OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Globe of Science and Innovation

The Globe of Science and Innovation is a visitor center, designed to inform visitors about the significant research being carried out at CERN. The wooden structure, which is 27 metres (89 ft) high and 40 metres (130 ft) in diameter, is a symbol of planet earth and was originally built for Expo.02 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 2004, it was moved to its current location in Meyrin in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

## History of the Globe

The globe started life as the Palais de l'Equilibre at Expo.02 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. It was designed by Geneva architects, Hervé Dessimoz and Thomas Büchi, as a model of sustainable building. It is 27 metres (89 ft) high and 40 metres (130 ft) in diameter, roughly the size of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The globe consists of two concentric spheres nested within one another, made up of five different types of timber: Scotch pine, Douglas pine, spruce, larch, and Canadian maple. The outer shell is composed of wooden slats, and two ramps run between the two spheres, allowing visitors to see out. The inner sphere is made of 18 wooden arches, covered by wooden panels; this forms the walls of the globe's interior. This construction model enables the globe to act as a natural carbon sink.
After Expo.02 was closed, the Swiss Confederation donated the Palais de l'Equilibre to CERN, and it was renamed the Globe of Science and Innovation. It was moved and re-opened in 2004, in time for the 50th anniversary of CERN. In 2010, the globe was renovated and its new, permanent exhibit, Universe of Particles, was opened.
The Globe hosts CERN, private and public events on a regular basis.

## Exhibitions

The Universe of Particles exhibition has permanently closed after the inauguration of the Science Gateway, hosting three new interactive exhibitions. In October 2024, the first temporary exhibition on the ground floor of the Globe opened, which is a collaboration between CERN and the Natural History Museum of Geneva.

### Second floor

The second floor, which is reached by a third walking ramp, is a high-ceiling multipurpose space that is used for events such as lectures, films, and press conferences. The walls along the ramp tell the story of the universe from Big Bang to the present day.
# Capsazepine

Capsazepine is a synthetic antagonist of capsaicin. It is used as a biochemical tool in the study of TRPV ion channels.

## Pharmacology

Capsazepine blocks the painful sensation of heat caused by capsaicin (the active ingredient of chilli pepper) which activates the TRPV1 ion channel. Capsazepine is therefore considered to be a TRPV1 antagonist. The TRPV1 channel functions as a pain and temperature sensor in mammalians. Capsazepine blocks the activation of TRPV1 channels by other chemicals, but not by other painful stimuli such as heat. Depending on the pharmacological assay, the IC$_{50}$ is in the nanomolar to low micromolar range. In addition to its effects on TRPV1 channels, it was also shown to activate the noxious chemical sensor TRPA1 channel, inhibit the cold activated TRPM8 channel, voltage-activated calcium channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It mainly serves as a tool to study the TRPV1 ion channel.

## Development

Capsazepine was discovered by a research group working for Novartis. Its synthesis and chemical properties were published in 1994. It was found by modification of the chemical backbone of capsaicin.

## Use in biotechnology

By incorporation of an azobenzene unit, a photoswitchable version of capsazepine (AC4) was developed in 2013 that allows for optical control of TRPV1 channels with light.
# Stephen Engel

Stephen Engel is an American television producer and writer. He is an executive producer of two Disney Channel original series A.N.T. Farm and Mighty Med.
He wrote several television series such as Dream On, Mad About You, Alright Already, Just Shoot Me!, The War at Home, A.N.T. Farm and The Big Bang Theory.
Engel is an alumnus of Tufts University and New York University School of Law.
# Spitzer resistivity

The Spitzer resistivity (or plasma resistivity), also called 'Spitzer-Harm resistivity', is an expression describing the electrical resistance in a plasma, which was first formulated by Lyman Spitzer in 1950. The Spitzer resistivity of a plasma decreases in proportion to the electron temperature as $T_{\text{e}}^{-3/2}$.
The inverse of the Spitzer resistivity $\eta _{\rm {Sp}}$ is known as the Spitzer conductivity $\sigma _{\rm {Sp}}=1/\eta _{\rm {Sp}}$.

## Formulation

The Spitzer resistivity is a classical model of electrical resistivity based upon electron-ion collisions and it is commonly used in plasma physics. The Spitzer resistivity (in units of ohm-meter) is given by:
    $\eta _{\rm {Sp}}={\frac {4{\sqrt {2\pi }}}{3}}{\frac {Ze^{2}m_{\text{e}}^{1/2}\ln \Lambda }{\left(4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\right)^{2}\left(k_{\text{B}}T_{\text{e}}\right)^{3/2}}},$
where $Z$ is the ionization of nuclei, $e$ is the electron charge, $m_{\text{e}}$ is the electron mass, $\ln \Lambda$ is the Coulomb logarithm, $\varepsilon _{0}$ is the electric permittivity of free space, $k_{\text{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant, and $T_{\text{e}}$ is the electron temperature (in Kelvin).
One way to convert the $\eta _{\rm {Sp}}$ of a plasma column to its resistance is to multiply by the length of the column and divide by its area.
In CGS units, the expression is given by:
    $\eta _{\rm {Sp}}={\frac {4{\sqrt {2\pi }}}{3}}{\frac {Ze^{2}m_{\text{e}}^{1/2}\ln \Lambda }{\left(k_{\text{B}}T_{\text{e}}\right)^{3/2}}}.$ |$^{[needtoindicatehowtoputtheresultin1/Ohm-cmorSiemens/m]}$
This formulation assumes a Maxwellian distribution, and the prediction is more accurately determined by
    $\eta _{\rm {Sp}}^{\prime }=\eta _{\rm {Sp}}F(Z),$
where the factor $F(1)\approx 1/1.96$ and the classical approximation (i.e. not including neoclassical effects) of the $Z$ dependence is:
    $F(Z)\approx {\frac {1+1.198Z+0.222Z^{2}}{1+2.966Z+0.753Z^{2}}}$.
In the presence of a strong magnetic field (the collision rate is small compared to the gyrofrequency), there are two resistivities corresponding to the current perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field. The transverse Spitzer resistivity is given by $\eta _{\perp }=\eta _{Sp}$, where the rotation keeps the distribution Maxwellian, effectively removing the factor of $F(Z)$.
The parallel current is equivalent to the unmagnetized case, $\eta _{\parallel }=\eta _{\rm {Sp}}^{\prime }$.

## Disagreements with observation

Measurements in laboratory experiments and computer simulations have shown that under certain conditions, the resistivity of a plasma tends to be much higher than the Spitzer resistivity. This effect is sometimes known as anomalous resistivity or neoclassical resistivity. It has been observed in space and effects of anomalous resistivity have been postulated to be associated with particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection. There are various theories and models that attempt to describe anomalous resistivity and they are frequently compared to the Spitzer resistivity.
# Edelweiss (magazine)

Edelweiss was a Swiss monthly women's magazine published in Zürich, Switzerland. The magazine was part of Ringier. It was among the best-selling women's magazines of Switzerland. It was in circulation between 1998 and 2015.

## History and profile

Edelweiss was launched by the media company Ringier Romandy in 1998. The magazine was published on a monthly basis. It was headquartered in Zurich and was printed in German. Later its headquarters was moved to Lausanne.
Laurence Desbordes was appointed editor in chief in 2005. In 2008 a sister magazine of Edelweiss, Edelweiss Men, was started. In 2013 Edelweiss sold 19,048 copies. In 2014 its readers were 62,000.
In May 2014 Alexandre Lanz was named as the editor-in-chief of the magazine. In 2015 Edelweiss merged into Bolero, its sister magazine.
# Peirce Geodetic Monument

The Peirce Geodetic Monument is a marker honoring the late American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced "purse"). It is located on Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, and was installed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. National Geodetic Survey.

## Description

The Peirce Geodetic Monument is made of brass and black granite. It is cylindrical in shape, 3 feet (0.91 m) tall and 1.5 feet (0.46 m) diameter, with a top that tapers to a point topped with a metal disc. A metal grating 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter surrounds the base in two sections.
A plaque commemorating Charles Sanders Peirce is included on the side of the monument. A second plaque is located on the concrete bench behind the monument and describes the sculpture's functionality as a geodetic marker. The monument's metal top piece includes inscriptions of the exact latitude, longitude, and altitude that is useful for map creators, architects, landscapers, engineers, and scientists. There are other markers by the Indianapolis government buildings, but the Peirce marker "will serve as a vertical and horizontal reference point".

## History

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. National Geodetic Survey donated and placed the marker on campus to honor Charles Sanders Peirce's contributions to multiple disciplines and IUPUI's work to compile his unpublished manuscripts. IUPUI's Peirce Edition Project has been ongoing since 1976. The IUPUI project is an attempt to publish Charles Sanders Peirce's hand-written manuscripts and put them in chronological order. As of April 2010, Volumes 1-6 and 8 of the anticipated thirty volumes have been published. The artist or manufacturer of the monument is unknown.
The IUPUI Peirce Monument is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's third marker to honor Peirce. While the location history is unknown the top of the marker is dated 1987 and it was installed June 30, 1987. It is currently located on "the southeast corner of the quadrangle bounded by the education/social work building, the lecture hall, and the old library".
A Museum Studies course at IUPUI recently undertook the project of researching and reporting on the condition of 40 outdoor sculptures on the university campus. Peirce Geodetic Monument was included in this movement. This documentation was influenced by the successful Save Outdoor Sculpture! 1989 campaign organized by Heritage Preservation: The National Institute of Conservation partnered with the Smithsonian Institution, specifically the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Throughout the 1990s, over 7,000 volunteers nationwide have cataloged and assessed the condition of over 30,000 publicly accessible statues, monuments, and sculptures installed as outdoor public art across the United States.
# John Godkin Giles

John Godkin Giles (May 17, 1834 – March 12, 1903) was an Ontario medical doctor and political figure. He represented Leeds South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1873 to 1874.
Giles was born in Farmersville, near Napanee, Ontario, in 1834, one of ten children born to William Godkin Giles (1789–1867) and Sarah Richards (1791–1867). He was trained as a medical doctor and, on August 26, 1871, he was appointed as an Associate Coroner for the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. He was married in Appleton, Ontario, on July 6, 1864, to Caroline (Carrie) Teskey (1840–1924) of Ramsay Township and they had one daughter.
Giles was elected in a by-election called when Herbert Stone MacDonald, the sitting Conservative MPP resigned to become a Judge. Giles served for only one year and his Legislative Service included membership on only one Standing Committee (Private Bills). In 1874, he was defeated for the Conservative nomination by Robert Henry Preston who went on to win in the general election held early the next year.
He died in Leeds County, Ontario, in 1903.

## Electoral history

vteOntario provincial by-election, December 1873: Leeds South Resignation of Herbert Stone MacDonald :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | John Godkin Giles | Acclaimed |
| Source: History of the Electoral Districts, Legislatures and Ministries of the Province of Ontario$^{:194}$ |||||||
# East Jensen Island

MacMillan Island (Danish: MacMillan Ø), also known as East Jensen Island, is an uninhabited island of the Lincoln Sea in Peary Land, far northern Greenland.
The island was formerly named after Danish zoologist Adolf Severin Jensen (1866 - 1953), professor at the University of Copenhagen, who had carried out extensive research on the fisheries of West Greenland, and who was a member of the committee of the 1931–34 Three-year Expedition (Treårsekspeditionen).

## Geography

East Jensen Island is located off the western side of Hazenland in the De Long Fjord. The island has an area of 163.7 km$^2$ (63.2 sq mi) and a shoreline of 57.2 km (35.5 mi).
Its western shore forms the eastern side of Adolf Jensen Fjord (Qajuutaq), beyond which lies Borup Island (West Jensen Island). Small and narrow Inge Island, located at the mouth of De Long Fjord lies 3 km to the north off the northern end of East Jensen Island.
* Map of Northern Ellesmere Island and far Northern Greenland.
# Henry Percy, Earl Percy

Henry Algernon George Percy, Earl Percy (21 January 1871 – 30 December 1909), sometimes styled as Lord Percy or, until 1899, Lord Warkworth, was a British Conservative politician from the Percy family. He held political office under Arthur Balfour as Under-Secretary of State for India and Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs before his early death in 1909.

## Background

Percy was born at 25 Grosvenor Square in Mayfair, the eldest son of Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland, and his wife Lady Edith, daughter of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll. Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, and Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle, were his younger brothers.
He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

## Political career

Percy was returned to Parliament for Kensington South in a November 1895 by-election, replacing the ennobled Sir Algernon Borthwick. In August 1902 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for India in the Conservative administration of Arthur Balfour, a post he held until 1903, and was then Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under Balfour from 1903 to 1905.

## Personal life

Lord Percy died in Paris in December 1909, aged 38, from pleurisy caused by pneumonia. The Paris correspondent for The Times reported:
   Lord Percy, who had arrived in Paris shortly before Christmas, contracted a chill a few days ago, which ultimately developed into an attack of pneumonia. He had rallied to some extent yesterday afternoon, and it was hoped that a change for the better had set in, but early this morning a fresh crisis took place, to which he succumbed.
His brother Lord William Percy and sister Lady Victoria Percy, who had traveled to Paris when they learned of their brother's condition, were with him when he died.
However, as the wealthy Lord Percy had been staying at the cheap Hotel du Buffet-Nord at the Gare du Nord, under the name Mr. Percy, his sudden death resulted in a conspiracy theory that he had been mortally wounded in a duel. A decade later, unfounded rumours circulated that he had been murdered on the orders of Winston Churchill, who was unpopular at the time because of his role as mastermind of the disastrous Gallipoli campaign during the First World War, when he served as First Lord of the Admiralty.
Rumours alleged that Percy had been the lover of Clementine Hozier, whom Churchill married in 1908. Churchill's mild-mannered brother Jack was whispered to have been the unlikely perpetrator of this act, because Winston was "too cowardly" to do the deed himself.
Percy was unmarried. He died intestate and with property worth more than £210,000 (equivalent to £27,078,000 in 2023), which was left to the administration of his father. His brother Alan became heir to their father in the dukedom.
# Mikhail Chopov

Mikhail Chopov (Russian: Чопов Михаил Алексеевич; born June 1, 2006) is a Kazakhstani professional basketball player who currently plays for the Champion team, based in Almaty, playing in the Higher Basketball League of Kazakhstan. Chopov is also a member of the Kazakhstan national basketball team at the U18 level.

## Early life and career

Mikhail Chopov began his basketball career at a young age, which led to his recruitment by the TwoSteps team in 2020.

## Club career
### TwoSteps Team (2020–2024)

From 2020 to 2024, Mikhail Chopov played for the TwoSteps team, where he was an important player in the Kazakhstan Championship.

### Champion (2024–present)

In 2024, Chopov joined the Champion team, based in Almaty, which participates in the Higher Basketball League of Kazakhstan.

## International career

Mikhail Chopov represents Kazakhstan at the U18 level. He has participated in the U18 Asia Basketball Cup in Amman, Jordan.
The Kazakhstan U18 basketball team secured their place in the upcoming FIBA U18 Asia Basketball Cup, set to take place in Jordan from September 2 to 9, 2024, after winning the Central Asia qualifying tournament in Bishkek. During the qualifiers, Kazakhstan achieved victories over Kyrgyzstan (59–42) and Uzbekistan (113–54). In the game against Uzbekistan, Mikhail Chopov was a key contributor, scoring 12 points.
During the FIBA U18 Asia Cup, Chopov scored a three-pointer in the game against Japan, showcasing his long-range shooting ability.
# Douglas Pettigrew

Douglas Bonar Pettigrew (December 16, 1917 – October 18, 1973) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as member of the Progressive Conservative party from 1952 to 1960.
# Dad Shah Mohammad Pahlavan

Dad Shah Mohammad Pahlavan (Persian: دادشاه محمد پهلوان, also Romanized as Dād Shāh Moḩammad Pahlavān; also known as Dād Shāh and Dādsheh) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 110, in 26 families.
# Billy Rhodes (Welsh rugby league)

William Rhodes (birth unknown – death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Pontypridd and Warrington, as a wing or centre.

## Playing career
### International honours

Billy Rhodes won a cap for Wales while at Pontypridd in 1926.

### County honours

Billy Rhodes played on the wing, and scored two tries in Monmouthshire's 14-18 defeat by Glamorgan in the non-County Championship match during the 1926–27 season at Taff Vale Park, Pontypridd on Saturday 30 April 1927.

### Club career

Billy Rhodes made his début for Warrington on Saturday 18 December 1926, and he played his last match for Warrington on Saturday 30 March 1929.
# Vadim Yefremovich

Vadim Arsenyevich Yefremovich (or Efremovich) (Russian: Вади́м Арсе́ньевич Ефре́мович; 16 October 1903 – 1 May 1989) was a Soviet mathematician.
Yefremovich was a member of the Moscow Topological School and specialized in the geometric aspects of general topology. He introduced the notion of proximity spaces at the First International Topological Conference in Moscow in 1935. He was imprisoned from 1937 to 1944, and did not publish on proximity spaces until 1951, at which point the theory was developed rapidly by Efremovič and associates.
Yefremovich also introduced the notion of "volume invariants" for "equimorphisms" (that is, uniformly bicontinuous) on metric spaces. These have proven to be very important in the study of manifolds and hyperbolic geometry.
# Motif

Generally, a motif is a recurring element or theme in a work of art or media.
Motif may refer to:

## General concepts

* Motif (chess composition), an element of a move in the consideration of its purpose
* Motif (folkloristics), a recurring element that creates recognizable patterns in folklore and folk-art traditions
* Motif (music), a salient recurring fragment or succession of notes
* Motif (narrative), any recurring element in a story that has symbolic significance or the reason behind actions
* Motif (textile arts), a recurring element or fragment that, when joined, creates a larger work
* Motif (visual arts), a repeated theme or pattern

## Biochemistry

* Sequence motif, a sequence pattern of nucleotides in a DNA sequence or amino acids in a protein
* Short linear motif, a stretch of protein sequence that mediates protein–protein interaction
* Structural motif, a pattern in a protein structure formed by the spatial arrangement of amino acids

## Other uses

* Motif (2019 film), 2019 Malaysian Malay-language crime drama film
* Motif (album), a 2008 album by guitarist Steve Howe
* Motif (band), a Swedish experimental jazz band
* Motif (software), a GUI specification and widget toolkit for Unix
* Network motif, patterns (sub-graphs) that recur more often than expected
* Yamaha Motif, a series of music workstations
# Sergei Bobokhov

Sergei Nikolaevich Bobokhov (Russian: Сергей Николаевич Бобохов; 1858 – 16 November 1889) was a Russian revolutionary, who committed suicide as a protest against the flogging of woman comrade in Siberia.

## Biography

Born into a wealthy Russian family, he was educated at a gymnasium in Saratov, and as teenager joined the 'to the people' movement when young middle class radicals visited villages hoping to improve the lot of Russian peasants. Unlike many others, he avoided arrest, and in 1875 entered university in St-Petersburg, but was expelled in 1876 and sent back to Saratov for taking part in a student protest. The following year, he was exiled to Arkhangelsk for spreading populist propaganda. He attempted to escape, but was caught on the road. He was accused of shooting at the police during his arrest, though he claimed that he had fired in the air, hoping that he would be tried in public and would be able to use his trial to expose the arbitrariness of Tsarist rule. He was sentenced to death by a military tribunal in Arkhangel, but because of his youth - he was aged 19 - the sentence was commuted to 20 years hard labour in Kara katorga. He spent ten years in the Kara convict settlement, working in the mines. On hearing of the death of the political prisoner Nadezhda Sigida, who had been subjected to 100 lashes, he was one of 20 male prisoners who poisoned themselves in protest, on 15 November 1889. Most survived, but Bobokhov died the following day.
# Ploughing match

A ploughing match is a contest between people who each plough part of a field. Nowadays there are usually classes for horse-drawn ploughs and for tractor ploughing. Points are awarded for straightness and neatness of the resulting furrows.
The annual 3-day long Irish National Ploughing Championships has grown into one of the largest outdoor events in the world, with commercial exhibits and a significant national media presence.
In Ontario, the International Plowing Match is an important rural event.
# Henry Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland

Henry Alan Walter Richard Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland (1 July 1953 – 31 October 1995), styled Earl Percy until 1988, was a British peer from the Percy family.
He was born at Syon House, the eldest son and heir of Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland, and his wife, the former Lady Elizabeth Montagu Douglas Scott, daughter of the 8th Duke of Buccleuch. He was a godchild of Queen Elizabeth II. His other godparents included his uncle Lord Richard Percy, his aunt the Countess of Dalkeith, and the Countess of Cromer.
He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. After succeeding to the dukedom on the death of his father, 11 October 1988, he was noted for planting many trees at Syon House, the Ducal residence at Brentford; for an unsuccessful foray into film-making involving the Duke in front of and behind the camera; for romantic relationships with Naomi Campbell's mother, Valerie, and with American actress Barbara Carrera; and for excessive and adventurous drug taking.
Percy was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. He never married and died aged 42 from heart failure after an overdose of amphetamines.
He was succeeded to the Dukedom by his younger brother Lord Ralph Percy.