# Gary Bold

Gary Edward John Bold (1938 – 3 July 2018) was a New Zealand physicist, as of 2009 an Honorary Associate Professor in physics at the University of Auckland. After gaining a PhD in 1961, Bold became a lecturer who taught across all courses in the physics department at the University. His research areas included underwater acoustics and application of physics theory to understanding human consciousness. He was highly regarded as a teacher and won the Prime Minister's Supreme Award at the 2004 Tertiary Teaching Excellence Awards. Bold had an interest in amateur radio and as an active member of the New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters (NZART), won a prize for the quality of his columns in the organisation's newsletters.

## Education

Bold received a doctoral degree in 1970 from the University of Auckland. His doctoral thesis was titled Antipodal HF radio propagation.

## Teaching

While not becoming a lecturer until 1961, Bold began teaching in 1960 as an MSc student. Over his career, he taught every course in the physics department at the University of Auckland, including geophysics, signal processing and network theory. He also revised experiments and "designed the curriculum for many second- and third-year physics courses". in 2004, Bold told the NZ Herald that every year he had adapted and improved his teaching. He wrote on pedagogy and in 1996 co-authored an article for the American Journal of Physics that proposed a top-down model for teaching physics. The writers acknowledged that this "reversed the traditional model and was based on beginning all lecture treatments with discussions of complex, yet familiar phenomena and working backward to discussions of the simple physical laws underlying them". Early in his teaching career Bold realised that to be an effective lecturer he needed to develop his verbal skills so that the sessions were interesting for the students. He held that it was crucial for an educator to critically examine their delivery and look for and accept feedback.
Many students and colleagues have attested to Bold's teaching expertise. In 2004, one student Bernadette Waller said of Bold:
   He makes learning the material easy and interesting. He lectures in such an entertaining manner, inserting jokes, competitions and even songs into the work. He is one of the only lecturers who has managed to get responses to questions from students in class.$^{:p.12}$
Tom Barnes, University of Auckland Deputy Vice-chancellor (Research) at the time, claimed that Bold taught him how to teach and because "his knowledge [was] encyclopaedic and his enthusiasm boundless...[his]... lecture preparation [was] simply the best I have ever come across." Barnes added that Bold had a commitment to his students that went beyond the lecture hour and "time and again I have seen him surrounded at the end by a group of animated young people eager to bounce ideas off him and know more."$^{:p.12}$

## Selected research
### Environmental underwater acoustics

Bold co-authored an article in the Marine Technology Society Journal that summarises the work of the New Zealand group in the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) programme from 1991 to 1996. The article explains in the introduction that underwater sound could be a way of measuring global ocean warming and earlier research had noted "that a sound source placed at Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean would allow uninterrupted straight line paths for underwater sound to travel to great distances, including both coasts of North America...[and]...a feasibility experiment was conducted in 1991 leading to the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) program." The article traces the involvement of the New Zealand group, beginning with the Heard Island Feasibility Test (RIFT) which attempted to see whether underwater sound from a sound projecting source could be detected at long ranges. The results were mixed with a lack of detectable signals at times, attributed to internal waves and a larger source being needed. A strong signal from Heard Island was however, observed close to Tasmania.
Bold was involved in research that looked at ways to determine oceanic acoustic transfer functioning and co-authored a study "Signals for optimum band limited system interrogation with application to underwater acoustics" which gives an illustration of the use of Stepped frequency chirps in an underwater experiment.

### High frequency radio propagation

Bold's thesis in 1970, follows up the work of previous researchers into the problems around the propagation of HF radio and explores the effects happening at antipodal distances, with a goal of developing a model of propagation that reflects these. The research concludes that it is possible to calculate the "distribution of power near the antipode of an HF transmitter", and factors such as "frequency fluctuations" can be included into a realistic model.$^{:p.136}$

### Numerical ray tracing

A paper co-authored by Bold in 1986, showed evidence that when a system is broken down into its compositional parts, (top down approach) ray tracing is accurate and easy to apply. The authors note that compared to a more traditional approach of mixing rather than isolating the steps in the process, the top down approach using computing power has the potential to develop knowledge of "powerful integration subroutines...[and]...their extraordinary accuracy makes the payoff worth the effort expended in understanding their use." In 1981 Bold collaborated on a project that explored an improved model at the time, for getting better ray calculations by using bounded beams to modify ray paths with a uniform sound speed profile in the Pekeris channel. The authors concluded that this can affect the eigenray yields, [and appeared] "to be as good as normal mode theory for practical calculations in shallow water".

### Human consciousness

A study in 2009 used EEG to measure simultaneous occurrence at two electrode sites of brainwaves within a broad frequency band, and notes "episodic global phase synchrony" [is] widely identified. The study said the data validated using EEG in this process, and concludes: "If long-range phase synchrony really is a hallmark of consciousness, it should be present most of the time the subject is conscious. Our results confirm this prediction, and suggest that consciousness may involve not only gamma frequencies, but the whole range from theta to epsilon."
Bold contributed to research that explored the hypothesis that a person's consciousness may not be continuous. The paper published in 2011 and co-authored by Bold, said in the introduction that the concept had been around a long time and the question asked was whether an individual's consciousness could be a "series of "discrete chunks or perceptual moments...[similar to]... cinematographic frames". Data from waking and unconscious people were gathered to compare the "frequency of local minima in the analytic power (AP) using intracranial EEG (ECoG)." The results indicated that local minima in AP could have acted as a "shutter", and that consciousness may be discontinuous because of the consequence of oscillations that are widely found in nature, and "not due to some specifically biological factor".

## Associations

Bold was a life member of the New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters (NZART) and contributed regularly to Break-In, the journal of that organisation. He was acknowledged as a "well known CW operator...[and]...a great teacher...who was a long time member of the Chicken Fat Operators club, devoted entirely to Morse Code." Bold - known at the time as Morseman - is credited with writing the software for TeachMorse, a Windows application that provided a means of playing practice text at different speeds.

## Further publications

C.T. Tindle, M.K. Guthrie, G.E.J. Bold, T.G. Birdsall et al.: "Measurements of the frequency dependence of normal modes", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64, number 4, 1978, pp 1178–1185.
G.E.J. Bold: "Power distribution near the antipode of a short-wave transmitter", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 31, 1969, pp 1391–1411.
Gary E.J. Bold: "Simple computer network analysis", IEEE Transactions on Education, E-30(2), May 1987, pp 99 – 102. Summary
Gary E.J. Bold, and Sze M. Tan: "Teaching simulation with a "digital" analog computer ". American Journal of Physics, 53(4), 1985, pp 437 – 442

## Awards

For what was noted as his "articles throughout the year and the previous thirty odd years before!", Bold won the New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters (NZART) Break-In Award for the Best Columnist Article in 2017.
Bold won the Prime Minister's Supreme Award at the 2004 Tertiary Teaching Excellence Awards, which included a prize of NZD$30,000. Upon receiving the award, his advice was to "seek out the excellent practitioners, and shamelessly adapt their ideas. They'll be delighted." He also told the NZ Herald, that after 43 years of teaching he was "getting the hang of university teaching" and working with the "best and brightest young minds had kept him young...[and been]...an amazing experience."