# Duchy of Bouillon

The Duchy of Bouillon (French: Duché de Bouillon) was a duchy comprising Bouillon and adjacent towns and villages in present-day Belgium.
The state originated in the 10th century as property of the Lords of Bouillon, owners of Bouillon Castle. Crusader Godfrey of Bouillon, later the first King of Jerusalem, sold Bouillon to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, in 1095. The Prince-Bishops of Liège consequently became lords of Bouillon and eventually adopted the title of duke. The duchy was later claimed by members of the Houses of La Marck and La Tour d'Auvergne. From 1678, it was a sovereign duchy under French protection and ruled by La Tour. It was annexed by France in 1795.

## Geography

The Duchy of Bouillon was a sovereign duchy until 1795. In 1789, it had a population of 2,500. The largest town was Bouillon, situated on the Semois. It also consisted of the surrounding villages: Sugny, Corbion, Alle, Rochehaut, Ucimont, Botassart, Sensenruth, Noirefontaine, Gros-Fays, Fays-les-Veneurs, Bertrix, Carlsbourg, Paliseul, Jehonville, Opont, Anloy, Porcheresse, Gembes, Gedinne, Sart-Custinne, and Tellin.
Bouillon is located in a Walloon-speaking region.

## History

History of the Low Countries :
| Frisii | | | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae |
| | Cana– nefates | Chamavi, Tubantes | Chamavi, Tubantes | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th) |
| | Cana– nefates | Salian Franks | | Batavi | Batavi | | | |
| unpopulated (4th–c. 5th) | unpopulated (4th–c. 5th) | Saxons | Salian Franks (4th–c. 5th) | Salian Franks (4th–c. 5th) | Salian Franks (4th–c. 5th) | | | |
| Frisian Kingdom (c. 6th–734) | Frisian Kingdom (c. 6th–734) | | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) |
| Austrasia (511–687) |||||||
| Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | West Francia (843–) | | | |
| Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | West Francia (843–) | | | |
| Frisia | Frisia | Frisia | | | | | | |
| Frisian Freedom (11–16th century) | County of Holland (880–1432) | Bishopric of Utrecht (695–1456) | Duchy of Brabant (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) | Duchy of Brabant (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) | County of Flanders (862–1384) | County of Hainaut (1071–1432) County of Namur (981–1421) | P.-Bish. of Liège (980–1794) | Duchy of Luxem- bourg (1059–1443) |
| | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | | |
| | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | | |
| Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | | |
| | | | | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | | |
| | | | | United States of Belgium (1790) | United States of Belgium (1790) | United States of Belgium (1790) | R. Liège (1789–'91) | |
| Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) |
| Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | | | | | |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Gr D. L. (1815–) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | | Gr D. L. (1815–) |
| | | | | | | | | Gr D. of Luxem- bourg (1890–) |
The Duchy of Bouillon's origins are unclear. The first reference to Bouillon Castle comes in 988 and by the 11th century, Bouillon was a freehold held by the House of Ardennes, who styled themselves Lords of Bouillon. On the death of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine in 1069, Bouillon passed to his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon. In 1095, Godfrey of Bouillon sold Bouillon to Otbert, the Prince-Bishop of Liège, in order to finance his participation in the First Crusade. Godfrey later became first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Prince-Bishop of Liège granted the châtellenie of Bouillon to the House of La Marck in 1415. In 1456, Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège became the first individual to style himself "Duke of Bouillon". In 1482, the then Châtelain of Bouillon, William de La Marck, ordered the assassination of Louis in a plot to install his son, Jean de la Marck, as Prince-Bishop. This plot proved unsuccessful: John of Hornes was elected as successor of Louis de Bourbon as Prince-Bishop of Liège. John then fought a war with William that ended with the Treaty of Tongeren, signed May 21, 1484, with the de la Marck family relinquishing its claim on Liège, though they retained Bouillon Castle as a pledge for a loan of 30,000 livres and for their support for the Prince-Bishop against the emperor Maximilian I. In 1492 Robert II de la Marck began calling himself "Duke of Bouillon", but in 1521, Érard de La Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liège (and Robert's brother), with the backing of the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, managed to regain Bouillon for the Prince-Bishopric.
On becoming chatelain in 1536 Robert Fleuranges III de La Marck also styled himself "Duke of Bouillon" and his successor Robert IV maintained the right to this title. During the Italian War of 1551–1559, Bouillon was occupied by the forces of Henry II of France to keep them free from Habsburg influence, but Henry confirmed Robert IV as Duke of Bouillon.
From 1560 to 1642, the Dukes of Bouillon were also the rulers of the independent Principality of Sedan.
With the death of Charlotte de La Marck in 1594, the duchy and the title passed to her husband Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne and thereafter became the possession of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne. France again invaded Bouillon in 1676 during the Franco-Dutch War, but Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne retained the title. From this point on, although the Duchy of Bouillon was officially still a part of the Holy Roman Empire, it was in actuality a French protectorate. This state of affairs was confirmed by the 1678 Treaties of Nijmegen.
In the wake of the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary Army invaded the Duchy of Bouillon in 1794, creating the short-lived Republic of Bouillon. In 1795, Bouillon was annexed to France. The last duke, Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne, died in 1802 without any children (which was the extinction of the La Tour d'Auvergne family).
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established an arbitral commission to determine the "Duke of Bouillon" and decided in favor of Charles Alain Gabriel de Rohan (the last duke's closest relative on his paternal side) over Philippe d'Auvergne (a postulated relative, who had been adopted and declared an heir by Jacques' father, Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, when he was the duke). Meanwhile the Duchy of Bouillon was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, then in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands (later becoming part of the Kingdom of the Belgians in 1830). The title, territory and the debt of Bouillon remained a bone of contention between the bishopric and the noble houses before and after the French annexation of Bouillon in 1795. Court rulings about claimants were not resolved until 1825.

## List of dukes of Bouillon
### Prince bishops of Liege 1456–?

| Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Death | Spouse |
| Louis de Bourbon | Charles I, Duke of Bourbon | 1438 | unmarried | 1456 claimed title on accession to bishopric | 30 August 1482 | none |
| John of Hornes | James of Hornes | around 1450 | unmarried | 1484 (accession) maintained ownership of Bouillon | 1505 | none |
| Érard de La Marck | Robert I de la Marck | 31 May 1472 | unmarried | 1505 (accession) maintained ownership of Bouillon | 1538 | none |

### House of La Marck, ?–1588

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Death | Spouse |
| | Robert I de La Marck | Jean de La Marck | 1430 | 15 June 1446 | appointed chatelaine of Bouillon | February 1487 | Jeanne de Marley |
| | Robert II de la Marck | Robert I | 1465 | 25 December 1490 | claimed title of Duke, 1492 | March 1536 | Catherine de Croÿ |
| | Robert Fleuranges de La Marck | Robert II | 1491 | 1 April 1510 | claimed title of Duke, 1536 | 21 December 1537 | Guillemette of Saarbrücken, Countess of Braine |
| | Robert IV de La Marck | Robert Fleuranges | 5 January 1512 | 1 March 1539 | confirmed in title by Henry II of France | 15 February 1556 | Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulevrier |
| | Henri Robert de La Marck | Robert IV | 7 February 1540 | 7 Feb 1558 | 15 February 1556 father's death | 2 December 1574 | Françoise de Bourbon |
| | Charlotte de La Marck suo jure | Henri Robert | 5 November 1574 | 19 May 1594 | 2 December 1574 father's death | 15 May 1594 | Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne |
| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Death | Spouse |

### House of La Tour d'Auvergne, 1588–1802

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Ceased to be duke | Death | Spouse |
| | Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne | François de La Tour d'Auvergne | 28 September 1555 | 19 November 1591 | 15 May 1594 first wife's death | 25 March 1623 | 25 March 1623 | Charlotte de La Marck |
| | Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne | François de La Tour d'Auvergne | 28 September 1555 | 15 April 1595 | 15 May 1594 first wife's death | 25 March 1623 | 25 March 1623 | Elisabeth of Nassau |
| | Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne | Henri | 22 October 1605 | 2 January 1634 | 25 March 1623 father's death | 9 August 1652 | 9 August 1652 | Eleonora Catharina Febronis van den Bergh |
| | Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne | Frédéric Maurice | 21 June 1636 | 19 April 1662 | 9 August 1652 father's death | 26 July 1721 | 26 July 1721 | Marie Anne Mancini |
| | Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne | Godefroy Maurice | 1668 | 1 February 1696 | 26 July 1721 father's death | 17 April 1730 | 17 April 1730 | Marie Armande Victoire de La Trémoille |
| | Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne | Godefroy Maurice | 1668 | 4 January 1718 | 26 July 1721 father's death | 17 April 1730 | 17 April 1730 | Louise Françoise Angélique Le Tellier |
| | Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne | Godefroy Maurice | 1668 | 21 March 1725 | 26 July 1721 father's death | 17 April 1730 | 17 April 1730 | Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine |
| | Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne | Emmanuel Théodose | 16 July 1706 | 2 April 1724 | 17 April 1730 father's death | 24 October 1771 | 24 October 1771 | Maria Karolina Sobieska |
| | Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne | Charles Godefroy | 26 January 1728 | 27 November 1743 | 24 October 1771 father's death | 3 December 1792 | 3 December 1792 | Louise de Lorraine |
| | Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne | Charles Godefroy | 26 January 1728 | 14 May 1789 | 24 October 1771 father's death | 3 December 1792 | 3 December 1792 | Marie Françoise Henriette de Banastre |
| | Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne | Godefroy | 15 January 1746 | 17 July 1766 | 3 December 1792 father's death | 1794 Bouillon absorbed into the French First Republic | 7 February 1802 | Hedwig of Hesse-Rotenburg |
| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Ceased to be duke | Death | Spouse |

### House of Rohan, 1816–1975

In 1816, the Congress of Vienna restored the title of "Duke of Bouillon", giving it to Charles Alain Gabriel de Rohan, grandson of Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, who was the daughter of the former duke Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne. In 1918 Austria became a republic so the ducal titles ceased to exist.
| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Death | Wife |
| | Charles Alain Gabriel | Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné (Rohan) | 18 January 1764 | 29 May 1781 | 1816 accession | 24 April 1836 | Louise Aglae de Conflans d'Armentieres |
| | Louis Victor Mériadec | Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné (Rohan) | 1766 | | 24 April 1836 accession | 1841 | Berthe de Rohan |
| | Camille Philippe Joseph Idesbald | Charles-Louis-Gaspard de Rohan-Rochefort Adopted by Louis Victor Mériadec | 19 December 1801 | 28 May 1826 | 1846 accession | 13 September 1892 | Adelheid zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg |
| | Alain Benjamin Arthur | Arthur de Rohan (1826–1885), son of Camille Philippe | 8 January 1853 | 10 October 1885 | 13 September 1892 accession | 24 February 1914 | Johanna of Auersperg |
| | Alain Anton Joseph Adolf Ignaz Maria | Alain Benjamin Arthur | 26 Jul 1893 | 29 September 1921 | 24 February 1914 | 17 March 1975 | Margarethe von Schönburg-Hartenstein |
| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became duke | Death | Wife |