OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fossil Cave

Fossil Cave (5L81), formerly known as The Green Waterhole, is a cave in the Limestone Coast region of south-eastern South Australia. It is located in the gazetted locality of Tantanoola about 22 kilometres (14 miles) north-west of the city of Mount Gambier, only a few metres from the Princes Highway (Route B1) between Mount Gambier and Millicent. It is popular with cave divers and is notable for being both a unique paleontological site and the "type locality" for very rare crustaceans (syncarids - Koonunga sp.) which to date have been found only in caves and Blue Lake in the Mount Gambier region.

## Description and naming

The cave is formed in 30-million-year-old Oligocene coralline limestone. The cave is a karst sinkhole and is largely filled with water. The surface depression is about 20 metres (66 ft) long and 10 metres (33 ft) wide. Beneath the surface it extends to a maximum length of 70 metres (230 ft) and a width of 30 metres (98 ft).
The name of the cave was changed on 23 April 1989 by the Government of South Australia from The Green Waterhole to Fossil Cave with the change being published in The South Australian Government Gazette on 4 May 1989.

## Fossils

Since the mid-1960s, a variety of Pleistocene subfossil material of birds and mammals has been found and recovered by divers from the surface of a rockpile to a depth of about 15 metres (49 ft) below the water surface. The probable accumulation mode was by animals drowning when they fell into the cave while attempting to use it as a source of drinking water. Dating of the subfossil remains indicated that their deposition occurred mainly between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago. As well as representing many living animals, examples of extinct species recovered from the cave include the birds Centropus colossus and Orthonyx hypsilophus, and the mammals Thylacinus cynocephalus, Thylacoleo carnifex, Propleopus oscillans, Macropus titan, Protemnodon anak, and the sthenurine kangaroos Procoptodon gilli, Procoptodon maddocki and Simosthenurus occidentalis.

## Exploration

Fossils were first collected from the cave in 1964 followed by a further collection in 1968 and logged with the South Australian Museum. During the next two decades a number of more extensive surveying, sedimentology and bone-recovery operations were carried out by cave divers working in conjunction with palaeontologist Dr Rod Wells and researcher Cate Newton (Flinders University) and the South Australian Underwater Speleological Society (SAUSS) Inc.
The cave's submerged extent has been surveyed at least three times including by the Flinders University Underwater Club (FUUC) in 1978, Allum and Garrad in 1979 and SAUSS in 1987.

## Recreational diving

Fossil Cave is a notable cave diving site. Access for cave diving is limited to holders of the Cave Divers Association of Australia's Advanced Cave grade.
# Jianmen Pass

Jianmen Pass (simplified Chinese: 剑门关; traditional Chinese: 劍門關; pinyin: Jiàn Mén Guān; lit. 'Sword Gate Pass') is a mountain pass located southwest of the city of Guangyuan in Sichuan province. It has also been called "Jianmenguan Pass"; however, that form is redundant since guān means "pass" in Chinese.

## Location

Jianmen Pass is located in Jiange County, Guangyuan City of Sichuan Province. The city of Chengdu, which is the capital of Sichuan Province, is less than 200 kilometers south from there. The natural pass is formed by cliffs on the sides of mountains. The gate of the pass was built on the middle part of the Dajian Mountain as a strategic position.

## History

The mountain pass was a part of the Shu Roads. The construction of the gate was related to the Three Kingdoms era strategist, Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang. While Zhuge Liang repaired the gallery roads, he found the terrain in Jiange was a naturally perfect place to set up a defensive position for Shu; therefore, he ordered a military gate to be built on the pass. After Zhuge Liang died, his successor Jiang Wei led the army and held the Jianmen Pass against the invasion from Wei. Since then, Jianmen Pass has become a key position and most important pass in three routes into Sichuan.
In 1932, because the local government was building a road across the Jianmen Pass, they demolished the structure which was built in the Ming Dynasty. Only the foundation was left. Later, during the Chinese Civil War, Jianmen Pass was taken by the Communists from the Nationalists.
Jianmen Pass lost its military value but became a major tourist attraction because of its history. In the 1980s, the Chinese government rebuilt the old gate structure. The building was damaged by fire in 2005. The rebuilt gate was heavily damaged again by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The current structure was built in 2009.
# Callopsis

Callopsis is a monotypic genus from the plant family Araceae and has only one species, Callopsis volkensii. This plant forms a creeping rhizome and has cordate-ovate leaves that are medium green and glabrous. The inflorescence is typical of the family Araceae, with a white spathe and yellow spadix. The spadix is shorter than the spathe and its male and female flowers are separated shortly.
It grows at an altitude of 800 m (2,625 ft) in virgin forest in parts of eastern Africa (Kenya and Tanzania). There have been reports of the species in Cameroon, but these remain unconfirmed.
# Eurotherm

Eurotherm is a supplier of control and measurement instruments to industrial and process markets. They are part of Watlow, an electricity distribution, automation management and producer of installation components for energy management company. Eurotherm manufacture at a number of locations in Europe and the USA.
On October 31, 2022, Eurotherm was bought by Watlow.

## History

The first Eurotherm company, Eurotherm Controls, was formed in 1965 at Worthing, West Sussex to manufacture temperature controllers. In 1970, the directors of the company set up a number of loosely related but independent companies to develop and produce other product lines. Chessell Ltd was created to manufacture data recorders, while Turnbull Control Systems (TCS) was formed to produce process control systems, and Shackleton System Drives (SSD) to produce variable speed electronic drives. All four companies marketed their offerings internationally, and in 1974 they were brought under an international holding company, Eurotherm International.
In 1978 the holding company went public and it became quoted on the London Stock Exchange in May of that year. By 1989, Eurotherm International controlled a network of subsidiaries and agents in the UK, USA, Switzerland, Germany, France, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Australia, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia, Spain, Korea, India and Ireland. It was acquired by Siebe plc June 1998, later to become Invensys plc. Invensys was acquired by Schneider Electric in January 2014.
By the late 1990s, three key Eurotherm companies, Eurotherm Controls, Eurotherm Recorders (previously Chessell) and Eurotherm Process Automation (previously Turnbull Control Systems) amalgamated to form Eurotherm Limited.
In 2009 Eurotherm, along with the Invensys businesses Foxboro, IMServ Europe Ltd, Skelta, Triconex and Wonderware, formed Invensys Operations Management, a provider of automation and information technologies, systems, software, services and consulting on manufacturing and infrastructure.
In 2022, Watlow acquired Eurotherm from Schneider Electric, expanding the company’s presence in Europe and product offering in sophisticated thermal controls.

## Company overview

In the UK, design and assembly is carried out at the company's sites in Worthing, West Sussex. Product offerings fall into five main areas:
* Temperature and process controllers (including Industrial Indicators and using PID controllers)
* Data recorders and data acquisition systems
* Process automation
* Signal conditioning
* Power switching products manufactured by sister companies
Training and repair facilities are also provided. Eurotherm now manufacture their products in Worthing, UK; Milan, Italy and Tychy, Poland.
# Francis Renaud (sculptor)

Francis Renaud (1887–1973), was a Breton sculptor mainly noted for his monumental granite public memorials in Brittany.
Born in Saint-Brieuc, Côtes d'Armor, Brittany, Renaud was associated with the revival of Breton nationalist ideals in art in the early 20th century. His earlier works are in a style close to Art Nouveau, influenced by the work of his tutor Jean Boucher. He later moved towards more simplified and stylised forms influenced by Breton traditions, joining the nationalist art movement Seiz Breur.
Retaining a studio in Paris, he also lived for part of the year in his native Brittany, where he used local Kersanton granite for his most notable works, especially the Pleureuse de Tréguier (1922), the town of Tréguier's memorial to the dead of World War I. It depicts a local woman, Marie-Louise Le Put, who had lost her husband in the war and had also lost their three young children. She is shown seated, wrapped in a mourning gown. The memorial is notable for its stylised grandeur and solidity, symbolising the stoicism and resilience of local people. The art historian Malvina Hoffman writes that its "massive design commands reverence and respect".
In addition to the famous Pleureuse de Tréguier, he also created memorials in Ploufragan, Trévé and Saint-Brieuc, where Renaud also made another emblematic sculpture representing a Breton woman in traditional dress as an icon of local identity.
Renaud was also notable for memorial sculptures to Breton intellectuals such as the poet Anatole Le Braz, the composer Guy Ropartz and the novelist Pierre Loti. His memorial to Le Braz comprises a granite pillar in the College A. Braz, Saint-Brieuc, elaborately carved with symbolic figures representing Breton identity. After World War II Renaud created another sculpture for the college, a statue of a naked youth entitled l'Ephebe, representing pupils of the College who had been deported and killed by the Nazis.
# List of instruments used in microbiological sterilization and disinfection

This is a list of instruments used in microbiological sterilization and disinfection.

## Instrument list

| Instrument | Uses |
| Instrument sterilizers | Used to sterilize instruments in absence of an autoclave |
| Dressing drums | storage of gowns, cotton, linen, etc. |
| The microscope | used for visualising minute structures including microbes |
| Various stains | used to stain microscopic slides to get contrast |
| Hot air oven | used in sterilizing instruments for various aseptic procedures, specially if that can not be autoclaved like powders |
| Koch's or Arnold's steam sterilizer | used for steam sterilization |
| A pressure cooker | used as a portable autoclave |
| Biological and chemical indicators | Used to ascertain if a certain process has been completed, e.g. spores used in an autoclave are killed if autoclaving is properly done |
| Filters: | |
| •Candle filter: | used as household water filters and as filters for large particles in the laboratories |
| ••Diatomaceous earth filters like the Berkefeld filter | -do- |
| ••Unglazed porcelain filters like the Chamberland filter | -do- |
| •Disk filter or Seitz filter | previously used as bacteriological filters; presently obsolete |
| •Sintered glass filter | used as a good particle filter in laboratories |
| •Membrane filter and Syringe filter | used as primary bacterial/cell filters in procedures as toxin, immunoglobulin, etc. production, where the product gets denatured on heating |
| •Air filter | like HEPA filter, used in various laboratories and clean rooms to produce lamellar air flow |
| Radiation: | |
| •Gamma ray source | used in sterilization of heat-labile products like plastic or rubber syringes, catheters and gloves |
| •X-ray source | -do- |
| •Infrared light source | -do- |
| •Ultraviolet light source | -do- |
| Inspissator | used to produce culture media for bacteriology that contain egg or serum, which coagulate on heating |
| Tyndallizer | a process of sterilization from spore bearing bacteria; video link |
| Water bath | to heat things uniformly from all sides at a set temperature up to the boiling point of water |
| Needle Destroyer | Burns the needle electrically either cuts the syringe manually or burns it electrically |
| Sharps container | A imperforable container for sharp wastes like needles, blades, microscope slides, broken glass, etc. |
| Cardboard biomedical waste containers | |
| Reusable tubs | |
| Colour coded biomedical waste bags (India) | - |
| •Yellow plastic bags | for human anatomical, animal, microbiological and soiled waste |
| •Red disinfected container or plastic bags | microbiological waste, solid waste(IV tubes, catheters, etc.) |
| •Blue or White plastic bag or puncture proof containers | sharps, disposable tubing, etc. |
| •Black Plastic bag or puncture proof containers | discarded medicines, incineration ash, chemical waste |
| Disinfectants | for cleaning |
| Incinerators | to burn biomedical wastes like removed body parts, blood, gauze, linen, etc. |
# Frank Johnson (mayor)

Frank Johnson (27 April 1855 – 25 April 1921) was mayor of Adelaide, South Australia from 1907 to 1909.
He was born in Hindley Street, Adelaide, the son of Thomas Johnson, at one time member for West Adelaide and East Adelaide in the South Australian House of Assembly. He was educated at J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, joined his father's boot-making business in King William Street, then became a prominent auctioneer.
He served as representative for the Gawler ward of the Adelaide City Council from 1891 to 1895, a post which his father had also once held.
His brother Thomas Johnson jr. (died 3 November 1904) was a prominent businessman in Broken Hill.
His brother Frederick Johnson was mayor of Charters Towers, Queensland.
He never married and his sister Mrs N. A. Mayfield acted as Lady Mayoress during his term as Lord Mayor.
He succeeded William Ashley Magarey as chairman of the South Australian Football Association
He was a prominent public speaker and Freemason and was president of the South Australian Dental Board.
# Fort Garry (disambiguation)

Fort Garry may refer to the following places located in the Canadian province of Manitoba:
* Fort Garry (or Upper Fort Garry), a former Hudson's Bay Company trading post located at present-day downtown Winnipeg
* Lower Fort Garry, its mate, on the Red River near Lockport, Manitoba
* Fort Garry, Winnipeg, a former town, now a district within the city of Winnipeg
** Fort Garry (electoral district), a provincial electoral constituency
** Winnipeg—Fort Garry, a former federal electoral district
# Nanticoke Hundred

Nanticoke Hundred is a hundred in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. Nanticoke Hundred was formed in 1775 from Somerset County, Maryland.
# Flap endonuclease

Flap endonucleases (FENs, also known as 5' durgs in older references) are a class of nucleolytic enzymes that act as both 5'-3' exonucleases and structure-specific endonucleases on specialised DNA structures that occur during the biological processes of DNA replication, DNA repair, and DNA recombination. Flap endonucleases have been identified in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, archaea, and some viruses. Organisms can have more than one FEN homologue; this redundancy may give an indication of the importance of these enzymes. In prokaryotes, the FEN enzyme is found as an N-terminal domain of DNA polymerase I, but some prokaryotes appear to encode a second homologue.
The endonuclease activity of FENs was initially identified as acting on a DNA duplex which has a single-stranded 5' overhang on one of the strands (termed a "5' flap", hence the name flap endonuclease). FENs catalyse hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond at the junction of single- and double-stranded DNA. Some FENs can also act as 5'-3' exonucleases on the 5' terminus of the flap strand and on 'nicked' DNA substrates.
Protein structure models based on X-ray crystallography data suggest that FENs have a flexible arch created by two α-helices through which the single 5' strand of the 5' flap structure can thread.
Flap endonucleases have been used in biotechnology, for example the Taqman PCR assay and the Invader Assay for mutation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection.
# Callopsiodes

Callopsiodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# EuroRhythms

The EuroRhythms, also known as Ray Massa's EuroRhythms, are an Italian-American band from Columbus, Ohio. They generally play traditional Italian folk music, and Italian swing. The band is touring group/musical variety act, performing the United States since 1992. Their music is dubbed as old Italian popular music rewritten with a new pop sound. Their audience tends to consist of both youth looking for new Italian culture, and older Italians who appreciate the older tunes.

## History

In 1992 founder Ray Massa, formed a professional Italian-American band. He is the son of John and Carmela Massa, who immigrated to the US.
Since its founding, the band has consisted of 8 members. They spend their time touring Italian festivals, and performing for youth. In 2008, the band was invited to tour various cities within Italy.

## Notable performances

* Seattle Festa Italiana, Seattle, Washington.
* Italian Festival, Columbus, Ohio.
* Italian Day, Kennywood Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
* Festa Italiana, Portland, Oregon.
* Festa Italiana, Virginia Beach, Virginia.
* Festa Italiana, Wisconsin.
# Calybites trimaculata

Calybites trimaculata is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Shikoku island and the Ryukyu Islands).
The wingspan is 7-8.5 mm.
The larvae feed on Persicaria chinensis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Jean-Baptiste Dumay

Jean-Baptiste Dumay (10 September 1841, in Le Creusot – 27 April 1926, in Paris) was a French politician. He represented the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (from 1889 to 1890) and the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (from 1890 to 1893) in the Chamber of Deputies.
# Felix Holbrook

Felix Holbrook was a Black activist living in Boston and Rhode Island during the mid- to late-eighteenth century. A slave for many years, he was a staunch advocate of abolitionism. He placed an ad in a Boston newspaper asking for his freedom, and those who would aid him would be taking an honorable position against those trying to enslave them. Holbrook said that he understood colonialist's desire for political and religious freedom. He requested a position where he could earn the money to buy his freedom and return to Africa. His intention was to obtain his freedom through peaceful, lawful means. He wrote: “We ask you for relief, which as a man, we have a right to do”.
# Nana Agyenim Boateng

Nana Agyenim Boateng is a Ghanaian politician known as the flag bearer of the United Front Party. He is one of the candidates who was disqualified from contesting in the 2016 general elections by the Electoral Commission of Ghana.
# Guaymallén Department

Guaymallén is a central department of Mendoza Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a population of about 250,000 inhabitants in an area of 164 km$^2$ (63 sq mi), and its capital city is Villa Nueva, which is located around 1,090 km (680 mi) from Buenos Aires.

## History

* 1858, on May 14 Guaymallén Department was created.
* 1896, on May 19 Villa Nueva was declared as cabecera (capital) of the department.

## Economy

The economy of the Guaymallén Department, represented 8.7% of the economy of Mendoza Province.
The three main sectors of the economy are banks and financial institutions, the service sector, and industry and manufacturing.

## Districts

Guaymallén Department is divided into 20 districts:
* Belgrano
* Bermejo
* Buena Nueva
* Capilla del Rosario
* Colonia Segovia
* Dorrego
* El Sauce
* Jesús Nazareno
* Kilómetro 8
* Kilómetro 11
* La Primavera
* Las Cañas
* Los Corralitos
* Nueva Ciudad
* Pedro Molina
* Puente de Hierro
* Rodeo de la Cruz
* San Francisco del Monte
* San José
* Villa Nueva
# Calycadenia

Calycadenia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, known commonly as the western rosinweeds. They are native to California, especially around the Central Valley. The ranges of two species (C. fremontii + C. truncata) do extend north into Oregon.

## Description

These are annual herbs variable in size from just a few centimeters tall to well over one meter. They are aromatic. The leaves are alternately arranged except in C. oppositifolia, in which they are opposite. The leaves are narrow and linear in shape, resembling grass leaves. They sometimes have slightly toothed edges. Flower heads are solitary or borne in open arrays or clusters in the leaf axils. The peduncles that hold the flower heads have bracts with one or more tack-shaped glands. The head usually has one or more phyllaries stuck to the ray florets; these often have similar tack-shaped glands. There are one to six ray florets on the head, each with 3 lobes at the tip. They are white, cream, pink, or yellow, and some have a dark red spot near the base. There are up to 25 disc florets in shades of white, cream, pink, or yellow, with anthers that are usually purple or black, sometimes yellow or brown. The fruit is an angular cypsela. Fruits from the disc flowers usually have pappi made up of several scales.
The gland-dotted bracts on the peduncles are a distinguishing character of the genus. The name Calycadenia comes from the Greek calyx ("cup") and aden ("gland"), and references the tack-shaped glands on these bracts and the phyllaries.

## Biology

Most of the species are self-incompatible. The biology of the genus is variable; several species have races that differ in chromosome count but not much in morphology, while several others have races that are different in morphology but all have the same chromosome count.

## Species
### Species

* Calycadenia fremontii – Frémont's western rosinweed
* Calycadenia hooveri – Hoover's western rosinweed
* Calycadenia micrantha – small-flowered calycadenia
* Calycadenia mollis – soft western rosinweed
* Calycadenia multiglandulosa – sticky western rosinweed
* Calycadenia oppositifolia – Butte County western rosinweed
* Calycadenia pauciflora – smallflower western rosinweed
* Calycadenia spicata – spiked western rosinweed
* Calycadenia truncata – Oregon western rosinweed
* Calycadenia villosa – dwarf western rosinweed

### formerly included

* Calycadenia tenella Torr. & A. Gray, see Osmadenia tenella Nutt.
# It's Complicated (A Day to Remember song)

"It's Complicated" is the third single from A Day to Remember's fourth album, What Separates Me from You, released on October 25, 2011.

## Music and lyrics

Lead vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by himself, guitarists Kevin Skaff and Neil Westfall, and A Day to Remember.

## Release and performances

The song, along with 3 others from the album, was mixed by David Bendeth. In September 2011, it was revealed that "It's Complicated" would be released as the third single from the album on October 25, though it was only released as a radio single. "It's Complicated " charted on Billboard's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart, at number 34. The band played an acoustic version of "It's Complicated" for MTV on February 14, 2012. "It's Complicated" is available to play on the Rock Band games.
Liz Ramanand from Loudwire said the song had "catchy guitar riffs" and the song's style being "a poppy punk feel". Ramanand also called the song an "anthem for the brokenhearted" that "will get fists pumping" and the chorus "very appealing".

## Track listing
### Digital download

* "It's Complicated" – 2:57

### Promotional CD

* "It's Complicated (Radio Edit)" – 2:46
* "It's Complicated (Album Version)" – 2:57

## Chart positions

| Chart (2011) | Peak Position |
| U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs | 34 |
| U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs | 38 |

## Personnel

Personnel per album booklet.
# Camafuca diamond mine

The Camafuca mine is one of the largest diamond mines in Angola and in the world. The mine is located in Lunda Norte Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 23.04 million carats of diamonds and an annual production capacity of 0.2 million carats.