OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sigmund Spielmann

Sigmund Spielmann was an Austrian Volapükist. He received his Volapük teacher's diploma in 1887.

## Works

* 1887. Volapük-Almanach für 1888, verfasst von Sigmund Spielmann. I. Jahrgang. Lekaled volapüka plo yel balmil jöltum jölsejöl, pelautöl fa Spielmann Sigmund. Yelüp balid. Leipzig: Mayer. (Vödem rigädik.)
* 1888. (Dab. 4id, pärevidöl ä pägretükumöl) Die Weltsprache Volapük in drei Lectionen. Leipzig: Mayer.
* 1889. M.b.p.b. Volapük-Almanach / Lekaled Volapüka plo yel balmil jöltum jölsezül fa Spielmann Sigmund. Yelüp telid. Leipzig: Mayer.

## Literature

* Haupenthal, Reinhard. 1982. Volapük-Bibliographie. Hildesheim, Zürich, New York: Georg Olms Verlag. (Päpüböl kobü dabükot nulik ela Volapük die Weltsprache ela Schleyer.)
* Kniele, Rupert. 1889. Das erste Jahrzehnt der Weltsprache Volapük. Verlag von A. Schoy, Buchhandlung, Ueberlingen a. B. (Dönu päpübon ün 1984 fa Reinhard Haupenthal, Saarbrücken: Editions Iltis.) (Vödem rigädik, ma dabükot balid).
* Sigmund Spielmann. 1887. Volapük-Almanach für 1888, verfasst von Sigmund Spielmann. I. Jahrgang. Lekaled volapüka plo yel balmil jöltum jölsejöl, pelautöl fa Spielmann Sigmund. Yelüp balid. Leipzig: Mayer. (Vödem rigädik.)
# Baikiaea plurijuga

Baikiaea plurijuga, known as African teak, Mukusi, Rhodesian teak, Zambian teak, or Zambesi redwood, is a species of Afrotropical tree from the legume family, the Fabaceae from southern Africa.

## Description

Baikiaea plurijuga is a medium-sized deciduous tree with pinnate leaves, each with 4-5 pairs of opposed leaflets. They show pink to deep mauve flowers, have yellow stamens, and are clustered in large axillary racemes; they flower from November to April. The fruit are flattened, woody pods with a hooked tip that splits explosively, sending the seeds out over some distance.

## Habitat

Baikiaea plurijuga is confined to the Kalahari sands, and its dominant woodland is known as Gusu woodland. This woodland grows on the deep, aeolian, and fluvial Kalahari Sands, which have virtually no clay or silt. These sands provide exceptional growing conditions for deep-rooting trees, but the deficiency in clay restricts tree growth to sites holding nutrients in organic matter.

## Distribution

Baikiaea plurijuga occurs in southern Angola, northern Botswana, northern Namibia, southern Zambia, and northern Zimbabwe.

## Uses

The wood of Baikiaea plurijuga forms a dense hardwood, making it difficult to work. Still, it is valued for its termite resistance and resistance to rot and is used for railway sleepers, construction, and furniture making. The commercial timber industry has over-exploited extensive teak forests in some parts of its range (e.g., in Sesheke District, Zambia). However, Baikiaea plurijuga is not listed in the CITES Appendices.

## Conservation

Baikiaea plurijuga is classified as Near Threatened because its forests have been considerably reduced due to high logging levels over the last half-century. Older, mature trees are also scarce. However, the species' geographic range has only diminished by a fraction as the species can regenerate readily in modified habitats and tolerates coppicing very well. It is legally protected in Namibia.
# Thunder Island (song)

"Thunder Island" is a song by American musician Jay Ferguson. It is the title track and lead single from the 1977 album of the same name. The song peaked at No. 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 the week of April 1, 1978. The recording features Joe Walsh on guitar. In Canada, it reached No. 8.
As "Thunder Island" was Ferguson's highest-ranking song on the charts, he is sometimes tagged a one-hit wonder. However, he achieved an additional hit with the song "Shakedown Cruise" which reached No. 31 on the Hot 100 the week of June 23, 1979. Ferguson had also scored hits with his two previous bands: "I Got a Line on You" by Spirit and "Run Run Run" by Jo Jo Gunne reached the top 40 in 1968 and 1972, respectively.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1977–1978) | Peak position |
| Canada RPM Top Singles | 8 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 9 |

## Use in popular culture

* The 2013 film Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues
* Episode 13 of Season 5 of the TV show Breaking Bad
* The 2004 film Miracle
* In "Island Adventure", a Season 17 episode of the TV show Family Guy
* Episode 4 of Season 4 of the TV series Good Girls
# Phyllocladane

Phyllocladane is a tricyclic diterpane which is generally found in gymnosperm resins. It has a formula of C$_{20}$H$_{34}$ and a molecular weight of 274.4840. As a biomarker, it can be used to learn about the gymnosperm input into a hydrocarbon deposit, and about the age of the deposit in general. It indicates a terrogenous origin of the source rock. Diterpanes, such as Phyllocladane are found in source rocks as early as the middle and late Devonian periods, which indicates any rock containing them must be no more than approximately 360 Ma. Phyllocladane is commonly found in lignite, and like other resinites derived from gymnosperms, is naturally enriched in $^{13}$C. This enrichment is a result of the enzymatic pathways used to synthesize the compound.
The compound can be identified by GC-MS. A peak of m/z 123 is indicative of tricyclic diterpenoids in general, and phyllocladane in particular is further characterized by strong peaks at m/z 231 and m/z 189. Presence of phyllocladane and its relative abundance to other tricyclic diterpanes can be used to differentiate between various oil fields.
# Kush do të bëhet milioner?

Kush do të bëhet milioner? was the Albanian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. It was first premiered on December 15, 2008, on RTK 1 using the original format. Again, on March 7, 2014, it was again aired on a different channel, RTSH, using the risk format. In original format, it was hosted by Veton Ibrahimi, Fehmi Ferati and Agron Llakaj and in the risk format era, Enkel Demi hosted the show. In 2008–2012, the show was aired only on Monday at 9:00 pm and in 2014, it was aired only on Fridays. There were 5 seasons.
The fifth season was syndicated for the Macedonian audience on TV Shenja in 2016. The same was released on GjirafaVideo on 10 April 2017.

## Seasons

The first season of this show was aired on RTK 1 on 15 December 2008 and ended on 27 April 2009 which was hosted by Veton Ibrahimi, 20 episodes were produced.
The second season aired from 27 September 2009 and ended on 7 June 2010 which was hosted by Fehmi, 35 episodes were produced.
The third season was aired from 17 September 2010 and ended on 25 July 2011 which was hosted by Agron Llakaj, 30 episodes were produced.
The fourth season was aired from 12 September 2011 and ended on 30 July 2012, also hosted by Llakaj, airing 46 episodes.
The fifth season was aired on RTSH on 7 March 2014 and ended on 6 June 2014 which was hosted by Enkel Demi, 15 episode were produced.

## Lifelines

* 50-50
* Phone-a-Friend (Telefonoi Mikut, Telefono Mikun)
* Ask the Audience (Pyete Audiencën, Pyet Publikun)
* Switch the Question (Ndërrimi i pyetjes) (Presented in 2014, used in risk format only)

## Money Trees

Payout structure :
| Question number | Question value | Question value |
| Question number | 15 December 2008 - 30 July 2012 | 7 March 2014 - 6 June 2014 |
| 15 | €50,000 | €25,000 |
| 14 | €25,000 | €12,000 |
| 13 | €12,000 | €6,000 |
| 12 | €6,000 | €3,000 |
| 11 | €3,000 | €1,500 |
| 10 | €1,750 | €1,000 |
| 9 | €850 | €750 |
| 8 | €650 | €550 |
| 7 | €500 | €350 |
| 6 | €350 | €250 |
| 5 | €250 | €150 |
| 4 | €150 | €100 |
| 3 | €100 | €50 |
| 2 | €50 | €25 |
| 1 | €25 | €10 |
| Milestone  Top prize |||

## Winners
### Penultimate prize winners

* Edgar Çani - €25,000 (April 11, 2011)
* Ervis Bregu - €25,000 (March 2012)

### €6,000 winners

* Enver Petrovci (December 28, 2009)
* Ilir Avdiu (April 26, 2010)

### €3,000 winners

* Agim Doëi (until February 2009)
* Lumnije Ferati (June 7, 2010)

### €1,750 winners

* Julian Deda (December 28, 2009)
* Endrit Bytyqi (May 28, 2012)
* Tedi Ramaj (May 28, 2012)
* Erza Ahmeti (May 28, 2012)
* Sereda Zyriqi (May 28, 2012)
* Fjolla Berbatovci (May 28, 2012)
* Ergi Minga (May 28, 2012)

### €850 winners

* Tom Krypa (May 31, 2010)
* Florian Kurti (2011)

### €650 winners

* Neritan Vito (April 2009)
* Erion Sejdijaj (April 2009)

### €500 winners

* Myrteza Dika (February 2010)

### €250 winners

* Alkeda Baxhija (April 2009)

### €? winners

* Thanas Kulo (November 8, 2009)
* Fatos Kryeziu and Donat Qosja (December 28, 2009)
* Altin Goci (December 28, 2009)
* Genti Kavaja (February 8, 2010)
# Alvin L. Barry

Alvin L. Barry (August 4, 1931, Woodbine, Iowa – March 23, 2001, St. Louis, Missouri) was the 10th president of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), serving from 1992 until his death. He is the only president of the LCMS to die in office. He previously served as president of the synod's Iowa District East from 1982 to 1992.

## Works

Barry authored The Master's Prayer: Devotional Meditations on the Lord's Prayer (1994), The Unchanging Feast: The Nature and Basis of Lutheran Worship (1995), What Does This Mean? Catechesis in the Lutheran Congregation (1996), and numerous pamphlets in the “What About?” series. The "What About?" booklets attempts to answer, from a confessional Lutheran perspective, questions that people have about the Christian faith.
# Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology

Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB; Korean: 한국생명공학연구원) is a government research institute in Daejeon, South Korea. It is dedicated to biotechnology research across a broad span of expertise, from basic studies for the fundamental understanding of life phenomena to applied studies such as drug discovery, novel biomaterials, integrated biotechnology and bioinformation.
KRIBB was established in 1985. Its accomplishments include the advancement of welfare and medical technology, an increase in food production, a cleaner environment and new bio-materials and energy sources.
It has identified reasons for the failure of animal cloning, conducted a comparative study of chimpanzee genes and successfully analyzed the structure of the reactive oxygen species switch protein, which became the first study by Korean scholars to be published in Cell, an international scientific journal. The institute was ranked first in the discovery of new microorganisms, including the indigenous microorganisms of the Dokdo Islets, for four consecutive years.
Its recent accomplishments include the development of a genome capable of controlling cancer cell proliferation and the identification of a neuropeptide Y-based growth control mechanism, with possibilities for new treatments for cancer, diabetes, obesity and ageing. Nano–bio sensor research led to the development of the world's smallest surface plasmon resonance biochip.

## History

| February 1985 | Established as a genetic engineering center in Seoul |
| July 1990 | Moved to its current campus in Daejeon |
| March 1995 | Changed its name to KRIBB |
| September 2005 | Established Ochang campus |
| November 2006 | Established Jeonbuk campus |

## Mission

* Carry out R&D activities and related projects in bioscience and biotechnology with other research institutes, academic, and businesses at home and abroad
* Disseminate the results of its scientific research and technological development

## Objectives

* Research and development in bioscience and biotechnology and support for research projects
* Domestic and overseas cooperation among industry, academia and research institutes and distribution of the results

## Key functions

* Advanced R&D and development and distribution of generic technologies in bioscience and biotechnology
* Public infrastructure development support for research on bioscience at home and abroad

## Facilities

* Headquarters (Human Gene Bank, Plant Extract Bank, KCTC): 100,978 square metres (1,086,920 sq ft)
* Bio-Therapeutic Research Institute (Ochang Campus): 212,258 square metres (2,284,730 sq ft)
* Bio-Materials Research Institute (Jeonbuk Campus): 43,559 square metres (468,870 sq ft)
# David Colmer

David Colmer (Adelaide, 1960) is an Australian writer and translator, mainly of Dutch-language literature. He translates novels, poetry and children's literature and is the current English translator of Gerbrand Bakker, Dimitri Verhulst, Annie M.G. Schmidt, and Nachoem M. Wijnberg. Colmer's poetry translations include selections of the work of Hugo Claus, Anna Enquist, Cees Nooteboom, Ramsey Nasr and Paul van Ostaijen.

## Awards and nominations

* 2024 David Van Reybrouck's Revolusi, a co-translation with David McKay, shortlisted for both the Cundill History Prize and the 2024 Baillie Gifford Prize.
* 2021: James Brockway Prize for his translations of Dutch-language poetry
* 2014: Shortlisted for the PEN Award for Poetry in Translation for Even Now, selected poems of Hugo Claus
* 2014: Shortlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award, with Gerbrand Bakker, for The Detour
* 2013: Vondel Prize for Dimitri Verhulst’s The Misfortunates
* 2013: Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, with Gerbrand Bakker, for The Detour
* 2012: The Dutch Foundation for Literature's Translation Prize for translations from Dutch
* 2011: Shortlisted for the Popescu Prize for Heavenly Life, selected poems of Ramsey Nasr
* 2010: International Dublin Literary Award, with Gerbrand Bakker, for The Twin
* 2010: Shortlisted, with Gerbrand Bakker, for the Best Translated Book Award for The Twin
* 2009: NSW Premier's Translation Prize and the PEN Trophy (biennial prize for a body of work)
* 2009: Shortlisted for the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize for The Twin
* 2007–2011: David Reid Poetry Translation Prize (four times)

## Selection of translated titles

* Gerbrand Bakker: The Detour (2012); The Twin (2008)
* Hugo Claus: Even Now (2013, selected poems)
* Adriaan van Dis: Repatriated (2008, novel)
* Anna Enquist: The Fire was Here (2003, selected poems)
* Gummbah: Meanwhile, Between Two Eternities of Darkness (2013, a selection of the cartoons, revised and updated edition)
* Willem Frederik Hermans: An Untouched House (2018, Het behouden huis)
* Willem Frederik Hermans: A Guardian Angel Recalls (2021, Herinneringen van een engelbewaarder)
* Cees Nooteboom: Self-portrait of an Other (2011, prose poems)
* Ramsey Nasr: Heavenly Life (2010, selected poems)
* Martinus Nijhoff: Awater (2010)
* Willem Jan Otten: The Portrait (2009, novel)
* Annie M.G. Schmidt: The Complete Jip and Janneke (2023); A Pond Full of Ink (2011, a selection of her children's poems); Tow-Truck Pluck (2011, Pluk van de Petteflet)
* Paul van Ostaijen: Occupied City (2016, Bezette stad)
* Dimitri Verhulst: Problemski Hotel (2005, novel), (2009, novel); The Misfortunates (2012, novel)
* Menno Wigman: Window-cleaner Sees Paintings (2016, selected poems)
* Nachoem M. Wijnberg: Advance Payment (2013, selected poems)
# Ernst Tanner

Ernst Tanner (born 24 July 1946) is a Swiss manager and entrepreneur. He is Chairman of the Board of the chocolate manufacturer Lindt & Sprüngli.

## Life

After earning his undergraduate degree in business administration, Tanner continued his education at business schools in London and Harvard. He worked for over 20 years in a leading management position in the Johnson & Johnson Group in Europe and the USA. In 1993 he joined Lindt & Sprüngli as a CEO and the next year he also assumed as its Chairman of the Board of Directors, for many years holding both mandates as a double mandate. Since his involvement in the Company, the revenue of the chocolate manufacturer has surged considerably. He has been Vice President of the Board of Directors since 2011, where he was a member since 2002 and since 2014, Chairman of the Compensation Committee of the Swatch Group. He is also a member of the advisory board of the German Krombacher Brauerei In 2015 he bought 10% of the Signa Holding and took a seat in the advisory board of the company. In October 2021, he capitalized on his involvement in Signa and sold 4% of the shares back to the owner of the Signa Holding, René Benko.

## Private life

He is married and has a son.
# Rainer Gut

Rainer Emil Gut (24 September 1932 – 11 October 2023) was a Swiss bank manager.

## Life

Rainer E. Gut was born on 24 September 1932, the son of Emil Gut, a bank director, and Rosa Gut née Müller. He attended schools in Zug, London, and Paris.
In 1968 he became a general partner at Lazard Frères & Co., New York and in 1971 president and CEO of Swiss American Corporation in New York, a U.S. investment banking subsidiary of the then SKA (Schweizerische Kreditanstalt, now Credit Suisse). In 1973 he was a member of the Executive Board and from 1977 he acted as spokesman for "Schweizerische Kreditanstalt" (SKA), of which he became chairman in 1982.
From 1983 to 2000 he was chairman of the Board of Directors of SKA and Credit Suisse respectively, and between 1986 and 2000 also chairman of the Board of Directors of Credit Suisse Group (formerly CS Holding). From 2000 to 2005, he served as chairman of Nestlé S.A.. He held directorships with several international corporations, including Alusuisse, Bayer, Swiss Re, Swissair, Daimler Chrysler Switzerland, Ciba Geigy/Novartis, Elektrowatt, and Sulzer. Gut was honorary chairman of Credit Suisse Group from 2000 until 2023.
Under Gut's leadership, SKA developed into a leading international financial services group with a focus on investment banking, asset management, and insurance. In the Holocaust debate of the 1990s about dormant assets, he was committed to the creation of a humanitarian fund by the Swiss business community. Thanks in large part to Gut, the settlement between the Swiss banks and the Jewish plaintiffs in New York was reached in 1998.
Gut was married to Josephine Lorenz in 1957 and had four children. He lived in Bassersdorf for several decades starting in 1973, and later in Maur. In 2019 his wealth was estimated at CHF 125 million by the business magazine Bilanz. He died on 11 October 2023, at the age of 91.

## Literature

* Rainer E. Gut Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* Vorabdruck Rainer E. Gut: Swiss-Geburtshelfer wider Willen Handelszeitung, Zürich 2003, ISBN 3-909267-04-1
* Vorabdruck Rainer E. Gut, Teil 2: Abenteuer First Boston Handelszeitung, Zürich 2003, ISBN 3-909267-04-1
* Vorabdruck Rainer E. Gut, Teil 3: Meister des Networking Handelszeitung, Zürich 2003, ISBN 3-909267-04-1
* Rainer E. Gut die kritische Größe (Memento of 19 October 2007 in the Internet Archive) Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) ISBN 978-3-03823-397-8
# Primavera das Neves

Primavera Ácrata Saiz das Neves (8 March 1933 - 29 January 1981) commonly known as Primavera das Neves, was a Portuguese translator, journalist and writer, who worked and lived most of her life in Brazil, having signed most of her works as Vera Neves Pedroso.

## Biography

The daughter of the Portuguese journalist and anarchist activist Roberto das Neves and the Spanish suffragist Maria Jesusa Diaz y Saiz, das Neves came to Brazil with her parents in 1942. She studied at the French Liceu in Rio de Janeiro, and in 1957 graduated from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro with a degree in Germanic languages. In 1959, she married military officer Manuel Pedroso Marques, moving to Lisbon, where her only daughter Maria Alexandra was born (1961-2005). Shortly after, with her husband's involvement and subsequent arrest in the Beja Revolt against the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar in 1962, das Neves returned to Rio de Janeiro.
In Brazil, she was the translator of Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass), Emily Brontë (Wuthering Heights), Adolfo Bioy Casares (The Invention of Morel), Vladimir Nabokov (Transparencies), Georges Simenon (Magret's Vacation), Lawrence Durrell (Tunc, 1969), John Le Carré (Smiley's People, 1980), Jules Verne (Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1963), Arthur C. Clarke (Childhood's End, 1965) and others.

## In popular culture

In 2017, das Neves was the subject of the documentary "Quem é Primavera das Neves", directed by Jorge Furtado and Ana Luíza Azevedo and released at the É Tudo Verdade Festival. The film shows director Furtado's search for a translator with a sonorous name, has actress Mariana Lima reading excerpts from das Neves' poems, letters and translations, and reconstructs her life through statements by ex-husband Manuel Pedroso Marques and by two of his friends, artist Anna Bella Geiger and librarian Eulalie Ligneul.
# Gypsi

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#REDIRECT Romani people
# Ergys

Ergys is an Albanian masculine given name. Notable people with the given name include:
* Ergys Kaçe (born 1993), Albanian footballer
* Ergys Peposhi (born 2000), Albanian footballer
* Ergys Sorra (born 1989), Albanian footballer
# Letin Mengo

The Letin Mengo (Chinese: 雷丁 芒果) was a battery electric city car manufactured by Levdeo under the Letin Brand since 2020. Sales began in China in April 2021 with prices starting at Chinese Yuan 29,800 RMB.

## Overview

The Letin Mengo can seat up to 4 occupants and supports 5G connectivity, AR navigation, equips a thermostatic battery system and allows users to choose different wheel sizes. Letin is a brand launched by Levdeo, originally a company that started with low-speed electric vehicles, and in 2018 Levdeo acquired Qinxing Auto to enter the commercial vehicle segment. Later in early 2019, Levdeo acquired Yema Auto to obtain a passenger car production qualification and enter the new energy passenger car segment. In 2020, Levdeo launched the Letin brand and started to enter the new energy vehicle market and plans to launch a number of models similar to Japanese K-Car, with the Mengo being the first entry to the segment.
The Letin Mengo comes in three versions, each with a different type of battery and is available with two powertrain setups. The base model is rear-motor, rear-wheel-drive and powered by a 25 kW electric motor and 105 Nm of torque, powered by an 11.52 kWh lithium battery. Capable of a range of 130 km. For the medium variant, the 25 kW motor is shared and also rear-motor, rear-wheel-drive with the battery increased to a capacity of 17.28 kWh, supporting a range up to 185 kilometers. The third option increases the power of the motor up to 35 kW while being front-motor, front-wheel-drive, and is paired with a higher capacity battery of 29.44 kWh, and 300 km of range.
The interior of the Letin Mengo city car is equipped with a 9-inch central control screen and a full LCD instrument panel, supporting the Internet of Vehicles functions, and an additional 19 storage spaces are designed within the interior of the car. The vehicle is also equipped with ADAS assisted driving system and automatic parking function.
* Rear view
# George Abercromby, 3rd Baron Abercromby

George Ralph Campbell Abercromby, 3rd Baron Abercromby (30 May 1800 – 25 June 1852) was a Scottish soldier, politician and peer. The son of George Abercromby, 2nd Baron Abercromby and Montague Dundas, on his death in 1852 he was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son.

## Career

He was commissioned into the 51st Foot. In 1817 he purchased a lieutenancy in the 3rd Foot Guards and in 1818 exchanged into the 3rd Dragoon Guards as a cornet. In 1821 he purchased a lieutenancy in the regiment and in 1822 he purchased a captaincy in the 12th Light Dragoons. By 1828 he was back in the 3rd Dragoon Guards as a major and in that year he purchased an unattached infantry Lieutenant-colonelcy. By 1842 he was a colonel and in that year he exchanged into the Coldstream Guards as a lieutenant-colonel. On the death of his father on 15 February 1843 he succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron Abercromby.
He was a Whig Member of Parliament for Clackmannanshire, 1824–26 and 1830–1831; for Stirlingshire, 1838–1841; and for Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire, 1841–1842. He was Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire, 1840–1852.
On his death, he was buried at Tullibody.

## Family

He married Louisa Penuel Forbes, daughter of John Hay Forbes, Lord Medwyn and Louisa Cumming-Gordon, on 3 April 1832 and had issue:
* Montague Abercromby (1835–1931), married George Boyle, 6th Earl of Glasgow (1856)
* George Ralph Campbell Abercromby, 4th Baron Abercromby (1838–1917)
* John Abercromby, 5th Baron Abercromby (1841–1924)
* Lt. Ralph Abercromby (1842–1897)