OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty

The National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty (NEPL) was a shell company used by Oliver North to provide funds and support the Contras who were fighting the left-wing Sandinista government. The company was a way for wealthy American citizens who were sympathetic to Reagan's Contra policy to donate large sums of money and arms to Nicaragua. The company used the International Business Communications (IBC) to funnel money to the Contras.

## History

The company was created in 1984 by Carl Channell and Richard R. Miller. The company used education and general public as a front for their backdoor operations. The company was exempted for taxes under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The private fundraisers were considered “ground troops” for Oliver North and Richard Secord's operations. The organization had close ties to the White House which was imperative for the funding.

## Iran Contra

The funds were from the NEPL and sent directly to the Contras. In 1985, Channell organized an operation to support a ``Nicaraguan Refugee Fund Dinner''. The dinner was intended to raise money to fund the Contras. The company began giving Adolfo Calero public relations advice to the Calero’s Nicaraguan Development Council and received $44,000. After their first White House briefing, wealthy donors donated thousands of dollars. Mousalreza Ebrahim Zadeh, a fraudulent representative for the Saudi Government, promised to donate fourteen million dollars to the cause. More than $257,000 were allocated to the IBC.

## The Enterprise

In June 1985 Oliver North and Richard Secord diverted funding to the “Enterprise” which was a name commonly used for the illegal trading of weapons and training of Contra troops. The Enterprise started a company known as the Stanford Technology Trading Group International. The company was run by Albert Hakim and Secord. They also created a string of shell companies throughout Switzerland. The company received over 33 million dollars from Iran dealings (related to the selling of U.S. arms in Iran). North ordered Miller to send 1.7 million dollars to the Enterprise's Lake Resources account in Switzerland and to offshore Cayman Island bank accounts.
.....9/20/85: .....$130,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. account
.....9/26/85: .....$100,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. account
.....11/1/85: .....$150,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. account
.....11/18/85: .....$48,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. account
.....12/16/85: .....$300,000 .....from the IBC account
.....1/21/86: .....$360,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. account
.....4/11/86: .....$650,000 .....from the I.C. Inc. accountrn,n,s,n

## Uncovering the fraud

“In the spring of 1987 Channell and Miller each pleaded guilty to a felony: conspiracy to defraud the United States. Together they provided extensive information about their fundraising activities. The pleas were based on Channell and Miller's illegal use of a tax-exempt organization to raise funds for non-charitable items, including weapons and other lethal supplies for the contras.”- Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters
# Fonfjord

Fonfjord (Greenlandic: Ujuaakajiip Kangertiva; Danish: Fønfjord, meaning 'Foehn Fjord') is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland. This fjord is part of the Scoresby Sound system. Administratively it lies in the area of Sermersooq municipality.

## History

This long fjord was surveyed and named in 1891 by Carl Ryder during his 1891–92 East Greenland Expedition. It was named "Føhnfjord" owing to the powerful Foehn wind gusts blowing during the first exploration of the fjord in August 1891. Ryder wrote:
   ... Icebergs now came sailing out of the fjord in a strong current, and with very frequent calving perhaps because of the warm temperature.
Another name given by former surveyors was Blastfjord, by Hans Christian Gulløv.

## Geography

In the southern Scoresby Sound, between Cape Leslie in Milne Land to the north and Cape Stevenson to the south, there are the mouths of two fjords that go in a roughly southwestern direction. The northern branch is the Fonfjord and the southern is the much wider mouth of the Gaasefjord (Gåsefjord). Gaaseland (Gåseland) is the peninsula that lies between these two fjords.
To the north the fjord is bound by Milne Land and to the south by Gaaseland. Danmark Island lies at the eastern end, by its mouth. Ten kilometers before the mouth, the fjord has a branch in the northeastern shore named Rensund that separates Danmark Island from Milne Land. Fonfjord makes a sharp bend to the north near the western end with the Rode Fjord (Rødefjord) running in a north-northeasterly direction and the Vestfjord branching roughly to the southwest.
The Rolige Bræ glacier flows into the Rode Fjord just north of the Vestfjord junction..
| Geological map of Scoresby Sound. | Map of NE Greenland and Iceland. |
# Arctia thibetica

Arctia thibetica is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae, found in the northwestern Himalayas of India.
# Gushan-e Bala

Gushan-e Bala (Persian: گوشان بالا, also Romanized as Gūshān-e Bālā; also known as Gūshān) is a village in Eskelabad Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 58, in 8 families.
# 7th Infantry Brigade (South Korea)

The 7th Infantry Brigade (Korean: 제7보병여단) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army's 6th Infantry Division.

## History

The 7th Infantry Regiment was the first unit of the United Nations Command to reach the Yalu River, and the only unit operating under Eighth Army command - as well as the only South Korean unit - to do so during the war. The 7th Infantry Regiment was originally activated on February 7, 1946, at Chongju and was first commanded by 2nd Lt. Min Ki Shik. The unit was initially assigned to the 4th Brigade in April 1949, which later became the 6th Brigade in November 1948, and was later reassigned to the 6th Division when it was activated in May 1949.
The unit participated in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter.
It also participated in the general 6th Division drive northwards during the UN offensive of 1950, until it reached Huichon, nearly sixteen miles north of Kujang-dong, on the night of October 23, 1950. Passing through Onjong during the night of the twenty-fourth, the regiment, turned north and advanced toward Chosan, fifty miles away on the Yalu River. A reinforced reconnaissance platoon from the regiment entered Chosan the next morning and found the North Koreans retreating across the Yalu into China over a narrow floating footbridge.
After the Battle of Onjong, the 6th division ordered the regiment to withdraw south. Before it could do so, however, it needed supplies, which were airdropped on the twenty-eighth. As it headed south the following morning, it ran into an enemy roadblock about twenty miles south of Kojang. Although it was able, with heavy air support, to fend off the enemy in daylight, the regiment was defeated and dispersed during the night. Eventually, about 875 officers and men of the 3,552 in the regiment escaped to Kunuri and rejoined the 6th Division.
In December 2020, 7th Infantry Regiment was promoted to a brigade.
# The Opera Singer

The Opera Singer (Italian: La cantante dell'opera) is a 1932 Italian musical film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Gianfranco Giachetti, Germana Paolieri and Isa Pola.

## Cast

* Gianfranco Giachetti as Papussa
* Germana Paolieri as Lina
* Isa Pola as Lisetta
* Alfredo Moretti as George
* Ugo Ceseri as Ravelli
* Gino Viotti as Singing Master
* Alfredo Martinelli
* Emilio Baldanello
* Cesira Vianello
* Giovanni Casati
* Giselda Gasperini
* Carmen Baird
* Gastone Ror
* Remo Brignardelli
# Chithalia Union

Chithalia Union (Bengali: চিথলিয়া ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad of Mirpur Upazila, in Kushtia District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 82.88 square kilometres (32.00 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 16,287. There are 7 villages and 5 mouzas in the union.
# Ruhul Amin (mufti)

Ruhul Amin (Bengali: রুহুল আমিন; born 12 March 1962) Bangladeshi Deobandi is an Islamic scholar and educator. He was served as the Khatib of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque of Bangladesh . He is the Muhtamim of Gowhardanga Madrasa.

## Early life and family

Ghazi Ruhul Amin was born on 12 March 1962 to a Bengali Muslim Ghazi family in the village of Gowhardanga in Tungipara, Gopalganj, then part of East Pakistan's Faridpur district. His father was the Islamic scholar Shamsul Haque Faridpuri and they trace their paternal ancestry to an Arab soldier who was one of the members of Bakhtiyar Khalji's army during his conquest of Bengal, hence the name of his clan is Ghazi. His ancestors settled in Jessore where they propagated Islam to locals with his grandfather's great-grandfather, Mawlana Abdul Awwal al-Ghazi, relocating the family to Faridpur. Ruhul Amin's grandfather's grandfather, Chand Ghazi, was a student of Syed Ahmad Shaheed and took part in the Battle of Balakot against the Sikhs. His grandfather, Muhammad Abdullah ibn Chiragh Ali, was a munshi and participant of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

## Education

He studied at the Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Khademul Islam in Gowhardanga, where he completed his hifz and Hadith (Masters) at Daora and Ifta.

## Career

Ruhul Amin has been the Muhtamim (vice chancellor) of Gowhardanga Madrasa since 2003. He is the President of Befaqul Madarisil Qawmia Gowhardanga Bangladesh and a permanent member of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh, the highest authority of Qawmi Madrasa. On 31 March 2022, he was nominated Khatib of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque. He is the Governor of the Board of Government of the Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
He is the editor of the monthly Al-Ashraf. He assisted the court as Amicus Curiae, the country's top scholar in ruling on the validity of the fatwa. He was expecting the nomination of Awami League from Narail-1 constituency in the Eleventh Parliamentary Election. He was instrumental in the official recognition of the Qawmi Madrasa Charter.
He has been in hiding ever since the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government.

## Criticism

Ruhul Amin was heavily criticised for referring to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as "Qaumi Janani" during a speech at the Suhrawardy Udyan on 4 November 2018.
# Koyra Union

Koyra Union (Bengali: কয়রা ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad of Koyra Upazila of Khulna District, in Khulna Division, Bangladesh.

## Geography

Koyra Union has an area of 8250 acres (20.5 sq km). Koyra Union is located at the Koyra Sadar of Koyra Upazila. It shares borders with Moharajpur Union to the north, Dakkhin Bedkasi and Kapotaksha River located In the south, To the east Shakbaria River and Sundarbans, to the west are the Kapotaksha River and Shamnagar upazila of Satkhira district.

## Educational institutions

* Koyra Madinabad Model Secondary School
# Apasa (Echinades)

Apasa (Greek: Άπασα) is an islet east of Ithaca, one of the Echinades (Modia subgroup), an island group in the Ionian Sea in Greece. As of 2011, it had no resident population.
# Bharashimla Union

Bharashimla Union (Bengali: ভাড়াশিমলা ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad in Kaliganj Upazila of Satkhira District, in Khulna Division, Bangladesh.
# Novominsk

Novominsk is a Hasidic dynasty, originating in Mińsk Mazowiecki, Poland, and now based in the United States. It also runs a yeshiva known as Yeshivas Novominsk - Kol Yehuda, currently led by Rabbi Yosef Mermelstein.
From 1976 until his death in 2020, it was led by its Rebbe, Grand Rabbi Yaakov Perlow, who served as Rosh Agudas Yisroel in America: The spiritual head of Agudath Israel of America, and was also a member of its Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah ("Council of Torah Sages"). He was succeeded by his sons, Grand Rabbi Yehoshua Heschel Perlow, and Grand Rabbi Yisrael Perlow, as the new Novominsker Rebbes.

## Lineage of the Novominsk dynasty

| | | | | | | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow I (1843–1902) 1st Rebbe of Novominsk | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow I (1874–1933) 2nd Rebbe of Novominsk | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | Nachum Mordechai Perlow (1896–1976) 3rd Rebbe of Novominsk | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | Yaakov Perlow II (1930–2020) 4th Rebbe of Novominsk | | | | | | |
| Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | Yehoshua Perlow Rebbe of Novominsk (Brooklyn) | | | | | | | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) | Alter Yisroel Shimon Perlow II Rebbe of Novominsk (Lakewood) |
# List of storms named Lawin

The name Lawin has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Philippines by PAGASA in the Western Pacific. It was a local name for a hawk.
* Typhoon Megi (2004) (T0415, 18W, Lawin) – moved through the Ryūkyū islands before passing between South Korea and Japan.
* Tropical Depression 14W (2008) (Lawin) – remained far offshore north of Luzon.
* Typhoon Jelawat (2012) (T1217, 18W, Lawin) – struck Japan.
* Typhoon Haima (2016) (T1622, 25W, Lawin) – powerful category 5 super typhoon that made landfall in Peñablanca, Cagayan of the Philippines and in Haifeng County, Shanwei in the Guangdong province of China.
The name Lawin was retired after the 2016 typhoon season, and was replaced with Leon in the 2020 season. It is also a local name for a lion.
# Al-Ahkum

Al-Ahkum (Arabic: الأحكوم) is a sub-district located in Hazm al-'Udayn District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Al-Ahkum had a population of 3122 according to the 2004 census.
# Ramchandrapur Union, Morrelganj

Ramchandrapur Union (Bengali: রামচন্দ্রপুর ইউনিয়ন) is a Union Parishad under Morrelganj Upazila of Bagerhat District in the division of Khulna, Bangladesh. It has an area of 62.16 km2 (24.00 sq mi) and a population of 21,430.
# Meddelelser om Grønland

Meddelelser om Grønland ("Communications on Greenland") is a Danish scientific periodical which publishes scientific results from all fields of research on Greenland. It was established by Frederik Johnstrup and published as a single series by the Commission for Scientific Investigations in Greenland from 1878 to 1979, with contributions in Danish, German, English or French.
In 1979, following the issue of vol. 206, the series was split up into three individually numbered subseries, all published in English: Bioscience, Geoscience, and Man & Society. When publication of the series was handed over to Museum Tusculanum Press in 2008, the original name was revived, now with the official English title Monographs on Greenland, and the volumes which had appeared between 1979 and 2008 were retroactively numbered in the revived main series (nos. 207–345). As of vol. 346, all publications carry dual numbering.
# Symphonic black metal

Symphonic black metal is a subgenre of black metal that emerged in the 1990s and incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements.

## History

One of the earliest forerunners in what would come to be the sound of Symphonic black metal was Celtic Frost on their 1987 album Into the Pandemonium. The first extreme metal bands incorporating classical, orchestral, and operatic elements into their music were Mekong Delta, Bulldozer on their album Neurodeliri (1988), Believer on Sanity Obscure (1990) and Dimensions (1993), Master's Hammer on Ritual (1991) and The Jilemnice Occultist (1993) and Sigh on their debut Scorn Defeat (1993).
The style on Emperor's In the Nightside Eclipse (1994) had a pioneering influence though and was the main inspiration for many keyboard-based black metal bands following after. Troll's Drep de kristne (1995) and Arcturus' Aspera Hiems Symfonia (1996) are other notable early works of symphonic black metal, before the genre was commercialised by the international success of bands like Dimmu Borgir and Bal Sagoth.

## Characteristics

Symphonic black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements. This may include the usage of keyboards to conjure up "pseudo-orchestral" soundscapes with default presets (e.g. strings, choirs, piano, organs, and pads), or full orchestral arrangements. Bands may feature solo instruments such as violins in addition to keyboards and/or orchestral arrangements. Vocals can be "clean" or operatic in style, and song structures are more defined or are inspired by symphonies, and follow a typical riff-based approach. Many of the characteristics of traditional black metal are retained, such as shrieks, fast tempos, high treble and tremolo-picked electric guitars. The overall sound and themes can be considered wider than traditional black metal, many groups of symphonic black metal use themes such as vampirism (Theatres des Vampires, Cradle of Filth), occultism and the paranormal (Carach Angren). Political themes are more neglected by them as in other black metal subgenres.
# Opatovce

Opatovce (Hungarian: Vágapáti) is a village and municipality in Trenčín District in the Trenčín Region of northwestern Slovakia.

## History

The earliest surviving mention of the village in historical records dates to 1113.
In 1956 Opatove was voted Slovakia's best village in Slovakia's best village competition.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 204 metres (669 ft) and covers an area of 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi). It has a population of about 425 people.
# Apalon (village)

Apalon (Pwo Eastern Karen: အ်ုပၠုံ) is a village alongside the Zami River in Kyain Seikgyi Township, Kawkareik District, Karen State, south-eastern Myanmar. The areas around Apalon are mountainous and forested. It is located on the Death Railway.
Apalon (also: Camp 82 Kilo) was a Japanese prisoner of war work camp during World War II. The camp was initially used for the construction of a 50 metres steel bridge. It served as the headquarters of group 5. The first prisoners arrived in May 1943. From July 1944 onwards, it served as a repair shop for locomotives. The camp closed in August 1945.
# Hans Andrias Djurhuus

Hans Andrias Djurhuus (20 October 1883 – 6 May 1951) was a Faroese poet and teacher. Hans Andrias Djurhuus was one of the most productive Faroese poets. He is well known for his national poems and for his children's songs, but he also wrote psalms, short stories, plays, fairytales and one novel.

## Biography

Djurhuus was born and died in Tórshavn. His brother Janus Djurhuus, who was two years older, is also one of the well-known poets of the Faroe Islands. He also had an older sister called Armgarð Maria Djurhuus, which was born in 1880. She died at a young age of 39 years old. They were born and raised in a house in the old part of Tórshavn, which is called Áarstova, down in the eastern harbour; only the brothers are often referred to as the Áarstovu Brothers (Áarstovubrøðurnir) and not their sister.
The brother's great grandfather was Jens Christian Djurhuus (1773–1853), who was the first to write poems in the Faroese language.
After finishing school Hans Andreas worked as a fisherman for a short period, then attended folkschool (Føroya Fólkaháskúli). He then studied at the Faroese Teachers School (Føroya Læraraskúli), graduating in 1905. He worked as a school teacher in Sandavágur, Klaksvík, Tvøroyri and Tórshavn. He also edited the newspaper Dúgvan from 1909 to 1910.
# Murid

In Sufism, a murīd (Arabic مُرِيد 'one who seeks') is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by sulūk (traversing a path) under a spiritual guide, who may take the title murshid, pir or shaykh. A sālik or Sufi follower only becomes a murīd when he makes a pledge (bayʿah) to a murshid. The equivalent Persian term is shāgird.
The initiation process of a murīd is known as ʿahd (Arabic: عَهْد) or bai'ath. Before initiation, a murīd is instructed by his guide, who must first accept the initiate as his disciple. Throughout the instruction period, the murīd typically experiences waridates like visions and dreams during personal spiritual awrads and exercises. These visions are interpreted by the murshid. A common practice among the early Sufi orders was to grant a khirqa or a robe to the murīd upon the initiation or after he had progressed through a series of increasingly difficult and significant tasks on the path of mystical development until attaining wāṣil stage.
This practice is not very common now. Murīds often receive books of instruction from murshids and often accompany itinerant murshids on their wanderings. A fundamental practice involves teaching the mûrîd (Arabic: موريد "the disciple") an array of seven "names".
* The first one consists in repeating lâ ilâha ilal 'llâhu (Arabic: لا إله إلا الله "there is no god except God") between 12,000 and 70,000 times in a day and night. If the mûršîd (Arabic: مُرشِد "the spiritual guide") is satisfied with the mûrîd's progress, then the mûrîd is allowed to continue with the six remaining names:
* Allâh (Arabic: الله "God") three times;
* huwa (Arabic: هو "He is"),
* ḥaqq (Arabic: الحق "The Absolute Truth") three times;
* ḥayy (Arabic: الحى "The Ever- Living) three times;
* qayyûm (Arabic: القيوم "The Sustainer, The Self Subsisting") three times;
* qahhâr (Arabic: القهار "The Ever-Dominating").
# Pierre Carles

Pierre Carles is a French documentary filmmaker. He has been compared to Michael Moore for his use of the documentary form to denounce mainstream media, which he accuses of having conflicts of interest.

## Filmography

* Juppé, forcément, 1995, on the role of regional media during the election of Alain Juppé as mayor of Bordeaux.
* Pas vu pas pris, 1998, ordered then censored by Canal Plus.
* La sociologie est un sport de combat, 2001, on Pierre Bourdieu.
* Enfin pris?, 2002, a sequel to Pas Vu Pas Pris.
* Attention danger travail, (co-directed with Christophe Coello et Stéphane Goxe), 2003
* Volem rien foutre al païs, (co-directed with Christophe Coello et Stéphane Goxe), 2006 (including scenes on the Dinero gratis group in Barcelona or the okupa movement in Spain. Theme of the film is on how to make a living without working: anti-work)
* Ni vieux, ni traîtres, (co-directed with Georges Minangoy), 2006, about Action directe, a far left terrorist group.
* Le Désarroi esthétique, 2006, on the publicist Daniel Robert.
* Fin de Concession, 2011, about TF1.
* Opération Correa: Les ânes ont soif, 2014, about the French medias' stance on Ecuador's president Rafael Correa.