OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spermine

Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids and is thought to stabilize helical structure, particularly in viruses. It functions as an intracellular free radical scavenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine is the chemical primarily responsible for the characteristic odor of semen.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described crystals of spermine phosphate in human semen in 1678. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.).

## Derivative

A derivative of spermine, N$^1$, N$^{12}$-bis(ethyl)spermine (also known as BESm) was investigated in the late 1980s along with similar polyamine analogues for its potential as a cancer therapy.

## Biosynthesis

Spermine biosynthesis in animals starts with decarboxylation of ornithine by the enzyme Ornithine decarboxylase in the presence of PLP. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. Thereafter the enzyme spermidine synthase effects two N-alkylation by decarboxy-S-adenosyl methionine. The intermediate is spermidine.
Plants employ additional routes to spermine. In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals.
Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. The imine functional group in agmatine then is hydrolysed by agmatine deiminase, releasing ammonia, converting the guanidine group into a urea. The resulting N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off the urea group, leaving putrescine. After that the putrescine follows the same pathway to completing the synthesis of spermine.
# Foulden, Queensland

Foulden is a rural locality in the Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the northern bank of the Pioneer River in Mackay. In the 2021 census, Foulden had "no people or a very low population".

## Geography

Foulden is bounded by the Pioneer River to the south and east, Fursden Creek to the north, and the Maraju Yakapari Road to the west.
The North Coast railway line enters the locality from the south (crossing over the river from Racecourse / West Mackay on a dedicated rail bridge) and exits to the north (Erakala). The locality was served by the former Maraju railway station (21°08′25″S 149°08′59″E﻿ / ﻿21.1402°S 149.1496°E﻿ / -21.1402; 149.1496﻿ (Maraju railway station)).
The Glenella Connection Road enters through the locality from south (crossing over the river from West Mackay on the Edmund Casey Bridge) and exits to the north (Eralaka / Glenella).
The land is low lying and flat and prone to flooding, but well-suited to growing sugarcane which is the predominant land use.

## History

Foulden Sugar Mill operated from 1872 to 1887. It was on the northern bank of the Pioneer River.
There was previously a bridge, known as the (Old) Hospital Bridge, which connected Talty Road in Foulden to Bridge Street in West Mackay (adjacent to the Mackay Base Hospital). It was the first bridge over the Pioneer River (and was originally known as the Pioneer Bridge). Construction commenced in 1875. The low bridge was prone to flooding. In April 2009, its replacement was open to the west of the Hospital Bridge carrying the newly constructed Glenella Connection Road over the Pioneer River. On 5 December 2009, the new bridge was named the Edmund Casey Bridge in honour of long-serving local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, Ed Casey, as part of the Q150 celebrations. Local residents campaigned to retain the Old Hospital Bridge for recreational use such as walking, cycling and fishing, but the council insisted the costs of making it safe were too great and that only a short segment connected on the West Mackay side would be preserved as a fishing pier. However, in March 2017, Cyclone Debbie damaged the fishing pier, necessitating a new fishing pier to be built. The new pier will be L-shaped and more resistant to flood damage.
The present-day locality was officially named and bounded on 3 September 1999.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Foulden had a population of 3 people.
In the 2021 census, Foulden had "no people or a very low population".

## Education

There are no schools in Foulden. The nearest government primary school is Glenella State School in neighbouring Glenella to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Mackay North State High School in North Mackay to the north-east and Mackay State High School in South Mackay to the south-east.
# Hadashi

Hadashi is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India. Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station.
# Sphaeralcea emoryi

Sphaeralcea emoryi is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by the common name Emory's globemallow. It is native to the Southwestern United States, California and Northwestern Mexico. It grows in desert habitat and sometimes disturbed areas such as roadsides.

## Description

Sphaeralcea emoryi can be similar to its relative, copper globemallow (Sphaeralcea angustifolia).
It has woolly erect stems that can exceed two meters in height. The gray-green leaf blades are oval to triangular, usually lobed on the edges, and up to 5.5 centimeters long.
The showy inflorescence bears clusters of flowers each with five petals around a centimeter long. The petals are usually orange, or sometimes lavender.
# Hagenomyia

Hagenomyia is a genus of antlions (Myrmeleontidae) containing species occurring in Eastern Asia, tropical Africa and Australia.

## Species

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists:
* Hagenomyia angustala Bao et al., 2007
* Hagenomyia brunneipennis Esben-Petersen, 1913
* Hagenomyia coalita (C.-k.Yang, 1999)
* Hagenomyia conjuncta C.-k.Yang, 1999
* Hagenomyia eurysticta (Gerstaecker, 1885)
* Hagenomyia fuscithoraca C.-k.Yang, 1999
* Hagenomyia guangxiensis Bao et al., 2007
* Hagenomyia micans (McLachlan, 1875)
* Hagenomyia posterior (Navás, 1931)
* Hagenomyia sagax (Walker, 1853)
* Hagenomyia sumatrensis (van der Weele, 1909)
* Hagenomyia tristis (Walker, 1853)
# Hagenow-Land

Hagenow-Land is an Amt in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Hagenow, itself not part of the Amt.
The Amt Hagenow-Land consists of the following municipalities:
| Alt Zachun Bandenitz Belsch Bobzin Bresegard bei Picher Gammelin Groß Krams Hoort Hülseburg Kirch Jesar | Kuhstorf Moraas Pätow-Steegen Picher Pritzier Redefin Strohkirchen Toddin Warlitz |
53°25′N 11°11′E﻿ / ﻿53.417°N 11.183°E﻿ / 53.417; 11.183
* This Ludwigslust-Parchim location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# List of bypass highways in Nairobi

This is a list of bypass highways in Nairobi, aimed at re-directing traffic away from the city center, thereby de-congesting the city and alleviating the perennial traffic jams.
* Nairobi Northern Bypass Highway, linking Limuru Road to Thika Road
* Nairobi Eastern Bypass Highway, linking Nairobi-Mombasa Road to Ruiru-Kiambu Road near Kamiti Maximum Security Prison.
* Nairobi Southern Bypass Highway, which starts at the junction of the Nairobi–Mombasa Road and Likoni Road, approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of the city centre. It then stretches to Gitaru, in the town of Kikuyu, in Kiambu County.
* Nairobi Western Bypass Highway, connects Gitaru, on the Southern Bypass to Ruaka on the Northern Bypass.
# List of amphibians of Pakistan

This list of the amphibians of Pakistan currently contains 19 confirmed species that are known to occur in Pakistan.

## Order Anura

* Family Bufonidae (true toads) - 8 species
** Bufo himalayanus (Himalayan Toad)
** Bufo latastii (Baltistan Toad)
** Bufo melanostictus (Common Indian Toad)
** Bufo olivaceus (Olive Toad)
** Bufo pseudoraddei Photographs of subspecies
*** Bufo p. pseudoraddei (Kaghan Toad)
*** Bufo p. baturae (Batura Toad)
** Bufo stomaticus (Indus Valley Toad or Marbled Toad) "National amphibian of Pakistan"
** Bufo surdus (Iranian Toad or Pakistan Toad)
** Bufo viridis zugmayeri (European Green Toad or Baluchistan Toad)
* Family Microhylidae (narrow-mouthed frogs) - 2 species
** Microhyla ornata (Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog or Ant Frog)
** Uperodon systoma (Marbled Balloon Frog)
* Family Megophryidae (Asian toads and litter frogs) - 1 confirmed species
** Scutiger nyingchiensis (Tibetan Frog or Asian Lazy Toad)
** Scutiger occidentalis (Deosai Toad) - unconfirmed
** Scutiger pleskei - unconfirmed
* Family Ranidae (broad-mouthed frogs or true frogs) - 8 species
** Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Indian Skipper Frog or Skittering Frog) - 3 subspecies
*** Euphlyctis c. cyanophlyctis (Common Skittering Frog)
*** Euphlyctis c. microspinulata (Spiny Skittering Frog)
*** Euphlyctis c. seistanica (Seistan Skittering Frog)
** Fejervarya limnocharis (Alpine Cricket Frog or Northern Cricket Frog)
** Fejervarya syhadrensis (Indus Cricket Frog or Southern Cricket Frog)
** Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Indus Valley Bullfrog)
** Paa hazarensis (Hazara Torrent Frog)
** Paa sternosignata (Karez Frog)
** Paa vicina (Murree Hills Frog)
** Sphaerotheca breviceps (Indian Burrowing Frog or Malir Burrowing Frog)
# Hadzhera Avidzba

Hadzhera Avidzba, Russian: Хаджера Авидзба (24 January 1917 – 20 August 1997) was Abkhazia's first professional female pianist. She was a teacher, as well as a performer, and was Head of Lvov Musical College from 1951–1965.

## Biography

Avidzba, along with her twin sister Meri, was born on 24 January 1917. In 1930 a new Musical Technical School was opened in Sukhumi. One of its first graduates in 1934 was Avidzba, who specialised in piano. Following her graduation, she began her career as a piano teacher working there, making her Abkhazia's first female professional pianist.
During the Great Patriotic War, Avidzba performed in hospitals for wounded soldiers. She continued to teach alongside her war work until 1946, when she moved to Lviv to teach at the conservatoire there. From 1951 to 1965 she was head of Lviv Musical College, after which period she continued to teach there. She was a leading figure in the formation and development of Abkhazian musical culture.
Avidzba's performance repertoire included works by Mozart, Schumann, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev, amongst others. She died on 20 August 1997.
# Fossa for lacrimal sac

A smooth, more deeply concave depression on the lacrimal bone, which forms the medial wall of the orbital cavity, in which the lacrimal sac that drains into the nasolacrimal duct is located, is referred to as the lacrimal fossa (or fossa for the lacrimal sac).
# Former aerodromes of Belgium

| Nearest city | Name | ICAO code | Coordinates | Elevation | Activity period | Reference | Comment |
| Gent | Sint-Denijs-Westrem | EBGT | 51°1′39″N 03°41′21″E﻿ / ﻿51.02750°N 3.68917°E﻿ / 51.02750; 3.68917 | 10 m (33 ft) | until 1985 | Nostalgia and photography | Was made the site of Flanders Expo, ICAO code now used for Ghent/Industry Zone Heliport |
| Zottegem | Oombergen | EBZO | | | | | ICAO code now used for Zonnebeke/Zandvoorde Heliport |
| | Beernem | | | | 1982-1997 | Article in Dutch | Glider |
| Aalst (Moorsel) | Ter Kluizen | | | | | | Not to be confused with Moorsel EBMO |
| Brussels (Haren) | Evere Airport | | | | | | |
| | Keerbergen | | | | 1932-1957 | Dutch language book reference | |
| | Oud-Turnhout | EBOT | | | | | |
| | Beerse | | | | | Article in Dutch | 800 m (2,600 ft) asphalt runway broken up 2009 |
| Knokke | Knokke-Zoute Airfield | | | | 1929-1960 | |
| Nivelles | Nivelles airfield | | | | 1917-1962 | | Military |
| | Héron | EBHE | 50°32′50″N 5°6′30″E﻿ / ﻿50.54722°N 5.10833°E﻿ / 50.54722; 5.10833 | 591 ft (180 m) | Last flight on 21 Nov. 2009 | | ULModrome closed 1 December 2009 |
| | Lierneux - Menil | EBLI | 50°17′12″N 5°50′11″E﻿ / ﻿50.28667°N 5.83639°E﻿ / 50.28667; 5.83639 | | | | ULModrome closed 2009 |
| | Maasmechelen | EBMM | {{coord|50|46|35.2|N|5|36|46.1| | | | | ULModrome closed 2008 |
| Bouillon | Mogimont Airfield | EBBO | 49°52′00″N 005°04′06″E﻿ / ﻿49.86667°N 5.06833°E﻿ / 49.86667; 5.06833 | 1,349 ft (411 m) | | | Closed circa 2009. |
| Bassenge | Wonck Airfield | EBBW | 50°46′35.2″N 5°36′46.1″E﻿ / ﻿50.776444°N 5.612806°E﻿ / 50.776444; 5.612806 | 367 ft (112 m) | | | Closed circa 2006 |
# Sphingomonas aerolata

Sphingomonas aerolata is a Gram-negative and psychrotolerant bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas.
# Sphingomonas aestuarii

Sphingomonas aestuarii is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments in Yeosu in Korea.
# Filizören, Çınar

Filizören is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çınar, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. Its population is 349 (2022).
# Ani Tsankhung Nunnery

Ani Tsankhung Nunnery (Tibetan: ཨ་ནི་མཚམས་ཁུང, Wylie: A ni mtshams khung Chinese: 阿尼仓空寺; pinyin: Ā ní cāng kōng sì) is a nunnery of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism in the city of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It was built in the 15th century on a site that had been used for meditation by the 7th century Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo. The nuns support themselves through alms and manufacturing items such as clothing and printed texts.

## Building

The word ani (Tibetan: ཨ་ནི, Wylie: a ni) means 'nun', and tshamkhung (Tibetan: མཚམས་ཁུང, Wylie: mtshams khung) means 'a place for spiritual retreat', or 'hermitage'. Ani Tsankhung occupies a yellow building in the Barkhor area of downtown Lhasa. It is southeast of the Jokhang temple, and is the only nunnery in the old city of Lhasa. The building is three stories high. In the main hall there is an image of Chenresig, the multi-armed Bodhisattva of Compassion. Behind this there is a 7th-century meditation chamber that was used by Songtsen Gampo. The nunnery has a collection of thirteen Thangkas from Ming and Qing dynasties depicting Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.

## History

The 7th century Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo used to meditate at a natural cave in this location, and recited prayers to reduce the danger of flooding by the Lhasa River. Doctor Gewahum meditated here in the 12th century. Kujor Tokden, a close disciple of Tsongkhapa, established the nunnery in the 15th century. The Tibetan Living Buddha Samding Dorje Phagmo began her life as a Buddhist at the monastery. The Lama Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo and Tampa Dhoedrak, throne holder of Ganden Monastery, enlarged the nunnery to its present size early in the 20th century.
The nunnery was closed for ten years during the Cultural Revolution, its statues destroyed and the nuns evicted. Later it was allowed to reopen by the Lhasa Municipal Bureau of Religious Affairs. Today there are more than one hundred resident nuns.

## Activities

The youngest nuns are sixteen. The young women live on the ground floor and the older people live upstairs. The nuns are poor, dependent on alms given for their prayers, and on manufacturing goods for sale. Their work includes sewing, weaving and making handicrafts. They also have a small workshop where they print religious texts. The nuns run an inexpensive outdoor restaurant, which is busy at lunch time, serving bowls of noodles and dumplings.
* Front of the nunnery
* A young Buddhist nun at the nunnery
* Printing holy texts
# Emmanuel Church of the Evangelical Association of Binghamton

Emmanuel Church of the Evangelical Association of Binghamton, now Our Free Will Baptist Church, is a historic Evangelical church located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. It was built in 1884 and is a large rectangular, wood-frame building, three bays wide and seven bays deep, on a stone foundation. It is two stories tall on the front elevation and, because of a steep drop off, four stories on the remaining sides. It features a steep gable roof and engaged bell tower. The variegated random ashlar stone siding was added about 1952, when a rear addition was completed.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
# Euxesta arcuata

Euxesta arcuata is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Euxesta.
# Bolma henica

Bolma henica, common names abyssal dolma and deep sea star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

## Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognized:
* Bolma henica henica (R. B. Watson, 1879)
* Bolma henica abyssorum (Schepman, 1908)
* Bolma henica madagascarensis Nolf & Verstraeten, 2006

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 20 mm and 37 mm. The shell conical has a conical shape and is elevated with 7–8 whorls. Its color pattern is light yellowish ruddy, paler below. The apex is round. The first whorl is flattened. The upper three whorls are radiately ribbed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth upon the slope of the whorl. The periphery is sharply bicarinate, with the upper carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in number on body whorl. The lower carina contains thirty to thirty-five vaulted scales, becoming spines toward the aperture. Between the carinae there are four rows of beads. The base of the shell is flat, with about ten concentric rows of very regular beads. The aperture is oblique, white within. The white columella is bluntly toothed below. The white umbilical tract is polished and slightly ridged. The operculum is oval, within flat, brown. Its outside is thick, white, granulose with a slight flange on the outer margin.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific in South Africa (Agulhas Bank), Fiji, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, Japan, the Philippines, and the east coast of Australia (New South Wales, Queensland). It has been recorded at depths between 11 and 597 m (36 and 1,959 ft), but mostly at a depth of a few hundred meters.
# George Noriega

George Noriega (born October 24, 1966) is an American Grammy-winning, Emmy-nominated songwriter and record producer. He is the owner of Cutting Cane Productions and Cutting Cane Publishing, based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Noriega came to prominence in the late 1990s as he helped Latin artists such as Ricky Martin, Shakira and Jennifer Lopez cross over into the English pop music market. He has been a producer and/or songwriter on albums that have sold over 30 million copies worldwide.

## Early life

Noriega was born in Miami, Florida to Cuban-American parents who migrated to the United States in 1961 and later moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida when George was 2 years old. At 15 years of age, he got his first taste of the Rock-n-roll life while drumming for his first band "The Scoundrels" with brothers Jason Christopher and Kenneth John. He later found success as a singer and guitar player with the band "Utrec" alongside brothers Rich and Andy Kwiat, Eddie Mejia and Robert Gomez. They wrote and produced over sixty songs and shared the stage with bands such as Winger, The Guess Who and The Outfield.
He attended the University of Miami as a Jazz Vocal major, and received a bachelor's degree in Music in 1995.

## Career

Immediately following graduation, he landed several gigs as a background vocalist for Gloria Estefan, Shakira and Jon Secada. By the end of those tours, George was hired by Estefan Enterprises as a songwriter/producer as part of their "Latin Motown" team.
After being one of the principal Producer/Songwriters at the epicenter of the music industry's "Latin Boom" of 1999-2000 (Ricky Martin, Shakira and J LO) and after seven years of working with the Estefans, in 2005, Noriega decided to venture out on his own. Noriega founded Cutting Cane Productions and continued to work with artists and clients such as: Tony Bennett, Shakira, Maná, Juanes, Alejandro Sanz, Paloma Faith, Ednita Nazario, Dani Martin, Alejandra Guzmán, Nickelodeon, McDonald's, DreamWorks, Sony Music and Universal Music.
For twelve years now Noriega has been working alongside Joel Someillan as part of the production and writing team known as JOLLIPOP ENTERTAINMENT. Jollipop is a children's entertainment production company, which has developed music for Dora the Explorer, Go Diego Go and for many other projects for Nickelodeon. In 2011, Jollipop wrote and produced all the music for Madagascar Live for DreamWorks & Broadway Across America's live stage tour which ended with several sold out shows at Radio City Music Hall in New York.
In 2000, Noriega received a Grammy Award for Best Latin/Tropical Producer for his work on Gloria Estefan's "Alma Caribeña". In 2004 he received a Latin Grammy nomination for Record of the Year as Producer of the darker, sultry, art/pop track "Más Y Más" by Robi Draco Rosa. In 2013, Noriega was honored once again with four more Latin Grammy Award nominations and with a Grammy win for "Album of the Year" for his work as Producer on Draco Rosa's "Vida". And in 2015, George was awarded a Latin Grammy for "Best Pop Album" for Cama Incendiada, an album which he produced for the iconic Mexican Pop/Rock band MANÁ.
# Broken Home

Broken Home may refer to:

## Music

* "Broken Home" (Papa Roach song), a 2000 song by the band Papa Roach
* "Broken Home", a 1989 song by White Lion from Big Game
* "Broken Home", a 2008 song by Greydon Square from The C.P.T. Theorem
* "Broken Home", a 2015 song by 5 Seconds of Summer from Sounds Good Feels Good

## Television

* "Broken Home" (Body of Proof), a 2011 episode of Body of Proof
* "Broken Home" (CSI: Miami), an episode of CSI: Miami
* "Broken Home", an episode of True Colors
# Eriospermum bowieanum

Eriospermum bowieanum is a species of geophytic plant of the genus Eriospermum, endemic to the Robertson Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa.

## Habitat

This species is endemic to the Robertson Karoo region. Its habitat is rocky, clay-rich, shale derived soils in the Shale Renosterveld and Alluvium Fynbos vegetation types, in arid areas between the towns of Worcester and Ashton. It also extends as far as Montagu in the east, and Riviersonderend in the south.
This species co-occurs with several close relatives such as Eriospermum bayeri, Eriospermum pubescens, Eriospermum proliferum, Eriospermum capense and Eriospermum paradoxum, among others.