OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Outline of public affairs

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public affairs:
Public affairs – catch-all term that includes public policy as well as public administration, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of political science and economics.

## Essence of public affairs

* Public – in public relations and communication science, the contexts of "public" are:
** Publics – groups of individuals
** The public (a.k.a."the general public") – the totality of such groups.
* Affairs – professional, personal, or public business matters.

## Branches of public affairs

* Public policy – principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions."
* Public administration – implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.

## General public affairs concepts

* State (polity), Sovereign state, government
** Democracy
** Monarchy
** Republic
* Security
** Crime, Criminal justice
** Civil defense, Emergency preparedness, Community emergency response teams
** Military
* Regulation, Deregulation
** Industrial policy, Investment policy, Tax, tariff and trade
** Public health, Pollution, Emissions trading
* Budget
** Socialism
** Taxation
** Technocracy
* Management
* Public policy degrees
# Jeremy Bray

Jeremy William Bray (29 June 1930 – 31 May 2002) was a British Labour politician and a Member of Parliament for 31 years.

## Early life and education

Bray was born in British Hong Kong, the son of Reverend Arthur Bray, a Methodist missionary. He spent his formative years in Foshan, until he and his family were evacuated by gunboat prior to the arrival of the Japanese army in 1941. Returning to Britain, he attended Eastnor Village School, Aberystwyth Grammar School, Kingswood School, Bath (1942–48) and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated as a Wrangler in 1953. Staying on at Cambridge to conduct doctoral research in pure mathematics under the supervision of J. E. Littlewood, he spent a year abroad as a Choate Fellow at Harvard University in 1955–56.

## Career

Bray's first job upon leaving Cambridge was as a technical officer at the Imperial Chemical Industries works in Wilton, Teesside, where he advised his superiors to invest in the purchase of the plant's first computer. In the 1970s his interests turned more firmly towards statistics and econometrics, and from 1971 to 1974 he was the co-director of a research programme on econometric methods at Queen Mary College and Imperial College, London. He also spent some time working as a research officer at the Department of Applied Economics at the University of Cambridge, collaborating with the future Nobel Laureate Professor Sir Richard Stone and Terry Barker on the Cambridge Growth Project.

## Political career

Bray unsuccessfully contested Thirsk and Malton for Labour in 1959. He was first elected as MP for Middlesbrough West in a 1962 by-election. During Harold Wilson's second term in office Bray was parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of Power (1966–67) and Ministry of Technology (1967–69), serving under Richard Marsh and Tony Benn respectively. Middlesbrough West remained a highly marginal seat, however, and he was defeated in his attempt to be re-elected as an MP at the 1970 general election.
Following a four-year hiatus, Bray was then returned as MP for Motherwell and Wishaw from October 1974 to 1983, and for Motherwell South from 1983 until his retirement in 1997. Chosen by the Motherwell Labour Party as their candidate because of his steel industry expertise, during this second spell in parliament Bray was noted for his unflagging efforts to save the Ravenscraig steelworks from closure. He was the Opposition Spokesman on Science and Technology from 1983 to 1992.

## Personal life

Bray married his wife Elizabeth in 1953 and had four daughters. A Methodist lay preacher, he was deputy chairman of Christian Aid from 1972 to 1984. His elder brother, Denis Bray, was a senior civil servant in colonial-era Hong Kong.
Bray underwent major heart surgery in 1991, and afterwards was in increasingly poor health. He died of heart failure at his home in Linton, Cambridgeshire, on 31 May 2002. His autobiography, Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, was published posthumously by his wife in 2004.
# Polites rhesus

Polites rhesus, the Rhesus skipper or plains gray skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in North America from Texas to North Dakota, as far north, but infrequently, as Saskatchewan and Alberta.
The wingspan is 25–30 mm.
There is one generation in May and June. Its habitats include short-grass and mixed grass prairie.
The larvae feed on grasses, including blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). Adults feed on nectar from flowers including Drummond's milkvetch (Astragalus drummondii).
# Dumbija

Dumbija is a village in the municipality of Trgovište in southeastern Serbia, with 36 people as of 2002.
# Peter Ricq

Peter Ricq (born February 24, 1981) is a Canadian musician, animator and artist. Ricq is the co-creator of the animated television series League of Super Evil (L.O.S.E.). He also participated in the animated television series Storm Hawks as a junior designer. His last animated short film (Glitch) was awarded with nine best animation awards and one jury prize. He studied at Concordia University (Montreal, Quebec) in Film Animation.
He is the co-founder of the band Humans. The group is very active in Vancouver, British Columbia where he currently lives. They are getting national as well as international attention.
His work has been exhibited in Montreal, Vancouver, San Diego and Portland and has been featured in several international magazines (Hemp, Under Pressure, CRUX), in Wallfarmers, a website dedicated on exposing new and established contemporary artists., Film library 2007 Glitch, Straight News, Sitka, I used to dream interview., Indie shuffle interview October 6, 2010., The Martlet news article October 28, 2010., Vancouver Sun article 2011, and CBC Radio One. The basement volume 15 interview July 14, 2011.
# Ugoke railway station

Ugoke Railway Station (Urdu: اگوکی ریلوے اسٹیشن, Punjabi: اگوکی ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Ugoke town, Sialkot district of Punjab province, Pakistan.
# Lance Hosey

Lance Hosey (September 11, 1964 - August 27, 2021) was an American architect. In 2020, he joined HMC Architects, a large California-based firm, as the design industry's first Chief Impact Officer. Previously, he was a principal, design director, and co-leader of design resilience at Gensler. He had been a project director with "green pioneer" William McDonough and was the first chief sustainability officer with the international architecture firms RTKL Associates and Perkins Eastman.
Earlier in his career, Hosey worked as a designer with Rafael Viñoly and with Charles Gwathmey in New York. He also served as president and CEO of the sustainability research institute GreenBlue, founded by McDonough and Michael Braungart and named one of "10 Green NGOs Business Should Know About."
Hosey was born and raised in Houston, TX, where he studied jazz saxophone at the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. He graduated from Columbia College, in New York, in 1987 and Yale School of Architecture. Hosey was featured in the “Next Generation” program of Metropolis (architecture magazine) and Architectural Record’s “emerging architect” series, and was a fellow of the Michael Kalil Endowment for Smart Design and a resident of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center. In 2014, he was elevated to the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows, which recognizes "architects who have made a significant contribution to architecture and society." In 2015, the US Green Building Council / Green Building Certification Institute named him a LEED Fellow, the "most prestigious designation" for a green building professional. As of 2016, he was one of only 30 people to receive both honors.
In 2021, Forbes cited Hosey as a "visionary architect." Builder magazine has written that he is "on a crusade to revolutionize what it means to be sustainable." Metropolis magazine said Hosey was "inventing a new kind of architecture that instead of being at odds with the environment, works with it."
Hosey's writings appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Fast Company, and he had been a columnist with The Huffington Post and Architect magazine (2007-2010). His books include The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology, and Design (Island Press, 2012), the first book to study the relationships between beauty and sustainability; Women in Green: Voices of Sustainable Design (Ecotone, 2007) (co-authored with Kira Gould), the first book in the design industry dedicated to sustainability, diversity, and innovation; and Green Homes: New Ideas for Sustainable Living (HarperCollins, 2007), for which he wrote the introduction, “The Ecology of Home.” In 2018, he won the Sarah Booth Conroy Prize for Journalism and Architectural Criticism from the Washington, DC chapter of the American Institute of Architects.
Hosey gave keynotes at TED, the Idea Festival, and SXSW Eco. Hosey died on August 27, 2021.
# Frederick Brittain

Frederick Brittain (24 October 1893 – 14 March 1969) was an English Latinist.
Born on 24 October 1893 and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Barnet and Jesus College, Cambridge, Brittain studied medieval languages at university. After graduating, he taught privately and lived at the Oratory of the Good Shepherd in Cambridge before being elected to a fellowship at his old college in 1937. He was steward of the college from 1945 to 1954 and also served as its keeper of the records. He was also the junior proctor for the University of Cambridge in 1944.
His main academic interests were in Provençal and medieval Latin, and in 1946 he became the University of Cambridge's first lecturer in medieval Latin. He was awarded the DLitt from the university in 1948. His principle publications were Latin in Church (1934) and The Medieval Latin and Romance Lyric (1937); he also compiled The Penguin Book of Latin Verse (1962). Alongside works on Saint Giles (1928) and Saint Radegund (1926), he also wrote biographies of Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (1947) and Bernard Manning (1942), books about South Mimms (where he lived and was Churchwarden), and a history of his college's boat club (1962, with H. B. Playford). He retired from his lectureship in 1961 and died on 14 March 1969. The main entry gate to the churchyard of St. Giles, South Mimms is dedicated to his memory.
# Raibenshe

Raibenshe (Bengali: রায়বেঁশে), alternatively, Raibeshe (Bengali: রায়বেশে), is a genre of Bengali folk martial dance performed by male only. This genre of dance was once very popular in West Bengal. Presently, it is performed mostly in Birbhum, Bardhaman and Murshidabad districts.

## Dance

Traditionally, this dance involves vigorous and manly movements of the body along with the acrobatics of a raibansh (a long bamboo stick), from which its name originated. During the performance, the performers enact the actions of drawing a bow, throwing a spear and waving a sword. The performers wear a brass anklet (nupur) on their right ankle. This dance is accompanied by dhols (drums) and Kanshis (cymbals). This dance was traditionally performed by Bagdi community, who worked as the bodyguards of the landlords in medieval Bengal.
# Yashkulsky District

Yashkulsky District (Russian: Я́шкульский райо́н; Kalmyk: Яшкулин район, Yaşkulin rayon) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the center and east of the republic. The area of the district is 11,769.31 square kilometers (4,544.16 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Yashkul. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 15,270, with the population of Yashkul accounting for 51.5% of that number.

## History

The district was established in 1920.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Yashkulsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into twelve rural administrations which comprise twenty-seven rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Yashkulsky Municipal District. Its twelve rural administrations are incorporated as twelve rural settlements within the municipal district. The settlement of Yashkul serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.
# Bill Kennedy (swimmer)

William Ray Kennedy (born October 26, 1952) is a Canadian former swimmer who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He swam for Canada's third-place team in the preliminary heats of the men's 4x100-metre medley relay. He was ineligible to receive a medal under the Olympic swimming rules then in effect, however, because he did not swim in the event final. He also competed in the preliminary heats of the men's 200-metre backstroke, but did not advance.
Kennedy won a bronze medal in the 100-metre backstroke at the 1971 Pan American Games in Cali, Colombia, and gold medals in the 100-metre backstroke and 4x100-metre medley relay at the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.
# Ptichy Island (Kamchatka Krai)

Ptichy Island (Russian: Ostrov Ptichy, meaning 'Bird Island') is a small island in the Sea of Okhotsk. It lies close to the mainland off the western coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

## Geography

It is a 0.8 km long and 0.35 km wide coastal island. It is located off a headland in the northeastern Sea of Okhotsk, separated from the continental shore by a 7.6 km wide sound.
Administratively Ptichy Island belongs to the Kamchatka Krai.
# Manzar, Nishapur

Manzar (Persian: منظر, also Romanized as Manz̧ar) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 163, in 39 families.
# Join, or Die (album)

Join, or Die is a 2003 compilation album by Amen. It was the first album published by the Refuse Music label and was limited to 2000 copies with the first 1000 copies hand numbered by Casey Chaos in his blood. The album features rare songs and b-sides, and was sold during the band's 2003 tour of the United Kingdom. In 2006, the album was re-released in 2006 with a run of an additional 2000 copies with, just like before, the first 1000 numbered by Casey Chaos in his blood.

## Track listing

All lyrics and instruments were by Casey Chaos.
# Gonzalo Romero

Gonzalo Antonio Romero Paz (born 25 March 1975) is a retired Guatemalan football midfielder who last played for local club Deportivo Marquense in the Guatemala's top division.

## Club career

Romero joined Guatemalan top side CSD Municipal in 2000 from Cobán Imperial.

## International career

He made his debut for the Guatemalan national team in a June 2000 World Cup qualification match against Antigua and Barbuda, coming on as a substitute for Edgar Valencia. He has, as of January 2010, earned 77 caps, scoring 9 goals and represented his country during the 2006 and 2010 World Cup qualification campaigns.
He also played at three CONCACAF Gold Cup tournaments.

### International goals

    Scores and results list. Guatemala's goal tally first.
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 2 July 2003 | Candlestick Park, San Francisco, United States | Peru | 1-2 | 1-2 | Friendly match |
| 2 | 31 March 2004 | Estadio Cuscatlán, San Salvador, El Salvador | El Salvador | 3-0 | 3-0 | Friendly match |
| 3 | 11 August 2004 | Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala | Trinidad and Tobago | 3-0 | 4-1 | Friendly match |
| 4 | 23 February 2005 | Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala | Honduras | 1-0 | 1-1 | Continental qualifier |
| 5 | 13 July 2005 | Reliant Stadium, Houston, United States | South Africa | 1-0 | 1-1 | 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup |
| 6 | 17 August 2005 | Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala | Panama | 1-0 | 1-0 | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 7 | 3 September 2005 | Hasely Crawford Stadium, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago | Trinidad and Tobago | 2-1 | 2-3 | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 8 | 21 June 2008 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States | Saint Lucia | 1-0 | 3-1 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 9 | 21 June 2008 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States | Saint Lucia | 2-0 | 3-1 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
# Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier

Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier (French pronunciation:; 11 November 1738 – 7 May 1826) was a writer, illustrator and painter of French history. By 1780 he was an official painter of the King of France.
He was the father of artist Élise Bruyère.

## Work

His most famous work was a representation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen made in 1789. He also designed the suite of tapestries of the four contingents (1790–91).
* Africa from a set of The Four Continents
* Asia from a set of The Four Continents
* Turkish Bathscape 1785, illustration from the book, The Harem
* The Hammam 1785
* A Spartan Woman Giving a Shield to Her Son], before 1826
* Black chalk, pen and brown ink, brush and brown and gray wash with touches of watercolor (circa 1765 –66)
* Drawing, Porcelain Candlestick, 1770–1780
* Drawing, Design for a Bronze Candlestick, ca. 1800
Select list of work
* Courage des femmes de Sparte se défendant contre les Messéniens, Musée du Louvre, Paris;
* Étude de femme en fureur, Musée Magnin de Dijon;
* Henri IV et Sully à Fontainebleau, Musée des beaux-arts de Pau;
* Jupiter endormi sur le mont Ida, École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris;
* La Grotte d’Égérie, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen;
* Le Vieux Mari, Musée Cantini de Marseille;
* Les Amants surpris, Musée Cantini de Marseille;
* Martyre de saint Sébastien, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen;
* Scène d’Amérique du Nord, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen;
* Un Canadien et sa femme pleurant sur le tombeau de leur enfant, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen, tableau interprété en gravure par François Robert Ingouf;
* Le Courage héroïque du jeune Désilles, le 31 août 1790, à l'Affaire de Nancy, Vizille, musée de la Révolution française;
* L'Apothéose de Rameau, Musée d'art et d'histoire de Toul;
* Portrait de Madame Roland, Musée d'art de Toulon;
* L'Apothéose de Lulli, Musée d'Art et d'histoire de Toul;
* La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, Musée Carnavalet, Paris.
# Daniel Turcotte

Daniel Turcotte (born 25 June 1962) is a Canadian speed skater. He competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics and the 1988 Winter Olympics.
# MOTW

MOTW or MotW may refer to:
* Mark of the Wolves, a 1999 fighting game
* Maudlin of the Well, an American metal band
* Memory of the World Programme, a UNESCO initiative
* Men of the World, a British situation comedy
* Monster of the Week, a tabletop role-playing game
* Monster of the week, a one-use antagonist in episodic fiction
* Movie of the week, a television film
* Music of the World, a record label
* Mark of the Web, identifying potentially dangerous computer files
* "MOTW", a song by Gunna from the album Wunna
# Yokosuka Sogo High School

Yokosuka Municipal Yokosuka Sogo High School (Japanese: 横須賀総合高等学校, romanized: Yokosuka Senritsu Yokosuka Sōgō Kōtōgakkō) is a secondary school located in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Yokosuka Sogo, which opened on April 1, 2003, is the only high school operated by the Yokosuka Education System, a municipally controlled school district serving Yokosuka residents.
As of 2016, the principal of Yokosuka Sogo is Yoshiyuki Yamagishi.
# Voiceless uvular affricate

The voiceless uvular affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨q͡χ⟩ and ⟨q͜χ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q_X. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨qχ⟩ in the IPA and qX in X-SAMPA.
There is also the voiceless pre-uvular affricate in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless uvular affricate, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟͡χ̟⟩ or ⟨q͡χ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨q͡χ⟩) or ⟨k̠͡x̠⟩ (retracted ⟨k͡x⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are q_+_X_+ and k_-_x_-, respectively.

## Features

Features of the voiceless uvular affricate:
* Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
* Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

## Occurrence
### Uvular

| Language | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| Alemannic | Most High and Highest Alemannic dialects | Gschänk | [ˈkʃæɴq͡χ] | 'present' | Velar [k͡x] in other dialects. |
| Adyghe | Natukhai | кхъэ | | 'grave' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [qʰ] in other dialects. |
| Avar | Avar | хъарахъ/څـاراڅ | | 'bush' | Contrasts with the ejective [q͡χʼː]. |
| English | Scouse | clock | [kl̥ɒq͡χ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/. |
| Kabardian | Kabardian | кхъэ/ٯّـە | | 'grave' | |
| Persian | Some dialects | ﻗﻔل | [q͡χofl] | 'lock' | Fortition of word-initial /q/. |

### Pre-uvular

| Language | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| Uzbek | Uzbek | quruq / قوروق | [q̟uɾ̪uq̟͡χ̟] | 'dry' | Allophone of /q/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions. |
# Samson Ndayishimiye

Samson Ndayishimiye (born 12 April 1980) is a retired Rwandan swimmer who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Ndayishimiye competed for Rwanda in the men's 50 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, without meeting an entry time. He challenged six other swimmers in heat one, including 16-year-olds Wael Ghassan of Qatar and Hassan Mubah of the Maldives. With one swimmer casting out of the race for a no false-start rule, Ndayishimiye rounded out the field to last place in a time of 38.76, the slowest of all-time in the heats. Ndayishimiye failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed seventy-fourth overall out of 80 swimmers in the prelims.