OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche

Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche (1920 – February 13, 1996) (Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ཨོ་རྒྱན་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, Wylie: sprul-sku o-rgyan rin-po-che) (Nepali: टुल्कु उर्ग्येन् रिन्पोचे) was a Buddhist master of the Kagyü and Nyingma lineages who lived at Nagi Gompa hermitage in Nepal. Urgyen Rinpoche was considered one of the greatest Dzogchen masters of his time.

## Life

Born in Nangchen, Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1920, he was recognized by Khakyab Dorje, 15th Karmapa Lama as the reincarnation of both the Chowang Tulku and Nubchen Sangye Yeshe, one of the 25 principal students of Padmasambhava.
Urgyen's father was Tsangsar Chimey Dorje, a vajrayana instructor who began giving Urgyen transmission for the Kangyur, the Buddha, and "The New Treasures of Chokgyur Lingpa." As he grew older, he studied Dzogchen with Samten Gyatso.
He had four sons, each of whom is now an important Buddhist teacher in his own right (Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche, Tsikey Chokling Rinpoche, Tsoknyi Rinpoche and Mingyur Rinpoche); among his grandchildren are Kyabgön Phakchok Rinpoche and Dilgo Khyentse Yangsi Rinpoche.
Urgyen spent 33 years at Nagi Gompa Hermitage, where he spent two decades in retreat, and eventually established six monasteries and retreat centers in Nepal. This included a monastery close to the Great Jarung Khashor Stupa in Boudhanath (Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling monastery). Another is the Tergar Osel Ling Monastery in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Urgyen Rinpoche died on the morning of February 13, 1996.

## Teaching

Tulku Urgyen was the author of the two-volume As It Is, which deals with the subject of emptiness. His main transmissions were the Chokling Tersar and the pointing-out instruction.
Buddhist teacher and writer Marcia Binder Schmidt wrote of him:
   Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche's special quality was to begin with the view rather than end with it; to train in devotion, compassion, and renunciation, perfecting the accumulations, and removing obscurations, all within the framework of the view. The practitioner was encouraged to see all these aspects of practice as the very expressions of the view itself. That was Tulku Urgyen's unique style.
Author and neuroscientist Sam Harris was a student of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche. Describing the Dzogchen instruction he received, Harris wrote:
   "The genius of Tulku Urgyen was that he could point out the nature of mind with precision and matter-of-factness of teaching a person how to thread a needle and could get an ordinary meditator like me to recognize that consciousness is intrinsically free of self... I came to Tulku Urgyen yearning for the experience of self-transcendence, and in a few minutes he showed me I had no self to transcend... After a few minutes, Tulku Urgyen simply handed me the ability to cut through the illusion of the self directly, even in ordinary states of consciousness. This instruction was, without question, the most important thing I have ever been explicitly taught by another human being. It has given me a way to escape the usual tides of psychological suffering - fear, anger, shame - in an instant."
# Symphyotrichum parviflorum

Symphyotrichum parviflorum (formerly Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum) is an annual and herbaceous plant commonly known as southwestern annual saltmarsh aster. It is native to Mexico, the Caribbean, most of Central America, Ecuador, and the southwestern United States. It is also known by the scientific name Symphyotrichum expansum.

## Description

Southwestern annual saltmarsh aster usually flowers from July through November, but sometimes into January. It has white, sometimes pink, ray florets surrounding yellow disk florets. As the plant is drying after pollination, each ray floret curls into 1 to 2 coils.

## Taxonomy

The basionym of Symphyotrichum parviflorum is Aster parviflorus, and it was first described by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ("Nees") in 1818. It also has been called Symphyotrichum expansum with the basionym Erigeron expansus and Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum.

## Distribution and habitat

Symphyotrichum parviflorum is native to Mexico, the Caribbean, most of Central America, Ecuador, and the southwestern United States. It is an introduced species in central Europe. Flora of North America reports an introduction of the species in Hawaii and Japan. It grows in marshy habitats and roadsides at 0–1,100 meters (0–3,600 feet), sometimes up to 4,000 m (13,100 ft), and it is often considered weedy.

## Conservation

As of December 2021, NatureServe gives no global status rank to this plant. It does rank it as Critically Imperiled in Nevada.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 Hassler 2021.
* 1 2 3 POWO 2021.
* 1 2 IPNI 2021.
* ↑ USDA 2014.
* 1 2 3 Brouillet et al. 2006.
* ↑ NatureServe 2021.
# 2024 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's team sprint

The Men's team sprint competition at the 2024 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on 16 October 2024.

## Results
### Qualifying

The qualifying was started at 13:52. The best eight teams advanced to the first round.
| Rank | Nation | Time | Behind | Notes |
| 1 | Netherlands Roy van den Berg Harrie Lavreysen Jeffrey Hoogland | 42.589 | | Q |
| 2 | Australia Ryan Elliott Leigh Hoffman Thomas Cornish | 42.993 | +0.404 | Q |
| 3 | Japan Yoshitaku Nagasako Kaiya Ota Yuta Obara | 42.998 | +0.409 | Q |
| 4 | Great Britain Joseph Truman Hayden Norris Harry Ledingham-Horn | 43.030 | +0.441 | Q |
| 5 | France Sébastien Vigier Rayan Helal Melvin Landerneau | 43.493 | +0.904 | Q |
| 6 | Colombia Rubén Murillo Kevin Quintero Santiago Ramírez | 43.852 | +1.263 | Q |
| 7 | Italy Stefano Minuta Mattia Predomo Matteo Bianchi | 43.906 | +1.317 | Q |
| 8 | Germany Nik Schroter Luca Spiegel Pete-Collin Flemming | 44.186 | +1.597 | Q |
| 9 | Canada Tyler Rorke Ryan Dodyk James Hedgcock | 44.203 | +1.614 | |
| 10 | Czech Republic Matěj Bohuslávek Dominik Topinka Martin Čechman | 44.245 | +1.656 | |
| 11 | Poland Daniel Rochna Konrad Burawski Maciej Bielecki | 44.488 | +1.899 | |
| 12 | Spain José Moreno Alejandro Martínez Ekain Jiménez | 44.563 | +1.974 | |
| 13 | Mexico Ridley Malo Jafet López Edgar Verdugo | 45.089 | +2.500 | |
| 14 | India Rojit Singh Esow Alben Ronaldo Laitonjam | 45.095 | +2.506 | |
| 15 | Ukraine Valentyn Varharakyn Bohdan Danylchuk Vladyslav Denysenko | 45.534 | +2.945 | |

### First round

The first round was started at 18:46.
First round heats were held as follows: Heat 1: 4th v 5th fastest Heat 2: 3rd v 6th fastest Heat 3: 2nd v 7th fastest Heat 4: 1st v 8th fastest
The heat winners were ranked on time, from which the top two advanced to the gold medal race and the other two proceeded to the bronze medal race.
| Heat | Rank | Nation | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Great Britain Joseph Truman Hayden Norris Harry Ledingham-Horn | 42.888 | QB |
| 1 | 2 | France Sébastien Vigier Rayan Helal Melvin Landerneau | 43.026 | |
| 2 | 1 | Japan Yoshitaku Nagasako Kaiya Ota Yuta Obara | 42.744 | QB |
| 2 | 2 | Colombia Rubén Murillo Kevin Quintero Santiago Ramírez | 43.389 | |
| 3 | 1 | Australia Ryan Elliott Leigh Hoffman Thomas Cornish | 42.617 | QG |
| 3 | 2 | Italy Stefano Minuta Mattia Predomo Matteo Bianchi | 44.042 | |
| 4 | 1 | Netherlands Roy van den Berg Harrie Lavreysen Jeffrey Hoogland | 42.260 | QG |
| 4 | 2 | Germany Nik Schroter Luca Spiegel Henric Hackmann | 43.714 | |

### Finals

The final was started at 19:36.
| Rank | Nation | Time | Behind |
| Gold medal race |||||
| | Netherlands Roy van den Berg Harrie Lavreysen Jeffrey Hoogland | 42.046 | |
| | Australia Ryan Elliott Leigh Hoffman Thomas Cornish | 42.673 | +0.627 |
| Bronze medal race |||||
| | Japan Yoshitaku Nagasako Kaiya Ota Yuta Obara | 42.877 | |
| 4 | Great Britain Joseph Truman Marcus Hiley Harry Ledingham-Horn | 43.322 | +0.445 |
# Dasyrhamphis

Dasyrhamphis is a genus of 'horse fly' belonging to the family Tabanidae subfamily Tabaninae.

## Species

* Dasyrhamphis algirus (Macquart, 1838)
* Dasyrhamphis anthracinus (Meigen & Wiedemann, 1820)
* Dasyrhamphis ater (Rossi, 1790)
* Dasyrhamphis carbonarius (Meigen, 1820)
* Dasyrhamphis denticornis (Enderlein, 1925)
* Dasyrhamphis franchinii Leclercq & Olsufiev, 1981
* Dasyrhamphis goleanus (Szilády, 1923)
* Dasyrhamphis insecutor (Austen, 1920)
* Dasyrhamphis kuhedenaensis Ježek, 1981
* Dasyrhamphis nigritus (Fabricius, 1794)
* Dasyrhamphis tomentosus (Macquart, 1846)
* Dasyrhamphis umbrinus (Wiedemann, 1820)
* Dasyrhamphis villosus (Macquart, 1838)
# Šandor Hodik

Šandor Hodik (Serbian Cyrillic: Шандор Ходик, Macedonian: Шандор Ходик; born 21 September 1965) is a Serbian-Macedonian handball player of ethnic Hungarian descent.

## Club career

Over the course of his career that spanned over 35 years, Hodik played for numerous teams, most notably Pelister. He also had multiple spells at both Jugović and Vojvodina. After playing for Sloga Doboj of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hodik returned to Serbia and helped Kolubara win the national cup in the 2008–09 season.
In March 2019, six months shy of his 54th birthday, Hodik came out of retirement to help his former club Kikinda in the Serbian Handball Super League. He would play for his parent club Potisje Ada in the 2019–20 season.

## International career

While playing for Pelister, Hodik accepted a call-up to represent Macedonia, making his major debut at the 1998 European Championship. He also participated in the 1999 World Championship.

## Honours
### Pelister

* Macedonian Handball Super League: 1997–98
* Macedonian Handball Cup: 1997–98, 1998–99

### Vojvodina

* Serbia and Montenegro Handball Super League: 2004–05
* Serbia and Montenegro Handball Cup: 2004–05

### Kolubara

* Serbian Handball Cup: 2008–09
# Italian Cycling Federation

The Italian Cycling Federation or FCI (in Italian: Federazione Ciclistica Italiana) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Italy.
The FCI is a member of the UCI and the UEC.

## History

The Italian Cycling Federation was born, under the name Unione Velocipedistica Italiana, in Pavia on December 6, 1885 through the union of 17 cycling clubs, already operating for some time in Italy in an autonomous form. In the second half of 1884, a year before the birth of the FCI, there were 25 regularly established cycling societies: the oldest of these was the Veloce Club Fiorentino in Florence, established in 1870, while Milan and Turin each hosted three velocipedes societies.
An initial attempt to unite and coordinate the activities of these sports clubs was made on the occasion of the competitions staged by the Sports Committee of the Italian General Exhibition in Turin, scheduled for August 23–25, 1884. At the initiative of lawyer Brignone, secretary of the VC Torino, representatives of twelve societies met and, after a complex and contentious meeting, signed minutes specifying, among other things, that the Unione Velocipedistica Italiana had been founded on August 26, 1884. This organization, however, never operated, having failed to resolve certain issues then detriments, such as issues related to professionalism, amateur activity and the headquarters of the fledgling organization.
In 1992 the Organisation stopped many riders from turning professional before the Olympic games road race as only amateurs could compete.

## Controversy

When Gino Bartali won the 1938 Tour de France, unlike with other victorious athletes at the time, the FCI did not celebrate his victory. Bartali was very Anti-fascism which did not bode well living in the Kingdom of Italy under the rule of Benito Mussolini. After not praising the Government for his victory Mussolini canceled a special medal ceremony and the head of the FCI did not attend his victory lap of the velodrome.

## Abuse

In 2019 an investigation was opened to look at the alleged psychological harassment by Women's National Team coach Edoardo Salvoldi. The alleged abuse was said to have started in 2005 when Savoldi joined the FCI. Silvio Martinello complained that a coach in the FCI was using "psychological conditioning" on athletes which he deemed inappropriate. Maila Andreotti, an athlete coached by Salvoldi came forward saying she quit cycling because of his methods.
# Jesse Whiteway

Jesse Whiteway (1863–1940) was a merchant and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Bay de Verde in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1908 to 1913 as a member of the People's Party.

## Biography

The son of Robert Whiteway, he was born in Musgrave Harbour in 1863, and was educated at the Wesleyan Academy in St. John's. Whiteway married Mary E. Strange. He began work with a dry goods firm as a teenager and, in 1886, went into business in partnership with a brother. With his sons, he opened his own business in 1918.
He was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1908, re-elected in 1909 but defeated when he ran for re-election in 1913. He was named to the Legislative Council of Newfoundland in 1919 but resigned later that same year to run unsuccessfully for the Bay de Verde seat in the assembly. Whiteway also served on the board of governors for the General Hospital.
He died on May 18, 1940.
# Zurich Concerts

Zurich Concerts is a double live album by Barry Guy and the London Jazz Composers' Orchestra featuring recordings of two large-scale compositions, one by Guy, the other by guest artist Anthony Braxton. The Guy work was recorded on November 11, 1987, at Rote Fabrik in Zürich, while the Braxton work was recorded on March 27, 1988, at the same location. The album was initially released on LP in 1988 by Intakt Records, and was reissued on CD in 1995.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
In a review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek wrote: "the attendees at these Zurich concerts were treated to the most intimate and prophetic of expressions in these two evenings. They were also given evidence of the very ground on which free improvisation and new composition stand linked to one another."
The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings noted that "this is one of the few occasions when [Braxton's] contact with British and European improvisors has seemed to yield a genuinely communicative music," and stated that "whereas Guy likes to work with existing sub-groups of the orchestra, Braxton layers compositions... in dense palimpsests."

## CD track listing
### Disc 1

* "Polyhymnia " (Barry Guy) – 37:30

### Disc 2

* "Composition 135 (+41, 63, 96), 136 (+96), 108B (+86, 96), 134 (+96)" (Anthony Braxton) – 56:47

## Personnel

* Barry Guy – bass (disc 2), conductor (disc 1)
* Anthony Braxton – conductor (disc 2)
* Evan Parker – reeds
* Paul Dunmall – reeds
* Peter McPhail – reeds
* Simon Picard – reeds
* Trevor Watts – reeds
* Henry Lowther – trumpet
* Jon Corbett – trumpet
* Marc Charig – cornet
* Alan Tomlinson – trombone
* Paul Rutherford – trombone
* Radu Malfatti – trombone
* Steve Wick – tuba
* Philipp Wachsmann – violin
* Howard Riley – piano
* Barre Phillips – bass (disc 1)
* Dave Holland – bass (disc 2)
* Paul Lytton – drums
* Tony Oxley – drums (disc 2)
# Geraldo de Oliveira

Geraldo de Oliveira (23 November 1919 – 26 May 1996) was a Brazilian athlete. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Sadrabad, Nishapur

Sadrabad (Persian: صدراباد, also Romanized as Şadrābād) is a village in Darbqazi Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 22 families.
# The Buffet (Chardin)

The Buffet is an oil-on-canvas still life painting executed in 1728 by Jean Siméon Chardin. It and The Ray were Chardin's reception pieces to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture; both are now in the Louvre.
# Mecyclothorax minutus

Mecyclothorax minutus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Castelnau in 1867.
# Guardian Angel (2014 film)

Guardian Angel (French: L'Ange gardien) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Jean-Sébastien Lord and released in 2014.
The film stars Guy Nadon as Normand, a man who works as a night security guard in an office building. One night he catches Nathalie (Marilyn Castonguay) and Guylain (Patrick Hivon) attempting a robbery; he chases them off, but is surprised when Nathalie returns a few weeks later to request his help because her relationship with Guylain is abusive. Meanwhile, he is attempting to salvage his troubled relationship with his wife Monique (Véronique Le Flaguais). The film was shot in Montreal, primarily in the Mile End.
The film premiered at the Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois in February 2014.
The film received two Prix Jutra nominations at the 17th Jutra Awards, for Best Actor (Nadon) and Best Supporting Actor (Hivon).
# Gilberto Andrade

Gilberto Garcia Andrade (9 November 1937 – 9 October 2000), also known as Gilberto or Gilberto Andrade, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Gilberto Andrade began his career at Aimoré, where he played with other great players such as Suly and Mengálvio, with whom he was called up to the Brazil national team. Afterwards he played for Internacional, Portuguesa, Grêmio, SER Caxias and EC São José.
Andrade also made 2 appearances for the Brazil national team in total, and scored one goal, during the 1960 Panamerican Championship.
# Salarabad, Miyan Darband

Salarabad (Persian: سالاراباد, also Romanized as Sālārābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41, in 12 families.
# Claretta (disambiguation)

Claretta (English title: Claretta Petacci) is a 1984 Italian historical drama film written and directed by Pasquale Squitieri.
Claretta may also refer to:
* Claretta (grape)
* Claretta and Ben (Italian: Permettete signora che ami vostra figlia?), a 1974 Italian comedy film directed by Gian Luigi Polidoro
* Clara Petacci (1912–1945), mistress of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini
# Nuruddin Sikandar Shah

Nuruddin Sikandar Shah (Bengali: নূরউদ্দীন সিকান্দর শাহ, Persian: نور الدین سکندر شاه) was the Sultan of Bengal in 1481 CE for a brief number of days.

## Early life and background

Sikandar was born in the 15th-century into a ruling class Bengali Muslim Sunni family known as the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, in the Bengal Sultanate. His father, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, was a descendant of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah - the founder of the ruling dynasty as well as the nation. Hailing from what is now eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan, Sikandar's family was of Sistani ancestral origin.

## Reign

Following the death of his nephew, Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah, Sikander rose to the throne though he did not retain this position for long. Historians Abdul Karim, Nizamuddin Ahmad and Ghulam Husain Salim indicate that Sikandar held the title for only a day or two, being removed almost immediately after his ascension because of his "lack of mental equilibrium". Banglapedia considers that Sikandar lost the confidence of the court nobles. Others suggest that his time as Sultan may have lasted for as long as two months.

## Legacy

Not much was known about Sikandar Shah for centuries other than a brief mentions of him in texts such as the Riyaz-us-Salatin where he is incorrectly referred to as the son of his predecessor. Recently, coins of Sikandar Shah minted from Dār ad-Darb (Treasury) were discovered in Mathanguri, Baksa, Assam. One coin is preserved in Münzkabinett, Dresden Castle, Germany while three can be found in Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka.
Nuruddin Sikandar Shah Ilyas Shahi :
| Preceded byYusuf Shah | Sultan of Bengal 1481 | Succeeded byFateh Shah |
# Socrates Chrestus

Socrates Chrestus (Greek: Σωκράτης ό Χρηστός; Chrestus (The Good) died 90–88 BC) was the second son of Nicomedes III of Bithynia. He usurped the Bithynian throne by deposing his elder brother or half brother, Nicomedes IV of Bithynia.

## Life

There is very little information about Socrates. We have only brief references by Appian, Granius Licinianus, Justin and Memnon of Heraclea within the context of conflict in Asia Minor and military interventions in the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia by Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus.
Socrates was a second son Nicomedes III had with a concubine called Hagne who was from Cyzicus. He sent Socrates and Hagne to Cyzicus with 500 talents. He had an older half-brother named Nicomedes IV, and two younger half siblings named Nysa and Pylaemenes III.
When Nicomedes III died in 94 BC, the Roman senate appointed Nicomedes IV to be the king of Bithynia as his successor. However, Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus, set up Socrates as a rival to Nicomedes. Mithridates gave Socrates a splendid reception and called him Chrestus (The Good). He helped Socrates to usurp the throne by giving him an army. He put Socrates on the throne even "though Socrates was of a quiet disposition and thought it right that his elder brother should reign." He then sent him to Rome to ask for his recognition as king. The Roman senate turned this down. Justin wrote that Mithridates drove Nicomedes IV out of Bithynia. He probably wrote this because it was Mithridates who engineered Socrates' usurpation. Nicomedes IV fled to Rome and asked the Romans for help. The Roman senate decreed that both Nicomedes IV and Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia, who had been deposed and driven out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, be able to return to rule their states and commissioned Manius Aquillius and Manlius Maltinus to enforce this. The Romans' wishes prevailed, despite the opposition of Mithridates.
Manius Aquillius, with the help of Cassius, the governor of the Roman province of Asia, who recruited a large force from Galatia and Phrygia, restored both Nicomedes IV and Ariobarzanes I. According to Granius Licinianus, Socrates was not tempted by jealously to seek control of the kingdom, because he had had enough trouble from his previous adventures. These restorations are mentioned in the Periochae. An entry for Livy's book 74 records that in 88 BC "[i]n Bithynia Nicomedes was restored to the throne and Ariobarzanes in the kingdom of Cappadocia."
According to Granius Licinianus, Socrates went back to Cyzicus. He murdered his sister out of greed. Both the people of Cyzicus and Nicomedes IV pursued him and he fled to the Greek island of Euboea, where he was welcomed and hosted by a certain Cornelius, who was a Roman equite. According to Justin, Socrates was murdered by Mithridates.