OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fritz Platten

Fritz Platten (8 July 1883 – 22 April 1942) was a Swiss communist politician and one of the founders of the Communist International.

## Early life

Platten was born in the village of Tablat, now part of St. Gallen, on 8 July 1883, to an Old Catholic family. He was the son of Maria Strässle and Peter Platten, a German carpenter and innkeeper. Having moved to Zürich in 1892, he worked as an apprentice locksmith from 1898 to 1902. After working various jobs, Platten took part in the First Russian Revolution in Riga, in 1906, for which he was jailed until escaping to Switzerland in 1908.

## Career

Platten began his political career as a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, of which he was secretary between 1915 and 1919. In the 1917 federal election he was elected as a member of the National Council for the canton of Zürich, where he served until 1923. In 1921, along with other dissidents from the left-wing of the Social Democrats, Platten was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of Switzerland.
After the collapse of the Second International, Platten joined the Zimmerwald Movement.
Fritz Platten is mostly known for having been the main organizer of Lenin’s return trip from exile in Switzerland back home to Russia after the February Revolution. Due to the First World War, the trip was not easily arranged, but Lenin and his company traveled through Germany in a sealed train car. They then took the ferry to Sweden and were greeted in Stockholm by the Swedish communist leaders Otto Grimlund, Ture Nerman, Carl Lindhagen and Fredrik Ström, who together with Platten had helped plan the trip. The train journey then continued through northern Sweden and Finland back to Russia and St Petersburg.
Platten participated in the foundation of the Communist International, and, as a representative of the Swiss Communist Party, spent much time in the Soviet Union.
Platten was present when Lenin’s car was attacked in Petrograd on 14 January 1918 (1 January O.S.). The two were riding in the back of the car after having given a public speech at Mikhailovsky Manege. When the shooting started "Platten grabbed Lenin by the head and pushed him down. ... Platten’s hand was covered in blood, having been grazed by a bullet as he was shielding Lenin."

## Death

Platten became a victim of the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. He was arrested in 1938 and moved to a prison camp near Nyandoma in 1939, where he was shot on 22 April 1942. He was rehabilitated in 1956.

## Personal life

Platten was married to Berthe Zimmermann (1902-1937), also from Switzerland. In 1935, she was a top functionary for the OMS in Moscow as head of the courier section at the headquarters of the OMS or International Liaison Department, the most secret section of the Comintern.
# Barrow Burn Meadows

Barrow Burn Meadows is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in north Northumberland, England. The site is a species-rich hay meadow of a sort now rare in Northumberland.

## Location and natural features

Barrow Burn Meadows are two fields 5.4 hectares (13 acres) in area in the north-east of England in the county of Northumberland, some 2.7 miles (4.3 km) south of the Anglo-Scottish border and 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north-west of the village of Alwinton. The meadows are on the south-west facing slope of a hill on the north bank of the upper River Coquet, rising from 250 metres (820 ft) to 280 metres (920 ft) above sea level. The surrounding terrain is hilly moorland.
The meadows are judged to be species-rich in comparison with fields managed using contemporary farming methods involving the use of artificial fertilisers and reseeding. Aules Hill Meadows in the south-west and Barrow Meadow in the north of the county are similarly protected hay meadows.

## Vegetation

Barrow Burn Meadows is a northern hay meadow characterised by the presence of a rich diversity of grasses, and an abundance of herbs. Species found at the site include sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), crested dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus), red fescue (Festuca rubra) with tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), creeping bent (Agrostis stolonifera), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), yellow oat-grass (Trisetum flavescens) and wood crane's-bill (Geranium sylvaticum). Herb species include pignut (Conopodium majus), bitter vetch (Lathyrus montanus), meadow vetchling (L. pratensis), rough and autumn hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus) and (L. autumnalis), cat's-ear (Hypochoeris radicata), selfheal (Prunella vulgaris), common bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), yellow rattle (Rhinanthus minor), changing forget-me-not (Myosotis discolor), common knapweed (Centaurea nigra) and oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare).
The southern of the two fields provides a habitat for smooth, hairy and intermediate lady's mantle (Alchemilla glabra, A. filicaulis and A. xanthochlora), whilst the northern field supports eyebright (Euphrasia agg.), quaking grass (Briza media) and melancholy thistle (Cirsium helenioides).
A poorly drained section of the northern field supports compact rush (Juncus conglomeratus) and several sedges including glaucous sedge (Carex flacca), common sedge (C. nigra), oval sedge (C. leporina) and pale sedge (C. pallescens), with marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), meadowsweet, greater bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus uliginosus) and common spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii).
The condition of one of the units of Barrow Burn Meadows was judged to be favourable in 2012; a second was judged in 2014 to be unfavourable-recovering, with concerns expressed about the observed herb to grass ratio.

## Land ownership

Part of the land area designated as Barrow Burn Meadows SSSI is owned by the Ministry of Defence.
# Epi tes katastaseos

The epi tes katastaseos (Greek: ἐπὶ τῆς καταστάσεως) was a court office of the Byzantine Empire, attested in the 9th–10th centuries.
The origin and exact nature of the office are unclear. J. B. Bury translated the title as "master of ceremonies" since katastasis may be interpreted as "order", and derived its origin from the late Roman comes dispositionum, the head of the scrinium dispositionum, a department under the authority of the magister officiorum. George Ostrogorsky and Ernst Stein on the other hand pointed out that the scrinium dispositionum ceases to be mentioned after 534, and suggested that the epi tes katastaseos was a descendant of the comes admissionum, attested from the time of Justinian I (reigned 527–565) on.
The mid-9th century Taktikon Uspensky is ambiguous as to its role, placing the office first among the civil officials (between the protonotarios tou dromou and the archon tou armamentou) and then among the lower-ranking courtiers. The Kletorologion of 899 records the office as one of the "special dignities" (eidikai axiai), and records that his staff comprised the orders (taxeis) of hypatoi, vestitores, silentiarioi, the apo eparchontes, and the synkletikoi ("senators",which Bury suggests might be emended to stratelatai), although most of them were ranks of dignitaries rather than court functionaries. The De Ceremoniis, compiled in the later 10th century, on the other hand, places the office firmly among the court officials, usually in conjunction with the silentiarioi.
# USNS Cumberland (T-AO-153)

The SS Fort Cumberland was one of the nearly 500 Type T2-SE-A1 tankers ordered by the Maritime Commission during World War II. She was named for the city of Cumberland, Maryland while her predecessors were named for the river. After the war she was sold to Standard Oil of New Jersey and sailed under the name Esso Cumberland.
In 1956 with the Suez crisis Esso Cumberland was acquired by the Navy and assigned to the Military Sealift Command as USNS Cumberland (T-AO-153).
In 1966, Cumberland was converted by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company to a floating electric power supply ship for use in South Vietnam by the United States Army. Stationed at Qui Nhon, South Vietnam her main machinery generated electricity which was transmitted, via power cables, ashore to sub-stations. Later she was moved to Cam Ranh Bay.
Cumberland was sold to Kaohsiung shipbreakers in February 1972.
# Danish Prison Federation

The Danish Prison Federation (Danish: Fængselsforbundet i Danmark) is a trade union representing workers in the Prison and Probation Service in Denmark, Greenland and the Faeroe Islands.
The union was founded in December 1913 with the merger of local unions representing prison staff in Vridsløselille, Horsens and Nyborg. By 1954, the union was affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), and had 1,740 members. From 1942 to 1963, it was led by A. C. Petersen, who for the first time brought probation staff into the union.
As of 2018, the union had 2,807 members. Since 2019, it has been affiliated to LO's successor, the Danish Trade Union Confederation.
# PLANETS telescope

The PLANETS telescope (Polarized Light from Atmospheres of Nearby ExtraTerrestrial Systems) is a precursor and technology demonstrator for the Colossus Telescope. It is a single off-axis 1.85 meter telescope, currently under development with 2.6m USD already invested, funded by Tohoku University (Japan), the Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii), the Kiepenheuer Institute (Germany), and National Autonomous University of Mexico. First light was expected in January 2018, and the telescope's proposed location was Haleakalā, a 3000m (10,000ft) volcano on the island of Maui, Hawaii.
# Eventyrfjelde

Eventyrfjelde is a group of nunataks in Queen Louise Land, NE Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.

## History

They were named "Fairy Tale Mountains" (Danish: Eventyrfjelde) by the 1952–54 British North Greenland expedition after the fact that the area where they lie remained obscure and mysterious. Thus, anything that could be said about it was likely to be a fairy tale (Danish: eventyr). The expedition had carried out a very detailed survey of the northern part of Queen Louise Land, but left the southern end practically unexplored.
In May-June 2007 an expedition led by Russ Hore with Gerwyn Lloyd and Tim Radford climbed some of the peaks and to a number of them they gave Welsh names. Also some nunataks in Carlsbergfondet Land to the northwest were climbed.

## Geography

The Evertyrfjelde are located at the southern end of Queen Louise Land, to the south of the A.B. Drachmann Glacier. To the east flows the L. Bistrup Brae glacier and to the west lies the vast, empty Greenland ice sheet.
The highest peak in the nunatak group is 2,000-metre-high (6,562 ft) high. This mountain is marked as a 6,700-foot-high (2,042 m) peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts.
* Queen Louise Land and neighbouring areas (annotated).
# Etilefrine pivalate

Etilefrine pivalate INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name K-30052) is a sympathomimetic agent which was never marketed. It is the 3-pivalate ester of etilefrine (ethylnorphenylephrine) and has much greater lipophilicity than etilefrine. Some related compounds include pivenfrine (phenylephrine pivalate) and dipivefrine (epinephrine dipivalate), which were developed as mydriatic agents.
# Al-Ya'abr

Al-Ya'abr (Arabic: اليعابر) is a sub-district located in Manakhah District, Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. Al-Ya'abr had a population of 1087 according to the 2004 census.
# Nicaragua at the 2016 Summer Olympics

Nicaragua competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, with the exception of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul because of its partial support to the North Korean boycott.
Nicaragua Olympic Committee (Spanish: Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense) sent the nation's smallest delegation to the Games since 2004. A total of five athletes, three men and two women, were selected to the Nicaraguan team across four different sports. Majority of Nicaraguan athletes made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, except for butterfly swimmer Dalia Torrez Zamora, who attended her third Games as the oldest (aged 26) and most experienced competitor. Meanwhile, air pistol shooter Rafael Lacayo, the youngest of the team (aged 17), led the delegation as the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. Nicaragua, however, has yet to win its first ever Olympic medal.

## Athletics

Nicaraguan athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

### Key

* Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

### Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Erick Rodríguez | Men's 1500 m | 4:00.30 | 15 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

## Shooting

Nicaragua has received an invitation from the Tripartite Commission to send a men's pistol shooter to the Olympics.
| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Rafael Lacayo | Men's 10 m air pistol | 569 | 39 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
Qualification Legend: Q = Qualify for the next round; q = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)

## Swimming

Nicaragua has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.
| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Miguel Mena | Men's 100 m freestyle | 53.40 | 55 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Dalia Torrez Zamora | Women's 100 m butterfly | 1:05.81 | 39 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

## Weightlifting

Nicaragua has received an invitation from the Tripartite Commission to send Scarleth Mercado in the women's featherweight category (53 kg) to the Olympics.
| Athlete | Event | Snatch | Snatch | Clean & Jerk | Clean & Jerk | Total | Rank |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Total | Rank |
| Scarleth Mercado | Women's −53 kg | 66 | 11 | 89 | 10 | 155 | 10 |
# Immaculate Conception Seminary School of Theology

The Immaculate Conception Seminary School of Theology (ICSST) is the major seminary for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark and is part of Seton Hall University, a Roman Catholic university located in South Orange, New Jersey.

## History

ICSST is one of the oldest Catholic seminaries in the United States. Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the country. ICSST admits lay persons, as well as seminarians, as students. In addition to a Seminary Formation Program to prepare men for priesthood, ICSST has a renowned graduate program offering the following degrees:
* Master of Arts in Theology (MA)
* Master of Arts in Pastoral Ministry (MAPM)
* Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
The school attracts students from all over the world and in 2006 created a bachelor's degree program in Catholic Theology.

## Notable alumni

* Michael Angelo Saltarelli, former Bishop of Wilmington
* Peter Baldacchino, an Auxiliary Bishop of Miami
* John P. Washington, one of the Four Chaplains, who died in World War II
# Caio Prado Júnior

Caio da Silva Prado Júnior (February 11, 1907 – November 23, 1990) was a Brazilian historian, geographer, writer, philosopher and politician. His works inaugurated a new historiographic tradition in Brazil, identified with Marxism, which led to new interpretations of the Brazilian colonial society.

## Biography

Caio Prado graduated with a degree in law from Faculdade do Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo in 1928, where he would later become a Professor of Political Economy. He was politically active during the 1930s and 1940s, including during the 1930 Revolution. In 1933, he published his first work - Evolução Política do Brasil (Political Evolution of Brazil) - an attempt to understand the country's political and social history. In 1934 he took part in the foundation of Brazilian Geographers Association.
After a trip to the Soviet Union, at the time under Stalin's dictatorship, he published URSS - um novo mundo (Soviet Union - a New World), which was banned by Getúlio Vargas' government's censorship. He then joined the Aliança Nacional Libertadora which he chaired in São Paulo.
In 1942 he published the classic Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo - Colônia (Formation of Contemporary Brazil - Colony), which should have been the first part of a work on Brazilian historic evolution. However, the following volumes were never written. In 1945 he was elected deputado estadual for the Brazilian Communist Party. He published the newspaper A Platéia and, in 1943, with Arthur Neves and Monteiro Lobato, he founded Editora Brasiliense (Brasiliense Publishing House), for which, later, he published Revista Brasiliense, between 1956 and 1964. After 1964, he was persecuted by the military dictatorship.
In 1966 he was elected Intellectual of the Year by the União Brasileira de Escritores, following the publication of A revolução brasileira (Brazilian Revolution).

## Works

The most important works of Caio Prado Junior are:
* 1933: Evolução política do Brasil
* 1934: URSS - um novo mundo
* 1942: Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo (translated as The colonial background of modern Brazil Berkeley : University of California Press, 1967)
* 1945: História Econômica do Brasil Access here
* 1952: Dialética do Conhecimento
* 1953: Evolução Política do Brasil e Outros Estudos
* 1954: Diretrizes para uma Política Econômica Brasileira
* 1957: Esboço de Fundamentos da Teoria Econômica
* 1959: Introdução à Lógica Dialética (Notas Introdutórias)
* 1962: O Mundo do Socialismo
* 1966: A Revolução Brasileira
* 1971: Estruturalismo de Lévi-Strauss - O Marxismo de Louis Althusser
* 1972: História e Desenvolvimento
* 1979: A Questão Agrária no Brasil
* 1980: O que é Liberdade
* 1981: O que é Filosofia
* 1983: A Cidade de São Paulo
# Bjarni Thorsteinsson

Bjarni Thorsteinsson (14 October 1861 – 1938) was an Icelandic priest, church musician and composer, best known as an important collector, transcriber and publisher of folk songs.

## Publications

* Bjarni Þorsteinsson, Sálmasöngbók
# Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

University of Silesia Press (Polish: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego) was founded in 1968 as the Publishing Department of the University of Silesia, concurrently with the foundation of the University of Silesia in Katowice. On 1 September 1975 it was transformed into a full fledged publishing house.

## Overview

University of Silesia Press publishes academic works in all of the disciplines of scholarship and science represented by the academic faculty of the University of Silesia in Katowice. The USP publications include peer-refereed monographs, collective volumes as well as periodicals. Since 2013, all of the USP print publications are simultaneously made available as e-books. The USP book series and periodicals, a significant number of which feature in the evaluation lists of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and are indexed in Polish and international repositories and databases (such as Central and Eastern European Online Library, CEJSH, BazHum, ERIH PLUS, and others). The USP journals are made available to the reading public as open access periodicals (the so called "gold path") in accordance with the recommendation of the European Commission of 17 July 2012 on access to and preservation of scientific information. A part of the overall body of the USP publications are habilitationschrifts (i.e. "tenure books") as well as doctoral dissertations recommended by the Ph.D. committees at the University of Silesia in Katowice.
A separate field of the USP publishing activity are coursebooks and teaching materials for students, including students of extramural programs and students of Polish as a foreign language.
The publications of the University of Silesia Press have received numerous awards and honorary mentions; among Authors publishing with the USP there are leading experts in a variety of areas of research.
On average, the annual production of the University of Silesia Press amounts to 150-170 titles, with the total volume of ca. 2700 printed sheets per year.
Since February 2017, the University of Silesia Press is led by Beata Klyta, serving as its acting director.
# Chondritic uniform reservoir

The Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) is a scientific model in astrophysics and geochemistry for the mean chemical composition of the part of the Solar Nebula from which, during the formation of the Solar System, chondrites formed. This hypothetical chemical reservoir is thought to have been similar in composition to the current photosphere of the Sun.
When the Sun formed from its protostar, around 4.56 billion years ago, the solar wind caused outward dispersal of gas particles from the central part of the Solar Nebula. In this way, most lighter volatiles (e.g. hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide), that had not yet condensed in the inner, warmer regions of the nebula, were lost. This fractionation process caused the terrestrial planets and asteroid belt to become relatively enriched in heavy elements, with respect to the composition of the Sun and the Jovian gas planets.
Certain type of meteorites, CI-chondrites, have chemical compositions that are almost identical to the solar photosphere, except for the abundances of volatiles. Because the Sun contains 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System, chondrites are considered proxies for the composition of the early solar nebula (with the exception of volatile loss), and are therefore representative of the material from which the terrestrial planets, including the Earth, were formed.
# France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987

France was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1987 with the song "Les mots d'amour n'ont pas de dimanche", composed by Marc Minier, with lyrics by Gérard Curci, and performed by Christine Minier. The French participating broadcaster, Antenne 2, selected its entry via a national final, which would prove to be the last French national final until 1999. At the time of her participation, Minier was not a professional singer, nor did she subsequently launch a professional career.

## Before Eurovision
### National final

Antenne 2 held the national final on 4 April 1987, hosted by Marie-Ange Nardi and Patrick Simpson. Ten songs took part with the winner chosen by a panel of television viewers who were telephoned and asked to vote on the songs.
| Draw | Artist | Song | Points | Place |
| 1 | Jacques Payan | "Vivre libre" | 74 | 7 |
| 2 | Pascale Fontenel | "Bonheur ordinateur" | 28 | 10 |
| 3 | Isabelle Gautier | "Ciné-climat" | 29 | 9 |
| 4 | Patrick Alès | "À tout vent" | 137 | 3 |
| 5 | Cathy Solo | "Manolito" | 58 | 8 |
| 6 | Christine Minier | "Les mots d'amour n'ont pas de dimanche" | 163 | 1 |
| 7 | Pascal Tafuri | "Délit de fuite" | 110 | 6 |
| 8 | Marilyne and Marina | "Marilyne et Marina" | 150 | 2 |
| 9 | Joël Barret | "La clef du temps" | 126 | 5 |
| 10 | Damien Natangelo | "Vivre pour aimer" | 127 | 4 |

## At Eurovision

On the evening of the final Minier performed 15th in the running order, following the United Kingdom and preceding Germany. At the close of voting "Les mots d'amour n'ont pas de dimanche" had received 44 points, placing France 14th of the 22 entries. The French jury awarded its 12 points to the Netherlands.