OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# G. P. Chopra

Gyan Prakash Chopra (1920-2011) was an Indian educationist, credited with the establishment of several educational institutions in India. A recipient of the Padma Shri in 1999, he was honored again by the Government of India, in 2010, with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, for his services to the field of education.

## Biography

G. P. Chopra was born in 1920, in the pre-independence India. After graduating in English Literature, he joined Murray College, Sialkot, in the present day Pakistan, as a lecturer. After the Indian independence and partition, he moved to New Delhi and joined Hans Raj College of Delhi University and taught at the college till his retirement from teaching service.
Gyan Prakash Chopra was the President of DAV network of institutions, a 123-year-old non governmental organization focused on education. During his period, he was successful in establishing over several DAV educational institutions across the country, including the rural and tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa.

## DAV network

DAV network of institutions is an education-focused group, started in 1886, which runs over 700 educational institutions in various parts of the country, with a student strength of about one million. The group witnessed growth during Chopra's reign as the President of the Managing Committee. The first of the DAV schools was started in 1885, followed by the establishment of the DAV Trust and Management Society, a year later. The movement, founded by Dayanand Saraswati, at various points of time, involved many notable personalities such as Mahatma Hans Raj, Mehr Chand, Lala Balraj, Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan, Dr. G. L. Dutta, Lala Suraj Bhan, Prof Ved Vyas, Darbari Lal, T. R. Tuli, G. P. Chopra and Punam Suri.

## Awards and recognitions

* Padma Bhushan - 2010
* Padma Shri - 1999
* Qimpro Platinum Standard - 2009
* Delhi Ratna — All India Conference of Intellectuals
* Distinguished Fellow — Foundation for Unity of Religions and Enlightened Citizenship (FUREC)
* India portal
# Muddy Creek

Muddy Creek may refer to:

## Colorado

* Muddy Creek (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River

## Iowa

* Muddy Creek (Iowa River tributary), a stream

## Missouri

* Muddy Creek (Cass County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
* Muddy Creek (Daviess County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
* Muddy Creek (Grand River tributary Livingston County, Missouri), a tributary of the Grand River
* Muddy Creek (Lamine River tributary), a stream
* Muddy Creek (Nodaway River tributary), a stream

## North Carolina

* Muddy Creek (Deep River tributary), a stream in Randolph and Guilford Counties

## Ohio

* Muddy Creek (Little Miami River tributary), a stream

## Oregon

* Muddy Creek (Oregon), several bodies of water, including:
** Muddy Creek (Linn County, Oregon), a tributary of the Willamette River
** Muddy Creek Reservoir or Junipers Reservoir, in Lake County

## Pennsylvania

* Muddy Creek (Conestoga River tributary), a stream
* Muddy Creek (French Creek tributary), a stream
* Muddy Creek (Slippery Rock Creek tributary), a stream
* Muddy Creek (Susquehanna River tributary), a stream

## Utah

* Muddy Creek (central Utah), a tributary of the Dirty Devil River
# Sterling (cigarette)

Sterling is a British brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Gallaher Group, a subsidiary of Japan Tobacco in 2007.

## History

Sterling had been a fairly popular mid-range brand up to the 1970s but sales dwindled and the brand was eventually discontinued. The brand was officially re-launched in the United Kingdom in 2006. According to data from AC Nielsen, Sterling has a 44% share in the cheap brand tobacco sector and has retail sales of an excess of £261 million. They are available in four different colors, red, blue (smooth), green (menthol) and a blue-green gradient (click-on menthol "Fresh Taste"). Sterling Dual cigarettes are also available in Super king size. In 2018, a double capsule cigarette was introduced as Sterling Double Capsule, available in king size.
Some advertising posters were made for Sterling cigarettes.
In 2020, Sterling Dual New launched without the capsule, due to the ban on menthol cigarettes in the UK.

## Markets

Sterling is mainly sold in the United Kingdom, but also was or still is sold in The Netherlands, Cyprus, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the United States.
# Multifocal diffractive lens

A multifocal diffractive lens is a diffractive optical element (DOE) that allows a single incident beam to be focused simultaneously at several positions along the propagation axis.

## Principle of operation

An incident laser beam is deflected by grooved diffraction pattern into axial diffraction orders along its optical axis. The foci appear around the far field position. With an additional focusing lens, foci from multifocal lens will appear at certain distances from the focal point of the lens.

## Theory

The multifocal spots location is a function of refractive focal length f$_{Refractive}$ and predetermined diffractive focal length f$_{Diffractive}$ The focal spot at the "zero" order refers to the refractive focal length of the lens being used.
The distance between the focal spots can be described by the equation
    ${\frac {1}{f_{m}}}={\frac {1}{f_{\mathrm {Refractive} }}}+{\frac {m}{f_{\mathrm {Diffractive} }}},\ \mathrm {for} \ m=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3...$,
    where f$_m$ is the focal length for the mth diffractive order,
    f$_{Refractive}$ is the focal length of the refractive lens, and
    f$_{Diffractive}$ is the focal length of the diffractive lens.

## Applications

* Laser cutting
* Laser drilling
* Microscopy
* Ophthalmology: Multifocal contact lenses and multifocal intraocular lenses
# George Stewardson Brady

George Stewardson Brady (18 April 1832 – 25 December 1921) was a professor of natural history at the Hancock Museum in Newcastle-upon-Tyne who did important volumes on Copepoda and Ostracoda, including those from the Challenger expedition.

## Family and upbringing

He was the eldest son of Henry Brady, Surgeon of Gateshead, and his wife Hannah Bowman of Derbyshire. He married Ellen Wright in 1859.
He and his younger brother Henry Bowman Brady were both educated at the Friends' School, Ackworth and at Bootham school, York, where they were schoolfellows of the botanist John Gilbert Baker, and the Rowntree brothers Joseph, John, and Henry, of the famous cocoa business which bore their name.

## Career

Brady went to the University of Durham College of Medicine. He was awarded LSA and MD (1876) by St Andrews. He practised medicine in Gateshead (1857–1906) and was Professor of Natural History, Armstrong College, Newcastle (1875–1906).
He wrote reports on the Ostracoda and Copepoda of the Challenger Expedition. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1882.

## Publications

* the 3-volume "A Monograph of the Free and Semi-parasitic Copepoda of the British Isles" for the Ray Society in 1880, but also publishing on the Challenger copepods and collections from different national expeditions; cooperator of Norman (q.v.);
* worked mainly on "entomostracans" and had many species named after him [Bradya Boeck, 1872, Bradyidius Giesbrecht, 1897, Bradycalanus A. Scott, 1909, Bradyetes Farran, 1905, Bradycinetus Sars, 1866, Bradycypris G.O. Sars, 1924, Bradypontius Giesbrecht, 1895, Bathycalanus bradyi (Wolfenden, 1905), Undinopsis bradyi G.O. Sars, 1884, Pareuchaeta bradyi (With, 1915), Scolecithrix bradyi Giesbrecht, 1888, Centropages bradyi Wheeler, 1899, Cervinia bradyi Brady, 1878 ex Norman MS, Peltobradya Médioni & Soyer, 1967, Neobradya T. Scott, 1892, Antarcticobradya Huys, 1987, Phyllopodopsyllus bradyi (T. Scott, 1892), Sarsicytheridea bradii (Norman, 1865), Bythocythere bradyi G.O. Sars, 1926, Sclerochilus bradyi Rudjakov, 1962, Paradoxostoma bradyi G.O. Sars, 1928, Diastylis bradyi Norman, 1879, Ilyocypris bradyi G.O. Sars, 1890, Coronida bradyi (A. Milne-Edwards, 1869), Bradyidius bradyi (G.O. Sars, 1884), Cycloleberis bradyi ].
* "The voyage of HMS Challenger", report on the ostracoda dredged by HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876
# Frederick James Camm

Frederick James "F.J." Camm (6 October 1895 – 18 February 1959) was an English technical author and magazine editor. He founded several radio and electronics titles, including Practical Mechanics, Practical Motorist, Practical Television, and Practical Wireless, some of which are still in circulation.

## Biography

Camm was born in Windsor, England, the second child of twelve. The eldest, Sydney Camm, became a famous aircraft designer.
He shared with Sydney an early interest in building model aeroplanes and this led him to move to London in 1918. Here, he became a technical editor for Benn Brothers in aviation and engineering. From there he worked for Pitmans Publishers and moved eventually, with his friend Molloy, to George Newnes. It was there that he was to produce the Hobbies journals. In 1932, his supplement to Hobbies magazine, Practical Wireless was launched as an independent title, with F.J. as editor. Thus began a highly productive period, marked by his creation and stewardship of the Practical series of magazines for Newnes. These were often known as "Camm's Comics:"
* Practical Engineering (published weekly from 27 January 1940)
* Practical Home Money Maker (published monthly from October 1957)
* Practical Householder (Oct. 1955–c. 1970)
* Practical Mechanics (1933–1963)
* Practical Motorist (1934–1997)
* Practical Television (1934–1938, 1950–2008)
* Practical Wireless (1932–present)
(In addition, Newnes' parent company, IPC, started Practical Electronics in 1964; it remains in publication.)
At least 12 editions were produced of the Wireless Constructor's Encyclopaedia from about 1932 to 1957, mostly or entirely written by F. J. Camm. He went on to write or edit over a hundred technical books in such fields as radio, television, aviation, and automotive engineering.
Camm died of bronchial pneumonia at his home in Windsor in 1959 and is buried in the family grave at Twickenham Cemetery.
# C. Vanniasingam (Surveyor General)

C. Vanniasingam was the 30th Surveyor General of Sri Lanka. He was appointed in 1970, succeeding C. T. Goonawardana, and held the office until 1971. He was succeeded by R. A. Gunawardana.
# Gain-switching

Gain-switching is a technique in optics by which a laser can be made to produce pulses of light of extremely short duration, of the order of picoseconds (10$^{−12}$ s).
In a semiconductor laser, the optical pulses are generated by injecting many carriers (electrons) into the active region of the device, bringing the carrier density within that region from below to above the lasing threshold. When the carrier density exceeds that value, the ensuing stimulated emission results in the generation of many photons.
However, carriers are depleted as a result of stimulated emission faster than they are injected. So the carrier density eventually falls back to below lasing threshold which results in the termination of the optical output. If carrier injection has not ceased during this period, then the carrier density in the active region can increase once more and the process will repeat itself.
The figure on the right shows a typical pulse generated by gain-switching with a sinusoidal injection current at 250 MHz producing a pulse of approximately 50 ps. The carrier density is depleted during the pulse, and subsequently rises due to continued current injection, producing a smaller secondary pulse. If the injection current is rapidly switched off at the proper time, for example using a step recovery diode circuit, a single 50 ps light pulse can be generated.
For solid-state and dye lasers, gain switching (or synchronous pumping) usually involves the laser gain medium being pumped with another pulsed laser. Since the pump pulses are of short duration, optical gain is only present in the laser for a short time, which results in a pulsed output. Q-switching is more commonly used for producing pulsed output from these types of laser, as pulses with much higher peak power can be achieved.
The term gain-switching derives from the fact that the optical gain is negative when carrier density or pump intensity in the active region of the device is below threshold, and switches to a positive value when carrier density or the pump intensity exceeds the lasing threshold.
# Obelisco

Obelisco may refer to:
* Obelisk of Buenos Aires, in Argentina
* Obelisco (Guatemala City), in Guatemala
# Fosdick

Fosdick can stand for:

## Places

* Fosdick-Masten Park High School, an historic public high school building in Buffalo, New York
* Fosdick Mountains, a mountain range in Antarctica

## People

* Harry Castlemon (1842–1915), nom de plume of American author Charles Austin Fosdick
* Dorothy Fosdick (1913–1997), American foreign policy expert
* Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), American clergyman
* Nicoll Fosdick (1785–1868), American merchant and politician
* W. W. Fosdick (1825–1862), American lawyer, poet, writer and song lyricist

## Other uses

* Fearless Fosdick, a comic strip hero from Al Capp's Li'l Abner
# Muketei River

The Muketei River is a river in northeastern Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the James Bay drainage basin and is a left tributary of the Attawapiskat River.
The Muketei River begins at an unnamed lake and flows northeast then east to its mouth at the Attawapiskat River, which flows to James Bay.
# Fuzuli

Fuzuli or Fizuli may refer to:

## People

* Fuzuli (poet) (Mahammad bin Suleyman, 1483–1556), Azerbaijani poet
* Fizuli Mammedov (born 1977), Azerbaijani footballer
* Fizuli Alakbarov (born 1958), Azerbaijani politician

## Places

* Fuzuli (city), a city in Azerbaijan named for the Azerbaijani writer
** Fuzuli District, Azerbaijan
* Füzuli, Samukh, a village and municipality in the Samukh Rayon of Azerbaijan
* Füzuli, Shamkir, a village in the municipality of Yeni yol in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan
# Heidelberg Research Architecture

The Heidelberg Research Architecture (HRA) is the Digital Humanities unit of the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" at Heidelberg University. It embraces digital resource development, project consultation and trainings for researchers and students. The HRA’s specialists work with researchers and students at the Cluster to form an integrated digital humanities environment for transcultural studies. Its agenda ranges from developing the Tamboti ecosystem that allows transcultural relations to be traced and analysed across diverse media types (texts, images, films, audio) and disparate objects (texts, concepts, social networks), to offering hands-on workshops on digital humanities tools for researchers working at the Cluster and Heidelberg University. Furthermore, digital resources and their production are increasingly integrated into teaching environments. The HRA provides advice to researchers on how to conceptualize and implement digital resources to structure their research. As a cooperation partner at local, national, and international level the HRA works together with partners from the public as well as the private sector.

## The Tamboti ecosystem

At the core of the HRA’s work is the development of the Tamboti ecosystem.
Tamboti is modular, and currently (November 2014) features these modules:
* MODS editor
* Ziziphus VRA Core 4 editor
* Atomic Wiki
Tamboti serves as central access point to data from several different collections, where users can store and share, but also edit and comment on it. The ecosystem facilitates research collaboration and academic exchange in the field of Digital Humanities. Tamboti contains multilingual bibliographical information on books and articles as well as research based metadata on image collections, videos and various forms of digital material. It is possible to search the different types of sources and establish semantically qualified relations between them. Tamboti's modular design makes it flexible to use and adopt for research. On the back-end Tamboti makes use of eXist-db. Data is stored in XML using international metadata schema, like MODS, MADS, VRA Core 4, or TEI which allows for both, interchangeability and sustainability of the knowledge. Tamboti is open source software. International metadata standards and terminologies are used to ensure sustainability.
# Multifocal fibrosclerosis

Multifocal fibrosclerosis and idiopathic fibrosclerosis are disorders of unknown aetiology, characterised by fibrous lesions (co-)occurring at a variety of sites. Known manifestations include retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis and Riedel's thyroiditis.
They are now considered to be manifestations of IgG4-related disease.

## Signs and symptoms

The illness can present with a variety of symptoms, such as cholangitis, sclerosing pancreatitis, Riedel thyroiditis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Apart from the aforementioned characteristics, the syndrome has also been linked to pulmonary fibrosis, parotid gland fibrosis, lacrimal gland fibrosis, kidney fibrosclerosis, pancreatic fibrosis, and testicular fibrosis. Neurological manifestations such as pachymeningitis, cranial nerve palsies, hypopituitarism, and central diabetes insipidus have also been linked to neurological involvement.

## Causes

Multifocal fibrosclerosis's etiology is unknown, but one theory of the cause suggests that an autoimmune process is to blame. This is corroborated by the pathological features of cellular infiltration, which include plasma cells and lymphocytes, the commonly observed focal vasculitis on pathological examination, and the positive response of some multifocal fibrosclerosis patients to systemic corticosteroid treatment.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis cannot be definitively confirmed by a test. However, common clinical findings include multiple areas of disseminated fibrosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and an increased white cell count, particularly eosinophilia. High titers of autoantibodies are frequently observed, including rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, and antithyroid antibodies. The fibrotic lesion's histology shows fibrosclerosis with noticeable hyalinizing collagen bundles and myofibroblast cell proliferation.

## Treatment

Numerous distinct treatment plans have been documented in the literature. There have been documented cases of treatment with radiotherapy, surgery, cyclophosphamide, and colchicine, frequently with only patchy results. Although the response to treatment varies, glucocorticoids are currently the preferred course of action.
# George Stewart

George Stewart may refer to:

## Business and industry

* George William Stewart (1793–1841), Postmaster General of Ceylon
* G. F. Stewart (George Francis Stewart, 1851–1928), Irish land agent
* George Stewart (New Zealand businessman) (1885–1955), New Zealand wool and fur skin exporter
* George Osborne Wauchope Stewart (fl. 1929–1969), British banker

## Law and politics

* George Vesey Stewart (1832–1920), New Zealand farmer, colonizer and local politician
* George H. Stewart (1858–1914), American jurist; associate justice of the Idaho Supreme Court
* J. George Stewart (1890–1970), American architect and politician

## Military

* George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny (1618–1642), Scottish nobleman and Royalist commander in the English Civil War
* George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway (1768–1834), British naval commander and politician
* George Stewart (VC) (1831–1868), Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross
* George E. Stewart (1872–1946), US Army officer and Philippine-American War Medal of Honor recipient

## Science and medicine

* George Stewart (surgeon) (1752–1813), Irish physician; president of the Royal College of Surgeons
* George Neil Stewart (1860–1930), Scottish-Canadian doctor
* George F. Stewart (1908–1982), American food scientist
* George W. Stewart (1876–1956), American physicist

## Sports
### Association football (soccer)

* George Stewart (1890s footballer) (a.k.a. Tom Stewart, fl. 1890s), Scottish footballer for Partick Thistle, Motherwell, Newcastle United
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1883) (1882–1962), Scottish footballer for Hibernian, Manchester City, Scotland
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1920), Scottish footballer
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1927) (1927–2011), Scottish footballer
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1932) (1932–1998), Scottish footballer
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1947), Scottish footballer

### Australian rules football

* George Stewart (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1937), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1882) (1882–1966), Australian rules footballer for Carlton
* George Stewart (footballer, born 1901) (1901–1994), Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne

### Other sports

* George A. Stewart (1862–1894), American football coach at Harvard University
* Leon Duray (born George Stewart, 1894–1956), American race car driver
* George Stewart (American football) (born 1958), American football coach
* George Stewart (tennis) (fl, 1940s–1950s), Panama-born tennis player

## Others

* George Wilson Stewart (1862–1937), American architect
* George Craig Stewart (1879–1940), American clergyman; bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago
* George R. Stewart (1895–1980), American professor and novelist
# Stepping Lively

Stepping Lively is a 1924 American silent action film directed by James W. Horne and starring Richard Talmadge, Mildred Harris and Norval MacGregor.

## Cast

* Richard Talmadge as Dave Allen
* Mildred Harris as Evelyn Pendroy
* Norval MacGregor as James Pendroy
* Brinsley Shaw as Robbins
* Fred Kelsey as Detective Artemus Doolittle
* Mario Carillo as Josef Le Baron
* William Clifford as Black Mike
* John Webb Dillion as Detective Dan Carter
* Victor Metzetti as Chicago Red

## Preservation

Formerly lost, the film exists in a French archive, Archives du Film du CNC(Bois d'Arcy).
# Gaimardia setacea

Gaimardia setacea is a species of plant of the Restionaceae family. It is found in New Zealand (on the South Island and the Stewart Islands), New Guinea and Tasmania.