OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brown long-eared bat

The brown long-eared bat or common long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a small Eurasian insectivorous bat. It has distinctive ears, long and with a distinctive fold. It is extremely similar to the much rarer grey long-eared bat which was only validated as a distinct species in the 1960s. An adult brown long-eared bat has a body length of 4.5–4.8 cm, a tail of 4.1–4.6 cm, and a forearm length of 4–4.2 cm. The ears are 3.3–3.9 cm in length, and readily distinguish the long-eared bats from most other bat species. They are relatively slow flyers compared to other bat species.

## Habitat

The brown long-eared bat is found throughout Europe, with the exception of Greece, southern Italy and southern Spain. It is found to the east up to the Urals and Caucasus. The UK distribution can be found on the National Biodiversity Network website and can be seen here.
Brown long-eared bats regularly utilise buildings roosting in undisturbed roof spaces either singly, in crevices and timber, or in clusters around chimneys and ridge ends. This species also roosts in treeholes, bat boxes and caves which are important as winter hibernation sites. The roosts in trees may be close to the ground. Emergence from roost sites usually only occurs in the dark, around an hour after sunset.
It hunts above woodland, often by day, and mostly for moths, but its diet also consists of earwigs, flies, and beetles, gleaning these insects from leaves and bark. Prey is probably detected by sight and sound using the large eyes and ears, not by echolocation. A study by Eklöf and Jones (2003) demonstrated the ability of the brown long-eared bat to visually detect prey. Under experimental conditions, brown long-eared bats showed a preference for situations where sonar and visual cues were available. However, visual cues were more important than sonar cues and the bats were unable to detect prey items using only sonar cues. Brown long-eared bats have relatively large eyes and ears and it is likely that visual information and passive listening allow this species to detect prey in cluttered environments.

## Echolocation

Echolocation is not used to find prey. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56 kHz, have most energy at 35 kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms. However, unlike most bats, the long-eared can hunt their prey by hearing alone. Their hearing is sensitive enough to hear a moth in flight. This hunting strategy evolved because prey items, namely certain moth species evolved the ability to hear the echolocation and take evading action.

## Gallery

* Drawing by Ernst Haeckel
* Detail of head
* Woodcut from R. A. Sterndale, 1884
* Exemplar in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
* Romanian stamp
# Giulio Bedeschi

Giulio Bedeschi (Arzignano, 31 January 1915 – Verona, 29 December 1990) was an Italian writer and Army officer during World War II, best known for his book Centomila gavette di ghiaccio, one of the most famous memoirs of the Italian campaign in Russia.

## Biography

Born in the province of Vicenza, Bedeschi graduated in medicine at the University of Bologna before attending the Royal Italian Army's officer cadet school, from which he graduated as a medical officer in 1940. He volunteered for the campaign against Greece, being attached to the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Infantry Regiment, 56th Infantry Division "Casale", with the rank of second lieutenant. He was later transferred to the 13th Battery of the "Conegliano" Artillery Group, 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment, 3rd Alpine Division "Julia", with which he participated in the Italian campaign on the Eastern Front, being among the survivors of the retreat of the ARMIR in January 1943. He was awarded two War Crosses for Military Valor and one War Merit Cross.
After the armistice of Cassibile he joined the Italian Social Republic, becoming federal secretary of the Republican Fascist Party of Forlì and commanding the 25th Black Brigade "Arturo Capanni", based in the same city. The end of the war found his unit deployed in the Thiene area and engaged against the local Resistance; after dissolving his brigade in Vicenza, he went into hiding and temporarily moved to Sicily, where he spent the early postwar years away from the political violence and "score-settling" between former partisans and Fascists. The Provincial Commission of Forlì for sanctions against politically dangerous fascists judged him a "politically dangerous fascist" and on 24 April 1946 it summoned him for questioning, but he did not comply and was consequently deprived of active and passive voting rights for ten years.
After working for some years in a hospital in Sicily, Bedeschi returned to Veneto and later moved to Brescia and to Milan, working as a rheumatologist. Starting from 1963, Bedeschi published a number of books dealing with the Alpini, the campaign of Russia and more broadly the Italian experience during World War II; these included Centomila gavette di ghiaccio, his personal memoir of the campaign in Russia and his most famous book (originally written in 1945–1946 but only published in 1963), for which he won the Bancarella Prize in 1964, its sequel Il peso dello zaino in 1966, and the "C'ero anch'io" ("I was there, too") series, eight books published between 1972 and 1990 and collecting memoirs from Italian veterans who had fought in Russia (three books, including one focused on the battle of Nikolayevka), Greece and Albania (one book), Yugoslavia (one book), and Africa (one book), as well as one dealing with captivity and one about the experience of the civilian population. In 1974 he was awarded the Maria Cristina di Savoia Literary Prize for his book La rivolta di Abele. He died in Verona in 1990.
# Brogan (shoes)

A brogan is a heavy, ankle-high shoe or boot.

## History

Brogan-like shoes, called "brogues" (from Old Irish "bróc" meaning "shoe"), were made and worn in Ireland and Scotland as early as the 16th century, and the shoe type probably originated in Ireland. They were used by the Scots and the Irish as work boots to wear in the wet, boggy Scottish and Irish countryside. The word "brogue" is still used in Britain for a style of dress shoe, which may or may not have an ankle high top.
Brogans and brogan-like shoes and boots were adopted over time by various countries for wear by their military forces. English armies issued ankle-high boots at least as early as the English Civil War, and brogans may have been worn by some soldiers among both American and British forces during the American Revolutionary War. Both sides in the American Civil War issued them to their soldiers, and the U.S. Army issued hob-nailed brogans known as "trench boots" to U.S. soldiers during the First World War.
These replaced the 1904 Russet Service Shoe, a brogan of a construction unsuitable to trench warfare or field duty in general. An improved version of the trench boot, the 1918 trench boot, was nicknamed the "little tanks" because of their strong construction, and "Pershing boots" after American general John J. Pershing. The U.S. Army continued to issue brogans during WWII, and the U.S. Air Force issued them through the 1960s. Other armies, such as the German Army of the 1930s and World War II, and the British Army, have also issued brogan-type shoes, nicknamed "Ammunition Shoes".

## Description

The early brogans of the Scots and Irish were made of heavy untanned leather. The development of civilian brogans follows the general development of civilian footwear, with construction of brogan-style shoes benefiting from improvements in other styles of shoe, and with styles changing with the times. From the 1820s until before the American Civil War, American soldiers were issued brogans which were made on straight lasts; there was no "left" or "right" and they shaped themselves to the wearer's feet through use. These brogans were less expensive to manufacture than paired shoes, but they were very uncomfortable until broken in and often resulted in blisters. They were replaced in 1858 with an improved version used until the 1880s, generally known as Jeff Davis boots after Jefferson Davis, the Secretary of War who re-equipped the army in the 1850s. Military brogans were greatly improved during the First World War (see above), but at least in the United States, the lessons learned in that war were forgotten, and as World War II approached, the Army found itself reinventing the wheel, starting out once again with a garrison shoe that was ill-suited to field and combat duty. Modifications to brogans were unsuccessful, and eventually abandoned in favor of higher topped combat boots.
# Bruno Dettori

Bruno Dettori (22 December 1941 – 2 August 2020) was an Italian politician.
Dettori was born in Sassari. He graduated in agricultural science and gained experience of teaching abroad for two academic years at the Faculty of Agriculture in Asmara, Eritrea and became the author of 40 publications and research on national and international journals related to geology and hydrology.
He began his political career in 1990 becoming a city councilor in Sassari under the Christian Democrats. He was elected senator at the end of the 2001 general election on 13 May 2001. From 18 May 2006 to 7 May 2008 he was part of the second Prodi government as Secretary for the Environment.
# Globigerinoidea

Globigerinoidea is a superfamily of free-living, calcareous, planktonic foraminiferal protists that have lived in the open ocean since the Eocene. It is part of the suborder Globigerinina.
Tests are trochospiral but later chambers may be enveloping. walls are perforate with numerous small pores or fewer larger ones and the surface may be covered with narrow elongate monocrystalline spines. Apertures vary in position from interiomarginal to equatorial and may be relatively large. Secondary apertures along the sutures may also be found. Two families are included, the Globigerinidae and Hastigerinidae.
The Globigerinacea, sensu Loeblich and Tappan, 1988, is essentially the Globigerinidae of Loeblich and Tappan, 1964, even though reduced in size. The Globigerinidae (L&T 1964) has a longer range, extending from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) because of the inclusion of Globorotalioides which has been moved to the Globorataliacea as Eoglobiberina. Four subfamilies are included in the Globigerinidae (L&T 1964), the Globigerininae, Sphaeroidinellinae, Capsydracinae, and Obitoidinae. The Globigerinindae is now the Globigerinidae as emended. The Sphaeroidinellinae have been incorporated into the Globigerininae, sensu Loeblich and Tappan 1988. The Capsydracinae and Obitoidinae have been removed to the Globorotaliacea, respectively as the Capsydrancidae and Candeinidae.
# Federação Maranhense de Futebol

The Federação Maranhense de Futebol (English: Football Association of Maranhão state) was founded on January 11, 1918, and it manages all the official football tournaments within the state of Maranhão, which are the Campeonato Maranhense, the Campeonato Maranhense lower levels and the Copa União do Maranhão, and represents the clubs at the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF).
# Felisa

Felisa is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

## given name

* Felisa Batacan, Filipino journalist and writer of crime and mystery fiction
* Felisa Miceli (born 1952), Argentine economist
* Felisa Núñez Cubero (1924-2017), Spanish physicist
* Felisa Rincón de Gautier (1897–1994), Puerto Rican politician
* Felisa Wolfe-Simon, American microbial geobiologist and biogeochemist
# External lamina

External lamina is a structure similar to basal lamina that surrounds the sarcolemma of muscle cells. It is secreted by myocytes and consists primarily of Collagen type IV, laminin and perlecan (heparan sulfate proteoglycan). Nerve cells, including perineurial cells and Schwann cells also have an external lamina-like protective coating.
Adipocytes also have an external lamina.
# Fenger

Fenger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Christian Fenger (1840–1902), Danish-born surgeon, pathologist, and medical instructor
* Hans Fenger undertook The Langley Schools Music Project, a collection of recordings of children's choruses singing pop hits
* Johanne Fenger (1836–1913), Danish composer
* Ludvig Fenger (1833–1905), Danish architect
* Mads Fenger (born 1990), Danish professional football defender
* Michael Fenger (born 1962), former Danish handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics
* Jakob Fenger-Larsen (born 1971), Danish association football player
# James Calthorpe of Cockthorpe

Sir James Calthorpe (c. 1558–1615) of Cockthorpe, Norfolk was Sheriff of Norfolk in 1614

## Biography

James Calthorpe was the son of Christopher Calthorpe, a student in Lincoln's Inn, and Joan his wife (who survived him, and remarried Sir Jerome Bowes, of London).
Calthorpe was a knight on 23 July 1603 in the Royal Garden at Whitehall just before the Coronation of James I, and was Sheriff of Norfolk in 1614. He died on 15 June 1615.
Calthorpe was buried in All Saints Church Cockthorpe where there is a memorial table in at the east end of the south aisle with two coloured shields:
* Chequy or and azure, a fesse ermine, Calthorp.
* Calthorp, impaling, Argent, on a fesse engrailed gules, between three escutcheons of the last, as many mullets of the first, Bacon of Hesset.
* A crest: A boar's head couped.
* Inscription:
   To God and posterity, in assured hope of a joyful resurrection, resteth the body of S$^r$ James Calthorp, Knight, and Dame Barbara his wife, daughter to John Bacon of Hesset, Esq$^{rs}$. By her he had 8 sons and 6 daughters, in whose several marriages and issue the ancient glory of y$^t$ family (resting then chiefly and almost solely in himself) did reflourish and is dilatated into many of the best houses of this country. He was buried the 16th day of June, A.D. 1615, and of his age 57. The said Dame Barbara surviving him, and much comforted with the sight of 193 of her children and their offspring, at the age of 86 years exchanged this life for a better upon the 3d day of November, 1639.
       Behold, children are the inheritance of the Lord,
       And the fruit of the womb his reward. Ps. 127. 3

## Family

Calthorpe married Barbara daughter of Francis Bacon, of Hesset in Suffolk and died June 15, in the 12th of king James. Barbara his wife survived him, and they were both buried and had a monument in the church of Cockthorpe. They had at least three sons:
* Christopher (died 14 March 1624), his son and heir. On 6 November 1602 he married Maud (1584–1624), daughter and co-heir of John Thurton, of Broome in Norfolk. They had five sons and three daughters James, Christopher, Edward, Charles and Oliver and three daughters.
* Henry (1586–1637), their third son became a prominent lawyer.
* Mary, married Hamond Ward, of Letheringsett, and was the mother of the mystic Jane Lead.
# Extreme points of Catalonia

This is a list of the extreme points of Catalonia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest point in the autonomous community.

## Catalonia (points)

* Northernmost Point — Tuc de Sacauba, Val d'Aran at 42°51′N 0°42′E﻿ / ﻿42.850°N 0.700°E﻿ / 42.850; 0.700﻿ (Tuc de Sacauba (Northernmost point))
* Southernmost Point — Alcanar, Montsià at 40°31′N 0°30′E﻿ / ﻿40.517°N 0.500°E﻿ / 40.517; 0.500﻿ (Alcanar (Southernmost point))
* Westernmost Point — Tossal del Rei, Montsià at 40°44′N 0°9′E﻿ / ﻿40.733°N 0.150°E﻿ / 40.733; 0.150﻿ (Tossal del Rei (Westernmost point))
* Easternmost Point — Cap de Creus, Alt Empordà at 42°19′N 3°19′E﻿ / ﻿42.317°N 3.317°E﻿ / 42.317; 3.317﻿ (Cap de Creus (Easternmost point))

## Catalonia (settlements)

* Northernmost Settlement — Canejan, Val d'Aran at 42°50′N 0°44′E﻿ / ﻿42.833°N 0.733°E﻿ / 42.833; 0.733﻿ (Canejan (Northernmost point))
* Southernmost Settlement — Alcanar, Montsià at 40°32′N 0°28′E﻿ / ﻿40.533°N 0.467°E﻿ / 40.533; 0.467﻿ (Alcanar (Southernmost point))
* Westernmost Settlement — Caseres, Terra Alta at 41°2′N 0°15′E﻿ / ﻿41.033°N 0.250°E﻿ / 41.033; 0.250﻿ (Caseres (Westernmost point))
* Easternmost Settlement — Cadaqués, Alt Empordà at 42°17′N 3°16′E﻿ / ﻿42.283°N 3.267°E﻿ / 42.283; 3.267﻿ (Cadaqués (Easternmost point))

## Elevation

* Highest Point — Pica d'Estats, Pallars Sobirà at 42°40′N 1°23′E﻿ / ﻿42.667°N 1.383°E﻿ / 42.667; 1.383﻿ (Pica d'Estats (Highest Point))
# For Heaven's Sake (comic strip)

For Heaven's Sake is an American comic strip by Mike Morgan with a religious humor theme. It is syndicated by Creators Syndicate and debuted in September 1991.
# Francisco de Moraes

Francisco de Moraes Cabral, also spelled Francisco de Morais Cabral (1500? – 1572), was a Portuguese writer. Born in Bragança, he served as personal secretary to the Portuguese ambassador in France, and composed, during two voyages to Paris (1540 and 1546), a chivalric romance called Palmeirim de Inglaterra; Palmerin of England), a "spin-off" of the popular Amadís de Gaula series.
Moraes' work would also obtain considerable success across Europe. Because of its title, it was particularly successful in England, where it was reprinted several times. A Spanish translation was made by Luis Hurtado in 1547, preceding the actual publication of the Portuguese text in 1567. It was translated from the Portuguese by Eugène-François Garay de Montglave and can be found in Eugène Renduel, Bibliothèque portugaise Warnier, 1829, Paris, 4 vol.
He also wrote an autobiographical work called Desculpas de uns amores, set in France, which was published posthumously in 1624. He died at Évora.
# Broome Exhibition Company

Broome Exhibition Company was an early film company in the United States focused on producing social uplift films for the African American community. It led a film project inspired by Booker T. Washington for Tuskegee Institute. It also corresponded with W. E. B. Du Bois in 1917 about plans to produce a film catalogue about accomplished African Americans. Du Bois responded to a request for names with a letter to George Broome listing many. Broome exhibited the Tuskegee film along with actualities and a short of cotton production operations and the Tenth Cavalry. Tuskegee officials including Washington preferred to control and carefully manage exhibition of the film for fundraising activities rather than have it shown commercially to African American audiences.

## Filmography

* A Trip to Tuskegee (1909)
# Friends for Life

Friends for Life may refer to:
* Friends for Life (Debby Boone album), 1987
* Friends for Life (Buju Banton album), 2003
* Friends for Life (Montserrat Caballé album), 1997
* Friends for Life, a 2013 album by The High Kings
* "Amigos Para Siempre" or "Amigos Para Siempre (Friends for Life)", a song written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black, recorded by Sarah Brightman and José Carreras
* Amici per la pelle (English: Friends for Life), a 1955 film directed by Franco Rossi
* "Friends for Life", an episode of Bear in the Big Blue House
* The motto of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona
# Ethmia autoschista

Ethmia autoschista is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1932. It is found in Sichuan, China.
# Minimum bactericidal concentration

The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent required to kill a particular bacterium. It can be determined from broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests by subculturing to agar plates that do not contain the test agent. The MBC is identified by determining the lowest concentration of antibacterial agent that reduces the viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by ≥99.9%. The MBC is complementary to the MIC; whereas the MIC test demonstrates the lowest level of antimicrobial agent that inhibits growth, the MBC demonstrates the lowest level of antimicrobial agent that results in microbial death. This means that even if a particular MIC shows inhibition, plating the bacteria onto agar might still result in organism proliferation because the antimicrobial did not cause death. Antibacterial agents are usually regarded as bactericidal if the MBC is no more than four times the MIC. Because the MBC test uses colony-forming units as a proxy measure of bacterial viability, it can be confounded by antibacterial agents which cause aggregation of bacterial cells. Examples of antibacterial agents which do this include flavonoids and peptides.
# British League

The British League was the main motorcycle speedway league in Britain from its formation in 1965 until 1995 when British speedway was restructured. It initially had a single division, with a second division starting in 1968 (which was renamed the New National League in 1975 and subsequently the National League).
The British League was formed in 1965 following the merger of the National League and the Provincial League. Matches were held over a series of races, with two riders from each team taking part in each race. In 1995 it was replaced by the Premier League for two years before the sport was restructured into three tiers with the formation of the Elite League in 1997. The Championship was decided on a league table basis.

## Champions

| Season | Champions | Second | Third |
| 1965 | West Ham Hammers | Wimbledon Dons | Coventry Bees |
| 1966 | Halifax Dukes | Coventry Bees | Swindon Robins |
| 1967 | Swindon Robins | Coventry Bees | West Ham Hammers |
| 1968 | Coventry Bees | Hackney Hawks | Exeter Falcons |
| 1969 | Poole Pirates | Belle Vue Aces | Wimbledon Dons |
| 1970 | Belle Vue Aces | Wimbledon Dons | Coventry Bees |
| 1971 | Belle Vue Aces | Leicester Lions | Coventry Bees |
| 1972 | Belle Vue Aces | Reading Racers | King's Lynn Stars |
| 1973 | Reading Racers | Sheffield Tigers | King's Lynn Stars |
| 1974 | Exeter Falcons | Belle Vue Aces | Ipswich Witches |
| 1975 | Ipswich Witches | Belle Vue Aces | Newport |
| 1976 | Ipswich Witches | Belle Vue Aces | Exeter Falcons |
| 1977 | White City Rebels | Exeter Falcons | Reading Racers |
| 1978 | Coventry Bees | Belle Vue Aces | Hull Vikings |
| 1979 | Coventry Bees | Hull Vikings | Cradley Heath Heathens |
| 1980 | Reading Racers | Hackney Hawks | Belle Vue Aces |
| 1981 | Cradley Heathens | Ipswich Witches | Swindon Robins |
| 1982 | Belle Vue Aces | Cradley Heathens | Ipswich Witches |
| 1983 | Cradley Heath Heathens | Ipswich Witches | Coventry Bees |
| 1984 | Ipswich Witches | Belle Vue Aces | Cradley Heath Heathens |
| 1985 | Oxford Cheetahs | Sheffield Tigers | Coventry Bees |
| 1986 | Oxford Cheetahs | Cradley Heathens | Wolverhampton Wolves |
| 1987 | Coventry Bees | Cradley Heathens | Swindon Robins |
| 1988 | Coventry Bees | Belle Vue Aces | Cradley Heath Heathens |
| 1989 | Oxford Cheetahs | Wolverhampton Wolves | Cradley Heath Heathens |
| 1990 | Reading Racers | Wolverhampton Wolves | Belle Vue Aces |
| 1991 | Wolverhampton Wolves | Bradford Dukes | Cradley Heath Heathens |
| 1992 | Reading Racers | Bradford Dukes | Poole Pirates |
| 1993 | Belle Vue Aces | Wolverhampton Wolves | Eastbourne Eagles |
| 1994 | Poole Pirates | Eastbourne Eagles | Wolverhampton Wolves |
# Gloeomucro

Gloeomucro is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family. The widespread genus contains nine species.