OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# CK722

The CK722 was the first low-cost junction transistor available to the general public. It was a PNP germanium small-signal unit. Developed by Norman Krim, it was introduced by Raytheon in early 1953 for $7.60 each; the price was reduced to $3.50 in late 1954 and to $0.99 in 1956. Norm Krim selected Radio Shack to sell the CK721 and CK722 through their catalog. Krim had a long-standing personal and business relationship with Radio Shack. The CK722s were selected "fall out" from the Raytheon's premium-priced CK721 (which are fallouts from CK718 hearing-aid transistors). Raytheon actively encouraged hobbyists with design contests and advertisements.
In the 1950s and 1960s, hundreds of hobbyist electronics projects based around the CK722 transistor were published in popular books and magazines. Raytheon also participated in expanding the role of the CK721/CK722 as a hobbyist electronics device by publishing "Transistor Applications" and "Transistor Applications – Volume 2" during the mid-1950s.

## Construction

The original CK722 were direct fallouts from CK718 hearing-aid transistors that did not meet specifications. These fallouts were later stamped with CK721 or CK722 numbers based on gain, noise and other dynamic characteristics. Early CK722s were plastic-encapsulated and had a black body. As Raytheon improved its production of hearing-aid transistors with the introduction of the smaller CK78x series, the body of the CK721/CK722s was changed to a metal case. Raytheon, however, kept the basic body size and used a unique method by taking the smaller CK78x rejects and inserting it into the larger body and sealing it. The first metal-cased CK721/CK722s were blue, and the later ones were silver. More details of this can be found in Jack Ward's website, Semiconductor Museum or the CK722 Museum, see external link reference below.

## Engineers associated with the CK722
### Norman Krim – father of the transistor hobbyist market

In the late 1930s, Norm Krim, then an engineer for Raytheon, was looking into subminiature tubes for use in consumer applications such as hearing aids and pocket radios. Krim's team developed the CK501X subminiature amplifier tube that could run on penlight A type batteries or small 22.5 V B-type batteries.
Following World War II, Krim was interested in developing the first pocket vacuum tube radio. Raytheon approved, and a team headed by Krim designed a set of subminiature tubes specifically for radios (2E32, 2E36, 2E42 and 2G22). Raytheon’s acquisition of Belmont Radio proved prescient, and the result was the Belmont Boulevard in 1945. The radio did not sell well, and Raytheon took a loss. Despite this setback, Krim remained at the company and shifted his attention to the newly developed transistor.

### Carl David Todd – participant in the CK722 design contest

Carl Todd, a hobbyist and later engineer in GE’s transistor division, placed 6th in Raytheon's CK722 design contest. His hobby work with this early transistor inspired him to pursue electrical engineering as a career. As an engineer, he helped develop the 2N107 transistor, GE's alternative to the CK722.
# Gentianella anglica

Gentianella anglica, the early gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Gentianella, native to Great Britain. Gentianella anglica is endemic to Great Britain and its centre of distribution is in Dorset, Wiltshire, and the Isle of Wight.

## Description

Gentianella anglica is an annual species, similar in appearance to felwort (Gentianella amarella), but much shorter. It is a hairless plant with pairs of narrow lanceolate leaves and spikes of long-stalked, purplish, five-petalled flowers with the usually four calyx teeth unequal in size. It flowers from May to June, considerably earlier than felwort.

## Distribution and habitat

This gentian is endemic to Great Britain. It has been known from as far north as Yorkshire, but now it is mainly found on the chalk downs of Dorset, Wiltshire and the Isle of Wight. Other locations where it grows include Gloucestershire, Cornwall, the Dorset coast, and limestone quarries at Grimsthorpe, Lincolnshire. It also occurs on the coastal grassland at Stackpole in West Wales, a long way from its southern England locations. It favours moderately-closely grazed pasture, preferably grazed by cattle kept extensively.

## Status

Population sizes vary greatly from year to year; in Wiltshire and Dorset, some sites have in some years had hundreds of thousands of plants, and in other years, few or none. The seeds can remain viable in the soil for many years. In general, populations are in decline as the old chalk grassland is ploughed up, or fertilised, or remains ungrazed with the production of ranker vegetation, as it cannot compete with more vigorous species. The taxonomy of the plant is uncertain, with some people regarding it as part of a Gentianella amarella species group, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as data deficient.
# Granville Proby, 4th Earl of Carysfort

Granville Leveson Proby, 4th Earl of Carysfort KP PC (14 September 1824 – 18 May 1872), styled Lord Proby from 1858 to 1868, was a British Liberal politician. He notably held office as Comptroller of the Household between 1859 and 1866.

## Background and early life

Proby was born at Bushey Park, Enniskerry, County Wicklow, the second son of Admiral Granville Leveson Proby, 3rd Earl of Carysfort, by Isabella Howard, daughter of the Honourable Hugh Howard. He became known by the courtesy title Lord Proby in 1858 on the death of his elder brother. He served with the 74th Regiment of Foot and achieved the rank of captain.

## Political career

In 1858 Proby was elected to the House of Commons for County Wicklow, and served under Lord Palmerston and then Lord Russell as Comptroller of the Household from 1859 to 1866. In 1868 he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1859 and made a Knight of the Order of St Patrick in 1869.

## Family

Lord Carysfort married Lady Augusta Maria Hare, daughter of William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel, in 1853. The marriage was childless. He died in Florence, Italy, in May 1872, aged 47, and was succeeded in his titles by his younger brother, William. The Countess of Carysfort died at Grosvenor Crescent, London, in March 1881, aged 48.
# HD 70060

HD 70060 is a class A8V (white main-sequence) star in the constellation Puppis. Its apparent magnitude is 4.45 and it is approximately 93.4 light years away based on parallax.
# Jerichower Land

Jerichower Land (German pronunciation:) is a district (Kreis) in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its neighbouring administrative units are (clockwise from the south): the districts of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Salzlandkreis, the city of Magdeburg, the districts of Börde, Stendal, Havelland and Potsdam-Mittelmark in Brandenburg.

## History

In 1816, the area of the district became part of the Prussian province of Saxony, and was split administratively into three districts, Jerichow I, Jerichow II and Ziesar. The district of Ziesar was added into Jerichow I in 1826.
After World War II, the districts were rearranged. Some areas of the two districts were added to the neighbouring districts of Havelberg, Rathenow, Brandenburg, Loburg and Zerbst. The two districts were also renamed after their administrative seats, thus Jerichow I became District Burg, and Jerichow II became District Genthin. In 1952, the district of Burg was split into two parts. However, in 1957, the district of Loburg was recombined with the district of Burg.
In 1994, the two districts of Burg and Genthin were merged, and re-adopted the historical name of Jerichow. In 2007, 6 municipalities from the former district of Anhalt-Zerbst (Hobeck, Lohburg, Lübs, Prödel, Rosian and Schweinitz) were added to Jerichower Land District.
The name of the district derives from the city of Jerichow, the name of which is related to that of an early Slavic tribal grouping. It is not related to the name for the city of Jericho in the Middle East.

## Geography

The area of the district is 1,578.2 km$^2$ (609.3 sq mi). Main water bodies in the district are the rivers Elbe, Ehle, Ihle and Nuthe as well as the Elbe-Havel canal.

## Coat of arms

The vertical bars in the left half of the coat of arms symbolize the Elbe-Havel canal, while the crane in the right symbolizes the nature in the district. Cranes are common birds in the district.

## Towns and municipalities

The district Jerichower Land consists of the following subdivisions:
| Free towns | Free municipalities |
| Burg bei Magdeburg Genthin Gommern Jerichow Möckern | Biederitz Elbe-Parey Möser |

## Economy

The LFD Holding has its headquarters and several production plants in the district.
# Ephysteris deserticolella

Ephysteris deserticolella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found on Cyprus and in Ukraine (the Crimea), the south-eastern part of the European Russia, Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan.
# Jaroslav Hrabal

Jaroslav Hrabal (born 8 September 1974) is a retired Slovak footballer who is best known for playing for FC Spartak Trnava. He played 12 matches for the Slovakia national football team between 1999 and 2000.
# Grochowski

Grochowski (Polish pronunciation:; feminine: Grochowska; plural: Grochowscy) is a Polish surname. It appears in various forms when transliterated from Cyrillic alphabets.
| Language | Masculine | Feminine |
| Polish | Grochowski | Grochowska |
| Russian (Romanization) | Гроховский (Grokhovsky, Grokhovskiy, Grokhovskij) | Гроховская (Grokhovskaya, Grokhovskaia, Grokhovskaja) |
| Ukrainian (Romanization) | Гроховський (Hrokhovskyi, Hrokhovskyy, Hrokhovskyj) | Гроховська (Hrokhovska) |

## People

* Achacy Grochowski (died 1633), Polish Catholic bishop
* Agnieszka Grochowska (born 1979), Polish actress
* Gerd Grochowski (1956–2017), German opera singer
* John Grochowski (born c. 1952), American author
* Kazimierz Grochowski (1873–1937) Polish explorer and geologist
* Leon Grochowski (1886–1969), Polish Catholic bishop
* Stanisław Grochowski (died 1645), Polish Catholic bishop

## Other

* 21614 Grochowski, asteroid
# Great Sabbath

The Great Sabbath is the Sabbath immediately preceding the Passover on the night of the 14th of Nisan, named on account of the prophecy from Malachi, traditionally read on this day, which foretells the return of Elijah the prophet to announce the "great and terrible Day of the Lord" It is commemorated in the Christian calendar as Lazarus Saturday.

## Jewish traditions

Known as the "Great" or "Big" Sabbath, it is the Sabbath immediately preceding Passover. It is customary for the rabbi to deliver an address to the congregation on this day. In the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, the first half of the haggadah (Passover liturgy) is recited in the afternoon. In the Ashkenazic rite, piyyutim including many Laws of the Seder are recited. In most communities, the Haftarah is taken from the prophet Malachi which foretells the second coming of Elijah the prophet to announce the "great and terrible Day of the Lord". The Babylonian Talmud, citing Exodus 12:42, states, “That was for the Eternal a night of vigil for bringing them out of the land of Egypt; that same night is a night of vigil for all the Israelites throughout their generations.”
A customary greeting in some Sephardic communities is Shabbat haGadol mevorach, ("a blessed Shabbat haGadol').
# NBU-prisen

NBU-prisen is a prize which is awarded by the Norwegian Writers for Children to a person or institution who had produced award-winning work in children's or youth literature in Norway. It is awarded every year to a Norwegian author or organization. The actual prize is a work of art, typically created by an illustrator of children’s books.

## Prize winners

* 1988: Anne-Marie Hole Borgen
* 1989: Norsk Forfattersentrum
* 1990: Literature Project in Telemark
* 1991: Else Ditlevsen
* 1992: Wenche Blomberg
* 1993: Kåre Kverndokken
* 1994: Director Karin Beate Vold (Norsk Barnebokinstitutt, the Norwegian Institute for Children’s Books)
* 1995: Hå Municipality
* 1996: Children's book editors Guri Vesaas (Samlaget) and Øyunn Krokann (of Gyldendal Tiden)
* 1997: Leikny Haga Indergaard
* 1988: Harald Bache-Wiig (University of Oslo)
* 1999: Barnetimen for de minste (NRK)
* 2000: Bookseller Lars-Erik Hanssen (of Fortuna Bokhandel)
* 2001: Author Anette Diesen
* 2002: Editor Irja Thorenfeldt (Aschehoug) and professor Åsfrid Svensen (of University of Oslo)
* 2003: Bookseller Kari Johanne Samuelsen and reviewer Ola By Rise (of Adresseavisen)
* 2004: Cultural editors at Hamar Arbeiderblad and Oppland Arbeiderblad for their book reviews
* 2005: Children's book editor Wenche Larsen (of Cappelen) and Anne Horn (of Omnipax)
* 2006: Children's librarian at Norwegian Library of Talking Books and Braille, Eli Frisvold and NRK's children's and youth editor
* 2007: School librarians Øystein Norvoll of Tromsø and Sigrunn Instefjord of Odda
* 2008: Jean-Baptiste Coursaud and Gabriele Haefs
* 2009: Former editor at Cappelen, Tori Hofmo, and editor at Cappelen Damm, Ellen Seip
* 2010: Pegasus, children's program at the Norwegian Literature Festival in Lillehammer
* 2011: Barnebokkritikk.no – the webpage specialises in reviewing and reporting on literature and performing arts for children and youth
* 2012: Falturiltu, Nynorsk book festival for children and youth
* 2013: Foreningen !les – the leading provider of literature for children and adolescents in Norway
* 2014: Children's book editor Marianne Koch Knudsen (Gyldendal)
* 2015: Writing studies in children’s and young adult literature at Norsk Barnebokinstitutt (NBI) and Dag Larsen
* 2016: Ubok.no
* 2017: Leser søker bok
* 2018: Arne Svingen
* 2019: Spangereid school library
# Great Western Trail (Iowa)

41°22′27″N 93°44′44″W﻿ / ﻿41.374109°N 93.745539°W﻿ / 41.374109; -93.745539
The Great Western Trail is a rail trail in the Des Moines metropolitan area south-central Iowa, United States. There is also the Great Western Trail in Illinois, which utilizes the same right-of-way.

## Description

The trails is 16.5 miles (26.6 km) long and paved with asphalt. Starting in Water Works Park in Des Moines at its north end, it passes through suburban areas, Willow Creek Golf Course, fields, farmland, and the wooded valley of the North River, with a southern terminus in Martensdale.
The trail follows the route of an abandoned line of the Chicago, St. Paul and Kansas City Railroad, constructed in 1899. It is named after the Chicago Great Western Railway, which last operated trains over the segment in 1968. The trail is maintained by the Conservation Boards of Polk and Warren Counties.
# Burton Rose

Burton "Bud" David Rose (November 19, 1942 – April 24, 2020) was an American nephrologist and the creator of UpToDate, an online medical resource.

## Career

Burton Rose was a clinical professor of medicine at Harvard University. He also held positions at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He was the author of Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders and Pathophysiology of Renal Disease; and the co-author of Renal Pathophysiology: The Essentials.
In 1987, Dr. Rose initiated a novel program at Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Continuing Education and Referral Service. This included three main components: 1) A free 800-hotline whereby community physicians throughout New England could call for quick answers to questions that came up in general practice; 2) An Advanced Clinical Training program through which community physicians could come to Brigham and Women's for brief (1-3 days) focused training in an area of interest; and 3) A monthly topical newsletter for community physicians, called "Medical Update", that was authored by expert clinician/scientists at Brigham and Women's.
Rose created the first version of UpToDate, in his house in 1992. It was released on floppy disks. In October 2017, more than 1.3 million clinicians in 187 countries have consulted UpToDate's website and mobile apps, with viewings of more than 32 million topics per month.
In 2019, the American Society of Nephrology announced the "Burton D. Rose, MD, Endowed Lectureship".

## Death

Rose, who had Alzheimer's disease, died from complications from COVID-19 on April 24, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts.
# Gérard Edelinck

Gérard Edelinck (20 October 1640 (baptized) – 2 April 1707) was a copper-plate engraver and print publisher of Flemish origin, who worked in Paris from 1666 and became a naturalized French citizen in 1675.

## Life

Edelinck was born in Antwerp, where he received his early training under the engravers Gaspar Huybrechts (1619–1684) and Cornelius Galle the Younger. He went to Paris in 1666, where he worked with his fellow Fleming Nicolas Pitau the elder. To improve himself further he subsequently studied under François de Poilly, Robert Nanteuil, and Philippe de Champaigne. These masters likewise had soon done all they could to help him onwards, and Edelinck ultimately took the first rank among line engravers.
His excellence was generally acknowledged; and having become known to Louis XIV he was appointed, on the recommendation of Le Brun, teacher at the academy established at the Gobelins manufactory for the training of workers in tapestry. He was also entrusted with the execution of several important works. In 1677 he won admission to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) with his Portrait of Philippe de Champaigne, engraved after a self-portrait.

## Work

The work of this great engraver constitutes an epoch in the art. His prints number more than four hundred. Edelinck stands above and apart from his predecessors and contemporaries in that he excelled, not in some one respect, but in all respects, that while one engraver attained excellence in correct form, and another in rendering light and shade, and others in giving color to their prints and the texture of surfaces, he, as supreme master of the burin, possessed and displayed all these separate qualities, in so complete a harmony that the eye is not attracted by any one of them in particular, but rests in the satisfying whole.
Edelinck was especially good as an engraver of portraits, and executed prints of many of the most eminent persons of his time. Among these are those of Le Brun, Rigaud, Champaigne, Nanteuil, La Fontaine, Colbert, John Dryden, Descartes, Jean-Baptiste Lully, etc. He died at Paris in 1707. His younger brother Jean, and his son Nicholas, were also engravers.

## Works

Among his most famous works are:
* Holy Family, after Raphael
* Penitent Magdalene, after Charles le Brun
* Alexander at the Tent of Darius, after Le Brun
* Combat of Four Knights, after Leonardo da Vinci
* Christ surrounded with Angels, after Le Brun
* St. Louis praying, after Le Brun
* St Charles Borromeo before a crucifix, after Le Brun
# Gawanas

Gawanas is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bience Gawanas (born 1956), Namibian lawyer
* Sade Gawanas, Namibian politician
# Fragile – Handle with Care

Fragile – Handle with Care is a studio album by American Christian and country singer Cristy Lane. It was released in September 1981 via Liberty and LS Records and contained 11 tracks. It was the seventh studio album of Lane's music career and second to be issued on the Liberty label. Three singles were spawned from the project, including "Cheatin' Is Still on My Mind" and "Lies on Your Lips". Both songs made the top 40 on the American country chart.

## Background and content

Cristy Lane first had commercial success in country music during the late 1970s with songs like "Let Me Down Easy" and "I Just Can't Stay Married to You". In 1980, she had the biggest hit single of her career with the Christian song One Day at a Time". The song became a number one hit. Before transitioning completely into the Christian market, she continued recording country-pop material for the next several years while at Liberty Records.
Her next studio album, Fragile – Handle with Care was recorded in a similar country-pop style. It contained a total of 11 tracks. Included were covers of Hot's "Angel in Your Arms", Connie Smith's "Once a Day" and The Four Preps' "Love of the Common People". A re-recorded version of "One Day at a Time" is also featured. The project was recorded in June 1981 at the Woodland Sound Studios, located in Nashville, Tennessee. The sessions were mostly produced by Ron Oates and Bob Jenkins, with executive production credits being given to Don Grierson and Lee Stoller (Lane's husband and manager).

## Release and chart performance

Fragile – Handle with Care was released in September 1981 on Liberty Records and LS Records. It was Lane's second studio release with the label and the seventh of her recording career. The album was originally distributed as a vinyl LP and a cassette. The album was her fourth to reach the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, peaking at number 43 in 1981. Three singles were spawned that became charting singles. In August 1981, "Cheatin' Is Still on My Mind" was issued as the record's first single. The song became a top 40 hit after it reached number 38 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It was followed by "Lies on Your Lips", which was issued as a single in December 1981. The song peaked at number 22 on the Billboard country songs chart in 1981. The title track was issued as the project's final single in April 1982 and reached number 52 on the Billboard country chart.

## Personnel

All credits are adapted from the liner notes of Fragile – Handle with Care.
Musical personnel
Technical personnel
* Bob Jenkins – Producer
* Don Grierson – Executive producer
* Steve Ham – Engineering
* Les Ladid – Engineering
* Mike Leech – Arrangement
* Ron Oates – Producer, arrangement
* Lee Stoller – Executive producer, manager

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak position |
| US Top Country Albums (Billboard) | 43 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| United States | September 1981 | CassetteVinyl | LS RecordsLiberty Records | |
# Ephysteris aulacopis

Ephysteris aulacopis is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in Nepal and Assam, India.
The wingspan is 10–11 mm. The forewings are pale grey speckled with dark fuscous, suffusedly streaked with ochreous brown between the veins, and with a few black specks posteriorly. The stigmata are black, the plical obliquely before the first discal. The hindwings are grey.
# Football National League

Football National League may refer to:
* Football National League, the organization managing the Russian National Football League
* National League (English football), an English football League
* National Football League, an American football league
# Fiona Richards

Fiona Richards (born 23 December 1970) is a former female rugby union player.
Richards made her Black Ferns debut on 4 October 1993 against a NZRFU President's XV at Wellington. She made her international debut a year later on 2 September against Australia at Sydney.
Richards played in the 1998 World Cup along with her older sister and fellow Black Fern Anna Richards. She represented Auckland provincially and the College Rifles Thunderbirds in the Auckland Club Championship with her sister. She retired from rugby in 2000 due to a knee injury.
Richards now coaches the Thunderbirds with another former Black Fern Rochelle Martin.
# Jean Courtial

Jean Auguste Courtial (19 September 1903 – 26 December 1966) was a French physician, former polytechnician who worked at Curie Institute from 1950 to 1966.
Courtial was born in Paris. He established the fact that any animal without growth hormone can't have cancer.
André Gernez celebrated the memory of Jean Courtial to Société d'Encouragement au Progrès in 2009.