OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Isabelle Morel

Isabelle Morel (née de Gélieu, 9 July 1779 - 18 October 1834) was a French-speaking Swiss writer, translator and woman of letters who was most notable for her novel Louise et Albert.

## Life

Isabelle Morel was born as Isabelle de Gélieu. Her father was Pastor Jonas de Gélieu and mother Marguerite-Isabelle Frêne. She was the granddaughter of diarist and Pastor Théophile-Rémy Frêne. In the local rectory, she learned to read and write and convinced her father, at the age of ten, to teach her the Latin language, the knowledge of which was considered unfeminine in the 18th century. At the age of thirteen, she was sent to Basel to learn German in the boarding house of her aunt, Esther Mieg.
Like Henriette L'Hardy, she was a protégée of Isabelle de Charrière.

## Works

* La Nature et l'art. Roman par Mistriss Inchbald. Nouvelle traduction par Mlle de G*** et Mme de C***, Paris 1797 (= Neuchâtel, Louis Fauche-Borel)
* Louise et Albert ou Le Danger d'être trop exigeant, Lausanne, Hignou, 1803, Nouvelle édition Neuchâtel 1999, ISBN 2-88080-005-6
** Albrecht und Luise, eine schweizerische Erzählung nach dem Französischen der Madame ****. Übersetzung von Ludwig Ferdinand Huber. In Flora, Teutschlands Töchtern geweiht von Freundinnen und Freunden des Schönen Geschlechts, IV (1803), p. 68-170
* Gertrude de Wart ou l’épouse fidèle. Roman historique; traduit de l’allemand de M. Appenzeller, par Mme Morel, Paris, A. Eymery, 1818.
* Manuel des Mères de Pestalozzi, traduit de l’allemand. Genève, J.J. Paschoud, 1821
* Annette et Wilhelm, ou la Constance éprouvée, traduit de l'allemand de Kotzebue, par Mme Morel. Paris, L. Tenré, 1821. 2 vol.
* Choix de pièces fugitives de Schiller, trad. de l'allemand par Mme Morel. Paris, Le Normant père, 1825. nouvelle édition Hachette, 2013.
* Journal 1819-1834. Éd. François Noirjean; Jorge Da Silva, préface Caroline Calame. Neuchâtel, Livréo Alphil, 2020 469 p. ISBN 9782889302529
# Eulalie Piccard

Eulalie Piccard (Saint Petersburg, 26 October 1879 - Neuchâtel, June 1957), sometimes called Eulalie Piccard Guée, was a Russian-Swiss novelist, translator and teacher, writing in French. She was one of the first literary writers to explore the transformation of Russia into the Soviet Union and the police state that was constructed there under Joseph Stalin. While her work does not approach the literary force of Alexander Solzhenitsyn or Varlam Shalamov and didn't reach major public attention, it represented an early sustained effort to expose legal and penal developments in the Soviet Union that, in the 1930s and 1940s, were little discussed outside Russian emigrant circles. When show trials and labour camps were referred to in newspapers and books at the time, the tone was generally sensational and made little attempt to connect them to Soviet political culture or to everyday life.
Piccard, who was born in the late 1870s, made a teaching career in Russia, while marrying a Swiss who had come to Russia. She taught at a lyceum until fleeing with her family to Western Europe in 1925. From the twenties to the 1960s, she was active as a writer and translator (from Russian into French) and in 1929 began putting out her cycle of novels Épisodes de la Grande Tragédie Russe ("Episodes from the Great Tragedy of Russia") comprising:
* 1929 Mort aux Bourgeois! ("Death to the Bourgeoisie!")
* 1934 L'Université rouge ("The red University")
* 1935 Les Koulaks ("The Kulaks")
* 1938 Les Nuiseurs ("The Wreckers")
* 1946 La Fin d'une Révolution ("The End of a Revolution")
In 1962 she published Lettres de Moscou ("Letters from Moscow")
She was the mother of the mathematician Sophie Piccard. Thanks to her daughter's work and advocacy, Eulalie Piccard's papers are preserved in the Swiss National Library.
# Eulalie Spicer

Eulalie Spicer (20 April 1906 – 29 March 1997) was a British lawyer and legal aid administrator. She was a leading divorce lawyer and liked to be called "Miss Spencer" or "EES". She wore her hair very short in an Eton crop, wore a suit, used a cigarette holder, travelled around on a scooter and enjoyed shooting revolvers.

## Early life and education

Eulalie Evan Spicer was born in Beckenham on 20 April 1906. Her parents were Elsie Mary (née Williams) and Charles Evan Spicer. Her father dealt in wholesale stationary. Spicer was educated at St Helen’s School, Northwood, and graduated from King’s College London with a BA in philosophy. She was awarded a PhD in philosophy from University College London for her thesis on Aristotle's conception of the soul. She then took a law degree and qualified as a solicitor in June 1938. At that time, only an average of only fifteen women qualified each year.

## Career

Spicer practised law from premises at 5–6 Clement's Inn, London, close to the law courts. In 1942 she joined the Law Society's staff as a solicitor.
She was the supervising solicitor of the services divorce department, newly established to cope with the increase of marriage breakdowns during the Second World War. Women solicitors were now in demand as many male solicitors were drafted into the military. There were several solicitors but she was the leading light, travelling across the country to brief barristers on hundreds of cases. She became “one of the most prominent divorce lawyers of her day”. In 1945 she had 100 people assisting her and seven solicitors. A Labour government came to power in 1945 and they decided to establish legal aid.

## Legal Aid

The Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 received Royal assent on 30 July and came into force in a limited way in October 1950. Suddenly there was one system for claiming legal aid in England and Wales. The assistance was means tested but freely available to people of "small or moderate means".
She became responsible for approving the 25,000 applications that arrived in 1966, her final year in the London area. When she retired from that position in 1966, and set up in private practice, her previous job was split into two so that two people could do it. She commanded a great deal of respect from those who dealt with her. She worked at that and liked to be called "Miss Spencer" or "EES" by her staff.

## Personal life

Spicer wore her hair very short, wore a suit, used a cigarette holder and travelled around on a scooter. One of her hobbies was shooting a revolver. In retirement she became secretary of the legal aid committee of the general synod of the Church of England and a lay reader. Age seventy, she took the degree Bachelor of Divinity at King's College, London.
Spicer died in St Thomas' Hospital in Lambeth. She was unmarried and had no children. She left over £1.2m.
# Isabella of Ibelin

Isabella of Ibelin may refer to:
* Isabella of Ibelin, Queen of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1241–1324), wife of Hugh III of Cyprus
* Isabella of Beirut (1252–1282), wife of Hugh II of Cyprus
* Isabella of Ibelin (died 1315), wife of Guy of Ibelin
# General Preston

General Preston may refer to:
* John F. Preston (1872–1960), U.S. Army major general
* John S. Preston (1809–1881), Confederate States Army brigadier general
* Maurice A. Preston (1912–1983), U.S. Air Force four-star general
* Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara (1585–1655), Irish mercenary general
* William Preston (Kentucky soldier) (1816–1887), Confederate States Army brigadier general
# Geissman

Geissman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gladys Geissman (aka Merry Hull, 1908–1978), American accessory designer
* Grant Geissman (born 1953), American jazz guitarist and composer
# Bob Fitch (photographer)

Robert De Witt Fitch, known as Bob Fitch, (1939–2016) was an American photographer during the civil rights movement.

## Early life and education

Robert De Witt Fitch was born on July 20, 1939, in Los Angeles, California. His parents were Robert Fitch and Marion Weeks De Witt. His father was a minister with the United Church of Christ and professor of Christian ethics.
Fitch went to high school in Berkeley, California, during the 1950s. In 1961, Fitch earned a B.A. in Psychology at Lewis & Clark College. Fitch later earned both a B.A. and a Master of Divinity at the Pacific School of Religion. His father was dean of the Pacific School of Religion. In 1965, Fitch was ordained by the United Church of Christ.

## Early career

Early in his career, Fitch served as an intern at Glide Memorial United Methodist Church in San Francisco. There he worked with groups including street gangs, the homeless, hippies and LGBT groups. Fitch was later a labor organizer and a draft resistance counselor. Fitch worked at the California Department of Housing and Community Development and at the Resource Center for Nonviolence, in Sacramento and Santa Cruz.

## Death and legacy

Fitch died on April 29, 2016, in Watsonville, California. He was aged 76 and died from complications of Parkinson's disease.
An archive of Fitch's photos is held at Stanford University Libraries. The archive is described as containing "over 200,000 images, primarily black and white photographs and negatives, spanning the period from 1965 to the present."
# Gender empowerment

Gender empowerment is the empowerment of people of any gender. While conventionally, the aspect of it is mentioned for empowerment of women, the concept stresses the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role, also referring to other marginalized genders in a particular political or social context.
Gender empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in regard to development and economics. Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, The Millennium Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development.

## Measuring

Gender empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure, or the GEM. The GEM shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. Gem is calculated by tracking "the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence." It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender Development Index (GDI).
# Eulima langleyi

Eulima langleyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of a number within the genus Eulima.
# Eulima jaculum

Eulima jaculum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of a number within the genus Eulima.
# Ishak bin Ahmad

Ishak bin Ahmad (1887 — 8 January 1969) was a prominent civil servant and the father of Yusof Ishak, the first president of Singapore.

## Career

In 1906, Ishak became a clerk at the Taiping District Office. In 1914, he joined the Fisheries Department as an assistant inspector.
In 1923, Ishak and his family moved to Singapore, and was made the Senior Fishery Officer at the Fisheries Department. Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, he conducted biological surveys of Pulau Tioman, tuna experiments in Terengganu and inspections of Kelongs on Pulau Ketam. In 1926, he participated in the first survey expedition conducted by the Fisheries Department. He was the only Malay member of the expedition, and served as its official taxonomiser. During the expedition, he provided the Malay names of more than 75 species of fish. In the same year, he became a founding member of the Kesatuan Melayu Singapura, a political party in Singapore.
In 1933, he served as the acting Director of Fisheries while W. Birtwistle was on leave. He again served as acting Director of Fisheries in 1937 while Birtwistle was on leave. In the same year, he was awarded the Malayan Coronation Medal. He was awarded the Medal of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1939. In the same year, he established the first fisheries school in British Malaya in Tanah Merah, as well as a Malay school on Pulau Sudong. He retired from the Fisheries Department in 1941.

## Personal life and death

Ishak was born in 1887 in the village of Kuala Trong in Perak.
Ishak was the father of Yusof Ishak, the first president of Singapore, Aziz Ishak, the first Minister of Agriculture of the Federation of Malaya, Abdul Rahim Ishak, a prominent politician and journalist, and Ramli Ishak.
He died on 8 January 1969.
# Ishak of Karaman

Ishak of Karaman was a bey of the Karamanids, a Turkish principality in Anatolia in the 15th century.
He succeeded his father Ibrahim Bey in 1464. His mother was Turkish concubine, who Ibrahim later ordered to kill without Ishak's knowledge. He was the legal heir to throne, and his brothers opposed him. At the time of his father's death, he was a local governor in Silifke. When he tried to march to his capital Konya, he learned that his younger brother Pir Ahmet had put a claim on the throne. This resulted in an interregnum in the beylik. The help of Uzun Hasan, the sultan of Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) Turkmens enabled him to ascend to the throne, albeit for a short reign. Because, Pir Ahmet appealed to Ottoman sultan Mehmet II for help. He offered Mehmet some territory which Ishak refused to cede. With Ottoman help, Pir Ahmet defeated Ishak in the battle of Dağpazarı. Ishak had to be concerned with Silifke for an unknown time. The Karamanids principality soon fell to the Ottomans.
# Erhard Wechselmann

Erhard Eduard Wechselmann (1895–1943) was a German baritone who was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp.
According to Peter Hugh Reed writing in American Record Guide, 1949, he also sang with the Metropolitan Opera in 1890. Under the Nazi regime, Wechselmann performed for Jewish audiences, on at least one occasion with the contralto Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann who was also to perish in Auschwitz.
# Andrea Lanzani

Andrea Lanzani (c.1645 – 30 May 1712) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.

## Biography

Born in Milan in 1641, Lanzani initially apprenticed in the workshop of Luigi Scaramuccia, where he met Andrea Pozzo, a marked influence on his early work. An immediate result of his enrolment at the reopened Ambrosian Academy 1669 was a large-scale depiction of the translation of the remains of Saint Calimerus, painted in 1670 and today in the Ambrosian Library. He made his first trip to Rome in 1674 where he studied under Carlo Maratta, but ten years later returned to Milan. He left Milan in 1697 to spend a year in Vienna, where he returned at the beginning of the new century and stayed for eight years. He had the opportunity during the latter period to work at the most illustrious courts of Central Europe for clients such as Prince Eugene of Savoy, Prince Adam von Liechtenstein and Count Kaunitz, as attested by major works such the frescoes in the Castle of Slavkov near Slavkov u Brna in the present day Czech Republic, and two canvases at the Schloss Galerie, Pommersfelden. He returned to Milan in 1708 and died there on 30 May 1712.
His painting of St. Carlo Borromeo is considered among his masterpieces.
# Andrew Epperson

Andrew Epperson (born November 24, 1990) is an American long-distance runner. He competed in the men's marathon at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He finished in 46th place.
# George Manners (editor)

George Manners (1778–1853) was a writer and editor who served as British consul in Boston, Massachusetts from 1819 to 1839. His 1806 tragedy Edgar was staged at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in 1806.
Manners was born in 1778. He was called to the bar, became a noted wit in London, and was in 1807 founder and one of the proprietors of the Satirist, or Monthly Meteor, a venture in scurrilous literature, issued monthly, with a view, it was claimed, to the exposure of impostors. The first issue appeared on 1 October 1807. At first coloured cartoons were attempted, but it is stated in the preface to volume II that these were dropped owing to the artists having disappointed the editor. In 1812 Manners parted with it and the publishing offices at 267 Strand to William Jerdan, who tried his luck "with a new series, divested of the personalities and rancour of the old." Despite the bad bargain which he made over this purchase, Jerdan described Manners in his Audtobiography as "gentleman in every sense of the word, full of fancy and talent, acute and well informed". The periodical ceased in 1824. In 1819 Manners became British consul at Boston, and held office till 1839. He died at Coburg in Canada on 18 February 1853.
Manners wrote:
* Edgar, or the Caledonian Brothers, a tragedy, London, 1806,
* Mentoriana, or a Letter of Admonition to the Duke of York, 1807
* Vindiciie Satirices, or a Vindication of the Principles of the "Satirist," 1809
* The Rival Impostors, or Two Political Epistles to Two Political Cheats, 1809
* The Conflagration : a Poem, Boston, 1826, written to assist the sufferers in Canadian fires.
# George McFarland (disambiguation)

George McFarland was an American actor, known for the role of Spanky.
George McFarland may also refer to:
* George B. McFarland, American physician in Siam
* George F. McFarland, American Civil War army officer
# Embassy of Bangladesh, Rome

The Embassy of Bangladesh in Rome is the diplomatic mission of The People's Republic of Bangladesh to Italy. It is located at EUR, Rome, Italy. The embassy also operates Consulates-General in Milan, Venice and Naples. The ambassador is Md Shameem Ahsan, who is also the ambassador to Montenegro and Serbia.
# Brockhall, Northamptonshire

Brockhall is a civil parish and village in West Northamptonshire in England. Brockhall, like many estate villages, is a small settlement that has developed around its eponymous hall. The village - Brocole in Old English - was recorded in the Domesday Book. Brocole means "Badger hole". The name is derived from "broc" ("badger" in Old English) and "hol" ("hollow" in Old English). The population is included in the civil parish of Norton.
The parish church, St Peter & St Paul, is part of the Benefice of Heyford with Stowe IX Churches and Flore with Brockhall.

## Notable buildings

Brockhall Hall was originally built by Edward Eyton. In 1625, Eyton sold the house to Thomas Thornton of Newnham. Thornton was a lawyer and also the Recorder of Daventry. In 1634 Thomas Thornton bought Newnham manor from the Knightleys of Fawsley who had held it jointly with Badby manor since 1542. Mr Thornton supported Oliver Cromwell and was later pardoned by King Charles II.
Since the Civil War, five Thorntons have held the position of High Sheriff of Northamptonshire. The first was John Thornton who assumed the post in 1672; the last was Colonel Thornton who held the position in 1946.
During World War II, the hall and its grounds were used by the American Office of Strategic Studies, an early predecessor of the CIA. Saboteurs were airlifted to Europe from nearby Harrington airfield where the Carpetbagger Museum commemorates their contributions to the war effort.
The Thornton family lived at Brockhall Hall until 1969 when it was sold to Peter Lee after the death of the last male heir. Brockhall Hall is now divided up into a number of residential flats.
A descendant of the original owner, Thomas Reeve Thornton (d. 1862), married Susannah Fremeaux, the heiress of her grandfather James Fremeaux of Kingsthorpe (d. 1799). Fremeaux was a Huguenot merchant who had been naturalised as a British citizen in 1752 and had through marriage acquired the Cooke estate at Kingsthorpe in 1762. The Thorntons remained at Brockhall until 1969. In 1978, upon the death of Col. Thomas Anson Thornton, the male line became extinct.
The house is reputed to be haunted by a white lady - this might be an owner's wife who committed suicide in the 1780s.
St Peter and St Paul church is c.1200. The chancel was rebuilt in 1874 by Edmund Francis Law. The church has several monuments to the Thorntons.
The Manor House is dated 1617.
# Finlathen Aqueduct

Finlathen Aqueduct is an aqueduct in Dundee, Scotland. It is Category B listed.

## History

The aqueduct was constructed in the 1840s to carry water from Monikie Burn to Stobsmuir Reservoir. A second water main with a diameter of 15 inches was laid in 1862 however the expanded aqueduct proved inadequate. In the 1870s it was superseded by a new water supply from the Loch of Lintrathen. It was later opened as a footpath.
In July 2019, the aqueduct was closed and fenced off after sagging was observed. Part of the edge of the aqueduct subsequently collapsed overnight. The repaired bridge reopened in June 2022.
# Spotting (weight training)

Spotting in weight or resistance training is the act of supporting another person during a particular exercise, with an emphasis on allowing the participant to lift or push more than they could normally do safely. Correct spotting involves knowing when to intervene and assist with a lift, and encouraging a training partner to push beyond the point in which they would normally 'rack' the weight (return it to its stationary position).

## Exercises
### Bench Press

Spotting is particularly prevalent when performing the bench press. Because of the risks of lifting a heavy weight in the supine position, a lifter will often ask for a spot unless they are completely confident that the lift will not be failed. While a spotter may prevent injury, a lifter may become too dependent on the spotter, and not realize the degree that the spotter is assisting them. This is sometimes jocularly referred to as the "two man bench press".

### Barbell Squat

Barbell squats should be spotted by two spotters, one at each end of the bar. In the event of a missed lift, each spotter hooks an elbow under the end of the bar, and takes the plates in both hands. Care must be taken to keep the assistance balanced and coordinated to avoid uneven deloading of the weight and possible torsion injury.
If two spotters are unavailable, a single spotter can assist by taking some of the weight off the bar allowing the lifter to return the weight to the rack. A single spotter is referred to as a 'Spinks'. Unlike other exercises this exercise does not present much of a chance for the spotters to assist the lifter, as the spotters only intercede in the event of a missed lift.

### Skull Crushers

Another exercise to utilize a spotter would be the triceps exercise skull crushers in which the lifter lowers an E-Z bar towards their head while lying flat on the bench. The spotter will be standing behind the individual and moving their hands approximately 6 inches below the bar so that they can catch it in the event of the lifter running out of energy.

### Military Press

Additionally, some people prefer to have a spotter present during the barbell military press or barbell push press (two very similar exercises). This exercise involves lifting a considerable amount of weight about the head. During this exercise the spotter will assist in “lifting off” the bar from the racked position. Then the spotter will keep his/her hands about 6 inches under the bar. This allows the spotter to assist when the lifter runs out of energy, but most importantly allows the spotter to catch the weight if the lifter cannot lift any more. A spotter may not be preferred, however, because the risk of injury is lower and it is easier to drop the weight on the ground if the lifter loses control of the barbell.