OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gerard W. Hughes

Gerard "Gerry" William Hughes, S.J. (22 March 1924 – 4 November 2014) was a Scottish Jesuit priest and spiritual writer who served as the Chaplain of University of Glasgow from 1967 to 1975.

## Life

Hughes was born on 22 March 1924, in Skelmorlie, North Ayrshire, Scotland, to Margaret (née Barry) and Henry Hughes. Hughes was then educated at Mount St Mary's College in Spinkhill. All four of his grandparents had moved to Scotland from Ireland.

## Career

Hughes was known for his 1985 book, God of Surprises, which sold almost 250,000 copies and was eventually translated into almost twenty languages. He also published several other books including his 1997 memoir, God, Where Are You?, as well as God in All Things in 2003 and his last book, Cry of Wonder, released in 2014.

## Death

Hughes died on 4 November 2014, at the age of 90, and is buried in the grounds of St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre, Tremeirchion, Wales.
# Diapori

Diapori (Greek: Διαπόρι) is an island that almost touches the coast of Crete, near Geropotamos, in Rethymno regional unit. The islet is not visible on many maps but can be seen on satellite images.
# Tudak-e Taqiabad

Tudak-e Taqiabad (Persian: تودک تقی‌آباد, also Romanized as Tūdak-e Taqīābād; also known as Taqīābād, Toodak, and Tūdak) is a village in Taftan-e Jonubi Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 15 families.
# M69 incendiary

The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II, including the firebombing of Tokyo in 1945. It was created by the Standard Oil Development Company, whose work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. They were nicknamed "Tokyo calling cards". The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter and 20 inches (510 mm) long. It weighed about 6 pounds (2.7 kg).
The bomblet used napalm as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish. In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb. Over Japan they were used in clusters of 38 as part of the finned E-46 'aimable cluster', which opened up at about 2,000 feet (610 m). After separation, each of the 38 M69s released a 3-foot (1 m) cotton streamer to orient its fuze downward. Upon hitting a building or the ground, the timing fuze burned for three to five seconds and then a small explosive charge (black powder in the standard M-69 type deployed operationally during WW2, white phosphorus in a later modification, the M-69X, which did not see wide use) ignited and propelled the incendiary filling up to 100 feet (30 m) in several flaming globs, instantly starting intense fires.
It was tested against typical German and Japanese residential structures at Japanese Village and German Village, constructed at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in 1943. The M69 was the most successful incendiary in the tests.
Against Japan, the M69 was carried in the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with a typical load containing 40 cluster bombs, a total of 1520 M69 bomblets. As they were very useful in China at Hankou, the bombs were very effective in setting fire to Japanese civilian structures in mass firebombing raids starting in February 1945 against Kobe. In the first ten days of March 1945, raids with the M69 and M47, extensive damage was done to Tokyo, to Nagoya, to Osaka, and to Kobe.
# Pfetterhouse

Pfetterhouse (French pronunciation: ; Alemannic German: Pfatterhüse; German: Pfetterhausen) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

## Geography

Pfetterhouse is located in Jura Alsatian foothills, just in the border of Switzerland and the Territoire de Belfort.

## Origins of its name

The first mention of this village is dated from 732 AD and comes from Latin: Petrosa "the rocky one". An explanation of this origin could be the fact that stone from Pfetterhouse's quarry was used to build a Roman station not far from Petrosa or the presence of a Roman paved road. It explains the use of the French variant form Pérouse. The Alemannic form is already mentioned as Phetterhusen in a 1296 document. The spelling ph in Old High German notes pf in Modern German.
From the 17th century to 1919, the German Pfetterhausen (-hausen is an often-used suffix for German village names) was used instead, then in 1919 Pérouse (which more sounds French, because Alsace was taken back by France) and, in the end, Pfetterhouse, -house is a widespread spelling in Alsace (see Mulhouse) for the Alemannic -hüse and the German -hausen.

## History

The Borne des Trois Puissances [fr] (Three Powers Boundary Stone) is situated in Pfetterhouse area. Until 1919, this stone was the point where the borders of France, Germany and Switzerland met. This boundary marker gave to the village an international renown: many people from France, Germany or Switzerland came to have their photograph taken with it, which they could send to relatives as a postal card.

## 19th–20th centuries

After the annexation of Alsace by the German Empire in 1871, Pfetterhouse became known as Pfetterhausen. Germany imposed a high customs duty on wristwatches, so many Swiss watch- and clockmakers moved to Pfetterhausen to ply their trade and avoid the charges. From 1890 onwards, the town flourished and became prosperous, and almost everyone worked in some way for the watch-making industry, producing 300,000 watches a year. A large and imposing railway station was opened in 1910.
On the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the area saw some of the earliest fighting, and many of the Swiss fled across the border into Switzerland. The opposing French and German forces settled into trenches on opposite sides of the River Largin (French: Largue) some 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the east of the village.
French troops occupied the village, and in February 1916 a week-long German bombardment caused considerable damage and led to a complete evacuation of civilians. Pfetterhouse remained an exclusively military base until the spring of 1919.
After the war, Alsace was returned to France. The local economy did not regain its pre-war status. By the 1960s, the passenger train service was withdrawn, and the line was closed completely by 1970.

## Demography

* 1962: 789
* 1968: 809
* 1975: 906
* 1982: 924
* 1990: 971
* 1999: 972
* 2006: 1050
# List of API blowback firearms

This is a list of advanced primer ignition blowback firearms (API).

## Assault Rifles

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| APT | 1980s | Soviet Union | 5.45×39mm | |

## Anti Tank Rifles

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| Oerlikon SSG36 | 1940s | Switzerland | 20×105mmB | |
| Solothurn S-18/100 | 1940s | Switzerland | 20×105mmB | |

## Grenade Launchers

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| Mk 19 | 1968 | United States | 40x53mm | |
| Daewoo K4 | 1993 | South Korea | 40x53mm | |
| Heckler & Koch GMG | 2000s | Germany | 40x53mm | |
| Norinco LG5 | 2000s | China | 40x53mm | Hybrid of API Blowback and short-recoil |
| QLU-11 | 2011 | China | 35x32mm | Hybrid of API Blowback and short-recoil |

## Machine Guns

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| QJZ-171 | 2017 | China | 12.7×108mm | Hybrid of API Blowback and short-recoil |

## Submachine Guns

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| TZ-45 | 1944 | Italy | 9×19mm Parabellum | |

## Shotguns

| Name/ designation | Year of intro | Country of origin | Primary cartridge | Type |
| Atchisson Assault Shotgun | 1972 | United States | 12 Gauge | |
# Cherish Mathson

Lieutenant General Cherish Mathson, PVSM, SM, VSM is a retired officer of the Indian Army who served as General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), South Western Command. He assumed office on 1 August 2017 taking over from Lt General Abhay Krishna, and was succeeded by Lt General Alok Singh Kler on 1 September 2019.

## Early life and education

Mathson is an alumnus of Sainik School, Kazhakootam and the Defence Services Staff College in Wellington. He has also attended Senior Command Course at Army War College, Mhow, the Long Defence Management Course at the College of Defence Management, Secunderabad and the National Defence College, New Delhi.

## Career

Mathson was commissioned into Garhwal Rifles in June 1980. He has vast experience in rural and urban insurgencies and has served two tenures in Siachen Glacier, in Operation Blue Star, in Mizoram against the Mizo National Front (MNF) and as a UN observer in Somalia.
He has commanded a battalion on the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir during Operation Parakram, the Trivandrum Brigade in an amphibious Role, the 54th Infantry Division in the Southern Command, Inspector General of the Special Frontier Force and the XXI Corps in Bhopal.
He has also held staff positions including Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General Operations (DAQMG) of an Independent Infantry Brigade, Colonel Administration (Col Adm) of a Mountain Division, Brigadier Administration (Brig Adm) of the XII Corps, Deputy Technical Manager (Land Systems) in Army HQ, Senior Defence Specialist (Military) in the National Security Council Secretariat and in the Defence Acquisition Wing (Ministry of Defence). He was also the Colonel of the Regiment of Garhwal Rifles.
During his career, he has been awarded the Sena Medal, the Vishist Seva Medal in 2010 and the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 2018.

## Honours and decorations

| Param Vishisht Seva Medal | Sena Medal | Vishisht Seva Medal | Samanya Seva Medal |
| Special Service Medal | Siachen Glacier Medal | Operation Vijay Medal | Operation Parakram Medal |
| Sainya Seva Medal | High Altitude Service Medal | Videsh Seva Medal | 50th Anniversary of Independence Medal |
| 30 Years Long Service Medal | 20 Years Long Service Medal | 9 Years Long Service Medal | UN Mission in Angola Medal |

## Dates of rank

| Rank | Component | Date of rank |
| Second Lieutenant | Indian Army | 7 June 1980 |
| Lieutenant | Indian Army | 7 June 1982 |
| Captain | Indian Army | 7 June 1985 |
| Major | Indian Army | 7 June 1991 |
| Lieutenant-Colonel | Indian Army | 31 December 2002 |
| Colonel | Indian Army | 1 February 2005 |
| Brigadier | Indian Army | 2 May 2008 (seniority from 12 January 2008) |
| Major General | Indian Army | 1 January 2013 (seniority from 6 April 2011) |
| Lieutenant-General | Indian Army | 10 November 2015 (substantive) |
# Joaquim Rasgado

Joaquim Rasgado Jr. (born 24 March 1953), also known as Joe Rasgado, is a Brazilian former professional tennis player active on tour in the 1970s.
A native of Rio de Janeiro, Rasgado had a win over Björn Borg in the junior singles draw at the 1971 Wimbledon Championships, going on to reach the semi-finals.
Rasgado played collegiate tennis for the University of Miami and twice earned All-American honors (1974 & 1975).
As a qualifier at the 1975 US Open, Rasgado came up against the 14th seeded Vitas Gerulaitis in the opening round and managed to win the first set, before tiring and going down in three.
Rasgado was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 1991.
# Joilto Bonfim

Joilto dos Santos Bonfim (born 11 February 1965) is a retired Brazilian athlete who specialised in the sprint hurdles. He represented his country at the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as four consecutive World Championships starting in 1987. In addition, he won multiple medals on regional level.
His personal bests are 13.67 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles (Brasilia 1992) and 7.98 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles (Budapest 1989).
His brother Jailto Bonfim was also an Olympic athlete.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Brazil ||||||
| 1985 | South American Championships | Santiago, Chile | 2nd | 110 m hurdles | 14.21 |
| 1987 | Universiade | Zagreb, Yugoslavia | 5th | 110 m hurdles | 14.06 |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 20th (qf) | 100 m | 10.46 |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 9th (sf) | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.22 |
| 1987 | South American Championships | São Paulo, Brazil | 2nd | 110 m hurdles | 14.54 |
| 1988 | Ibero-American Championships | Mexico City, Mexico | 5th | 110 m hurdles | 13.93 |
| 1988 | Ibero-American Championships | Mexico City, Mexico | 3rd (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.21$^1$ |
| 1989 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 17th (h) | 60 m hurdles | 7.98 |
| 1989 | South American Championships | Medellín, Colombia | 4th | 110 m hurdles | 14.1 |
| 1990 | Ibero-American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 2nd | 110 m hurdles | 14.04 |
| 1991 | South American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 1st | 110 m hurdles | 14.11 |
| 1991 | South American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 1st | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.90 |
| 1991 | Pan American Games | Havana, Cuba | 7th | 110 m hurdles | 14.06 |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 22nd (h) | 110 m hurdles | 13.72 |
| 1992 | Ibero-American Championships | Seville, Spain | 4th | 110 m hurdles | 13.88 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 31st (h) | 110 m hurdles | 14.06 |
| 1993 | South American Championships | Lima, Peru | 2nd | 110 m hurdles | 14.38 |
| 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 34th (h) | 110 m hurdles | 14.00 |
| 1995 | South American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 1st | 110 m hurdles | 13.92 |
| 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 35th (h) | 110 m hurdles | 13.91 |
$^1$Disqualified in the final
# John Mathews (professor)

John A. Mathews (born 5 February 1946) is an Australian professor of competitive dynamics and global strategy. He currently holds the Eni Chair of Competitive Dynamics and Global Strategy at LUISS Guido Carli University, in Rome, and concurrently holds a Chair of Strategy at the Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Macquarie University, in Sydney.
Mathews has focused on the dynamics of technological catch-up by East Asian countries in high-tech industries, semiconductors, flat panel displays and most recently in alternative energy industries, solar photovoltaics and LEDs. He has developed dynamic strategy frameworks for analyzing these processes, and formulated a strategic synthesis in terms of the fundamental categories of resources, activities and routines. His most recent work applies this framework to explicating the reasons for success of industrial clusters, particularly those found in Taiwan, China and India.
His book published in 2006, Strategizing, Disequilibrium and Profit (Stanford University Press), took these issues as framework to explore the evolution of industries and strategizing behaviors of firms theoretically. Strongly influenced by Joseph A. Schumpeter, Mathews viewed the disequilibrium and the dynamics of the economic system as both a setting and outcome of firms’ strategizing behaviours. Entrepreneurship plays a central role in creating the bundles of resources, activities and routines.
His work (in 2010/11) focuses on the intersection between the development of new low-carbon industries and renewable energies; the rise of China and India and their pursuit of an East Asian model of development and highly-focused industrial clusters; and the adaptation of the capitalist economic system with its enormous growth and innovation potential to the demands of operating within natural ecological limits – such as within the framework of a ‘Circular Economy’ as advanced in China.

## Major publications

* Tiger Technology: The Creation of a Semiconductor Industry in East Asia(Cambridge University Press, 2000) (with Dong-Sung Cho)
* Organizing in the knowledge age: Anticipating the cellular form, Academy of Management Executive (with RE Miles, CC Snow, G Miles and HJ Coleman)
* Dragon multinationals: New players in 21st century globalization, Asia-Pacific Journal of Management, 2006 (Winner of Best Paper prize in APJM)
* A Silicon Valley of the East: Creating Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, California Management Review, 1999
* Dragon Multinational, (Oxford University Press, 2002)
* Competitive advantages of the latecomer firm: A resource-based view, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2002
* Origins and dynamics of Taiwan’s R&D consortia, Research Policy, 2002
* Fashioning a new Korean model out of the crisis, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1998
* National systems of economic learning in East Asia, International Journal of Technology Management, 1999
* A Silicon Island of the East: Semiconductor industry in Singapore, California Management Review, 1999
# José Maria Pereira

José Maria Pereira (born 9 October 1932) is a Brazilian fencer. He competed in the team épée event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# José Martins (boxer)

José Martins (born 5 August 1931) is a Brazilian boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1960 Summer Olympics. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he lost to Mircea Dobrescu of Romania in the Round of 32.
# Gardner's short-tailed opossum

Gardner's short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis gardneri) is a marsupial mammal from South America. It was named in 2012 by Sergio Solari, Víctor Pacheco, Elena Vivar and Louise H. Emmons. They named it after Dr. Alfred L. Gardner who took the first specimen of this species.

## Description

Collected specimen range from 70–100 mm in head-and-body length. The fur has a Prout Brown to Mummy Brown colour with three distinctive black stripes on its back, reaching from between the ears to the base of the tail. The tail is slightly shorter than half of the head-and-body length. This species, although marsupial, has no pouch for its young.

## Habitat and ecology

Gardner's short-tailed opossum inhabits the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains in Peru. It was found in dense to semi-open forests or even at the edge between forest and an open sphagnum bog in thickets of dense brush and bamboo. It probably is terrestrial and does not climb trees.
Other members of the genus Monodelphis are omnivorous or carnivorous, feeding on insects.
# Lúcio de Castro

Lúcio de Castro (1 October 1910 – 20 May 2004) was a Brazilian athlete. He competed in the men's pole vault at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
# Marcelo Minhoto Ferraz de Sampaio

Marcelo Minhoto Ferraz de Sampaio (born 24 February 1964) is a Brazilian handball player. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Nilo da Silva

Nilo da Silva (born 24 November 1932) is a Brazilian modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# Radvilas Gorauskas

Radvilas Kasimiras Gorauskas (3 February 1941 – 1983) was a Brazilian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Lake Macatawa

Lake Macatawa, historically known as Black Lake, is a lake in Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

## Geography

The lake is about 6 miles (9.7 km) long with a maximum width of 1.2 miles (1.9 km) and a surface area of 1,700 acres (2.7 sq mi; 6.9 km$^2$). The average depth of the lake is variable but generally less than 10 feet (3 m), excluding a navigation channel of fixed depth that crosses the lake to allow deep draft ships to access the dock at the City of Holland.
The lake occupies portions of Park Township, Holland Township, and the City of Holland.
The lake contains two bays of significant size: Big Bay, and the smaller Pine Creek Bay to the east. The lake is the drowned river mouth of the Macatawa River (formerly known as the Black River), which feeds into the lake's eastern end in the City of Holland. Other tributaries include Pine Creek, which feeds into Pine Creek Bay, and Winstrom Creek, which feeds into Big Bay. The lake discharges into Lake Michigan at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers channel near Holland State Park. The lake and its watershed encompass 114,560 acres (464 km$^2$) of Ottawa and Allegan counties.

## Industry

The eastern end of the lake is marked by industrial development within the City of Holland, and includes a decommissioned coal-fired power plant, scrap metal recycling facility, environmental research facility owned by Michigan State University, aggregate mineral loading dock, and a pickle production facility owned by the H.J. Heinz company. The remainder of the lakeshore is marked by high-income residential development, with the notable exception of Holland State Park which borders the northern shoreline of the western end of the lake, Howard B. Dunton park on the north shore of the eastern end, and Kollen Park near the Heinz factory, which connects to a boardwalk installed along the shoreline occupied by the facility.
# Ruy Duarte (pentathlete)

Ruy Duarte (30 June 1911 – 5 May 1990) was a Brazilian modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# 12 Comae Berenices

12 Comae Berenices is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It is the brightest member of the Coma Star Cluster and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.80. Although listed as a suspected variable star, there is no photometric evidence of it being variable in luminosity. However, the radial velocity was found to be variable, as announced by W. W. Campbell in 1910. The first orbital solution was published by Vinter Hansen in the 1940s. It is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 396.5 days and an eccentricity of 0.566.
This system consists of two stars, an evolved G-type giant star and a smaller but higher temperature A-type main-sequence star. Griffin and Griffin (2011) suggested that the secondary component may have begun its evolution away from the main sequence, and instead assigned it a luminosity class of IV. The primary, designated component A, has about 2.6 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8.4 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,300 K. Its companion, component B, has double the Sun's mass and 2.5 times the radius. It shines with 30 times the luminosity of the Sun at 8,500 K.
# Alessandro Guevara

Alessandro Guevara (born 29 June 1974) is a Brazilian former professional tennis player.
Guevara, who comes from Rio de Janeiro, had career high rankings of 592 for singles and 211 for doubles, featuring mostly on the satellite and ITF Futures circuits. He made it to ATP Challenger level as a doubles player and won a tournament in Gramado in 2002.

## Challenger/Futures titles
### Singles

* Legend
* ITF Futures (1)
| No. | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| 1. | Nov 2001 | Brazil F9, Fortaleza | Futures | Hard | Júlio Silva | 6–4, 1–6, 6–3 |

### Doubles

* Legend
* ATP Challenger (1)
* ITF Futures (2)
| No. | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| 1. | Nov 2001 | Brazil F9, Fortaleza | Futures | Hard | Rodrigo Ribeiro | Andres Dellatorre Juan-Felipe Yanez | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 1. | Aug 2002 | Gramado Challenger, Gramado, Brazil | Challenger | Hard | Dejan Petrović | Denis Golovanov Michael Joyce | 3–6, 7–5, 6–2 |
| 2. | Aug 2002 | Brazil F1, São Paulo | Futures | Clay | Pedro Braga | Marcelo Melo Bruno Soares | 6–3, 7–5 |