OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Great Island (disambiguation)

Great Island is an island within Cork Harbour in Ireland.
Great Island may also refer to:
* Great Island (Newfoundland and Labrador), an island in Canada
* Great Island, Falkland Islands
* "The Great Island" another name for Madagascar
* Great Island (New Zealand), an island in Fiordland, New Zealand
* Manawatāwhi / Great Island, an island in the Three Kings Islands group of New Zealand
* Great Island or King's Island, an island of Enfield, Connecticut
* Great Island (Massachusetts), an island of Massachusetts
# Grace Brown

Grace Brown may refer to
* Grace Brown (cyclist) (born 1992), Australian road cyclist
* Murder of Grace Brown (1886–1906), American factory worker whose life inspired characters in several novels
# Era News

Era News (pinyin: Niándài Xīnwén Tái) is a satellite cable news channel operated by Era Television in Taiwan, launched in October 1996 (as GOGO TV).
# Fourier integral operator

In mathematical analysis, Fourier integral operators have become an important tool in the theory of partial differential equations. The class of Fourier integral operators contains differential operators as well as classical integral operators as special cases.
A Fourier integral operator $T$ is given by:
    $(Tf)(x)=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{2\pi i\Phi (x,\xi )}a(x,\xi ){\hat {f}}(\xi )\,d\xi$
where ${\hat {f}}$ denotes the Fourier transform of $f$, $a(x,\xi )$ is a standard symbol which is compactly supported in $x$ and $\Phi$ is real valued and homogeneous of degree $1$ in $\xi$. It is also necessary to require that $\det \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial x_{i}\,\partial \xi _{j}}}\right)\neq 0$ on the support of a. Under these conditions, if a is of order zero, it is possible to show that $T$ defines a bounded operator from $L^{2}$ to $L^{2}$.

## Examples

One motivation for the study of Fourier integral operators is the solution operator for the initial value problem for the wave operator. Indeed, consider the following problem:
    ${\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}}(t,x)=\Delta u(t,x)\quad \mathrm {for} \quad (t,x)\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\times \mathbb {R} ^{n},$
and
    $u(0,x)=0,\quad {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}(0,x)=f(x),\quad \mathrm {for} \quad f\in {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{n}).$
The solution to this problem is given by
    $u(t,x)={\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int {\frac {e^{i(\langle x,\xi \rangle +ct|\xi |)}}{2ic|\xi |}}{\hat {f}}(\xi )\,d\xi -{\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int {\frac {e^{i(\langle x,\xi \rangle -ct|\xi |)}}{2ic|\xi |}}{\hat {f}}(\xi )\,d\xi .$
These need to be interpreted as oscillatory integrals since they do not in general converge. This formally looks like a sum of two Fourier integral operators, however the coefficients in each of the integrals are not smooth at the origin, and so not standard symbols. If we cut out this singularity with a cutoff function, then the so obtained operators still provide solutions to the initial value problem modulo smooth functions. Thus, if we are only interested in the propagation of singularities of the initial data, it is sufficient to consider such operators. In fact, if we allow the sound speed c in the wave equation to vary with position we can still find a Fourier integral operator that provides a solution modulo smooth functions, and Fourier integral operators thus provide a useful tool for studying the propagation of singularities of solutions to variable speed wave equations, and more generally for other hyperbolic equations.
# Eugenia Osterberger

Prudencia Eugenia Juana Osterberger (20 December 1852 – 8 February 1932), also known as Madame Saunier, was a Spanish pianist and composer who became a major contributor to the cultural life of the Spanish province of Galicia in the late 19th century. She composed both piano solo pieces and Galician songs with piano accompaniment.

## Biography

Born on 20 December 1852 in Santiago de Compostela, Prudencia Eugenia Juana Osterberger was the daughter of Jorge Osterberger, an Alsatian lithographer, and his Galician wife Emilia Luard Álvarez. She received an unusually extensive education for women of her times, both in France (at Juilly, Seine-et-Marne) and locally. Her uncle, Justo Luard, ensured her introduction to the piano. In October 1877, she married the French engineer François Saunier. In 1880, the couple moved to La Coruña where Saunier became director of the gas works.
There she became closely associated with Galician culture. She published her compositions both locally and in Paris and Madrid. Together with the writer Emilia Pardo Bazán she helped to establish the Royal Galician Academy, becoming a corresponding member.
Her piano compositions include sonatas, nocturnes, bagatelles, scherzi, waltzes and berceuses, frequently in the style of established composers such as Ravel, Schubert or Mendelssohn. Drawing on the works of contemporary poets including Carlos Vaamonde Lores, Manuel Lois Vázquez and Marqués de Figueroa, she composed Galician songs along the lines of those by José Baldomir, Juan Montes Capón or Enrique Lens Viera. They include "Falas de Nai", "Ausencia. Melodía gallega" and "Adiós a Galicia".
In 1907, she and her husband moved to Nice in the south of France where she died on 8 February 1932.

## Publications

In 1896 under the name E. Saunier, she published Théâtre illustré, pour piano: paroles et musique
# Fast Track High Court

The Fast Track High Court is one of the Senior Courts in Ghana

## Unconstitutionality

Ghana's Supreme Court declared the Fast Track Court unconstitutional following a suit brought against it by Mr. Tsatsu Tsikata. In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court has ruled the Fast Track Court, created by the NPP government, was illegal.

## Constitutionality

On 26 June 2002, the Supreme Court (SC) declared the Fast Track High Court constitutional.
# Jessie Ennis (motorcyclist)

Jessie Ennis born Jessie Rosina Hole (19 September 1908 – 2006) was a British motorcycle trials rider, stunt rider and founder of the London Ladies' Motor Club.

## Early life

Jessie Rosina Hole was born in Battersea on 19 September 1908. Her father was George Hole who managed the Gas Light and Coke Company gas works in Battersea. She had an elder brother, William George Hole, who was christened on the same day as his sister at St Mary Magdalene, Littleton, Shepperton, Surrey on 14 December 1913.

## Motorcycling

William decided to resurrect a Douglas motor bike. Jessie was eleven, the First World War was ending and that was where the motor bike had come from. The bike was coloured khaki and rust and it needed serious attention. She saw a lot as she watched her brother, who was five years older than her, restore the bike to working order.
Her brother tested the bike on the cinder track of the gas works and then he allowed his younger sister to try it out. She was so small that her brother had to keep up with her so that he could catch the bike when she stopped.
She had her own 600cc Scott Flying Squirrel motorbike when she was sixteen.
In 1926 or 1927 she founded the London Ladies' Motor Club which was a women's motorcycle club. The club president was Kathleen Pelham Burn (Countess of Drogheda), and Betty Debenham acted as the press secretary. Other notable members included Betty's twin sister Nancy Debenham, Marjorie Cottle, Mrs Victor Bruce and Violette Cordery.
She was employed by Norman Downes of New Imperial Motors to be their trials rider in 1927. Downes hoped that her example would be followed, and his motorcycle company would attract more women owners. In 1928, the first motorcycle race organised exclusively for women at the Brooklands track took place. Nine of the ten women finished and Ennis took second place half a mile behind M Ruffell whose finishing speed was 78 mph. This competition was part of a meet organised by the Essex Motor Club and saw Jill Scott (under her married name Mrs W. B. Scott) record a speed of 114$^{1/4}$ mph, a record at the time for a woman on that course.
Ennis was sponsored by New Imperial Motors until 1938 when the company closed.
She met her husband William "Bill" Ennis when she asked him to fix her car at a race meeting. They married in 1939.
Ennis drove ambulances during the war and afterwards she formed a stunt team with her brother. She retired from motorcycling in 1951.

## Death and legacy

Ennis died in 2006. There is a display of her trophies at the Brooklands museum.
# Festuca nigrescens

Festuca nigrescens, also known as the alpine Chewing's fescue, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It was first described in 1788. It is perennial and grows in temperate biomes.

## Description
### Leaves

Festuca nigrescens is perennial, caespitose, and densely clumped. Butt sheaths are persistent, investing on the base of the culm, along with fibrous dead sheaths. The culms grow from 30 - 90 centimeters long. The leaf sheaths are tubular, with flat margins glabrous on their surface. Ligules are an eciliate membrane. The leaf blades are filiform, conduplicate, and are 0.4 to 0.7 millimeters wide. Leaf blades are either dark green or glaucous. The venation of the leaf blades have 5 - 7 vascular bundles, along with strands of sclerenchyma below the veins (some are above the veins). The leaves are smooth, or scabrous, and rough adaxially.

### Inflorescence

The inflorescence is in open panicles, which are 4-10 centimeters long. The panicle branches are scabrous. The spikelets are solitary, whereas the fertile spikelets are pedicelled.
# Great Island, Falkland Islands

Great Island is one of the Falkland Islands. It lies to the west of East Falkland in Falkland Sound. To its north are the Tyssen Islands and to its south Ruggles Island.
# Felix Rácz

Felix Rácz (born 1973 in Satu Mare, Romania) is the founder of Felix Promotion, a sports and television promotional firm. He has lived in Hungary since 1991. He speaks Hungarian, English, French and Romanian.
# Güneşe Giden Yol

Güneşe Giden Yol is a 1965 Turkish drama film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Ayhan Isik, Selda Alkor, Muzaffer Tema.
# Ancient Joe

Ancient Joe is a comic book series created by Scott Morse and published by Dark Horse Comics in 2002.
# Grevillea micrantha

Grevillea micrantha, also known as small-flower grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Victoria in Australia. It is a spreading shrub with linear leaves and clusters of white to pale pink flowers.

## Description

Grevillea micrantha is a spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 30–60 cm (12–24 in) and often forms root suckers. The leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic, 10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in) long and 0.6–1 mm (0.024–0.039 in) wide with the edges rolled under, usually obscuring the lower surface. The flowers are usually arranged on the ends of branches in umbel-like clusters of about 6 to 14 about 10 mm (0.39 in) long. The flowers are white to pale pink, the pistil 5.0–6.5 mm (0.20–0.26 in) long. Flowering occurs from August to January and the fruit is an oval follicle 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Grevillea micrantha was first formally described in 1854 by Carl Meissner in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. The specific epithet (micrantha) means "small-flowered".

## Distribution and habitat

Small-flower grevillea grows in poor, stony soils in woodland in south-western Victoria in scattered populations in the area between the Brisbane Ranges, Wedderburn and Portland.

## Conservation status

This grevillea is listed as "critically endangered" in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and as "Rare in Victoria" on the Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria.
# Eugenia Martínez de Irujo, 12th Duchess of Montoro

María Eugenia Martínez de Irujo y Fitz-James Stuart, 12th Duchess of Montoro, GE (born 26 November 1968) is a Spanish aristocrat and socialite. Born in Madrid, she is the youngest and only daughter of Luis Martínez de Irujo y Artázcoz and Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba. The Duchess works in public relations for Tous Designer House. Her official seat of residence is at Liria Palace in Madrid, but she also spends time at her property La Pizana in Gerena, in the province of Sevilla.

## Family

On October 23, 1998, the Duchess married Francisco Rivera Ordóñez at Seville Cathedral. He is a bullfighter and the eldest son of Francisco Rivera Pérez (known as "Paquirri"), also a matador, who was killed during a bullfight in 1984. His mother is Carmen Ordóñez, daughter of Antonio Ordóñez of the Ordóñez bullfighter family. The couple divorced in 2002, and had a daughter:
* Doña Cayetana Rivera y Martínez de Irujo (b. 16 October 1999).
On November 17, 2017, the Duchess married Narcís Rebollo Melció, president of Universal Music Spain and Portugal. The wedding ceremony took place at A Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Eugenia Martínez de Irujo, 12th Duchess of Montoro :
# Jerónimo de Cevallos

Jerónimo de Cevallos (1560 - 22 July 1641) was a Spanish jurist. He was the subject of El Greco's Portrait of Jerónimo de Cevallos in 1613.

## Life

Born in Escalona, Toledo, he studied at the University of Valladolid and the University of Salamanca. He served as a lawyer in both Toledo and his hometown. He married in Toledo, where he also later died.
He published five books, including Speculum practicarum et variarum quaestionum opinionum communium contra communes (1599). According to several sources he was a friend and protector of Jorge Manuel, El Greco's son.
# Fort Maguire aulonocara

The Fort Maguire aulonocara (Aulonocara hansbaenschi), also known as Aulonocara 'Fort Maguire' in the aquarium fish trade, is a species of haplochromine cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi.
It is found in Malawi and Mozambique. Its natural habitat is freshwater lakes. This species is treated as junior synonym of Aulonocara stuartgranti by the IUCN and the Catalog of Fishes, but FishBase treat it as a valid species.
# Gentianella campestris

Gentianella campestris, common name field gentian, is a small herbaceous biennial flowering plant in the Gentianaceae (gentian family) native to Europe. Its bluish-purple flowers contain four petals.

## Description

Gentianella campestris is a biennial plant of small size, reaching on average 3–30 centimetres (1.2–11.8 in) in height. It has erect stems, simple or branched at the base and the leaves are opposite, ovate-lanceolate and unstalked. The flowers are 15–30 millimetres (0.59–1.18 in) in size. Their color is usually bluish-purple, but may be white, pink or lilac, with petals and sepals fused (gamopetalous and gamosepalous). There are four petals, ciliate at the base. There are also four sepals, which differ in size (two are wide and two narrow). The flowering period extends from June to October. The fruit is a capsule.

## Distribution

Field gentian is widespread in northern, central and southern Europe and its distribution range includes the European Alps and the Jura.

## Gallery

* Close-up of flowers
* Leaves

## Habitat

This plant prefers moderately moist to rather dry substrates and neutral or acid soils of alpine meadows, lawns, pastures, forest clearings and roadsides, at an altitude of 1,000–2,300 metres (3,300–7,500 ft) above sea level. On the Isle of Man the species flourishes at sea level on the Ayres National Nature Reserve.

## Subspecies

* Gentianella campestris subsp. baltica (Murb.) Á. Löve & D. Löve
* Gentianella campestris subsp. campestris
* Gentianella campestris subsp. suecica (Froel.) Tzvelev
# Granville Perkins

Granville Perkins (1830–1895) was an American illustrator and painter, best known for landscape and marine subjects. He contributed illustrations to numerous journals and books of the 1870s and 1880s. He also painted in oils and watercolors, and exhibited his work at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the National Academy of Design.

## Biography

Born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1830, Granville Perkins became a scene painter at the age of fifteen, working with the Ravel family on theatrical productions such as Mazulua, The Green Monster, and Jacko or the Brazilian Ape.
With the Ravels, Perkins traveled to Cuba, Jamaica, the Yucatan Peninsula, and Central America between 1851 and 1856. The paintings he based on these travels give evidence of his passion for tropical subjects. In 1856 he exhibited a painting based on his travels, Cape Croix, Cuba, at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Perkins studied art with the marine painter James Hamilton at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. By 1860 he moved to New York City, where he would work as an illustrator for periodicals such as Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper.
Perkins' illustrations appeared in a variety of books including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Courtship of Miles Standish and Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie. Four of his landscape drawings were engraved for the elegant gift book Picturesque America, edited by William Cullen Bryant. Three drawings of New Hampshire landscapes were engraved for Drake and Gibson's book The Heart of the White Mountains.
In New York, Perkins exhibited paintings at the National Academy of Design between 1862 and 1883. In 1870, he again sought tropical subjects for his brush, this time traveling from New York to California and from there by ship around Cape Horn. A member of the New York Watercolor Society, some of Perkins' paintings from this trip were watercolors, including Donner Pass and Storm in the Sierras, 1882. Perkins' paintings of the 1870s and 1880s often featured South American landscapes.
Granville Perkins died in New York City in 1895.

## Gallery

* Landscape, 1867
* Mary Ann off Keyport, New Jersey, circa 1880
* View of a Mountain Lake, circa 1870
* Fountains in Philadelphia, 1874
* Draping the Studio in Memoriam, 1886
* "Castle at the Entrance to Cienfuegos" (Castillo de Jagua), painting of 1855, "Six Cuban Views", by Granville Perkins. Boston Public Library.
# Felix Ruvolo

Felix Ruvolo (1912 - October 10, 1992) was an American painter. He was born in New York City and grew up in Sicily, Italy, where he was raised by his grandparents. He returned to the United States, where he studied at the Art Institute of Chicago. He became a professional painter and began exhibiting his artwork, first in Chicago and later in California. His artwork can be seen at the Museo ItaloAmericano in San Francisco, the Illinois State Museum, and the Art Institute of Chicago.
# Eugenia Osho-Williams

Eugenia Osho-Williams (born 19 January 1961) is a Sierra Leonean sprinter. She competed in the 100 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was the first woman to represent Sierra Leone at the Olympics.
# Jessie Hetherington

Jessie Isabel Hetherington (2 January 1882 – 28 February 1971) was a New Zealand headmistress, lecturer and school inspector. She was born in Thames, Thames/Coromandel, New Zealand on 2 January 1882.
Hetherington was the first New Zealand woman graduate to teach at an English secondary school, which she did 1913–14, and was also the first woman secondary school Inspector in New Zealand, a role she filled from 1926 to 1942.
# Ephysteris confusa

Ephysteris confusa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1968. It is found in Afghanistan.
# Governorates of Jordan

Jordan is divided into twelve historical regions (almanatiq altaarikhia), further subdivided into districts (liwa), and often into sub-districts (qada).

## 1994 reform

In 1994, four new governorates were created as part of the administrative divisions system of the Ministry of Interior: Jerash, Ajloun, Madaba and Aqaba. Jerash Governorate and Ajloun Governorate were split from Irbid Governorate, Madaba Governorate was split from Amman Governorate and Aqaba Governorate was split from Ma'an Governorate.

## Geographical regions vs. metropolitan areas

Geographically, the governorates of Jordan are located in one of three regions (aqalim): the North Region, Central Region and the South Region. The three geographical regions are not distributed by area or populations, but rather by geographical connectivity and distance among the population centres. The South Region is separated from the Central Region by the Mountains of Moab in Karak Governorate. The population centres of the Central and North Region are separated geographically by the mountains of Jerash Governorate.
Socially, the population centres of Amman, Salt, Zarqa and Madaba form together one large metropolitan area in which business interactions in these cities are under the influence of Amman, while the cities of Jerash, Ajloun, and Mafraq are mostly under the influence of the city of Irbid.

## The 12 governorates

Governorates of Jordan :
| | Governorate | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2022) | Density | Annual Change (%) | Capital |
| | North Region | | | | | |
| 1 | Irbid | 1,572 | 2,050,300 | 1304/km$^2$ | +4.7% | Irbid |
| 2 | Ajloun | 420 | 204,000 | 485.7/km$^2$ | +3.19% | Ajloun |
| 3 | Jerash | 410 | 274,500 | 669.5/km$^2$ | +3.42% | Jerash |
| 4 | Mafraq | 26,551 | 637,000 | 23.99/km$^2$ | +5.72% | Mafraq |
| | Central Region | | | | | |
| 5 | Balqa | 1,120 | 569,500 | 508.5/km$^2$ | +2.93% | Salt |
| 6 | Amman | 7,579 | 4,642,000 | 612.5/km$^2$ | +5.18% | Amman |
| 7 | Zarqa | 4,761 | 1,581,000 | 332.1/km$^2$ | +4.3% | Zarqa |
| 8 | Madaba | 940 | 219,100 | 233.1/km$^2$ | +3.07% | Madaba |
| | South Region | | | | | |
| 9 | Karak | 3,495 | 366,700 | 104.9/km$^2$ | +3.45% | Al Karak |
| 10 | Tafilah | 2,209 | 111,500 | 50.48/km$^2$ | +2.3% | Tafilah |
| 11 | Ma'an | 32,832 | 183,500 | 5.589/km$^2$ | +3.94% | Ma'an |
| 12 | Aqaba | 6,905 | 217,900 | 31.56/km$^2$ | +4.49% | Aqaba |
| | HK of Jordan: (total) | 88,794 | 11,057,000 | 124.5/km$^2$ | +4.58% | Amman |
# Caluera

Caluera is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains three species, all native to South America:
* Caluera surinamensis Dodson & Determann - Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil
* Caluera tavaresii Campacci & J.B.F.Silva - Brazil
* Caluera vulpina Dodson & Determann - French Guiana, Ecuador