OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Disease model of addiction

The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a disease with genetic, biological, neurological or environmental origin. The traditional medical model of disease requires only an abnormal condition causing distress, discomfort or dysfunction to an affected individual. The contemporary medical model partly attributes addiction to changes in the brain's mesolimbic pathway. The model also considers these diseases as a result of other biological, psychological or sociological entities, despite an incomplete understanding of their mechanisms. The common biomolecular mechanisms underlying addiction – CREB and ΔFosB – were reviewed by Eric J. Nestler in a 2013 review. Genetics and mental disorders may precipitate the severity of a drug addiction. It is estimated that 50% of healthy individuals developing an addiction can trace the cause to genetic factors.

## Criticism

However, the model does not come without criticisms. Critics of the model, especially those subscribed to the life-process model of addiction, believe that labelling people as addicts prevents them from developing self-control and due to social stigmas. As noted by harm reduction specialist Andrew Tatarsky:
   The essence of this model is the pragmatic recognition that treatment must meet active substance users ‘‘where they are’’ in terms of their needs and personal goals. Thus, harm reduction approaches embrace the full range of harm-reducing goals including, but not limited to, abstinence.
# Yeghegnadzor Regional Museum

The Yeghegnadzor Regional Museum, Armenian: Եղեգնաձորի երկրագիտական թանգարան, is a museum in Yeghegnadzor, in the province (marz) of Vayots Dzor in southern Armenia.$^{:417}$$^{:329}$. It was established in 1968, and holds approximately 9000 archaeological and ethnological artefacts dating from pre-historic times to the twentieth century.

## Collection

The museum contains approximately 9000 objects, ranging in date from pre-historic times to the twentieth century. They include jewellery, tools, utensils, carpets and coins. The most significant is an intricately-carved fourteenth-century khachkar carved by Momik, originally in the monastery of Noravank; it is two parts, which were found in different places.$^{:417}$$^{:329}$
The Bronze Age and Medieval artifacts found during the archiological excavations of ancient Moz town of 1930, 1978, 1979 also are on display at the Yeghegnadzor Regional Museum.
# Oktyabrsky Airport

Oktyabrsky Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Октябрьский) (IATA: OKT, ICAO: UWUK) is an airport located in the Republic of Tatarstan serving the city of Oktyabrsky in the Republic of Bashkortostan in Russia. This general aviation airport is located 7 kilometres (3.8 NM) southwest of Oktyabrsky.

## Facilities

The airport is at an elevation of 377 feet (115 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with a 1,500-metre (4,921 ft) asphalt surface.
# Katarina Mazetti

Katarina Mazetti (born 29 April 1944 in Stockholm) is a Swedish author and journalist. She made her debut as a writer in 1988 with the picture book "Här kommer tjocka släkten!". She worked as a producer and presenter at Sveriges Radio between 1989–2004.
# Kachua Union, Kachua

Kachua Union (Bengali: কচুয়া ইউনিয়ন) is a Union parishad of Kachua Upazila, Bagerhat District in Khulna Division of Bangladesh. It has an area of 26.06 km$^2$ (10.06 sq mi) and a population of 30,790.
# Craig Moss (rugby league)

Craig Moss (born (1984-04-04)4 April 1984) is an English former rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Knottingley Rockware ARLFC, Featherstone Rovers, the Hunslet Hawks, and the Keighley Cougars, as a fullback.

## Background

Craig Moss was born in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.

## Playing career

Craig Moss made his début for Featherstone Rovers on Sunday 28 March 2004, and he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers during the 2007–season, as in March 2007, he received a two-year ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance 17-epimethandienone. He returned to the sport in 2009, signing for Hunslet. He then joined Keighley a year later.
# Michel (footballer, born 1986)

Michel Souza da Silva (born 22 August 1986), known simply as Michel, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Club career

Born in Rio de Janeiro, Michel moved to Portugal initially as a futsal player, but he switched to association football shortly after because of his physical strength and powerful shots. He started his career with F.C. Penafiel in the third division, scoring 13 goals in 32 games in his first season, which ended in promotion.
In mid-July 2011, after two more years with the club in the Segunda Liga, Michel signed for F.C. Paços de Ferreira. In his only season, he ranked as team top scorer as they retained their Primeira Liga status, notably netting against Sporting CP (twice) and S.L. Benfica in two defeats.
Michel moved to Benfica on 31 May 2012, alongside Paços teammate Luisinho. On 31 August, however, he joined S.C. Braga of the same league on loan, in a deal that saw Lima go in the opposite direction.
In late January 2013, Braga terminated Michel's loan early and he returned to Benfica. He went on loan again in August, now to Qatar's Al-Wakrah SC.
Michel returned to Portugal on 1 September 2014, and the following 2 February he rejoined Penafiel, who now competed in the top tier.
# World Cup Park

World Cup Park (Korean: 월드컵공원) is an ecological park built in Sangamdong-gil, in Seoul, South Korea. The park was established on May 1, 2002 in anticipation of the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup Games.
World Cup Park is subdivided into five parks: Pyeonghwa Park (Peace Park), Haneul Park (Sky Park), Noeul Park (Sunset Park), Nanjicheon Park, and Hangang Riverside Park.
The park is mostly composed of the former island Nanjido (Korean: 난지도; Hanja: 蘭芝島; lit. orchid island). That island was joined to the mainland in 1977.

## Sub-parks
### Pyeonghwa (Peace) Park

Located on the opposite side of Seoul World Cup Stadium, it is the main park of World Cup Park created to commemorate the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup Games. Its name was given to symbolize world peace and unity. There is UNICEF Plaza, Nanji Pond, Peace Park, Hope Forest, and the World Cup Park Museum.

### Haneul Park

Like its name Haneul, which means sky in Korean, the park is situated at World Cup Park's highest point. The Haneul stairs consist of 291 stairs and have become a tourist attraction. Situated at the highest point in World Cup Park, there are observation points on the sloping sides of the park.

### Noeul Park

The park contains wild animals such as deer, wildcats and raccoons. There is a sculpture park which is a themed space with nature and cultural art works displayed on green lawns.

### Nanjicheon Park

Nanjicheon Park was built along the Nanji Stream, which flowed under the Haneul Park. The stream was filled with sewage but it is now purified. It has an outdoor stage and various sports facilities.

### Hangang Riverside Park (Nanji Area)

Hangang Riverside Park was built on the banks of Han River (Korea). It has soccer field, basketball court, grass field, River cruise ship port, and an area for nature-studies.

## History

The park's area was once the islet Nanjido. Peanuts and millet were cultivated on this land. Construction began on an embankment for the island on January 7, 1977. As a result of this work, the island joined the mainland.
Between 1978 and 1993, Nanjido was used as a municipal landfill for Seoul. By the end of its use, it had accumulated a large amount of waste. Work was then performed to reduce the environmental impact of the waste disposed of there. A wide variety of techniques, including waterproof barriers, methane gas collection, and the planting of plants, were employed. Collected gas is reportedly burned for heating.
These efforts have reportedly been successful. Plants and animals have moved back onto the land, and there are now five different public parks that host 9.8 million visitors per year. The five parks are equipped with conservation facilities for further revival of diversified ecological system.

## Gallery

* Pyeonghwa (Peace) Park in World Cup Park
* Reeds of the Haneul Park
* reeds
* Noeul Park in World Cup Park
* Nanjicheon Park
# William Le Boutillier Fauvel

William LeBoutillier Fauvel (January 5, 1850 – February 8, 1897) was a merchant and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Bonaventure in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1897 as a Liberal member.

## Biography

He was born in Percé, Canada East, the son of John Fauvel and Henriette-Marie Le Boutillier, both originally from Jersey, and was educated in Jersey. He entered the cod trade with his father and, with his older brothers, John Bertram and George Philip, took over the business when his father retired in 1879. He settled at Paspébiac. Fauvel married Emma Du Heaume in 1881. In 1886, he became interim manager for Le Boutillier Brothers on behalf of its creditors and decided to purchase the business with other partners. Fauvel served as mayor of New Carlisle and was vice-consul for Portugal at Paspébiac. He was also president of the Agricultural Society for Bonaventure. With the support of Quebec premier Honoré Mercier, Fauvel was elected in the Bonaventure riding in the 1891 federal election. Fauvel also served as campaign manager for François-Xavier Lemieux when Lemieux ran for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1894. Fauvel was reelected in 1896 but died in office at Paspébiac the following year at the age of 47.
# Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan

Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan (also known as ʻAbdul Qayyūm K̲h̲ān, Urdu: سردار محمد عبدالقيوم خان) was a Kashmiri politician who also served as the president and prime minister of Azad Kashmir. He also remained President of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference for over 20 years. He belonged to the Dhund-Abbassi Tribe.

## Early life and career

Sardar Abdul Qayyum was born on 4 April 1924 in Ghaziabad, Bagh tehsil (Poonch jagir), then part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir into an Abbasi family. After completing his secondary education in Jammu, he joined the Engineers Corps of the British Indian Army and served in Africa and the Middle East.

## 1947 Kashmir conflict

He actively participated in the Kashmiri freedom struggle. His title Mujahid-e-Awwal (the first holy warrior) is based on the belief that he is the person who fired the first shot in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

## Political career

In 1951, he joined the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference. He was elected president of this body a record 14 times during his lifetime. He was elected as President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) state three times in 1956, 1971, and 1985. "Towards the end of his term, his relations with then prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto started turning sour. As a result, in 1974, Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan was removed from the office of the president through a vote of no confidence."
He also remained Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir from 1991 to 1996. In 2002, he was made chairman of the National Kashmir Committee. His son Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan also became Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir in 2006 and then again in 2010.

## Writer

He is the author of dozens of books on the Kashmir Freedom Struggle (Kashmir conflict). He also wrote on political, mystic, spiritual and religious topics. Some of the publications include:
* Kashmir seeks attention
* Kashmir problem : options for settlement? : a geopolitical analysis
* Kashmīr banegā Pākistān
* Āzād Kashmīr men̲ Islāmī qavānīn kā nafāz̲, on the enforcement of Islamic laws in Azad Kashmir during 1971–1975; speeches and articles previously published separately in various journals.
* Muqaddamah-yi Kashmīr, a historical study on the Kashmir dispute.

## Death and legacy

He died in Rawalpindi on 10 July 2015. The Azad Kashmir government announced a three-day mourning period on his death.
# Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne (Arabic: مشرع ھوارى بومدين) is a town and commune in Abadla District, Béchar Province, in western Algeria. According to the 2008 census its population is 3,091, down from 3,133 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of -0.1%. The commune covers an area of 2,820 square kilometres (1,090 sq mi).

## Etymology

The town is named after Houari Boumediene, a former president of Algeria.

## Geography

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne lies at an elevation of 572m to the west of the Oued Guir, an intermittent wadi, and just south of the town of Abadla. From here through Abadla to Erg Ferradj is the site of an extensive 3000 hectare palm plantation.

## Climate

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hot desert climate, with extremely hot summers and cool winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.

## Economy

Agriculture is the main industry in Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne. The commune has a total of 2,030 hectares (5,000 acres) of arable land, of which 1,856 hectares (4,590 acres) is irrigated. There are a total of 41,850 date palms planted in the commune. As of 2009 there were 791 sheep, 2,986 goats, 1,636 camels, and 10 cattle. There were also 14,600 chickens in 6 buildings.

## Infrastructure and housing

100% of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne's population is connected to drinking water, 99% is connected to the sewerage system, and 83% (including 555 buildings) have access to electricity. There are no fuel service stations in the town; the nearest is in Abadla.
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a total of 759 houses, of which 511 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.0 inhabitants per occupied building.

## Transportation

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is on the N6 national highway between Béchar to the northeast and Adrar to the southeast. The town of Abadla is on the highway to the north, while to the south the towns of Igli, Béni Abbès and others can be accessed. The N50 highway leaves the N6 to the west just to the north of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne; it eventually leads to Tindouf, passing Hamaguir and Tinfouchy on the way.
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Abadla, and 111 kilometres (69 mi) from the provincial capital, Béchar.
There is a total length of 147 kilometres (91 mi) of roads in the commune.

## Education

There are 2 elementary schools, with 24 classrooms including 14 in use. There are a total of 732 school students.
3.6% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 13.8% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 63.9%, and is 70.2% among males and 57.7% among females. The rate for males is the lowest in the province, and the rates overall and for females are the second lowest.

## Health

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hospital, which is a central focus of healthcare for Abadla district and Tabelbala. There are also a polyclinic, a room care facility, and a medical operating theatre.

## Religion

Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has 2 operational mosques.
# Policy Council

Policy Council may refer to:
* Family policy council, organizations devoted to the advancement of children and family-related issues in the political sphere and society generally
* Middle East Policy Council, a Washington DC–based non-profit organization that deals with issues concerning the Middle East
* Monetary Policy Council, a body of the National Bank of Poland (NBP)
* Policy Council of Guernsey, the cabinet of ministers of Guernsey
# John-Erik Franzén

John-Erik Franzén (1942 – 6 October 2022) was a Swedish artist, mainly a painter, born in Stockholm, most known for several large paintings portraying cars and motorcycles, as well as being the artist behind the portrait of the royal family of Sweden added to the public exhibition at the castle in Gripsholm in 1985, and original paintings for several stamps also portraying members of the royal family.
In the 1960s he visited the United States for a long period and painted such works as Hell's Angels of Los Angeles, CA, Dough's Place and Cadillac Eldorado (1966).
Between 1988 and 1995 he served as a professor of art at the Royal Institute of Art in Stockholm and he was a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of the Free Arts since 1989. From 1991 he lived in Österlen, Scania.
Franzén died on 6 October 2022, at the age of 80.
# Marnarck

St Marnarck also known as Manaccus was a bishop who became the patron saint of Lanreath. According to William Worcester his body lay in the church of Lanreath. He is commemorated in one of the stained glass windows of St Neot parish church. His feast day is 3 August.
# Michel (footballer, born 1989)

Michel das Chagas Henrique (born 19 May 1989), simply known as Michel, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Career

Born in São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Michel began his football career in the youth sectors of Coritiba, being promoted to the main team in 2006. After his time at Coritiba, Michel also played for São Gabriel, Pelotas, Confiança, Luverdense, América-SP, Juventude, Glória, Cerâmica, Guarani, URT and Concórdia. In 2015, playing for EC Passo Fundo, he became top scorer in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with 11 goals, a feat that once again caught the attention of Coritiba, his first club.
He later played for Tupi de Juiz de Fora and ABC, until in 2018 he returned to Rio Grande do Sul at EC São Luiz, repeating the feat of 2015 and once again becoming top scorer in an edition of the Campeonato Gaúcho. After the end of the state championship, Brasil de Pelotas was announced Michel to compete in Série B that season. He returned to São Luiz in 2020 and again fought for the top scorer position in the state. In August 2020, he was announced as a reinforcement for Criciúma EC.
In 2021, he competed in the Campeonato Catarinense p for Concórdia, and was later hired by SER Caxias, where he scored 4 goals in the same match for the club, against Rio Branco de Paranaguá in 2021 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.
In 2022 Michel played for XV de Piracicaba in the São Paulo Série A2, terminating his contract shortly afterwards to defend Ferroviária in the state first level. He reached the second semester at Manaus FC, being later loaned to Passo Fundo where he played in the Copa FGF. He remained at the Amazonas club until June 2023, renewing his contract to play for Inter de Santa Maria in the Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2.
In November 2023, he was announced by Guarany de Bagé to compete in the 2024 Campeonato Gaúcho.

## Honours
### Juventude

* Copa Dra. Lacy Ughini: 2011

### Individual

* 2015 Campeonato Gaúcho top scorer: 11 goals
* 2018 Campeonato Gaúcho top scorer: 8 goals
# Labeo ricnorhynchus

Labeo ricnorhynchus is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the genus Labeo. It is endemic to India and is typically found in river systems and freshwater habitats across the country. Like other species in the genus, it plays a role in maintaining the ecological balance of its habitat by contributing to the detritus food chain, as it often feeds on algae and organic matter. Its presence indicates a healthy freshwater ecosystem, and it is of interest to researchers studying biodiversity and conservation in Indian river systems.
# Anand Bagh Palace

Anand Bagh Palace (also known as Lakshmivilas Palace) is a palace situated in town of Darbhanga in the Indian state of Bihar. Anand Bagh Palace was constructed during the reign of Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh in the 1880s and was severely damaged during the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake. It was rebuilt thereafter.
Anand Bagh Palace was donated to the Government of Bihar by Maharaja Kameshwar Singh for starting a university for promotion of Sanskrit language. Currently, this palace is the head office of Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University.
Anand Bagh Palace was well known for its beautiful gardens surrounding it that have now disappeared. Roper Lethbridge mentions about the Lakshmivilas Palace: "The new Palace at Darbhanga, with its immense stables, its botanical and zoological gardens, and its many beautiful surroundings, is well known in England by the sketches that have appeared in the London illustrated papers." The garden surrounding the palace had several rare species of plants such as Branched palm having over 8 branches, Rudraksha, Sandalwood, Mahogany, and others. Many species of orchids were also planted around the palace.
The garden was laid out on the extensive grounds of the palace by Charles Maries, who was recommended by Sir Joseph Hooker to Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh for the post of Superintendent of the gardens of the Raj Darbhanga.
# Tomato effect

The tomato effect occurs when effective therapies for a condition are rejected because they do not make sense in the context of the current understanding or theory of the disease in question. The name refers to the fact that tomatoes were rejected as a food source by most North Americans until the end of the 19th century, because the prevailing belief at the time was that they were poisonous.
A parallel concern is medical reversal which is new clinical information based on new clinical trials or understanding of a disease contradicting clinical practice. Medical reversal implies the original clinical practice failed to achieve success or had harms that outweighed benefits. That is contrasted with the phenomenon of replacement where a useful clinical practice is replaced by one that works better.

## Examples

Tomatoes were becoming a staple food in Europe by the 1560s; they were shunned in North America since they were considered poisonous until the 1820s. Similarly, willow tree bark extract was ignored to provide relief of pain and fever, and it was not until the late 1800s with the commercial production of salicylate (also known as Aspirin) that this treatment was prescribed to patients.
In 1753, it was established that scurvy can be treated with lemon juice. Despite this knowledge, it was considered an imbalance of the humors until the mid 1800s.
# Habib Kot

Habib Kot (Urdu: حبیب کوٹ ) is a village in Shikarpur district of Sindh province in Pakistan. It is 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in South of Shikarpur and 27 kilometers (17 mi) in North of Sukkur. It is located at 27° 51 North and 68° 39 East and has an altitude of 187 feet (57 m).
Habib Kot is famous for its railway station located on Rohri - Quetta railway line. It is the junction of Kotri - Habib Kot via Dadu and Larkana branch railway line.
# Hajjali

Hajjali (Persian: خاجالي, also Romanized as Ḩājjālī) is a village in Chamsangar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, with 9 families.
# Kovno Governorate

Kovno Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Kovno (Kaunas). It was formed on 18 December 1842 by Tsar Nicholas I from the western part of Vilna Governorate, and the order was carried out on 1 July 1843. It was part of the Vilna Governorate-General and Northwestern Krai. The governorate included almost the entire Lithuanian region of Samogitia and the northern part of Aukštaitija.

## Counties

The governorate was divided into seven uyezds:
| County | County Seat | County Seat | Area (km$^2$) | Population in 1897 | Population in 1914 |
| | | 1897 | | | |
| Kovensky Uyezd | Kovno | 70.920 | 4,029 | 227,431 | 301,800 |
| Novoalexandrovsky Uyezd | Novoaleksandrovsk | 6.359 | 5,437 | 208,487 | 242,300 |
| Ponevezhsky Uyezd | Ponevezh | 12.968 | 6,215 | 222,881 | 259,700 |
| Rossiyensky Uyezd | Rossiyeny | 7.455 | 6,485 | 235,362 | 279,200 |
| Shavelsky Uyezd | Shavli | 16.128 | 6,922 | 237,934 | 294,500 |
| Telshevsky Uyezd | Telshi | 6.205 | 5,306 | 183,351 | 216,000 |
| Vilkomirsky Uyezd | Vilkomir | 13.532 | 5,866 | 229,188 | 263,600 |
| Total | | | 40,260 | 1,544,564 | 1,857,100 |