# Symphyotrichum cordifolium

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (formerly Aster cordifolius), commonly known as common blue wood aster, heartleaf aster, and blue wood-aster, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to central and eastern North America. It reaches heights of up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) and has bluish daisy-like flowers which bloom late-summer and fall in its range.

## Description

Symphyotrichum cordifolium reaches heights of up to 1.2 meters (4 feet). The lower leaves are heart-shaped, while leaves higher on the stem tend to be sessile with more rounded bases. The composite flowers, which have bluish to rarely white ray florets and light yellow disc florets that eventually turn purple, emerge in August and persist into October.
* Symphyotrichum cordifolium leaves
* Flower heads showing involucres
* Close-up of an involucre showing phyllaries
* Abaxial side of a leaf
* Flower heads
* Showing light blue rays

### Chromosomes

S. cordifolium has a chromosome base number of x = 8. Diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with respective counts of 16 and 32 have been reported.

## Taxonomy

Symphyotrichum cordifolium is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum, section Symphyotrichum. The species was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aster cordifolius.

### Hybrids

Where the range of Symphyotrichum cordifolium overlaps with that of S. puniceum, the F1 hybrid named Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum can occur. Symphyotrichum × schistosum is the hybrid of S. cordifolium and S. laeve var. laeve.
A hybrid of S. cordifolium and S. shortii may occur, and this has been named Symphyotrichum × finkii. Hybrids with S. drummondii and S. urophyllum have been reported but not confirmed.
* Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana$^{:133}$ S. chapmanii subg. Astropolium$^{:133}$ S. divaricatum S. glabrifolium S. graminifolium S. martii S. parviflorum S. patagonicum S. peteroanum S. potosinum S. regnellii S. subulatum S. tenuifolium S. vahlii subg. Virgulus$^{:272}$ sect. Ericoidei$^{:274}$ S. ericoides S. falcatum sect. Patentes$^{:274}$ ssect. Brachyphylli$^{:274}$ S. adnatum S. walteri ssect. Patentes$^{:274}$ S. georgianum S. patens S. phlogifolium sect. Grandiflori$^{:273}$ ssect. Mexicanae$^{:273}$ S. bimater S. chihuahuense S. hintonii S. moranense S. purpurascens S. trilineatum S. turneri ssect. Grandiflori$^{:273}$ S. campestre S. estesii S. fendleri S. fontinale S. grandiflorum S. oblongifolium S. pygmaeum S. yukonense sect. Polyliguli$^{:133}$ S. novae-angliae sect. Concolores$^{:275}$ S. concolor S. lucayanum S. plumosum S. pratense S. sericeum subg. Ascendentes$^{:133}$   S. ascendens S. defoliatum subg. Symphyotrichum$^{:267}$ sect. Conyzopsis$^{:271}$ S. ciliatum S. frondosum S. laurentianum sect. Occidentales$^{:271}$ S. chilense S. eatonii S. foliaceum S. greatae S. hallii S. hendersonii S. jessicae S. lentum S. molle S. spathulatum S. subspicatum sect. Turbinelli$^{:133}$ S. turbinellum sect. Symphyotrichum$^{:268}$ ssect. Dumosi$^{:269}$ S. boreale S. bullatum S. burgessii S. carnerosanum S. dumosum S. eulae S. lanceolatum S. lateriflorum S. leone S. nahanniense S. ontarionis S. praealtum S. racemosum S. schaffneri S. simmondsii S. tradescantii S. welshii ssect. Heterophylli$^{:133}$ ser. Concinni$^{:133}$   S. laeve S. oolentangiense ser. Cordifolii$^{:133}$   S. anomalum S. ciliolatum S. cordifolium S. drummondii S. shortii S. undulatum S. urophyllum ssect. Porteriani$^{:270}$ S. depauperatum S. kentuckiense S. parviceps S. pilosum S. porteri ssect. Symphyotrichum ser. Punicei$^{:133}$ S. elliottii S. firmum S. prenanthoides S. puniceum S. rhiannon ser. Symphyotrichum S. anticostense S. novi-belgii S. retroflexum S. robynsianum Cladogram references 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41. Ontario: University of Waterloo: 1–134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the Taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), Emphasizing the New World Species". Phytologia. 77 (3) (published 31 January 1995): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. ↑ Sugbenus Ascendentes is made up of two allopolyploid species with historic parents from subg. Virgulus and subg. Symphyotrichum.

## Distribution and habitat

Symphyotrichum cordifolium occurs from Manitoba, east to Nova Scotia and Maine, south to Georgia and Alabama, and west to Oklahoma. It was once introduced in British Columbia but did not persist. It is an introduced species in Great Britain and Norway.
It grows primarily in mesic sites with soils that are rocky to loamy but generally rich, at heights ranging from sea level along the coastal plain up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Appalachian Mountains. It can be found on open wooded slopes, along the banks of streams, on moist ledges, in swampy woods, along the borders of beech–maple forests and oak–hickory forests, as well as in clearings, thickets, and along roadsides and ditches. It also can be found in urban areas where it is sometimes considered a weed species.

## Ecology
### Reproduction

Symphyotrichum cordifolium reproduces vegetatively via short rhizomes, as well as via wind-dispersed seeds. The ray florets of species in the Symphyotrichum genus are exclusively female, each having a pistil but no stamen, while disk florets are bisexual, each with both male and female reproductive parts.

### Pests and diseases

Two rusts have been recorded on S. cordifolium: the brown rust Puccinia dioicae and the red rust Coleosporium asterum.

## Conservation

Symphyotrichum cordifolium has coefficients of conservatism (C-values) in the Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) that range from 2 to 8 depending on evaluation region. The lower the C-value, the higher tolerance the species has for disturbance and the lesser the likelihood that it is growing in a presettlement natural community. In the Dakotas, for example, S. cordifolium has a C-value of 8, meaning its populations there are found in high-quality remnant natural areas with little environmental degradation but can tolerate some periodic disturbance. In contrast, in the Laurentian plains and hills of Maine and New Brunswick, it has been given a C-value of 2, meaning its presence in locations of that ecoregion provides little confidence of a remnant habitat.
As of July 2021, NatureServe listed Symphyotrichum cordifolium as Secure (G5) worldwide, Critically Imperiled (S1) in Kansas, and Vulnerable (S3) in Delaware and Missouri.

## Uses
### Medicinal

The Ojibwe have used S. cordifolium to make an incense to attract deer.

### Gardening

Symphyotrichum cordifolium is cultivated as a garden plant under its current name and the older name Aster cordifolius. Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, and the following have achieved the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
* 'Chieftain' has "light mauve-blue ray florets."
* 'Little Carlow' (S. cordifolium hybrid) with "abundant violet-blue" rays.
* ‘Photograph’ (S. cordifolium hybrid) has "pale lilac-blue flowers."
* 'Sweet Lavender' with "lavender-blue flowers."

## Citations

* 1 2 NatureServe 2021.
* 1 2 3 4 POWO 2019.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brouillet et al. 2006a.
* ↑ BSBI 2007.
* ↑ Semple 2021.
* ↑ IPNI 2021.
* ↑ Brouillet et al. 2006b.
* ↑ Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1098.
* ↑ Freyman 2021.
* ↑ Rothrock 2004, p. 3.
* ↑ Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel 2017.
* ↑ Cameron & Faber-Langendoen 2018.
* ↑ Smith 1932.
* ↑ Royal Horticultural Society 2020.
* ↑ Royal Horticultural Society n.d.a.
* ↑ Royal Horticultural Society n.d.b.
* ↑ Royal Horticultural Society n.d.c.
* ↑ Royal Horticultural Society n.d.d.