OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# North Pole-36

North Pole-36 (Russian: Северный полюс-36, СП-36) was the 36th Russian manned drifting station, primarily used for Arctic research from September 2008 until August 2009.

## History

The station was opened on September 7, 2008.
The primary objective of the station was to improve the quality of weather forecasts and to study global processes of climate change. Work was carried out on environment monitoring, and research in the fields of meteorology, oceanology, glaciology, and aerology was carried out.
The expedition consisted of 18 polar explorers, several dogs, and more than 150 tons of cargo. The station-master was Yuri Katraev. NP-36 station settled down on a piece of sea ice that was approximately 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi) across. At the moment of disembarkation the station was in "the Hollow of submariners" between Wrangel Island and the North Pole. The vessel Akademik Fyodorov carried out the delivery of the expedition to the ice.
The station was removed with the nuclear icebreaker NS Yamal in the Arctic Ocean at the end of August 2009. The evacuation of the station from the drifting ice floe took three days of continuous work. The chief of high-latitude arctic expeditions Vladimir Sokolov supervised the work.

## Gallery

* North Pole-36 station
* Panoramic view
* Сoncluding ceremony
# La duda (1967 TV series)

La duda (English: The Doubt) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa for Telesistema Mexicano in 1967.

## Cast

* Joaquín Cordero
* Luz María Aguilar
* Carlos Ancira
* Pilar Sen
# Eva Ornstová

Eva Ornstová is a Czech slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 2005 to 2015.
She won a gold medal in the K1 team event at the 2013 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Prague. She also won a bronze medal in the same event at the 2013 European Canoe Slalom Championships in Augsburg.
# Pol Le Gourrierec

Pol Le Gourrierec (or Le Gourriérec, 15 January 1921 – 19 July 1995) was a French diplomat who was best known for an incident during his service as French Ambassador to Pakistan.

## Early life

Born in Cléguérec in January 1921, he was fluent in Breton as well as French. In January 1945, he was one of the founders, along with poet and editor Ronan Huon, of the Breton language cultural magazine, Tír na nÓg which merged in 1948 with Al Liamm.

## Diplomatic service

He had an early interest in North Africa. In 1948, he joined the diplomatic service.
He served as an embassy secretary in Morocco in the late 1950s. He was Chargés d'Affaires in Iraq from February to September 1963.$^{:67}$$^{:77}$ He was First Counselor of the Embassy in Warsaw in 1964. In the late 1960s, he was Director of North African Affairs,$^{:1076}$ and visited Tunisia in 1969. He served as French Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1971 to 1975,$^{:46}$ to Pakistan from 1976 to 1979,$^{:87}$ and to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1979 to 1982.$^{:102}$

## Pakistan
### Background

The French had initially resisted US pressure to cancel a contract to build a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, but the deal gradually unravelled sometime in mid to late 1978, certainly by February 1979, as the French became concerned about Pakistan's intentions regarding nuclear weapons.$^{:472}$

### Incident

On 26 June 1979, Le Gourrierec and his First Secretary, Jean Forlot, were stopped at a checkpoint. They were driving alone through the town of Kahuta some 25 miles southwest of Islamabad, in a vehicle with a local rather than a diplomatic number plate and without displaying a diplomatic flag. According to Denoël, they were driving to Islamabad, and intended to visit a long-unused military fortress, but accidentally took a wrong turn and passed near a secret nuclear bomb complex.$^{:191}$ However, according to several sources, their presence was intentional. There was a physical altercation with five or six men.$^{:66}$
Le Gourrierec was severely beaten, and sustained a broken tooth, while Forlot had a split skull. The men who assaulted them were not bandits or thugs, as initially suggested by the Pakistani authorities, but were plain-clothed members of the security forces, acting under orders. According to Khan, Forlot was passing on information to the CIA and may have been actively spying on its behalf. Khan suggests that foreigners "got the message" and subsequently avoided the area, but the Yugoslav ambassador later drove slowly along the perimeter wall in a show of solidarity, albeit with a diplomatic flag.

## Personal life

He died in Puylaroque in July 1995 at the age of 74.
His son, Alain Le Gourriérec, was French Ambassador to Paraguay from 1993 to 1994,$^{:88}$ to Chile from 2001 to 2005,$^{:49}$ and to Mexico from 2005 to 2008.$^{:81}$
# Candis Callison

Candis Callison is a Canadian environmental journalist and academic of journalism, who works as an associate professor at the University of British Columbia (UBC), affiliated both with the School of Journalism, Writing, and Media and the Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies at UBC.

## Life

Callison is a member of the Tahltan people from northwestern British Columbia, and is originally from Vancouver. After previously working for almost eight years as a television journalist in Canada, she earned a master's degree in comparative media studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2002, and completed her doctorate there in 2010. She joined the UBC faculty in 2009.

## Books

Callison is the author of the book How Climate Change Comes to Matter: The Communal Life of Facts (Duke University Press, 2014). With Mary Lynn Young, she is the coauthor of Reckoning: Journalism's Limits and Possibilities (Oxford University Press, 2020).

## Recognition

In 2019, Callison was elected as an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
# Pramod Mittal

Pramod Mittal (born 1 September 1956) is an Indian businessman who was the chairman of Ispat Industries Limited (now JSW Ispat Steel).

## Life and career

He was married to Sangeeta Mittal. The Couple has three children; Vartika, Shrishti and Divyesh. His elder brother is Lakshmi Mittal who is also a Businessman. He spent $82 million on his daughter's wedding in Barcelona.
In March 2019, the Supreme Court in India dropped charges against him after he paid money owed to a public sector enterprise.
Lakshmi Mittal, the Indian steel magnate, chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal, has taken the baton of Indian brotherhood forward by paying off his brother's debt.
He is owner of Global Steel Philippines in Iligan which he acquired in 2004. Then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo witnessed his acquisition of the Mill which was formerly known as the National Steel Corporation or NSC-which for many years was known as Asia's first and largest. President Arroyo's maternal roots are also from Iligan. In 2019, the cantonal court in Tuzla had ordered Mittal to also deposit nearly €11 million for alleged damages to GIKIL. He was declared bankrupt on 19 June 2020 in a London court.
In October 2021, Pramod Mittal was named in the Pandora Papers. In 2023 he was charged with "heading an organised crime group" that allegedly helped him syphon around €11 million (USD 12 million) from Global Ispat Koksna Industrija Lukavac (GIKIL). He co-owned the plant near Tuzla in northeastern Bosnia with the local government. Various other charges include illegally taking control of the metallurgical coke producer despite failing to invest €23 million, or more than half the amount he committed to invest in 2003 in return for the 51 per cent stake in the company.
# Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas

Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA) is a strategy for rural development in India. This concept was given by former president Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and discussed in his book Target 3 Billion which he co-authored with Srijan Pal Singh. The genesis of PURA can be traced to the work done by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in the early 1990s on Taluka energy self-sufficiency. It was shown in the study that energy self-sufficient talukas can be a new development model for rural India in terms of creation of jobs and better amenities to its population.
PURA proposes that urban infrastructure and services be provided in rural hubs to create economic opportunities outside of cities. Physical connectivity by providing roads, electronic connectivity by providing communication networks, and knowledge connectivity by establishing professional and technical institutions will have to be done in an integrated way so that economic connectivity will emanate. The Indian central government has been running pilot PURA programs in several states since 2004. The Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission is a successor to this mission.

## Current status of PURA
### Failure of PURA

Former Rural Development Minister Jairam Ramesh on 24 February 2012 launched the restructured PURA scheme that combines rural infrastructure development with economic regeneration in Private Public Partnership (PPP) mode and seeks to harness the efficiencies of the private sector. He slammed former president APJ Abdul Kalam's concept of PURA as a failure. Ramesh said that while the PURA launched by Kalam has failed, the reworked PURA will succeed. The minister was optimistic about the success of the new PURA because of the difference in the objectives. He was of the view that, now the focus was on water supply, sanitation, and physical infrastructure rather than knowledge connectivity.

### Extension to 2000 new towns

The Rural ministry plans to reform one of its ambitious yet not so successful programme; Provision of Urban amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), to facilitate creation of urban infrastructure in around 2,000 new towns that have been identified by the 2011 decadal census. It is also trying to restructure the old PURA objectives laid down by the then President.

### Underpayment of wages

The Prestigious scheme proposed providing livelihood and urban amenities in compact areas around a potential growth center in Gram Panchayats through Public Private Partnership (PPP) framework to provide guarantee employment to rural areas so that they could have an assured income for at least 100 days of a year. The scheme is now facing rampant corruption, cases of underpayment of wages have been received by the government from all over the country.
# Hoe-farming

Hoe-farming is a term introduced (as German: Hackbau; as opposed to Ackerbau) by Eduard Hahn in 1910 to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes. Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution. Early forms of the plough (ard) were introduced throughout the Near East (Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout Greater Persia and parts of Central Asia, reaching East Asia in the 2nd millennium BC (Chinese Bronze Age).
The parts of the world where agriculture was introduced but not the plough (in the case of the New World up to the introduction of plough-farming with European colonization) were named the hoe-cultivation belt (Hackbaugürtel) by Hahn (1914), followed by Werth (1954). The hoe-cultivation belt is mostly located in tropical latitudes, including Sub-Saharan Africa (but not the Horn of Africa, where the plough appears to have been introduced via Egypt), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the pre-Columbian Americas.
Hoe-farming often coincides with long fallow systems and shifting cultivation. Split hoes (also known as prong hoes, tined hoes or bent forks) are hoes that have two or more tines at right angles to the shaft. Their use is typically to loosen the soil, prior to planting or sowing. It provides the ability to cultivate effectively at small row distances. Split hoeing is contrasted to permanent plough-based cultivation systems and the intensification of agriculture. Hoe-farming may contain slash and burn clearance techniques, but they are not strictly necessary. It is usually embedded in the logic of subsistence agriculture.
# Raigad District Central Co-operative Bank

The Raigad District Central Co-operative Bank was established on 30 September 1960. The Reserve Bank of India granted a banking license to the bank on 11 November 1995. Jayant Prabhakar Patil (MLC) took charge of the bank as chairman in 1997. It is the first District Cooperative Central Bank to issue Kisan Credit Card in India which was launched on 18 May 2013.
# Podbranč

Podbranč (Hungarian: Berencsváralja) is a village and municipality in Senica District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1297.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 420 metres and covers an area of 14.137 km$^2$. It has a population of about 645 people.
# Equal Rights (Latvia)

Equal Rights (ER; Latvian: Līdztiesība, Russian: Равноправие) was a political party in Latvia, mainly supported by the Russian minority.
ER was founded on the basis of the "Equal Rights" faction of the Supreme Soviet as a NGO in 1993. The Equal Rights faction (Russian: Равноправие) had been founded in April, 1990, after the 1990 Latvian parliamentary election.
The NGO transformed into a party in 1996. Its leaders were MPs Tatjana Ždanoka and Sergejs Dīmanis. The organization participated in the 1994 municipal election and the 1995 legislative election within the Socialist Party of Latvia list.
In 1998, ER joined with two other predominantly Russian parties, the Latvian Socialist Party and the National Harmony Party to found the alliance For Human Rights in United Latvia (Latvian: Par Cilvēka Tiesībām Vienotā Latvijā; ForHRUL). The alliance split in 2003, with the National Harmony Party and the Socialist Party abandoning the coalition, leaving the newly founded rump Free Choice in People's Europe (made up of dissident Socialist Party and Harmony Party members, like Yakov Pliner, who opposed the decision to quit the alliance) in the ForHRUL coalition.
From 2001 ER's leader was Tatjana Ždanoka and its chairman was Vladimir Buzayev.
In 2007, the 11th Congress of the party decided to merge it with Free Choice in People's Europe, transforming their block ForHRUL into a unified party. The party failed to win any seats in the 2010 legislative election.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2019-08-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
* This article about a Latvian political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Buhturi

Al-Walīd ibn Ubaidillah Al-Buḥturī (Arabic: أبو الوليد بن عبيدالله البحتري التنوخي, romanized: al-Walīd ibn `Ubayd Allāh al-Buhturī) (821–97 AD; 206–84 AH) was an Arab poet born at Manbij in Islamic Syria, between Aleppo and the Euphrates. Like Abū Tammām (ابو تمام), he was of the tribe of Tayy, from the Buhturids.

## Biography

While still young, al-Buḥturī visited Abū Tammām at Homs, on whose recommendation the authorities at Ma'arrat an-Nu'man awarded al-Buḥturī an annual pension of 4000 dirhams. Later he went to Baghdād, where he wrote verses in praise of the caliph al-Mutawakkil and of the members of his court. Although long resident in Baghdād, he devoted much of his poetry to the praise of Aleppo, and his love-poetry dedicated to a girl, Aiwa, of that city. He died at Manbij in 897.
He was often compared with the famous poet Abu Tammâm, who was his contemporary and mentor. The poems of al-Buhturî are examples of the classical style in Arabic poetry. He worked as a panegyrist to make a living and gained fame with his panegyrics.
His dīwan (collected poetry) was edited and published twice in the 10th century. First by Abū Bakr al-Ṣūlī, in the section of whose book Kitāb Al-Awrāq (كتاب الاوراق) on Muḥadathūn (modern poets), al-Buḥturī is included among a group of fourteen poets whose dīwans al-Ṣūlī edited and arranged alphabetically according to the final consonant in each line. The second editor arranged his dīwan according to subject (1883, Istanbul). Like Abu Tammam, he made a collection of early poems also known as the Hamasah. These collections of poems are also known as Diwans.
# Sabyasachi Hajara

Sabyasachi Hajara (born 3 December 1952) is an Indian business executive. He was the Chairman and Managing Director of Shipping Corporation of India (SCI), the largest Indian shipping company, Mr. Hajara is the current Advisor to the Board – Elektrans Global. An influential figure in worldwide shipping industry, he was ranked among the top 100 influential personalities in the Global Shipping Industry in 2010 by TradeWinds and Lloyd's List, two reputed industry journals.

## Biography

Hajara graduated from the University of Calcutta with a Silver Medal in B.Sc (Chemistry) degree in 1970. He completed his MBA from Indian Institute of Management Calcutta in 1973 and joined the Shipping Corporation of India on 2 May 1973. He also completed a degree in Law from University of Calcutta in 1977. In addition to his job at SCI, Hajara has held important positions in industry organizations and institutions such as Indian National Shipowners' Association (INSA), International Shipping Federation (ISF) and the World Maritime University.
# Lobuya

Lobuya (Russian: Лобуя; Yakut: Лобуйа) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of two settlements in the Town of Srednekolymsk of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Srednekolymsk, the administrative center of the district. It is located 18 kilometers (11 mi) from Srednekolymsk. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 3, of whom all three were male, down from 8 recorded during the 2002 Census.
# Dhuliani Union

Dhuliani Union (Bengali: ধুলিয়ানী ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad under Chaugachha Upazila of Jessore District in the division of Khulna, Bangladesh. It has an area of 14.55 square kilometres and a population of 13788.
# Socially Useful Productive Work

Socially Useful Productive Work (SUPW) is a "purposive productive work and services related to the needs of the child and the community, which will be proved meaningful to the learner. Such work must not be performed mechanically but must include planning, analysis and detailed preparation, at every stage so that it is educational. Adoption of improved tools and materials, where available and the adoption of modern techniques will lead to an appreciation of the needs of a progressive society based on technology." Students learn to work as a team, with skill and deftness. It was introduced in 1978, by the Ministry of Education in India to promote Gandhian values and educational ideas of Mahatma Gandhi.
SUPW remains an ancillary, but a mandatory part of the course curriculum in schools affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), which conducts two examinations in India: the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and the Indian School Certificate (ISC). It is taught in some Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) schools, which include Kendriya Vidyalaya and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya schools.
In addition to developing individual skills, SUPW helps in developing among the students the habit to work as a community, increase awareness of scientific advancements and develop a scientific outlook. The training acquired in the classroom helps students solve the day-to-day problems of the community.

## History

   SUPW may be described as purposive and meaningful manual work, resulting in either goods or services which are meaningful to the society.
- Report of Review Committee, 1977
Recommending education through craft, Mahatma Gandhi said, "The core of my suggestion, is to give skills and knowledge in craft to students from 8th standard and goes on until the students have reached the 12th standard. It is for both production of work and for developing intellect of the pupils". This idea was taken forward by the Kothari Commission (1964–66), which suggested introduction of 'work experience' in education. Subsequently, after the recommendations of 'Ishwarbhai Patel Committee' (July, 1977), which first coined the term 'Socially Useful Productive Work' or SUPW, the subject was first introduced to the school curriculum in 1978, by Ministry of Education, Government of India.

## Crafts and Hobbies

As per the "Program of Action of the National Policy on Education of 1986", which emphasizes the promotion of culture and creativity in school children, SUPW curriculum may also include, Pottery, Clay Modeling, Papier-mâché, Mask Making, Tie & Dye, Rangoli, Wall decoration, Cane work, Bamboo work, Bookbinding, Paper toys, etc.
# Tarun Khiwal

Tarun Khiwal (born 1965) is an Indian fashion and commercial photographer. An engineer by education, he left his first job in 1989, and apprenticed with photographers, Hardev Singh, Prabuddha Dasgupta and Atul Kasbekar, before starting out on his own in 1995.
A photographer in the fashion industry, he was awarded the 2005 Hasselblad Masters Award, given by the Hasselblad Foundation, he is the first and only Indian recipient so far of the award. His other awards include, "Fashion Photographer of the Year Award" at the Lycra MTV Style Award and Kingfisher Fashion Photographer of the Year.

## Early life and background

Tarun Khiwal was born in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, and grew up in Lucknow, where his father was an Indian Railways officer. He started taking photographs at age 15, after his father gave him a Pentax K1000 camera. Growing up, he wanted to become a painter, however neither it nor photography was considered financially viable career option by his father, thus ended up studying mechanical engineering at the Institute of Tool Room Training, Lucknow, where he studied for the next four years.

## Career

After completing his education, Tarun started his career in early 1989, designing press and die casting tools at West India Power Equipments Pvt. Ltd in Jagdishpur, an industrial town near Lucknow. However, finding him unable to apply himself well at work, even eight months after joining, the technical director of the company, gave him the book,The Magic of Thinking Big to read. The book impacted him deeply. A few days later, he returned the book and also left the job.
Thus, he shifted base to Delhi in November 1989. A few months later, he gained apprenticeship with renowned architectural and interior photographer, Hardev Singh. This was followed by apprenticeships with fashion photographers, Atul Kasbekar and Prabuddha Dasgupta. With the latter, he apprenticed for two years, this left a deep impact of photography, as he later recounted in an interview, " (with Dasgupta) I discarded all the notions I had about photography." In 1995, he started to work independently, initially with magazines like Society and First City. This gradually led to his entry to the fashion industry, over the next few years.
Recognition came to him in 2004, when he was awarded the "Fashion Photographer of the Year Award" at the Lycra MTV Style Award and Kingfisher Fashion Photographer of the Year award, while international recognition came with the Hasselblad Masters Award in 2005, which made him the first and only Indian photographer to win the award.