OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Franz Xaver Gabelsberger

Franz Xaver Gabelsberger (9 February 1789, Munich - 4 January 1849, Munich) was a German stenographer; the inventor of Gabelsberger shorthand.

## Biography

His father was a wind instrument manufacturer, originally from Mainburg, who died while Franz was still in school. As a result, he was transferred to a convent school and finished his studies at the Alten Gymnasium in 1807. He was unable to pursue his education further, due to lack of funds and poor health. Instead, he entered the civil service of the newly established Kingdom of Bavaria.
His superiors were impressed by his skills in calligraphy. Meanwhile, he was contemplating a system that would make writing faster and easier. In 1817, he began to develop his system. As the German bureaucracies expanded, rapid transcription became essential. England and France already had such systems, but they proved difficult to adapt to German. Gabelsberger's method caught on quickly, and he became the first stenographer for the Bavarian State Parliament.
He was also promoted to Ministerial Secretary, and his system was certified by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities as being more reliable and legible than previous systems. Later, he was awarded 1,000 Gulden per year, half of which was to be used for his shorthand students. His method was officially named and published in 1834. He designed an abbreviation typeface in 1840.
In 1849, he suffered a stroke while out for a walk, and died shortly after. He was interred in the Alter Südfriedhof. From then until 1902, his system was revised three times. By that time, the number of users was estimated to be four million. Monuments have been dedicated to him in Munich, Vienna, and Traunstein. Streets in numerous German and Austrian cities are named after him. The medal of honor awarded by the German Stenographers' Association bears his likeness.

## Sources

* Franz Gabelsberger und seine Kunst. Festschrift. G. Franzscher Verlag, Munich 1890 (Online)
* E. Bauer (1878), "Gabelsberger, Franz Xaver", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 291–293
* Rudolf Weinmeister (1964), "Gabelsberger, Franz Xaver", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 4–5; (full text online)
* Jürgen Wurst: "Franz Xaver Gabelsberger". In: üAlexander Langheiter (Ed.): Monachia. Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus. Munich 2005, ISBN 3-88645-156-9, pg.169
* Emil Zehl: Der Gabelsberger Stenographen-Verein zu Leipzig von 1846–1896 (Online)
* Joseph Alteneder, Franz Xaver Gabelsberger, Erfinder der deutschen Stenographie, Vol. 1: "Gabelsbergers Lebensverhältnisse und öffentliche Tätigkeit", G. Franzscher Verlag, 1902 (Online)
# Gymnastics at the European Games – Women's individual all-around

The European Games were first held in 2015 and are held every four years.
Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers have not been used in every year. In the event of a tie between two gymnasts, both names are listed, and the following position (second for a tie for first, third for a tie for second) is left empty because a medal was not awarded for that position. If three gymnastics tied for a position, the following two positions are left empty.

## Medalists

| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref |
| 2015 | Baku | Aliya Mustafina | Giulia Steingruber | Lieke Wevers | |
| 2019 | Minsk | Angelina Melnikova | Lorette Charpy | Diana Varinska | |
# Greasy grass

Greasy grass may refer to:
* Tridens flavus, a common perennial bunchgrass of eastern North America known as "greasy grass" or "grease grass"
* Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as "Battle of the Greasy Grass"
# Euura dolichura

Euura dolichura is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae (common sawflies). It was first described by Carl Gustaf Thomson in 1871. The larvae feed within galls on the leaves of willow (Salix species). Some of the Euura species of sawfly are closely related and placed in groups of similar species. E. dolichura is a member of the Euura dolichura species group.

## Description of the gall

The sausage-shaped gall (10 mm x 2 mm), greenish, pink or purplish, is usually in pairs, either side of the midrib and on the upper side of the leaf. On the lower side of the leaf, it is flush with the surface. Inside the gall is a single caterpillar, along with frass.
There is some disagreement in the literature as to which species of willow is galled. According to Redfern et al. (2011) the gall is found on tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia) while Ellis (Plant Parasites of Europe) and Liston et al. disagree and cite downy willow (Salix lapponum) as the foodplant of the larvae.
Euura dolichura is one of seven closely related species known as the Euura dolichura species group. The others members of the group are,
* E. bigallae (Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014) comb.nov.
* E. femoralis (Cameron, 1876) comb.nov.
* E. glaucae (Kopelke, 1994) comb.nov.
* E. nigricantis (Kopelke, 1986) comb.nov.
* E. unigallae (Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014) comb.nov.
* E. virilis (Zirngiebl, 1955)

## Distribution

In Europe this species had been recorded from the Czech Republic, Finland, Great Britain (England and Scotland), Norway and Sweden. It has also been recorded from Japan and possibly from North America.
# Fidel Cano Correa

Fidel Cano Correa is a Colombian journalist, born 23 November 1965 in Bogotá. Since May 2004 he is the publisher of El Espectador, Colombia's oldest newspaper.
Cano is a great-grandson of Fidel Cano Gutiérrez, (founder of El Espectador), and a nephew to Guillermo Cano Isaza. He received his primary and secondary education at Gimnasio Moderno, majored in Philosophy from the University of Los Andes, earned a degree in International Relations from New York University and a Master of Science degree in journalism from Northwestern University.
Between 1987 and 1995, Cano Correa worked at El Espectador as sports writer, lifestyle and economy editor, and correspondent in the United States. Later he would become press attaché at the Colombian embassy in Washington, D. C. He was political editor at El Tiempo between 1998 and 2000.
In 2000, Cano Correa returned to his family's newspaper as general editor. In 2001, El Espectador was forced to downgrade to a weekly, circulating on weekends only. Nevertheless, Cano Correa, who became publisher in 2004, led a journalistic and economic recovery which allowed El Espectador to resume daily publishing in May 2008.
In 2006, Cano Correa was named Journalist of the Year at the Premio Nacional de Periodismo Simón Bolívar.
Cano Correa is also active on Twitter, where he tweets about what will be published the next day in the print edition of El Espectador. One of his posts, where he referred to the redesign which El Tiempo would unveil in early October 2010, was "poorly welcomed" by its directors, according to Semana.
# Flora Morris

Flora Morris was a British stage and film actress. She played the lead in the 1915 crime film After Dark.

## Selected filmography

* Oliver Twist (1912)
* Adrift on Life's Tide (1913)
* Kissing Cup (1913)
* The Heart of Midlothian (1914)
* Mysteries of London (1915)
* After Dark (1915)
* A Park Lane Scandal (1915)
* Whoso Is Without Sin (1916)
# Ivan Ivanović

Ivan Ivanović may refer to:
* Ivan Rikard Ivanović (1880–1949), Croatian politician
* Ivan Ivanović (writer) (born 1936), Serbian writer, nominated for the 1994 NIN Award
* Ivan Ivanović (host) (born 1975), Serbian television host of Veče sa Ivanom Ivanovićem
* Ivan Ivanović (rapper) (born 1981), or Juice, Serbian rapper
* Ivan Ivanović (footballer, born 1988), Serbian footballer who played in the 2007–08 Serbian Cup
* Ivan Ivanović (footballer) (born 1989), Montenegrin footballer
# German Corners, Wisconsin

German Corners is an unincorporated community located in the town of Greenbush, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States.
# Franz Xaver Gerl

Franz Xaver Gerl ((1764-11-30)30 November 1764 – (1827-03-09)9 March 1827) was a bass singer and composer of the classical era. He sang the role of Sarastro in the premiere of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute.

## Life

Gerl was born on (1764-11-30)30 November 1764 in Andorf (then Bavaria, since 1780 part of Austria). He sang as a chorister as a child in Salzburg; the New Grove asserts that he was probably the pupil of Leopold Mozart. He attended the University of Salzburg, studying logic and physics. His career as a bass began in 1785 with the theatrical company of Ludwig Schmidt.
He evidently had an impressively low vocal range; Branscombe (1991) observes that the very low notes that Mozart included in the part of Sarastro have been "the despair of many a bass singer since."
By 1787 he had joined the theatrical company of Emanuel Schikaneder, for which he sang the demanding role of Osmin in Mozart's opera The Abduction from the Seraglio and other roles. In 1789 the troupe settled at the Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna. Gerl participated in a system of joint composition used by Schikaneder's troupe, in which Singspiele were produced rapidly by having several composers collaborate. As such, Gerl may have been the composer of the aria "Ein Weib ist das herrlichste Ding", for which Mozart wrote a set of variations for piano, K. 613 (the composer may instead have been another singer-composer in the troupe, Benedikt Schack).
Mozart gradually came to participate more in the activities of the Schikaneder troupe, culminating in his opera The Magic Flute (1791), with libretto by Schikaneder. Gerl premiered the role of Sarastro, and continued to sing this part in many performances through 1792. He left Schikaneder's troupe in 1793.
Gerl may have been a participant in a rehearsal of Mozart's Requiem on the day before the composer died; for details see Benedikt Schack.
Gerl's later career took him to Brno and Mannheim, where he retired in 1826. He died there on (1827-03-09)9 March 1827.

## Assessment

Peter Branscombe, writing in the New Grove, offers the following concerning Gerl's reputation as a singer: "When Schröder, the greatest actor-manager of his age, went to Vienna in 1791 he was told not to miss hearing [Benedikt] Schack and Gerl at Schikaneder's theatre." Branscombe also notes the striking quality of the music that Mozart wrote for Gerl.

## Family

Gerl married the soprano Barbara Reisinger (1770–1806) on 2 September 1789. She also sang in the Schikaneder troupe, and performed the role of Papagena at the Magic Flute premiere. She went with Gerl to Brno and Mannheim, and died there shortly after giving birth to their second child.
# Jianbei Subdistrict

Jianbei Subdistrict (Chinese: 建北街道; pinyin: Jiànběi Jiēdào) is a subdistrict and the seat of Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China. As of 2011, it has seven residential communities (社区) under its administration.
# Euura destricta

Euura destricta is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae (common sawflies). The larvae feed on the leaves of willow (Salix species).

## Description of the gall

These are simple galls with the leaf rolled, or folded downwards affecting one or both sides of the leaf. The female forms the gall before she lays her eggs, with the caterpillar feeding inside the fold. It will also feed on ungalled parts of the leaf, or other leaves. The gall is usually found on bay willow (S. pentandra), and can also be found on gray willow (S. glauca) and tea-leaved willow (S. phylicifolia).
Redfern et al. state that, in Great Britain, it is safe to identify the galls of this species and Euura oblita by the foodplants. E. oblita feeds on crack willow (S. fragilis) and white willow (S. alba). In Great Britain, other Euura species do not form galls on these host plants.

## Distribution

The sawfly has been found in Finland, Great Britain (England and Scotland), Ireland and Sweden.
# Sonia Ganassi

Sonia Ganassi (born 1966) is an Italian mezzo-soprano. Born in Reggio Emilia, she made her debut as Rosina in Rossini’s The Barber of Seville in Rome in 1992. She has performed in many of the world’s famous opera houses including the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Royal Opera House in London and the Teatro alla Scala, Milan. She is best known for her work in the bel canto repertoire. Her roles in Rossini operas also include soprano parts, such as Elisabetta in Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (ROF, 2004), Elena in La donna del lago (Lady of the Lake) (Rossini in Wildbad, 2006), Ermione (ROF, 2008), and Elcia in Mosè in Egitto (ROF, 2011). In 2009 she participated in a live recording of Giuseppe Verdi's Messa da Requiem conducted by Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics 6 98936 2). In October 2019 she debuted the leading role of Lady Macbeth in Verdi's Macbeth at the Teatro Lirico di Cagliari.

## Repertory

Her roles included:
Operatic role :
| Role | Opera | Composer |
| Romeo Montecchi | I Capuleti e i Montecchi | Bellini |
| Teresa | La sonnambula | Bellini |
| Adalgisa | Norma | Bellini |
| Marguerite | La damnation de Faust | Berlioz |
| Carmen | Carmen | Bizet |
| Giovanna Seymour | Anna Bolena | Donizetti |
| Maffio Orsini | Lucrezia Borgia | Donizetti |
| Elisabetta I | Maria Stuarda | Donizetti |
| Sara | Roberto Devereux | Donizetti |
| Leonora | La Favorita | Donizetti |
| Pierrotto | Linda di Chamounix | Donizetti |
| Zayda | Dom Sébastien | Donizetti |
| Rodelinda | Rodelinda | Händel |
| Helene | Hin und zurück | Hindemith |
| Zanetto | Zanetto | Mascagni |
| Charlotte | Werther | Massenet |
| Idamante | Idomeneo, Re di Creta | Mozart |
| Cherubino | Le nozze di Figaro | Mozart |
| Donna Elvira | Don Giovanni | Mozart |
| Dorabella | Così fan tutte | Mozart |
| Nicklausse | Les contes d'Hoffmann | Offenbach |
| Concepción | L'Heure espagnole | Ravel |
| Siveno | Demetrio e Polibio | Rossini |
| Isabella | L'Italiana in Algeri | Rossini |
| Sigismondo | Sigismondo | Rossini |
| Elisabetta | Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra | Rossini |
| Rosina | Il barbiere di Siviglia | Rossini |
| Angelina | La Cenerentola | Rossini |
| Elcìa | Mosè in Egitto | Rossini |
| Ermione | Ermione | Rossini |
| Elena | La donna del lago | Rossini |
| Emma | Zelmira | Rossini |
| Sinaïde | Moïse et Pharaon | Rossini |
| Jocasta | Oedipus rex | Stravinsky |
| Cuniza | Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio | Verdi |
| Lady Macbeth | Macbeth | Verdi |
| Fenena | Nabucco | Verdi |
| Principessa d'Eboli | Don Carlo | Verdi |
| Amneris | Aida | Verdi |
# Frakefamide

Frakefamide (INN) is a synthetic, fluorinated linear tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-D-Ala-(p-F)Phe-Phe-NH$_2$ which acts as a peripherally-specific, selective μ-opioid receptor agonist. Despite its inability to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier and enter the central nervous system, frakefamide has potent analgesic effects and, unlike centrally-acting opioids like morphine, does not produce respiratory depression, indicating that its antinociceptive effects are mediated by peripheral μ-opioid receptors. It was under development for the treatment of pain by AstraZeneca and Shire but was shelved after phase II clinical trials.
# Hans Couzy

Lieutenant-general Hans Couzy (23 September 1940 - 10 March 2019) was a former Dutch military officer who served as Commander of the Royal Netherlands Army between 1996 and 2001. He was commander during the fall of Srebrenica in July 1995.
# Gerhard Dewitz

Gerhard Dewitz (December 16, 1926 – May 24, 2008) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

Dewitz was an administrator by profession. He joined the CDU in 1958. On February 20, 1990, he succeeded Gabriele Rost, who had left the party, as representative of Berlin in the German Bundestag and remained a member until the end of the parliamentary term in the same year.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.
# Guido Coen

Guido Coen (1915–2010) was an Italian-born British film producer and film subtitler. He and his family were interned in Douglas, Isle of Man during the Second World War. He began his career working for Filippo Del Giudice and Two Cities Films. When Two Cities was absorbed into the Rank Organisation in the mid-1940s Coen was employed by David Cunynghame (full name: Sir Henry David St Leger Brooke Selwyn Cunynghame, 11th Baronet Cunynghame; 1905–1978) of London Film Productions as a subtitler. As Coen later described it in an interview, he did not know anything about subtitling at the time, and learned on the job:
   I finally got a phone call from London Films, Sir Cunnyngham, that 's it, who asked me whether I had ever subtitles pictures. I immediately said I had when in point of fact I did not know what he meant, and there was a young man in the office with Sir David Cunnynghame called Lew Watt, and he said Lew Watt will do the technical side and we want you to subtitle an Italian picture in to English. I said certainly. I came out of his office and Lew Watt said to me you don't know what they're talking about do you? I said you're quite right, he said well I'll show you. And I started subtitling pictures with Lew Watt, I used to do the literary side, and he used to do the technical side, the spotting, and lengths, and we together did subtitles for 40 or 50 pictures. The funny thing was we subtitled pictures in Chinese, in Indian and for the Chinese picture I had to have a Chinese waiter with me to tell me where the subtitles [...] I had the Italian dialogue and I had the picture, they gave me a film and we did the spotting together with Lew Watt and the measurements and I used to type the script. We had the film, we had the print which used to run on the two sided thing. And Lew Watt was working all the day so we had to do this at night, so we either used to work at night till 2 o'clock in the morning or we used to work at the weekends. There was always the problem that the Movieola might break down and so we had spare keys of other cutting rooms in in elm St in case we were caught. And that was how we started.
Coen later founded his own company Kenilworth Film Productions and spent most of the post-war years producing second features. He made a dozen films in partnership with the director Charles Saunders. He later produced the 1971 horror film Burke & Hare, based on the Burke and Hare murders, and the comedies Au Pair Girls and Intimate Games.

## Selected filmography

* She Shall Have Murder (1950)
* La peccatrice dell'isola (1952) (English subtitles)
* Meet Mr. Callaghan (1954)
* Behind the Headlines (1956)
* The Man Without a Body (1957)
* There's Always a Thursday (1957)
* Kill Her Gently (1957)
* Naked Fury (1959)
* Jungle Street (1960)
* Operation Cupid (1960)
* Dangerous Afternoon (1961)
* Panic (1963)
* The Penthouse (1967)
* Baby Love (1968)
* One Brief Summer (1970)
* Burke & Hare (1971)
* Au Pair Girls (1972)
* Intimate Games (1976)
# Can't Stand the Pain

"Can’t Stand the Pain" is a song by the Bulgarian rock band “Sevi” and it was the first official single with featured video of Sevi band. Written by Svetlana “Sevi” Bliznakova in her early years of composing, the song was originally recorded as a collaboration between Sevi and Peter Bratanov. He was former guitarist of the alternative rock band "Awake" and year later, became a member of the band Sevi and the song was recorded as an official debut single and video of the band. “Can’t Stand The Pain” turned out to be a very successful choice for Sevi. It was liked by the Bulgarian fans of the band, and also it brought Sevi an international success. Thanks to this song, they were chosen for "Band of the week" in Lima (Peru).

## Background

The music video of "Can't Stand the Pain" was directed by Vladimir Andonov and Dimitar Karakashev, shot by Jean Trendafilov, and it was the first video to be presented on cinema in Bulgaria. The basic conception of the clip is about the disappointments in life, caused by higher expectations in childhood. The idea is presented by a little girl with her toys, metaphorically describing desires and situations, which have their real life equivalents in the video, but with different, unexpected and disappointing denouements.
# Calenia bullatinoides

Calenia bullatinoides is a foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen species in the family Gomphillaceae. It was discovered in New South Wales, Australia, and has been observed in other locations including Costa Rica, Cocos Island, and Kenya. The thallus of this species forms dispersed or sometimes confluent patches that are slightly inflated due to a strong encrustation with calcium oxalate crystals. These patches are whitish to silvery grey, with a smooth to irregularly rough and wrinkled surface texture and a narrow, crystal-free, greenish margin.

## Description

The thallus of Calenia bullatinoides is marked by a slight inflation, a feature caused by the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals, and for its smooth to irregularly rugose surface. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are centrally located on each thallus patch, emerging from the thallus and are rounded with a disc colour ranging from yellowish grey to yellowish brown. The margin of the apothecia is thin yet prominent, and the proper margin is reduced, surrounded by a thick thalline margin abundant in algal cells. The photobiont of the lichen is chlorococcoid (a spherical green alga).
Paraphyses within the hymenium are richly branched and anastomosing, leading to ellipsoid-ovoid asci. Ascospores are cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid, submuriform to muriform, and colourless, with approximately 15 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa (internal partitions) per segment.
Hyphophores, specialised asexual spore-producing organs formed on the crystalline thallus patches, are short, setiform (bristle-like), and have an apically darkened tip. This species is differentiated by its thallus morphology, the unique characteristic of having 2–4 submuriform to muriform ascospores per ascus, and its short, apically darkened hyphophores.

## Similar species

Calenia bullatinoides is closely related to Calenia solorinoides but can be distinguished by its thallus morphology, apothecial margin presence, and multi-spored asci. While C. submuralis also has more than one submuriform ascospore per ascus, its ascospores are smaller. Other species such as Gyalectidium ciliatum and Bullatina aspidota show superficial similarities but differ significantly in their hyphophores, asci, and thallus morphology.

## Habitat and distribution

Originally described from New South Wales, the lichen has also been recorded from Costa Rica and Cocos Island. In 2002, it was reported from a coastal rainforest in Shimba Hills in Kenya.