OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spermidine synthase

Spermidine synthase is an enzyme (EC 2.5.1.16) that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine group from S-adenosylmethioninamine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The systematic name is S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase and it belongs to the group of aminopropyl transferases. It does not need any cofactors. Most spermidine synthases exist in solution as dimers.

## Specificity

With exception of the spermidine synthases from Thermotoga maritimum and from Escherichia coli, which accept different kinds of polyamines, all enzymes are highly specific for putrescine. No known spermidine synthase can use S-adenosyl methionine. This is prevented by a conserved aspartatyl residue in the active site, which is thought to repel the carboxyl moiety of S-adenosyl methionine. The putrescine-N-methyl transferase whose substrates are putrescine and S-adenosyl methionine, and which is evolutionary related to the spermidine synthases, lacks this aspartyl residue. It is even possible to convert the spermidine synthase by some mutations to a functional putrescine-N-methyltransferase.

## Mechanism

It is assumed that the synthesis of spermidine follows the S$_n$2 mechanism. There is some uncertainty if the reaction occurs via a ping-pong or via a ternary-complex mechanism. Some kinetic data, but not all, suggest a ping-pong mechanism, while the investigation of the stereochemical path of the reaction argues for a ternary-complex mechanism. Prior to the nucleophilic attack of the putrescine onto the S-adenosylmethioninamine the putrescine has to be deprotonated rendering the nitrogen nucleophilic since the putrescine is protonated at physiological pH and is therefore inactive.

## Inhibitors

The spermidine synthase can be inhibited by a wide variety of analogues of putrescine, S-adenosyl methioninamine and transition state analogues as Adodato (for further information see here)
# Gloeopeziza

Gloeopeziza is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains 2 to 4 species.
# Harold Fethe

Harold Fethe is a professional jazz guitarist in San Francisco, California who began his recording career later than most. For more than two decades he worked in biotechnology. In 2002 he give that up and became a full-time musician. He recorded Out of Nowhere, his first album as a bandleader, in 2004 with 87-year-old violinist Johnny Frigo. The album contains mostly standards in a style suggestive of gypsy jazz.
The album received favorable reviews from Jazz Review and AllMusic.

## Discography

* Out of Nowhere (Southport, 2006)
# Gaillard Hunt

Gaillard T. Hunt (September 8, 1862 – March 20, 1924) was an American writer and civil servant.
Gaillard Hunt was a U.S. government official in Washington D.C. and a historical writer. He is notable for his authorship of several works on James Madison and early American history.

## Early life

Hunt was born in New Orleans. He was the seventh child of his parents, William Henry Hunt, an attorney, and his second wife, Elizabeth Augusta Ridgely. Hunt attended the Ancient Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut, and at the Emerson Preparatory School Institute in Washington, D.C.. Hunt along with his family relocated there in 1878.

## Career

Beginning in 1882, Hunt began working for the government. His first five years he served as a clerk in the Pension Office. In 1887 he began employment with the Department of State, this lasted until 1909. From 1909 to 1917 he was chief of the division of manuscripts at The Library of Congress. He played an important role in the drafting of legislation on citizenship and naturalization, for which he wrote a book about, along with a work about the history of the Department of State in 1914.

## Works

* 1892, Fragments of revolutionary history. Being hitherto unpublished writings of the men of the American Revolution
* Hunt, Galliard (1902). James Madison and religious liberty. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
* Hunt, Gaillard (1902). The Life of James Madison. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
* 1908, John C. Calhoun
* 1914, Life in America one hundred years ago
* 1914, The department of state of the United States; its history and functions
* 1917, Virginia declaration of rights and Cardinal Bellarmine
Several of Hunt's works have been republished, in electronic form. Available works include:
* "The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787"
* "The Department of State of the United States: Its History and Functions" (1914)
# Star Lake Hydroelectric Development

The Star Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station is a hydroelectric generating plant located at Star Lake in central Newfoundland. The plant is owned by Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, and was first synchronized in 1998. It operates with a single vertical Francis turbine with a 450 ft head and a 173 million cubic metre capacity storage reservoir to generate 18.4 MW of electrical power.
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# Niekerkshoop

Niekerkshoop is a town in Pixley ka Seme District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.
Village and asbestos mining centre 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Griquatown and 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Prieska. It was laid out on the farm Modderfontein in 1902 and has been administered by a village management board since 1904. Named after the owners of the farm, brothers named Van Niekerk.
# Freyella elegans

Freyella elegans is a species of deep-water starfish in the family Freyellidae in the order Brisingida, living at abyssal depths in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.

## Taxonomy

All Freyella species occur in very deep water, and are gathered only occasionally from isolated locations, almost exclusively by dredging or using a beam trawl. Targeted collection is virtually impossible and the material that is brought up is almost never intact. That makes the description and naming of species complicated. In 1986, Maureen Downey published the results of a study she had done on the deep sea starfish from the Atlantic that had been described at that time. One of her findings was that the species described by Verrill in 1884 and named by him as Brisinga elegans, had later been redefined by several authors under different names, and she reduced these names to synonyms of Freyella elegans.

## Description

This starfish has a small disc and normally twelve long, rather rigid arms, about 210 mm (8 in) long. The hexagonal plates on the aboral (upper surface) of the disc bear one to three spinelets and are covered by a membrane with no pedicellariae. The madreporite is near the margin of the disc and the anus is quite distinct and near the centre of the disc. The spines on the lateral plates are short and robust. The arms are long, narrow and cylindrical at the proximal end near the disc, widening slightly and becoming cigar-shaped distally and tapering near the tips. Here, the membrane covering them is semi-transparent, and there are saddle-like bands, and many small pedicellariae. Underneath the arms, the ambulacral groove occupies more than half the width of each arm. The outer spines around the mouth on the oral (lower surface) of the disc form a bar across the ambulacral grooves.

## Distribution

This starfish is a bathydemersal species living in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, at depths of around 3,000 m (10,000 ft). It has been detected between Cape Hatteras and the Georges Bank, as well as near Greenland and in the Gulf of Guinea.

## Ecology

Little is known of the feeding habits of this species. Although some members of the Brisingida have been photographed with their arms raised, apparently filter feeding, those in the genus Freyella have only been observed lying flat on the sediment and are therefore probably not suspension feeders; some have been found to have the exoskeletons of small crustaceans within their buccal cavities.
# Spring Creek Reservoir

Spring Creek Reservoir may refer to:
* Spring Creek Reservoir (California)
* Spring Creek Reservoir (Illinois)
* Spring Creek Reservoir (Cascade County, Montana) in Cascade County, Montana
* Spring Creek Reservoir (Missoula County, Montana) in Missoula County, Montana
* Spring Creek Reservoir (New South Wales)
# Bruno Niedziela

Bruno Joseph Niedziela (April 12, 1923 – March 22, 1962) was an American football tackle who played one season in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Chicago Rockets. He played college football for Iowa.
Niedziela was born on April 12, 1923, in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Crane High School there, and was a champion wrestler. He graduated in c. 1942, and subsequently played college football for University of Iowa. He won a major letter that year, and started five out of ten games.
He was drafted to serve in World War II during 1943, and was a member of the United States Marine Corps from 1943 to 1945.
He returned to University of Iowa in 1946, and was starting right tackle. He left the school in 1947, signing a professional football contract with the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Overall, in the 1947 AAFC season, Niedziela appeared in twelve games, and was a starter in nine of them. He left the team in 1948.
Niedziela later owned a tavern near Richmond, Illinois. He committed suicide on March 22, 1962, at the age of 38.
# List of number-one hits of 1970 (Argentina)

This is a list of the songs that reached number one in Argentina in 1970, according to Billboard magazine with data provided by Rubén Machado's "Escalera a la fama".
| Issue date | Song | Artist(s) |
| February 7 | "Balada para un loco" | Amelita Baltar/Roberto Goyeneche/ Los Walkers |
| February 14 | "Balada para un loco" | Amelita Baltar/Roberto Goyeneche/ Los Walkers |
| March 21 | "Es preferible" | Peret/Safari/Bobby Capone/ Romeo |
| March 28 | "Wonderful World, Beautiful People" | Jimmy Cliff |
| April 25 | "El arca de Noé" | Sergio Endrigo/Jimmy Fontana/ Iva Zanicchi |
| May 2 | "El arca de Noé" | Sergio Endrigo/Jimmy Fontana/ Iva Zanicchi |
| May 9 | "El arca de Noé" | Sergio Endrigo/Jimmy Fontana/ Iva Zanicchi |
| May 16 | "El arca de Noé" | Sergio Endrigo/Jimmy Fontana/ Iva Zanicchi |
| May 23 | "El arca de Noé" | Sergio Endrigo/Jimmy Fontana/ Iva Zanicchi |
| June 27 | "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" | Johnny Mathis/Sam Shay/ BJ Thomas/Tony Roberts |
| July 18 | "Cecilia" | Simon & Garfunkel |
| August 8 | "Cecilia" | Simon & Garfunkel |
| August 29 | "In the Summertime" | Mungo Jerry/Idle Race |
| September 12 | "In the Summertime" | Mungo Jerry/Idle Race |
| September 26 | "Yellow River" | Christie/Bob Christian/ The Tremeloes |
| November 14 | "Soolaimon" | Neil Diamond/Malcolm And The Les Humphries Singers/ Georgette y José |
| December 12 | "Las cosas que me alejan de ti" | Héctor Cabrera/Gian Franco Pagliaro |
# HMS Honesty

The second USS Caprice (PG-90), formerly CN-308, was launched 28 September 1942, by Kingston Shipbuilding Co., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, for the United States Navy. Upon completion, Caprice was transferred to the Royal Navy on 28 May 1943, and commissioned as HMS Honesty.
On 5 January 1946, Honesty was returned to the United States Navy and reverted to the name Caprice. Never commissioned in the United States Navy, Caprice was sold on 10 December 1946.
# Gleann Dubh

The reservoir (the "Black Glen") is an impounding reservoir located 9 kilometres north east of the Connel Bridge in Barcaldine Forest. The earthen dam is 23.4 metres high and was completed in 1984. The reservoir provides a supply of water for the hydroelectric scheme at the Marine Resource Centre in the village of Barcaldine.
# Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis

The Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis, named for Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch, is the chemical reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3).
Pyrroles are found in a variety of natural products with biological activity, so the synthesis of substituted pyrroles has important applications in medicinal chemistry. Alternative methods for synthesizing pyrroles exist, such as the Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis and Paal-Knorr Synthesis.

## Mechanism

Below is one published mechanism for the reaction:
The mechanism starts with the amine (1) attacking the β carbon of the β-ketoesters (2), and eventually forming an enamine (3). The enamine then attacks the carbonyl carbon of the α-haloketone (4). This is followed by the loss of H$_2$O, giving an imine (5). This intermediate undergoes an intramolecular nucleophilic attack, forming a 5-membered ring (6). Finally, a hydrogen is eliminated and the pi-bonds are rearranged in the ring, yielding the final product (7).
An alternative mechanism has been proposed in which the enamine (3) attacks the α-carbon of the α-haloketone (4) as part of a nucleophilic substitution, instead of attacking the carbonyl carbon.

## Generalized Reaction Under Mechanochemical Conditions

A generalization of the Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis was developed by Estevez, et al. In this reaction highly substituted pyrroles can be synthesized in a one-pot reaction, with relatively high yields (60% - 97%). This reaction involves the high-speed vibration milling (HSVM) of ketones with N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and p-toluenesulfonic acid, to form an α-iodoketone in situ. This is followed by addition of a primary amine, a β-dicarbonyl compound, cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) and silver nitrate, as shown in the scheme below:

## Applications
### 2,3-dicarbonylated pyrroles

2,3-dicarbonylated pyrroles can be synthesized by a version of the Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis. These pyrroles are particularly useful for total synthesis because the carbonyl groups can be converted into a variety of other functional groups.

### Substituted indoles

The reaction can also occur between an enamine and an α-haloketone to synthesize substituted indoles, which also have biological significance.

### Continuous flow chemistry

A library of substituted pyrrole analogs can be quickly produced by using continuous flow chemistry (reaction times of around 8 min.). The advantage of using this method, as opposed to the in-flask synthesis, is that this one does not require the work-up and purification of several intermediates, and could therefore lead to a higher percent yield.
# Gracia (Saint-Émilion)

Gracia a Saint-Émilion unclassed microcuvée winery, emerging in the late 1990s as one of the best known "Vins de garage".
The winery also produces the second wine Angelots de Gracia.
The Gracia proprietor is Michel Gracia, a former Saint-Émilion stonemason. First appearing in 1997 to great success. In response to the decline in fashion of the "garage wine" that has been widely predicted, Michel Gracia maintains the garagiste approach has altered and has stated, "In the early years we went for over-ripe grapes and plenty of extraction, but now we're harvesting a touch earlier and looking for more finesse".

## Production

From its initial size of 1.9 hectares, the vineyard area has been expanded to 3 hectares. The grape varieties are composed of 80% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Franc and 5% Cabernet Sauvignon.
The annual production of the Grand vin is typically 8,000 bottles.
# Health Sciences University of Hokkaido

The Health Sciences University of Hokkaido (北海道医療大学, Hokkaidō Iryō Daigaku) (HSUH) is a private university in Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, established in 1974. The president is Norio Niikawa.

## Organization
### Undergraduate

* Pharmaceutical science
* Dentistry
* Nursing & social services
* Psychological science
* Rehabilitation science

### Graduate

* Pharmaceutical science
* Dentistry
* Nursing & social services
* Psychological science
* Rehabilitation science
# Spring Creek Pass

Spring Creek Pass, elevation 10,898 ft (3,322 m), is a mountain pass on the Continental Divide in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. The pass is traversed by State Highway 149, and the Continental Divide Trail and Colorado Trail follow the divide and cross the highway here. Somewhat unusually for a pass on the Continental Divide, it is not the highest point on the highway in the vicinity; heading north from the pass, the road climbs over the considerably higher Slumgullion Summit before descending toward Lake City.

## Water Diversion

Around 1910, the Tabor Ditch was constructed to divert water from tributaries of Cebolla Creek in the Gunnison River basin over the continental divide at Spring Creek Pass into Big Spring Creek in the Rio Grande basin. This 0.5 mile (0.8 km) ditch was originally constructed to divert water for irrigation, but it is now owned by the Colorado Parks and Wildlife. The ditch can carry approximately 30 cubic feet per second (0.85 m$^3$/s), and in an average year, it diverts about 1400 acre-feet (1.7 million m$^3$).
# Feng Prefecture

Feng Prefecture may refer to:
* Feng Prefecture (modern Shaanxi), a prefecture between the 6th and 14th centuries in modern Shaanxi and Gansu, China
* Feng Prefecture (modern Guangdong), a prefecture between the 6th and 14th centuries in modern Guangdong and Guangxi, China
* Fengzhou Prefecture (Liao dynasty) 豐州, the name of a Liao dynasty prefecture just east of the modern city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia
# François Laval

François Laval (born 1967) is a French scholar of law and political science, specialised in French constitutional law and European politics. He has been the Director of the Nancy Campus of Sciences Po (the Paris Institute of Political Studies), since 2004.

## Early life and education

He studied public law and political science at Nancy II University, graduating with a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in 1985. He then pursued his studies in Paris at Sciences Po, completing a Master of Public Policy.

## Career

Following the completion of his studies, Laval returned to Nancy to work in local politics and from 2002 was responsible for higher education and research in the city. A task he pursued as Director of the Nancy Campus, developing institutional partnerships with a diversity of actors, including the University of Lorraine, the Government of Saarland and the Franco-German Youth Office.
In 2004, he succeeded Laurent Bigorgne as Director of the Nancy Campus of Sciences Po, appointed by Richard Descoings.
Laval regularly coordinates and leads Franco-German initiatives on behalf of the city of Nancy, including the 2009 and 2019 commemorations of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
During the MeToo movement and the succession of sexual abuse and harassment scandals involving Sciences Po, Laval highlighted the need to "distinguish individual behaviour from the functioning of an institution", explaining that the Duhamel scandal and the accusations against his predecessor Laurent Bigorgne do not reflect on the character of the university as a whole.
Laval regularly intervenes in public media on political issues, notably during elections. Although he has rarely expressed openly his political opinions, he has declared his opposition to the use of university blockades by protest movements and his solidarity with Ukraine during the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, criticising Russian President Vladimir Putin for his "abuse of power" in Russia and the imprisonment and assassination of his political opponents, citing the example of Alexei Navalny. He has also frequently expressed his support for the European project.
Laval has supported moves to reform the French higher education system and has criticised the lack of student autonomy in French university culture, stating that education must be based on the discovery of oneself as well as the acquisition of knowledge. He has been a notable advocate of the Humboldtian model of higher education.

## Personal life

Laval lives in Nancy, France, and is married with children.
He has declared Carpe Diem to be his personal motto and is known to organise a screening of Dead Poets Society for his new students at the beginning of each academic year.
# Gleann Dubh Lighe

Gleann Dubh Lighe (also spelled Gleann Dubh-lighe) is a glen (valley) in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, located at the foot of Streap in the Northwest Highlands mountain range. The Dubh Lighe river flows through the length of the valley. A frequented spot for hiking, the valley is known for the eponymous bothy located in the valley which is maintained by the Mountain Bothies Association (MBA). It accidentally burned down in late 2011, but was rebuilt in June 2013 by volunteers of the MBA.

## Etymology

Gleann Dubh Lighe means "glen of the dark stream," a glen being a narrow valley, especially one with a river running through it.
# Franz Buxbaum

Franz Buxbaum (25 February 1900, Liebenau, Graz – 7 February 1979) was an Austrian botanist, specialising in cacti. Neobuxbaumia is named after him.
# Marc Brown (American football)

Marc Stacy Brown (born May 7, 1961) is a former professional American football wide receiver who played for the Buffalo Bills in 1987.
Brown attended Nyack High School, graduating in 1979, before playing college football at both Westchester Community College and Towson State. While at WCC, he was named the team's player of the year and to the all-state junior college team. He graduated from Towson with a degree in communications in 1983.
He signed with the Washington Federals of the United States Football League in January 1983, but was released in April after playing in three games. He was later signed by the National Football League's Philadelphia Eagles for one month in 1983, and also signed with the USFL's Philadelphia Stars. He signed with the Buffalo Bills in December 1986, but was waived in July 1987.
Brown returned to the Bills in September during the 1987 National Football League Players Association strike as a replacement player. Brown played in three regular season games for Buffalo, scoring the Bills' only touchdown in a 47–6 loss to the Indianapolis Colts on October 4.
# Healdsburg Municipal Airport

Healdsburg Municipal Airport (FAA LID: KHES) is three miles (4.8 km) northwest of Healdsburg, serving Sonoma County, California, United States.

## Facilities

The airport covers 50 acres; its single runway, 13/31, is 2,707 x 60 ft (825 x 18 m), asphalt.
# Halimede (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Halimede or Alimede (Ancient Greek: Ἁλιμήδη Halimêdê) was the "rich-crowned" Nereid, sea-nymph daughter of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris. Her name means 'the sea-goddess of good counsel'.
# Glenea meridionalis

Glenea meridionalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1943.
# Harewood Downs Golf Club

Harewood Downs Golf Club is a golf club, located circa 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south-east of Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England. It is located northwest of Chalfont Saint Giles and southeast of Amersham. It was established in 1907. Lord Birkett, noted for being the judge who presided over the Sir Oswald Mosley trial during World War II, was a member of the club.
# Fougasse

Fougasse may refer to:
* Fougasse (cartoonist) (1887–1965), pen name of Cyril Kenneth Bird, cartoonist and editor of Punch 1949–53
* Fougasse (weapon)
** Flame fougasse
* Fougasse (bread)
see also Focaccia