OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anti-Stokes cooling

Anti-Stokes cooling allows laser cooling to be applied to macroscopic samples. The idea for anti-Stokes cooling was first advanced by Pringsheim in 1929. While Doppler cooling lowers the translational temperature of a sample, anti-Stokes cooling decreases the vibrational or phonon excitation of a medium. This is accomplished by pumping a substance with a laser beam from a low-lying energy state to a higher one with subsequent emission to an even lower-lying energy state. The principal condition for efficient cooling is that the anti-Stokes emission rate to the final state be significantly larger than that to other states as well as the nonradiative relaxation rate. Because vibrational or phonon energy can be many orders of magnitude larger than the energy associated with Doppler broadening, the efficiency of heat removal per laser photon expended for anti-Stokes cooling can be correspondingly larger than that for Doppler cooling.
The anti-Stokes cooling effect was first demonstrated by Djeu and Whitney in CO$_2$ gas. The first anti-Stokes cooling in a solid was demonstrated by Epstein et al. in 1995, in a ytterbium doped fluoride glass sample. In 1999, Gosnell et al. cooled a fiber of ytterbium-doped fluoride glass (Yb:ZBLAN) to 236 K. Subsequently in 2005, the same solid was further cooled to 208 K. In 2010, cooling to a cryogenic temperature 155 K was achieved in a LiYF$_4$ crystal. In 2013, Melgaard et al. cooled Yb:YLF to 119 K. The lowest temperature achieved by anti-Stokes cooling, 90 K, was demonstrated in 2017 by Gragossian et al. in Yb:YLF by using a multipass Herriott cell to compensate for the small absorption probability of the material by giving a photon many opportunities to be absorbed before leaving the experiment.
Potential practical applications for anti-Stokes cooling of solids include radiation balanced solid state lasers and vibration-free optical refrigeration, useful in applications like space-based optics where cryogens would carry a significant weight and complexity penalty.
# Dolnice

Dolnice (pronounced, German: Deunitze) is a former settlement in central Slovenia in the northwest part of the capital Ljubljana. It belongs to the Dravlje District of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Geography

Dolnice lies southeast of Šentvid between Kamna Gorica and Glinica below the southwest slope of Purkovec Hill (elevation 384 meters or 1,260 feet). The western part of the village is the old farming core of the settlement, and newer houses have been built to the east. The soil is sandy. There is a small valley in the center of the village known as Šangaj.

## Name

Dolnice was attested in historical sources as Dolnitz in 1490 and Dolinga in 1496.

## History

The remnants of a Roman aqueduct have been discovered in Dolnice. The village had a population of 96 (in 19 houses) in 1931, and a population of 202 (in 36 houses) in 1961. Dolnice was annexed by Ljubljana in 1974, ending its existence as an independent settlement.
# Kofi Genfi

Kofi Genfi (born 1993 or 1994) is a Ghanaian entrepreneur and business executive. He is the co-founder of both Mazzuma and Utopia Technologies: two companies in the digital commerce space for emerging markets. He is the Director of Business Strategy for Mazzuma.

## Early life and education

Genfi was born in Ghana and had his secondary education at the Presbyterian Boys Senior High School, Legon. He further studied Business Administration at the Ashesi University.

## Career

In 2013, Kofi Genfi co-founded CYST, a software innovation company specializing in Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and mobile payment systems to improve financial inclusion in emerging markets through its flagship product called Mazzuma and processes transactional volumes.
Genfi is an alumnus of the Thiel Fellowship Network established by the technology billionaire Peter Thiel and in 2015, he competed at the International Public Speaking Competition in London. He also provided consulting, engineering services, project management, and technical support for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the field of Effective Plastic Waste Management and is a stakeholder of the Global Plastic Action Partnership.

## Recognition

Genfi was recognised in the Forbes 30 Under 30 Technology category. He was the winner for the 2019 Discovery of the Year category of the Exclusive Men of the Year Africa Awards (EMY Awards) in 2019
# Brush cut

A brush cut is a type of haircut in which the hair on the top of the head is cut short in every dimension. The top and the upper portion of the back and sides are cut the same length, generally between 1⁄4 and 1⁄2 inch (6 and 13 mm), following the contour of the head. The hair below the upper portion of the sides and back of the head is tapered short or semi-short with a clipper, in the same manner as a crew cut. A variant form may have a slight graduation of the top hair longer from back to front or a quickly graduated bit of hair at the front hairline to achieve a little flip up of the hair at the forehead. A brush that is cut at less than 1⁄4 inch on top may be referred to as a burr. A brush that is cut at 1⁄4 inch or longer on top, and especially one that shows natural curl, depending on length, may be referred to as a short brush cut or brush cut. Brush cuts are traditionally groomed with hair control wax, commonly referred to as brush wax.

## Culture

A butch haircut is a common haircut for women who are masculine, typically a lesbian, with "butch" existing primarily in LGBT slang. Since the lesbian subculture of 1940s America, "butch" has been present as a way for lesbians to circumvent traditional genders of women in society and distinguish their masculine attributes and characteristics from feminine women.
Brush cuts are commonly used in various militaries, either as form of social conformity to the military or as a hygienic measure. Conversely many punk cultures and movements have likewise adopted brush haircuts as a form of personal identity and of rebellion.
# HNLMS Zeehond

HNLMS Zeehond (Dutch: Hr.Ms. or Zr.Ms. Zeehond) may refer to following ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy:
* HNLMS Zeehond (1943), ex-HMS Sturgeon (73S)
* HNLMS Zeehond (1948), ex-HMS Tapir (P335)
* HNLMS Zeehond (S809), a Dolfijn-class submarine
# Saru, Estonia

Saru (German: Saara) is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. Between 1991–2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Mõniste Parish.

## Notable people

* Raimond Kolk (1924–1992), poet and writer
* Jaan Sarv (1877–1954), mathematician, was born in Leeguste village which is now part of Saru village.
# Belvárdgyula

Belvárdgyula (Croatian: Belvar, German: Belward) is a village and municipality (Hungarian: község) in Baranya county, Hungary.

## Geography

Belvárdgyula is located in Baranya County, about six kilometers west of Bóly and 20 kilometers southeast of Pécs. It is about 20 kilometers west of the Danube, 30 kilometers from Croatia and 50 kilometers from Serbia. The municipality lies within the Southern Transdanubia Region of Hungary. It previously was part of the Mohács Subregion but during the creation of districts in 2013, it became part of Bóly District.

## Demographics

During the census of 2011, the population was 422. The vast majority of the population claimed Hungarian ethnicity (99%), though 18.7% also claimed Roma ethnicity and the municipality has a Roma local minority self-government. Other ethnicities included German (1.9%) and Croatian (1.5%). 1% did not wish to answer. In terms of religious practice, 55.8% reported to be Roman Catholic, 14.3% Calvinist, 16% of no religious affiliation and 13.1% did not wish to answer.

## Transport

The closest railway station is in Pécs, 25 kilometers to the northwest. The village lies near the M60 motorway, which opened in the area in 2010 and currently provides links west to Pécs and north to Budapest (via the M6 motorway), and will eventually provide links to the Croatian border at Ivándárda and Barcs.
# From Russia With Lev

From Russia With Lev is a 2024 documentary film about Lev Parnas. It is the first documentary produced by cable news anchor Rachel Maddow.

## Production

According to Rachel Maddow, Parnas had a "come-to-Jesus moment" and wanted to repent for his actions; because he had recorded so much of what he had done -- "terabytes of data from his phone and iCloud accounts" -- he was able to share a lot of evidence with MSNBC.
# Ab Chendaran-e Tal Deraz

Ab Chendaran-e Tal Deraz (Persian: اب چنداران تل دراز, also Romanized as Āb Chendārān-e Tal Derāz; also known as Āb Chendār) is a village in Ludab Rural District, Ludab District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 214, in 36 families.
# Nuri Celilov

Nuri Celilov (Russian: Нури Джелилов, romanized: Nuri Dzhelilov; 15 September 1913 – 14 December 1976) was an officer and tank company commander in the Red Army during World War II who was nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his bravery in combat.

## Early life

Celilov was born on 15 September 1913 to a working-class Crimean Tatar family in the village of Qiziltash near Yalta. An agronomist and graduate of Yalta Agricultural College, became trained as a winemaker before being drafted into the Red Army in 1941.

## World War II

Drafted into the Red Army immediately after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he initially attended specialization training before being deployed as a political instructor in the 1st squadron of the 138th Cavalry Regiment. There, he fought in the initial phase of the war, and killing his first enemy soldier on the bank of the Dniepr. Having been a made commander of the 4th Barrage Squadron within the same division (the 30th Cavalry Division) in June 1942, he survived the retreats to become a student of the Ulyanovsk Heavy Tank School; after graduating from the school he was appointed as commander of the 4th company in the 90th Guards Tank Regiment in December 1944. Remaining with that unit for the rest of the war, he fought in many major offensive battles for cities in Eastern Europe including Warsaw, Łódź, Poznań, Szczecin, Kostrzyn, and Berlin, distinguishing himself on multiple occasions including during the crossing of a heavily defended area of the Oder riverbank and eventually the Battle of Berlin. Leading by example, he developed and implemented new tactics for tank combat, and refused to give up when his damaged tank completely surrounded by Panzerfaust, surprising them by jumping out of the tank and opening fire with an automatic rifle and tossing grenades; having won that engagement, he went on to lead his company in the battle for Berlin and become the first member of his regiment to reach the Reichstag. From mid April to early May, his company took out 11 enemy tanks, 24 vehicles, 26 firing points, and other enemy equipment in addition to killing over 100 enemy soldiers and clearing 24 blocks of Berlin for infantry; Celilov's personal tally included seven enemy tank kills. For his leadership in the battles for Poland and Germany he was nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union, but was only awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

## Post-war

Until December 1946 he remained in Germany as part of the contingent of Soviet troops, reaching the rank of major and becoming a division commander. Forbidden from returning to Crimea, he initially lived in the Uzbek SSR, where he found parents had been deported to. His brother, Cevded Celilov, also survived the war and became a decorated combat pilot. He married and had several children, and dreamt of returning to Crimea, but was unable to return, despite his many attempts to move closer to the peninsula, first to Dagestan and later to Krasnodar. In his later years he suffered from cancer, and eventually died of a heart attack on 14 December 1976. Despite his wishes to be buried in Yalta, he was buried in Krasnodar.
# Leader of the Socialist Party (Netherlands)

The leader of the Socialist Party is the most senior politician within the Socialist Party (Dutch: Socialistische Partij, SP) in the Netherlands. The post is currently held by Jimmy Dijk, who succeeded Lilian Marijnissen on 13 December 2023.

## History

The leaders outwardly act as the 'figurehead' and the main representative of the party. Within the party, they must ensure political consensus. Except during the tenure of Daan Monjé, the leader is always the lead candidate of the party list at election time. Outside election time the Leader can serve as the opposition leader. Since the tenure of Jan Marijnissen, the leader has always been the parliamentary leader of the Socialist Party in the House of Representatives.
| Leader | Term of office | Age as leader | Position(s) as leader | Further position(s) | Professional background | Lead candidate |
| Daan Monjé (1925–1986) | 22 October 1971 – 1 October 1986 (14 years, 344 days) | 45–60 | | | Metalworker Activist | Remi Poppe 1977 |
| Hans van Hooft Sr. (born 1941) | 1 October 1986 – 20 May 1988 (1 year, 232 days) | 44–46 | Chairman of the Socialist Party (1971–1988) | | Metalworker | 1981 1982 1986 |
| Jan Marijnissen (born 1952) | 20 May 1988 – 20 June 2008 (20 years, 31 days) | 35–55 | Chairman of the Socialist Party (1988–2015) Member of the House of Representatives (1994–2010) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1994–2008) | | Metalworker Activist Author | 1989 1994 1998 2002 2003 2006 |
| Agnes Kant (born 1967) | 20 June 2008 – 5 March 2010 (1 year, 258 days) | 41–43 | Member of the House of Representatives (1998–2010) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (2008–2010) | | Epidemiologist Medical researcher | |
| Emile Roemer (born 1962) | 5 March 2010 – 13 December 2017 (7 years, 283 days) | 47–55 | Member of the House of Representatives (2006–2018) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (2010–2017) | Mayor of Heerlen (2018–2020) Mayor of Alkmaar (2020–2021) King's Commissioner of Limburg (since 2021) | Teacher | 2010 2012 2017 |
| Lilian Marijnissen (born 1985) | 13 December 2017 – 13 december 2023 (6 years, 0 days) | 32–38 | Member of the House of Representatives (2017–2023) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (2017–2023) | | Trade union leader Social worker | 2021 2023 |
| Jimmy Dijk (born 1985) | 13 December 2023 – Incumbent (313 days) | 38– | Member of the House of Representatives (since 2023) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (since 2023) | | Facilitator | |
# FK Rabotnik Džumajlija

FK Rabotnik Lozovo (Macedonian: ФК Работник Лозово) is a football club based in the village of Lozovo near Sveti Nikole, North Macedonia. They recently played in the Macedonian Third League.

## History

The club was founded in 1961.
# Mecca Gate

The Gate of Mecca, Mecca Gate or Makkah Gate (Arabic: بوابة مكة Bawwābāt Makka), also known as Qur'an Gate (Arabic: بوابة القرآن Bawwābāt al-Qurʾān), is an arch gateway monumental on the Makkah al-Mukkarramah road of the Jeddah–Makkah Highway. It is the entrance to Mecca, the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and signifies the boundary of the haram area of the city of Mecca, where non-Muslims are prohibited to enter.

## History

The Gate was built in 1979. Design was done by Dia Aziz Dia, and architect was Samir Elabd.
Mecca Mayor, Osama bin Fadl al-Bar, acts as Bawabat Makkah Co. Board of Directors Chairman. Complex Bawabat Makkah consists of 5 types of currently developing projects: Governmental Projects, Special Development Projects, Investment Projects, Non-profit Projects, and Funding Projects.

## Description

The gateway is built as an arch over the road, and consists of three main parts:
* two premises each 30 m × 48 m (98 ft × 157 ft) wide and about 3 m (10 ft) tall, and located at sides of the road; act as support blocks for wings (make arch)
* two wings each about 80 m (262 ft) long, 48–18 m (157–59 ft) wide and 20 m (66 ft) tall, and stretching-up from premises to merge about 23 m (75 ft) above the road; act as support foundation for book (its stand)
* open book with two pages about 16.5 m (54 ft) long and 26 m (85 ft) wide each, and spanning 23–31 m (75–102 ft) above the road; acts as main symbol for arch
The main part is structure of Islam's Holy Book – Qur'an, sitting on a rehal (book stand).
Reinforced concrete was used as primary building material; plastic, glass, wood and other materials are also present (e.g. Islamic luminous mosaics/vitrails beneath arches, arched entrances into premises etc.). Whole structure is decorated with various patterns and can get illuminated at night in many different ways.
Under structure there are palm trees planted in line along divide-island, as well as other lower trees and ornamental bushes growing on island around palms and at free land space beside four-laned parkway (divided highway). On its sides there is fine-cut boxwood inside tidy gardens, with shaped and perimeter fences, small parking lots and other auxiliary facilities extending into a big complex.
# Efimerida ton Syntakton

I Efimerida ton Syntakton (Greek: Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών, lit. '"The Newspaper of the Editors"') is the name of a Greek cooperative daily newspaper.

## History

The newspaper was first published in 2012 by former workers of the defunct Eleftherotypia. Nikolas Voulelis was the chief editor until October 2022, when Sotiris Maniatis undertook this position.

## Circulation

It is one of the best selling daily newspapers in Greece, along with Eleftheros Typos and Ta Nea.

## Political alignment

It calls itself the popular left-wing.
# Sergiy Gladyr

Sergiy Gladyr (Ukrainian: Сергій Гладир; born 17 October 1988) is a Ukrainian former professional basketball player. He was selected with the 49th overall pick by the Atlanta Hawks in the 2009 NBA draft.

## Professional career

Gladyr began his career with one of the smallest teams in the Ukrainian Super League, MBС Mykolaiv.
Gladyr shot 47% on three-point shots and 90% on free throws in the Ukrainian Super League, during the 2007–08 season, before taking a slight step back in his shooting percentages in the 2008–09 season (shooting 36% from three-point range and 81% from the free throw line respectively). During the 2008–09 season, he exploded for a season high of 36 points against Khimik Yuzhny, in a game where he got to the free throw line 19 times. Gladyr helped MBС Mykolaiv to a fifth-place finish in the Ukrainian Super League in the 2008–09 season, by averaging 15.4 points per game.
In July 2009, Gladyr signed a three-year deal with Bàsquet Manresa of the Liga ACB. In August 2012, he signed with Baloncesto Fuenlabrada for the 2012–13 season.
On 1 October 2013 Gladyr signed a one-year deal with the French EuroLeague team JSF Nanterre.
On 21 August 2014 he signed with SLUC Nancy Basket for the 2014–15 season. In 33 games of the French Pro A he averaged 12.1 points and 3.5 rebounds per game.
On 25 August 2015 it was announced that he signed with İstanbul BB of the Turkish Basketball League, however the team rescinded the contract after he failed the physical. On September 9, he signed with AS Monaco Basket of the French LNB Pro A.

### NBA

Gladyr was drafted by the NBA team the Atlanta Hawks in the second round of the 2009 NBA draft, with the 49th pick overall. He did not play for an NBA summer league team after the draft since the Atlanta Hawks did not field a team, but he did show up for the Hawks rookie mini-camp. He played for the Hawks in the NBA Summer League in 2010 and 2013.
In 2017, his draft rights were traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers.

## Player profile

Gladyr is a classic two-guard. He's got a phenomenal shooting touch in addition to his athleticism, which allows him to easily pass by defenders and dunk the ball over them. He's turned into a real showman during the 2008–09 season in Ukraine, with the April All-Star Game highlighting his performance: Gladyr scored a game-high 24 points and also dished out nine assists. He also set his home crowd on fire as he took the 3-point shootout title, defeating BC Kyiv's Manuchar Markoishvili in the final.

## Personal life

Sergiy Gladyr is married to Olena Khomrova, a Ukrainian fencer. They have one daughter, Eva.
# Hilsprich

Hilsprich (French pronunciation:; German: Hilsprich) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Thermophis

Thermophis is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to China.

## Species

The genus includes three species:
* Thermophis baileyi (Wall, 1907) - Bailey's snake, hot-spring keelback, Xizang hot-spring keelback
* Thermophis shangrila Peng, Lu, Huang, Guo and Zhang, 2014 - Yunnan hot-spring keelback, Shangrila hot-spring keelback
* Thermophis zhaoermii Guo, Liu, Feng & He, 2008 - Sichuan hot-spring keelback
# Off the Rails (1921 film)

Off the Rails (German: Entgleist) is a 1921 German silent drama film directed by William Karfiol and starring Wilhelm Diegelmann, Ernst Hofmann and Erra Bognar. The film's sets were designed by the art director Eduard Nickler. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin.

## Cast

* Wilhelm Diegelmann as Wachtmeister a.d. Heilberg
* Ernst Hofmann as Hans Heilberg
* Erra Bognar as Else Heilberg
* Martha Angerstein-Licho
* Charly Berger as Steuermann
* Tessi Nurnberg as Elses Freundin
* Josef Commer
* Colette Corder
* Marie Louise Jürgens
* Adolf E. Licho
* Heinrich Peer