# Spacing Modifier Letters

Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization. The word spacing indicates that these characters occupy their own horizontal space within a line of text. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was simply Modifier Letters.

## Character table

| Code | Glyph (with x as guide) | Decimal | Description |
| Latin superscript modifier letters ||||
| U+02B0 | xʰ | &#688; | Modifier Letter Small H |
| U+02B1 | xʱ | &#689; | Modifier Letter Small H with hook |
| U+02B2 | xʲ | &#690; | Modifier Letter Small J |
| U+02B3 | xʳ | &#691; | Modifier Letter Small R |
| U+02B4 | xʴ | &#692; | Modifier Letter Small Turned R |
| U+02B5 | xʵ | &#693; | Modifier Letter Small Turned R with hook |
| U+02B6 | xʶ | &#694; | Modifier Letter Small Capital Inverted R |
| U+02B7 | xʷ | &#695; | Modifier Letter Small W |
| U+02B8 | xʸ | &#696; | Modifier Letter Small Y |
| Miscellaneous phonetic modifiers ||||
| U+02B9 | xʹ | &#697; | Modifier Letter Prime |
| U+02BA | xʺ | &#698; | Modifier Letter Double Prime |
| U+02BB | xʻ | &#699; | Modifier Letter Turned Comma |
| U+02BC | xʼ | &#700; | Modifier Letter Apostrophe |
| U+02BD | xʽ | &#701; | Modifier Letter Reversed Comma |
| U+02BE | xʾ | &#702; | Modifier Letter Right Half Ring |
| U+02BF | xʿ | &#703; | Modifier Letter Left Half Ring |
| U+02C0 | xˀ | &#704; | Modifier Letter Glottal Stop |
| U+02C1 | xˁ | &#705; | Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop |
| U+02C2 | x˂ | &#706; | Modifier Letter Left Arrowhead |
| U+02C3 | x˃ | &#707; | Modifier Letter Right Arrowhead |
| U+02C4 | x˄ | &#708; | Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead |
| U+02C5 | x˅ | &#709; | Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead |
| U+02C6 | xˆ | &#710; | Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent |
| U+02C7 | xˇ | &#711; | Caron |
| U+02C8 | xˈ | &#712; | Modifier Letter Vertical Line |
| U+02C9 | xˉ | &#713; | Modifier Letter Macron |
| U+02CA | xˊ | &#714; | Modifier Letter Acute Accent |
| U+02CB | xˋ | &#715; | Modifier Letter Grave Accent |
| U+02CC | xˌ | &#716; | Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line |
| U+02CD | xˍ | &#717; | Modifier Letter Low Macron |
| U+02CE | xˎ | &#718; | Modifier Letter Low Grave Accent |
| U+02CF | xˏ | &#719; | Modifier Letter Low Acute Accent |
| U+02D0 | xː | &#720; | Modifier Letter Triangular Colon |
| U+02D1 | xˑ | &#721; | Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon |
| U+02D2 | x˒ | &#722; | Modifier Letter Centered Right Half Ring |
| U+02D3 | x˓ | &#723; | Modifier Letter Centered Left Half Ring |
| U+02D4 | x˔ | &#724; | Modifier Letter Up Tack |
| U+02D5 | x˕ | &#725; | Modifier Letter Down Tack |
| U+02D6 | x˖ | &#726; | Modifier Letter Plus Sign |
| U+02D7 | x˗ | &#727; | Modifier Letter Minus Sign |
| Spacing clones of diacritics ||||
| U+02D8 | x˘ | &#728; | Breve |
| U+02D9 | x˙ | &#729; | Dot Above |
| U+02DA | x˚ | &#730; | Ring Above |
| U+02DB | x˛ | &#731; | Ogonek |
| U+02DC | x˜ | &#732; | Small Tilde |
| U+02DD | x˝ | &#733; | Double Acute Accent |
| Additions based on 1989 IPA ||||
| U+02DE | x˞ | &#734; | Modifier Letter Rhotic Hook |
| U+02DF | x˟ | &#735; | Modifier Letter Cross Accent |
| U+02E0 | xˠ | &#736; | Modifier Letter Small Gamma |
| U+02E1 | xˡ | &#737; | Modifier Letter Small L |
| U+02E2 | xˢ | &#738; | Modifier Letter Small S |
| U+02E3 | xˣ | &#739; | Modifier Letter Small X |
| U+02E4 | xˤ | &#740; | Modifier Letter Small Reversed Glottal Stop |
| Tone letters ||||
| U+02E5 | x˥ | &#741; | Modifier Letter Extra-High Tone Bar |
| U+02E6 | x˦ | &#742; | Modifier Letter High Tone Bar |
| U+02E7 | x˧ | &#743; | Modifier Letter Mid Tone Bar |
| U+02E8 | x˨ | &#744; | Modifier Letter Low Tone Bar |
| U+02E9 | x˩ | &#745; | Modifier Letter Extra-Low Tone Bar |
| Extended Bopomofo tone marks ||||
| U+02EA | x˪ | &#746; | Extended Bopomofo Yin Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages) |
| U+02EB | x˫ | &#747; | Extended Bopomofo Yang Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages) |
| IPA modifiers ||||
| U+02EC | xˬ | &#748; | Modifier Letter Voicing |
| U+02ED | x˭ | &#749; | Modifier Letter Unaspirated |
| Other modifier letter ||||
| U+02EE | xˮ | &#750; | Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe |
| UPA modifiers ||||
| U+02EF | x˯ | &#751; | Modifier Letter Low Down Arrowhead |
| U+02F0 | x˰ | &#752; | Modifier Letter Low Up Arrowhead |
| U+02F1 | x˱ | &#753; | Modifier Letter Low Left Arrowhead |
| U+02F2 | x˲ | &#754; | Modifier Letter Low Right Arrowhead |
| U+02F3 | x˳ | &#755; | Modifier Letter Low Ring |
| U+02F4 | x˴ | &#756; | Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent |
| U+02F5 | x˵ | &#757; | Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent |
| U+02F6 | x˶ | &#758; | Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent |
| U+02F7 | x˷ | &#759; | Modifier Letter Low Tilde |
| U+02F8 | x˸ | &#760; | Modifier Letter Raised Colon |
| U+02F9 | x˹ | &#761; | Modifier Letter Begin High Tone |
| U+02FA | x˺ | &#762; | Modifier Letter End High Tone |
| U+02FB | x˻ | &#763; | Modifier Letter Begin Low Tone |
| U+02FC | x˼ | &#764; | Modifier Letter End Low Tone |
| U+02FD | x˽ | &#765; | Modifier Letter Shelf |
| U+02FE | x˾ | &#766; | Modifier Letter Open Shelf |
| U+02FF | x˿ | &#767; | Modifier Letter Low Left Arrow |
| Code | Glyph | Decimal | Description |

## Compact table

Spacing Modifier Letters Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+02Bx | ʰ | ʱ | ʲ | ʳ | ʴ | ʵ | ʶ | ʷ | ʸ | ʹ | ʺ | ʻ | ʼ | ʽ | ʾ | ʿ |
| U+02Cx | ˀ | ˁ | ˂ | ˃ | ˄ | ˅ | ˆ | ˇ | ˈ | ˉ | ˊ | ˋ | ˌ | ˍ | ˎ | ˏ |
| U+02Dx | ː | ˑ | ˒ | ˓ | ˔ | ˕ | ˖ | ˗ | ˘ | ˙ | ˚ | ˛ | ˜ | ˝ | ˞ | ˟ |
| U+02Ex | ˠ | ˡ | ˢ | ˣ | ˤ | ˥ | ˦ | ˧ | ˨ | ˩ | ˪ | ˫ | ˬ | ˭ | ˮ | ˯ |
| U+02Fx | ˰ | ˱ | ˲ | ˳ | ˴ | ˵ | ˶ | ˷ | ˸ | ˹ | ˺ | ˻ | ˼ | ˽ | ˾ | ˿ |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 |||||||||||||||||

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Spacing Modifier Letters block:
| Version | Final code points | Count | UTC ID | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | | | (to be determined) |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | UTC/1999-017 | | | Davis, Mark (1999-06-02), Data cross-checks (for Agenda) |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/99-176R | | Moore, Lisa (1999-11-04), "Data Cross-Checks", Minutes from the joint UTC/L2 meeting in Seattle, June 8-10, 1999 |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/99-246 | N2043 | Everson, Michael (1999-07-24), On the apostrophe and quotation mark, with a note on Egyptian transliteration characters |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/06-373 | | Proposal for additional character, 2006-11-04 |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/06-398 | | Pandey, Anshuman (2006-12-15), Comments on L2/06-373 (addition of 'apostrophe' to Devanagari) |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/07-272 | | Muller, Eric (2007-08-10), "9", Report of the South Asia subcommittee |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/07-225 | | Moore, Lisa (2007-08-21), "Devanagari", UTC #112 Minutes |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/08-197 | | Representation of Bodo, Dogri and Maithili languages in Unicode Standard, 2008-05-06 |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/08-210 | | Lata, Swaran (2008-05-07), Usage examples for Bodo, Dogri, Maithili tone marker |
| 1.0.0 | U+02B0..02DD | 46 | | L2/12-065 | N4281 | Pentzlin, Karl (2012-02-05), Proposal for additional annotations for some modifier letters used for transliteration of Hebrew |
| 1.0.0 | U+02DE, 02E0..02E9 | 11 | UTC/1991-048B | | | Whistler, Ken (1991-03-27), "IPA additions", Draft Minutes from the UTC meeting #46 day 2, 3/27 at Apple |
| 1.0.0 | U+02DE, 02E0..02E9 | 11 | | L2/00-421 | N2307 | Whistler, Ken (2000-11-27), Response to Japanese Query re IPA tone letters |
| 1.0.0 | U+02DE, 02E0..02E9 | 11 | | L2/01-025 | N2312 | Constable, Peter (2001-01-08), Presentation of tone contours encoded as UCS tone letter sequences |
| 3.0 | U+02DF | 1 | | L2/98-261 | N1812 (pdf, html) | Ellert, Mattias (1998-05-21), Proposal to encode CROSS ACCENT in ISO/IEC 10646 |
| 3.0 | U+02DF | 1 | | L2/98-372 | N1884R2 (pdf, doc) | Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02DF | 1 | | L2/98-329 | N1920 | Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28 |
| 3.0 | U+02DF | 1 | | L2/99-010 | N1903 (pdf, html, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.2.5", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25 |
| 3.0 | U+02EA..02EB | 2 | | L2/98-090 | N1713R | Proposal to add 24 extended Bopomofo and 2 modifier letters for Minnan and Hakka, 1998-03-19 |
| 3.0 | U+02EA..02EB | 2 | | L2/98-158 | | Aliprand, Joan; Winkler, Arnold (1998-05-26), "Bopomofo Extensions", Draft Minutes – UTC #76 & NCITS Subgroup L2 #173 joint meeting, Tredyffrin, Pennsylvania, April 20-22, 1998 |
| 3.0 | U+02EA..02EB | 2 | | L2/98-286 | N1703 | Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1998-07-02), "8.25", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20 |
| 3.0 | U+02EA..02EB | 2 | | L2/98-321 | N1905 | Revised text of 10646-1/FPDAM 23, AMENDMENT 23: Bopomofo Extended and other characters, 1998-10-22 |
| 3.0 | U+02EC..02ED | 2 | | L2/98-299 | N1845 | Everson, Michael (1998-09-08), Additional IPA "disturbed speech" characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02EC..02ED | 2 | | L2/98-372 | N1884R2 (pdf, doc) | Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02EC..02ED | 2 | | L2/98-329 | N1920 | Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28 |
| 3.0 | U+02EC..02ED | 2 | | L2/06-231 | | Moore, Lisa (2006-08-17), "Consensus 108-C3", UTC #108 Minutes, Change the general category of U+02EC MODIFIER LETTER VOICING from "Sk" to "Lm". |
| 3.0 | U+02EE | 1 | | L2/98-295 | N1817 | Everson, Michael (1997-08-10), Proposal to add the letter MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE in the BMP |
| 3.0 | U+02EE | 1 | | L2/98-372 | N1884R2 (pdf, doc) | Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02EE | 1 | | L2/98-329 | N1920 | Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28 |
| 3.0 | U+02EE | 1 | | L2/99-010 | N1903 (pdf, html, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.2.2", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25 |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-141 | N2419 | Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20), Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-192 | | Everson, Michael (2002-05-02), Everson's Reply on UPA |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | | N2442 | Everson, Michael; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Ruppel, Klaas; Trosterud, Trond (2002-05-21), Justification for placing the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet in the BMP |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-291 | | Whistler, Ken (2002-05-31), WG2 report from Dublin |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-292 | | Whistler, Ken (2002-06-03), Early look at WG2 consent docket |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-166R2 | | Moore, Lisa (2002-08-09), "Scripts and New Characters - UPA", UTC #91 Minutes |
| 4.0 | U+02EF..02FF | 17 | | L2/02-253 | | Moore, Lisa (2002-10-21), "Consensus 92-C2", UTC #92 Minutes |
| ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names |||||||