OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Barnes Report

Part of the Independence of Malaya :
Events :
* Early Malay nationalism
* Kesatuan Melayu Muda
* • Defenders of the Homeland
* Japanese occupation of Malaya
* British Military Administration
* Malayan Union
* All-Malaya Council of Joint Action
* Federation of Malaya
* Sungai Siput incident
* Malayan Emergency
* Federal Legislative Council
* Malayan Forum
* Communities Liaison Committee
* Briggs Plan
* Member System
* 1952 local elections
* 1955 General election
* Baling Talks
* Barnes Report
* Razak Report
* Treaty of London
* Reid Commission
* F. of Malaya Independence Act
* Parti Perikatan
* Merdeka Day
* Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement
* Article 160
* UN Security Council Resolution 125
* Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
Malaysia portal :
vte :
The Barnes Report was a British proposal put forward in 1951 to develop a national education system in British Malaya. The Fenn-Wu Report, favoured by the Chinese, did not meet with Malay approval. In the end, the Barnes Report's recommendations for English-medium "national schools" were implemented by the 1952 Education Ordinance, over vocal Chinese protests, who were upset by the lack of provision for non-Malay vernacular schools.

## History

Before the end of British rule in 1957, the educational system in Malaya was reorganised along the lines of the Barnes Report of 1951. The British government wanted a policy that would be relevant to the political and socio-economic goals of the people, Malaya's three principal ethnic communities—Malays, Chinese and Indians. The Barnes Report recommended a national school system, which would provide primary education for 6 years in Malay and English, hoping that over time, the demand for separate schools in Chinese and Tamil would wane and disappear. The reaction of the Chinese community to the Barnes Report was not positive. While the community agreed with the basic recommendation that Malay be treated as the principal language, it felt that there should be some provision to recognise Chinese and Tamil as important components of a new definition of Malaya's national identity.
To pacify ethnic sensitivities, the British government approved a modified formula that would allow bilingualism in Malay schools (Malay and English) and a three-language "solution" in Tamil and Chinese schools (either Tamil-Malay-English or Chinese-Malay-English), by recommending a common curriculum for all schools, hoping that a national school system would evolve.
The Barnes Report was unsuccessful, and in 1955, two years before Malaya's independence, the Razak Report endorsed the concept of a national education system based on Malay, being the main medium of instruction.
# Fixed rope

In climbing and mountaineering, a fixed-rope (or fixed-line) is the practice of installing networks of in-situ anchored static climbing ropes on climbing routes to assist any following climbers (and porters) to ascend more rapidly—and with less effort—by using mechanical aid devices called ascenders. Fixed ropes also allow climbers (and porters) to descend rapidly using mechanical devices called descenders. Fixed ropes also help to identify the line of the climbing route in periods of low visibility (e.g. a storm or white-out). The act of ascending a fixed rope is also called jumaring, which is the name of a type of ascender device, or also called jugging in the US.
Fixed ropes are put in place by the lead climbers, and the ropes may or may not be removed as the climbers descend after completing the route. For popular Himalayan climbing routes, extensive networks of fixed ropes may be put in place to last the entire climbing season (e.g. the Khumbu Icefall on Mount Everest). While storms can strip a mountain of fixed ropes that have been left behind, the existence of old—and often unreliable and dangerous—fixed ropes along popular climbing routes, is a concern in climbing. On popular European, and latterly American, climbing routes, the fixed rope can be replaced by networks of permanently anchored metal cables, which are called 'via ferrata' routes.
Fixed ropes are not used in 'alpine style' mountaineering as they are considered akin to a form of aid climbing. Fixed ropes are commonly used on big wall climbing routes where it is common for the non-lead climber(s) to jumar up on fixed ropes to save time and conserve effort; the re-belay technique is often used on big walls to reduce wear on fixed ropes. Guided climbing expeditions to Himalayan peaks such as the easier eight-thousanders, often set up extensive networks of fixed ropes on steep or icy sections of the climbing route to help their less experienced clients, and to allow their porters and sherpas move quickly along the route. For example, on the Hillary Step of Everest, networks of fixed ropes improve client safety, but then cause bottlenecks at altitudes in the death zone. The ethics on the use of extensive fixed rope networks by commercial adventure companies facilitating access to dangerous eight-thousander summits for weaker climbers is a source of debate in mountaineering.
# Dialyte lens

A dialyte lens (sometimes called a dialyt$^{:1873}$) is a compound lens design that corrects optical aberrations where the lens elements are widely air-spaced. The design is used to save on the amount of glass used for specific elements or where elements can not be cemented because they have dissimilar curvatures. The word dialyte means "parted", "loose" or "separated" in Greek.

## Design

In its simplest form, a dialyte can be formed by separating the elements in a cemented achromatic doublet of positive and negative lenses, although the powers of the individual elements must be increased to compensate.$^{:100}$

## Applications
### Telescopes

The idea of widely separating the color correcting elements of a lens dates back to W. F. Hamilton's 1814 catadioptric Hamiltonian telescope and Alexander Rogers' 1828 proposals for a dialytic refractor. The goal was to combine a large crown glass objective with a much smaller flint glass downstream to make an achromatic lens since flint glass at that time was very expensive. Dialyte designs were also used in the Schupmann medial telescope designed by in German optician Ludwig Schupmann near the end of the 19th century, in John Wall's 1999 "Zerochromat" retrofocally corrected dialytic refractor and the Russian made "TAL Apolar125" telescope which uses 6 elements arranged in three widely separated groups.

### Photography

* Symmetric dialytes
* Dagor Type B (later Celor/Syntor)
* Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Aviar (Warmisham, 1917)
There are many types of dialyte camera lenses. One popular design is perfectly symmetric, which provides good correction for many aberrations. This consists of two air-spaced achromatic doublets arranged back-to-back around a central stop, or four air spaced lens elements in total: the outer pair is biconvex and the inner pair is biconcave; one example is the Celor. The Swiss mathematician Emil von Höegh, who had designed the popular Dagor anastigmat lens for Goerz in 1892, continued to refine that design, resulting in the Goerz Dagor Type B lens of 1899, later renamed to Celor and Syntor.$^{:100}$
The Aviar lens (Taylor Hobson) designed by Arthur Warmisham (1917)$^{:101}$ is similar but is considered to have a different origin, from the splitting of the central biconcave element of the Cooke triplet. The resulting two biconcave elements are closer together than in the Dialyte/Celor design.

### Enlarging

Since the aberrations remain constant over a wide range of object distances, and is favourable for fairly wide apertures, this design proved useful for enlarging lenses.$^{:100}$
# 1992–93 Courage League National Division Three

The 1992–93 Courage League National Division Three was the sixth full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system, currently known as National League 1. Otley finished the season as champions and were promoted to Courage League Division 2. Due to RFU changes to the English rugby union league system for the following season because of the introduction of Courage League Division 5, eight teams were relegated into Courage League Division 4.

## Participating teams and locations

| Team | Ground | Capacity | City/Area | Previous season |
| Askeans | Broad Walk | | Kidbrooke, London | 7th |
| Aspatria | Bower Park | | Aspatria, Cumbria | Promoted from National 4 North (champions) |
| Broughton Park | Chelsfield Grove | | Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester | 6th |
| Clifton | Station Road | 2,500 | Cribbs Causeway, Henbury, Bristol | 3rd |
| Exeter | County Ground | 5,200 | Exeter, Devon | 4th |
| Havant | Hook's Lane | 1,500 | Havant, Hampshire | Promoted from National 4 South (champions) |
| Leeds | Clarence Field / Chandos Park | | Kirkstall / Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire | Headingley (10th) / Roundhay (11th) |
| Liverpool St Helens | Moss Lane | 3,000 | St Helens, Merseyside | Relegated from Courage League Division 2 (13th) |
| Otley | Cross Green | 5,000 | Otley, West Yorkshire | 9th |
| Plymouth Albion | Beacon Park | 3,500 | Plymouth, Devon | Relegated from Courage League Division 2 (12th) |
| Redruth | Recreation Ground | 12,000 | Redruth, Cornwall | 5th |
| Sheffield | Abbeydale Park | 3,200 | Dore, Sheffield, South Yorkshire | 8th |

## League table

1992–93 Courage League National Division Three table :
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Otley (C) | 11 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 274 | 118 | +156 | 17 | Promoted |
| 2 | Havant | 11 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 185 | 93 | +92 | 17 | |
| 3 | Exeter | 11 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 247 | 169 | +78 | 17 | |
| 4 | Redruth | 11 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 175 | 125 | +50 | 16 | |
| 5 | Sheffield (R) | 11 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 208 | 134 | +74 | 14 | Relegated |
| 6 | Leeds (R) | 11 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 228 | 220 | +8 | 14 | Relegated |
| 7 | Liverpool St Helens (R) | 11 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 203 | 130 | +73 | 10 | Relegated |
| 8 | Clifton (R) | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 206 | 175 | +31 | 10 | Relegated |
| 9 | Aspatria (R) | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 170 | 308 | −138 | 7 | Relegated |
| 10 | Askeans (R) | 11 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 132 | 300 | −168 | 6 | Relegated |
| 11 | Broughton Park (R) | 11 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 136 | 217 | −81 | 4 | Relegated |
| 12 | Plymouth Albion (R) | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 130 | 305 | −175 | 0 | Relegated |

## Sponsorship

National Division Three is part of the Courage Clubs Championship and is sponsored by Courage Brewery.
# Vadakste

The Vadakste (Lithuanian: Vadakstis) is a river in southern Latvia and northern Lithuania. It is a right tributary of the Venta River. The length is 82.2 km (51.1 mi), of which over 55 km (34 mi) follow the Latvia–Lithuania border. The catchment area is 1,230 km$^2$ (470 sq mi). It originates near the city Auce, Latvia. It flows first in a southwest, and then in a westerly direction. It begins to flow along the border between Latvia and Lithuania from the village of Vegeriai. It flows into Venta at 184.2 km (114.5 mi) from its mouth, in the village of Griežė, 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Leckava.
The main tributaries: Ašva [lt], Ezere River [lv], Agluona and Avīkne. The average river slope is 73 cm/km.
# Basrik

Basrik (Persian: بصريك, also Romanized as Başrīk; also known as Bīsrak) is a village in Targavar Rural District, Silvaneh District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 142, in 25 families.
# Kampa and Envira River Isolated Peoples Indigenous Territory

Kampa Indigenous Territory and Envira River Isolated Peoples (in Portuguese: Terra Indígena Kampa e Isolados do Rio Envira) is an indigenous territory in Acre State, Brazil, which has been dedicated to uncontacted natives. The area is inhabited by the Ashaninka, Envira River Isolated Mashko, and the Xinane people, who speak a Panoan language related to Yaminawa and live by the Xinane Stream (in Portuguese: Igarapé Xinane), an affluent of the Envira River.
It is located on the Peruvian border and is buffered to the north by other reservations, so that in the last few years no people from the outside world have set foot on the TI.
# The Force of Ridicule

The Force of Ridicule is a 1796 comedy play by the British writer Thomas Holcroft.
The original Drury Lane cast included John Palmer, William Barrymore, Richard Suett, Robert Palmer, Charles Kemble, John Bannister, Maria Theresa Kemble and Elizabeth Farren.
According to James Boaden, the play was "perdurably damned” after its opening night and never performed again. The manuscript of the play was never published and its sources were only hinted at in Biographica Dramatica, where it was mentioned that it was believed to have been derived from French. The failure of the play was seen as so great, Holcroft did not attempt any further playwriting for another two years.
# Lögmannsannáll

Lögmannsannáll (from Old Norse: Governors' Annals) is among the most well-known of the medieval Icelandic annals and is preserved in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík as manuscript AM 420 B, (c. 1362–1390). Lögmannsannáll was primarily written by Einarr Hafliðason. Its content starts with the martyrdom of Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle, and continues until the last entry, dated 1361, which appears to depart from the original author's handwriting, with another writer updating the annals through 1380, possibly from Hólar. In the next four years, from 1381 to 1384, a third writer appeared and through his style it can be deduced that the manuscript was transferred to the north, to Skálholt. The entries end in 1430.

## Nýi Annáll

Nýi Annáll, which literally means New Annals, is the last fragment of Lögmannsannáll, which corresponds to the entries from 1393 to 1430. This is considered the last of the Icelandic annals and the only one written in the 15th century. Nýi Annáll does not appear in manuscript AM 420 B, but in a copy of the 17th century AM 240 C.
# Sudbury Theatre Centre

Sudbury Theatre Centre is a theatre located in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
On November 1, 2023, it was announced that the entity running the venue had merged with YES Theatre. Although now managed by YES Theatre, the Sudbury Theatre Centre continues to use the same name to distinguish itself from the Refettorio, YES Theatre's other main theatre venue in the city.

## History

Following an Ontario government report in 1967 which recommended the creation of a theatre company in Sudbury, local arts patrons Sonja Dunn, Carolyn Fouriezos, Bill Hart, Bob Remnant and Peg Roberts raised funds to bring the Gryphon Theatre Company of Barrie to Sudbury for a production of Neil Simon's Come Blow Your Horn. That production was staged at Laurentian University's Fraser Auditorium in May 1970.
Following that production, the Sudbury Theatre Centre was officially incorporated on September 14, 1971. Over the next number of years, the STC staged plays and children's theatre workshops at Fraser Auditorium, Cambrian College and the Inco Club. Its success was largely due to the dedication of long-standing artistic director Tony Lloyd, who made it his mission to build a theatre for the people of Sudbury.
In 1980, the city of Sudbury donated a parcel of municipal land on Shaughnessy Street near Civic Square to the STC for the construction of their own permanent 289-seat theatre. Construction began in July 1981, and the new facility was officially opened at the launch of the company's 1982 theatre season.
In 2015, the theatre underwent a modernization that included renovations to the lobby and an updated and improved lounge area. At the same time, the expanded their liquor license into the auditorium and improved ticketing for expedited entry.
As of 2017, STC has expanded their programming to include a performing arts series that includes music, dance, comedy, and spectacle. These offerings complement their existing main-stage theatre series. The theatre also stages an annual youth drama program to educate students in the performing arts. In 2020, the theatre's artistic director John McHenry debuted on CKLU-FM, the campus radio station of the city's Laurentian University, as cohost of Arts at Nine, a weekly radio show about the city's arts community.
# La Source

La Source is the French for the source or the spring (water). It may also refer to:
la Source or des Sources or les Sources, or variation, may refer to:

## Places

* La Source, Haiti, a village in the Grand'Anse department of Haiti
* La Source, Arniquet, Haiti, a village in the Sud department of Haiti
* Les Sources, Estrie, Quebec, Canada; a regional county municipality
* Des Sources station, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; a light rail station
* Boulevard Des Sources, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; a large street

## Arts and entertainment

* The Source (Ingres), a painting by Ingres
* The Source (2011 film), a 2011 French drama-comedy
* Le Printemps (La Source), a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir

### Ballet

* La source (Saint-Léon), an 1866 ballet with music by Léo Delibes and Ludwig Minkus
* La source (Balanchine), a 1986 ballet by George Balanchine to music of Delibes

### Music

* La Source (album), a 2007 album by Nâdiya
* "La Source" (song), a 1968 Eurovision song
* La Source, a musical piece for harp by Alphonse Hasselmans
* Les sources (album), a 2018 album by Vanessa Paradis

## Other

* The Source (retailer) (French: La Source), a Canadian electronics retailer
* École élémentaire La Source, elementary school in Barrie, Ontario
* La Source, the name of the first turn (a hairpin) at the motorsport racetrack Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps
* Stade de la Source (English: La Source Stadium), Orleans, France; a soccer stadium
# Senani

Senani is both a Sanskrit title, given name, surname. It was a title denoting a military commander in ancient India. Notable people with the name include:
* Jayapa Senani, Indian military commamder
* Riham Senani (born 1993), Algerian long-distance runner
* Khaled Al-Senani (born 1989), Emirati footballer.
* Senani Hegde, Indian photographer
# Sergent Garcia

Sergent Garcia is the band formed around French singer Bruno Garcia (1964, France) who had previously been the guitarist of punk band Ludwig Von 88.
Sergent Garcia’s music is a mixture of cumbia, reggae, salsa, ragamuffin, rock and other trends in a new style which he defines as salsamuffin.
He published in 2011 his sixth studio album, Una y otra vez (Cumbancha/The Gwagwita), recorded between France, Spain, Cuba and Colombia.
In 2023, he released a single, entitled “¡Cuando Salga El Sol!”, accompanied by a video in 2024. Also in 2024, he embarked on a tour, entitled the “Salsamuffin Tour” to celebrate 25 years as a solo artist.

## Discography

* Viva el Sergento (1997)
* Un poquito quema'o (1999)
* Sin Fronteras (2001)
* La Semilla Escondida (2003)
* Best Of (compilation) (2004)
* Mascaras (2006)
* Cumbiamuffin (EP) (2009)
* Una y Otra Vez (2011)
* Anthologie (2006-2010)
* Contre Vents Et Marées (2015)
* ¡Cuando Salga El Sol! (2023)
# Saline Township, Ralls County, Missouri

Saline Township is an inactive township in Ralls County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Saline Township was so named on account of the abundance of natural salt within its borders.
# Ganta

Ganta, also known as Gompa City, is a town approximately 323 kilometres (201 mi) from Monrovia in Nimba County of northern Liberia. It is located just south of the Guinea border. It is the second-most populous city in Liberia, with an estimated population of 41,106 as of 2008. A bustling market town, it contains a prominent white mosque, noted for its decorated minarets of carved stars.

## Geography

It is connected by highway to Zwedru, some 238 kilometres (148 mi) to the southeast. The Mani River passes through the northern part of the town, marking the border between Liberia and Guinea.

## Economy

Ganta is an emerging city with a population of 41,106 as of 2008. As early as 1983 it was observed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service that it had the potential to become "one of the most developed and commercial cities in rural Liberia". As of 2007 there are five banks in Ganta with other financial institutions. The city contains Jackie's Guest House, the Alvino Hotel, the Beer Garden, Justina Bar and Restaurant etc. In 2004, some 20 acres of land near Ganta were purchased to build a new college, costing $13,500.

## Healthcare

American Methodist missionary and physician George Way Harley began working in Ganta in October 1925, where he established a new hospital, dispensary, church, school, and several residences. He found a leper colony there at the time, and established a new Mission in Ganta in 1926. Ganta Hospital serves 450,000 people in Nimba County and surrounding areas. As of 2008 it had 32 beds, with the expectation to grow to 50.
In September 2014, it was reported that two female victims of the Ebola virus in Ganta, Dorris Quoi and Ma Kebeh, had been "resurrected".
# Sputnik Light

Sputnik Light (Russian: Спутник Лайт, romanized: Sputnik Layt or Lajt) is a single dose COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. It consists of the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine, which is based on the Ad26 vector, and it can be stored at a normal refrigerator temperature of 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). The institute says this version would be ideally suited for areas with acute outbreaks, allowing more people to be vaccinated quickly. It will also be used as a third (booster) dose for those who received Sputnik V at least 6 months earlier.

## Effectiveness

A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval. As of September 2021, no study on Sputnik Light reported confidence intervals, so it is not possible to know the accuracy of the estimates. Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.
A real-world study with participants aged 60–79 years in Argentina found that the single-injection vaccine is 79% (95% CI, 75–82%) effective in preventing infections, 88% (95% CI, 80–92%) effective against hospitalization, and 85% (95% CI, 75–91%) against death. A phase III clinical trial in Russia also found an efficacy of 79%. According to Nextstrain, lineage B.1.1.317 was the dominant variant in Russia during the study period (5 December 2020 to 15 April 2021), while in Argentina (29 December 2020 to 21 March 2021) lineage N.5 dominated at first, but soon many lineages coexisted in similar proportions.
Preliminary data from a study in Moscow in July 2021 indicate that the vaccine is 70% (95% CI, 64–75%) effective against symptomatic disease from the Delta variant for three months after vaccination.

## Composition

Composition, manufacturing sites and procedures, logistics and concerns about adverse effects and quality control are the same as the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine. As a result, issues related to the second dose, such as the possible presence of replication-competent particles, do not apply to Sputnik Light.

## Clinical trials

In January 2021, Sputnik Light commenced phase I/II trials.
In February, Sputnik Light commenced phase III trials.

### Heterologous prime-boost vaccination

In August 2021, RDIF announced that preliminary results from a study on heterologous prime-boost vaccination indicate that it is safe to administer Sputnik Light as the first dose, then the Oxford–AstraZeneca, Moderna or Sinopharm BIBP vaccine as the second dose, as well as the homologous course consisting of Sputnik Light as the second dose.

### Authorizations

Although Sputnik Light was not authorized by Ukraine or international organizations, tens of thousands of doses were shipped by Russia for use in non-government controlled parts of the eastern Donbas region from January 2021. Ukrainian officials criticized the move.