OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edinburgh Business School

Edinburgh Business School (EBS) is the Graduate School of Business of Heriot-Watt University (est. 1821), Edinburgh, Scotland. Heriot-Watt University awards degrees by royal charter. Heriot-Watt University was ranked as the 3rd best British university to study economics by Business Insider in 2017, and featured in the Academic Ranking of World Universities Top 200 to study Finance and in the QS World University Rankings Top 200 to study Statistics & Operational Research. There are currently over 11,850 active students studying Edinburgh Business School programmes and more than 19,200 graduates across 165 countries worldwide.

## Programmes

The School offers a range of postgraduate programmes including a Master of Business Administration (MBA) programme, one of the largest international programmes of its kind in the world. The MBA is offered on-campus in Edinburgh, Dubai and Malaysia, through a network of 23 Approved Learning Partners across the world, by independent distance learning or through a combination of these routes. Each subject is assessed by a 3-hour written examination where all questions are compulsory.
All 7 core courses are available in English, Chinese and Spanish, with 3 of the elective courses available in English, Spanish and Chinese. Examinations are run in over 400 centres around the world, each April, July-August and December.
A Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) programme was introduced in 2003 and currently has 70 students pursuing their DBA research with guidance from a mentor or supervisor. Various Master of Science (MSc) degrees in a number of specialisms are also available at the School.
# Lin Yu-lin

Lin Yu-lin (Chinese: 林堉璘; pinyin: Lín Yùlín; 6 October 1936 – 9 June 2018) was a Taiwanese billionaire real estate developer, brother of fellow billionaire and politician Lin Rong-San.

## Biography

Lin Yu-lin was born in 1936. He was a real estate mogul, owner of the commercial property Hung Tai Center, and a major investor in the construction companies Hung Sheng Construction, Cooperative Construction and Hung Tai Asset Management. He was also a key shareholder in En Tie Commercial Bank. He owned the office and retail complexes Exchange Square I and II in Taipei.
According to Forbes, Lin had a net worth of $5.7 billion in January 2015.
He was married with seven children and lived in Taipei. He died on 9 June 2018 at the age of 81.
# Hypsarrhythmia

Hypsarrhythmia is very chaotic and disorganized brain electrical activity with no recognizable pattern, whereas a normal brain electrical activity shows clear separation between each signal and visible pattern. It is an abnormal interictal pattern, consisting of high amplitude and irregular waves and spikes in a background of chaotic and disorganized activity seen on electroencephalogram (EEG), and frequently encountered in infants diagnosed with infantile spasms, although it can be found in other conditions such as tuberous sclerosis.
Gibbs and Gibbs described hypsarrhythmia (originally spelled with one 'r') in 1952 as "...random high voltage waves and spikes. These spikes vary from moment to moment, both in time and in location. At time they appear to be focal, and a few seconds later they seem to originate from multiple foci. Occasionally the spike discharge becomes generalized, but it never appears as a rhythmically repetitive and highly organized pattern that could be confused with a discharge of the petit mal or petit mal variant type".
In most cases of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia either disappears or improves during a cluster of spasms and/or REM sleep. Hypsarrhythmia rarely persists beyond the age of 24 months.

## Classification

Through the use of video EEG and continuous monitoring, five variants of the "classical" hypsarrhythmic pattern have been identified:
* Hypsarrhythmia with increased interhemispheric synchronization. Characterized by symmetric and synchronized activity, seen in patients with longstanding evolution, especially in those with West syndrome that changes to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
* Asymmetric hypsarrhythmia. Associated with a brain structural abnormality, and does not necessarily predict the affected hemisphere.
* Hypsarrhythmia with a consistent focus of abnormal discharge.
* Hypsarrhythmia with episodes of voltage attenuation. Commonly seen during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. When the episodes of voltage attenuation appear at the same time as an epileptic spasm does, they are called electrodecrements.
* Hypsarrhythmia with little spike or sharp activity.
The "H" in PEHO syndrome stands for hypsarrhythmia.
Together with developmental regression and infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia is one of the diagnostic criteria for West syndrome.
# Edmundoa ambigua

Edmundoa ambigua is a plant species in the genus Edmundoa. This species is endemic to Brazil.
# Expert shopping

Expert shopping or witness shopping or expert mining is the practice of finding an authority on a given subject whose professional opinion is skewed toward the answer that the searching party already prefers. In civil and criminal litigation, expert shopping occurs when, having received an unfavourable opinion from one expert, a litigant seeks opinions from one or more other experts, until he finds an expert whose opinion is favourable to his case. Expert shopping may result in a battle of the experts.
An expert witness can be paid to testify in favor of one side of the case. In this case, the expert witnesses on each side may have totally different opinions. This use is well-known use.
Certain news media have been accused of "expert shopping" in relation to their news reports.

## History

Expert shopping in litigation began in the nineteenth century.
# Edith Creek, Tasmania

Edith Creek is a locality and small rural community in the local government area of Circular Head, in the North West region of Tasmania. It is located about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south of the town of Smithton. The Duck River flows through the locality, where it is joined by a stream named "Edith Creek". The 2016 census determined a population of 141 for the state suburb of Edith Creek.

## History

The locality name was gazetted and confirmed in 1973. It is likely that it was derived from the stream of the same name.

## Road infrastructure

The C217 route (Trowutta Road) runs from the Bass Highway to the B22 route, which becomes Trowutta Road from this point south. B22 then connects to the C218 (a continuation of Trowutta Road) and C219 (South Road) routes in the locality, providing access to areas further south.
# Hyperexponential

Hyperexponential can refer to:
* The hyperexponential distribution in probability.
* Tetration, also known as hyperexponentiation.
# Ate-u-tiv

Ate-u-Tiv (sometimes written as "Ate u Tiv" and less popularly known as "Tsun") is a kind of communal reception hut built by the Tiv People of the Middle-belt Region of Nigeria in West Africa.
The word "Atē" stands for the round, open hut; while "Átē-ŭ-Tiv" attributes it to the Tiv people. The Ate-u-Tiv serves as a relaxation and reception point for "vanya" (guests) and allows "mbamaren, ônov man angbianev" (family members) to "tema imiôngo" (chat), sharing ideas and telling stories. The "Orya" (family head) receives guests and attend to family issues (discussions) from the "Ate".
A traditional Ate-u-Tiv is supported by a minimum of six poles called "mtôm" which are y-shaped at the top; these serve as the pillars. The total number of poles depends on the diameter of the Ate. The poles are erected upright in a circle, spaced evenly. The "ukyaver", stems of slim climbing plants form a sort of lintel to hold the roof.
The roof of an "Ate-u-Tiv" comprise "ihyange" (paulins) and "ihila" (grass). The ihyange are woven together in a cone-shape with ukyaver holding together the rafters. The completed structure is then hoisted unto the pillars/lintel with the coned-top upright. Ihila, having been woven together, is then used to provide a thick-layered roofing. This roof filters incoming air making it cool and clean and at the same time stopping the rains.
The Tiv people are well known for their hospitality and the "Ate-u-Tiv" is an important component of this hospitality. In order to readily receive visitors, each compound builds an "Ate" which is furnished with chairs made from wood, canes, etc. In modern days, the components of the "Ate" may vary. Some roofs are now a combination of iron roofing sheets covered by grass that may not necessarily be "ihila"; paulins are regularly made of plywood, etc. The "Ate" design now adorns public places such as hotel gardens, public amusement parks, zoos, museums, etc. New usage of the term "Ate-u-Tiv" may refer to a meeting place, social network or forum.
# Edmund Butler

Edmund Butler may refer to:
* Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick (c. 1270–1321)
* Sir Edmund Butler of Cloughgrenan (1534–1602)
* Edmund Butler (bishop) (died 1551), Irish archbishop of Cashel and illegitimate son of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond
* Edmund Butler, 2nd Baron Cahir (died 1560)
* Edmund Butler, 2nd Viscount Mountgarret (c. 1562–1602)
* Edmund Butler, 4th Viscount Mountgarret (1595–1679)
* Edmund Butler, 10th Viscount Mountgarret
* Edmund Butler, 11th Viscount Mountgarret (1745–1793), Irish peer and politician
* Edmund Butler, 1st Earl of Kilkenny (1771–1846)
* Edmund MacRichard Butler (c. 1420–1464)
* Sir Edmund Butler, 2nd Baronet (died c.1650)
* Edmund Butler (industrialist) (1848–1923)
# Augmented third

In classical music from Western culture, an augmented third (Play) is an interval of five semitones. It may be produced by widening a major third by a chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from C to E is a major third, four semitones wide, and both the intervals from C♭ to E, and from C to E♯ are augmented thirds, spanning five semitones. Being augmented, it is considered a dissonant interval.
Its inversion is the diminished sixth, and its enharmonic equivalent is the perfect fourth.
The just augmented third, E♯, is 456.99 cents or 125:96. Play The Pythagorean augmented third, E♯+++, is 521.51 cents or 177147:131072, eleven just perfect fifths. Play
# Examined Life

Examined Life is a 2008 Canadian documentary film directed by Astra Taylor about philosophers. The film has eight influential modern philosophers walking around New York and other metropolises, discussing the practical application of their ideas in modern culture.

## Featured philosophers

The philosophers are Cornel West, Avital Ronell, Peter Singer, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Martha Nussbaum, Michael Hardt, Slavoj Žižek and Judith Butler, who is accompanied by Taylor's sister, the disability activist Sunny (Sunaura Taylor).

## Production and release

The film appeared in the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, the 2009 Melbourne International Film Festival and the 2009 Kingston Canadian Film Festival. It was co-produced by Sphinx Productions and the National Film Board of Canada, in association with the Ontario Media Development Corporation, TVOntario and Knowledge Network.

## Reception

Reception has been generally favorable (Rotten Tomatoes gives it 77%), However, Martha Nussbaum subsequently complained in The Point magazine, that although Examined Life displays "a keen visual imagination and a vivid sense of atmosphere and place" it nonetheless "presents a portrait of philosophy that is... a betrayal of the tradition of philosophizing that began, in Europe, with the life of Socrates".
# Linishing

Linishing is the process of using grinding or belt sanding techniques to improve the flatness, smoothness and uniformity of a surface and its finish. The process takes multiple stages, and a finer abrasive surface is typically used each time. Abrasive brushes and linishing belts are typically used, the latter being a machine similar to a belt sander used for large surfaces. Large linishing belts are used in large-scale industrial linishing processes. Hand tools similar to linishing belts but much smaller and more suitable for small surfaces are also used.
# Linipitiya

Linipitiya is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Line 20

Line 20 may refer to:
Line 20 (Shenzhen Metro), a metro line of the Shenzhen Metro

## Metro Line
### Under Planning

* Line 20 (Beijing Subway), a future metro line of the Beijing Subway
* Line 20 (São Paulo Metro), a future metro line of the São Paulo Metro
* Line 20 (Shanghai Metro), a future metro line of Shanghai Metro
# Evergestis limbata

Evergestis limbata is a species of moth of the family Crambidae first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1767. It is found in Europe.
The wingspan is 20–23 mm. The moth flies from June to August depending on the location.
The larvae feed on Brassicaceae species, such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale).
# Hypercallia cuprones

Hypercallia cuprones is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by van Gijen in 1912. It is found on Java.
# Lincoln V12 engine

Ford Motor Company's Lincoln division has produced three distinct Lincoln V12 engines:
* 1932–1942 L-heads:
** 1932–1933 Lincoln L-head V12 engine
** 1933–1942 Lincoln L-head V12 engine
* 1936–1948 Flatheads:
** 1936–1948 Lincoln-Zephyr V12 engine
# Exculpatory evidence

Exculpatory evidence is evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal trial that exonerates or tends to exonerate the defendant of guilt. It is the opposite of inculpatory evidence, which tends to present guilt.
In many countries, including the United States, police and prosecutors are required to disclose to the defendant exculpatory evidence they possess before the defendant enters a plea (guilty or not guilty). In some countries such as Germany, the prosecutor has to actively search for both exculpatory and inculpatory circumstances and evidence before filing of action.
Per the Brady v. Maryland decision, prosecutors in the United States have a duty to disclose exculpatory evidence even if not requested to do so. While the prosecution is not required to search for exculpatory evidence and must disclose only the evidence in its possession, custody, or control, the prosecution's duty is to disclose all information known to any member of its team, e.g., police, investigators, crime labs, et cetera. In Brady v. Maryland, the U.S. Supreme Court held that such a requirement follows from constitutional due process and is consistent with the prosecutor's duty to seek justice. The Brady doctrine is a pretrial discovery rule that was established by the United States Supreme Court in Brady v. Maryland (1963). The rule requires that the prosecution must turn over all exculpatory evidence to the defendant in a criminal case. Exculpatory evidence is evidence that might exonerate the defendant.

## Illustration

A victim is murdered by stabbing and a suspect is arrested for the murder. Evidence includes a knife covered with blood found near the victim and the accused found covered in blood at the murder scene. During the investigation, the police interview a witness claiming to have seen the stabbing. The witness makes a statement to the police that another unidentified person committed the crime, not the accused. The witness's statement is exculpatory evidence as it introduces reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused. The police either do not believe the witness's account or else find the witness unreliable and choose not to follow up on the lead. The prosecutor is obliged to inform the accused and their attorney of the witness's statement even though the police doubt the witness's version of events. Failure to do so would provide grounds for a motion to dismiss the charges or an appeal of a subsequent guilty verdict.
# Excubitor

Excubitor may refer to:
* Excubitors, imperial guards of the early Byzantine emperors
* Lanius excubitor, a bird species known as great grey shrike
* 8591 Excubitor, a main-belt asteroid
# Excultanus

Excultanus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae. There are about eight described species in Excultanus.

## Species

These eight species belong to the genus Excultanus:
* Excultanus conus DeLong 1939$^{cg}$
* Excultanus dorothyae DeLong, 1939$^{cgb}$
* Excultanus excultus Uhler, 1877$^{cgb}$
* Excultanus hebraeus Ball 1918$^{cg}$
* Excultanus horridus DeLong 1944$^{cg}$
* Excultanus paraconus McKamey 2003$^{cg}$
* Excultanus parrai DeLong 1939$^{cg}$
* Excultanus plummeri DeLong 1939$^{cg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Early Human Development

Early Human Development is an academic journal covering human development published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is E.F. Maalouf (Homerton University Hospital). The journal covers research on the continuum between fetal life and the perinatal period, aspects of postnatal growth influenced by early events, and the safeguarding of the quality of human survival.
The journal is known for publishing "a large number of unprofessional articles" and was under investigation by the publisher as of December 2020.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, Elsevier BIOBASE, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.169.
# Edvard Perséus

Edvard Perséus, originally Persson (23 December 1841, in Lund – 7 October 1890, in Stockholm) was a Swedish painter and hovintendent (a form of superintendent) at the Royal Court of Sweden. He specialized in historical and genre scenes.

## Biography

He was born to a working-class family and originally worked as a commercial painter in Lund. During his apprenticeship, he decided to become an artist and took the name Perséus. His first lessons came from a local artist, Magnus Körner [sv]. In 1861, he was able to go to Stockholm and enroll at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied with Johan Christoffer Boklund. He moved to Düsseldorf in 1867, then went to Munich and worked in the studios of Karl von Piloty. While there, in 1873, he married Agnes Claesson.
A scholarship enabled him to complete his studies in Italy and France. In 1875, he returned to Stockholm and opened a private painting school, which was very successful. His style was said to be informal; generally coming to class in slippers with a cigar in his mouth. He was apparently also quite talkative and often showed his students items from his collections of old books and engravings. In addition, he would try to interest them in painting his own favorite historical subjects, but anything was acceptable as long as it came naturally. He often behaved as a companion for his youngest students.
From 1879 to 1889, he received an artist's fee and a share of their tuition from the Royal Academy. He never subscribed to any reforms or protests about current teaching methods or styles. The key to his success was simple encouragement; believing that if you were honest and diligent and "if you were alive", you could learn to paint.
Among his best known students were Richard Bergh, Oscar Björck, Nils Kreuger, Eugène Jansson, Carl Fredrik von Saltza, J. A. G. Acke, Robert Thegerström, Johan Tirén, Johan Krouthén, Axel Jungstedt and Karl Nordström. Most of them later graduated from the Royal Academy.
In 1882, he was appointed hovintendent and was responsible for King Oscar's art collection. His works may be seen at the Nationalmuseum, Göteborgs konstmuseum and the Waldemarsudde. He is buried at the Norra begravningsplatsen.
# Exactor

Exactor may refer to:
* Someone who practices extortion
* Tax collector
* Exactor (betting) - a type of bet in parimutuel horse betting
* British Royal Artillery designation for the Spike NLOS guided missile
# Augustin Cabanès

Dr. Augustin Cabanès (30 April 1862 – 5 May 1928) was a French medical doctor, historian and writer of numerous works of fiction and history. He was known for his books on historical medical mysteries.
He studied medicine in Bordeaux and Paris, defending his doctorate in 1889 with a thesis involving Hydrastis canadensis. As a physician, he was associated with the Préfecture de la Seine. In 1894, he founded Chronique médicale, a popular journal dealing with unpublished articles on the health of literary and historical figures.

## Partial list of works

* Marat inconnu; l'homme privé, le médecin, le savant (1891)
* Le cabinet secret de l'histoire, (1897), "Secret Cabinet of History Peeped into By a Doctor".
* "Curious Bypaths of History: Being Medico-Historical Studies and Observations" (1898)
* Balzac ignoré (1899)
* Les Morts mysterieuses de l'histoire (1900)
* Les indiscrétions de l'histoire (1900)
* Mœurs intimes du passé (1900)
* Les curiosités de la médecine (1900)
* La névrose révolutionnaire (1906)
* Au chevet de l'empereur (1924)
* Les cinq sens (1926)
* Dans les coulisses de l'histoire (1929).
# Hypercallia sarcodes

Hypercallia sarcodes is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Alexey Diakonoff in 1954. It is found in New Guinea.
# Echoes of the Marseillaise

Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution is a book by Eric Hobsbawm first published in 1990 by Verso Books. It was written just after the bicentenary of the French Revolution in 1989 which was accompanied by a large outpouring of new scholarship. The recent anti-communist revolutions of 1989 further polarised commentators between those who saw them as a culmination or embodiment of French revolutionary ideas and those who saw it as their emphatic repudiation.
Hobsbawm analyses the Revolution primarily from the perspective of how it has been subsequently interpreted over the course of the two centuries since it occurred, and examines the way that it has been re-written based on contemporary ideologies. In particular, Hobsbawm writes polemically in opposition to what he sees as the dominant trajectory in writing about the Revolution during his era: that of a revisionism which downplayed the successes of the Revolution and stressed instead its violence, rapacity and destructiveness. He argues, for instance, that the bicentenary was "largely dominated by those who, to put it simply, do not like the French Revolution and its heritage".
Hobsbawm's view is that for many in the nineteenth century, the Revolution was seen as a bourgeois precursor of potential future proletarian revolutions. He argues further that many Marxists, chiefly from 1917 to the 1960s used it as an example of a much longer-term reading of political change but that in the 1970s and 1980s (after the first major work of revisionism by Alfred Cobban written in the Cold War milieu of the 1950s) many historians began to argue that the Revolution achieved only limited results which were outweighed by extravagant costs. In his eyes, this shift of interpretation was a false one, and his work concludes that the Revolution was a crucial event not only for what it achieved in itself, but in terms of its longer-term patrimony to history. He concludes that "Liberty, equality and fraternity, and the values of Reason and the Enlightenment - the values on which modern civilisation has been built, since the American Revolution - are more needed than ever" and, finally, that the Revolution improved the world, and did so on a permanent basis.
# Atkyns

Atkyns is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charlotte Atkyns (1757–1836), English actor and agent
* Edward Atkyns (judge) (1587–1669), English judge and baron of the exchequer of the Commonwealth period
* Edward Atkyns (politician) (c. 1630–1698), his son, English lawyer and politician
* John Tracy Atkyns (died 1773), English barrister-at-law and compiler of the Atkyns' Reports
* Robert Atkyns (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
** Robert Atkyns (judge) (1621–1707), English judge and baron of the Exchequer
** Robert Atkyns (topographer) (1647–1711), English antiquary and historian
* Richard Atkyns (1615–1677), English writer on printing