OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amr ibn Kulthum

ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm ibn Mālik ibn ʿAttāb ʾAbū Al-ʾAswad al-Taghlibi (Arabic: عمرو بن كلثوم; 526–584) was a poet and chieftain of the Taghlib tribe in pre-Islamic Arabia. One of his poems was included in the Mu'allaqat. He is the grandson of the poet Abu Layla al-Muhalhel.

## Taghlibs

The great Basus War, which was between the Taghlibs and the Bakrs, lasted for approximately forty years until the Lakhmids king of al-Hirah, 'Amr ibn Hind, urged them to make peace with each other on condition that some of their children were to be taken hostages by the king.
The King of Hira said one day to his drinking companions, "Do you know anyone among the Arabs whose mother declines serving my mother?" They replied, "Yes, Amr Ibn Kulthum." The king asked, "Why is that?" His companions replied, "Because her father is Al-Muhalhel Bin Rabī'ah, her uncle is Kolaib a prestigious Arabian, her spouse is Kulthum Ibn Malik Ibn Etab an astounding knight of Arabs and her son is Amr ibn Kulthum chief of his clan."
After that the king sent for Amr Ibn Kulthum asking him to visit along with his mother Layla. Ibn Kulthum accepted the king's invitation and visited him with his companions and his mother. After they arrived and while Layla was sitting, the mother of the king (the aunt of Imru' al-Qais) Hind asked her to pass the plate, to which Layla replied, "let the one in need go to her need" and when Hind insisted, Layla shouted saying: "What a humiliation!"
Her son heard her and was so deeply stirred by the insult that he took his sword and decapitated the king of al-Hirah and killed his guards then left. This exploit may be a legend of the Umayyad era.

## Ode

In his ode, the first eight verses are a wine song which perhaps were added later but suit the poem very well. The next thematic section narrates his lady's departure on her litter (a chair placed on camel's back that veiled women from strangers, dust and sun), and the joy of the sword-fight. Finally he deals with several types of grief - camels over their young, mothers for sons, the departure of lovers and the grief brought by fate. At this point in the ode he covers the philosophy of the uncertainty of life and fate. Next, he addresses the grandfather of the victim - Amr b. Hind - and discusses Arab ideals and defends his mother again. He lauds his ancestors as well.
The following is the opening section of his ode:

## Works

He has only four poems that have survived:
* ALA HOBEY BESAHNEK FASBAHINA (Muallaqah)
* AAGMA` SOHBATY
* ALA MIN MOBALGHA
* EN NASRKOM GHADA Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
# Falco of Benevento

Falco of Benevento (Italian: Falcone Beneventano; Lombardic: Falco Penevent) was an Italian-Lombard twelfth-century historian, notary and scribe in the papal palace in Benevento, his native city, where he was born to high-standing parents.
He is an important chronicler for the years between 1102 and 1139 in the Mezzogiorno. As an historian, he is not only reliable, as he was often an eyewitness to events he recounts, but also partisan, for he was a Lombard by birth and he fiercely opposed the Normans, whom he saw as barbarians. He was an opponent of King Roger II of Sicily, and a supporter of Innocent II against Roger's friend Anacletus II. He was, above all, a patriotic supporter of Benevento. As a supporter of Innocent II, Falco was exiled from Benevento in 1134. T.S. Brown writes that Falco demonstrated "a blazing pride in his city and a vitriolic hate of the Normans."
Parts of his chronicle are now lost, but were apparently used for the years 1099–1103 and 1140–49 in the Chronica Romanorum pontificum et imperatorum ac de rebus in Apulia gestis.

## Editions

* Chronicon Beneventanum at The Latin Library.
* Chronicon Beneventanum Archived 2007-10-19 at the Wayback Machine at the Centro Europea di Studi Normanni.
# Susan Shields

Susan Marie Shields (born February 3, 1952), also known by her married name Susan White, is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic medalist. She represented the United States as a 16-year-old at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, where she received a bronze medal for her third-place performance in the women's 100-meter butterfly, finishing behind Australian Lyn McClements and fellow American Ellie Daniel.
Shields was born in Erie, Pennsylvania, but moved to Louisville, Kentucky with her family at a young age. She retired from competition swimming after graduating from high school. She later earned a bachelor's degree in elementary education from the University of Louisville, and has worked as a teacher and swim coach.
# Vote-ratio monotonicity

Vote-ratio,$^{:Sub.9.6}$ weight-ratio, or population-ratio monotonicity$^{:Sec.4}$ is a property of some apportionment methods. It says that if the entitlement for $A$ grows at a faster rate than $B$ (i.e. $A$ grows proportionally more than $B$), $A$ should not lose a seat to $B$.$^{:Sub.9.6}$ More formally, if the ratio of votes or populations $A/B$ increases, then $A$ should not lose a seat while $B$ gains a seat. An apportionment method violating this rule may encounter population paradoxes.
A particularly severe variant, where voting for a party causes it to lose seats, is called a no-show paradox. The largest remainders method exhibits both population and no-show paradoxes.$^{:Sub.9.14}$

## Population-pair monotonicity

Pairwise monotonicity says that if the ratio between the entitlements of two states $i,j$ increases, then state $j$ should not gain seats at the expense of state $i$. In other words, a shrinking state should not "steal" a seat from a growing state.
Some earlier apportionment rules, such as Hamilton's method, do not satisfy VRM, and thus exhibit the population paradox. For example, after the 1900 census, Virginia lost a seat to Maine, even though Virginia's population was growing more rapidly.$^{:231–232}$

## Strong monotonicity

A stronger variant of population monotonicity, called strong monotonicity requires that, if a state's entitlement (share of the population) increases, then its apportionment should not decrease, regardless of what happens to any other state's entitlement. This variant is extremely strong, however: whenever there are at least 3 states, and the house size is not exactly equal to the number of states, no apportionment method is strongly monotone for a fixed house size.$^{:Thm.4.1}$ Strong monotonicity failures in divisor methods happen when one state's entitlement increases, causing it to "steal" a seat from another state whose entitlement is unchanged.
However, it is worth noting that the traditional form of the divisor method, which involves using a fixed divisor and allowing the house size to vary, satisfies strong monotonicity in this sense.

## Relation to other properties

Balinski and Young proved that an apportionment method is VRM if-and-only-if it is a divisor method.$^{:Thm.4.3}$
Palomares, Pukelsheim and Ramirez proved that very apportionment rule that is anonymous, balanced, concordant, homogenous, and coherent is vote-ratio monotone.
Vote-ratio monotonicity implies that, if population moves from state $i$ to state $j$ while the populations of other states do not change, then both $a_{i}'\geq a_{i}$ and $a_{j}'\leq a_{j}$ must hold.$^{:Sub.9.9}$
# Alasdair Graham

Alasdair Bernard Graham PC (May 21, 1929 – April 22, 2015) was a Canadian politician, journalist and businessman.

## Political career

Graham attempted to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1958 election from Nova Scotia, but was defeated in the attempt. On April 27, 1972, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Pierre Trudeau. Graham served as president of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1976 until 1980. In 1995, he became deputy government leader in the Senate, and was promoted to Leader of the Government in the Senate in 1997, joining the Cabinet as Nova Scotia's sole representative. The Liberals had lost all of its seats in the province in the 1997 election. He served in Cabinet until 1999 when Chrétien replaced him with Bernie Boudreau.

## Retirement

Graham retired from the Senate in 2004 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. His son, Danny Graham, served as leader of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party from 2002 to 2004. Graham died on April 22, 2015.

## Archives

There is a Alasdair B. Graham fonds at Library and Archives Canada.
# Sandra Rowe

Sandra Rowe (born 1940) is a painter, sculptor, printmaker, and installation artist born in Richmond, Indiana, but active mainly in southern California. She is a retired tenured professor of art at Cal Poly Pomona.

## Education

Rowe earned a B.A. from California State University, Fresno (1977) and an M.F.A. from the University of California, Irvine(1980), both in studio art.

## Art and Meaning

The complexity and psychological and physical human identity and interrelationships- in terms of both the Self and the Self in relation to the Other is central to Sandra Rowe's art. Themes include commercialism, and consumerism; sexuality and self-identity; the paradox and psychology of male/female relationships; and conceptual issues of contemporary art. In a 1993 catalogue essay, M.A. Greenstein says, "As an African American woman, Rowe does not hesitate to expose in her artwork the eerie nakedness of racist and sexist doublespeak. She is, after all, part of a postmodern generation of artists who insist that the 'personal is the political', who claim autobiography as a code for deciphering socio-economic caste systems and who use the visual and discursive language of cultural critique to undress shoddy institutions of power...Rowe, the painter, manipulates the basic elements of visual art, especially scale, surface, and color, to heighten the emotional overtones of her analysis."

## Career

In 1987 she became the first Artist-in-Residence at the California African American Museum in Los Angeles, with a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts; the residency culminated in a solo exhibition in 1988. Rowe is a member of the board of directors of the California Assembly of Local Arts Agencies.
# Arthur Charles Hardy

Arthur Charles Hardy, PC (December 3, 1872 – March 13, 1962) was a Canadian lawyer and politician.

## Life and career

Born in Brantford, Ontario, Hardy ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the Ontario riding of Leeds in the 1917 federal election. Although unsuccessful in that election, he was considered a powerful and influential figure within the Liberal Party.
In 1922, Hardy was called to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Leeds, Ontario. A Liberal, he served in the Senate for forty years until his death in 1962. In 1930, he was the Speaker of the Senate of Canada.
Hardy was a graduate of Osgoode Hall Law School, and he worked primarily as a lawyer. He was also an owner of radio station CHML in Hamilton, until the station was sold to Ken Soble in 1942. In 1938, he was appointed as a corporate director of Dominion Life.

## Family

Hardy was the son of Arthur Sturgis Hardy, who served as the fourth Premier of Ontario from 1896 to 1899. He married Dorothy Fulford, the daughter of Senator George Taylor Fulford.
# Katsuura, Tokushima

Katsuura (勝浦町, Katsuura-chō) is a town located in Katsuura District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2022, the town had an estimated population of 4,884 in 2159 households and a population density of 70 persons per km². The total area of the town is 69.85 square kilometres (26.97 sq mi).

## Geography

Katsuura is located in the eastern part of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Most of the town is in the basin of the Katsuura River, which runs from west to north in the center of the town. It is surrounded by mountains, such as Mt. Nakatsumine on the border with Tokushima City in the north. The highest altitude is 972.1 meters at the summit of Mt. Rokuro, and the lowest altitude is 20 meters above sea level. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park.

### Neighbouring municipalities

Tokushima Prefecture
* Anan
* Kamikatsu
* Komatsushima
* Naka
* Sanagōchi
* Tokushima

## Climate

Katsuura has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Katsuura is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.8 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Katsuura has been declining for the past 70 years.

## History

As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Katsuura was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The village of Tanano (棚野村) was established within Katsuura District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on February 11, 1926 and changed its name to Yokose (横瀬町).On March 1, 1955 Yokose merged with the village of Ikuhina to form the town of Katsuura.

## Government

Katsuura has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 10 members. Katsuura, together the city of Komatsushima and town of Kamikatsu, contributes three members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

The economy of Katsuura is agricultural, and the town is one of the prefecture's leading mandarin orange producing areas,

## Education

Katsuura has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

## Transportation
### Railway

Katsuura does not have any passenger rail service. The closest station is Minami-Komatsushima Station on the JR Shikoku Mugi Line.

### Highways

Katsuura is not on any national highway or expressway.

## Local attractions

* Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park
* Kakurin-ji, 20th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
# Cuatro contra el mundo

Cuatro contra el mundo (Spanish: Four Against the World) is a 1950 Mexican film noir crime drama film directed by Alejandro Galindo, who also wrote the screenplay alongside Gunther Gerzso, and starring Víctor Parra and Leticia Palma, about a gang that raids a van that carries money. The film is considered as a prototype for Mexican film noir.

## Cast

* Víctor Parra as Paco Mendiola
* Leticia Palma as Lucrecia
* Tito Junco as Máximo
* José Pulido as Antonio Gil "Tony"
* Manuel Dondé as El Lagarto
* Conchita Gentil Arcos as Doña Trini
* Salvador Quiroz as El general
* Sara Montes as Novia de Tony
* José Elías Moreno as Comandante Canseco
* Bruno Márquez as Don Romulo (as Bruno T. Marquez)
* Manuel de la Vega as Domínguez, agente policía
* Ángel Infante as Manejador de cerveceria
* Carlos Bravo y Fernández as Periodista (uncredited)
* Ramón Bugarini as Detective (uncredited)
* Rafael Estrada as Periodista (uncredited)
* Jesús García as Empleado de sastre (uncredited)
* Emilio Garibay as Policía (uncredited)
* Leonor Gómez as Vecina de Lucrecia (uncredited)
* Rafael Icardo as Señor Mantecol (uncredited)
* Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Don Nacho (uncredited)
* Manuel Trejo Morales as Maestro Flaves, sastre (uncredited)
* Alfredo Varela as Empleado de cerveceria (uncredited)
* Hernán Vera as Velador de cerveceria (uncredited)

## Themes

Film critic Emilio García Riera states that the film has a strong influence on the left-wing politics of director Alejandro Galindo. He stated that the film allowed him to represent a crime in a relatively small scenario as an expression of reactionary tendencies.

## Production

Cuatro contra el mundo is considered a prototype for a Mexican version of film noir, a genre popularized in the United States in the 1940s.

## Restoration

Cuatro contra el mundo has been restored in cooperation with the film library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Fundación Televisa, the Cineteca Nacional and the Morelia International Film Festival. The restored version was part of the Forum section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in 2015, after the head of this section, Christoph Terhechte, had seen it at the Morelia International Film Festival.
# Pedro Bloch

Pedro Bloch (1914, Ukraine – February 23, 2004, Brazil) was a Brazilian writer. His family immigrated to Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century.
He is famous for his plays, such as Dona Xepa and Mãos de Eurídice. Also, he wrote more than a hundred books, one of which is Pai, me compra um amigo? Many of those books were inspired by his experiences taking care of children. His collections of children's sayings and anecdotes are quite renowned.
Bloch was a musician, a playwright, and a physician; he had been a member of the Brazilian National Faculty of Medicine since 1937.
His most renowned play was As Mãos de Eurídice, which debuted on May 13, 1950 and which went on to be performed more than 60,000 times in more than 45 countries. Two years later, he created another success, Dona Xepa, which was even turned into a soap opera on the Rede Globo network. Pedro Bloch's interest in theater stemmed from the actors who used to visit him.
Pedro Bloch died at the age of 89 of respiratory insufficiency in his apartment in Copacabana. His grave is in the Cemitério Communal Israelita in Rio de Janeiro.
He was cousin of media tycoon Adolpho Bloch.

## Example text

    A little girl was talking with her teacher. Her teacher said that it impossible for a whale to eat a human being as even though this is a very big mammal, its throat is small. The little girl claimed that Jonas was eaten by a whale. Mad, the teacher repeated that a whale could not eat a single human being; it was physically impossible. Then, then little girl said:
       - "When I die and go to heaven, I'll ask him."
    Her teacher asked her:
       - "And what if it turns out that Jonas is in hell?"
    The little girl answered:
       - "Then it will be you who will ask him."
# Terri Stickles

Terri Lee Stickles (born May 11, 1946) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. She received a bronze medal for her third-place finish in the women's 400-meter freestyle event at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
She was a member of the Santa Clara Swim Club, notable for producing Olympic swimmers such as Donna de Varona and Mark Spitz. She trained with swimming coach George Haines, who was noted for training future Olympic medalists during the 1960s and 1970s.
Her brother, Ted Stickles, was also a competition swimmer, set world records in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley events.
Stickles was married to Olympic long-distance runner Álvaro Mejía. They met in Cali, Colombia, where she was a Peace Corps volunteer. Stickles brought Mejía to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1969. They subsequently divorced.
She is now retired and living in Calaveras County, California. She is a fused glass artist.
# Syb van der Ploeg

Syb van der Ploeg (born 15 June 1966) is a Dutch singer and songwriter.

## Career

He was the lead vocalist for the song "Ruthless Queen" released in the 2000 album Close to the Fire by the Dutch progressive rock band Kayak. In 2000, he also played the role of JP in the film De Fûke.
He participated in the 2010 edition of the television show De beste zangers van Nederland.
In 2011, he also played the role of Jesus in the first edition of The Passion.
In 2017, he played a role in that year's Sinterklaasjournaal.
# Gaj, Wyszków County

Gaj is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zabrodzie, within Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Zabrodzie, 9 km (6 mi) south of Wyszków, and 44 km (27 mi) north-east of Warsaw.
# Preston Quick

Preston Quick (born March 10, 1978) is a professional male squash player who represented the United States during his career. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 97 in January 2003 after having joined the Professional Squash Association in 2000.
His sister, Meredeth Quick, is also a squash player.
# Saint-Ulrich

Saint-Ulrich (German: Sankt Ulrich) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
# Christer Kellgren

Christer Alfons Kellgren (born August 15, 1958 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player. He played for Frölunda HC between 1977 and 1981, and again from 1982 to 1989, as well as five games in the National Hockey League for the Colorado Rockies during the 1981–82 season. He later served as Frölunda HC's Director of Hockey Operations.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1977–78 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1978–79 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1979–80 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 27 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| 1980–81 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 36 | 20 | 10 | 30 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 1981–82 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1981–82 | Fort Worth Texans | CHL | 60 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1982–83 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 36 | 16 | 9 | 25 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1983–84 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE | 36 | 17 | 12 | 29 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1984–85 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE-2 | 32 | 22 | 18 | 40 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1985–86 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE-2 | 32 | 20 | 19 | 39 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1986–87 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE-2 | 30 | 24 | 24 | 48 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 1987–88 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE-2 | 35 | 25 | 27 | 52 | 26 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 14 |
| 1988–89 | Västra Frölunda IF | SWE-2 | 24 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| SWE totals | SWE totals | SWE totals | 152 | 58 | 35 | 93 | 80 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| NHL totals | NHL totals | NHL totals | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
# Iskar

Iskar may refer to:

## Bulgaria

* Iskar (river), a river in western Bulgaria
* Iskar Reservoir, situated on the Iskar River
* Iskar (town), a town in the Iskar Municipality of the Pleven Province
* Iskar Municipality
* Iskar, Sofia, one of 24 municipalities in the Bulgaria's Sofia (city) province
* Iskar, Varna Province, a village in the Valchi Dol Municipality of Varna Province
* Iskar–Panega Geopark
* Iskar Stadium, Samokov, Sofia Province
* Iskar Gorge
# Richland, Mississippi (disambiguation)

Richland may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Mississippi:
* Richland, Mississippi, a city in Rankin County, Mississippi
* Richland, Holmes County, Mississippi, an unincorporated community in Holmes County, Mississippi
# Saphenista cuscana

Saphenista cuscana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
The wingspan is about 21 mm.
# Lane Murray

Lane Murray (1921–2009) was an educator who helped found the correctional education system in prisons in Texas.

## Windham School District

In 1969, the Texas Board of Corrections created Windham School District, the country's first correctional school district. Murray became the first superintendent of the newly established Windham School District at a time when others were skeptical prison education would decrease prisoners' recidivism rates.
# Gina Coello

Gina Lizeth Coello Touche (born 2 October 1962) is a Honduran long-distance runner. She competed in the women's marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.