 May 1948, aged 55, after an illness of some three months. He was described in his obituary as being "of handsome appearance and impressive deportment". The Countess of Westmorland died in December 1983, aged 90.
# Rameshwar Raya Yadav

Rameshwor Raya Yadav (Nepali: रामेश्वर राय यादव) is a Nepalese politician, and Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security.
# Louis-Philippe Pelletier

Louis-Philippe Pelletier, PC (February 1, 1857 – February 8, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist, newspaper owner, politician, professor, and judge.

## Biography

Born in Trois-Pistoles, Lower Canada, the son of Thomas-Philippe Pelletier and Caroline Casault, the sister of Louis-Napoléon Casault, Pelletier was educated at the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and received a law degree from the Université Laval. He articled with Auguste-Réal Angers and was called to the Quebec bar in 1880.
After being defeated in the 1908 federal election, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Quebec County in the 1911 election. A Conservative, he was the Postmaster General from 1911 to 1914. He resigned in October 1914 and was appointed a Superior Court judge for the district of Montreal. In August 1915 he was appointed to the Quebec Court of King’s Bench.
Prior to his entry to federal politics, Pelletier was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec after being elected in Dorchester as a Conservative in 1888 and retained his seat until 1904 when he did not seek another re-election. He attempted a return in 1908 but was defeated.
# Eledio

Eledio (Greek: Ελεδιώ) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 1 km northeast of Axylou.
# Daniel Febles

Daniel Ricardo Febles Argüelles (born 8 February 1991) is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Lanzarote. He is the son of the former Venezuelan player Pedro Febles.
# Charles Hayward (politician)

Sir Charles Hayward (May 12, 1839 – July 8, 1919) was the 25th mayor of Victoria, British Columbia, from 1900–1902. He had one of the more unusual professions: Starting off as a carpenter, he went into the business of making coffins and turned that into a very successful funeral business, one which remains today. Hayward's son Reginald also served as mayor (1922–1924) and continued to expand the business. They remain the only father and son mayors in Victoria history.
He was born in Stratford, Essex, England, the son of Charles Hayward and Harriet Tomlinson. He apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner and came to Victoria, British Columbia in 1862. He first entered the contracting business and then, in 1867, became an undertaker. Hayward was also involved in mining, building and manufacturing. He served as an alderman in 1873, 1874 and 1899 and was also chairman of the school board and a justice of the peace. Hayward married Sarah Chesney in 1862. He died in 1919 in Victoria, British Columbia at the age of 80.
# Mönsheim

Mönsheim is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History

Mönsheim became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg in the 16th century. The town was assigned to the district of Leonberg, then its Oberamt [de] on 18 March 1806, and finally to Landkreis Leonberg [de] on 1 October 1938. When the Enz district was created by the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform [de], Mönsheim was reassigned to it.
About 70 kilometers (43 mi) of the lower Grenzbach in Mönsheim was placed under Federal protection as a Naturschutzgebiet in 1967.
Binder FBM, a jewellery manufacturer, has been based in Mönsheim since 1910.

## Geography

The municipality (Gemeinde) of Mönsheim covers 16.78 square kilometers (6.48 sq mi) of the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg, in the Federal Republic of Germany. Mönsheim is physically located on the Heckengäu, at the southwestern edge of the Neckar basin [de]. The Heckengäu's table-like, karstified and forested muschelkalk hills describe much of Mönsheim's geography. The Grenzbach, a tributary of the Enz, is the main watercourse and marks its lowest elevation above sea level, 314 meters (1,030 ft) Normalnull (NN) at the border with Wiernsheim. The highest elevation, 509 meters (1,670 ft) NN, is found at the top of the Geißelberg.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 2.457 |
| 2001 | 2,699 |
| 2011 | 2,640 |
| 2021 | 2,965 |

## Coat of arms

Mönsheim's municipal coat of arms shows a white, crenelated tower with a pointed roof on a green three-crested hill upon a field of red. This pattern was created in 1930 on the advice of the Central State Archive Stuttgart [de] and was informed by the earliest town coat of arms, dated to 1598. The fortified tower, a motif that has represented Mönsheim since the 19th century, is a reference to a nearby keep given to the town in the 15th century by Duke Eberhard I.
# Julião

Julião (Portuguese for Julian) may refer to:

## People
### Given name

* Julião Mateus Paulo (born 1942), Angolan politician
* Julião Sarmento (1948-2021), Portuguese multimedia artist and painter
* Julião da Kutonda (1965-2004), Angolan football defender
* Julião Neto (born 1981), Brazilian flyweight boxer
* Julião Gaspar (born 1981), Angolan handball player

### Surname

* Pedro Julião (1215-1277), Pope John XXI, Portuguese head of the Catholic Church
* Carlos Julião (1740-1811), Italian artist and engineer
* Evaristo Sourdis Juliao (1905-1970), Colombian lawyer and politician
* Francisco Julião (1915-1999), Brazilian lawyer, politician and writer
* Julião (footballer, born 1929), Antonio Elías Julião, Brazilian football midfielder
* David Sánchez Juliao (1945-2011), Colombian author and journalist
* Ronald Julião (born 1985), Brazilian shotputter
* Igor Julião (born 1994), Brazilian football right-back

## Places

* Ribeira Julião, a village in São Vicente, Cape Verde
* Ribeira de Julião, a stream in São Vicente, Cape Verde
# Louis-Pierre-Paul Cardin

Louis-Pierre-Paul Cardin (May 21, 1840 – April 9, 1917) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Richelieu in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1886 to 1892 and from 1897 to 1912 as a Liberal.
He was born in Saint-Pierre-de-Sorel, Lower Canada, the son of Athanase Cardin and Judith Lavallée, and was educated at the Collège de l'Assomption. In 1867, he married Marie-Eugénie-Célina Lamère. Cardin qualified to practise in 1868 and set up practice in Sorel. He was secretary-treasurer for Sainte-Anne-de-Sorel from 1878 to 1879 and Sainte-Victoire from 1880 to 1886. Cardin was also president and secretary-treasurer for the agricultural society for Richelieu County. Cardin was also president for the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society at Sorel. Cardin established a militia company at Sorel and served as captain and then lieutenant-colonel. He served as associate prothonotary for Montreal district from 1912 until his death in Montréal at the age of 76.
# Sarita River

The Sarita River is an approximately 25 km (16 mi)-long river on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, just north of the hamlet of Bamfield.

## History

The Sarita River basin is the traditional homeland of the Huu-ay-aht Peoples. The river was important to the Huu-ay-aht for thousands of years as a source of food and as a means of transportation between villages throughout the territory. The Huu-ay-aht wintering village, Nuumakimyiis, was located at the mouth of the river. In the twentieth century, logging through the Sarita River watershed has reduced habitat and resulted in damage to the river ecosystem. By 1997, 62% of the watershed had been logged.
In 2018, the Huu-ay-aht First Nations announced plans to begin a salmon renewal program to bring back the important food staple to the Sarita River.
On October 19, 2024, the Sarita River flooded due to an atmospheric river, part of the 2024 British Columbia floods. The road to Bamfield washed out, killing two people.

## River course

The river has its source in the mountainous interior of Vancouver Island, not far from the Nitinat River basin. The river flows westerly into Sarita Lake and empties the lake over Sarita Falls before meandering through a lowland valley towards the ocean at Numukamis Bay on the eastern edge of the Barkley Sound. The Sarita River has a braided river mouth with a number of distributaries. The main tributary for the Sarita River is the South Sarita River. The South Sarita River starts south-west of the Sarita River in the Somerset Range. It flows north-east and meets the Sarita River west of Sarita Lake.
The Bamfield Road, the main road to Bamfield, follows the middle course of the Sarita River valley.
# Shanker Prasad Pandey

Shanker Prasad Pandey (Nepali: शंकर प्रसाद पाण्डे) is a Nepalese politician. He was elected to the Pratinidhi Sabha in the 1999 election on behalf of the Nepali Congress.
# Kurteh Kavil

Kurteh Kavil (Persian: كورته كويل, also romanized as Kūrteh Kavīl; also known as Kūr Takvīl) is a village in Targavar Rural District, Silvaneh District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 12 families.
# Karpathos-Kasos

Karpathos-Kasos (Greek: Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Καρπάθου - Ηρωϊκής Νήσου Κάσου, literally: "Regional Unit of Karpathos - Heroic Island of Kasos") is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of South Aegean. The regional unit covers the islands of Karpathos, Kasos, Saria and several smaller islands in the Aegean Sea.

## Administration

As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Karpathos was created out of part of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. It was renamed to Karpathos-Kasos in 2017. It is subdivided into 2 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):
* Karpathos (5)
* Kasos (6)

## Province

The province of Karpathos (Greek: Επαρχία Καρπάθου) was one of the provinces of the Dodecanese Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit. It was abolished in 2006.
# Mexican Handball Federation

The Mexican Handball Federation (FMHB; Spanish: Federación Mexicana de Handball) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Mexico. FMHB is a member of the North America and Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC) and member of the International Handball Federation (IHF) since 1970.

## National teams

* Mexico men's national handball team
* Mexico men's national junior handball team
* Mexico women's national handball team
* Mexico national beach handball team
* Mexico women's national beach handball team

## Competitions hosted

* 1980 Pan American Men's Handball Championship
* 2011 Pan American Games
* 2014 Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship
* 2018 Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship
* 2019 Nor.Ca. Women's Handball Championship
# Waiting period

A waiting period is the period of time between when an action is requested or mandated and when it occurs.
In the United States, the term is commonly used in reference to gun control, abortion and marriage licences, as some U.S. states require a person to wait for a set number of days after buying or reserving a firearm from a dealer before actually taking possession of it, a woman waiting for an abortion and individuals making applications on marriage licences.
Waiting periods are also used for new insurance policies, particularly health insurance, and also flood insurance. Incidents which occur during this time are not claimable. The term may also refer to the time between the making of a claim and the payment of it, also called the elimination period.
In business finance, a waiting period or quiet period is the time in which a company making an initial public offering (IPO) must be silent about it, so as not to inflate the value of the stock artificially. It is also called the cooling-off period. In lean thinking, the period when materials or work in process are waiting for the next stage of the manufacturing process is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: muda) which do not add value to a product.
Other activities potentially subject to waiting periods include marriage, divorce, abortion access for women, and merger proceedings.

## For firearms purchases

A waiting period between purchase and handover of a firearm allows can have several purposes:
* Give the government time to perform a background check. Modern electronic systems such as the National Instant Criminal Background Check System can produce an answer within a few minutes.
* Force a "cooling off" period for any potential buyer who may wish to commit a crime of passion.
* Allow someone contemplating suicide to reconsider their choice. Attempts at suicide by firearm have a higher success rate than most other methods, due to the fast and reliable lethality of carefully placed gunshots.
The Washington Post points to research collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and various papers expressing a scientific assessment that:
* There is not enough reliable evidence to conclude whether or not a "cooling-off period" reduces homicides
* Evidence indicates that waiting periods reduce the suicide rate, and that people who buy firearms are more likely than the general population to commit suicide (presumably because some are buying them for that purpose)
As of 2015, ten U.S. states and equivalents have mandatory waiting periods, from 1 to 14 days: California, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, and Rhode Island for all guns; and Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, and New Jersey for handguns only. A 2018 suicide prompted the Vermont legislature to pass a waiting period bill, but it was vetoed by governor Phil Scott in June, 2019. For all firearms Massachusetts, Connecticut and Illinois, and for handguns Nebraska, New York, and North Carolina require purchase permits, which may amount to a de facto waiting period if they are not issued immediately.
# Netra Bikram Shah

Netra Bikram Shah (Nepali: नेत्र विक्रम शाह) is a Nepalese politician, who is a former member of the Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province, from People's Socialist Party, Nepal. Shah is a resident of Rajbiraj, Saptari.
# Nataliya Shtaymets

Nataliya Shtaymets (born 5 November 1963) is a Kazakhstani cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# Albrecht Fuess

Albrecht Fuess (1969 in La Tronche) is a German scholar of Islam and the history of the medieval Eastern Mediterranean. He is the professor of Islamic Studies at University of Marburg.

## Education

Fuess studied history and Islamic studies at the University of Cologne, where his 1996 master's thesis researched the German community in Egypt between the World Wars. During his graduate work, he also studied at Cairo University. As a scholarship holder of the German National Academic Foundation he completed his doctorate in Cologne in 2000 with a thesis on the Syro-Palestinian coast in the Mamluk period (1250-1517). With the support of his scholarship and during his doctoral studies, Fuess conducted a one-year research stay as visiting scholar at the Orient-Institut Beirut and at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.

## Career

After working as a freelancer in the foreign editorial office of the ZDF in Mainz, he became a research assistant to the chair of Islamic studies at the University of Erfurt in 2002. From 2007 to 2009, he was “Le Studium Fellow” on the Arab and Mediterranean World Team (Equipe Monde Arabe et Méditerranée) of the University of Tours. Here he conducted a research project to compare the systems of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mamluks in the sixteenth century. Since 2010, Prof. Fuess has been the professor of Islamic studies at the University of Marburg. During the autumn and spring of 2019/2020, he was DAAD visiting professor at Ain Shams University in Cairo. He is currently the treasurer of the Medieval Association (in Germany) (German: Mediävistenverband).

## Research Interests

His main research interests are the history of the Middle East (thirteenth – eighteenth centuries), the cultural and social history of the Mamluks, Islam in Europe, and contemporary Islamic youth cultures.

## Projects

Fuess is also a co-leader for the following international collaborative projects:
* Transottomanica: East European-Ottoman-Persian mobility dynamics. Coordination withStephan Conermann (Bonn) and Stefan Rohdewald (Gießen / Spokesperson) (DFG Priority Program 1981).
* "Mediating Islam in the Digital Age", EU Horizon 2020, Innovative Training Network, German
coordinator, together with colleagues from NISIS (Leiden) / IISMM (Paris) / CISC (Madrid, Barcelona).
* "Land and Landscapes in Mamluk and Ottoman Egypt (13th-18th Centuries)", a.k.a. EGYLandscape Project,
Research Group, ANR-DFG, (with Nicolas Michel (Aix-Marseille Université).
# Qasrik, Urmia

Qasrik (Persian: قصريك, also Romanized as Qaşrīk; also known as Qaşr-e Yek) is a village in Rowzeh Chay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 358, in 58 families.