OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Broch of Ayre

58°53′47″N 2°55′16″W﻿ / ﻿58.896336°N 2.921019°W﻿ / 58.896336; -2.921019
Broch of Ayre, also known as St. Mary's Broch, is an Iron Age broch in Orkney, Scotland.

## Location

Broch of Ayre is found on the northern shore of Loch Ayre, in the parish of Holm on Orkney Mainland.

## History

Broch of Ayre was first excavated in December 1901 and then again in the summer of 1909. Little now survives, though part of the broch wall is still extant. The excavations revealed traces of internal architecture and external, probably later, structures.

## Description

The 1901 excavations revealed that the broch wall survived to over a metre in height in parts, with an entrance passage facing to the south-east. The passage contained a broken lintel and architectural features including a guard cell. The interior of the broch contained radial partitions using vertical slabs of stone, and a lintelled well. The broch itself was almost eighteen metres in external diameter, with walls almost five metres thick in places. The 1909 excavation revealed external buildings, likely built later, and the interior of the broch may also have been re-used and partially remodelled in a subsequent phase.

## Archaeological Finds

A number of iron objects were discovered, including two spearheads and an axehead. Locational information from the excavation is poor, although one of the spearheads was found associated with the guard cell. Nail heads, bronze pins and a bronze ring were also found. Evidence of metal-working, including a mass of conglomerate with fused pottery and iron, was also found. Bone pins, combs, antler fragments and cetacean bone vessels were found along with several dice. A large quantity of pottery was also found, along with the remains of whale, seal, ox, pig, red deer, sheep, horse, gannet and other birds, and human bone.
# 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis on 6 and 8 March.

## Medalists

| silver | Silver | Bronze |
| José Luíz Barbosa Brazil | Vladimir Graudyn Soviet Union | Faouzi Lahbi Morocco |

## Results
### Heats

The first 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 3 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:49.11 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Faouzi Lahbi | Morocco | 1:49.13 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Vladimir Graudyn | Soviet Union | 1:49.34 | q |
| 4 | 2 | Rob Druppers | Netherlands | 1:49.61 | Q |
| 5 | 3 | Slobodan Popović | Yugoslavia | 1:49.94 | q |
| 6 | 2 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:50.01 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:50.13 | |
| 8 | 2 | Mohamad Saïd | Morocco | 1:50.38 | |
| 9 | 2 | Tony Morrell | Great Britain | 1:50.39 | |
| 10 | 1 | Babacar Niang | Senegal | 1:50.71 | Q |
| 11 | 1 | Dieudonné Kwizera | Burundi | 1:50.74 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Mauricio Hernández | Mexico | 1:50.85 | NR |
| 13 | 2 | Martin Enholm | Sweden | 1:50.91 | |
| 14 | 3 | Luis Migueles | Argentina | 1:51.03 | |
| 15 | 1 | Gert Kilbert | Switzerland | 1:51.13 | |
| 16 | 1 | Tapfumaneyi Jonga | Zimbabwe | 1:51.27 | NR |
| 17 | 3 | Joseph Chesire | Kenya | 1:51.34 | |
| 18 | 1 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:51.57 | |
| 19 | 2 | Dale Jones | Antigua and Barbuda | 1:54.56 | NR |
| 20 | 3 | Najim Al-Sowailem | Kuwait | 1:54.72 | NR |
| 21 | 1 | Edwin Koech | Kenya | 1:54.94 | |
| 22 | 1 | Alberto López | Guatemala | 1:56.75 | NR |
| 23 | 2 | Porfirio Méndez | Paraguay | 1:56.87 | NR |
| 24 | 3 | Ian Morris | Trinidad and Tobago | 2:03.82 | |
| | 1 | Agberto Guimarães | Brazil | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:47.49 | AR |
| | Vladimir Graudyn | Soviet Union | 1:47.68 | |
| | Faouzi Lahbi | Morocco | 1:47.79 | |
| 4 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:47.81 | |
| 5 | Dieudonné Kwizera | Burundi | 1:47.87 | NR |
| 6 | Slobodan Popović | Yugoslavia | 1:48.07 | |
| 7 | Babacar Niang | Senegal | 1:48.33 | NR |
| 8 | Rob Druppers | Netherlands | 1:48.89 | |
# 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 3 and 4 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Paul Ereng Kenya | José Luíz Barbosa Brazil | Tonino Viali Italy |

## Results
### Heats

The winner of each heat (Q) and next 8 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 3 | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:47.99 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Rob Druppers | Netherlands | 1:48.29 | q |
| 3 | 4 | Tonino Viali | Italy | 1:48.45 | Q |
| 4 | 4 | Andrey Sudnik | Soviet Union | 1:48.54 | q |
| 5 | 4 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:48.62 | q |
| 6 | 3 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:48.77 | q |
| 7 | 4 | William Wuyke | Venezuela | 1:48.97 | q |
| 8 | 3 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:49.04 | q |
| 9 | 2 | Ikem Billy | Great Britain | 1:49.49 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:49.55 | Q |
| 11 | 1 | Joachim Heydgen | West Germany | 1:49.70 | q |
| 12 | 1 | Steve Heard | Great Britain | 1:49.71 | q |
| 13 | 2 | Feranswa Woldemariam | Ethiopia | 1:49.74 | NR |
| 14 | 2 | Markus Trinkler | Switzerland | 1:49.79 | |
| 15 | 3 | Simon Hoogewerf | Canada | 1:49.98 | |
| 16 | 1 | Tomás de Teresa | Spain | 1:50.19 | |
| 17 | 2 | Claude Diomar | France | 1:50.20 | |
| 18 | 4 | Hamid Sajjadi | Iran | 1:51.21 | AR |
| 19 | 2 | Belkanem Lardou | Morocco | 1:51.49 | |
| 20 | 3 | Luis Migueles | Argentina | 1:51.58 | |
| 21 | 2 | Boby Gaseisiwe | Botswana | 1:53.72 | NR |
| | 1 | Getahun Ayana | Ethiopia | DNF | |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:46.79 | Q, CR |
| 2 | 2 | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:47.11 | Q, NR |
| 3 | 2 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:47.24 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Andrey Sudnik | Soviet Union | 1:49.01 | |
| 5 | 1 | Tonino Viali | Italy | 1:49.06 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Ikem Billy | Great Britain | 1:49.28 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:49.57 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | Rob Druppers | Netherlands | 1:49.70 | |
| 9 | 1 | Joachim Heydgen | West Germany | 1:49.71 | |
| 10 | 2 | Steve Heard | Great Britain | 1:50.75 | |
| 11 | 2 | William Wuyke | Venezuela | 1:53.52 | |
| | 1 | Pablo Squella | Chile | DNF | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:44.84 | WR, CR |
| | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:45.55 | AR |
| | Tonino Viali | Italy | 1:46.95 | PB |
| 4 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:47.54 | PB |
| 5 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:47.93 | |
| 6 | Ikem Billy | Great Britain | 1:48.97 | |
# 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Paul Ereng Kenya | Tomás de Teresa Spain | Simon Hoogewerf Canada |

## Results
### Heats

First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | William Tanui | Kenya | 1:47.55 | Q |
| 2 | 4 | Simon Hoogewerf | Canada | 1:48.21 | Q, NR |
| 3 | 5 | Joachim Dehmel | Germany | 1:48.23 | Q |
| 4 | 5 | Martin Steele | Great Britain | 1:48.28 | Q |
| 5 | 5 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:48.61 | q |
| 6 | 1 | Miroslav Chochkov | Bulgaria | 1:48.74 | Q |
| 7 | 5 | Peter Svaricek | Austria | 1:48.80 | q |
| 8 | 5 | Luis Migueles | Argentina | 1:49.00 | NR |
| 9 | 4 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:49.07 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Ikem Billy | Great Britain | 1:49.09 | |
| 11 | 1 | Markus Trinkler | Switzerland | 1:49.13 | |
| 12 | 4 | Valeriy Starodubtsev | Soviet Union | 1:49.35 | |
| 13 | 4 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:49.52 | |
| 14 | 2 | Ahmed Belkessam | Algeria | 1:50.41 | Q |
| 15 | 3 | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:50.48 | Q |
| 16 | 2 | Andrey Sudnik | Soviet Union | 1:50.51 | Q |
| 17 | 3 | Tomás de Teresa | Spain | 1:50.56 | Q |
| 18 | 2 | Ton Baltus | Netherlands | 1:50.78 | |
| 19 | 2 | Charles Nkazamyampi | Burundi | 1:50.80 | |
| 20 | 3 | Jussi Udelhoven | Germany | 1:50.83 | |
| 21 | 2 | Róbert Banai | Hungary | 1:51.10 | |
| 22 | 1 | Luis Javier González | Spain | 1:51.47 | |
| 23 | 3 | Mbiganyi Thee | Botswana | 1:51.89 | NR |
| 24 | 3 | Nadar Khan | Pakistan | 1:52.08 | NR |
| 25 | 4 | Morris Okinda | Tanzania | 1:55.42 | NR |
| 26 | 1 | Jean-Bosco Mondzomba | Republic of the Congo | 1:56.23 | NR |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | William Tanui | Kenya | 1:47.74 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Joachim Dehmel | Germany | 1:48.17 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:48.34 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Miroslav Chochkov | Bulgaria | 1:48.40 | |
| 5 | 2 | Martin Steele | Great Britain | 1:48.77 | |
| 6 | 1 | Tomás de Teresa | Spain | 1:49.80 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:49.96 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | Simon Hoogewerf | Canada | 1:50.04 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Andrey Sudnik | Soviet Union | 1:50.08 | |
| 10 | 1 | Ahmed Belkessam | Algeria | 1:50.18 | |
| 11 | 2 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:50.60 | |
| 12 | 1 | Peter Svaricek | Austria | 1:53.12 | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Paul Ereng | Kenya | 1:47.08 | |
| | Tomás de Teresa | Spain | 1:47.82 | |
| | Simon Hoogewerf | Canada | 1:47.88 | NR |
| 4 | Stanley Redwine | United States | 1:47.98 | |
| 5 | Joachim Dehmel | Germany | 1:50.58 | |
| | William Tanui | Kenya | DQ | |
Note: William Tanui had originally won in 1:46.94, but was later disqualified for breaking from his lane too early.
# 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 12, 13 and 14 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Tom McKean Great Britain | Charles Nkazamyampi Burundi | Nico Motchebon Germany |

## Results
### Heats

First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Tom McKean | Great Britain | 1:49.09 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Luc Bernaert | Belgium | 1:49.25 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:49.34 | q |
| 4 | 4 | Charles Nkazamyampi | Burundi | 1:49.52 | Q |
| 5 | 4 | Nico Motchebon | Germany | 1:49.52 | Q |
| 6 | 4 | Lee Jin-il | South Korea | 1:49.60 | q |
| 7 | 3 | Freddie Williams | Canada | 1:49.71 | Q |
| 8 | 3 | Jack Armour | United States | 1:49.99 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:50.11 | q |
| 10 | 3 | Kennedy Osei | Ghana | 1:50.14 | q, NR |
| 11 | 2 | Mbiganyi Thee | Botswana | 1:50.50 | Q, NR |
| 12 | 2 | Giuseppe D'Urso | Italy | 1:50.52 | Q |
| 13 | 3 | Khalifa Kasmi | Morocco | 1:50.57 | |
| 14 | 1 | Ray Brown | United States | 1:50.60 | |
| 15 | 2 | Martin Steele | Great Britain | 1:50.71 | |
| 15 | 3 | Gilmar Santos | Brazil | 1:50.71 | |
| 17 | 2 | Hezekiél Sepeng | South Africa | 1:50.79 | |
| 18 | 4 | Leon Haan | Netherlands | 1:50.87 | |
| 19 | 2 | Paul Ruto | Kenya | 1:50.94 | |
| 20 | 3 | Luis Migueles | Argentina | 1:51.03 | |
| 21 | 4 | Michael Wildner | Austria | 1:51.59 | |
| 22 | 4 | Mukundi Mubenga | Zaire | 1:55.35 | NR |

### Semifinals

First 2 of each semifinal (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Tom McKean | Great Britain | 1:47.05 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Freddie Williams | Canada | 1:47.93 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Nico Motchebon | Germany | 1:47.98 | q |
| 4 | 1 | Charles Nkazamyampi | Burundi | 1:48.17 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Luc Bernaert | Belgium | 1:48.24 | q |
| 6 | 1 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:48.56 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Mbiganyi Thee | Botswana | 1:48.56 | NR |
| 8 | 1 | Jack Armour | United States | 1:49.03 | |
| 9 | 2 | Kennedy Osei | Ghana | 1:49.80 | NR |
| 10 | 1 | Giuseppe D'Urso | Italy | 1:50.07 | |
| 11 | 1 | Pablo Squella | Chile | 1:50.25 | |
| 12 | 2 | Lee Jin-il | South Korea | 1:50.46 | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Tom McKean | Great Britain | 1:47.29 |
| | Charles Nkazamyampi | Burundi | 1:47.62 |
| | Nico Motchebon | Germany | 1:48.15 |
| 4 | Luc Bernaert | Belgium | 1:48.30 |
| 5 | Freddie Williams | Canada | 1:51.26 |
| | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | DNF |
# Head Control System

Head Control System is a cross-national rock/metal band featuring Portuguese Daniel Cardoso (ex-Sirius and ex-Re:aktor) and Norwegian Kristoffer Rygg (of Ulver and ex-Arcturus and ex-Borknagar). Head Control System is currently part of North-American The End Records' roster along with bands such as Voivod, The Gathering, Sleepytime Gorilla Museum and Ulver. The band's debut album, Murder Nature, was released on April 4, 2006.

## Concept
### Lyrical

Initially, the band was named SinDRomE. Its first release was the EP "Severe Damage on Reason and Equilibrium" — the acronym identical to the capital letters of the band logo. While Daniel himself never wrote a single lyric, he did, however, implement his ideas for the EP in collaboration with André Vasconcelos, a friend and writer. Daniel performed and recorded all of the instrumentation for the EP.
Upon Kristoffer's joining of the band, Daniel and Kris agreed to change the name of the band to Head Control System. The lyrics on Murder Nature were influenced by Kris's fascination with automatic writing, in a stream of conscious style. They also contain many wordplays and references to politics, film, literature, among many other things.

### Musical

Being influenced by the likes of Meshuggah and the work of Fredrik Thordendal himself, Daniel Cardoso uses rhythms and cycles in a melodic style of rock, bearing some resemblance to Tool, Faith No More or A Perfect Circle. The music also includes subtle, repeating, dissonant cycles in the background.

## Discography

* Severe Damage on Reason and Equilibrium (as SinDRomE) - 2003, EP, Ins@ne Prod.
* Murder Nature - 2006, full-length, The End Records (U.S.)/ V.M.E. (Europe)

## Line-Up

* Daniel Cardoso : Music, Production
* Kristoffer Rygg : Vocals, Lyrics
# Asliddin Khabibullaev

Asliddin Khabibullaev (born 5 March 1971) is a former Tajikistan international goalkeeper player for Tajikistan, and current manager of FC Khatlon.

## Career statistics
### International

Tajikistan national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1999 | 3 | 0 |
| 2000 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | 8 | 0 |
| 2004 | 6 | 0 |
| 2005 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | 7 | 0 |
| Total | 24 | 0 |
Statistics accurate as of match played 2 July 2006

## Honours
### Team
#### Varzob Dushanbe

* Tajikistan Higher League (1): 1999
* Tajikistan Cup (1): 1999

#### Vahsh Qurghonteppa

* Tajikistan Higher League (1): 2005
* Tajikistan Cup (1): 2003

### Individual

Tajik Player of the year (1): 2003
# Xironomi

Xironomi (Greek: Ξηρονομή) is a village in Boeotia, Greece. It belongs to the Thisvi municipal unit.

## Name

The origins of the name Xironomi still remain unknown.
# Ringing Bells Private Limited

Ringing Bells Private Limited was a company based in Noida (India), registered on 16 September 2015. It was later described as a "ponzi scheme".

## Freedom 251

The company attracted attention when it announced the Freedom 251, a 3G-based smartphone, at a price of ₹ 251 (the equivalent of $2.99 as of 2024) which makes it the world's cheapest smartphone. Ringing Bells MD, Mohit Goel, claimed on 16 December 2016 that the company has already delivered 70000 phones and the remaining phones would be delivered soon.

## Controversies
### Scam allegations

There are suggestions that the Freedom 251 sale is a scam. It is alleged that the phone looks like a Chinese phone with the original brand label covered with whitener. The icons shown on screen shots are copied from Apple's iPhone. MP Kirit Somaiya describes the offer as a "huge scam" and has asked the government of Uttar Pradesh to investigate.
As a result of these concerns, the payment gateway facilitator PayUBiz decided to withhold payment to Ringing Bells until the items were dispatched. In response, Ringing Bells stated that they would accept payment by cash-on-delivery for those customers who had placed orders but had been unable to make payment through the payment gateway before the offer closed.
Ringing Bells has also been accused of fraud and non-payment of dues by its customer services provider Cyfuture.

### Arrest of Mohit Goel

Goel was detained on 24 February 2017 over fraud allegations, after the owner of Ghaziabad-based Ayam Enterprises filed an FIR alleging that Ringing Bells "defrauded" it of Rs. 16 lakhs. Mohit Goel has been arrested on allegations of fraud. Several analysts have described the phone as a "ponzi scheme". Goel was again arrested by the Delhi Police on June 10, 2018 for allegedly extorting money in lieu of settling a rape case.
# Strueth

Strueth (German: Strüth) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
# 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump

The men's high jump at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships took place at Arena Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 1 March 2018.
The reigning outdoor world champion, Mutaz Essa Barshim of Qatar, led the field of eleven entries that year with his jump of 2.38 m (7 ft 9+1⁄2 in), set while winning the Asian indoor title. The previous world indoor champion, Italy's Gianmarco Tamberi, was not present to defend his title, though both minor medallists were present in Great Britain's Robert Grabarz and American Erik Kynard.
With the pits back to back in the center of the arena and no events on the track, the men shared center stage with the women's high jump.

## Summary

In a straight final format, the overall performance of the field was low, with six of the eleven athletes failing to clear more than the opening height of 2.20 m (7 ft 2+1⁄2 in) (Grabarz and former world champion Donald Thomas being the most prominent casualties). Poland's Sylwester Bednarek failed at the third height of 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in), leaving just Barshim, Kynard, Mateusz Przybylko and Danil Lysenko in contention. Lysenko and Barshim led with clean scorecards up to the height of 2.33 m (7 ft 7+1⁄2 in). Kynard and Przybylko both failed to achieve that height and the German athlete secured the bronze on countback – his first senior international medal. Lysenko and Barshim each failed their first two attempts at 2.36 m (7 ft 8+3⁄4 in) and after a third failure by Barshim, Lysenko cleared the height on his final attempt to become world champion. It was the first world title for the Russian, competing as an Authorised Neutral Athlete here, and reversed the positions the two had shared at the 2017 World Championships final the previous summer.

## Records

Standing records prior to the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships :
| World indoor record | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | 2.43 | Budapest, Hungary | 4 March 1989 |
| Championship record | Javier Sotomayor (CUB) | 2.43 | Budapest, Hungary | 4 March 1989 |
| World Leading | Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT) | 2.38 | Tehran, Iran | 1 February 2018 |

## Results

The final was started at 18:45.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | 2.20 | 2.25 | 2.29 | 2.33 | 2.36 | Mark |
| | Danil Lysenko | Authorised Neutral Athletes (ANA) | o | o | o | o | xxo | 2.36 |
| | Mutaz Essa Barshim | Qatar (QAT) | o | o | o | o | xxx | 2.33 |
| | Mateusz Przybylko | Germany (GER) | xo | xxo | xo | xxx | | 2.29 |
| 4 | Erik Kynard | United States (USA) | o | o | xxo | xxx | | 2.29 |
| 5 | Sylwester Bednarek | Poland (POL) | xo | o | xxx | | | 2.25 |
| 6 | Maksim Nedasekau | Belarus (BLR) | o | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
| 6 | Donald Thomas | Bahamas (BAH) | o | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
| 6 | Wang Yu | China (CHN) | o | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
| 9 | Tihomir Ivanov | Bulgaria (BUL) | xxo | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
| 9 | Jamal Wilson | Bahamas (BAH) | xxo | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
| 9 | Robbie Grabarz | Great Britain (GBR) | xxo | xxx | | | | 2.20 |
# Renaissance dance

Renaissance dances belong to the broad group of historical dances, specifically those during the Renaissance period. During that period, there was a distinction between country dances and court dances. Court dances required the dancers to be trained and were often for display and entertainment, whereas country dances could be attempted by anyone. At Court, the formal entertainment would often be followed by many hours of country dances which all present could join in. Dances described as country dances such as Chiarantana or Chiaranzana remained popular over a long period – over two centuries in the case of this dance. A Renaissance dance can be likened to a ball.
Knowledge of court dances has survived better than that of country dances as they were collected by dancing masters in manuscripts and later in printed books. The earliest surviving manuscripts that provide detailed dance instructions are from 15th century Italy. The earliest printed dance manuals come from late 16th century France and Italy. The earliest dance descriptions in England come from the Gresley manuscript, c.1500, found in the Derbyshire Record Office, D77 B0x 38 pp 51–79. These have been recently published as "Cherwell Thy Wyne (Show your joy): Dances of fifteenth-century England from the Gresley manuscript". The first printed English source appeared in 1651, the first edition of Playford.
The dances in these manuals are extremely varied in nature. They range from slow, stately "processional" dances (bassadance, pavane, almain) to fast, lively dances (galliard, coranto, canario). The former, in which the dancers' feet were not raised high off the floor were styled the dance basse while energetic dances with leaps and lifts were called the haute dance. Queen Elizabeth I enjoyed galliards, and la spagnoletta was a court favourite.
Some were choreographed, others were improvised on the spot. One dance for couples, a form of the galliard called volta, involved a rather intimate hold between the man and woman, with the woman being lifted into the air while the couple made a 3⁄4 turn. Other dances, such as branles or bransles, were danced by many people in a circle or line.

## Fifteenth-century Italian dance

Our knowledge of 15th-century Italian dances comes mainly from the surviving works of three Italian dance masters: Domenico da Piacenza, Antonio Cornazzano and Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro. Their work deals with similar steps and dances, though some evolution can be seen. The main types of dances described are bassa danza and balletto. These are the earliest European dances to be well-documented, as we have a reasonable knowledge of the choreographies, steps and music used.

## Gallery

| Dance at Herod's Court, an engraving by Israhel van Meckenem, c. 1490 | Ambrosius Benson, Elegant couples dancing in a landscape, before 1550 | French painting of the volta, from Penshurst Place, Kent, often wrongly assumed to be of Elizabeth I |
# Paddy Tuimavave

Paddy Tuimavave is a former professional rugby league footballer who played as a fullback in the 1980s and 1990s and represented both New Zealand and Western Samoa.

## Background

He is related to Evarn and Tony, who have both also played for the New Zealand national rugby league team, and Paki Tuimavave who also represented Western Samoa.

## Playing career

A Mount Albert Lions and Northcote Tigers player in the Auckland Rugby League competition,. Tuimavave was part of the 1988 Auckland side that defeated Great Britain 30-14 at Carlaw Park. Tuimavave scored a try in that match. In 1991 Tuimavave played for Canterbury in the Lion Red Showdown competition against Auckland, Western Suburbs and North Sydney.
Tuimavave also played for Leigh and Workington Town in England.

## Representative career

Tuimavave represented New Zealand in two tests against Papua New Guinea in 1990. He also represented Samoa in the 1986, 1988 and 1992 Pacific Cups and was named in the 1986 and 1992 team of the tournament selections.
# Uroševina

Uroševina (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Урошевина) is a village in the municipality of Mojkovac, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 435.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Montenegrins | 230 | 52.9% |
| Serbs | 189 | 43.4% |
| other/undeclared | 16 | 3.7% |
| Total | 435 | 100% |