# Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)

The Caucasus Viceroyalty was the Russian Empire's administrative and political authority in the Caucasus region exercised through the offices of glavnoupravlyayushchiy ("high commissioner") (1801–1844, 1882–1902) and namestnik ("viceroy") (1844–1882, 1904–1917), situated in the modern areas of the Russian Federation, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. These two terms are commonly, but imprecisely, translated into English as viceroy, which is frequently used interchangeably with governor general. More accurately, glavnoupravlyayushchiy is referred to as the High Commissioner of the Caucasus, and namestnik as Viceroy.
Over more than a century of the Russian rule of the Caucasus, the structure of the viceroyalty underwent a number of changes, with the addition or removal of administrative positions and redrawing of provincial divisions.

## History

The first time Russian authority was established over the peoples of the Caucasus was after the Russian annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) in 1801. General Karl Knorring was the first person to be assigned to govern the Caucasus territory, being officially titled as the Commander-in-Chief in Georgia and Governor-General of Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). Under his successors, notably Prince Pavel Tsitsianov, General Aleksey Yermolov, Count Ivan Paskevich, and Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, Russian Transcaucasia expanded to encompass territories acquired in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and local North Caucasian peoples. The scope of its jurisdiction eventually came to include what is now Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the North Caucasus, as well as parts of Northeastern Turkey (today the provinces of Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, and Iğdır).
Headquartered at Tiflis, the viceroys acted as de facto ambassadors to neighboring countries, commanders in chief of the armed forces, and the supreme civil authority, mostly responsible only to the Tsar. From February 3, 1845, to January 23, 1882, the viceregal authority was supervised by the Caucasus Committee as the Caucasus Krai, which consisted of representatives of the State Council and the ministries of Finances, State Domains, Justice, and Interior, as well as of members of special committees. After the 1917 February Revolution, which dispossessed Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian crown, the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government on March 18, 1917, and all authority, except in the zone of the active army, was entrusted to the civil administrative body called the Special Transcaucasian Committee or Ozakom (short for Osobyy Zakavkazskiy Komitet, Особый Закавказский Комитет).

## Administrative divisions

In 1917, there were six guberniyas ("governorates"), five oblasts ("regions"), two special administrative okrugs ("districts"), and a gradonachalstvo ("municipal district") within the Caucasus Viceroyalty:
| Province | Type | Russian name | Capital | Population | Population | Size (km$^2$) | Location |
| Province | Type | Russian name | Capital | 1897 | 1916 | Size (km$^2$) | Location |
| Baku | Governorate | Бакинская губернія | Baku | 826,716 | 875,746 | 37,948.97 | |
| Baku | Gradonachalstvo | Бакинское градоначальство | Baku | | 405,829 | 1,059.76 | |
| Batum | Oblast | Батумская область | Batum (Batumi) | | 122,811 | 6,975.65 | |
| Dagestan | Oblast | Дагестанская область | Temir-Khan-Shura (Buynaksk) | 571,154 | 713,342 | 29,709.63 | |
| Elizavetpol | Governorate | Елисаветпольская губернія | Yelisavetpol (Ganja) | 878,415 | 1,275,131 | 44,296.15 | |
| Zakatal | Okrug | Закатальскій округъ | Zakataly (Zaqatala) | | 92,608 | 3,985.77 | |
| Kars | Oblast | Карсская область | Kars | 290,654 | 364,214 | 18,739.50 | |
| Kuban | Oblast | Кубанская область | Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) | 1,918,881 | 3,022,683 | 94,783.07 | |
| Kutaisi | Governorate | Кутаисская губернія | Kutais (Kutaisi) | 1,058,241 | 1,034,468 | 19,956.06 | |
| Sukhumi | Okrug | Сухумскій отдѣльный округъ | Sukhum (Sukhumi) | | 209,671 | 6,591.42 | |
| Terek | Oblast | Терская область | Vladikavkaz | 933,936 | 1,377,923 | 72,443.86 | |
| Tiflis | Governorate | Тифлисская губернія | Tiflis (Tbilisi) | 1,051,032 | 1,473,308 | 40,861.03 | |
| Black Sea | Governorate | Черноморская губернія | Novorossiysk | 57,478 | 178,306 | 6,675.68 | |
| Erivan | Governorate | Эриванская губернія | Erivan (Yerevan) | 829,556 | 1,120,242 | 26,397.11 | |
| Caucasus Viceroyalty | Caucasus Viceroyalty | Caucasus Viceroyalty | Caucasus Viceroyalty | 8,416,063 | 12,266,282 | 410,423.66 | |

## Demographics
### Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Caucasus Viceroyalty had a population of 12,266,282 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 6,442,684 men and 5,823,598 women, 9,728,750 of whom were the permanent population, and 2,537,532 were temporary residents:
| Nationality | Urban | Urban | Rural | Rural | TOTAL | TOTAL |
| Nationality | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Russians | 757,908 | 38.68 | 3,262,359 | 31.65 | 4,020,267 | 32.77 |
| Armenians | 518,164 | 26.45 | 1,341,499 | 13.02 | 1,859,663 | 15.16 |
| Georgians | 163,482 | 8.34 | 1,628,128 | 15.80 | 1,791,610 | 14.61 |
| North Caucasians | 48,722 | 2.49 | 1,469,783 | 14.26 | 1,518,505 | 12.38 |
| Shia Muslims | 221,996 | 11.33 | 1,287,495 | 12.49 | 1,509,491 | 12.31 |
| Sunni Muslims | 82,384 | 4.20 | 862,064 | 8.36 | 944,448 | 7.70 |
| Asiatic Christians | 38,096 | 1.94 | 170,827 | 1.66 | 208,923 | 1.70 |
| Other Europeans | 52,000 | 2.65 | 87,623 | 0.85 | 139,623 | 1.14 |
| Kurds | 3,331 | 0.17 | 93,761 | 0.91 | 97,092 | 0.79 |
| Jews | 66,260 | 3.38 | 26,878 | 0.26 | 93,138 | 0.76 |
| Roma | 1,855 | 0.09 | 40,785 | 0.40 | 42,640 | 0.35 |
| Yazidis | 5,117 | 0.26 | 35,765 | 0.35 | 40,882 | 0.33 |
| TOTAL | 1,959,315 | 100.00 | 10,306,967 | 100.00 | 12,266,282 | 100.00 |

### Largest cities

| | Name | Population in 1897 | Population in 1897 | Governorate | Country |
| | Name | 1897 | 1916 | Governorate | Country |
| 1 | Tiflis (Tbilisi) | 159,600 | 346,766 | Tiflis Governorate | Georgia |
| 2 | Baku | 111,900 | 262,422 | Baku gradonachalstvo | Azerbaijan |
| 3 | Ekaterinodar (Krasnodar) | 65,600 | 103,624 | Kuban Oblast | Russia |
| 4 | Vladikavkaz | 48,843 | 73,243 | Terek Oblast | Russia, North Ossetia |
| 5 | Yeysk | 35,446 | 44,765 | Kuban Oblast | Russia |
| 6 | Maykop | 33,276 | 54,762 | Kuban Oblast | Russia, Circassia |
| 7 | Yelisavetpol (Ganja) | 33,022 | 57,731 | Yelisavetpol Governorate | Azerbaijan |
| 8 | Kutais (Kutaisi) | 32,492 | 58,151 | Kutais Governorate | Georgia |
| 9 | Alexandropol (Gyumri) | 30,735 | 51,874 | Erivan Governorate | Armenia |
| 10 | Erivan (Yerevan) | 28,910 | 51,286 | Erivan Governorate | Armenia |
| 11 | Batum (Batumi) | 26,417 | 20,020 | Kutais Governorate | Georgia |
| 12 | Shusha | 25,656 | 43,869 | Yelizavetpol Governorate | Azerbaijan |
| 13 | Kars | 20,891 | 30,514 | Kars Governorate | Turkey |
| 14 | Nukha (Shaki) | 24,734 | 52,243 | Yelizavetpol Governorate | Azerbaijan |
| 15 | Shemakha (Shamakhi) | 20,007 | 27,732 | Baku Governorate | Azerbaijan |

## High commissioners and viceroys of the Caucasus

* Karl Heinrich von Knorring 1801–1802
* Pavel Tsitsianov 1802–1806
* Ivan Gudovich 1806–1809
* Alexander Tormasov 1809–1811
* Philip Paulucci 1811–1812
* Nikolay Rtishchev 1812–1816
* Aleksey Yermolov 1816–1827
* Ivan Paskevich 1827–1831
* Gregor von Rosen 1831–1838
* Yevgeny Golovin 1838–1842
* Aleksandr Neidgardt 1842–1844
* Mikhail Vorontsov 1844–1854
* Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky 1854–1856
* Aleksandr Baryatinsky 1856–1862
* Grigol Orbeliani (acting) 1862
* Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich 1862–1882
* Aleksandr Dondukov-Korsakov 1882–1890
* Sergei Sheremetyev 1890–1896
* Grigory Golitsyn 1896–1904
* Yakov Malama (acting) 1904
* Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov 1904–1916
* Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich 1916–1917