OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Exceptional character

In mathematical finite group theory, an exceptional character of a group is a character related in a certain way to a character of a subgroup. They were introduced by Suzuki (1955, p. 663), based on ideas due to Brauer in (Brauer & Nesbitt 1941).

## Definition

Suppose that H is a subgroup of a finite group G, and C$_1$, ..., C$_r$ are some conjugacy classes of H, and φ$_1$, ..., φ$_s$ are some irreducible characters of H. Suppose also that they satisfy the following conditions:
* s ≥ 2
* φ$_i$ = φ$_j$ outside the classes C$_1$, ..., C$_r$
* φ$_i$ vanishes on any element of H that is conjugate in G but not in H to an element of one of the classes C$_1$, ..., C$_r$
* If elements of two classes are conjugate in G then they are conjugate in H
* The centralizer in G of any element of one of the classes C$_1$,...,C$_r$ is contained in H
Then G has s irreducible characters s$_1$,...,s$_s$, called exceptional characters, such that the induced characters φ$_i$* are given by
    φ$_i$* = εs$_i$ + a(s$_1$ + ... + s$_s$) + Δ
where ε is 1 or −1, a is an integer with a ≥ 0, a + ε ≥ 0, and Δ is a character of G not containing any character s$_i$.

## Construction

The conditions on H and C$_1$,...,C$_r$ imply that induction is an isometry from generalized characters of H with support on C$_1$,...,C$_r$ to generalized characters of G. In particular if i≠j then (φ$_i$ − φ$_j$)* has norm 2, so is the difference of two characters of G, which are the exceptional characters corresponding to φ$_i$ and φ$_j$.
# Eucereon ochrota

Eucereon ochrota is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by George Hampson in 1905. It is found on Jamaica.
# Engine power plant

An engine power plant is a power station in which power comes from the combination of a reciprocating engine and an alternator.
Thanks to very short start-up time, Engine power plants can provide full output within few minutes (high flexibility) and ensure load balancing.
As the share of electricity coming from variable renewable energy sources (vRES) and power supply variations are increasing in many countries around the world, grid stability is becoming a growing challenge requiring flexibility options like flexible generation, including engine power plants.
Engine power plants are also used as a reliable and efficient technology solution for:
* emergency reserve power plants
* cogeneration applications where both electricity & heat are needed, i.e. in industrial processes, for district heating, etc.
* transforming renewable gases (esp. biogas) into renewable electricity & heat
# Epimelitta meliponica

Epimelitta meliponica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1870.
# Hans-Karl von Unger

Hans-Karl von Unger (5 December 1930 – 17 April 2021) was a German politician.

## Biography

After he completed his secondary studies, von Unger studied mechanical engineering at the University of Hanover from 1951 to 1957. After graduation, he worked for Friedrich Krupp AG [de]. He served as director general of a subsidiary from 1980 to 1992 and subsequently became an independent consultant.
In 1963, von Unger joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and served as a Municipal Councilor for Duisburg from 1979 to 1990. From 1980 to 1995, he was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia for the CDU.
Hans-Karl von Unger died on 17 April 2021 at the age of 90.

## Distinctions

* Knight of the Order of Saint John
# Euthamia caroliniana

Euthamia caroliniana, known as Carolina grass-leaved goldenrod or slender goldentop is a flowering plant in the genus Euthamia, a member of the family Asteraceae. It is listed as Vulnerable due to habitat loss and disturbance within its range.

## Distribution

Euthamia caroliniana is found primarily on the Atlantic Coastal Plain between Nova Scotia and eastern Texas. It also has populations in the Great Lakes region and around Lake Champlain. Inland populations are also known from Indiana to Kentucky. Within its range, it can be found in open sandy areas, such as powerline cuts in pine barrens.

## Identification

Along the east coast, Carolina Goldentops only overlap with Grass-leaved Goldentop, which has wider leaves with one to three conspicuous veins (versus narrow leaves with only one vein in Carolina Goldentops).
It also overlaps with Great Plains Goldentop in the western Great Lakes and along Gulf Coast and Bushy Goldentop along the Gulf Coast.

### Galls

This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
* Asteromyia euthamiae Gagné, 1968 This midge forms black spots on leaf blades
* Rhopalomyia fusiformae Felt, 1907 Small galls by a fly larvae on leaves, stems and flowers.
external link to gallformers
# FC Ivan Odesa

FC Ivan Odesa is an amateur Ukrainian football club from Odesa. Ivan plays at the Ivan Stadium.
The club was founded in 1998 and at first was representing the village of Nerubaiske, Biliaivka Raion. Between 2003–2007 it played at the national amateur competitions and the 2007 UEFA Regions' Cup.

## Honours

* Ukrainian football championship among amateurs
** Winner(s) (1): 2005
* Odesa Oblast cup
** Winner(s) (1): 2004
# Bras-sur-Meuse

Bras-sur-Meuse (French pronunciation:, literally Bras on Meuse) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
# Ernst van Giezen

Ernst Steven van Giezen (born 1 July 1977) is a former Dutch international cricketer who represented the Dutch national side in a single match in 2005. He played as a left-arm pace bowler.
Van Giezen was born in Schiedam, and played his club cricket for Hermes DVS and VOC Rotterdam. He made his senior debut for the Netherlands in August 2005, in an Intercontinental Cup game against Ireland. In the match, which held first-class status, he opened the bowling with Edgar Schiferli in Ireland's only innings, taking 2/107. In April 2006, van Giezen represented a Netherlands A team in the EurAsia Cricket Series, where matches held List A status. In the opening match against India A, he was the only Dutch bowler to take a wicket, finishing with 3/48 as his team lost by 202 runs. He took 2/57 in the next match, against Sri Lanka A, but in the final match against Pakistan A went wicketless.
# FGI-106

FGI-106 is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug developed as a potential treatment for enveloped RNA viruses, in particular viral hemorrhagic fevers from the bunyavirus, flavivirus and filovirus families. It acts as an inhibitor which blocks viral entry into host cells. In animal tests FGI-106 shows both prophylactic and curative action against a range of deadly viruses for which few existing treatments are available, including the bunyaviruses hantavirus, Rift Valley fever virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, the flavivirus dengue virus, and the filoviruses Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
# Gerrie

Gerrie may refer to:
* Gerrie (given name), a unisex given name
* Syd Gerrie (born 1927), Scottish footballer
# Engine pressure ratio

The engine pressure ratio (EPR) is the total pressure ratio across a jet engine, measured as the ratio of the total pressure at the exit of the propelling nozzle divided by the total pressure at the entry to the compressor.
Jet engines use either EPR or compressor/fan RPM as an indicator of thrust. When EPR is used, the pressures are measured in front of the compressor and behind the turbine.

## Integrated engine pressure ratio

The integrated engine pressure ratio (IEPR) is a ratio used on some turbofans to include fan discharge total pressure and compressor inlet total pressure. If compressor inlet pressure is P0 and fan discharge total pressure is P1, then the integrated engine pressure ratio will be P1 /P0.
The IEPR is an engine indicator system unique to the Rolls-Royce RB211.
# Barro Branco tree frog

The Barro Branco tree frog (Boana secedens) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

## Sources

* ↑ Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz, Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto (2004). "Boana secedens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T10357A3198388. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T10357A3198388.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Hangu

Hangu may refer to:

## Places
### China

* Hangu District, Tianjin, a district in Tianjin, China
* Hangu Pass, a pass in China

### Pakistan

* Hangu, Pakistan, a town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
* Hangu District, Pakistan, a district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
* Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

### Romania

* Hangu, Neamț, a commune in Neamț County
* Hangu (river), a tributary of the Bistrița in Neamț County

### Others

* Hanggu-guyok, a district in North Korea
# Euthamia occidentalis

Euthamia occidentalis is a flowering plant, known by the common names western flat topped goldenrod, western goldentop and western goldenrod, in the family Asteraceae.

## Description

Euthamia occidentalis is a scrubby perennial plant with many green stems which age into a dull brownish-green, and green small leaves. It has plentiful yellowish clusters of flowers. Flowers bloom July to November.

## Distribution and habitat

It is a common plant of western North America, from British Columbia and Alberta, the Western United States (from the Pacific as far east as Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico), and Baja California. It is most likely to be found near water, such as wetlands, ditches, and marshes.
# Jack Renton

John (Jack) Renton (1848–1878), also known as The White Headhunter, was a Scottish seaman from Orkney. In 1868, he was among four or five deserters from the American ship Renard, which specialised in the trade of guano. He and the other deserters travelled in a small boat for 2,000 miles, and eventually landed at Maana'oba (Manaoba), a small island off the north-east coast of Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands. He became a slave of a bigman named Kabbou for 8 years, in which he learnt the Lau language, participated in the island's culture, and became a headhunter. While on Malaita, he befriended a local warrior, Kwaisulia, and taught him English. He is the only European to have been a headhunter and was the first European to live for a long period on Malaita.
Renton was rescued by a Royal Navy schooner called the Bobtailed Nag in 1875, being traded for "a dozen tomahawks, several yards of calico, some pipes, [and] tobacco", as well as several other items, along with a promise to return with more supplies. He returned to Orkney, where he became a local celebrity. He later travelled back to the South Pacific, fulfilling his promise to return with supplies to the island he had inhabited, before taking up work as a regulator of the recruitment of Melanesian islanders for work in Queensland, where his role was mainly to prevent blackbirding. He was killed in 1878 at Ambae Island, while on a ship called the Mystery. Upon learning of his death, Kabbou and the people of the village Renton had lived in mourned his death by sacrificing 300 pigs in his name, telling tales of his life for 3 days straight, and building a reliquary house which acted as a shrine to his memory. The shrine survived for 85 years until it burned down in 1963.
# Brandon Spinelly

Brandon Spinelly, popularly known as RJ Brandon, is a Mauritian radio jockey based in Mauritius. He is best known as the host of Radio Plus show MDR .

## Radio career

| Year | Radio Station | Job Title | Weekdays | Weekends |
| 2019–present | Radio Plus (Mauritius) | Radio Jockey | Allô Maurice with Brandon and Ton Simon | Weekend Show with Brandon |
| 2014 to 2017 | Radio Plus (Mauritius) | Radio Jockey | Avi et Brandon (20h-22h) 2014-2015 Ou Koner Ou (19h-22h) 2015-2016 Le Big Show (20h-22h) 2016 | Le Dancefloor 21h-00hr (Samedi) Le 15-18 2016 |
| 2011 to 2014 | Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation | Radio Jockey | Showtime avec Avi et Brandon (19h -22h) | Morning Groove (Saturday &Sunday 5/7) |
# Ernst ten Heuvelhof

Ernst Frederik ten Heuvelhof (born 1954 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch organizational theorist, and professor of public administration at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management of Delft University of Technology, and professor of public administration at Erasmus University Rotterdam. He is known for his work on process management, policy analysis and complex decision making.

## Biography

Ten Heuvelhof obtained his MA in urban planning and in law at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in 1977. In 1982 he received his PhD with a thesis, entitled "Naar een empirische beleidstheorie", on the urban planning of shopping malls.
After graduation worked at the chamber of commerce until 1980. From 1980 to 1992 he work at an urban design consulting firm. In 1986 became part-time assistant professor at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, where he eventually was appointed professor of public administration for one day a week. In 1991 he was appointed professor of public administration at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1990s his research was focused on governance issues in the field of environmental and physical problems.
In 2006 Ten Heuvelhof was awarded the Leermeesterprijs 2006.

## Selected publications

* Bruijn, Johan Adam, and Ernst Frederik Heuvelhof. Networks and decision making. Lemma, 2000.
* De Bruijn, Hans, ten Heuvelhof, Ernst, Roel in 't Veld. Process management why project management fails in complex decision making processes. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 2002.
Articles, a selection:
* Heuvelhof, Ernst ten, and Charlotte Nauta. "The effects of environmental impact assessment in the Netherlands." Project appraisal 12.1 (1997): 25–30.
* De Bruijn, Hans, and Ernst ten Heuvelhof. "Policy analysis and decision making in a network: how to improve the quality of analysis and the impact on decision making." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 20.4 (2002): 232–242.
* van Bueren, Ellen, and Ernst ten Heuvelhof. "Improving governance arrangements in support of sustainable cities." Environment and planning B: Planning and Design 32.1 (2005): 47–66.
# FGI

FGI may refer to:
* Facility Guidelines International, an independent, not-for-profit organization dedicated to developing guidance for the planning, design, and construction of hospitals, outpatient facilities, and residential health, care, and support facilities. We oversee the FGI Guidelines for Design and Construction revision process and publication, fund research, and offer resources that support the development of safe, effective health and residential care built environments. FGI partners with numerous other organizations to help develop the Guidelines and other practical, evidence-informed publications.
* Fagali'i Airport, in Samoa
* Faith and Globalisation Initiative, an international group of universities
* Fashion Group International, a professional organization in the fashion industry
* FASA Games, Inc.
* Functional group interconversion
* Functional Genetics, Inc, e.g. FGI-103, FGI-104, FGI-106.
# Estarreja

Estarreja (pronounced , or) is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 26,997, in an area of 108.17 km$^2$. It had 22,746 eligible voters in 2006. The only city in the municipality is Estarreja, which is in the urban parish of Beduido. The city itself has a population of approximately 7,000. It is built along the banks of the Antuã River, near the Ria de Aveiro. Estarreja is an important chemical industry centre, being the place where several industrial facilities of CUF are located.
The municipality is part of the Aveiro District, in the Baixo Vouga subregion, in the Centro Region, Portugal.
Main train stations are Estarreja and Avanca.
The present Mayor is Diamantino Sabina, elected by a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party. The municipal holiday is 13 June, the feast of Saint Anthony of Padua.

## Demographics

Population of Estarreja Municipality (1801 – 2011) :
| 1801 | 1849 | 1900 | 1930 | 1960 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2004 | 2006 | 2011 |
| 17075 | 26147 | 34041 | 23397 | 25213 | 26261 | 26742 | 28182 | 28279 | 28332 | 26997 |
In 1926 a portion of territory with about 13 000 inhabitants was taken away from Estarreja municipality to become the municipality of Murtosa. Hence the population drop from 1900 to 1930.

## Parishes

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes (freguesias):
* Avanca
* Beduído e Veiros
* Canelas e Fermelã
* Pardilhó (town)
* Salreu (town)

## Cities and towns

* Estarreja (city)
* Avanca (town)
* Pardilhó (town)
* Salreu (town)

## Notable people

António Egas Moniz (1874–1955), the famous Portuguese doctor was born in Avanca, Estarreja. He was the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949.
# List of MeSH codes (V03)

The following is a partial list of the "V" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).
This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (V02). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (V04). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.
The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## MeSH V03 – study characteristics (publication type)
### MeSH V03.200 – clinical trial (publication type)

* MeSH V03.200.100 – clinical trial, phase I (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.200 – clinical trial, phase II (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.300 – clinical trial, phase III (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.400 – clinical trial, phase IV (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.500 – controlled clinical trial (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.600 – multicenter study (publication type)
* MeSH V03.200.700 – randomized controlled trial (publication type)

### MeSH V03.300 – consensus development conference (publication type)

* MeSH V03.300.300 – consensus development conference, NIH (publication type)

### MeSH V03.950 – validation studies (publication type)

The list continues at List of MeSH codes (V04).
# Euthaliopsis

Euthaliopsis is a monotypic genus erected by Jacob R. H. Neervoort van de Poll in 1896. The single contained species is Euthaliopsis aetion (Hewitson, 1862) which feeds on Calophyllum as a larva.
The subspecies of Euthaliopsis aetion are:
* E. a. aetion Aru
* E. a. plateni (Staudinger, 1886) Bachan
* E. a. thieli (Ribbe, 1898) New Guinea
* E. a. rugei (Ribbe, 1898) New Hanover, New Ireland
* E. a. donata Fruhstorfer, 1906 Waigeu, Biak, Noemfoor
* E. a. philomena Fruhstorfer, 1906 New Guinea
* E. a. sosisthenes (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Papua, Woodlark, Yela Island
* E. a. mysolensis (Talbot, 1932) Mysol
* E. a. halmaherensis Yokochi, 1995 Halmahera
# Eurycotis

Eurycotis is a genus of cockroaches from the Americas. Cockroaches of this genus often have the capability to secrete an unpleasant smell when threatened. Both sexes have a large gland in the rear part of the abdomen capable of secreting a milky, acidic fluid as either an oozing liquid, or up to a three-foot spray.
# Breaking the Silence (Firewind song)

"Breaking the Silence" is the fifth track off Greek power metal band Firewind's fourth studio album Allegiance. It was released as a single to the market of Greece on 2 July 2007. Tara Teresa's vocal performance on the song has been described as "more characteristic of gothic metal and gothic rock than power metal" and compared that of Evanescence's Amy Lee.

## Track listing

* "Breaking the Silence" – 4:03
* "Healing Tool" (Papathanasio, Mark) – 4:43
* "Till the End of Time" (Papathanasio, Gus G.) – 4:58 (live)
* "Breaking the Silence" (Ullaeus) – 4:03 (Video clip)

## Personnel

* Apollo Papathanasio – vocals
* Gus G. – guitars
* Babis Katsionis – keyboards
* Petros Christodoylidis – bass
* Mark Cross – drums
* Tara Teresa – guest vocals

## Footnotes

* ↑ firewind.gr Archived March 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine releases page, Cited 6 April 2008
* ↑ Alex Henderson. "allmusic: Allegiance - Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
# European Championship in football

European championships in football may refer to:
* UEFA Champions League (clubs)
* UEFA Europa League (clubs)
* UEFA Conference League (clubs)
* UEFA European Championship
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship
* UEFA European Under-19 Championship
* UEFA European Under-17 Championship
# James Hunter-Blair (Ayrshire MP)

Colonel James Hunter-Blair (22 March 1817 – 5 November 1854) was a British Conservative politician.

## Family

He was the eldest son of Sir David Hunter-Blair, 3rd Baronet and Dorothea née Hay-Mackenzie. While he was intended to inherit the Baronetcy of Dunskey, Wigtown upon his father's death, his own premature death meant his younger brother, Edward, succeeded to the title.

## Member of Parliament

In public service, Hunter-Blair was a Deputy Lieutenant for Ayrshire in 1845, before being elected Conservative MP for the county constituency at the 1852 general election and held the seat until his death in 1854.

## Death

An active member of the military, Hunter-Blair was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Scots Fusilier Guards from 1848, and was drafted to fight in the Crimean War, ultimately leading to his death at the Battle of Inkerman in 1854, which caused deep shock and sadness among his parliamentary colleagues. In a letter to Lady Elizabeth Jocelyn—Lady Londonderry and wife of Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry—a few weeks after Blair's death, future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli said:
   "Poor Hunter Blair. He was an able & zealous member of my parliamentary staff, & I saw him a day, or two, before his departure, & our last words, almost, were as to the chance of Adolphus [Lord Adolphus Vane] going out. "...Hunter Blair, poor dear Hunter Blair, haunts me. He took us to Chobham! [the site of a military exercise in 1853]!"
And, in a separate letter to Sarah Brydges Willyams in December 1854, Disraeli described Blair as "one of my most active aid-de-camps, & really invaluable both as a partisan & a friend", adding his death was a "severe loss to me".
In a later letter to Disraeli, Conservative MP for Petersfield William Jolliffe said: "Poor Blair is a sad loss to our party. No one was of greater use to Taylor & I than he was, and on many occasions did excellent service." Meanwhile, James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, stated: "Blair cannot be replaced for those who knew & liked him, either as a partisan or friend."
He is commemorated by the Colonel Hunter Blair Monument, a stone obelisk on Highgate Hill, Straiton, near the Hunter-Blair family home Blairquhan Castle.
# Stainton Pike

Stainton Pike is a hill in the English Lake District, near Waberthwaite, Cumbria. It is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright's book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. It reaches 1,550 feet (470 m) and Wainwright's anticlockwise circuit also visits The Knott at 1,071 feet (326 m) (this latter not to be confused with its namesake The Knott in the eastern Lake District, or the other "outlying fell" near Stickle Pike, or Knott north of Skiddaw). The walk also passes the waterfall Rowantree Force and collection of ancient enclosures and hut circles known as Barnscar or City of Barnscar.
# Eupithecia mira

Eupithecia mira is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Nepal.
# Brassfield Baptist Church

Brassfield Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located near Wilton, Granville County, North Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## History

Brassfield Baptist Church was constituted on August 23, 1823, by elders Zachariah Allen, James Weathers and William Worrel. The current historical building was constructed about 1843, and is a two-story, heavy timber frame, Greek Revival-style church building. Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery.