OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 12th Army (German Empire)

The 12th Army (German: 12. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 12 / A.O.K. 12) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in August 1915 by the redesignation of Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz. It served exclusively on the Eastern Front and was dissolved on 9 October 1916 when its commander, General der Infanterie Max von Fabeck, was transferred to 8th Army.

## History

On 9 February 1915 Guards Reserve Corps was redesignated Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz. Its commander was raised to the status of an Army Commander on 18 March 1915 and his Armee-Gruppe was redesignated as 12th Army on 7 August 1915.
On 22 July, the armies of Central Powers crossed the Vistula river. In August, the Russian Fourth Army left the Ivangorod fortress. With the continuing Russian retreat, Warsaw became isolated, and the 12th Army seized the opportunity and conquered it on 4–5 August.

## Commanders

Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz was redesignated as 12th Army on 7 August 1915 with von Gallwitz remaining in command. The 12th Army was dissolved on 9 October 1916 when its commander was transferred to 8th Army.
12th Army :
| From | Commander | Previously | Subsequently, |
| 7 August 1915 | General der Artillerie Max von Gallwitz | Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz | 11th Army |
| 22 September 1915 | General der Infanterie Max von Fabeck | 1st Army | 8th Army |

## Glossary

* Armee-Abteilung or Army Detachment in the sense of "something detached from an Army". It is not under the command of an Army so is in itself a small Army.
* Armee-Gruppe or Army Group in the sense of a group within an Army and under its command, generally formed as a temporary measure for a specific task.
* Heeresgruppe or Army Group in the sense of a number of armies under a single commander.
# Dar Chenar, Jiroft

Dar Chenar (Persian: درچنار, also Romanized as Dar Chenār) is a village in Rezvan Rural District, Jebalbarez District, Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 9 families.
# Phosphorus pentaiodide

Phosphorus pentaiodide is a hypothetical inorganic compound with formula PI$_5$. The existence of this compound has been claimed intermittently since the early 1900s. The claim is disputed: "The pentaiodide does not exist (except perhaps as PI$_3$·I$_2$, but certainly not as [PI$_4$]$^+$I$^−$...)".

## Claims

Phosphorus pentaiodide was reported to be a brown-black crystalline solid melting at 41 °C produced by the reaction of lithium iodide and phosphorus pentachloride in methyl iodide, however, this claim is disputed and probably generated a mixture of phosphorus triiodide and iodine.
Although phosphorus pentaiodide has been claimed to exist in the form of [PI$_4$]$^+$I$^−$ (tetraiodophosphonium iodide), experimental and theoretical data refutes this claim.

## Derivatives

Unlike the elusive PI$_5$, the [PI$_4$]$^+$ cation (tetraiodophosphonium cation) is widely known. This cation is known with the anions tetraiodoaluminate [AlI$_4$]$^−$, hexafluoroarsenate [AsF$_6$]$^−$, hexafluoroantimonate [SbF$_6$]$^−$ and tetraiodogallate [GaI$_4$]$^−$.
# Bjälbo

Bjälbo is a small village in Mjölby Municipality, Östergötland, Sweden.
The medieval House of Bjälbo had a church and a manor house at Bjälbo. Magnus Minnesköld was probably born here, and in around 1210 his son Birger Magnusson.
Today the church tower is preserved. The church was probably built in the first half of the twelfth century, reflecting new techniques brought by Cistercian monks from France in 1143. The surviving tower was probably added around 1220. Both structures are thought to have been projects of Ingrid Ylva, mother of Birger Jarl.
In 1173, King (or pretender) Kol Sverkerson was killed in a battle at Bjälbo.
# St. Peter's Church, Bornholm

St. Peter's Church (Danish: Sankt Peders Kirke) is a Romanesque parish church some 6 km east of Aakirkeby on the Danish island of Bornholm. It is thought to be the oldest church on the island.

## History

The church is thought to be the oldest on Bornholm, dating from the 10th or the 11th century. The earliest written reference was in 1429. There are indications that the chancel is the oldest part of the building and that it probably stood alone for a period.

## Architecture

The building consists of a Romanesque nave, chancel and apse, all in local limestone. The unimpressive fieldstone tower at the western end of the nave was probably added in the late 16th century although it is first mentioned in 1624. The porch on the south side was completed in 1864, doubtless on the site of an earlier Romanesque structure. There are traces of earlier windows in the apse and chancel although they have now been bricked up. The nave originally had two windows on either side but that at the northwestern end is the only one which still exists.

## Furnishings

Apart from the font which was made in Gotland in the late Romanesque period (c. 1575), the furnishings are relatively recent. The altar was rebricked in 1854 and decorated with an altarpiece from 1876 with painting by C. Christian Andersen of Christ and the Canaanite Woman. The simple pulpit is the work of Anders Jensen (1845). The organ from 1968 was built by Frobenius.
# Alec Moores

Alec Douglas Moores (December 30, 1919 – April 16, 2014) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Harbour Grace in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1966 to 1971. He was a member of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador. He was a businessman.
# Walter Wasservogel

Walter Wasservogel (20 February 1919 – 14 April 1993) was an Austrian ice hockey administrator. He served as president of the Austrian Ice Hockey Association and later as the general secretary of the International Ice Hockey Federation. He received the Olympic Order and was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.

## Austrian career

Wasservogel was born 20 February 1919 in Austria, and won four national championships playing ice hockey there. He later joined the Austrian Ice Hockey Association in 1947, and served as its president from 1962 to 1977. He oversaw the organization of international ice hockey events hosted in Austria, which included the 1964 Winter Olympics, the 1967 World Ice Hockey Championships, the 1976 Winter Olympics and the 1977 World Ice Hockey Championships. In 1977, he undermined the International Olympic Committee's rules for amateur only players at World Ice Hockey Championships, and said that the participating players were really professionals instead of amateurs, and that ice hockey at the Winter Olympic Games would be finished within eight years unless professionals were accepted. He was succeeded as president of the Austrian Ice Hockey Association by Hans Dobida in 1977.

## International career

Wasservogel also served as a council member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) from 1969 to 1978, and then became the first full-time general secretary of the IIHF, serving in the role from 1978 until 1986. When three players of the Poland men's national ice hockey team sought political asylum in Austria in 1982, he stated that the players would have to wait 18 months before playing in another country, unless the Polish Ice Hockey Federation released them.

## Later life and honors

Wasservogel was named an honorary president of the Austrian Ice Hockey Association in 1977, and received the Olympic Order in 1986. He was made a life member of the IIHF in 1986, and was posthumously inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame as a builder in 1997.
Wasservogel died 14 April 1993.
# Zlatković

Zlatković (Serbian: Златковић) is a surname found in Serbia and Croatia, derived from a masculine given name Zlatko. Notable people with the surname include:
* Danijel Zlatković (born 1996), Serbian footballer
* Miloš Zlatković (born 1997), Serbian footballer
* Nemanja Zlatković (born 1988), Serbian footballer
* Siniša Zlatković, Yugoslav footballer
# Andrew Zolinsky

Andrew Zolinsky is a British pianist.
Zolinsky won the first prize in the San Francisco International Piano Concerto Competition. Performances have included a concert with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, London Concert Orchestra, Sinfonia 21 and the New London Orchestra. He has worked with conductors including Diego Masson, Martyn Brabbins, Nicholas Cleobury, Ronald Corp and Simon Joly. Zolinsky's music has been broadcast on BBC Radio 3, and he has also given solo recitals on Classic FM, German Radio, Czech Radio and two recitals of contemporary Irish music for BBC Radio Ulster.
In the field of contemporary music Zolinsky has worked with Composers' Ensemble, Capricorn, Eos. Since 1997 has been a member of the British group Icebreaker and with Icebreaker's cellist Audrey Riley and guitarist James Woodrow he has been a member of the multi-media project A Change of Light since 2001. He has worked with composers including Simon Holt, Louis Andriessen, Poul Ruders, Michael Finnissy, Martin Butler and John Godfrey. In 2005 he gave the first performance of a new set of pieces specially written for Zolinsky by Michael Zev Gordon. He has had an especially close relationship with David Lang, who wrote the piano concerto Fur for Zolinsky in 2005. He has also given the première of Lang's Memory Pieces in 2000 and Psalms without Words in 2003. In 2005 he gave the London premiere, with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and of Unsuk Chin's Piano Concerto.
# Koleh Savari

Koleh Savari (Persian: كله سواري, also Romanized as Koleh Savārī) is a village in Chaqa Narges Rural District, Mahidasht District, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 67, in 16 families.
# Compsibidion vanum

Compsibidion vanum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1867.
# Prajapati (film)

Prajapati was a Bengali social drama film directed by Biplab Chatterjee and produced by Rajesh Kumar based on the novel of Samaresh Basu by the same name. The film was released in 1993. A criminal case for obscenity was filed against the author Samaresh Basu and the publisher in 1968 for the original novel.

## Plot

Sukhen, a young man lives a casual life. He is innocent but neglected by his family. Sukhen loves Shikha and wants to live a normal and healthy life but his brothers are corrupt as well as politically powerful, and they try to use unemployed Sukhen for their political mileage.

## Cast

* Biplab Chatterjee as Sukhendu Chatterjee
* Soumitra Chatterjee as Sukhendu's father
* Dipankar Dey as Sukhendu's elder brother
* Rabi Ghosh as Doctor
* Satabdi Roy as Sikha
* Mamata Shankar
* Dilip Roy
* Soma Mukherjee
* Sandip Ghosh
# Muchan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari

Muchan (Persian: موچان, also Romanized as Mūchān) is a village in Bazoft Rural District, Bazoft District, Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 5 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
# Schur-convex function

In mathematics, a Schur-convex function, also known as S-convex, isotonic function and order-preserving function is a function $f:\mathbb {R} ^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ that for all $x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{d}$ such that $x$ is majorized by $y$, one has that $f(x)\leq f(y)$. Named after Issai Schur, Schur-convex functions are used in the study of majorization.
A function f is 'Schur-concave' if its negative, −f, is Schur-convex.

## Properties

Every function that is convex and symmetric (under permutations of the arguments) is also Schur-convex.
Every Schur-convex function is symmetric, but not necessarily convex.
If $f$ is (strictly) Schur-convex and $g$ is (strictly) monotonically increasing, then $g\circ f$ is (strictly) Schur-convex.
If $g$ is a convex function defined on a real interval, then $\sum _{i=1}^{n}g(x_{i})$ is Schur-convex.

### Schur–Ostrowski criterion

If f is symmetric and all first partial derivatives exist, then f is Schur-convex if and only if
    $(x_{i}-x_{j})\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{j}}}\right)\geq 0$ for all $x\in \mathbb {R} ^{d}$
holds for all $1\leq i,j\leq d$.

## Examples

* $f(x)=\min(x)$ is Schur-concave while $f(x)=\max(x)$ is Schur-convex. This can be seen directly from the definition.
* The Shannon entropy function $\sum _{i=1}^{d}{P_{i}\cdot \log _{2}{\frac {1}{P_{i}}}}$ is Schur-concave.
* The Rényi entropy function is also Schur-concave.
* $x\mapsto \sum _{i=1}^{d}{x_{i}^{k}},k\geq 1$ is Schur-convex if $k\geq 1$, and Schur-concave if $k\in (0,1)$.
* The function $f(x)=\prod _{i=1}^{d}x_{i}$ is Schur-concave, when we assume all $x_{i}>0$. In the same way, all the elementary symmetric functions are Schur-concave, when $x_{i}>0$.
* A natural interpretation of majorization is that if $x\succ y$ then $x$ is less spread out than $y$. So it is natural to ask if statistical measures of variability are Schur-convex. The variance and standard deviation are Schur-convex functions, while the median absolute deviation is not.
* A probability example: If $X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}$ are exchangeable random variables, then the function ${\text{E}}\prod _{j=1}^{n}X_{j}^{a_{j}}$ is Schur-convex as a function of $a=(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})$, assuming that the expectations exist.
* The Gini coefficient is strictly Schur convex.
# John Mathwin

John Mathwin OAM (20 June 1919 – 18 June 2004) was an Australian politician. He was the Liberal candidate for the 1955 election for the federal seat of Bonython, but was easily defeated. He was elected as the member for Glenelg in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1970 and held the seat until its abolition in 1985. He stood for Bright at the 1985 election, however he was defeated.
He received the Medal of the Order of Australia in June 2001 for service to the community, to local government and to the South Australian Parliament.
Mathwin brought his family to Australia in the 1950s under the Ten Pound Poms scheme and features in the 1997 BBC documentary of the same name.
# John Pitt (Bridgwater MP)

John Pitt was an English politician who was a member of parliament (MP) for Bridgwater in Somerset from 1421 to 1435.
# The Black Bomber

The Black Bomber (Serbian: Црни бомбардер, romanized: Crni Bombarder) is a 1992 Yugoslavian drama film by Serbian director Darko Bajić. It takes place in Belgrade in a fictional authoritarian near-future (1999), modeled closely on the conditions in Serbia at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. The film follows an anti-establishment radio host, Crni (Dragan Bjelogrlić) and the rock singer Luna (Anica Dobra), his friend and lover. The radio station Crni works for, Boom 92 (modeled after B92) is shut down as subversive, after which he sets up his own roving broadcast studio in a pickup truck, called "Crni bombarder" (The Black Bomber).
Srđan Gile Gojković from Električni Orgazam produced the soundtrack featuring other members of the band, as well as Anica Dobra on vocals and Vlada Divljan from Idoli.

## Cast

* Dragan Bjelogrlić - Crni
* Anica Dobra - Luna
* Srđan Todorović - Fleka
* Petar Božović - Bešević
* Dragan Maksimović - Psiho
* Boris Milivojević - Prki
* Žarko Laušević - Šmajser
* Bogdan Diklić - Glavonja
* Danilo Stojković - President Bogdan Marković
* Bogdan Tirnanić - Opozicija
* Katarina Žutić - DDT
* Željko Mitrović - Marsovac
* Predrag Laković - Gazda
* Goran Radaković - Vaske
# Armen Yeghiazaryan

Armen Yeghiazaryan (Armenian: Արմեն Եղիազարյան; born 1 June 1980), is an Armenian politician, Member of the National Assembly of Armenia of Bright Armenia's faction.
# Sunetra Gas Field

Sunetra Gas Field (Bengali: সুনেত্র গ্যাসক্ষেত্র) is a natural gas field located in Sunamganj-Netrokona, Bangladesh. It is controlled by Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company Limited (BAPEX).

## Location

Sunetra gas field is located in Gabi village of Selbarsha union, Dharmapasha Upazila, Sunamganj district of Sylhet division and Barhatta Upazila of Netrokona district of Mymensingh division. It is located 59km south-west of Chhatak gas field and 69km north-west of Bibiyana gas field. BAPEX conducted a two-dimensional seismic surveys in a total of 259 km in Sunamganj-Netrokona district in the year 2009-2010 and identified this gas field. The gas field has been named 'Sunetra' as some of it fell under Sunamganj, while the other in Netrakona.
# Rayenda Union

Rayenda Union (Bengali: ধানসাগর ইউনিয়ন) is a Union parishad of Sarankhola Upazila, Bagerhat District in Khulna Division of Bangladesh. It has an area of 87.28 km2 (33.70 sq mi) and a population of 34,495.
# Hua Mak

Hua Mak (Thai: หัวหมาก, pronounced) is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Bang Kapi District, in Bangkok, Thailand. In 2020, it had a total population of 67,798 people.

## History

Hua Mak originally had a much wider territory than today. It extends to the present-day Suan Luang area. Khlong Saen Saep, the longest man-made khlong (canal) in the country, runs through this area. Hua Mak was the end of the first phase of Khlong Saen Saep, known as "Khlong Saen Saep Tai" (คลองแสนแสบใต้; south Saen Saep canal) with no evidence of when it was excavated. The second phase of Khlong Saen Saep, commonly known as Khlong Saen Saep Nuea (คลองแสนแสบเหนือ; north Saen Saep canal) is a continuous route up until it ends when it confluence the Bang Pakong River in Chachoengsao Province in the east region. Khlong Saen Saep was dug mostly by Muslim and Chinese labourers. When the canal was completed, Rama III allowed these Muslim workers to settle on either side of the canal along the way. Assumed that the name "Hua Mak" is related to Khlong Saen Saep as well as Khlong Tan.

## Geography

Hua Mak is the southern part of Bang Kapi District. Adjacent subdistricts are (from the north clockwise): Phlapphla in Wang Thonglang District, Khlong Chan in its district, Khlong Kum in Bueng Kum District (Khlong Saen Saep is a boundary line), Saphan Sung and Thap Chang in Saphan Sung District (Khlong Ban Ma 2, Khlong Wang Bon Yai, Khlong Kho Lat, Khlong Bueng Ban Ma are the boundary lines), Phatthanakan and Suan Luang in Suan Luang District (Demarcation Ditch, Khlong Hua Mak, Khlong Kacha are the boundary lines), and Bang Kapi in Huai Khwang District (Khlong Saen Saep is a boundary line).

## Places

* Ramkhamhaeng University (RU)
* Assumption University of Thailand (ABAC)
* Rajamangala National Stadium and Indoor Stadium Huamark
# Edward Henry Davey

Edward Henry Davey (January 19, 1854 – March 10, 1911) was an architect and politician born in St. John’s, Newfoundland. He is best known, along with his brother George, as a builder of the city of St. John's after the great fire of 1892. Davey was educated at the Central School in St. John’s and underwent an apprenticeship with his father, also a carpenter, forming a partnership between father and son. Upon the death of his father, he went into business with his brother George and to form E.H. and G. Davey, Contractors, Builders and Ships Joiners. The company’s offices were located at 111 Bond Street with wharf and stores situated on the St. John’s waterfront.
In the aftermath of the great fire of 1892, there was great demand for architects, contractors and builders. The Davey brothers were at the forefront of this massive effort and were responsible for many of the new buildings that were erected in the months following the fire such as the Church of England Orphanage, the British Hall and the restoration of the Church of England Cathedral of St. John the Baptist.
By 1900, the company was very successful and Davey decided to enter politics. On November 8, 1900, both Davey and his running mate, Henry Gear, won the dual district of Burin for the Liberal Party, led by Robert Bond. Davey spent 11 years as MHA for Burin. He was re-elected in the general election of 1904. Davey and Gear were returned to the House of Assembly in the famous tie-election of 1908. He was re-elected in the 1909 election.
Davey was involved in many facets of the Church of England, serving on the Diocesan Synod for Newfoundland, as a member of the Vestry at the Cathedral and as a member of the Cathedral Restoration Committee. He was a long-time member of St. John’s Lodge No. 5 of the Society of United Fishermen, a philanthropic and fraternal organization founded in Heart’s Content in 1871. Davey was also a very good cricket player and was elected president of the Avalon Cricket Club in 1891. He was also quite prominent in the Freemasons.
# Zoltan Sarosy

Zoltan Sarosy (August 23, 1906 – June 19, 2017) was a Hungarian-Canadian professional chess master and supercentenarian. He was born in Budapest and won numerous tournaments in his native country before immigrating to Canada in the early 1950s.

## Early life

Sarosy was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, on August 23, 1906.

## Tournaments

Sarosy won chess tournaments in several cities in Hungary including Nagykanizsa (1929), Pécs (1932), and Budapest (1934). During World War II he won the Hungarian Master Candidates Tournament in 1943. After the war, following a period in a refugee camp in West Germany, he moved to France in 1948. He drew a training match (2–2) with Alsace Champion Henri Sapin in 1950 and then emigrated to Canada, arriving in Halifax and then settling in Toronto. In Toronto he took up correspondence chess and was thrice Canadian Correspondence Champion (1967, 1972, 1981). In 2006 he was inducted into the Canadian Chess Hall of Fame. He was still actively playing chess at the age of 107.

## Later life

At the end of World War II after having fled Hungary where he served as a military translator, and divorced his first wife after she refused to move to Canada. After divorcing his first wife, he married Hella Mällo (1930-1998), an Estonian immigrant, in Canada. On August 23, 2016, Sarosy became a supercentenarian, when he reached the age of 110 years, and at the time was the oldest known living man and fourth oldest known living person in Canada. Sarosy died on June 19, 2017 in Toronto.