# Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

## Origin

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.

## Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.

### Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
| Itelmen | 0.681 | 47 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=32 |
| Koryak | 0.419 | 155 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=65 |
| Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) | 0.281 | 32 | Volodko 2008 | G1=9 |
| Negidal | 0.273 | 33 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=9 |
| Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.233 | 133 | Fornarino 2009 | G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12 |
| Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.200 | 20 | Comas 2004 | G2a=4 |
| Ainu | 0.196 | 51 | | G1=8, G2=2 |
| Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) | 0.182 | 44 | Ji 2012 | G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2 |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.170 | 47 | Jin 2009 | G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1 |
| Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.167 | 48 | Kong 2003 | G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1 |
| Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.167 | 24 | Ji 2012 | G=4 |
| Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.163 | 49 | Yao 2004 | G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2 |
| Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.158 | 19 | Ji 2012 | G=3 |
| Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) | 0.146 | 82 | Volodko 2008 | G1=12 |
| Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.146 | 48 | Yao 2004 | G2a=7 |
| Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.145 | 55 | Ji 2012 | G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1 |
| Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.128 | 47 | Yao 2004 | G2a=5, G3=1 |
| Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.125 | 40 | Fornarino 2009 | G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1 |
| Japanese (Gifu) | 0.116 | 1617 | Fuku 2007 | G=188 |
| Ulch | 0.115 | 87 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=9, G2=1 |
| Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.114 | 44 | Kong 2003 | G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5 |
| Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.107 | 56 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1 |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.106 | 47 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=4, G1=1 |
| Tuvan | 0.105 | 95 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G2=6, G3=4 |
| Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.105 | 19 | | G2=2 |
| Japanese | 0.104 | 211 | Maruyama 2003 | G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1 |
| Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) | 0.103 | 29 | Ji 2012 | G3b=2, G2a=1 |
| Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) | 0.103 | 29 | Ji 2012 | G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.103 | 185 | Jin 2009 | G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1 |
| Japanese (Tokyo) | 0.102 | 118 | Zheng 2011 | G=12 |
| Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.101 | 99 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=9, G3=1 |
| Han (Beijing) | 0.100 | 40 | Jin 2009 | G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1 |
| Manchurian | 0.100 | 40 | Jin 2009 | G1a=3, G2a=1 |
| Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.098 | 41 | | G2=4 |
| Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.096 | 282 | Umetsu 2005 | G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2 |
| Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) | 0.095 | 105 | Fedorova 2013 | G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1 |
| Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.094 | 149 | Derenko 2012 | G2=13, G3=1 |
| Chukchi | 0.091 | 66 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=6 |
| Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.091 | 11 | | G2=1 |
| Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.089 | 45 | Kong 2003 | G1a=2, G2a=2 |
| Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.089 | 45 | Yao 2004 | G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1 |
| Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.088 | 217 | Asari 2007 | G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1 |
| Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.085 | 47 | Kong 2003 | G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4 |
| Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) | 0.085 | 130 | | G2=8 G(xG2)=3 |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 36 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1 |
| Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.082 | 110 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1 |
| Buryat | 0.080 | 25 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G2=1, G3=1 |
| Buryat | 0.079 | 126 | Kong 2003 | G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.079 | 203 | Umetsu 2005 | G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.074 | 68 | Wen 2004 | G2(xG2a)=5 |
| Dargin (Dagestan) | 0.071 | 28 | Marchani 2008 | G=2 |
| Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.069 | 58 | Yao 2004 | G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1 |
| Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.069 | 160 | Umetsu 2005 | G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.068 | 103 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2 |
| Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) | 0.068 | 633 | Fuku 2007 | G=43 |
| Yakut (northern Yakutia) | 0.068 | 148 | Fedorova 2013 | G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2 |
| Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.067 | 15 | Derenko 2007 | G1=1 |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.067 | 45 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=3 |
| Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.067 | 30 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1 |
| Tuvinian | 0.067 | 105 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.065 | 31 | | G2a=2 |
| Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.063 | 32 | | G2=2 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.061 | 261 | Kim 2008 | G(xG2)=11, G2=5 |
| Mansi | 0.061 | 98 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G2=6 |
| Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.060 | 100 | Uchiyama 2007 | G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1 |
| Han (Beijing Normal University) | 0.058 | 121 | Zheng 2011 | G=7 |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.057 | 35 | Wen 2004 | G3=2 |
| Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.057 | 53 | Yao 2004 | G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1 |
| Altai Kizhi | 0.056 | 90 | Derenko 2007 | G1=4, G2a=1 |
| Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.056 | 54 | Ji 2012 | G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1 |
| Han (Denver, Colorado) | 0.055 | 73 | Zheng 2011 | G=4 |
| Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.055 | 55 | Yao 2004 | G2a=3 |
| Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.054 | 336 | Umetsu 2005 | G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5 |
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.054 | 56 | Starikovskaya 2005 | G1=3 |
| Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | G2a=1 |
| Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.050 | 40 | | G2=2 |
| Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | G2a=1 |
| Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 40 | Comas 2004 | G2a=2 |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.050 | 40 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1 |
| Orok (Sakhalin) | 0.049 | 61 | Bermisheva 2005 | G=3 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.049 | 102 | | G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1 |
| Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) | 0.049 | 164 | Fedorova 2013 | G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2 |
| Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.049 | 103 | | G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1 |
| Vietnamese | 0.048 | 42 | Jin 2009 | G1a=1, G3=1 |
| Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.047 | 256 | Umetsu 2005 | G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3 |
| Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.047 | 64 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1 |
| Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.045 | 44 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=1, G3=1 |
| Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) | 0.045 | 22 | Fedorova 2013 | G1b=1 |
| Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan) | 0.043 | 23 | Quintana-Murci 2004 | G=1 |
| Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.042 | 48 | Kong 2003 | G2(xG2a)=2 |
| Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.041 | 73 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=2, G1=1 |
| Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.040 | 50 | Wen 2004 | G2a=2 |
| Korean (northern China) | 0.039 | 51 | Jin 2009 | G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1 |
| Kumik (Dagestan) | 0.038 | 26 | Marchani 2008 | G=1 |
| Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.038 | 26 | | G2=1 |
| Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) | 0.036 | 111 | Fedorova 2013 | G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1 |
| Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.036 | 28 | | G(xG1a, G2)=1 |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.033 | 30 | | G=1 |
| Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.033 | 30 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=1 |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.032 | 31 | | G=1 |
| Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.032 | 31 | Wen 2004 | G(xG2, G3)=1 |
| Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.031 | 32 | | G(xG2, G3)=1 |
| Nogai (Dagestan) | 0.030 | 33 | Marchani 2008 | G=1 |
| Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.029 | 137 | Ji 2012 | G1=3, G2=1 |
| Han (southern California) | 0.028 | 390 | Ji 2012 | G=11 |
| Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.028 | 71 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=2 |
| Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.028 | 36 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=1 |
| Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.026 | 39 | | G(xG2, G3)=1 |
| Yakut | 0.026 | 117 | Kong 2003 | G2a=2, G1a=1 |
| Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky) | 0.024 | 125 | Fedorova 2013 | G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1 |
| Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan) | 0.024 | 42 | Quintana-Murci 2004 | G=1 |
| Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.022 | 45 | Derenko 2007 | G3=1 |
| Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.022 | 91 | Umetsu 2005 | G(xG1a, G1b)=2 |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.021 | 1117 | Ji 2012 | G=24 |
| Han (Xinjiang) | 0.021 | 47 | Yao 2004 | G2a=1 |
| Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.021 | 47 | Yao 2004 | G2a=1 |
| Hindu (New Delhi) | 0.021 | 48 | Fornarino 2009 | G(xG2a)=1 |
| Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) | 0.020 | 98 | Derenko 2012 | G2=1, G3=1 |
| Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey) | 0.020 | 50 | Quintana-Murci 2004 | G=1 |
| Khanty | 0.019 | 106 | Pimenoff 2008 | G2=2 |
| Uyghur (Kazakhstan) | 0.018 | 55 | Yao 2004 | G2(xG2a)=1 |
| Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.018 | 57 | Derenko 2007 | G3=1 |
| Mansi | 0.016 | 63 | Pimenoff 2008 | G2=1 |
| Okinawa | 0.015 | 326 | Umetsu 2005 | G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2 |
| Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.012 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | G2a=1 |
| Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan) | 0.010 | 100 | Quintana-Murci 2004 | G=1 |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.009 | 346 | | G=3 |
| Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) | 0.006 | 154 | Fedorova 2013 | G1b=1 |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.006 | 168 | | G=1 |
| Taiwan aborigines | 0.002 | 640 | | G=1 |
| Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 10 | | - |
| Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) | 0.000 | 18 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.000 | 20 | Scholes 2011 | - |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | | - |
| Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.000 | 24 | | - |
| Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 25 | | - |
| Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 27 | | - |
| Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 29 | | - |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | Scholes 2011 | - |
| Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 31 | | - |
| Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.000 | 35 | | - |
| Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) | 0.000 | 35 | Ji 2012 | - |
| Aleut (Commander Islands) | 0.000 | 36 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Eskimo (Sireniki) | 0.000 | 37 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Eskimo (Naukan) | 0.000 | 39 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 39 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Thai | 0.000 | 40 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 42 | | - |
| Eskimo (Chaplin) | 0.000 | 50 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 53 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Han (Hunan & Fujian) | 0.000 | 55 | Zheng 2011 | - |
| Saami (Finland) | 0.000 | 69 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Eskimo (Canada) | 0.000 | 96 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Saami (Sweden) | 0.000 | 98 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Aleut (Aleutian Islands) | 0.000 | 163 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Saami (Norway) | 0.000 | 278 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Eskimo (Greenland) | 0.000 | 385 | Volodko 2008 | - |

## Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal. The subclade G2a3 has been observed in Russia, an Azeri in Iran, and a Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China; its subclade G2a3a has been observed among Komis and Udmurts. Subclade G2a4 has been observed in China, Taiwan, and in a Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats, Barghuts, and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).
Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan. G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Sarikoli, Korean, Manchu, Yi, Jino, Yunnan Dai, Jiangxi Han, and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Tajikistan (Pamiris), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and central Siberia (Yakut, Altai-kizhi). G1c has been found in China, Korea, and a Seletar.
Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans, Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Naxi, Uyghurs, Sarikolis, Tajiks, Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Han Chinese in Sichuan, Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.
Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou.

### Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
* G
** G1
*** G1a
**** G1a1
***** G1a1a
****** G1a1a1
****** G1a1a2
****** G1a1a3
**** G1a2'3
***** G1a2
***** G1a3
****** G1a3a
*** G1b
*** G1c
** G2
*** G2a
**** G2a1
***** G2a1a
***** G2a1b
***** G2a1c
**** G2a2
**** G2a3
***** G2a3a
**** G2a4
*** G2b
**** G2b1
** G3
*** G3a
**** G3a1
**** G3a2
*** G3b
**** G3b1
** G4