OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Israel Halperin

Israel Halperin CM FRSC (January 5, 1911 – March 8, 2007) was a Canadian mathematician and social activist.

## Early life and education

Israel Halperin was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants Solomon Halperin and Fanny Lundy. Halperin attended Malvern Collegiate Institute, Victoria University in the University of Toronto, graduated from the University of Toronto in 1932, and later was a graduate student of John von Neumann at Princeton University, where he received his doctorate in mathematics.

## Early career

After completing his doctorate in mathematics at Princeton, Halperin took a faculty position at Queen's University beginning in 1939. Halperin enlisted with the Canadian Army in 1942, serving until 1945 in Ottawa. Under the Royal Canadian Artillery, Halperin assisted with the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (CARDE). He then returned to Queen's.

## Arrest and release

In February 1946, Halperin was arrested and accused of espionage in Canada, in connection with the defection of Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet cipher clerk, which occurred in Ottawa in September 1945. Gouzenko's defection and subsequent investigation showed that the Soviet Union was carrying on large-scale spying in Canada and the United States, including nuclear weapons espionage.
After some arduous questioning and confinement lasting several weeks, under a Royal Commission appointed by Justice Minister Louis St-Laurent, followed by a trial in early 1947, Halperin was eventually cleared and freed. He resumed teaching at Queen's, but not until 1948, following more legal hurdles which were raised by Queen's University leadership. Queen's Principal Robert Charles Wallace advocated his return.

## Later career

Following von Neumann's death in 1957, Halperin completed two of his unfinished papers, leaving them under von Neumann's name alone.
Halperin taught at Queen's until 1966, earning tenure as a full professor. He then moved to the University of Toronto until his retirement in 1976, by which time he had authored more than 100 academic papers.
In 1980, the Israel Halperin Prize was set up by the Canadian Annual Symposium on Operator Theory and Operator Algebras to be awarded to a member of the Canadian mathematical community who has recently obtained a doctorate and has made contributions to operator theory or operator algebras, in honor of Halperin.
Halperin was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from Queen's in 1989, and was made a Member of the Order of Canada, both for his humanitarian work.

## Honours

Halperin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1953, and won the Henry Marshall Tory Medal in 1967.

## Personal life

Halperin was the father of four children, all of whom went on to become professors: William Halperin, Connie Eaves, Stephen Halperin, and Mary Hannah.
Halperin died in 2007 at age 96.
# Goes (surname)

Goes, de Goes and van der Goes are surnames. They may refer to:
* Albrecht Goes (1908–2000), German writer and Protestant theologian
* Jelle Goes (born 1970), Dutch football manager
* Joaquim Goes, Indian oceanographer
* Luís Goes (1933–2012), Portuguese musician
* Peter Goes (born 1968), Belgian author and illustrator
* Sandry Roberto Santos Goes (born 2002), Brazilian footballer
* Wouter Goes (born 2004), Dutch footballer
* Bento de Goes (1562–1607), Portuguese missionary and explorer
* Eric Batista de Goes (born 1984), Brazilian footballer
* Rodrygo Silva de Goes (born 2001), Brazilian footballer
* Adriaen van der Goes (c. 1505–1560), Dutch grand pensionary
* Freddie van der Goes (1908–1976), South African swimmer
* Hugo van der Goes (c. 1430/1440–1482), Flemish painter
* Louis Napoleon van der Goes van Dirxland (1806–1885), Dutch politician
* Marinus van der Goes van Naters (1900–2005), Dutch nobleman and politician
* Philips van der Goes (1651–1707), Dutch naval officer
* Wouter van der Goes (born 1973), Dutch radio disc jockey
# Borough of Cleethorpes

Cleethorpes was a local government district in Humberside, England from 1974 to 1996. It was granted borough status in 1975. It was formed on 1 April 1974 and covered Cleethorpes itself along with a wider area including Humberston, Laceby, Stallingborough, New Waltham, and Immingham (formerly part of the Grimsby Rural District). Based at Cleethorpes Town Hall, it was abolished on 1 April 1996 (along with Humberside) when it was merged with the borough of Great Grimsby as the new unitary North East Lincolnshire.
# Boys Will Be Boys (Ford book)

Boys Will Be Boys: Power, Patriarchy and the Toxic Bonds of Mateship is a book about toxic masculinity by Clementine Ford, first published in 2018, and with 2019 and 2020 editions retitled as Boys Will Be Boys: Power, Patriarchy and Toxic Masculinity. The book was well received by critics.

## Publication

Boys Will Be Boys: Power, Patriarchy and the Toxic Bonds of Mateship was first published in 2018 by Allen & Unwin Later editions in 2019 and 2020 by Oneworld Publications wrote the subtitle as Power, Patriarchy and Toxic Masculinity.

## Synopsis

Boys Will Be Boys presents several aspects of toxic masculinity typical of the upbringing of boys, arguing that patriarchal upbringing is damaging for adult men. Examples of gender coding in children about expected characteristics of boys and girls are presented in terms of statistics from films and television shows, with few girls and women being actors, writers and directors, particularly from her experience of childhood in the 1980s. According to Ford, an example of toxic masculinity that persists into male adulthood is men being shamed for expressing emotions, in behaviour that is seen as feminine. She argues that patriarchical culture requires males to "kill of the emotional parts of themselves".
The book covers traditional home roles of domestic housekeeping and roles at work. Ford describes what she sees as links between the gender conditioning of children and the long-term effects when the children become adults.
The book includes an argument that "toxic male spaces and behaviours" act to preserve male dominance.
Ford makes recommendations of how to change the ways that boys and girls are raised, which she believes may avoid or reduce toxic masculinity.
Personal reflections on the birth of Ford's son play a role in both the beginning and end of the book. The book's epilogue is a letter by Ford to her young son, describing "boyhood in which being sensitive, soft, kind, gentle, respectful, accountable, expressive, loving and nurturing are no longer framed as incompatible with being a man".

## Critical reception

Author Katherine Brabon described Boys Will Be Boys as presenting a "cogent and passionate argument" that the teaching of boys and men's roles is "broken". Criminology lecturer Carl Bradley strongly commended the book as "challengingly good".
Alex Casey describes the book as written with "withering wit", as an "incredibly thorough time capsule of the modern fight for gender equality", an as "some of the most essential and electric feminist reading of the year".
# Enterographa aldabrensis

Enterographa aldabrensis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is only known to occur in Aldabra in the Seychelles.

## Taxonomy

Enterographa aldabrensis was formally described as a new species by the Dutch lichenologist Laurens Benjamin Sparrius. The species is characterised by its ascospores that contain three septa and absence of norstictic acid, distinguishing it from closely related species such as Enterographa subserialis and E. elixii.

## Description

The lichen has a thallus up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, smooth to areolate, white to cream-coloured, and water-repellent, measuring 50–100 μm thick. It contains Trentepohlia ( a genus of green algae) as its photobiont partner. The prothallus is very thin, grey or absent. The upper algae-free medulla is about 10 μm thick, consisting of densely interwoven hyphae. The medulla is cream-coloured with abundant oxalate crystals measuring 10–20 μm in diameter.
Ascomata are punctiform or slightly comma-shaped, perithecioid, measuring 0.05 by 0.05–0.10 mm, with a disc that is dark brown to black and epruinose. The thalline margin is approximately 0.1 mm wide and forms linear, frequently branched pseudostromata, which may become mixed with neighbouring pseudostromata. The excipulum is 5–10 μm wide, hyaline (translucent) in section but often brown near the epithecium. The hypothecium is hyaline, 10–30 μm tall, and the hymenium is hyaline, 80–100 μm tall.
The epithecium is 10–12 μm tall, orange-brown, with crystals of about 0.5 μm in diameter, and reacts K+ (green). Asci are cylindrical, 60–80 by 12–20 μm, and have eight spores. Ascospores are ellipsoid, somewhat constricted around the middle, measuring 13–18 by 4.0–5.5 μm, 3-septate, with a perispore less than 2.0 μm thick. Conidiomata appear as dark brown dots along the thallus margin, and conidia are rod-shaped, measuring 0.7 by 2.0–2.5 μm.

## Chemistry

The thallus of Enterographa aldabrensis reacts C−, K+ (yellowish), P+ (yellow), UV+ (cream-coloured) to standard chemical spot tests. Thin-layer chromatography reveals the presence of psoromic acid. The epithecium and excipulum show an amyloid reaction, I+ and KI+ (dark blue), while the hymenium, asci, and hypothecium react I+ (red) and KI+ (dark blue).

## Habitat and distribution

This species is known only from the type locality in Aldabra, Seychelles. It grows on the bark of coastal trees and shrubs.

## Similar species

Enterographa aldabrensis is recognised by its thin, pale thallus with black punctiform, immersed ascomata arranged in lines. It is morphologically and chemically similar to E. subserialis but differs in having 3-septate ascospores and a K+ (green) epithecium. It lacks trace amounts of norstictic acid found in the hypothecium of similar species. This species is differentiated from E. compunctula, which also has 3-septate ascospores, by its chemical composition and the shape of its pseudostromata.
# Flow limiter

A flow limiter or flow restrictor is a device to restrict the flow of a fluid, in general a gas or a liquid. Some designs use single stage or multi-stage orifice plates to handle high and low flow rates. Flow limiters are often used in manufacturing plants as well as households. Safety is usually the main purpose of using a flow limiter. An example is manufacturing facilities and laboratories using flow limiters to prevent injury or death from noxious gases that are in use. The flow limiter prevents gases from causing injury or death by reducing its cross-sectional area where gas flows.

## Uses

* Reduce flow of fluid (velocity) through a system, e.g. to reduce water usage in a shower
* Reduce the amount of gas passing through a system
* Reduce pressure in a system
* Applications in medical instrumentation
* As a safety valve to provide limited flow after closing in the event of a broken hose. (See Hydraulic fuse).

## Specifications

* Orifice diameter
* Flow tolerance
* Media temperature
* Maximum flow rate for liquid or gas
* Maximum pressure

## Design

Flow limiters are designed with the intent of reducing the cross-section area with a plate and a laser drill is used to create a small hole. The diameter of the hole will vary based on the flow rate, inlet pressure, and outlet pressure. The design can also be created with drilled orifices with threaded ends. Another flow limiter design option is the use of porous media. This design is created with hundreds of pores within a central plug. The porous media design has the purpose of lowering the velocity of flow, and the lifespan is extended with lower rates of erosion. The disadvantage to the porous media design is the poor removal of particles and a drop in pressure. Debris buildup will not be a concern with the porous media flow limiter with multiple holes allowing liquid or gas to flow with ease.

## Features

Flow limiters have features that may be added to expand on their applications. The device can have bidirectional flow and have increased flow control with multiple openings. Flow limiters can also be made of various materials to better improve quality and applications. The materials involve the use of metals, metal alloys, and thermoplastics. Metals like copper and aluminium are materials that have good conductivity with heat and electricity. Stainless steel has the material strength to withstand high pressures and resists chemical corrosion. Flow limiters are also capable of being designed out of nylon and fluoropolymers. For the connections to the flow limiter, there are a variety of ends featuring plain ends, pipe clamp ends, flanges, and compression fittings.
# Hammered (Bear novel)

Hammered is a science fiction novel by American writer Elizabeth Bear, first published on 28 December 2004 by Bantam Spectra. The book won the 2006 Locus Award for Best First Novel. It is the first book of a trilogy made of Hammered, Scardown, and Worldwired.

## Plot summary

Master Warrant Officer Jenny Casey is a Canadian ex-soldier who has cybernetic replacements for an arm and an eye that she lost during combat. Jenny's former commander, who was responsible for replacing her limbs, contacts her to bring her into a secret government corporate project in which she is uniquely qualified to participate.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly said in their review that "Bear's often jagged prose ('We disembark in Brazil, which has the distinction of being one of several countries I've been shot at in. Shot down over, even...') suits the frequent, at times confusing narrative jumps between the virtual and real worlds" and that "readers may have difficulties following this sometimes chaotic story." Noah Robischon in his review for Entertainment Weekly said that "Bear is talented, but this debut starts more good ideas than it finishes."

## Awards

* 2006 Locus Award for Best First Novel
# Eurotel

Eurotel was the trade name of the first mobile phone network in Czechoslovakia. Given the possibility of a forthcoming of split of Czechoslovakia into two separate countries, Eurotel was formed as two separate legal entities: Eurotel Praha and Eurotel Bratislava.
Both Eurotel companies were founded in 1990 as joint ventures between SPT Telecom (51%) and the American joint venture company, Atlantic West, B.V. (49% split evenly between US WEST International, Inc. and Bell Atlantic International Inc.). Each Eurotel company initially was assigned the rights to deploy packet data networks and mobile phone services using the NMT450 technology. The first calls on each network were made in 1991. The packet data network elements did not grow as rapidly as hoped for and was later ceded back to the 51% Czech and Slovak landline operators. The mobile business grew briskly and both Eurotel companies were later granted GSM licenses for both the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The USWest interests were assigned first to MediaOne and later to AT&T. Ultimately, Český Telecom purchased the Eurotel Prague and Deutsche Telekom purchased Eurotel Bratislava. The Czech and Slovak businesses continued till the present as represented by O2 in the Czech Republic and Deutsche Telekom in Slovakia.
Both companies were initially financed by the first EBRD financing in either the Czech Republic or Slovakia. In March 2000, EuroTel Bratislava successfully closed a Euro 175 million high yield bond offering, and became one of the first companies in Central Europe to access the public capital markets. This financing was one of many sequential financings that funded extraordinarily rapid growth in a capital intensive industry.
In July 2000, Deutsche Telekom purchased a 51% stake in Slovak Telecom. It was later rebranded to T-Mobile Slovakia in May 2005.
In 2005, Český Telecom was acquired by the Spanish company Telefónica.
On March 1, 2006 it was announced that Český Telecom and Eurotel would merge their operations into one company, Telefónica O2 Czech Republic, which was to take place in mid-2006.
# Brakefield Green

Brakefield Green is a hamlet in Norfolk, England. The population is included in the civil parish of Yaxham.
# Eunidia castanoptera

Eunidia castanoptera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1920.
# Israel Haggis

Israel Haggis (23 January 1811 — 9 August 1849) was an English first-class cricketer and publican.
Haggis was born at Cambridge in January 1811. A club cricketer for Chesterton Cricket Club, he was first chosen to play for the Cambridge Town Club in a first-class match against Cambridge University at Parker's Piece in 1834. From 1836, he became a regular feature in Cambridgeshire representative sides, making 19 appearances for the county to 1849. By 1841, his reputation and connection to Francis Fenner saw Haggis gain a place in an England team which played Kent in a first-class match at Bromley. He was described as a cricketer by Denison as being "distinguished for his excellence in the field, and the exhibition of much liveliness when batting", with it also being noted that his liveliness when batting led to his susceptibility to be out caught. In his 20 first-class appearances, Haggis scored 306 runs at an average of 10.92. His highest score of 36 not out was made against Cambridge University in 1837. In the field he took 13 catches.
Outside of cricket, Haggis was a licensed victualler and later a publican. He had a reputation in Cambridge for trouble. In 1836, he was charged with selling spirits without a license at the Stourbridge fair, with Haggis also being the victim of assault in the same year. Around this time he was the proprietor of The Flower, before moving to The Six Bells in Covent Garden in 1837. He became the landlord of The New Inn on Parker's Piece by 1844, and was later landlord at The Tiger on East Road and The Salmon on Fair Street. From The New Inn he began selling cricket bats, balls and newly-invented pads, which he had purchased on a trip to London from James Cobbett, Will Caldecourt and Robert Dark, brother of James and Benjamin. Haggis managed the cricketing affairs of St John's College on Parker's Piece, having in his employment fellow cricketer Robert Ringwood. He was civically active in Cambridge, petitioning for reform of Parliament, in addition to donating a large sum of money for the restoration of St Botolph's Church.
He had a somewhat tumultuous relationship with his wife, Sarah, whom he had married in 1836. She eloped in 1843, seemingly with his manservant Alfred Hutt, to Hammersmith. Haggis located the pair, where he discovered cricket equipment which had been taken by Hutt, with Hutt being tried in January 1844 and found not guilty. Haggis died from cholera on 9 August 1849, having eaten contaminated salmon which he had purchased two days previously while in London. He was transported to Cambridge, where his condition deteriorated and he died within an hour of his return to the city.
# James H. Dodson Residence

The James H. Dodson Residence is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #147) located in the San Pedro community of Los Angeles, California, near the Port of Los Angeles.

## History

The Victorian Stick-Eastlake style wooden house was built in 1881 by the Sepúlveda family as a wedding present for their daughter Rudecinda and her husband, James Dodson.
It was originally located at the corner of 7th and Beacon Streets in San Pedro. It is a private residence and is not open to the public.
# Iver's

Iver's was a department store with two locations north of Downtown Los Angeles: one at 5801 North Figueroa Street in Highland Park, Los Angeles, and another at 663 Foothill Boulevard in La Cañada Flintridge.
The La Cañada Flintridge branch, which measured 40,000 square feet (3,700 m$^2$) and had sales of $5 million (~$11.8 million in 2023) per year, was sold to Buffums in 1986. The location is now a TJ Maxx.
In Highland Park the Iver's store was the heart of the commercial strip (Figueroa Street around the present-day Gold Line light rail station) from 1913 through 1984 when it closed.
The chain was founded by Catherine and Jesse William Ivers as a notions and ribbons store.
# JAS

JAS or Jas may refer to:

## People

* Abbreviation of James (name)
* Jas Arora, Indian model and actor
* Jas Binag, Indo-British model and actor
* Jas H. Duke (1939–1992), Australian poet
* Jas Elsner (born 1962), British art historian and classicist
* Jas Gawronski (born 1936), Italian journalist and politician
* Jas Mann (born 1971), British musician

## Places

* Jás, a village in Romania
* Jas, Loire, a commune in France
* Jinnah Antarctic Station, operated by Pakistan
* Syrian Arab Republic, Arabic transliteration of Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah

## Other uses

* JAS (band), a Peruvian rock band
* JAS 39 Gripen, a Swedish multirole combat aircraft
* JAS Motorsport
* Japan Air System, a Japanese airline
* Japanese Agricultural Standard
* Java Analysis Studio
* Jenkins activity survey
* Jericho Appreciation Society, a professional wrestling stable
* Journal of Applied Statistics, a statistics research journal
* The Journal of Asian Studies
* Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
* Judge–advisor system
* New Caledonian Javanese language, ISO 639-3 code
* Industrigruppen JAS, a Swedish industrial consortium
# Barrett, Indiana

Barrett is an unincorporated community in Robb Township, Posey County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

The post office Barrett once contained was called Kilroy. This post office was established in 1895, and remained in operation until 1906.

## Geography

Barrett is located at 38°12′02″N 87°52′10″W﻿ / ﻿38.20056°N 87.86944°W﻿ / 38.20056; -87.86944.
# Empire Airport

Empire Airport may refer to:
* Empire Airport (Michigan) in Empire, Michigan, United States (FAA: Y87)
* Empire Airport (Nevada) in Empire, Nevada, United States (FAA: 1A8)
# Francisco A. de Icaza

Francisco de Asís de Icaza y Beña (born 2 February 1863 in Mexico City, Mexico – d. 28 May 1925 in Madrid, Spain) was a Mexican poet, literary critic, and historian of literature who spent most of his adult career and life in Spain. He was the father of Carmen de Icaza, VIII Baronesa de Claret, a popular Spanish novelist.

## Biography

Francisco Asís de Icaza y Beña was born on 2 February 1863 in Mexico City, Mexico, son of Ignacio de Icaza e Iturbe and María Tomasa Beña y García.
In his twenties he was posted to the Mexican legation in Madrid, during the embassy of his friend Vicente Riva Palacio; he became ambassador to Germany and to Spain.
Known at first for his poetry, Icaza achieved some notoriety with his Examen de críticos (1894). His scholarly analysis Novelas ejemplares de Cervantes (1901), examining Miguel de Cervantes's work in Novelas ejemplares, was acclaimed and gained him membership in the Ateneo de Madrid. He published scholarly works of literary history and was a corresponding member of the Mexican and Spanish Academies.
In addition to his works on Cervantes and Lope de Vega, Icaza translated into Spanish various works by Nietzsche, Hebbel, Liliencron and Dehmel.
A visit to his homeland was marred by the nationalist polemic that surrounded his critical Diccionario autobiográfico de conquistadores y pobladores de la Nueva España (Madrid, 1923).
In Spain, Icaza married the young Beatriz de León y Loynaz (1878–1971), born in La Habana and niece of a Spanish aristocrat. The couple had six children, including novelist Carmen de Icaza.