OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# State Protocol and Ceremonials of Ukraine

State Protocol and Ceremonials Service is a standalone entity in the Office of the President of Ukraine.
The former unit in the Office of the President of Ukraine (until November 4, 2020) was known as the Department for State Protocol and Ceremonies.

## Status

The State Protocol and Ceremonials Service draws up and submits proposals as regards planning and holding protocol, ceremonial and other events of the president of Ukraine, foreign visits and working trips of the head of state within Ukraine. The service is responsible for arranging and coordinating visits to Ukraine of heads of foreign states, governments, international organizations and other foreign dignitaries who arrive in Ukraine at the invitation of the president of Ukraine.
The service ensures observance of protocol rules, norms, customs and traditions when other protocol services conduct events in Ukraine on central, regional and local levels and provides professional assistance and advice if opportune.

## Mission and objectives

The State Protocol and Ceremonials works to form favorable conditions for reaching substantive results as an outcome of bilateral and multilateral engagements at the highest level. Another mission is to represent Ukrainian historic legacy and cultural heritage by diplomatic means of intercultural exchange to ensure mutual understanding between countries and peoples.

## Senior management

The director of state protocol and ceremonials is appointed and dismissed by the chief of staff of the Office of the President of Ukraine. Yaroslav Melnyk held the position from September 10, 2014, until September 21, 2020.
Senior management consists of director, first deputy director and deputy director.
State Protocol and Ceremonials of Ukraine is made up of:
* Division for International Engagements
* Division of State Ceremonials
* Division of National Events and Official Correspondence
As of November 2021 Ruslan Kurochenko is a director of state protocol and ceremonials service. Coordination is exercised by deputy head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Ihor Brusylo.

## Location

The State Protocol and Ceremonials of Ukraine is located in a unique architectural landmark "House with Chimaeras" (Mansion of Architect Władysław Horodecki in 10, Bankova Street). This is the State Residence to host international official and other ceremonies of the president of Ukraine (meetings, receptions, ceremonies, negotiations, presentation of credentials, press conferences etc.).
The Hall of Credentials, Hall for Signing Ceremonies, small conference room, grand conference room, dining room, grand dining room, guest room, private room decorated in light blue shades with Chinese motives also known as "Chinese" room and “Tet-a-Tet” room are some of the premises in the Horodetski Mansion.

## Gallery

* Dining room
* Stucco molding on the central stairs
* Small conference room
* Interior design
# Fern Lake Trail

The Fern Lake Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, runs 4.8 miles (7.7 km) from Moraine Park in the eastern part of the park westward to Fern Lake, the first portion of the trail following the course of the Big Thompson River. The trail was first informally established in the late 1880s as a way to get to "The Pool," a wide spot in the Big Thompson where a small lodge predated the 1915 establishment of the park. The trail was improved by the Estes Park Protective and Improvement Association between 1907 and 1912, with a new bridge at The Pool. Two years later the trail was rebuilt to maintain no more than a 10% grade and to provide better access to Fern and Marguerite Falls. In the 1920s Fern Lake became a popular winter destination for skiing, complete with a lodge. From 1933 the trail was rebuilt over three years with Civilian Conservation Corps labor, building retaining walls and adjusting the trail's alignment.
The Forest Inn at The Pool closed in 1951, and Fern Lake Lodge closed in 1960. Folksinger Judy Collins and her then-husband Peter Taylor ran the lodge in the summer of 1958, welcoming hikers a respite from the trail. It was demolished by the Park Service in 1968 as they eliminated concessions within the park. The trail is notable for its association with early tourism development in the park and for its Civilian Conservation Corps-executed construction. The Fern Lake Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005.
# Franklin Richards

Franklin Richards may refer to:
* Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle) (1821–1899), LDS Church apostle
* Franklin S. Richards (1849–1934), general counsel for the LDS Church in the late 19th century
* Franklin D. Richards (Mormon seventy) (1900–1987), former head of the U.S. Federal Housing Administration and a leader in the LDS Church
* Franklin Richards (character), fictional Marvel Comics character, son of Reed Richards and Susan Storm
# Marcus Junius Pennus (consul)

Marcus Junius Pennus was a Roman politician in the second century BC.

## Family

He was a member of the gens Junia. His father of the same name served as aedile in 205 BC. His son, also named Marcus Junius Pennus, was tribune of the plebs in 126 BC.

## Career

In 172 BC, Pennus served as praetor, administering the province of Hispania Citerior. In 167 BC, he was elected consul together with Quintus Aelius Paetus as his colleague. Whilst Paetus led a war against the Ligurians, Pennus consulted the Senate about sending ambassadors to Rhodes.
# Steve McArthur

Stephen James "Steve" McArthur (born 17 November 1951) is a former Australian politician. He was the Liberal member for Monbulk in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2002.
McArthur was born in Mildura to Harold Alexander and Gloria McArthur. He graduated from Ballarat Church of England Grammar School in 1969, and became a farmer. On 7 November 1980 he married Sophie Wajsman. His son, Jacob Wajsman McArthur, was born 14 April 1982. In 1990 he began to be active in the Liberal Party, and in 1992 he was selected as the Liberal candidate for the state seat of Monbulk.
McArthur was elected to Monbulk, defeating Labor MP Neil Pope, and although he did not attain ministerial office during the Kennett Government, he was promoted to the front bench after Kennett's defeat in 1999 and became Shadow Minister for Water Resources and Manager of Opposition Business. In 2000 he was also given the Agriculture portfolio, but in 2002 he was defeated by James Merlino of the Australian Labor Party.
# List of elections in 1983

The following elections occurred in the year 1983.

## Africa

* 1983 Cameroonian parliamentary election
* 1983 Equatorial Guinean legislative election
* 1983 Kenyan general election
* 1983 Malagasy parliamentary election
* 1983 Malawian general election
* 1983 Mauritian general election
* 1983 Nigerian parliamentary election
* 1983 Nigerian presidential election
* 1983 Rwandan parliamentary election
* 1983 Rwandan presidential election
* 1983 Senegalese general election
* 1983 Seychellois parliamentary election
* 1983 Swazi parliamentary election
* 1983 Zambian general election

## Asia

* 1983 Japanese House of Councillors election
* 1983 Japanese general election
* 1983 Republic of China legislative election
* 1983 Sarawak state election
* 1983 Turkish general election

## Europe

* 1983 Åland legislative election
* 1983 Finnish parliamentary election
* 1983 Icelandic parliamentary election
* 1983 Irish presidential election
* 1983 Italian general election
* 1983 Norwegian local elections
* 1983 Portuguese legislative election
* 1983 Austrian legislative election
* 1983 French municipal elections

### Germany

* 1983 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
* 1983 West German federal election

### Spain

* Elections to the Aragonese Corts, 1983
* Elections to the Corts Valencianes, 1983

### United Kingdom

* 1983 Bermondsey by-election
* 1983 Darlington by-election
* 1983 United Kingdom general election
** List of MPs elected in the 1983 United Kingdom general election
* 1983 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
* 1983 Penrith and The Border by-election

#### United Kingdom local

* 1983 United Kingdom local elections

##### English local

* 1983 Bristol City Council election
* 1983 Manchester Council election
* 1983 Trafford Council election
* 1993 Wiltshire Council election
* 1983 Wolverhampton Council election

## North America
### Canada

* 1983 British Columbia general election
* 1983 Edmonton municipal election
* 1983 Manitoba municipal elections
* 1983 Northwest Territories general election
* 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election
* 1983 Winnipeg municipal election

### Caribbean

* 1983 Jamaican general election

### United States

* 1983 United States gubernatorial elections
* 1983 Louisiana gubernatorial election
* 1983 United States gubernatorial elections
* 1983 Louisiana gubernatorial election

## Oceania

* March 1983 Cook Islands general election
* November 1983 Cook Islands general election
* 1983 Vanuatuan general election

### Australia

* 1983 Australian federal election
* 1983 Bragg state by-election
* 1983 Bruce by-election
* 1983 Moreton by-election
* 1983 Northern Territory general election
* 1983 Queensland state election
* 1983 Wannon by-election
* 1983 Western Australian state election

## South America

* 1983 Argentine general election
* 1983 Venezuelan presidential election
# Gmina Siekierczyn

Gmina Siekierczyn is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Siekierczyn, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Lubań, and 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The gmina covers an area of 49.55 square kilometres (19.1 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,510.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Siekierczyn is bordered by the town of Lubań and the gminas of Lubań, Platerówka, Sulików and Zgorzelec.

## Villages

The gmina contains the villages of Nowa Karczma, Pisaczów, Ponikowo, Rudzica, Siekierczyn, Wesołówka, Wyręba and Zaręba.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Siekierczyn is twinned with:
* Frýdlant, Czech Republic
# State Public Historical Library of Russia

The State Public Historical Library of Russia was founded in 1938 under the Soviet Union as the State Public Historical Library of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic or State Public Historical Library.

## History

The collection and basis of the State Public Historical Library was the private library of a famous Moscow based collector, Alexander Dmitrievich Chertkov who opened up the first public use library in Russia in 1863. The library contained valuable collections of antique and Russian coins, ancient Russian and Egyptian antiquities, painted Etruscan vases and mirrors, natural science collections of minerals, insects, butterflies and herbaria. The collections of this library also became the basis of the State Historical Museum of which it became the library. By March 20, 1938 the museum library had grown and changed significantly so that the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks passed a resolution for the library to merge with the Joint Library of the Institute of Red Professors and a number of other small libraries to form the State Public Historical Library of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
The Library's functions were defined:
* to act as the central historical library of the Russian Federation
* to be a state repository of domestic and foreign historical literature in printed or manuscript form
* to serve as a research institute in historical bibliography and library science.
By 1970 its collection numbered around 3 million items which included over 30,000 rare historical books. It contained a general reading room and three respective research rooms for the topics of the history of the Soviet Government and the Communist Party, general history, and eastern history.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union the library was renamed to the State Public Historical Library of Russia.
Despite the collapse the role of the Historical Library remained relatively unchanged continuing acting as a repository and information center for historical materials. It now has over 4 million books in its collections in over 65 languages.
# Hadzhidimitrovo

Hadzhidimitrovo (or Hadzhi Dimitrovo) is an archaeological site near the city of Jambol in the southeast of Bulgaria where polished stone tools from the Late Neolithic were found.
# Fern Lake Patrol Cabin

The Fern Lake Patrol Cabin in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by National Park Service landscape Daniel Ray Hull and built in 1925. The National Park Service Rustic cabin was used for a time as a ranger station. It was destroyed by the East Troublesome Fire in 2020. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and was delisted in 2022, after being destroyed by the East Troublesome Fire.
# Hans Avé Lallemant

Hans G. Avé Lallemant (2 May 1938 – 14 November 2016) was a Dutch-born American geologist. He was a professor of Earth Sciences at Rice University.

## Career

Avé Lallemant was born on 2 May 1938 in Bengkulu, then in the Dutch East Indies. He completed his university education in the Netherlands, obtaining a BA in geology from Leiden University in 1960, an MA in 1964, and finally his PhD in 1967.
Avé Lallemant then moved to the United States where he was a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University for three years. In 1970 he became an assistant professor at Rice University, four years later he became an associate professor at the same university. Avé Lallemant obtained U.S. citizenship in 1980. In 1981 he became a full professor of Earth Sciences at Rice University. Avé Lallemant retired in 2006.
In the 1970s, he experimentally constrained the high temperature rheology of olivine-rich rocks, with implications for mantle flow. He was an expert on transpressional and transtensional tectonics in the North American Cordillera and in the Caribbean. Based on field observations, he proposed a model for the exhumation of high pressure rocks in subduction zones through transtension.
Avé Lallemant became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987. He died on 14 November 2016, aged 78.
# Nielson-Jones v Fedden

Nielson-Jones v Fedden [1975] Ch 222 is an English land law case, concerning co-ownership of land: specifically whether a settlement agreement between spouses or memorandum, vaguely worded amounted to "words of severance" as effective under section 36(2) Law of Property Act 1925. If so these are words which would render the parties tenants in common in equity.

## Facts

After a breakup in the relationship a memorandum was agreed to grant the husband discretion to sell the house. It said the husband should ‘use his entire discretion and free will’ to decide whether to sell their former matrimonial home in order to purchase a home for himself.

## Judgment

Walton J held this dealt with use of land, not ownership of proceeds of sale, and so severance was not effective. He said the memo was ‘wholly ambiguous’ about ownership. He felt notice must have been made irrevocable, so doubting Re Draper’s Conveyance as doubted in Burgess v Rawnsley [1975] Ch 429. The memo was insufficient to sever the joint tenancy under the Law of Property Act 1925, section 36(2) because it dealt with use and not ownership of the house/sale proceeds. Also, no (firm) agreement could be drawn from the parties’ ongoing negotiations.
# Franc Cvenkelj

Franc Cvenkelj (1 May 1925 – 27 May 1997) was a Slovenian alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics, representing Yugoslavia.
# Star of Sierra Leone

The 968.9-carat (193.78 g) Star of Sierra Leone diamond was discovered by miners on February 14, 1972, in the Diminco alluvial mines in the Koidu area of Sierra Leone. It ranks as the fourth-largest gem-quality diamond and the largest alluvial diamond ever discovered.
On October 3, 1972, Sierra Leone's then-President, Siaka Stevens, announced that Harry Winston, the New York City jeweller, had purchased the Star of Sierra Leone for under $2.5 million.
The stone was initially cut into an emerald shaped stone weighing 143.2 carats (28.64 g) but was later re-cut due to an internal flaw, eventually resulting in 17 separate finished diamonds, of which 13 were deemed to be flawless. The largest single finished gem was a flawless pear-shaped diamond of 53.96 carats (10.792 g). Six of the diamonds cut from the original rough were later set by Harry Winston into the "Star of Sierra Leone" brooch.
A rare characteristic of the stone is its perfect chemical purity: it is ranked as a type IIa diamond, a category which includes less than 1% of all diamonds.
# Spiritual exercises

Spiritual exercises may refer to:
* Any spiritual practice dedicated towards increasing one's personal spiritual capacity
* Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, a book of spiritual practices of the Roman Catholic Jesuit order
# Global protests

Global protests may refer to:

## Specific-focus global protests
### Anti-war

* Protests against the Iraq War that started in 2002, including:
** 15 February 2003 anti-war protests of 6–10 million people in 600 cities in 60 countries
* International protests over the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, from 11 May to 20 May.
* Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, starting in February 2022

### Pro-climate

* School strike for the climate, on 15 March and 24 May 2019 in 100–125 countries
* September 2019 climate strikes on 20 and 27 September 2019 by 4–8 million people in 150 countries
# François Laurent

François Laurent (8 July 1810 – 11 February 1887) was a Belgian historian and jurisconsult.

## Life and works

He was born in Luxembourg City. He held a high appointment in the ministry of justice for some time before he became professor of civil law at the university of Ghent in 1836. His advocacy of liberal and anti-clerical principles both from his chair and in the press made him bitter enemies, but he retained his position until his death in 1887.
He treated the relations of church and state in L'Églisé et l'État (Brussels, 3 vols., 1858-1862; new and revised edition, 1865), and the same subject occupied a large proportion of the eighteen volumes of his chief historical work, Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité (Ghent and Brussels, 1855-1870), which aroused considerable interest beyond the boundaries of Belgium.
His fame as a lawyer rests on his authoritative exposition of the Code Napoleon in his Principes de droit civil français (Brussels, 33 vols., 1869-1878), and his Le droit civil international (Brussels, 8 vols., 1880-1881).
He was charged in 1879 by the minister of justice with the preparation of a report on the proposed revision of the civil code. Besides his anti-clerical pamphlets, his minor writings include much discussion of social questions, of the organization of savings banks, asylums, &c. Laurent had much in common with Gustave Callier, whose funeral in 1863 was made the occasion of a display of clerical intolerance, and he founded the Societé Callier for the encouragement of thrift among the working classes. The efforts of the society were directed to the continuation of Callier's philanthropic schemes.
For a complete list of his works, see Auguste de Koninck, Bibliographie nationale : dictionnaire des écrivains belges et catalogue de leurs publications 1830 - 1880 (Brussels, vol. ii., 1892).
# Squash at the 2023 Pan American Games – Qualification

The following are the qualification system and qualified countries for the Squash at the 2023 Pan American Games competition in Santiago, Chile.

## Qualification system

A total of 50 squash athletes (25 men and 25 women) will qualify to compete. Each nation may enter a maximum of 6 athletes (three per gender), except for the NOCs that have qualified in Cali 2021. The host nation, Chile automatically qualified the maximum team size. Other seven men's and women's teams (of three athletes) will qualify through different qualification tournaments.

## Qualification timeline

| Event | Date | Venue |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | November 26 – December 1, 2021 | Cali |
| 2022 South American Games | October 1–15, 2022 | Asuncion |
| 2023 Pan American Squash Championships | 29 May – 4 June | Cartagena de Indias |

## Qualification summary

A total of ten countries qualified athletes.
| Nation | Men | Men | Men | Women | Women | Women | Mixed | Total |
| Nation | Individual | Doubles | Team | Individual | Doubles | Team | Doubles | Athletes |
| Argentina | 2 | 1 | X | | | | | 3 |
| Barbados | | | | 2 | 1 | X | | 3 |
| Canada | 2 | 1 | X | 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 6 |
| Chile | 2 | 1 | X | 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 6 |
| Colombia | 2 | 1 | X | 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 6 |
| Ecuador | | | | 2 | 1 | X | | 3 |
| Guatemala | 2 | 1 | X | 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 6 |
| Mexico | 3 | 1 | X | 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 7 |
| Peru | 2 | 1 | X | | | | | 3 |
| United States | 2 | 1 | X | 3 | 1 | X | 1 | 7 |
| Total: 10 NOCs | 17 | 8 | 8 | 17 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 50 |

## Men

| Event | Criterion | Qualified | Athletes per NOC | Total |
| Host nation | — | Chile | 3 | 3 |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | Gold medalist | Mexico | 1 | 1 |
| 2022 South American Games | Gold medalists | Argentina | 3 | 3 |
| 2023 Pan American Squash Championships | Top 6 not qualified | Colombia Peru United States Mexico Canada Guatemala | 3 | 18 |
| TOTAL | | | | 25 |

## Women

| Event | Criterion | Qualified | Athletes per NOC | Total |
| Host nation | — | Chile | 3 | 3 |
| 2021 Junior Pan American Games | Gold medalist | United States | 1 | 1 |
| 2022 South American Games | Gold medalists | Colombia | 3 | 3 |
| 2023 Pan American Squash Championships | Top 6 not qualified | United States Canada Barbados Mexico Ecuador Guatemala | 3 | 18 |
| TOTAL | | | | 25 |
# Frank Watson (Bahamas politician)

Frank Howard Watson (born 24 March 1940) is a Bahamian civil servant and politician from Free National Movement.

## Early life

The son of William and Olga (née Major) Watson, Watson was born in Long Island, Bahamas. Watson attended Government High School before joining the Customs Department.
He served as Deputy Comptroller of Customs from 1969 to 1977.

## Political career

In 1977 and 1982, he ran for election in the Carmichael Constituency. He was elected to office in 1982 and reelected in 1987. In 1992, he was elected as a member of Parliament of the Bahamas for Adelaide.
Watson served in a number of cabinet posts. He was appointed Minister of Public Affairs and Public Enterprise from 1997 to 2002. He was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1992 to 2002. He was succeeded by Cynthia Pratt.
# Spiritual left

Spiritual left refers to a spiritually or religiously based position that shares the social transformative vision of the political left and its commitment to social justice, peace, economic equality, and (in recent years) ecological consciousness, but who base their commitment on spiritual or religious traditions.
Two present-day examples of spiritual leftism are Jim Wallis, editor of Sojourners magazine, who finds a call for peace and for the elimination of poverty in the Christian Gospel and Rabbi Michael Lerner, editor of Tikkun magazine, calling for a "New Bottom Line" where productivity, efficiency and rationality would be judged not only in material terms, but also in terms of love, generosity, peace, social justice, ecological sanity and awe and wonder at the grandeur of the universe.
# Glenea matangensis

Glenea matangensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1911. It is known from Borneo, Malaysia and Brunei. It contains the variety Glenea matangensis var. rufimembris.