OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer

Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (21 February 1801 – 10 February 1888) was a German Orientalist.

## Biography

He was born at Schandau, Saxony. From 1819 to 1824, he studied theology and Oriental languages at Leipzig, subsequently continuing his studies in Paris, where he continued his studies of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages under de Sacy. From 1831 to 1835, he taught at one of the Dresden high schools. In 1836, he was appointed professor of oriental languages at Leipzig University, and retained this post till his death, in spite of invitations to accept similar positions in Saint Petersburg and Berlin.
Fleischer was one of the eight foreign members of the French Academy of Inscriptions and a knight of the German Ordre Pour le Mérite (1868). He was a member of many German and foreign scientific societies, possessor of honorary degrees from the universities of Königsberg, Prague, Saint Petersburg, Dorpat and Edinburgh, and one of the founders of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.
In 1870 he received a combined medal (together with Brockhaus, Pott and Rödiger) in occasion of the 25th anniversary of the DMG.
He died at Leipzig.

## Writings

His most important works were editions of Abu'l-Fida's Historia ante-Islamica (1831—1834), Al-Zamakhshari's Golden Necklaces (Leipzig, 1835), and of Al-Baydawi's Commentary on the Koran (1846–1848). He compiled a catalogue of the Oriental manuscripts in the royal library at Dresden (1831); published an edition and German translation of Ali's Hundred Sayings (1837); the continuation of Christian Maxmilian Habicht's edition of The Thousand and One Nights (vols. ix-xii, 1842–1843); and an edition of Mirza Muhammed Ibrahim's Persian Grammar (1847). He also wrote Hermes Trismegistus an die Menschliche Seele (Leipzig, 1870), Kleinere Schriften (3 vols., Leipzig, 1885–88), and an account of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts at the town library in Leipzig.

## Fleischer on the Nature of Arabic Language

"Die Frage ist für uns nicht: was ist das reinste, correcteste und schönste, sondern was ist überhaupt Arabisch?" (in: Kleinere Schriften, Leipzig, 1888, Vol. iii, p. 156).
i.e. "The question for us is not: What is the purest, the most beautiful and correct Arabic, but what is Arabic in general?"
# Fred Munce

Frederick Larmour Munce, MBE (b 1948) is an eminent Irish Methodist who over time did all he could to bring about vital role in the peace in Northern Ireland.
Munce trained for the Methodist Ministry at Edgehill Theological College. He has been an active facilitator of anti-sectarianism, community relations and reconciliation over several decades. In South Londonderry he pioneered cross community projects, and was invited to speak on these to the House of Lords. Later in the north of the city he worked with homeless men and disadvantaged families. He was also in North Belfast during times of extreme sectarian violence and chaired several committees aimed at getting people into work and living harmoniously together. He also travelled across the world to set up projects for refugee communities on four continents. In 2003 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Ulster.
# Giacosa

Giacosa, an Italian surname, may refer to:
* Colleretto Giacosa, municipality in the Province of Turin
* Bruno Giacosa (died 2018), Italian Piemonte wine producer

## People

* Dante Giacosa (1905–1996), Italian car designer
* Giuseppe Giacosa (1847–1906), Italian poet
# Five Ponds Copse

Five Ponds Copse is a woodland in Cheshire, England, near Warrington. It covers a total area of 1.15 hectares (2.84 acres). It is owned and managed by the Woodland Trust.
# List of ecoregions in North Macedonia

The following is a list of ecoregions in North Macedonia as identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

## Terrestrial ecoregions

North Macedonia is in the Palearctic realm. Ecoregions are listed by biome.

### Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

* Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* Pindus Mountains mixed forests

### Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

* Balkan mixed forests
* Rodope montane mixed forests

## Freshwater ecoregions

* Southeast Adriatic drainages
* Thrace
* Vardar
# Spanish Room Formation

The Spanish Room Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.
# Sparx (video game)

SPARX (Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts) is a free online computer game intended to help young people with mild to moderate depression, stress or anxiety. Through the game, this e-therapy will teach them how to resolve their issues on their own, according to a talking psychotherapeutic approach called cognitive behavioural therapy. Before taking part in this game, a personality test is required to determine if SPARX will be suited and helpful for the future user.

## Game scenario

Based in a 3D fantasy world, the game leads players through seven realms (each lasting between 30 and 40 minutes). At the beginning of SPARX, the user meets the Guide who explains what SPARX is and how it could help. Then the user customizes an avatar and starts to journey within the seven provinces in order to complete different quests. In the first level, gamers challenge GNATS (Gloomy Negative Automatic Thoughts). These GNATS fly towards the avatar and say negative things like, for example: "you're a loser". Further, in the game, the user meets different characters, solves puzzles, and completes mini-games. As soon as a quest is completed, the Guide explains how to use new skills in order to feel better, solve problems, and enjoy real life. Players complete one or two levels in the game each week, during three to seven weeks.

## Development

Behind the SPARX project is a team of researchers and clinicians from The University of Auckland. Pr Sally Merry, Dr Karolina Stasiak, Dr Theresa Fleming, Dr Matt Shepherd and Dr Mathijs Lucassen created it. Associate Professor Sally Merry is a child and adolescent Psychiatrist, Head of Department of Psychological Medicine and Director of The Werry Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Dr Stasiak also coordinated the main study of SPARX. Drs Fleming, Shepherd and Lucassen carried out doctoral studies of SPARX.
In 2011, SPARX won the World Summit Award, supervised by the United Nations, in the category of e-Health and Environment which honors excellence in multimedia and e-Content creation. SPARX was also rewarded by the 2013 International Digital Award from Netexplo, hosted by UNESCO, for being the first out of ten most innovative and promising digital initiative of the year.
After a such success, in 2012 Dr Lucassen decided to develop another version of SPARX entitled Rainbow SPARX to help adolescents attracted to the same sex, or both sexes, or unsure of their sexuality. According to a small study carried out by Mathijs Lucassen, himself, more than 80% of the participants said that the game helped them to deal with their sexuality, and would recommend it to other people.
# Steve Knight

Steve, Steven, or Stephen Knight may refer to:
* Steve Knight (musician) (1935–2013), American jazz/rock keyboard
* Steve Knight (politician) (born 1966), former U.S. Representative from California
* Steve Knight (pool player) (1973–2019), British pool player
* Steven Knight (born 1959), British writer and co-creator of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
* Steven Knight (footballer) (1961–2009), Australian rules footballer
* Stephen Knight (author) (1951–1985), British author
* Stephen Knight (martyr) (died 1555), English Protestant martyr
* Stephen Knight (poet) (born 1960), Welsh writer
* Stephen Knight (politician), former Member of the London Assembly (2012-2016)
* Stephen Knight (rugby) (born 1948), former representative Australian rugby league and rugby union footballer
* Stephen Thomas Knight (born 1940), British academic
# Francisco Javier López Díaz

Francisco Javier López Díaz may refer to:
* Francisco Javier López Díaz (theologian) (born 1949), theologian and priest of Opus Dei.
* Francisco Javier López Díaz (footballer) (born 1988), Spanish footballer.
# Makitani

Makitani (Cyrillic: Макитани) is a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 20, all Bosniaks.
# Guibaré Department

Guibare is a department or commune of Bam Province in north-western Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Guibare. According to the 1996 census the department has a total population of 22,510.

## Towns and villages

* Guibare
* Barsa
* Bokin
* Gougré
* Karentenga
* Koundoula
* Sakoudi
* Niangouèla
* Sindri
* Vousnango
* Tontenga
* Wattinoma
* Yilou
# Giacondo Turamini

Giacondo Turamini (died 1665) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Pienza (1664–1665).

## Biography

On 31 March 1664, Giacondo Turamini was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Pienza. He served as Bishop of Pienza until his death on 17 January 1665.
# FK VEF Rīga

VEF Rīga (later known as DAG Rīga) was a football club in Latvia, one of the strongest teams in the Latvian league between 1945 and 1994.

## Team history

A football club connected to the VEF plant was founded in the mid-1930s, in 1939 it first won promotion to the top Latvian league by beating Ventspils Stars 6:2 in the playoff final. VEF was the only Latvian football club to keep its name through the 1940s – it played in the Latvian league under German occupation and it remained where after the second Russian occupation. The Soviet era was the best for the club: VEF won six Latvian titles between 1970 and 1983, it was also a 3-time winner of the Latvian Football Cup. The first half of the 1970s was the best period in the club's history when it won five of its titles, one cup and also reached the cup final three times. In that period VEF was managed by former FK Daugava Rīga star player Georgijs Smirnovs. Another retired Daugava forward, Nikolajs Jermakovs, played in the team's attack.
When Latvia regained independence and the VEF plant was rapidly losing its former glory, the football team was also affected. However, it managed to finish 3rd in the first season of Virslīga. After the 1992 Virslīga season the club was renamed VEF-Zenta Rīga, the name of the club's new sponsor. In 1994 it played as DAG Rīga and finished third for the second time. The former VEF team ceased to exist in Riga in 1995 with the merger of DAG with Olimpija Liepāja under the name DAG Liepāja. However through the merger with Liepāja VEF Rīga can be considered a predecessor to one of the strongest football clubs in Latvia – Liepājas Metalurgs.

## Honours

* Latvian top league:
** Winners (6): 1970–1971, 1973–1975, 1983
* Latvian Cup:
** Winners (3): 1956, 1971, 1987
** Runners-up (8): 1946, 1960, 1970, 1974–1975, 1977, 1984–1985
# List of ecoregions in Oman

The following is a list of ecoregions in Oman, as identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

## Terrestrial ecoregions

Yemen lies on the boundary between two of the world's terrestrial biogeographic realms. The Afrotropical realm covers the mountainous southern and eastern fringe of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. The Palearctic realm covers the interior of the Arabian Peninsula as well as temperate Eurasia and Northern Africa.

### Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

* Al Hajar montane woodlands (Afrotropical)

### Deserts and xeric shrublands

* Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands (Palearctic)
* Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert (Afrotropical)
* Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert (Afrotropical)
* Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert (Palearctic)
* Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna (Afrotropical)

## Marine ecoregions

* Gulf of Oman
* Western Arabian Sea
# HMNZS Santon (M1178)

HMNZS Santon (M1178) was a Ton-class minesweeper that operated in the Royal Navy, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), and the Argentine Navy. Built for the Royal Navy by Fleetlands Shipyard of Portsmouth, the minesweeper was launched on 18 August 1955 and commissioned as HMS Santon. She was named after a small village in North Lincolnshire. The minesweeper was commissioned in the RNZN from 1965 to 1966, when she was returned to the United Kingdom. She was later transferred to the Argentine Navy, and operated as ARA Chubut (M3).

## Construction

Santon was built for the Royal Navy by Fleetlands Shipyards of Portsmouth. The minesweeper was launched on 18 August 1955.

## Operational history
### New Zealand

Early in 1965, Indonesia was employing a policy of confrontation against Malaysia. New Zealand agreed to assist Malaysia by deploying two Royal Navy minesweepers then in reserve at Singapore. These were commissioned into the RNZN on 10 April 1965 and joined the Royal Navy's 11th Minesweeping squadron (also Ton class), taking part in anti-infiltration patrols in Malaysian waters. Lieutenant Lincoln Tempero, later Chief of Naval Staff, was appointed Commanding Officer.
In her first year Santon, together with her sister ship Hickleton, carried out 200 patrols, with 20 incidents involving intruding Indonesians, often taking as prisoners those aboard the intercepted craft.
In April 1966, Santon assisted in the rescue of the crew of the wrecked Panamanian freighter Carina. By the time the Indonesian confrontation policy ended in August 1966, Santon had steamed 67,400 miles (108,500 km). Following the withdrawal of Commonwealth ships from the anti-infiltration patrols, the RNZN crew took her back to England, where she paid off in reserve at Portsmouth in November 1966.

### Argentina

The ship was subsequently sold to Argentina and renamed Chubut (M3). She was decommissioned in 1997.
# Francis Watson (politician)

Sir Francis Watson (7 January 1864 – 27 August 1947) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Pudsey and Otley division of the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1923 until retired from the House of Commons at the 1929 general election.
# Makikihi River

The Makikihi River is a river of the South Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows east from its headwaters in the Hunters Hills 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Timaru, and passes through the small township of Makikihi before reaching the Pacific Ocean.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "cicada stream" for Mākikihi.
# European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Imaging

The European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Imaging is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. The first issue was published in March 2000 with the former name of European Journal of Echocardiography. The journal adopted the current name European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Imaging in 2012, and is part of the European Heart Journal series of journals.
Published articles present original research on different aspects of cardiovascular imaging in the field of cardiac and coronary CT, MRI, echocardiography, x-ray angiography, ultrasounds and optical imaging. With an impact factor of 6.875 in 2020, it ranked at a high position number among journals in the field of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging and it established itself as one of the top cardiovascular journals worldwide.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, and Scopus.
# Anne Vainikka

Anne Vainikka (July 31, 1958, Vancouver, Washington - June 11, 2018, Newark, Delaware) was a Finnish-American linguist specialising in the syntax of Finnish and in the syntax of second language acquisition (SLA).

## Education and career

Vainikka received her Ph.D. in Linguistics in 1989 from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, with a dissertation on Finnish syntax, one of the first on this topic. She continued to make contributions to the study of Finnish syntax throughout her career. A workshop in memoriam of her work in this area was held in Budapest in 2019.
At the time of Vainikka's death from cancer in 2018, she was an adjunct professor at the University of Delaware in the Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science.
An online archive of her works and work inspired by her research has been established in her memory at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

## Contributions to the theory of SLA

Vainikka was most notable within linguistics and SLA for developing the Minimal Trees Hypothesis with Martha Young-Scholten, an "important theory," where 'tree' is a metaphor of syntax for the branching structure showing how words of a phrase or sentence co-relate. The hypothesis concerns what aspects of a language learner's first language (L1) is carried over into the grammar of their second language (L2), in addition to mechanisms of universal grammar that allow new acquisition to take place.
Whereas many researchers lean towards a 'Full Transfer' view in which all the L1 grammar transfers - i.e. the initial state of the L2 is the final state of the first - Young-Scholten and Vainikka argued that only lexical categories (e.g. the noun phrase) are drawn from the L1, and that functional categories (e.g. the inflectional phrase that represents tense) do not; rather, the learner 'grows' new ones because they start their L2 acquisition with only a 'minimal' syntactic tree.
Several competing accounts for the role of transfer and universal grammar persist in SLA; the Minimal Trees Hypothesis remains particularly controversial, and has been strongly critiqued in syntactic research on both empirical and conceptual grounds: some researchers argue that linguistic behaviour does not follow the model, and others claim that it is theoretically misconceived. For example, the idea that a component of language could be absent from the initial stage, so that the system selectively extracts only one part of the L1, is unacceptable to those who favour 'Full Transfer' rather than 'Partial Transfer'.
# Formosia speciosa

Formosia speciosa is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It's also known as the Giant Black and White Fly.

## Distribution

Australia.
# HOOKnSHOOT

HOOKnSHOOT was a mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion based in Evansville, Indiana, United States. It was one of the earliest MMA promotions in the United States, and one of the first organisations in the United States to allow Women's MMA.

## History

HOOKnSHOOT was founded in 1995 by professional wrestling promoter Jeff Osborne. After watching the tapes of the early Ultimate Fighting Championships, he became interest in the nascent sport and sought to create his own event, forming HOOKnSHOOT at a gym in the small town of Boonville, Indiana. The name was chosen derived from Japanese shoot wrestling and the wrestling term "Shoot", to give emphasis to the "realness" of the event. Early events used different rules: shootfighting (similar to Pancrase) and "NHB" ("No Holds Barred", similar to the UFC), HOOKnSHOOT also became promoter of Shooto events in North America for a time, even adopting its rules.
HOOKnSHOOT saw the introduction and beginning of many future MMA stars, such as UFC Middleweight Champion Dave Menne, UFC Heavyweight Champion Frank Mir and Antônio Rogério Nogueira, Ian Freeman, Ivan Salaverry, Hermes Franca, Chris Lytle, Travis Lutter, Gesias Cavalcante and Jeremy Horn.
In 2002, HOOKnSHOOT put on an all women's card labeled ‘Revolution’. It was headlined by Debi Purcell and Christine Van Fleet. In 2005, they held an all-women, one-night-only tournament featuring Julie Kedzie, Jan Finney, and Lisa Ellis. According to Osborne, he was inspired to promote women's matches after seeing her daughter and wife watch with interest tapes of Megumi Yabushita and other female fighters at the ReMix tournament in Japan. HOOKnSHOOT is considered the pioneer in Women's MMA, and Jeff Osborne has been referred as "The Godfather of North American WMMA".
In 2017, Jeff Osborne announced the close of HOOKnSHOOT, citing the lack of interest for local shows and financial incentives, as well his own age. HOOKnSHOOT did its last event March 4, 2017, titled HOOKnSHOOT - The Farewell Show. Thus ending the run of the second longest-running MMA promotion in North America.

## Notable alumni

* Lisa Ellis (UFC)
* Jan Finney (Strikeforce)
* Megumi Fujii (Bellator)
* Julie Kedzie (UFC)
* Tara LaRosa (Invicta)
* Angela Magaña (UFC)
* Nicdali Rivera-Calanoc (Invicta)
* Miesha Tate (UFC)
* Kaitlin Young (Invicta)
* Yves Edwards (UFC)
* Jorge Masvidal (UFC)
# Francis Watson

Francis Watson may refer to:
* Francis Watson (art historian) (1907–1992), British art historian
* Francis Watson (cricketer) (1860–1930), New Zealand cricketer and schoolteacher
* Francis Watson (footballer) (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
* Francis Watson (politician) (1864–1947), British politician
* Francis Watson (priest) (died 1876), Dean of Leighlin
* Francis Watson (theologian) (born 1956), English theologian
* Francis Harold Watson (1854–1905), Southern African traveller, hunter and trader
* Buzz Watson (Francis Watson), fictional television character
# Makoto Usami

Makoto Usami (宇佐美洵, Usami Makoto, February 5, 1901 – February 19, 1983) was a Japanese businessman, central banker, the 21st Governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ).

## Early life

Usami was born in Yamagata.

## Career

Usami was Governor of the Bank of Japan from December 17, 1964 to December 16, 1969, During Usami's tenure, the Bank was concerned with ensuring the stability of the Japanese yen in relation to other currencies.
# Jin Guidi

Jin Guidi (simplified Chinese: 靳贵第; traditional Chinese: 靳貴第; pinyin: Jìn Guìdì; 6 June 1915 – 1937), or Chin Kuai-Ti, was a Chinese soldier and boxer.
He competed for the Republic of China in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Jin Guidi encountered British middleweight boxing champion Richard Shrimpton. He became more and more courageous, making it difficult for Shrimpton to fight, and backed up frequently, winning the applause of his Chinese compatriots in the audience again and again. The frustrated British player became angry and violently knocked Jin Guidi to the ground with his left elbow. This was against the rules. Before Jin Guidi got up, he was hit again and fell again, bleeding in his mouth and nose, and his waist was injured. The British player's violations caused boos on the scene. The French referee convicted Shrimpton for a serious foul, and Jin Guidi won! However, the British referee Green ignored this decision and counter-judged Shrimpton to win. The Irish prosecutor also gave false testimony and the audience uproared, and the audience refused to leave. Chen Hanxiang, coach of the Chinese boxing team, protested angrily but it did not help and Jin was eliminated in the first round of the middleweight class.
Jin was killed in a battle against the Japanese army in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
# Anne Valentina Berthelsen

Anne Valentina Berthelsen (born 16 September 1994) is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Socialist People's Party. She was elected into the Folketing in the 2019 Danish general election.

## Political career

Berthelsen first ran for parliament in the 2019 election, where she received 1,304 votes. This was enough for her to gain one of the Socialist People's Party's levelling seats.
# Sphodromantis elegans

Sphodromantis elegans is a species of praying mantis found in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and the Congo River region.
# HMS Sarpedon

At least three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Sarpedon. They are named after Sarpedon, a Greek hero and son of Zeus.
* HMS Sarpedon (1809) was an 18-gun Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1809 and foundered in 1813.
* HMS Sarpedon (1913) was a Laforey-class destroyer that was renamed HMS Laertes within three months of launching in 1913.
* HMS Sarpedon (1916) was a R-class destroyer launched in 1916 and sold in 1926.