# Communist Party of Luxembourg

The Communist Party of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Kommunistesch Partei vu Lëtzebuerg; French: Parti Communiste Luxembourgeois; German: Kommunistische Partei Luxemburgs; KPL or PCL) is a communist party in Luxembourg. Ali Ruckert [lb] is the current chairman of the party.

## History

The KPL was founded on 2 January 1921, in the town of Niederkorn, making it one of the oldest parties in Luxembourg. In 1937, the Bech government attempted to introduce the so-called Maulkuerfgesetz ("Muzzle law") which would have banned the party. The law was abandoned after failing to achieve popular support in a national referendum.
Following the end of the Second World War, the party, which won 11.1% in the legislative elections, joined the National Union Government (1945–47). Its first minister was Charles Marx. After Marx's death in a 1946 car accident, he was replaced by Dominique Urbany. After the death of the leader of the LSAP, the coalition collapsed. With the principle of an all-inclusive government gone, the KPL was excluded from the next government and never returned another member to the cabinet.
In 1964, the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 500. In legislative elections held in the same year, the party registered 10.4% of the vote, and won five of the Chamber of Deputies' 56 seats. The party's representation in the Chamber peaked at the following election, with six deputies, but fell, until the KPL lost its last remaining deputy in 1994. In the same year a minority opposing the Marxist-Leninist line of the party split and founded the New Left (Luxembourgish: Nei Lénk) together with the rest of the Revolutionary Socialist Party (Luxembourgish: Revolutionär Sozialistesch Partei).
In 1999, the KPL and the New Left agreed to found The Left (Luxembourgish: Déi Lénk). The Left had members of both parties and independents. Accordingly, KPL members ran on The Left lists in the 1999 and 2000 elections and no separate KPL lists existed. After disputes between a majority within the Left and leading KPL members shortly before the 2004 elections the party again ran separate lists. A number of the Left members were subsequently expelled from the KPL.
The KPL is represented locally on the councils of Differdange and Rumelange. In Rumelange, it is part of the ruling coalition together with the LSAP.

## Election results
### Chamber of Deputies

| Year | Votes | % | Elected seats | Seats after | +/– | Government |
| 1922 | 6,976 | 1.0 (#5) | 0 / 25 | 0 / 48 | New | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1925 | 15,443 | 0.9 (#11) | 0 / 47 | 0 / 47 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1928 | Did not participate | Did not participate | 0 / 28 | 0 / 52 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1931 | 6,264 | 0.7 (#8) | 0 / 27 | 0 / 54 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1934 | 70,940 | 5.2 (#4) | 1 / 29 | 1 / 54 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1937 | Did not participate | Did not participate | 0 / 26 | 0 / 55 | 1 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1945 | 295,701 | 11.1 (#4) | 5 / 51 | 5 / 51 | 5 | Coalition |
| 1948 | 195,956 | 14.3 (#3) | 4 / 26 | 5 / 51 | 0 | Opposition |
| 1951 | 35,662 | 3.2 (#4) | 0 / 26 | 4 / 52 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1954 | 211,171 | 7.3 (#4) | 3 / 52 | 3 / 52 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1959 | 220,425 | 7.2 (#4) | 3 / 52 | 3 / 52 | 0 | Opposition |
| 1964 | 330,909 | 10.4 (#3) | 5 / 56 | 5 / 56 | 2 | Opposition |
| 1968 | 402,610 | 13.1 (#4) | 6 / 56 | 6 / 56 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1974 | 314,635 | 8.8 (#4) | 5 / 59 | 5 / 59 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1979 | 177,286 | 4.9 (#5) | 2 / 59 | 2 / 59 | 3 | Opposition |
| 1984 | 165,960 | 4.4 (#5) | 2 / 64 | 2 / 64 | 0 | Opposition |
| 1989 | 157,608 | 4.4 (#5) | 1 / 60 | 1 / 60 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1994 | 57,646 | 1.7 (#7) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 1 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1999 | 110,274 | 3.3 (#6) | 1 / 60 | 1 / 60 | 1 | Opposition |
| 2004 | 35,524 | 0.9 (#7) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 1 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2009 | 49,108 | 1.4 (#7) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2013 | 53,669 | 1.6 (#8) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2018 | 44,916 | 1.3 (#8) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2023 | 24,275 | 0.6 (#10) | 0 / 60 | 0 / 60 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Partial election. Only half of the seats were up for renewal.
* ↑ Results for The Left alliance.

### European Parliament

| Election | List leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
| 1979 | René Urbany | 48,813 | 5.01 (#5) | 0 / 6 | New | – |
| 1984 | René Urbany | 40,395 | 4.08 (#5) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 1989 | René Urbany | 46,791 | 4.71 (#5) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 1994 | Aloyse Bisdorff | 16,559 | 1.63 (#7) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 1999 | Did not contest | Did not contest | Did not contest | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 2004 | Zénon Bernard | 12,800 | 1.17 (#7) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 2009 | Ali Ruckert | 17,304 | 1.54 (#7) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 2014 | Ali Ruckert | 17,506 | 1.49 (#0) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 2019 | Ali Ruckert | 14,323 | 1.14 (#9) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |
| 2024 | Ali Ruckert | 13,368 | 0.97 (#10) | 0 / 6 | 0 | – |

## Footnotes

* ↑ Aulner, François. "The capitalist system needs to be 'overcome', says Ali Ruckert". RTL Today. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
* ↑ Aulner, François. "The capitalist system needs to be 'overcome', says Ali Ruckert". RTL Today. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
* ↑ Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. (March 1968). "Communism and Economic Development". American Political Science Review. 62 (1): 110–123. doi:10.2307/1953329. JSTOR 1953329. S2CID 154843326.
* ↑ "Rümelingen: LSAP und KPL wollen neue Wege gehen". Zeitung vum Lëtzebuerger Vollek. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

## References and further reading

* Kovacs, Stéphanie (2011). "Les relations entre le Parti Communiste Luxembourgeois (PCL) et le SED (« Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands ») de 1948 à 1983, vues à travers les rapports internes des Archives fédérales d'Allemagne". Du Luxembourg à l'Europe. Hommages à Gilbert Trausch à l'occasion de son 80e anniversaire (in French). Luxembourg: Editions Saint-Paul. ISBN 978-2-87963-836-2.
* Ruckert, Ali, Geschichte der Kommunistischen Partei Luxemburgs, Teil I: 1921-1946, Esch-sur-Alzette 2006 OCLC 219699513
* Ruckert, Ali, Geschichte der Kommunistischen Partei Luxemburgs, Teil II: 1947-1954, Esch-sur-Alzette 2007 OCLC 316277089
* Ruckert, Ali, Geschichte der Kommunistischen Partei Luxemburgs, Teil III: 1955-1960, Esch-sur-Alzette 2010 OCLC 724402104
* Wehenkel, Henri, "Communisme et postcommunisme au Luxembourg", in: Communisme 2014, 1989-2014 - L'éternel retour des communistes, p. 165-172
* Wehenkel, Henri, "Die Kommunistische Partei Luxemburgs. Aufstieg und Fall einer Partei" in: Moreau, Patrick/Marc Lazar/Gerhard Hirscher (eds.), Der Kommunismus in Westeuropa, Niedergang oder Mutation?, Landsberg/Lech, 1998, p. 477-497
* Wehenkel, Henri/ Foetz, Guy/Hoffmann, André, 1921-1981. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kommunistischen Partei Luxemburgs, Luxembourg 1981
* Wehenkel, Henri/Redondo, Jean-Laurent/Hoffmann, André/Urbany, Serge, "Table ronde: PCL et/ou nouvelle gauche: renouvellement et/ou scission", in: Cahiers Marxistes, No. 201, April–May 1996, p. 121-144 ISSN 1195-0013