OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1831 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1831.

## Events
### February events

* February 18 – The West Chester Railroad is chartered in Pennsylvania.

### April events

* April 23 – the Pontchartrain Rail-Road begins operation.
* April 25
** Matthias W. Baldwin displays a model steam locomotive at the Philadelphia City Museum a year before building his first full-size locomotive for a working railroad.
** The New York and Harlem Railroad is incorporated as a passenger carrier.

### May events

* May – Members of a Manchester (England) Sunday School are conveyed by a special train on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Liverpool, the first recorded private railway excursion.

### June events

* June 17 - The first boiler explosion in the United States occurs when the engineer on the Best Friend of Charleston ties the steam safety pressure release valve shut.
* June 18 – The John Bull is constructed by Robert Stephenson and Company in England.
* June 21 – The Boston and Providence Rail Road is incorporated and chartered to build a railroad connection between Boston, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island.
* June 23 – The Boston and Worcester Railroad is chartered to build a railroad between its namesake cities in Massachusetts.

### July events

* July 1 – The first railroad built in Virginia, the Chesterfield Railroad, begins operations.
* July 4 – Opening of first section of Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway in Scotland including St Leonards Tunnel, Scotland's earliest tunnel on a public railway.
* July 14 – The John Bull departs Liverpool aboard the steamship Allegheny bound for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

### August events

* August 9 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, the first railroad built in New York state, opens.

### September events

* September 4 – The John Bull arrives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Liverpool.
* September 15 – The John Bull is operated for the first time on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
* September 24 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opens between Albany and Schenectady, New York.

### November events

* November 12 – Robert L. Stevens, president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad hosts a demonstration run of the John Bull for New Jersey politicians and dignitaries.

### Unknown date events

* First rail carriage of United States mail, by South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, according to some sources.
* John B. Jervis becomes the chief engineer for the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, a predecessor of the New York Central.

## Births
### January births

* January 14 – William D. Washburn, first president of Soo Line Railroad 1883–1889, is born (d. 1912).

### March births

* March 3 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist, founder of the Pullman Company (d. 1897)

### August births

* August 26 – T. Jefferson Coolidge, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1880–1881 (d. 1920).

### Unknown date births

* Eli H. Janney, inventor of the knuckle coupler (d. 1912).
# Louis Gallois

Louis René Fernand Gallois (French pronunciation:, born 26 January 1944) is a French businessman. He was the CEO of EADS, the European aeronautic defense and space company, from 2007 to 2012.

## Education

Gallois was born and raised in Montauban, where he received his Baccalauréat in 1961. After two years of a well-known private prépa school, Sainte-Geneviève, he attended business school at HEC Paris, a Grande école, graduating in 1966. He then went on to ÉNA, one of the most prestigious grandes écoles, graduating in 1972.

## Career

Gallois headed several government departments during his career. He was appointed head of the civil and military cabinet in the French defense ministry (1988–1989). He was chairman and CEO of Snecma, an aircraft and rocket engine manufacturer, from 1989 to 1992, when he became CEO of Aérospatiale, a French state-owned aviation company. He headed that company until 1996, when he became President of SNCF, France's national state-owned railway company.
Gallois joined EADS on 2 July 2006 following the resignation of Noël Forgeard. Forgeard resigned after allegations of insider trading, which he denied. Forgeard had sold EADS stock weeks before its Airbus subsidiary announced that the Airbus A380 would be delayed again. The announcement caused a 26% slump in the EADS share price.
On 9 October 2006 Gallois replaced Christian Streiff as the CEO of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus S.A.S. On 16 July 2007 EADS's management structure was changed and Gallois was appointed CEO of EADS for 5 years. He was replaced on 31 May 2012 by the then CEO of Airbus, Tom Enders.
Gallois is a member of the board of directors of École Centrale Paris and President of the Fondation Villette-Entreprises.
In 2012, immediately after leaving EADS, Gallois became the government's Commissioner for Investment. He held his position until 2014.
He is elected in June 2012 president of the FNARS (Fédération nationale des associations d'accueil et de réinsertion sociale), a group focusing on social and solidarity actions.
# Garfield station (disambiguation)

* Garfield railway station, a regional railway station in Victoria, Australia
* Garfield station (NJ Transit), an NJ Transit station in Garfield, New Jersey, United States.
* Garfield station (CTA Green Line), a Chicago "L" station in Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States
* Garfield station (CTA Red Line), a Chicago "L" station in Fuller Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States
* Garfield Avenue station, a light rail station in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
# Framework Class Library

The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a component of Microsoft's .NET Framework, the first implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). In much the same way as Common Language Runtime (CLR) implements the CLI Virtual Execution System (VES), the FCL implements the CLI foundational Standard Libraries. As a CLI foundational class libraries implementation, it is a collection of reusable classes, interfaces, and value types, and includes an implementation of the CLI Base Class Library (BCL).
With Microsoft's move to .NET Core, the CLI foundational class libraries implementation is known as CoreFX instead of Framework Class Library.
# French ship Inflexible (1839)

The Inflexible was a 90-gun Suffren-class Ship of the line of the French Navy

## Career

Commissioned in Rochefort in 1840, Inflexible was appointed to the Mediterranean squadron, where she served from 1841 under Captain Guérin des Essarts.
From 1860, she was used as a boys' school in Brest, and was eventually broken up in 1875.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roche, vol.1, p.257
# Calopteryx (damselfly)

Calopteryx is a genus of large damselflies belonging to the family Calopterygidae. The colourful males often have coloured wings whereas the more muted females usually have clear wings although some develop male (androchrome) wing characteristics. In both sexes, there is no pterostigma.

## Nomenclature

It was only in 1890, many years after Leach named the genus Calopyteryx, that it was widely recognized that Leach's name was a junior synonym of the Fabrician genus Agrion, established 40 years prior. The controversy surrounding which genus name has nomenclatural priority has never been formally resolved; the ICZN mandates that Fabricius' name has priority, but the majority of the world's odonate researchers maintain the use of Calopteryx.

## Species

The genus contains the following species:
* Calopteryx aequabilis Say, 1839 – River Jewelwing
* Calopteryx amata Hagen, 1889 – Superb Jewelwing
* Calopteryx angustipennis (Hagen in Selys, 1853) – Appalachian Jewelwing
* Calopteryx balcanica Fudakowsky, 1930
* Calopteryx coomani (Fraser, 1935)
* Calopteryx cornelia Selys, 1853
* Calopteryx dimidiata (Burmeister, 1839) – Sparkling Jewelwing
* Calopteryx exul Selys, 1853 – Glittering Demoiselle
* Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis (van der Linden, 1825) – Copper Demoiselle
* Calopteryx hyalina Martin, 1909 – Clear-winged Demoiselle
* Calopteryx intermedia Selys, 1887
* Calopteryx japonica Selys, 1869
* Calopteryx laosica Fraser, 1933
* Calopteryx maculata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) – Ebony Jewelwing
* Calopteryx melli Ris, 1912
* Calopteryx mingrelica Selys, 1869
* Calopteryx oberthuri McLachlan, 1894
* Calopteryx orientalis Selys, 1887
* Calopteryx samarcandica Bartenev, 1912
* Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1780) – Banded Demoiselle, Banded Agrion, Banded Jewelwing (inc. Calopteryx splendens taurica Selys, 1853)
* Calopteryx syriaca (Rambur, 1842) – Syrian Demoiselle
* Calopteryx transcaspica Bartenev, 1912
* Calopteryx virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) – Beautiful Demoiselle, Beautiful Jewelwing
* Calopteryx waterstoni Schneider, 1984
* Calopteryx xanthostoma (Charpentier, 1825) – Western Demoiselle
# List of sports venues in Dubai

This is the list of Sports venues in Dubai, UAE.

## Basketball

* Basketball Hub Dubai

## Badminton

* Hamdan Sports Complex
* Al Nasr Badminton Court
* XSA Badminton Training Center
* Professional Sports Academy
* SIMBR Sports
* Dubai Sports World
* Cosmos Badminton Academy

## Golf

* Dubai Desert Golf Classic
* Emirates Golf Club
* Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club
* Nad Al Sheba Club
* The Montgomerie
* The Dunes being planned
* DWC Golf city (u/c)
* Dubai Golf City (u/c)
* Trump Golf estate (u/c)

## Multi purpose stadiums

* DSC Multi-Purpose Stadium (u/c)
* Al-Maktoum Stadium
* Al-Rashid Stadium
* Zabeel Stadium
* Police Officers Club Stadium
* DSC Indoor Arena (u/c)
* Coca-Cola Arena (u/c)
* Mohammed Bin Rashid Stadium (u/c)
* Maktoum Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Stadium

## Tennis

* Aviation Club Tennis Centre
* Aviation Club

## Hockey

* DSC Hockey Stadium (u/c)

## Cricket

* DSC Cricket Stadium
* Dubai Cricket Council Ground No 1
* Dubai Cricket Council Ground No 2
* ICC Academy Ground
* The Sevens Stadium

## Horse racing and Rugby

* Meydan Racecourse
* Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground
* The Sevens

## Motorsport

* Dubai Autodrome

## Swimming

* Wild Wadi Waterpark swimming pools
* Dreamland Aqua Park pools
* Jet-skiing
* Al-Boom Diving
* Dubai Autodrome
* Scuba International
* Hamdan Sports Complex
* Scuba Shade Diving

## Scuba Diving

* DiveCampus
* Deep Dive Dubai
* Scuba Shade

## Ice Rink

* Dubai Ice Rink
# Loch Long (disambiguation)

Loch Long is a body of water in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.
Loch Long may also refer to:
* Loch Long (Highlands), a body of water in Kintail, on the western coast of Scotland
* Loch Long One Design, a wooden sailing yacht design
# Okou

Okou is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred Okou (born 1963), Ivorian rugby union player
* Rosvitha Okou (born 1986), Ivorian hurdler
* Stephane Okou, Ivorian footballer
* Teddy Okou (born 1998), French footballer
* Yllan Okou (born 2002), French footballer
* Margaux Okou-Zouzouo (born 1991), French basketball player
# Gallium palladide

Gallium palladide (GaPd or PdGa) is an intermetallic combination of gallium and palladium. It has the iron monosilicide crystal structure. The compound has been suggested as an improved catalyst for hydrogenation reactions. In principle, gallium palladide can be a more selective catalyst since unlike substituted compounds, the palladium atoms are spaced out in a regular crystal structure rather than randomly.
# Mycterophora geometriformis

Mycterophora geometriformis is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Mycterophora geometriformis is 8416.
# Garde

Garde may refer to:

## Places

* Garde, Spain, town and municipality in Navarre, Spain
* Garde, Tibet, village in Tibet
* Gârde, a village in Bistra Commune, Alba County, Romania
* Gärde, an area in the north of Offerdal, Jämtland, Sweden
* Garde, Gotland, a settlement on the Swedish island of Gotland

## Other uses

* Garde (name), a surname and given name
* Škoda Garde, 1980s car produced by Škoda Auto
# Framework (building)

Framework was a planned mixed-use building in Portland, Oregon, United States, that would have been located in the Pearl District neighborhood. Designed by Lever Architecture, it would have been the tallest timber building in North America, and was called the "nation's first high-rise building made of wood". This project was cancelled in 2018 due to a funding shortfall.

## Description

The Framework building was designed by architect Thomas Robinson. The timber material planned for the building was cross laminated timber (CLT) utilizing Pres-Lam rocking walls for lateral resistance. The architecture firm had planned to use CLT from D.R. Johnson Lumber Company from Riddle, Oregon. The building's number of stories had been given both as 12 and as 11. Construction was expected to begin in fall 2017.
The mixed-use building would have provided office space on floors two through six, and affordable housing may have been placed on floors seven through eleven.

## History

The project team won a $1.5 million grant from the USDA in September 2015 for participating in the Tall Wood Building Prize Competition.
The design phase included extensive fire, structural and acoustic testing. Building assemblies tested during this phase met the requirements of the Oregon Building Codes Division. Framework was approved by the Portland Design Commission in September 2016, and the construction permit for the project was approved by the state's Building Codes Division on June 6, 2017.
# French ship Intrépide

At least 10 ships of the French Navy have borne the name Intrépide ("Intrepid"):

## Ships named Intrépide

* Intrépide (1666), a 66-gun ship of the line, was renamed Grand in 1671
* Intrépide (1671), a 48-gun ship of the line
* Intrépide (1690), an 84-gun ship of the line
* Intrépide (1747), a 74-gun Monarque-class ship of the line
* Intrépide (1794), a 24-gun corvette
* Intrépide (1795), a pink, bore the name
* Intrépide (1801), a 74-gun ship of the line acquired from Spain
* Valmy, a 120-gun ship of the line, took the name in 1890 shortly before being broken up
* Intrépide (1864), a 90-gun Algésiras-class steam ship of the line
* Intrépide, an Aventurier-class destroyer ordered by the Argentine Navy but taken over by the French Navy after the start of the First World War. She was launched in 1911 and scrapped in 1938.
* Intrépide (1864) as the school ship Borda

## Other

* L'Intrépide, a French military observation balloon of 1795
# Narrow-gauge railway of KSM-2 factory

56°49′18″N 36°04′00″E﻿ / ﻿56.82180°N 36.06671°E﻿ / 56.82180; 36.06671
The narrow-gauge railway of KSM-2 factory is located in Tver, Russia. The railway was opened in 1951, and has a total length of 9 kilometres (5.6 mi), its track gauge is 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in). It is used for the transportation of sand from the "Red Quarry" to the KSM-2 factory.

## Current status

The Tver plant of building materials No.2 located near the town of Tver. The first section of the 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long railway was built in 1951. The main task of the narrow-gauge railway is the transportation of sand from the quarry to the KSM-2 factory. It runs on a daily basis, the speed of the train is 35–40 km/h (22–25 mph), the total length of the railway is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi).

## Rolling stock
### Locomotives

* TU7 – No. 1231, 1703, 3155, 3215
* TU6A – No. 0635
* TU6D – No. 0037
* TU8P – No. 0001

### Railroad car

* Side-tipping wagons
* Snow blower – TU6D

## Gallery

* Locomotive TU7-1231 with freight train
* Locomotive TU7-1231 with freight train
* Locomotive TU6D-0037
* Locomotive TU7-1703 with freight train
* Locomotive TU7-1703 with freight train
* Electric locomotive K14m-091 with freight train
# Calopteryx hyalina

Calopteryx hyalina is a species of broad-winged damselfly in the family Calopterygidae.
The IUCN conservation status of Calopteryx hyalina is "EN", endangered. The species faces a high risk of extinction in the near future. The population is decreasing. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2010.
# List of storms named Pakhar

The name Pakhar has been used to name three tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean. It refers to the Irrawaddy dolphin and was submitted by Laos. The name replaced Matsa following the 2005 season.
* Tropical Storm Pakhar (2012) (T1201, 02W) – struck Vietnam.
* Severe Tropical Storm Pakhar (2017) (T1714, 16W, Jolina) – made landfall on Luzon and later in South China.
* Tropical Storm Pakhar (2022) (T2225, 29W, Rosal) – remained out at sea but caused 8 indirect deaths in the Philippines.
| Preceded byYamaneko | Pacific typhoon season names Pakhar | Succeeded bySanvu |
# Okoubaka

Okoubaka is a genus of tall forest tree native to west and central tropical Africa. It consists of two species, plus a third species or variety. Its name is from the Anyin language meaning a tree with allelopathic properties, or a tree that causes the death of surrounding vegetation. The tree was once common throughout West Africa and parts of Central Africa, with O. aubrevillei being the primary West African species, and O. michelsonii found in Central Africa.
O. aubrevillei was originally named Oktoknema okoubaka and placed in the Octoknemaceae or Olacaceae; however careful morphological studies of the fruits have led to it being classified as Okoubaka and placed in the Santalaceae.

## Species

* Okoubaka aubrevillei Pellegr. & Normand (formerly called Octoknema okoubaka Aubrév. & Pellegr.)
** O. aubrevillei var. glabrescentifolia J. Léonard. – variety found in Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Okoubaka michelsonii J.Léonard & Troupin
# Municipal elections in India

Municipal Corporation elections are conducted to elect municipal councillors and ward representatives for municipal corporations in India. With the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act in the Constitution of India, the city municipal corporations were identified as 'institutions of self-government'. With India being a democratic country, elections are the only medium for people to elect governments of their choice.

## History and administration

Municipal corporation elections constitute one tier of India's three-tier governance system. These elections are open to both men and women candidates. On average, voter turnout in municipal elections is estimated to be around 52%.

## Constitutional compulsions

The electoral system within urban local bodies (ULB) was fortified through the 74th Constitutional Amendment. This Amendment Act officially designated municipal corporations as 'institutions of self-government'.

## Planning body

Municipal corporation elections are conducted under the supervision of the State Election Commission. The State Election Commission is an independent body and consists of individual members who have served as bureaucrats at the state and national level with high reputation, integrity and values.

## Qualifications for contesting

Qualification for contesting municipal corporation elections in India:
* Citizen of India.
* Has attained the age of 21 years.
* Registered in ward electoral roll.
* Not disqualified under any law for contesting municipal elections.
* Not employed by any municipal corporation in India.

## Important rulings

* Municipal corporation elections in Tamil Nadu should not be delayed was the Supreme Court ruling to Tamil Nadu State Election Commission.
* Municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra are directed to be conducted under a single-member electoral panel as per the direction of State Election Commission.
# Mycterophora rubricans

Mycterophora rubricans is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1918. It is found in North America.
# Gangster Story

Gangster Story is a 1959 American crime film directed by and starring Walter Matthau. The film was edited by Radley Metzger.
This is the only film that Matthau directed. He married co-star Carol Grace in 1959.

## Plot

A mobster is hiding from the law in a small town, and he is running out of money. So he robs a bank and gets away with some loot. However, not only are the cops now after him, but so is the local mob boss, who is jealous that an outsider pulled a job in his territory, especially without giving him a piece of the pie.

## Cast

* Walter Matthau as Jack Martin
* Carol Grace as Carol Logan, Librarian
* Bruce MacFarlane as Earl J. Dawson
* Garry Walberg as Adolph
* Raikin Ben-Ari as 'Plumber' a Hood
* David Leonard as Bank President W. Palmer
* John Albright as Henchman
* Clegg Hoyt as Caretaker at Country Club

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack for this film is in mono, from the production company of Swen Productions, Inc., with or by Jonathan Daniels.
# Francis Hely-Hutchinson

Francis Hely-Hutchinson (26 October 1759 – 16 December 1827), styled The Honourable from 1783, was an Irish politician.

## Biography

He was the son of Christiana Nickson, 1st Baroness of Donoughmore of Knocklofty and The Rt Hon. John Hely-Hutchinson. He served as Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for Dublin University from 1790 to 1798 and then for Naas from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801.
He married Frances Nixon and had nine children. Their daughter, Louisa Frances Hely-Hutchinson married Francis Synge-Hutchinson and their son was Lt-Gen Coote Synge-Hutchinson. His son John succeeded to the peerages created for both his mother and brother.
From 1800-27 he served as Collector of Customs at Dublin Port succeeding Theophilus Jones.
# Frode og alle de andre rødder

Frode og alle de andre rødder (literally Frode and all the other rascals) is a famous Danish children's book, that was also adapted to a feature film. It is about the adventures of Frode who learns about a summer festival and wants to go there except that it can cost 5000 kroners and he has to arrange for its financing.

## Book

Frode og alle de andre rødder is a book written by Ole Lund Kirkegaard, a Danish writer of children's literature and youth literature. It was published in 1979.

## Film

The book was adapted into a film in 2008 and is directed by Bubber and produced by Tivi Magnusson, Tomas Radoor, Johanne Stryhn Felding and Christian Potalivo.

### Cast

* Arto Louis Eriksen as Frode
* Sasha Sofie Lund as Stinne
* Thomas Meilstrup as Læris
* Ole Thestrup as Storm
* Birthe Neumann as Irene TV
* Bodil Jørgensen as Fru Rask
* Nicolaj Kopernikus as Lærer Peter
* Rasmus Bjerg as Vicevært

### Nominations

In the 2009 Robert Festival, it was nominated for a Robert for:
* "Best Children/Family Film" for director Bubble
* "Best Song" for Thomas Buttenschøn
# Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory

The Decor-1 factory railway is in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. The railway was opened in 1946, and has a total length of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) its track gauge is 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in). The railway is used for the transportation of gypsum from the mine to the «Dekor-1» factory. 55°19′12″N 43°56′55″E﻿ / ﻿55.31988°N 43.94857°E﻿ / 55.31988; 43.94857

## Current status

Peshelan gypsum factory «Dekor-1» located near the town of Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. In 1946 a gypsum mine was opened in the village of Bebyayevo. Ten trains run on the railway each day.

## Rolling stock
### Locomotives

* TU6A – № 1473, 2574
* TU8 – № 0340, 0342
* Traction rolling stock in the mine – electric

### Railroad car

* Snow blower
* Minecart for transportation of gypsum

## Gallery

* TU8 – № 0340 (2007)
* TU8 – № 0340 (2007)
* TU8 – № 0340 (2007)
* TU8 – № 0342 (2014)
* TU6 – № 2574 (2012)
* ТУ6А – № 1473 (2014)
* Peshelan gypsum factory (2014)