OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bikram Bir Thapa

Bikram Bir Thapa (Nepali: विक्रमवीर थापा; also called Vikramveer Thapa; 22 February 1948) is an Indian painter and Nepali language writer, best known for his short stories. In 1999, he won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language for his work Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa.

## Early life

Bikram Bir Thapa was born on 22 February 1948 in Shillong, Meghalaya to father Raghuvir Thapa Magar and mother Kaushalya Devi Thapa Magar . His father was a retired Gurkha Subedar who passed away when Thapa was 4 years old. On 16 May 1968, he joined the Indian Army in the infantry regiment of 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) and participated in the Bangladesh Liberation War.

## Career

He first published his first story in 1969, called Communist in the Tarun newspaper from Shillong. In 1983, Thapa published romantic novel, Bigatko Parivesh Bhitra, set in his hometown. His Teestadekhi Sutlejsamma deals with the identity crisis of the Indian Gorkhas.
In 1999, he was awarded the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language for his work Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa. Bikram Bir Thapa Library School is one of the earliest Nepali-language school in Meghalaya, which is named after him.

## Publications

* Communist (Nepali: कम्युनिष्ट), 1969
* Upahar (Nepali: उपहार), 1973/74
* Bigatko Parivesh Bhitra (Nepali: विगतको परिवेशभित्र), novel, 1983
* Teestadekhi Sutlejsamma (Nepali: टिस्टादेखि सतलजसम्म), novel, 1986
* Hatya: Rato Dairyko (Nepali: हत्या: रातो डायरीको), 1994
* Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa (Nepali: बीसौं शताब्दीकी मोनालिसा), 1997
* Mato Boldo Ho (Nepali: माटो बोल्दो हो), novel, 2007
* Manisingh Gurung (Nepali: मणिसिंह गुरुङ), biography, 2010
* Kargil Yuddha (Nepali: कारगिल युद्ध), autobiography, 2016

## Awards

* Sahitya Akademi Award (1999) for Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa
* Kanchenjunga National Award by Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim
# Tool Academy

Tool Academy is a reality TV franchise. It may refer to:
* Tool Academy (American TV series)
* Tool Academy (British TV series)
# John Skeaping

John Rattenbury Skeaping, RA (9 June 1901 – 5 March 1980) was an English sculptor and equine painter and sculptor. He designed animal figures for Wedgwood, and his life-size statue of Secretariat is exhibited at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Born in South Woodford, Essex, Skeaping was the eldest son of the painter Kenneth Mathieson Skeaping, and studied at Goldsmiths College in London, the Central School of Arts and Crafts between 1917 and 1919, and later at the Royal Academy until 1920. In 1924, he won the British Prix de Rome and its scholarship to the British School at Rome.̣
Skeaping was the first husband of the sculptor Barbara Hepworth, whom he met while studying in Rome. They married in May 1925 in Florence. The couple had a joint exhibition in 1928 at the Alex Reid and Lefevre Gallery in Glasgow. They had a son, Paul Skeaping, who was born in 1929 and died in 1953 in Thailand. Hepworth and Skeaping began divorce proceedings in 1931; the divorce was finalised in March 1933.
He was a member of the London Group from 1928 to 1934, joined the Seven and Five Society in 1932, and later, after World War II, worked for a period in Mexico. During the War, Skeaping had been commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee to produce a portrait bust. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1960, having exhibited there since 1922. Skeaping wrote several books on drawing and an autobiography, Drawn from Life was published in 1977. From 1948, he taught sculpture at the Royal College of Art and was professor of sculpture there from 1953 to 1959.
Skeaping later lived in Devon near the village of Chagford and moved to the Camargue, France in 1959. A BBC documentary One Pair of Eyes – John Skeaping (1970) directed by David Cobham was produced for BBC TV during Skeaping's time there. The Tate Gallery owns eight works by Skeaping. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Two life-size racehorses by Skeaping were cast by H.H. Martyn & Co., Hyperion in 1962 and Chamossaire in 1966. The statue of Hyperion is now located in the National Horse Racing Museum, while that of Chamossaire is in Snailwell.

## Portrait sculptures

Marble heads dating from London, c. 1927 of Barbara Hepworth by Skeaping, and of Skeaping by Hepworth are documented by photograph in the Retrospective catalogue, but are both believed lost. A stone head of Arthur Lett-Haines dates from 1933, when Skeaping was living in the artists' colony at the house of Sir Cedric Morris after the breakup of his marriage to Hepworth. A bronze sketch (1978) of Skeaping exists by Sally Arnup.

## Animals for Wedgwood

* Monkeys
* Bison
* Polar bear
# At-Bashy Range

The At-Bashy Range (Kyrgyz: Ат-Башы тоо кыркасы) is a mountain range in the south part of the internal Tien-Shan. The range is located in At-Bashy District of the Naryn Region in Kyrgyzstan. The length of the range is 140 km (87 mi) and the width of the range is 30 km (19 mi). The highest parts of the At-Bashy Range, with elevations of more than 4,500 m (14,800 ft), are in its middle part while lower elevated parts, below 4,000 m (13,000 ft), are in the west and in the east. The average height is around 4,280 m (14,040 ft) with the highest point of 4,786 m (15,702 ft).
The central crest area of the ridge is above the snowline. The slopes are cut by short deep transverse gorges with frequent occurrence of glaciers. The range is composed of limestone and schist of Paleozoic age. The landscapes at southern slopes are: Alpian and sub-Alpian at 3,600–3,900 m (11,800–12,800 ft), and Alpine tundra at 3,900–4,300 m (12,800–14,100 ft); at northern slopes: mountain steppes at 2,400–2,700 m (7,900–8,900 ft), mountain meadows at 2,700–3,000 m (8,900–9,800 ft), sub-Alpian and Alpian at 3,400–3,600 m (11,200–11,800 ft), and tundra at 3,800–4,000 m (12,500–13,100 ft); and at western slopes: stony, steppe, sub-Alpian and tundra.
Several rivers taking their rise from the south slopes of the At-Bashy Range form Aksay river, right tributary of Kakshaal River (Toshkan River). Among those rivers are Keng-Suu, Kosh Kara-Tash, Muzdabas, Tuyuk Bogoshtu, Jol Bogoshtu, Kashka-Suu and Tuyz Ashuu. Kara-Koyun River, left tributary of At-Bashy, rises from the northern slopes of the At-Bash Range.
# Alexander Zach

Alexander Zach (born 10 September 1976) is an Austrian politician and former member of the Austrian Parliament (2006–2008). He has been the head of the Liberal Forum from 2001 to 2008. Although his party did not run the elections of 2006, Zach was given a seat on the SPÖ as a result of an alliance whose aim was forestalling another term of Wolfgang Schüssel as chancellor. Only five days before the Austrian legislative elections in September 2008 Zach resigned his position as head of his party after being accused of lobbying for EADS.
# Otluk, Şirvan

Otluk (Kurdish: Qalenz) is a village in the Şirvan District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 57 in 2021.
The hamlet of Benekli is attached to the village.
# Chittaranjan Nepali

Narayan Prasad Rajbhandari (Nepali: चित्तरञ्जन नेपाली; 21 July 1931 – 16 October 2023), professionally known as Chittaranjan Nepali, was a Nepalese writer and historian. He received the first ever Madan Puraskar for Janaral Bhimsen Thapa Ra Tatkalin Nepal, a biographical book on the life of prime minister Bhimsen Thapa. He wrote in Nepali as well as Nepalbhasa.

## Early life and education

Nepali was born on 21 July 1931 (10 Shrawan 1988 BS) to Sardar Medini Prasad Rajbhandari and Kali Nani Rajbhandari. He began his basic education in Mahabir School founded by Chiniya Lal and Phatte Bahadur Singh which was closed after the imprisonment of the founders. He then joined Juddodaya School and completed his SLC level education from Durbar High School in 2004 BS. He then went to Tri-chandra College for his college education.
From his childhood, he was friends with Bijaya Malla, Gopal Prasad Rimal, Govinda Bahadur Malla and Shyam Das Vaishnav. His father was friends with the historian Baburam Acharya. His poems and historic articles were published in Sharada magazine.
Initially, he worked for Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Then he was transferred to Home ministry.
Nepali received MA degree in history from Tribhuvan University.

## Political career

In 1997 BS after Shukra Raj Shastri, Dashrath Chand, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Dharma Bhakta Mathema were murdered by the Rana government, he became involved in the politics. He started putting up anti-Rana pamphlets but he needed anonymity for doing so or he could have lost his job and even been punished by the government. So, he chose the alias Chhitaranjan Nepali.

## Literary career

Nepali started his career as a poet. His first Nepal Bhasa epic poem Ma Lumanka (Mother's memory) was published in 1950-1951 (2007 BS). He then published Janaral Bhimsen Thapa Ra Tatkalin Nepal with the aid of Nepal Sanskirti Sangh (Nepal Cultural Association) about the life of first prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa. He won first ever Madan Puraskar prize alongside Satya Mohan Joshi and Balram Joshi.

## Personal life and death

Chittaranjan Nepali was married to Merri Baba Rajbhandari and had four children (one son and three daughters). He died in Kathmandu's Chabahil neighbourhood on 16 October 2023, at the age of 92.

## Awards

Nepali is recipient of various literary and civil awards. Some of the awards are:
* Madan Puraskar (2013 BS (1956-1957)) for Janaral Bhimsen Thapa Ra Tatkalin Nepal
* Shrestha Shirpa Puraskar (2022 BS (1965-1966))
* Subha Rajya Avishek Padak (2031 BS (1974-1975))
* Trishatti Patta - Second
* Durgam Sewa Padak
* Janapad Sewa Padak
* Janapad Dirga Sewa Padak
# Paradiceros

Paradiceros is an extinct genus of rhinocerotid that lived in east Africa during the Late Miocene, between 13.7 and 9 million years ago.
Paradiceros was a relatively small species once believed to be closely allied to Diceros. It was a browser and had very short legs, though not as short as some of the more primitive species like Chilotherium.
# The Biggest Heroes

The Biggest Heroes (Danish: De største helte) is a 1996 Danish comedy road film directed by Thomas Vinterberg.

## Synopsis

Karsten, a bank robber on probation, gets the surprise of his life when one of his exes, Lisbeth, shows up out of the blue and announces that he has a twelve-year-old daughter, Louise, and that he must take care of her. Her stepfather, Allan, is abusive and she can no longer stay with him. Karsten, his partner-in-crime Peter, and Louise flee to Sweden as Karsten's probation has expired. Allan goes in pursuit of the girl. In Sweden, Karsten's plan is to hole up with another old flame, Pernille, who lives in the north with her friend Eve. As Allan catches up with the trio, he engages in an altercation with Karsten and ends up dead. All the while, Karsten is chased by the police, who uncover one crime after another, including Allan's death. In a final confrontation with officers of the law at an airport, both Karsten and Peter are gunned down, while Louise returns to Helsinki.

## Cast

* Thomas Bo Larsen as Karsten
* Ulrich Thomsen as Peter
* Mia Maria Back [af; da] as Louise
* Bjarne Henriksen as Allan
* Paprika Steen as Lisbeth
* Trine Dyrholm as Pernille
* Hella Joof as Eva
# Agioi Theodoroi (islands)

Agioi Theodoroi (Greek: Άγιοι Θεόδωροι) are two uninhabited islets off the coast of western Crete. One is named Agios Theodoros, also called Thodorou, and the islet a few metres further north is called Mikros Agios Theodoros ("Little Agios Theodoros"). Administratively, they are part of the municipality of Platanias, in Chania regional unit. Kri-kri inhabit Agios Theodoros. Anciently, the islands were known as Coete or Koite (Ancient Greek: Κοίτη) and Akytos.

## History

The islands are mentioned in antiquity (2nd half of the third century) in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni, which states that they have potable water.
In 1583 the Venetians built two small fortresses on Agios Theodoros in part to prevent pirates from using the islands and in part to defend the coast of Crete.

## Environment
### Birds

The islets have been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support a breeding population of 50 – 65 pairs of Eleonora's falcons.

### Goats

In 1930 the municipality of Agia Marina with the cooperation of the hunting association of Chania decided to make the islands a nature reserve. It was in 1935 that Theodoros Viglis caught one male and two female kri-kri, or Cretan goats, in Samariá Gorge and released them on Agios Theodoros so that they could breed with integrity since no other goats inhabited the island. This initial small community of kri-kri was too small to prevent inbreeding and more kri-kri were introduced to the community. The isolated community of kri-kri at Agios Theodoros has been used to provide kri-kri to zoos around the world.
# Arjun Chaupari Rural Municipality

Arjun Chaupari (Nepali: अर्जुनचौपारी) is a rural municipality in Syangja District in Gandaki Province, central Nepal. On 12 March 2017, the government of Nepal implemented a new local administrative structure consisting of 744 local units. With the implementation of the new local administrative structure, VDCs have been replaced with municipal & village councils. Arjun Chaupari is one of these 744 local units. Arjun Chaupari is created by merging Rapakot, Aruchaur, Sataudarau & (3,7) Wards of Panchamul.

## Political situation

Arjun Chaupari is divided into 6 Wards. It is surrounded by Aandhikhola at northern side, Putalibazar from east, Parbat District from west and Bhirkot Municipality at south. The office of the village council is that of the former Arjun Chaupari.

## Population

As Arjun Chaupari is created by merging Rapakot, Aruchaur, Sataudarau & (3,7) Wards of Panchamul. The total population of Arjun Chaupari, 16,176, is residing in an area of 57.22 km$^2$.
# Wittichenau

Wittichenau (German) or Kulow (Upper Sorbian, pronounced) is a bilingual town in the district of Bautzen in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Schwarze Elster, 6 km south of Hoyerswerda.
This small municipality is situated in the heart of bilingual Lusatia region which was for long centuries part of the Bohemian Crown and was passed to Saxony in 1635. Wittichenau has 6,300 inhabitants of whom the Sorbian-speaking, Slavic Lusatian population compose about 35-40%; the other 60-65% speak German. It is part of the recognized Sorbian settlement area in Saxony.

## Geography

* Pfarrkirche Wittichenau
* Protestant church in Wittichenau
* Saxon post milestone
* Column for the title character of Krabat
* School in Wittichenau

## Notable people

* Georg August Swotlick (1650-1729), translated the Bible into Sorbian and created the first printed Sorbian dictionary.
* Mathias Wenzel Jäckel (1655-1738), was a prominent baroque sculptor, works can be seen in the Wittichenau Pfarrkirche and on the Karlsbrücke in Prague.
* Xaver Jakub Ticin (1656-1693), wrote the first Upper Sorbian grammar, died near Belgrade as a chaplain in the Turkish War.
* Franz Georg Lock (1751-1831), bishop.
* Herta Nikovich (1923-1994) left 102,000 dollars as a founder of the "Wittichenau children" - Mrs. Nikovich Foundation for the promotion of education, education, youth welfare and youth welfare for all children of the city of Wittichenau.
* Günter Särchen (1927-2004), Catholic social pedagogue, publicist and pioneer of German-Polish reconciliation, honorary citizen of Wittichenau.
* Hubertus Zomack (born 1941), Catholic theologian and priest, was Vicar General of the Bishopric of Görlitz.
* Waltraut Skoddow (1942-2014), writer.
* Ulrich Pogoda (born 1954), Sorbian composer of classical music.
* Peter Schowtka (1945–2022), politician (CDU), deputy in the Saxonian Landtag 1991-2014 and from 1990 to 1994 mayor of Wittichenau.
# Stichopus herrmanni

Stichopus herrmanni, or Herrmann's sea cucumber, is a species of holothuroidean echinoderm in the family Stichopodidae. It is found in the tropical, western Indo-Pacific Ocean, at depths down to 20 m (66 ft). This and several other species are known as curryfish and are harvested commercially; it is called gama in Indonesia.

## Description

Stichopus herrmanni is a large species of sea cucumber, growing up to 50 cm (20 in) long. The body is cylindrical with a flat sole. The body wall is rough and wrinkled, without large swellings but with orange-brown papillae (conical fleshy protuberances). The mouth is surrounded by eight to sixteen feeding tentacles and the sole bears short tube feet. The colour is variable, in some locations being greyish-brown, greenish-brown, or sandy-brown, while in others being mustard-yellow, orange-brown or green and brown.

## Distribution and habitat

Stichopus herrmanni is found in the tropical west Indo-Pacific region. Its range extends from the east coast of Africa to Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia. It occurs on sand and mud substrates, seagrass meadows and rubble at depths down to about 25 m (80 ft).

## Uses

There is a commercial fishery for this species in Indonesia and northern Australia. It is known as "curryfish", but this name encompasses several species, S. herrmanni, Stichopus vastus and Stichopus ocellatus and landings of the three species are recorded as one. At one time, this species was not harvested because the flesh easily disintegrated, but modern processing methods provide better handling and it has now become a high value product. In Queensland, a minimum length of 35 cm (14 in) is in force.

## Conservation status

Although the population of S. herrmanni is stable in Australia, elsewhere fishing pressure is causing declines in its populations over most of its range. As a result of overfishing of more desirable species, this species is likely to face greater exploitation, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable". This species occurs in several protected areas over its range, including the Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve in Lakshwadeep, India.
# Dabrava Glacier

Dabrava Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Дъбрава, romanized: lednik Dabrava, IPA:) is the 14 km long and 4.5 km wide glacier on Pernik Peninsula, Loubet Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, situated southwest of Murphy Glacier and north of Sölch Glacier. It drains the west slopes of Mount Deeley, flows northwestwards and enters Lallemand Fjord southwest of Orford Cliff.
The glacier is named after the settlements of Dabrava in Northern, Northeastern, Southern and Southwestern Bulgaria.

## Location

Dabrava Glacier is centred at 66°58′30″S 66°28′00″W﻿ / ﻿66.97500°S 66.46667°W﻿ / -66.97500; -66.46667. British mapping in 1976 and 1978.

## Maps

* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 66 66. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1976.
* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 67 66. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1978.
# So Normal

So Normal (Portuguese: Os Normais: O Filme) is a 2003 Brazilian comedy film directed by José Alvarenga Jr. [pt] from a screenplay by Alexandre Machado [pt] and Fernanda Young, based on the Brazilian television sitcom Os Normais. The film stars Luiz Fernando Guimarães, Fernanda Torres, Marisa Orth and Evandro Mesquita. It depicts the beginning of the relationship between the characters Rui and Vani.
The film was released in Brazil on 24 October 2003 by Lumière, drawing one million admissions in its opening week and nearly three million in total. So Normal grossed R$19,874,866 at the Brazilian box office, becoming the third highest-grossing domestic film and the eighth highest-grossing film overall of 2003 in Brazil.
A sequel, So Normal 2: The Craziest Night Ever (Portuguese: Os Normais 2: A Noite Mais Maluca de Todas), was released in Brazil on 28 August 2009.

## Cast

* Luiz Fernando Guimarães as Rui
* Fernanda Torres as Vani
* Marisa Orth as Marta
* Evandro Mesquita [pt] as Sérgio
* Emílio Pitta [pt] as Father Alencar
* Tutuca [pt] as Marta's father
* Lupe Gigliotti as Sérgio's mother
* Fabiana Gugli [pt] as Vani's cousin
* Ana Baird [pt] as Ângela
* Mário Schoemberger as second mate
# Electrochemical kinetics

Electrochemical kinetics is the field of electrochemistry that studies the rate of electrochemical processes. This includes the study of how process conditions, such as concentration and electric potential, influence the rate of oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions that occur at the surface of an electrode, as well as an investigation into electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Two accompanying processes are involved in the electrochemical reaction and influence the overall reaction rate:
* electron transfer at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte
* transport of the redox species from the interior of the solution to the surface of the electrode; the transport can occur by diffusion, convection and migration.
Contributors to this field include Alexander Frumkin, John Alfred Valentine Butler, Max Volmer, and Julius Tafel.

## Butler-Volmer equation

An elementary charge transfer step can be described by the Butler–Volmer model proposed by John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer. The reaction rate is given by the Butler-Volmer equation:
    $j=j_{0}\left\{\exp \left[{\frac {(1-\alpha )z\mathrm {F} }{\mathrm {R} \mathrm {T} }}\eta \right]-\exp \left[-{\frac {\alpha z\mathrm {F} }{\mathrm {R} \mathrm {T} }}\eta \right]\right\},\;\eta =\mathrm {E} -\mathrm {E_{eq}}$
In this equation $j$ is the net current density, $j_{0}$ is the exchange current density, $\alpha$ is the charge transfer coefficient, $z$ is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction, $F$ is the Faraday constant, $R$ is the molar gas constant, $T$ is the absolute temperature, $\eta$ is the electrode overpotential, $E_{eq}$ is the thermodynamic equilibrium reduction potential and $E$ is the observed value of this potential.
The equation yields a negative current density for a reduction reaction (negative overpotential) and a positive current density for an oxidation reaction (positive overpotential). The sign of the current density has no physical meaning and is defined by an international convention.
# Klimeschia

Klimeschia is a genus of moths in the family Douglasiidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm.

## Species

* Klimeschia afghanica Gaedike, 1974
* Klimeschia lutumella Amsel, 1938
* Klimeschia paghmanella Gaedike, 1974
* Klimeschia thymetella (Staudinger, 1859)
* Klimeschia transversella (Zeller, 1839)
* Klimeschia vibratoriella (Mann, 1862)
# Valentin Plamenov

Valentin Plamenov (Bulgarian: Валентин Пламенов) (6 February 1951 – 4 September 2003, Sofia, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian writer, essayist, satirist, dramatist, screenwriter, and journalist.
Plamenov attended the French Gymnasium in Sofia, achieving the highest academic distinction for which he was awarded the gold medal. Plamenov graduated from Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski in Bulgarian and French Philology.
Plamenov worked for the Bulgarian satirical newspaper Starshel (Hornet) as well as the Bulgarian Cultural Center in Delhi, India until 1992. Plamenov renewed the satirical newspaper Bulgaran under the title New Bulgaran and became its editor-in-chief. He published in the newspapers People's Youth, Pardon, Novinar and the magazine Caricature.
Plamenov actively contributed to shows broadcast by the Bulgarian National Television and Radio, as well as Bulgarian cinema. His literary work varies from theater plays, crime novels to children's plays, and over 400 scripts TV shows, and 200 scripts for radio shows.
Plamenov died of lung cancer on September 4, 2003.
# Heteroscodra

Heteroscodra is a genus of Central African tarantulas that was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1900. Like many Old World tarantulas, they have a strong venom, and can inflict a painful bite. As of March 2020 it contains two species, found in Africa: H. crassipes and H. maculata.