# Paul Watters

Dr Paul Watters is an Australian cybercrime researcher and cybersecurity professional. He is Honorary Professor of Criminology and Security Studies at Macquarie University. Dr Watters has made significant research contributions to cybercrime detection and prevention, including phishing, malware, piracy and child exploitation. He is the inventor of the 100 Point Cyber Check, a cyber risk assessment for small-medium enterprises. According to ScholarGPS, he is ranked in the top 0.84% of researchers globally.

## Cognitive and Neural Modelling

Dr Watters completed three theses and made significant contributions to the field of cognitive and neural modelling:
* At the University of Tasmania, Dr Watters studied under Professor Frances Martin. His thesis contributed to foundational knowledge in cognitive neuroscience by establishing a nonlinear, quadratic dose-response relationship between caffeine and EEG complexity (measured by correlation dimension, D2), across various cognitive tasks. This research demonstrated that caffeine modulates brain dynamics in a task-specific manner, with an optimal range of doses increasing EEG complexity and thereby enhancing cognitive flexibility, while higher or lower doses reduce this complexity. By employing nonlinear dimensional analysis, the thesis provided insights into how psychoactive substances like caffeine influence brain activity beyond traditional linear models. These findings suggest that the brain’s ability to operate in more complex, dynamic states under certain conditions is crucial for higher-order cognitive functions such as creativity, further linking EEG complexity to cognitive adaptability and performance.
* At the University of Cambridge, Dr Watters studied under Dr David Tolhurst. His thesis contributed to the development of neural models of information processing and Artificial Intelligence by critically evaluating two approaches: Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the sparse coding model. He compared these models in their ability to replicate the visual processing system's handling of natural scenes, characterised by sparse, scale-invariant, and phase-dependent structures. His thesis demonstrates that, under certain conditions, the simpler, orthogonal PCA model could achieve distributed representations comparable to the sparse coding model, challenging the necessity of the more complex, non-orthogonal model. The thesis also questioned the emphasis on sparseness as a key principle of visual processing, suggesting that sparseness had minimal impact on spatial-frequency and orientation tuning in simulations. The thesis thus provided a critical reassessment of neural modelling frameworks, advocating for future research that integrates non-linear techniques like independent components analysis (ICA) to address limitations in both PCA and the sparse coding model.
* At Macquarie University, Dr Watters studied under Professor Michael Johnson. His thesis made several original contributions to the field of natural language processing (NLP) through the development of two neural network-based models: the Word Sense Acquisition Model (WSAM) and the Word Sense Processing Model (WSPM). The WSAM introduced an innovative framework for acquiring word senses from both European and Asian languages with high accuracy, showcasing its potential for multilingual NLP applications. The WSPM enhances word sense processing by integrating psycholinguistic insights, using decompositional semantic features and context to resolve lexical ambiguity more effectively than existing systems like SYSTRAN. Additionally, the thesis demonstrates how modelling both normal and abnormal human language processing, including semantic errors in Parkinson’s disease, could inform the improvement of NLP systems. These contributions provide a foundation for more accurate and cognitively-aligned NLP systems capable of handling word sense disambiguation across different languages.

## Malware

Dr. Paul Watters’ contributions to malware analysis have had a significant impact on the field of cybersecurity, particularly in the areas of malware detection and behaviour analysis. His work has focused on innovative techniques such as API call analysis, machine learning, and behavioural profiling, which have advanced both theoretical understanding and practical applications for identifying and mitigating malware threats. Some key highlights include:
* Advancements in Zero-Day Malware Detection
* Behavioural Analysis of Malware
* Hybrid Detection Models
* Deep Learning for Malware Detection
* Addressing Sophisticated Malware Types
* Information Security Governance and Malware Detection
Dr. Watters' body of work has played a pivotal role in enhancing the efficacy of malware detection techniques by moving beyond traditional, static detection methods toward more dynamic, machine learning-driven approaches. His research has enabled better defence mechanisms against zero-day attacks, rootkits, and other sophisticated malware, significantly improving the resilience of modern cybersecurity systems.

## Phishing

Dr. Watters' papers on phishing have significantly contributed to the development of phishing detection mechanisms by leveraging both machine learning techniques and behavioural analysis. They have improved the classification of phishing emails, clustering of phishing websites, and detection of phishing campaigns, thereby strengthening the overall cybersecurity landscape against phishing threats. His research has advanced both the theoretical understanding and practical application of machine learning techniques to combat phishing. Key impacts of his work include:
* Improved Phishing Detection Mechanisms
* Clustering and Campaign Identification
* Phishing Provenance and Source Identification
* Behavioural Insights into Phishing Vulnerabilities
* Advancement in Classification and Clustering Techniques
Dr. Watters’ contributions have strengthened phishing detection technologies, provided tools for better understanding phishing campaigns, and offered insights into the human factors that make phishing successful. His integration of machine learning with behavioural analysis has advanced both the academic field and the practical tools available to cybersecurity professionals, significantly enhancing the defence against phishing threats at both individual and organisational levels.

## Piracy and Intellectual Property Theft

Dr. Paul Watters' body of work on piracy and intellectual property theft has had a significant impact on both cybersecurity and the protection of digital content. His research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the risks, behaviours, and economic structures surrounding online piracy. The key impacts include:
* Highlighting the Link Between Piracy and Cybersecurity Risks
* Influencing Policy on Advertising and Piracy
* Developing a Global Perspective on Digital Piracy
* Empirical Analysis of User Behaviour and Risks
* Contributions to the Debate on Digital Piracy and Cybercrime
This body of work has been instrumental in improving understanding of how digital piracy is both a cyber and economic issue, influencing public policy and corporate responsibility regarding advertising on illegal platforms. His work has helped establish that users who engage in piracy are at a heightened risk of malware infections. His empirical data and analysis have provided critical insights that inform user education programs and cybersecurity policies aimed at reducing malware spread through piracy websites. His research has also had an impact on corporate responsibility, influencing policies that discourage mainstream advertisers from funding piracy-related activities. The findings are particularly valuable for policymakers looking to disrupt the financial support systems that sustain piracy websites. By showing how piracy is linked not only to intellectual property theft but also to cybercrime, his work has influenced the way governments, law enforcement agencies, and corporations approach piracy prevention.

## Child Sex Abuse Material (CSAM) Prevention

Dr. Watters has contributed to the advancement of forensic tools that utilise AI and deep learning to detect CSAM more efficiently, supporting law enforcement and cybersecurity efforts. His work on situational crime prevention in child-centred institutions offers valuable insights into how environmental factors can be modified to reduce opportunities for abuse. Several of Dr. Watters’ papers focus on developing and evaluating strategies to deter users from accessing CSAM, particularly through online messaging and the development of chatbots. His research spans multiple facets of the issue, including deterrence strategies, forensic detection, and crime prevention, with the following key impacts:
* Deterrence Through Intervention Tools
* Advancements in Forensic Detection of CSAM
* Situational Crime Prevention in Institutions
* Use of Honeypots and Deceptive Tools
* Modelling the Efficacy of Auto-Internet Warnings
Dr. Watters’ research has significantly advanced the technological capabilities of detecting and deterring access to CSAM. His contributions have led to Automated Detection Systems, Behavioural Interventions and enhancements of Forensic and Law Enforcement Tools. In his work on creating digital honeypots, Dr. Watters explored the use of deceptive traps designed to attract individuals seeking to engage with CSAM. These honeypots were crafted to mimic environments where exploitative material might be found, but instead of providing illegal content, they can be used to prove the effectiveness of deterrence strategies. Dr. Watters’ work on chatbots was aimed at directly intervening with individuals who are attempting to access or engage with CSAM. The chatbot was designed to engage users in real time, providing them with therapeutic or law enforcement warnings when they attempt to seek out harmful content. This approach leverages behavioural psychology, aiming to stop users from proceeding down the path of exploitation. The combined use of honeypots and chatbots represents a dual strategy in combating CSAM. Honeypots function as a proactive detection tool, helping law enforcement gather critical data on offenders, while chatbots act as a behavioural intervention tool aimed at reducing the demand for exploitative content.