# 1830–31 United States Senate elections

The 1830–31 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1830 and 1831, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
The Jacksonians gained one seat from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.

## Results summary

Senate party division, 22nd Congress (1831–1833)
* Majority party: Jacksonian (24–23)
* Minority party: Anti-Jackson (21–23)
* Other parties: Nullifier (2–1)
* Total seats: 48

## Change in composition
### Before the elections

After the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.
| | | | | | | AJ$_1$ | AJ$_2$ | AJ$_3$ | AJ$_4$ |
| AJ$_{14}$ | AJ$_{13}$ | AJ$_{12}$ | AJ$_{11}$ | AJ$_{10}$ | AJ$_9$ | AJ$_8$ | AJ$_7$ | AJ$_6$ | AJ$_5$ |
| AJ$_{15}$ Ind. Ran | AJ$_{16}$ La. Ran | AJ$_{17}$ Md. Ran | AJ$_{18}$ Mo. Ran | AJ$_{19}$ N.Y. Ran | AJ$_{20}$ Pa. Ran | AJ$_{21}$ Conn. Unknown | AJ$_{22}$ Vt. Unknown | AJ$_{23}$ Ohio Retired | J$_{25}$ N.C. Retired |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | J$_{24}$ N.H. Unknown |
| J$_{15}$ | J$_{16}$ | J$_{17}$ | J$_{18}$ | J$_{19}$ Ala. Ran | J$_{20}$ Ga. Ran | J$_{21}$ Ill. Ran | J$_{22}$ S.C. Ran | J$_{23}$ Ky. Ran | J$_{24}$ N.H. Unknown |
| J$_{14}$ | J$_{13}$ | J$_{12}$ | J$_{11}$ | J$_{10}$ | J$_9$ | J$_8$ | J$_7$ | J$_6$ | J$_5$ |
| | | | | | | J$_1$ | J$_2$ | J$_3$ | J$_4$ |

### As a result of the elections

| | | | | | | AJ$_1$ | AJ$_2$ | AJ$_3$ | AJ$_4$ |
| AJ$_{14}$ | AJ$_{13}$ | AJ$_{12}$ | AJ$_{11}$ | AJ$_{10}$ | AJ$_9$ | AJ$_8$ | AJ$_7$ | AJ$_6$ | AJ$_5$ |
| AJ$_{15}$ Ind. Re-elected | AJ$_{16}$ La. Re-elected | AJ$_{17}$ Md. Re-elected | AJ$_{18}$ Ala. Hold | AJ$_{19}$ Conn. Hold | AJ$_{20}$ Ohio Hold | V$_1$ Ky. J Loss | N$_1$ S.C. Gain | J$_{26}$ Pa. Gain | J$_{25}$ N.Y. Gain |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | J$_{24}$ Mo. Gain |
| J$_{15}$ | J$_{16}$ | J$_{17}$ | J$_{18}$ | J$_{19}$ Ga. Re-elected | J$_{20}$ Ill. Re-elected | J$_{21}$ N.H. Hold | J$_{22}$ N.C. Hold | J$_{23}$ Vt. Hold | J$_{24}$ Mo. Gain |
| J$_{14}$ | J$_{13}$ | J$_{12}$ | J$_{11}$ | J$_{10}$ | J$_9$ | J$_8$ | J$_7$ | J$_6$ | J$_5$ |
| | | | | | | J$_1$ | J$_2$ | J$_3$ | J$_4$ |

### At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831

| | | | | | | AJ$_1$ | AJ$_2$ | AJ$_3$ | AJ$_4$ |
| AJ$_{14}$ | AJ$_{13}$ | AJ$_{12}$ | AJ$_{11}$ | AJ$_{10}$ | AJ$_9$ | AJ$_8$ | AJ$_7$ | AJ$_6$ | AJ$_5$ |
| AJ$_{15}$ | AJ$_{16}$ | AJ$_{17}$ | AJ$_{18}$ | AJ$_{19}$ | AJ$_{20}$ | AJ$_{21}$ Gain | AJ$_{22}$ Gain | N$_1$ | N$_2$ S.C. Changed |
| Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | Plurality → | J$_{24}$ |
| J$_{15}$ | J$_{16}$ | J$_{17}$ | J$_{18}$ | J$_{19}$ | J$_{20}$ | J$_{21}$ | J$_{22}$ | J$_{23}$ | J$_{24}$ |
| J$_{14}$ | J$_{13}$ | J$_{12}$ | J$_{11}$ | J$_{10}$ | J$_9$ | J$_8$ | J$_7$ | J$_6$ | J$_5$ |
| | | | | | | J$_1$ | J$_2$ | J$_3$ | J$_4$ |
| Key: | AJ$_#$ = Anti-Jacksonian J$_#$ = Jacksonian N$_#$ = Nullfier V$_#$ = Vacant |

## Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

### Special elections during the 21st Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Illinois (Class 2) | David J. Baker | Jacksonian | 1830 (appointed) | Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified. Winner elected December 11, 1830. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y John M. Robinson (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Mississippi (Class 2) | Thomas B. Reed | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) 1827 (lost) 1828 | Incumbent died November 26, 1829. Winner elected January 6, 1830. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Robert H. Adams (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Delaware (Class 1) | Louis McLane | Jacksonian | 1827 | Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom. Winner elected January 7, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y Arnold Naudain (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |

### Races leading to the 22nd Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Alabama | John McKinley | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Gabriel Moore (Jacksonian) ▌John McKinley (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Connecticut | Calvin Willey | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected May 20, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Gideon Tomlinson (Anti-Jacksonian) 158 ▌R. M. Sherman (Unknown) 20 Scattering 17 |
| Georgia | John Forsyth | Jacksonian | 1829 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831. | ▌Y John Forsyth (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Illinois | Elias Kane | Jacksonian | 1825 | Incumbent re-elected in 1831. | ▌Y Elias K. Kane (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Indiana | William Hendricks | Anti-Jacksonian | 1824 | Incumbent re-elected December 18, 1830 on the fourth ballot. | ▌Y William Hendricks (Anti-Jacksonian) 44 ▌ Ratliff Boon (Jacksonian) 26 ▌ John Law (Jacksonian) 9 ▌ Charles Dewey (Jacksonian) 3 |
| Kentucky | John Rowan | Jacksonian | 1824 | Legislature elected late. Jacksonian loss. | [data missing] |
| Louisiana | Josiah S. Johnston | Anti-Jacksonian | 1824 (appointed) 1825 | Incumbent re-elected in 1831. | ▌Y Josiah S. Johnston (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Maryland | Ezekiel F. Chambers | Anti-Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1831. | ▌Y Ezekiel F. Chambers (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Missouri | David Barton | Anti-Jacksonian | 1821 1825 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y Alexander Buckner (Jacksonian) ▌David Barton (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| New Hampshire | Levi Woodbury | Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Isaac Hill (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| New York | Nathan Sanford | Anti-Jacksonian | 1826 (late) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 1, 1831. Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y William L. Marcy (Jacksonian) 20+86 ▌Samuel Works (Anti-Masonic) 5+27 ▌Nathan Sanford (Anti-Jacksonian) 0+1 |
| North Carolina | James Iredell Jr. | Jacksonian | 1828 (special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Willie P. Mangum (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Ohio | Jacob Burnet | Anti-Jacksonian | 1828 (special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian) 54 ▌Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian) 51 ▌Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian) 2 |
| Pennsylvania | William Marks | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y William Wilkins (Jacksonian) ▌William Marks (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| South Carolina | William Smith | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Nullifier gain. | ▌Y Stephen D. Miller (Nullifier) ▌William Smith (Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Vermont | Dudley Chase | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y Samuel Prentiss (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |

### Elections during the 22nd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Kentucky (Class 3) | Vacant | Vacant | Vacant | Legislature elected late. New senator elected November 10, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y Henry Clay (Anti-Jacksonian) 73 ▌Richard M. Johnson (Jacksonian) 64 ▌Worden Pope (Unknown) 1 |
| Louisiana (Class 2) | Edward Livingston | Jacksonian | 1828 or 1829 | Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State. Winner elected November 15, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain. | ▌Y George A. Waggaman (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Isaac D. Barnard | Jacksonian | 1826 | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health. Winner elected December 13, 1831. Jacksonian hold. | ▌Y George M. Dallas (Jacksonian) 67 ▌Joseph Hemphill (Jacksonian) 34 ▌Richard Rush (Anti-Masonic) 30 ▌Samuel B. Davis (Jacksonian) 1 Not voting 1 |

## Illinois

Illinois had two elections in this cycle: one for each seat.

### Illinois (regular)

For the Class 3 seat, one-term incumbent Jacksonian Elias Kane was re-elected in 1831 for the term beginning March 4, 1831.

### Illinois (special)

For the Class 2 seat, Jacksonian incumbent John McLean, who had been elected in 1828 or 1829, died October 14, 1830. Jacksonian David J. Baker was appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term until a special election. On December 11, 1830, Jacksonian John McCracken Robinson was elected to finish the term and was seated January 4, 1831.

## Kentucky

Kentucky had two elections in this cycle.
When Jacksonian John Rowan's term ended March 3, 1831, the legislature had not yet voted a replacement. When the legislature resumed for its session in November 1831, Anti-Jacksonian Henry Clay was elected, but still in time to participate when the 22nd Congress convened in December 1831.

### Kentucky (special)
## Louisiana

Louisiana had two elections in this cycle.

### Louisiana (special)
## Maryland

Ezekiel F. Chambers won election over non-voters by a margin of 45.21%, or 33 votes, for the Class 3 seat.

## New York

The Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and n The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the electionominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.
| House | Jacksonian | Jacksonian | Anti-Mason | Anti-Mason | Anti-Jacksonian | Anti-Jacksonian |
| State Senate (32 members) | William L. Marcy | 20 | Samuel Works | 5 | | |
| State Assembly (128 members) | William L. Marcy | 86 | Samuel Works | 27 | Nathan Sanford | 1 |

## Ohio

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830–1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:
| Ballot | Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian) | Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian) | Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian) |
| 1 | 33 | 49 | 21 |
| 2 | 37 | 50 | 21 |
| 3 | 42 | 49 | 16 |
| 4 | 46 | 52 | 9 |
| 5 | 51 | 51 | 5 |
| 6 | 54 | 53 | 2 |
| 7 | Y 54 | 51 | 2 |

## Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania had two election in this cycle.

### Pennsylvania (special)

Following the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:
State Legislature Results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | George M. Dallas | 67 | 50.38 |
| | Democratic | Joseph Hemphill | 34 | 25.56% |
| | Anti-Masonic | Richard Rush | 30 | 22.56% |
| | Democratic | Samuel B. Davis | 1 | 0.75% |
| | N/A | Not voting | 1 | 0.75% |
| - | Totals | Totals | 133 | 100.00% |