# IPA Extensions

IPA Extensions is a block (U+0250–U+02AF) of the Unicode standard that contains full size letters used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Both modern and historical characters are included, as well as former and proposed IPA signs and non-IPA phonetic letters. Additional characters employed for phonetics, like the palatalization sign, are encoded in the blocks Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F) and Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF). Diacritics are found in the Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF) and Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F) blocks. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Standard Phonetic.
With the ability to use Unicode for the presentation of IPA symbols, ASCII-based systems such as X-SAMPA are being supplanted. Within the Unicode blocks there are also a few former IPA characters no longer in international use by linguists.

## Character table

| Code | Glyph | HTML | Unicode name | IPA phonetic description / Status | IPA No. |
| IPA letters ||||
| U+0250 | ɐ | &#592; | Latin Small Letter Turned A | Near-open central vowel | 324 |
| U+0251 | ɑ | &#593; | Latin Small Letter Alpha | Open back unrounded vowel | 305 |
| U+0252 | ɒ | &#594; | Latin Small Letter Turned Alpha | Open back rounded vowel | 313 |
| U+0253 | ɓ | &#595; | Latin Small Letter B with Hook | Voiced bilabial implosive | 160 |
| U+0254 | ɔ | &#596; | Latin Small Letter Open O | Open-mid back rounded vowel | 306 |
| U+0255 | ɕ | &#597; | Latin Small Letter C with Curl | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | 182 |
| U+0256 | ɖ | &#598; | Latin Small Letter D with Tail | Voiced retroflex plosive | 106 |
| U+0257 | ɗ | &#599; | Latin Small Letter D with Hook | Voiced alveolar implosive | 162 |
| U+0258 | ɘ | &#600; | Latin Small Letter Reversed E | Close-mid central unrounded vowel | 397 |
| U+0259 | ə | &#601; | Latin Small Letter Schwa | Mid central vowel | 322 |
| U+025A | ɚ | &#602; | Latin Small Letter Schwa with Hook | Rhotacized mid central vowel | 327 |
| U+025B | ɛ | &#603; | Latin Small Letter Open E | Open-mid front unrounded vowel | 303 |
| U+025C | ɜ | &#604; | Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E | Open-mid central unrounded vowel | 326 |
| U+025D | ɝ | &#605; | Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E with Hook | Rhotacized open-mid central unrounded vowel | |
| U+025E | ɞ | &#606; | Latin Small Letter Closed Reversed Open E | Open-mid central rounded vowel | 395 |
| U+025F | ɟ | &#607; | Latin Small Letter Dotless J with Stroke | Voiced palatal plosive | 108 |
| U+0260 | ɠ | &#608; | Latin Small Letter G with Hook | Voiced velar implosive | 166 |
| U+0261 | ɡ | &#609; | Latin Small Letter Script G | Voiced velar plosive | 110 |
| U+0262 | ɢ | &#610; | Latin Letter Small Capital G | Voiced uvular plosive | 112 |
| U+0263 | ɣ | &#611; | Latin Small Letter Gamma | Voiced velar fricative | 141 |
| U+0264 | ɤ | &#612; | Latin Small Letter Rams Horn | Close-mid back unrounded vowel | 315 |
| U+0265 | ɥ | &#613; | Latin Small Letter Turned H | Labial-palatal approximant | 171 |
| U+0266 | ɦ | &#614; | Latin Small Letter H with Hook | Voiced glottal fricative | 147 |
| U+0267 | ɧ | &#615; | Latin Small Letter Heng with Hook | Swedish sj-sound. Similar to: voiceless postalveolar fricative, voiceless velar fricative | 175 |
| U+0268 | ɨ | &#616; | Latin Small Letter I with Stroke | Close central unrounded vowel | 317 |
| U+0269 | ɩ | &#617; | Latin Small Letter Iota | Pre-1989 form of "ɪ" (obsolete) | 399 |
| U+026A | ɪ | &#618; | Latin Letter Small Capital I | Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | 319 |
| U+026B | ɫ | &#619; | Latin Small Letter L with Middle Tilde | Velar/pharyngeal alveolar lateral approximant | 209 |
| U+026C | ɬ | &#620; | Latin Small Letter L with Belt | Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | 148 |
| U+026D | ɭ | &#621; | Latin Small Letter L with Retroflex Hook | Retroflex lateral approximant | 156 |
| U+026E | ɮ | &#622; | Latin Small Letter Lezh | Voiced alveolar lateral fricative | 149 |
| U+026F | ɯ | &#623; | Latin Small Letter Turned M | Close back unrounded vowel | 316 |
| U+0270 | ɰ | &#624; | Latin Small Letter Turned M with Long Leg | Velar approximant | 154 |
| U+0271 | ɱ | &#625; | Latin Small Letter M with Hook | Labiodental nasal | 115 |
| U+0272 | ɲ | &#626; | Latin Small Letter N with Left Hook | Palatal nasal | 118 |
| U+0273 | ɳ | &#627; | Latin Small Letter N with Retroflex Hook | Retroflex nasal | 117 |
| U+0274 | ɴ | &#628; | Latin Letter Small Capital N | Uvular nasal | 120 |
| U+0275 | ɵ | &#629; | Latin Small Letter Barred O | Close-mid central rounded vowel | 323 |
| U+0276 | ɶ | &#630; | Latin Letter Small Capital OE | Open front rounded vowel | 312 |
| U+0277 | ɷ | &#631; | Latin Small Letter Closed Omega | Pre-1989 form of "ʊ" (obsolete) | 398 |
| U+0278 | ɸ | &#632; | Latin Small Letter Phi | Voiceless bilabial fricative | 126 |
| U+0279 | ɹ | &#633; | Latin Small Letter Turned R | Alveolar approximant | 151 |
| U+027A | ɺ | &#634; | Latin Small Letter Turned R with Long Leg | Alveolar lateral flap | 181 |
| U+027B | ɻ | &#635; | Latin Small Letter Turned R with Hook | Retroflex approximant | 152 |
| U+027C | ɼ | &#636; | Latin Small Letter R with Long Leg | Alveolar trill | 206 |
| U+027D | ɽ | &#637; | Latin Small Letter R with Tail | Retroflex flap | 125 |
| U+027E | ɾ | &#638; | Latin Small Letter R with Fishhook | Alveolar tap | 124 |
| U+027F | ɿ | &#639; | Latin Small Letter Reversed R with Fishhook | Syllabic voiced alveolar fricative (Sinologist usage) | |
| U+0280 | ʀ | &#640; | Latin Letter Small Capital R | Uvular trill | 123 |
| U+0281 | ʁ | &#641; | Latin Letter Small Capital Inverted R | Voiced uvular fricative | 143 |
| U+0282 | ʂ | &#642; | Latin Small Letter S with Hook | Voiceless retroflex fricative | 136 |
| U+0283 | ʃ | &#643; | Latin Small Letter Esh | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | 134 |
| U+0284 | ʄ | &#644; | Latin Small Letter Dotless J with Stroke and Hook | Voiced palatal implosive | 164 |
| U+0285 | ʅ | &#645; | Latin Small Letter Squat Reversed Esh | Syllabic voiced retroflex fricative (Sinologist usage) | |
| U+0286 | ʆ | &#646; | Latin Small Letter Esh with Curl | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (obsolete) | 204 |
| U+0287 | ʇ | &#647; | Latin Small Letter Turned T | Dental click (obsolete) | 201 |
| U+0288 | ʈ | &#648; | Latin Small Letter T with Retroflex Hook | Voiceless retroflex plosive | 105 |
| U+0289 | ʉ | &#649; | Latin Small Letter U Bar | Close central rounded vowel | 318 |
| U+028A | ʊ | &#650; | Latin Small Letter Upsilon | Near-close near-back rounded vowel | 321 |
| U+028B | ʋ | &#651; | Latin Small Letter V with Hook | Labiodental approximant | 150 |
| U+028C | ʌ | &#652; | Latin Small Letter Turned V | Open-mid back unrounded vowel | 314 |
| U+028D | ʍ | &#653; | Latin Small Letter Turned W | Voiceless labiovelar approximant | 169 |
| U+028E | ʎ | &#654; | Latin Small Letter Turned Y | Palatal lateral approximant | 157 |
| U+028F | ʏ | &#655; | Latin Letter Small Capital Y | Near-close near-front rounded vowel | 320 |
| U+0290 | ʐ | &#656; | Latin Small Letter Z with Retroflex Hook | Voiced retroflex fricative | 137 |
| U+0291 | ʑ | &#657; | Latin Small Letter Z with Curl | Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | 183 |
| U+0292 | ʒ | &#658; | Latin Small Letter Ezh | Voiced postalveolar fricative | 135 |
| U+0293 | ʓ | &#659; | Latin Small Letter Ezh with Curl | Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (obsolete) | 205 |
| U+0294 | ʔ | &#660; | Latin Letter Glottal Stop | Glottal stop | 113 |
| U+0295 | ʕ | &#661; | Latin Letter Pharyngeal Voiced Fricative | Voiced pharyngeal fricative | 145 |
| U+0296 | ʖ | &#662; | Latin Letter Inverted Glottal Stop | Alveolar lateral click (obsolete) | 203 |
| U+0297 | ʗ | &#663; | Latin Letter Stretched C | Postalveolar click (obsolete) | 202 |
| U+0298 | ʘ | &#664; | Latin Letter Bilabial Click | Bilabial click | 176 |
| U+0299 | ʙ | &#665; | Latin Letter Small Capital B | Bilabial trill | 121 |
| U+029A | ʚ | &#666; | Latin Small Letter Closed Open E | Open-mid central rounded vowel | 396 |
| U+029B | ʛ | &#667; | Latin Letter Small Capital G with Hook | Voiced uvular implosive | 168 |
| U+029C | ʜ | &#668; | Latin Letter Small Capital H | Voiceless epiglottal fricative | 172 |
| U+029D | ʝ | &#669; | Latin Small Letter J with Crossed Tail | Voiced palatal fricative | 139 |
| U+029E | ʞ | &#670; | Latin Small Letter Turned K | Velar click (obsolete) | 291 |
| U+029F | ʟ | &#671; | Latin Letter Small Capital L | Velar lateral approximant | 158 |
| U+02A0 | ʠ | &#672; | Latin Small Letter Q with Hook | "Voiceless" uvular implosive (obsolete) | 167 |
| U+02A1 | ʡ | &#673; | Latin Letter Glottal Stop with Stroke | Epiglottal plosive | 173 |
| U+02A2 | ʢ | &#674; | Latin Letter Reversed Glottal Stop with Stroke | Voiced epiglottal fricative | 174 |
| U+02A3 | ʣ | &#675; | Latin Small Letter DZ Digraph | Voiced alveolar affricate (obsolete) | 212 |
| U+02A4 | ʤ | &#676; | Latin Small Letter Dezh Digraph | Voiced postalveolar affricate (obsolete) | 214 |
| U+02A5 | ʥ | &#677; | Latin Small Letter DZ Digraph with Curl | Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (obsolete) | 216 |
| U+02A6 | ʦ | &#678; | Latin Small Letter TS Digraph | Voiceless alveolar affricate (obsolete) | 211 |
| U+02A7 | ʧ | &#679; | Latin Small Letter Tesh Digraph | Voiceless postalveolar affricate (obsolete) | 213 |
| U+02A8 | ʨ | &#680; | Latin Small Letter TC Digraph with Curl | Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (obsolete) | 215 |
| IPA characters for disordered speech ||||
| U+02A9 | ʩ | &#681; | Latin Small Letter Feng Digraph | Velopharyngeal fricative | 602 |
| U+02AA | ʪ | &#682; | Latin Small Letter LS Digraph | Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative | 603 |
| U+02AB | ʫ | &#683; | Latin Small Letter LZ Digraph | Voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative | 604 |
| U+02AC | ʬ | &#684; | Latin Letter Bilabial Percussive | Bilabial percussive | |
| U+02AD | ʭ | &#685; | Latin Letter Bidental Percussive | Bidental percussive | 601 |
| Additions for Sinology ||||
| U+02AE | ʮ | &#686; | Latin Small Letter Turned H with Fishhook | Syllabic labialized voiced alveolar fricative (Sinologist usage) | |
| U+02AF | ʯ | &#687; | Latin Small Letter Turned H with Fishhook and Tail | Syllabic labialized voiced retroflex fricative (Sinologist usage) | |

## Subheadings

The IPA Extensions block contains only three subheadings, each associated with a set of characters encoded in a different version of Unicode, IPA extensions, IPA characters for disordered speech, and Additions for Sinology.

### IPA extensions

The IPA extensions are the first 89 characters of the IPA Extensions block, which includes Latin character variants and Greek borrowings that are regularly used only in IPA contexts. The characters of the IPA extensions subheading were part of the original Unicode 1.0.

### IPA characters for disordered speech

The extIPA characters for disordered speech are additions to the IPA for phonemes that do not occur in natural languages, but are needed for recording pre-linguistic utterances by babies, gibberish from otherwise lingual individuals, and other non-linguistic but phonetic utterances. The IPA characters for disordered speech were added to the IPA Extensions block in Unicode version 3.0.

### Additions for Sinology

The Additions for Sinology are two additional symbols for phonemic transcription of the languages of China. The Additions for Sinology were added to the IPA Extensions block in Unicode version 4.0.

## Compact table

IPA Extensions Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+025x | ɐ | ɑ | ɒ | ɓ | ɔ | ɕ | ɖ | ɗ | ɘ | ə | ɚ | ɛ | ɜ | ɝ | ɞ | ɟ |
| U+026x | ɠ | ɡ | ɢ | ɣ | ɤ | ɥ | ɦ | ɧ | ɨ | ɩ | ɪ | ɫ | ɬ | ɭ | ɮ | ɯ |
| U+027x | ɰ | ɱ | ɲ | ɳ | ɴ | ɵ | ɶ | ɷ | ɸ | ɹ | ɺ | ɻ | ɼ | ɽ | ɾ | ɿ |
| U+028x | ʀ | ʁ | ʂ | ʃ | ʄ | ʅ | ʆ | ʇ | ʈ | ʉ | ʊ | ʋ | ʌ | ʍ | ʎ | ʏ |
| U+029x | ʐ | ʑ | ʒ | ʓ | ʔ | ʕ | ʖ | ʗ | ʘ | ʙ | ʚ | ʛ | ʜ | ʝ | ʞ | ʟ |
| U+02Ax | ʠ | ʡ | ʢ | ʣ | ʤ | ʥ | ʦ | ʧ | ʨ | ʩ | ʪ | ʫ | ʬ | ʭ | ʮ | ʯ |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 |||||||||||||||||

## History

The IPA Extensions block has been present in Unicode since version 1.0, and was unchanged through the unification with ISO 10646. The block was filled out with extensions for representing disordered speech in version 3.0, and Sinological phonetic symbols in version 4.0.
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the IPA Extensions block:
| Version | Final code points | Count | UTC ID | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | | | (to be determined) |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | X3L2/95-090 | N1253 (doc, txt) | Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1995-09-09), "4.2", Unconfirmed Minutes of WG 2 Meeting # 28 in Helsinki, Finland; 1995-06-26--27 |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/05-212 | | Davis, Mark (2005-08-05), Background Information on IPA |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/07-022 | N3219 | Priest, Lorna; Aumann, Greg (2007-01-12), Glyph corrections for U+027F and U+0285 in TUS |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/07-015 | | Moore, Lisa (2007-02-08), "Glyph corrections for U+027F and U+0285 (C.7)", UTC #110 Minutes |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/07-268 | N3253 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-07-26), "M50.5 (Phonetic characters glyph correction) [U+027F, U+0285]", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 50, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany; 2007-04-24/27 |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/10-268 | | Priest, Lorna (2010-07-29), Annotation additions resulting from encoding LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH HOOK |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/22-071 | | Jacquerye, Denis Moyogo (2022-02-08), Proposal to revise the glyphs of LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E and LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E [U+025E, 029A] |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/22-068 | | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Constable, Peter (2022-04-15), "1c Latin Small Letter Closed Open E etc.", Recommendations to UTC #171 April 2022 on Script Proposals |
| 1.0.0 | U+0250..0296 | 71 | | L2/22-061 | | Constable, Peter (2022-07-27), "Consensus 171-C16", Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 171, Accept the glyph changes for U+025E LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E and U+029A LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E for correction in a future version of the standard. |
| 1.0.0 | U+0297..02A8 | 18 | UTC/1991-047 | | | Becker, Joe, Extended Latin, Standard Phonetic, Modifier Letters, General Diacritical Marks, Greek, Cyrillic |
| 1.0.0 | U+0297..02A8 | 18 | UTC/1991-048B | | | Whistler, Ken (1991-03-27), "IPA additions", Draft Minutes from the UTC meeting #46 day 2, 3/27 at Apple |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-209 | N1742 | Everson, Michael (1998-05-25), Additional IPA characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-293 | N1885 | "2.2", Comments on proposals to add various characters to ISO/IEC 10646, 1998-08-25 |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-299 | N1845 | Everson, Michael (1998-09-08), Additional IPA "disturbed speech" characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-301 | N1847 | Everson, Michael (1998-09-12), Responses to NCITS/L2 and Unicode Consortium comments on numerous proposals |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-372 | N1884R2 (pdf, doc) | Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/98-329 | N1920 | Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28 |
| 3.0 | U+02A9..02AD | 5 | | L2/99-010 | N1903 (pdf, html, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.2.10", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25 |
| 4.0 | U+02AE..02AF | 2 | | L2/01-272 | N2366 | Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-07-02), Proposal to add five phonetic characters to the UCS |
| 4.0 | U+02AE..02AF | 2 | | L2/01-295R | | Moore, Lisa (2001-11-06), Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting #88 |
| 4.0 | U+02AE..02AF | 2 | | L2/01-347 | N2366R | Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20), Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS |
| 4.0 | U+02AE..02AF | 2 | | L2/02-154 | N2403 | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2002-04-22), Draft minutes of WG 2 meeting 41, Hotel Phoenix, Singapore, 2001-10-15/19 |
| ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names |||||||