OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pedro G. Ferreira

Pedro Gil Ferreira (born 18 March 1968) is a Portuguese astrophysicist and author. As of 2016 he is Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Oxford, and a fellow of Wolfson College.

## Education and early life

Ferreira was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and attended the Technical University of Lisbon, where he studied engineering from 1986–1991. While there, he taught himself general relativity. He studied for a PhD in theoretical physics at Imperial College London, supervised by Andy Albrecht.

## Research and career

He occupied postdoctoral positions at Berkeley and CERN, before returning to the UK to join the faculty in the astrophysics department at the University of Oxford as a research fellow and lecturer. He became Professor of Astrophysics there in 2008. He has been director of the Programme on Computational Cosmology at the Oxford Martin School since 2010, and also runs an astrophysics 'artist in residency' programme. Ferreira regularly lectures at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, and has frequently appeared on TV and radio as a science commentator.
Ferreira's main interests are in general relativity and theoretical cosmology. He has authored more than 100 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. With Michael Joyce, in 1997 he was one of the first to propose quintessence scalar field models as a possible explanation of dark energy. Ferreira was also a member of the MAXIMA and BOOMERanG balloon-borne CMB experiments, which measured the acoustic peaks of the CMB. He is currently involved in several proposals to test general relativity using the Euclid spacecraft and Square Kilometre Array radio telescope.

### Media

Ferreira is a regular contributor to the scientific press, including Nature, Science, and New Scientist, and has authored two popular science books on cosmology and the history of general relativity. One of them, The Perfect Theory, was shortlisted for the 2014 Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books. He regularly appears on TV and radio to discuss astrophysics and cosmology news stories, and has contributed to several science and mathematics documentaries for the BBC, Discovery Channel, and others. In 2016 he serves on the editorial board of the Open Journal of Astrophysics.

### Books

* Ferreira, Pedro G. (2006). The State of the Universe - A Primer in Modern Cosmology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297847403.
* Ferreira, Pedro G. (2014). The Perfect Theory: A Century of Geniuses and the Battle over General Relativity. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703106.

### TV and video

* Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (Channel 4) 2008
* The One Show (BBC) 2009
* Naked Science: Hawking’s Universe (National Geographic) 2009
* Horizon: Is Everything We Know About the Universe Wrong? (BBC) 2010
* Beautiful Equations (BBC) 2010
* The Beauty of Diagrams (BBC) 2010
# Battle of Hart's River

The Battle of Hart's River, also known as the Battle of Boschbult, was fought near the end of the Second Boer War on March 31, 1902.

## Background

By the end of March 1902, the British had gained the upper hand in the war. They had enclosed in barbed wire more than 23,000 square kilometres of the Transvaal and 27,000 square kilometres of the Orange Free State. More than 50,000 troops patrolled the wire and manned the 8,000 blockhouses studding the line. Over 80,000 mounted troops were prepared to meet the Boers in battle.

## Battle

On March 31, a British column under Colonel Cookson, dispatched by General Walter Kitchener to pursue a force of 2,500 Boers under the command of generals Kemp and De La Rey, who were believed to be operating in the western Transvaal, came into contact with an advance party of Boers. The main force of the column took off after the Boers, but around 1:30 in the afternoon ran into the full force, 2,500 strong, and became encircled by the larger numbers. The Boers had brought up pieces of artillery and began shelling the British positions, using the artillery as a screen to push forward mounted troops and drive in British defenses.
The 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles, who had been guarding the baggage train, spurred forward towards the fight and made a series of determined charges on the Boer positions to relieve pressure on the main force. Twenty-one Canadians from 3 and 4 Troops, 'E' Squadron, under the command of Lt Bruce Carruthers became cut off from the main force during a charge, but rather than surrender they determined to fight to the last, eventually running out of ammunition and being overrun. Around 5 pm, the Boers called off the attack and withdrew, having inflicted great damage on the British force and escaping with minor losses.

## Aftermath

The Canadian Mounted Rifles suffered the most casualties during the battle, losing 13 men killed and over 40 men wounded, the second largest loss of life in battle for Canada after Paardeberg. A telegram to the Minister of Militia of Canada stated: "The regiment and field hospital have undergone [a severe] test, and have acquitted themselves most creditably. I regret the heavy losses". Lord Roberts telegraphed his congratulations to the Governor-General of Canada as well as to the men in the field.
Hart's River was one of the last significant battles of the Boer War, and although it was a British defeat, the Boers could not fight on much longer, and were forced to come to the negotiating table, with peace finally being signed in May.
# Fenestraria

Fenestraria (known as babies' toes) is a (possibly monotypic) genus of succulent plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Namaqualand in Namibia.

## Description

The only species currently recognised in this genus is Fenestraria rhopalophylla. Each leaf has an epidermal window, a transparent window-like area, at its rounded tip, it is for these window-like structures that the genus is named (Latin: fenestra).
Fenestraria rhopalophylla appears very similar to Frithia pulchra, though the leaves are a slightly different shape and F. rhopalophylla has yellow flowers, compared to the pink flowers of F. pulchra.

## Distribution and habitat

In the wild, the plant commonly grows under sand, except for the transparent tips, which allow light into the leaves for photosynthesis. The plant produces optical fibers made from crystalline oxalic acid which transmit light to subterranean photosynthetic sites.
Fenestraria rhopalophylla is native to Namaqualand in southern Africa and to Namibia. The plants generally grow in sandy or calciferous soils under low < 100 mm rainfall, that occurs in the winter.

## Subspecies

* F. rhopalophylla subsp. rhopalophylla with white flowers in autumn
* F. rhopalophylla subsp. aurantiaca with yellow flowers
# Molybdic acid

Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide and related species. The monohydrate (MoO$_3$·H$_2$O) and the dihydrate (MoO$_3$·2H$_2$O) are well characterized. They are yellow diamagnetic solids.

## Structure of the solids

Solid forms of molybdic acid are coordination polymers. The monohydrate MoO$_3$·H$_2$O consists of layers of octahedrally coordinated MoO$_5$·(H$_2$O) units where 4 vertices are shared. The dihydrate (image shown above) has the same layer structure with the "extra" H$_2$O molecule intercalated between the layers.

## Structure of molybdic acid in solution

In acidified aqueous solutions of molybdic acid, the complex MoO$_3$(H$_2$O)$_3$ is observed. Once again, molybdenum adopts octahedral molecular geometry, probably with three oxo ligands and three aquo ligands.
The salts of molybdic acid are called molybdates. They arise by adding base to solutions of molybdic acid.

## Applications

Many molybdenum oxides are used as heterogeneous catalysts, e.g. for oxidations. Molybdic acid and its salts are used to make the Froehde reagent for the presumptive identification of alkaloids.
# Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement

The Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার আজীবন সম্মাননা) is one of the most prestigious film awards given in Bangladesh. Since 2009, awards have been given in the category.

## List of winners

| Year | Recipient(s) |
| 2009 (34th) | Sultana Zaman |
| 2010 (35th) | Anwar Hossain |
| 2011 (36th) | Razzak |
| 2012 (37th) | Khalil Ullah Khan |
| 2013 (38th) | Kabori Sarwar |
| 2014 (39th) | Syed Hasan Imam and Rani Sarker |
| 2015 (40th) | Ferdausi Rahman and Shabana |
| 2016 (41st) | Bobita and Farooque |
| 2017 (42nd) | ATM Shamsuzzaman and Sujata |
| 2018 (43rd) | Alamgir and Prabir Mitra |
| 2019 (44th) | Sohel Rana and Shuchanda |
| 2020 (45th) | Anwara Begum and Raisul Islam Asad |
| 2021 (46th) | Dolly Zahur and Ilias Kanchan |
| 2022 (47th) | Rozina and Kamrul Alam Khan Khasru |
# Dave Blake

David Robert Blake (March 20, 1925 – February 25, 2008) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1971 to 1988, serving as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.
Born on the family farm near Rapid City, Manitoba, Blake served in the Royal Canadian Air Force as a navigator from 1943 to 1945, and was in the Sixth Forward Regiment of the Royal Canadian Engineers from 1948 to 1964. He worked for the Royal Bank of Canada, retiring in 1988. Blake was also active in the Royal Canadian Legion, freemasonry and the Manitoba Wildlife Association.
Blake was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election on November 15, 1971, replacing former Progressive Conservative Premier Walter Weir in the rural riding of Minnedosa. He defeated his nearest opponent Emil Shellborn of the New Democratic Party, by over 1,000 votes. He was later re-elected in the provincial elections of 1973, 1977, 1981 and 1986, usually by about the same margin as in his initial victory.
In 1951, he married Gwen Bergman of Flin Flon and they had 5 children together.
# Hannelore Janele

Hannelore Janele (born 17 April 1943) is an Austrian former swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre butterfly at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Ciney Gurung

Ciney Gurung (Nepali: सिने गुरुङ) is a singer, composer, and songwriter originally from Kurseong, Darjeeling and lives in Nepal now. She began her career with the hit songs "Timro Mayama" and "Mann". In 2009, Radio Kantipur named Gurung the best female pop singer of the year. Gurung married musician, Rojesh Shrestha, in 2005 and they have a daughter together. Gurung also participated in Melancholy, an environmental song by 365 Nepali artists which set a Guinness World Record for the "Most Vocal Solos in a Song Recording". It was written, composed and directed by environmentalist Nipesh DHAKA.

## Albums

* Yo Man
# We Who Go the Kitchen Route

We Who Go the Kitchen Route Danish: Vi som går køkkenvejen) is a 1953 Danish comedy film directed by Erik Balling and starring Birgitte Reimer, Ib Schønberg and Ellen Margrethe Stein.

## Cast

* Birgitte Reimer as Helga
* Ib Schønberg as Helgas far
* Ellen Margrethe Stein as Tanten
* Henrik Wiehe as Jørgen
* Henning Moritzen as Dick
* Jytte Grathwohl as Grethe
* Jytte Ibsen as Nina
* Anne Arntz as Lisbeth
* Bent Christensen as Erik
* Gunnar Lauring as Salgschefen
* Karin Nellemose as Fruen
* Johannes Meyer as Redaktør Sort
* Anna Henriques-Nielsen as Fruen
* Svend Methling as Godsejer Bech
* Agnes Rehni as Fru Bech
* Lise Ringheim as Lotte
* Vera Gebuhr as Fru Bewer
* Jens Meincke as Lille Povl
* Inger Lassen as Laura
* Kirsten Rolffes as Olga
* Keld Markuslund as Andreas
* Bjørn Watt-Boolsen as Hans Frigaard
* Ove Sprogøe as Skrædder Opdal
* Gabriel Axel as Professor
* Otto Detlefsen as Inkassator
* Preben Thyring as Salgschefens barn
* Jørgen Thyring as Salgschefens barn
* Janette Døllé as Salgschefens barn
# Croptilon hookerianum

Croptilon hookerianum, called Hooker's scratchdaisy, is a North American species of flowering plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae. It has been found in the US states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas.
Croptilon hookerianum is an herb sometimes reaching a height of 120 cm (4 feet). Flower heads are yellow, with both ray florets and disc florets.

## Varieties

* Croptilon hookerianum var. graniticum (E.B.Sm.) E.B.Sm. - Texas
* Croptilon hookerianum var. hookerianum - Texas
* Croptilon hookerianum var. validum (Rydb.) E.B.Sm. - Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas
# FC Uttar Bongo

FC Uttar Bongo (Bengali: এফসি উত্তরবঙ্গ) is a Bangladeshi football club based on Kurigram. It currently plays in Dhaka Third Division Football League, the third tier of football in Dhaka and the fifth-highest tier overall in the Bangladeshi football league system.

## History

FC Uttar Bongo, established in 2019, is a club which mainly focuses on grassroot football development. They started their journey as a football club by participating in 2019-20 BFF U-15 Pioneer Football League. The U-15 team qualified for Super League in their debut season.
During their debut season, they were runners-up in the Pioneer League, losing to Elias Ahemd Chowdhury SS 2–1. Nonetheless, they were able to earn promotion to the Dhaka Third Division Football League, as one of the four top-finishing teams in the Pioneer League.
The club also represents Bangladesh at the North Bengal International Gold Cup, a tournament which is held to strengthen the friendship between Bangladesh and India.

## Current squad

    As of 10 June 2023
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | BAN | Bodruzzaman Rasel |
| 2 | DF | BAN | Md Jakariya Akber |
| 3 | DF | BAN | Toufik Imran |
| 4 | DF | BAN | Sakib Hassan |
| 5 | DF | BAN | Arafat Islam Rifat |
| 6 | MF | BAN | Moshiur Rahman Sujon |
| 7 | MF | BAN | Ripon Islam Rifat |
| 8 | MF | BAN | Sumon Chandra Roy |
| 9 | MF | BAN | Jahid Hasan |
| 10 | FW | BAN | Miranul Islam Milon |
| 11 | MF | BAN | Asadujjaman Ashik |
| 12 | MF | BAN | Santo Barman |
| 13 | FW | BAN | Maruf Hasan Jony |
| 14 | FW | BAN | Hemonto Soren |
| 15 | MF | BAN | Ratul Para |
| 17 | FW | BAN | Raju Ahmed |
| 18 | MF | BAN | Rahat Anowar |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 19 | DF | BAN | Md Shahriar |
| 20 | DF | BAN | Arikur Rahman Akash |
| 21 | DF | BAN | Md Kabirul Mia |
| 23 | GK | BAN | Md Murad |
| 25 | GK | BAN | Shawon Ahmed Shuvo |
| 26 | DF | BAN | Yeaminur Rahman Jim |
| 27 | DF | BAN | Rashedul Islam Robi |
| 28 | DF | BAN | Sabbir Hossain |
| 29 | DF | BAN | Jahidul Islam |
| 30 | DF | BAN | Sakib Hasan |
| 31 | DF | BAN | Md Mahabur |
| 32 | DF | BAN | Rasel Mia |
| 33 | FW | BAN | Masum Billah |
| 34 | FW | BAN | Jomuo Marma |
| 35 | FW | BAN | Lavlu Mia |
| 36 | FW | BAN | Ramjan Mia |

## Personnel
### Current technical staff

    As of May 2023.
| Position | Name |
| Head Coach | Md Emdadul Haque Khokon |
# Donald Orchard

Donald Warder Orchard (born April 11, 1946) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1977 to 1995, and was a cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative governments of Sterling Lyon and Gary Filmon.
The son of Warder Franklin John Orchard and Muriel Bernice King, he was born in Miami, Manitoba, and was educated at the University of Manitoba. He worked as a farmer after graduation, becoming active in the Miami Agricultural Society and the local Masonic organization. In 1969, he married Edna Jane Simpson.
He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1977, in the safe Conservative seat of Pembina. He was re-elected in this riding in the elections of 1981, 1986, 1988 and 1990, each time by a comfortable margin.
The Progressive Conservatives won the 1977 election under Sterling Lyon, and Orchard was appointed Minister of Highways and Transport on November 15, 1979. He was also appointed Chairman of the Provisional Land Use Committee on January 1, 1980, and was given ministerial responsibility for Manitoba Data Services on January 16, 1981. The social-democratic New Democratic Party won the 1981 election, and Orchard resigned from cabinet on November 30, 1981.
The Progressive Conservatives won a minority government in 1988 under Gary Filmon, and Orchard was appointed Minister of Health on May 9 of that year (despite the fact that he attempted to remove Filmon as party leader in 1986). He held this portfolio until September 10, 1993, when he was appointed Minister of Energy and Mines with responsibility for the Manitoba Hydro Act. He did not seek re-election in 1995, and resigned from cabinet on March 20 of that year.
As Health Minister, Orchard banned Medicare coverage from Henry Morgentaler's private abortion clinic. This decision provoked criticism from both sides of the abortion debate; some wanted the clinic closed entirely, while others wanted full funding.
Orchard was a rural populist, on the right-wing of the Progressive Conservative Party. In 2003, he supported cooperation between the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the Portage—Lisgar riding, before the two parties were formally merged.
# Mihai Furtună

Mihai Furtună (born 16 August 1955) is a Moldovan politician, deputy-mayor of Chișinău since September 2001. Mihai Furtună was acting Mayor of Chișinău for 10 days between 18–28 April 2005, after Serafim Urechean sacked.

## Education

* 1994–1996 - The Academy of Public Administration of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, specialized in International Relations, the degree in international relations;
* 1979–1985 - Polytechnic Institute of Chișinău, specialty Economics and organization of construction, qualification - economist engineer;
* 1972–1979 - The College of Constructions of Chișinău, specialty Industrial and civil construction, qualification - technician-builder.

## Professional experience

* September 2001 - January 2012 - Deputy Mayor of Chișinău municipality
* August 1999 - September 2001 - Praetor of the Botanica District
* October 1997 - August 1999 - Praetor of the Buiucani District
* 1990–1991 - Deputy Director of the Education Plant through courses of the Ministry of Construction
* 1980–1987 - Senior Master at the Education Plant through courses of the Ministry of Construction
* 1975–1980 - Master at the Education Plant through courses of the Ministry of Construction.

## Publications

* Traditional Administration Structures Establishing in Moldova, Public Administration, no. 4 (1998)
* The constitutionality and the evolution of the public authorities structures. The rule of law and the public administration (1999).
# Udayraj Khanal

Udayaraj Khanal (Nepali: उदयराज खनाल, born 14 January 1955) is a Nepali physicist specializing in cosmology. Having worked in the Central Department of Physics for 34 years, he is now an emeritus professor at Tribhuvan University. As a working professor, he taught mathematical physics, General relativity and cosmology to graduate students. Moreover, he was also actively engaged in the development of theoretical physics curriculum offered by the department.
Khanal is also a prominent science writer in Nepal, having written articles for Kantipur, Annapurna Post, and Himal Khabarpatrika. His articles tend to communicate science and its importance to a wider general Nepali populace. He has been the author or co-author of over 15 scientific publications.

## Early life

Khanal was born to Yadunath and Kamala Khanal on 14 January 1955. His father, Yadunath Khanal, was a pioneer Nepali diplomat who served as the Nepali ambassador to India, China, and the United States.

## Career

Khanal received his PhD in astrophysics from Delhi University. He joined the physics department of Tribhuvan University in 1982 and retired in 2016. His style of lecturing was widely revered by his students and colleagues alike. He also teaches in Rato Bangala School, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur.

## Awards and honours

Khanal has been the recipient of numerous national and international awards; some of which include:
* Excellent Service Award, Tribhuvan University (2002)
* Education Day Award (1993)
* Young Scientist Award, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (1989)
* UGC Junior Research Fellow, Delhi University (1981)

## Popularity

Dr. Khanal has appeared several times in Nepali Television sets as well as public forums where he discussed about science and try to solve popular misconceptions prevailing in Nepali Society.
# Denzil Kent

Denzil William Kent (born 26 October 1961) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Zimbabwe.

## Career

Kent started his British leagues career during the 1979 National League season, but only rode a handful of times for Oxford and Glasgow. The following season he signed for Canterbury Crusaders and rode the entire season recording an average of 6.64.
During the 1981 National League season he improved his average to 7.75, to finish 2nd in the Crusaders averages behind teammate and fellow Zimbabwean Mike Ferreira, who was the leagues top scorer. The pair went on to win the National League Pairs that season.
He continued to ride for Canterbury and topped the team's averages after the 1983 National League season. He also rode a few times for Eastbourne Eagles, in the top division called the British League at the time. His final season in Britain was with Eastbourne for the 1984 season.
# Qeshlaq-e Ali Shobani

Qeshlaq-e Ali Shobani (Persian: قشلاق الي شعباني, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e Alī Shoʿbānī) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Sharqi Rural District, Qeshlaq Dasht District, Bileh Savar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 171, in 41 families.
# Gladstone's Library

Gladstone's Library, known until 2010 as St Deiniol's Library (Welsh: Llyfrgell Deiniol Sant), is a residential library in Hawarden, Flintshire, Wales, UK.
Gladstone's Library is Britain's only Prime Ministerial Library and serves as the national memorial to William Ewart Gladstone. It is home to a large collection of printed items and archives that reflects Gladstone's main interests in history, literature, theology, and politics.

## History

The library was founded by William Gladstone in 1894. He was eager to share his personal library with others, especially those who faced financial constraint. He would allow bright children and young adults of the village of Hawarden to use his collection. His daughter Mary Gladstone said that his desire was to "bring together books who had no readers with readers who had no books".
In 1895, at the age of 85, William Gladstone gave £40,000 to the library as well as much of his own book collection. With the help of his daughter and his valet, he wheeled a selection of his books three quarters of a mile (1.2km) between his home at Hawarden Castle and the library. He unpacked them and put them onto shelves using his own classification system.
In a diary entry dated 23 December 1895, he described the library's founding: "I have this day constituted my trust at St Deiniol's. The cost of the work has been I think £41 to £42000, including some charges of maintenance to Dec. 31. 95. May God of His mercy prosper it."
Following his death in 1898, a public appeal was launched for funds to provide a permanent building to house the collection and replace the temporary structure. The £9,000 raised provided an imposing building, designed by John Douglas, which was officially opened by Earl Spencer on 14 October 1902 as the National Memorial to W.E. Gladstone. The Gladstone family fulfilled the founder's vision by funding the residential wing, which welcomed its first resident on 29 June 1906.

## Facilities

The library is a Grade I listed building and a registered charity.
The building includes historical reading rooms, 26 bedrooms for overnight guests, a guest lounge, cafe and restaurant.
The library runs regular tours, talks, workshops, masterclasses and residential courses.

## Collections

The library holds 20,000 volumes belonging to William Ewart Gladstone in its Foundation Collection, many of which contain Gladstone's own annotations, as well as over 150,000 books, pamphlets, and journals in its circulating collection.
It also holds the Glynne-Gladstone Archive, containing the personal, family, business, and estate correspondence and papers of the Glynne and Gladstone families.