OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Menas (freedman)

Menas, also known as Menodorus (died 35 BC), served under Sextus Pompey during the 1st Century BC Roman civil wars.
Menas was a freedman of Pompey the Great and when Pompey's son, Sextus, set himself up as ruler of Sicily in the late 40s BC, Menas became one of his naval leaders. He captured Sardinia in 40 BC for Sextus, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius.
The biographer Plutarch relates how during a banquet aboard Sextus Pompey's flagship at the time of the Pact of Misenum (39 BC) with the triumvirs Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus aboard, Menas suggested to Sextus Pompey:
"...Shall I," said he, "cut the cables and make you master not of Sicily only and Sardinia, but of the whole Roman empire?" - Plutarch, Parallel Lives, 'Life of Antony'
However, Sextus told him that he should have done it without asking him because he now could not break his treaty oath made to the triumvirs.
In 38 BC Menas surrendered Sardinia to Octavian and received equestrian rank as a reward. He fought for Octavian under Calvisius Sabinus in the naval battle off Cumae. In 36 BC he returned to Sextus Pompey, but Sextus had him closely watched and Menas, unhappy with being treated with suspicion, again changed sides.
He was killed in the Illyrian campaign of 35 BC.
Menas appears as a character in William Shakespeare's play Antony and Cleopatra.
# Giovanni Lupi

Giovanni Lupi, commonly known as Nino, (24 December 1908 – 20 November 1990) was a Swiss footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played as midfielder.

## Football career

From 1925 Lupi played for FC Chiasso who at that time played in the Serie B, the second tier of Swiss football. Following the 1926–27 season Chiasso won promotion to the Serie A.
In 1929 Lupi was called up for the Swiss national team. He played his debut for them on 6 October in the away game against Czechoslovakia. The Swiss were beaten 0–5 and this remained his only appearance for his country.
Lupi joined FC Basel's first team for their 1931–32 season under coach Gustav Putzendopler. After playing in one test game, Lupi played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the Landhof on 30 August 1931 as Basel were defeated 1–4 by Young Fellows Zürich.
He played with the team only half a year and during this time Lupi played a total of five games for Basel without scoring a goal. Three of these games were in the Serie A and two were friendly games.
# Tmesisternus pulvereus

Tmesisternus pulvereus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1867. It is known from Papua New Guinea.
# Ignác Alpár

Ignác Alpár József (born Schöckl József; 17 January 1855 in Pest – 27 April 1928 in Zürich) was a Hungarian architect.

## Career

Alpár began his career as a stonemason, then worked under architect Alajos Hauszmann. After completing formal studies in Berlin, he returned to Budapest to work under Imre Steindl and Hauszmann again. He began independent practice in 1890, working mainly on public projects in a historicist, eclectic style. The most well known of these is the so-called Vajdahunyad Castle built for the millenary celebrations in 1896, which incorporated architectural styles practised in Hungary from the Middle Ages to the Baroque period.

## Buildings

* Town halls: Sighişoara, Cluj-Napoca, Deva, Nyíregyháza, etc.
* Colleges: Eötvös College
* Churches: Sighişoara Reformed Church, Braşov Reformed Church (demolished 1963)
* Baths: Băile Herculane
* Banks: Austro-Hungarian Bank, Budapest (1902–05); Hungarian Commercial Bank of Pest (long time functioned as the building of the Ministry of Home Affairs); Hungarian General Credit Bank (currently the building of the Ministry of Finance); First National Savings Bank of Pest (currently the building of the Treasury)
* Former Stock Exchange building, Budapest (long time housed the Hungarian National Television)
* Anker Palace, Budapest

## Legacy

* In 1958 the Ignác Alpár memorial prize was established by the Society of Architects, which is awarded annually for significant achievements in building.
* There is a statue of Alpár in front of the Vajdahunyad castle by Ede Telcs. He is depicted wearing the robes of a master architect from the Middle Ages.
# The Heart of the Serpent

"The Heart of the Serpent" (originally in Latin: Cor Serpentis, Russian: Сердце Змеи) is a 1958 science fiction short story by the Soviet writer and paleontologist Ivan Yefremov.
The crew of a spaceship encounters an alien ship in deep space. Speculation ensues about whether the other crew might be hostile. Comparisons are made to American SF writer Murray Leinster's story "First Contact", in which an elaborate protocol is developed to prevent the aliens from following the Terrans home and destroying them, or vice versa. The premise of Leinster's story is rejected, in part by pointing out that in order for a planet's civilization to become space-faring, they would need to be at peace among themselves and presumably have organized themselves into a planet-wide classless communist society, a point Yefremov had made earlier in his novel Andromeda. Thus the aliens must necessarily be peaceful.
This story takes place within the rubric of Yefremov's Great Circle, a confederation of galactic civilizations that communicate between each other, which also appears in the Andromeda novel.

## Influences

The Hungarian space rock band Solaris has a track named after the story on their album 1990.
# Riga–Daugavpils Railway

The Riga–Daugavpils railway line (Latvian: Dzelzceļa līnija Rīga—Daugavpils) is a 218-kilometre (135 mi) long railway line in Latvia which connects the cities of Riga in central Latvia and Daugavpils in south-eastern Latvia.
The railway line is double track between Riga and Krustpils and single track between Krustpils and Daugavpils. The track gauge is 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (Russian gauge). It was built in 1861, and is one the oldest railway lines in Latvia.

## History

The railway line was opened on 21 September 1861 as one of the first railway lines in the present territory of Latvia. It was a part of the Riga–Oryol railway line, a 15,467 km (9,611 mi) long railway line in the Russian Empire, constructed to connect the Baltic Sea at Riga with Oryol in central Russia. At Daugavpils the line connected with the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway, and thus joined the city of Riga with the Russian rail network. In 1894, the line became the property of the state.
# Kubova Huť

Kubova Huť (German: Kubohütten) is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. It is known for the highest railway station in the country.

## Etymology

The name means "Kuba's smelter". It was derived from the Guba's Forest (which was named after the castle governor) and from the glassmaking in the area.

## Geography

Kubova Huť is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Prachatice and 50 km (31 mi) west of České Budějovice. It lies in the Bohemian Forest and in the Šumava Protected Landscape Area. The highest point is at 1,054 m (3,458 ft) above sea level.

## History

The first written mention of Kubova Huť is from 1728. Originally, the village was a settlement of glassmakers.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 153 | — |
| 1880 | 129 | −15.7% |
| 1890 | 137 | +6.2% |
| 1900 | 140 | +2.2% |
| 1910 | 141 | +0.7% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 135 | −4.3% |
| 1930 | 151 | +11.9% |
| 1950 | 55 | −63.6% |
| 1961 | 56 | +1.8% |
| 1970 | 56 | +0.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 64 | +14.3% |
| 1991 | 67 | +4.7% |
| 2001 | 114 | +70.1% |
| 2011 | 89 | −21.9% |
| 2021 | 78 | −12.4% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Kubova Huť is located on the railway line Volary–Strakonice. Its railway station is the highest in the country at 995 m (3,264 ft) above sea level.

## Sights

There are no monuments in the municipality.
# Fuitina

The Sicilian term fuitina (literally: "sudden escape"; plural fuitini, Italian plural fuitine) refers to a practice that used to be common in Sicily and other areas of Southern Italy, whereby a young couple would elope in order to get married against the wishes of their families. The intent is that the prolonged absence of the fugitive couple would let their families presume that sexual intercourse had occurred and thus force them to consent to a so-called "rehabilitating wedding" (Italian: matrimonio riparatore). While elopements of young couples are reported to be widespread in places such as Palermo (over 300 have been reported to occur each year), most of them only bear a surface relationship with traditional fuitine, as they are not necessarily aimed at a rehabilitating marriage.
In principle, the term fuitina refers only to the consensual elopement of a couple, but the practice also lends itself to be appealed to in order to camouflage actual kidnapping, and possibly rape, of the bride-to-be.
A prominent example is the 1966 trial for rape where the lawyer of the kidnapper and rapist of Franca Viola maintained that the woman had actually consented to a fuitina. The trial had a wide resonance in Italy, as Franca Viola refused the "rehabilitating" marriage. The trial contributed to spread the awareness that because of the existing social ties (and specifically, the widespread notion that a woman who lost her virginity was not "worthy" to be married), women who suffered rape were often pressed to marry their rapists (especially, but not exclusively, if they got pregnant), or they would lose their honour and be marginalized by the society. The aftermath of her trial ruled that rapists were no longer able to avoid punishment through the marriage of their victims. In 1981, Italy repealed Article 544.
The Italian Criminal Code (art. 573) prosecutes (consensual) fuitina if the bride-to-be is a minor, equating it to the kidnapping of a consenting minor.
# Gottfried von Meiss

Gottfried von Meiss (22 September 1909 – 22 December 2000) was a Swiss fencer. He competed at the 1936 and 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Latvian Supercup

The Latvian Supercup (Latvian: Latvijas Superkauss) is a one-match annual football competition. The two participating clubs are holders of the Latvian Higher League champions title and the Latvian Football Cup. The fixture is played before the start of the season.
The first at so far only Supercup game was held in 2013, when Daugava defeated Skonto at Celtnieks Stadium in Daugavpils. SInce 2014, the competition has been suspended.
In June 2020, the Latvian Football Federation said it plans to revive the competition, naming it after the late coach Jānis Skredelis, either in the summer of 2020 or 2021.

## Winners

Key :
| † | Winner won after extra time |
| § | Winner by penalties |
| * | Winner of Latvian Higher League |
| ‡ | Winner of Latvian Football Cup |
Latvian Supercup matches :
| Year | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Venue | City | Attendance |
| 2013 | Daugava* | 4–1 | Skonto$^‡$ | Celtnieks Stadium | Daugavpils | 600 |
| 2014 | Canceled | Canceled | Canceled | Canceled | Canceled | Canceled |
| 2015–2020 | Competition suspended | Competition suspended | Competition suspended | Competition suspended | Competition suspended | Competition suspended |
| 2024 | Riga FC*§ | 1–1 (5–4) p | FK RFS$^‡$ | LNK Sporta Parks | Riga | 535 |
# Johann Carl Enslen

Johann Carl Enslen, a German landscape painter, who was born in 1769 and died in 1849, was well known in his time for his panoramas, which were the first introduced into Germany. He worked with his son Carl Georg Enslen.

## Sources

* Thieme-Becker: Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler, vol. 10, Leipzig 1914, p. 568
Attribution:
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Enslen, Johann Karl". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
# Shirazi-ye Olya

Shirazi-ye Olya (Persian: شيرازي عليا, also Romanized as Shīrāzī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Shīrāzī) is a village in Qarah Su Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 8 families.
# Mordeh Shureh-ye Posht Tang

Mordeh Shureh-ye Posht Tang (Persian: مرده شور پشت تنگ, also Romanized as Mordeh Shūreh-ye Posht Tang; also known as Mordeh Shūr Khāneh) is a village in Kakavand-e Sharqi Rural District, Kakavand District, Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 16 families.
# Ekam Eco Solutions

Ekam Eco Solutions is an Indian startup company that markets products related to ecological sanitation and sustainable living. The company is best known for its Zerodor waterless urinal technology and CARE Natural Housekeeping & Home Care Solutions.

## History

Ekam Eco Solutions was founded in May 2013 by Uttam Banerjee, an alumnus of IIT Delhi, and Vijayaraghavan Chariar, Professor at the IIT Delhi Centre for Rural Development. It was incubated at IIT Delhi.

### Zerodor Waterless Urinal Technology

Chariar, Ramesh Sakthivel, and Banerjee developed a mechanism which attaches to existing urinal bowls, allowing the urinals to operate without flushing and to release less odour than a conventional urinal. This eliminates the need for about 100,000 litres of fresh water per year for each public urinal, resulting in a corresponding reduction in water bills and lower sewage volumes.
Ekam began selling its first product in October 2013. It is called "Zerodor", both because urinals fitted with the technology produce little odour, but also because the product requires no replaceable parts or consumable chemicals. When retrofitted to existing urinal pans it is an inexpensive way to improve urinals in institutions and public spaces.
Because the resulting urine is not diluted, it can more easily be collected for use as organic fertilizer for plants.
The company has more than 7,000 installations as of 2016.
That Zerodor is a mechanical system and does not have any consumables makes it more suitable as a waterless urinal system compared to other mechanisms in the market where there are recurring costs involved.

### CARE - Natural Home Care Solutions

Care is a product line of cleaning and deodorizing solutions that are non-toxic, biodegradable, safe and free of harmful chemicals.
List of available solutions under the brand:
* Toilet Cleaner
* Floor Cleaner
* Multi Purpose Cleaner
* Drain Cleaners
* Sewage Treatment Solutions (for STP and Septic Tanks)
* Water Based Fresheners
* Food Waste Composting Solutions

## Awards and recognition

* Titan Design Impact Awards 2018
* Sewage Treatment Products recognized and approved by Ministry of Jal Shakti headed by Dr. Mashelkar Committee
* Millennium Alliance Award 2014 in the field of Water and Sanitation.
* Winner of DST – Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth Program 2014.
# Paul Brecken

Paul Ralph Brecken (September 28, 1886, in Halifax, Nova Scotia – September 4, 1960, in Calgary, Alberta) was a municipal and provincial level politician and World War I veteran and teacher from Alberta, Canada.

## Early life

Brecken completed high school in 1908 and went on to the University of Toronto in 1909 where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Science. He married Jessie Copeland from Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1910 and they moved to Calgary before the outbreak of World War I, where he became general secretary of the YMCA.

## Military career

Brecken left to fight overseas as an officer for the Canadian Expeditionary Force 4th Brigade in 1914. He returned home after being wounded in action in 1918; he became a longtime member of the Royal Canadian Legion after his military career.

## Teaching career

After Brecken returned home from the war, he went back to school attending Normal School in Edmonton, Alberta, graduating in 1921.
He then became a teacher at Crescent Heights High School in Calgary where he taught from 1921 to 1951. He got involved in city politics near the end of his teaching career, winning a seat as an alderman. During his teaching years, he became a member and later General Secretary of the Kiwanis Capital District, and was also involved with the Canadian Club.

## Municipal politics

Brecken served two stints as an alderman for the City of Calgary. The first was for one year from January 1, 1948, to December 31, 1949. He then served as alderman from January 1, 1952, until his death on September 4, 1960. He simultaneously served as a provincial representative from 1952 to 1955.

## Provincial politics

Brecken was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as a member of the Conservative party in the 1952 Alberta general election and served one term before being defeated in the 1955 Alberta general election.
# Tupuzabad, Silvaneh

Tupuzabad (Persian: توپوزاباد, also Romanized as Tūpūzābād) is a village in Margavar Rural District, Silvaneh District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 228, in 40 families.
# Vishva Malla

Vishva Malla (Nepali: विश्व मल्ल) (died 1560) was a Malla dynasty king of Bhaktapur, Nepal from 1547 to 1560. Unlike many of the other Malla rulers, there is little evidence today that he was particularly active in construction developments in Durbar Square in Bhaktapur.
# Guy Bariffi

Guy Bariffi (4 September 1900 – 28 February 1968) was a Swiss racing cyclist. He rode in the 1926 Tour de France.
# Eugène Hubert

Eugène Hubert (Sury-en-Vaux, 1846–1904) was a 19th-century French journalist and playwright.
Graduated in law, he became a banker and later decided to devote himself to journalism and literature. His plays were presented at Théâtre du Château-d'Eau and Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens.

## Works

* 1872: Les Actrices de Paris, quatrains, with Christian de Trogoff
* 1876: Revendication, three-act drama, with de Trogoff
* 1878: Populus, drama in 5 acts and 8 tableaux, including a prologue, with Ulric de Fonvielle and Christian de Trogoff
* 1879: Le loup de Kevergan, drama in five acts and tableaux, with Émile Rochard
* 1879: Péchés de jeunesse, poems
* 1898: Ninette, three-act opéra comique, with Charles Clairville and de Trogoff
* theatre
* France
* This article about a French dramatist or playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
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* v
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# Ekeby oak tree

The Ekeby oak tree (Swedish: Ekebyhovseken) is an oak tree in Ekerö outside Stockholm, Sweden, close to Ekebyhov Castle. It is the largest living deciduous tree in Sweden by volume.
The Ekeby oak is approximately 500 years old. It was declared a natural monument in 1956. There are many old trees around Ekebyhov Castle; the oak, sometimes called Ekeröjätten (the Ekerö giant) stands alone in a field south of the castle, where it had no competition for space from other trees. It was measured in 2008 as the largest tree by volume in Sweden.
# Bur, Yemen

Bur (Arabic: بور) is a village and district in eastern Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate.
# Percival Baker

Percival Baker (January 11, 1867 – July 19, 1921) was a farmer, church minister, and provincial politician in Alberta, Canada. He was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1921 provincial election, however died the next day from injuries sustained weeks before.

## Early life

Baker was born in York County, Ontario in 1867. He attended Kentucky University. After graduating from University he joined the ministry of the Baptist Church and served for many years. He moved to Alberta in 1908 and took up farming.

## Political career and death

He ran as an Independent in the 1913 provincial election, and was defeated by Liberal incumbent William A. Campbell.
Baker became heavily involved in the United Farmers of Alberta eventually becoming Vice President for the organization.
He successfully ran in the 1921 provincial election, for the United Farmers of Alberta. Baker faced Campbell again, however this time Campbell was attempting to regain his seat, after losing it in the 1917 election to a Conservative candidate. Baker won despite being unable to campaign for the last weeks of the election, he won his district of Ponoka by a large majority. The accident that claimed his life happened about three weeks prior, on his farm, while chopping down trees.
After the accident he was transferred to the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, and died from injuries about 24 hours after his victory was announced. Prior to his death it was speculated he would have been a member of the United Farmers governing cabinet.
Future Premier John Edward Brownlee would replace him as the representative for his electoral district. Brownlee was acclaimed in a by-election held on December 9, 1921.
Baker was a family man, at the time of his death he left behind a wife and 7 children (2 daughters and 5 sons).
# Stuckange

Stuckange (French pronunciation:; German: Stückingen; Lorraine Franconian: Stickéng/Stëckéng) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Bounty Trough

The Bounty Trough is a major submerged feature, a bathymetric depression, of the oceanography of the southwest Pacific Ocean. It is located off the east coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is named after the Bounty Islands near the Eastern end of the trough. The islands, in turn, are named after HMS Bounty.

## Extent

The Bounty Trough is located to the South of the Chatham Rise, and North of the Campbell Plateau. It runs East-West for a distance of some 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the deep ocean between the Chatham and Bounty Island groups. The Bounty Trough's western extremity is less than 50 kilometres (31 mi) off the South Island's coast. It covers an area of approximately 100,000 km$^2$ (38,610 sq mi).
Much of The Bounty Trough lies at depths of 2,000–3,000 metres (6,562–9,843 ft), and it marks an indentation in the "coastline" of the largely submerged continent of Zealandia.

## Geology

A curious feature of the Bounty Trough is that it marks the continuation of several main river features in the South Island – the "Otago Fan Complex". This is a distinct series of channels existing in the base of the trough which is an extension of the Clutha and Waitaki River systems.
Both these rivers, especially the Clutha, are noted for their fast flow. This alone would not account for the existence of the channels, though much of their current contours was probably shaped by sediment during the ice ages.
The channel system is the remnant of a Cretaceous (failed) rift formed via ocean-floor spreading at the time when Zealandia separated from Antarctica between 130 and 85 Mya. The channels provide a major transportation system for sediments from the major rivers in the eastern South Island. At the Eastern end of the rift is the abyssal Bounty Fan.
In July 2012, the NIWA research ship RV Tangaroa mapped the area finding a structure of nine canyons ending in "a large deep apron-shaped sediment deposit in the Bounty Trough". The survey considered development of a biodiversity assessment of the area which would then support "potential environmental effects of any oil drilling, and help establish environmental guidelines specific to the area". The mapping also found "pock marks" some 20 m (66 ft) deep by 200 m (656 ft) in diameter in the margins which may indicate methane seepage. The survey could support petrochemical exploration, though, Roberts et al. found evidence of "an extensive and effective petroleum system" to be "conjectural".
Both the Otago and abyssal fans, and the rift itself developed from the Kaikoura Orogeny and were greatly accelerated after about 2.5 Ma, with the onset of global glacial/interglacial climatic cycles and the development of an icecap along the alpine region of South Island. The glacial periods contributed large amounts of sediment to the trough. Sediment is not being deposited now in the same way as it was during the glacial period.
# Hans Roth (wrestler)

Hans Roth (6 August 1903 – 7 November 1964) was a Swiss wrestler. He competed in the freestyle heavyweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.