OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stevengraph

Stevengraphs are pictures woven from silk, originally created by Thomas Stevens in the 19th century. They were popular collectable items again during the revival of interest in Victoriana in the 1960s and 1970s.

## Detail

In the mid-19th century the town of Coventry, England, was the centre of a ribbon weaving industry. In 1860 the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty was signed; this free trade treaty introduced new competition into the industry, leading to a collapse in the local economy.
Thomas Stevens, a local weaver, responded by adapting the Jacquard looms used in Coventry to weave colourful pictures from silk. By 1862, Stevens could produce four different designs and by the late 1880s this had grown to over 900; they became known as "Stevengraphs", after their maker. Many of these designs were used to produce bookmarks, while others were used to make greeting cards and other silk objects.
By the 1930s, Stevengraphs were considered collectable items, but the hobby was considered eccentric and mainly confined to female collectors. During the Second World War Coventry was attacked by German bombers; on 14 November 1940 the Coventry Blitz occurred, destroying the Stevens factory and apparently all records of the Stevengraphs.
In the late 1950s it emerged that Henry Stephens, a descendant of Thomas, had saved one of the pattern books the night before the attack and kept it in safe storage; Henry donated it to the Coventry City Council, who in turn entrusted it with the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. Stevengraphs became valuable, with more male collectors entering the hobby. Prices rose, particularly for unusual or rarer images less popular during the Victorian period.
Stevengraphs normally measured 140mm x 64mm (5½ x 2½ inch) and were often mounted on cardboard. A printed label on the reverse would indicate that the design was registered and could not be copied. Several other Coventry firms also produced silk-work pictures including W H Grant and Welch & Lambton.
Stevengraphs are held in collections at the Bodleian Library, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Trust property Greenway House, near Brixham, Devon.
# Calleagris lacteus

Calleagris lacteus, the milky scarce flat, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of wetter forests.
Adult males are attracted to bird droppings.

## Subspecies

* Calleagris lacteus lacteus (Nigeria: the Cross River loop, Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, western Tanzania, north-western and north-eastern Zambia)
* Calleagris lacteus dannatti (Ehrmann, 1893) (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, western Nigeria)
# Australia in the Korean War 1950–53

Australia in the Korean War 1950–53 is the official history of Australia's involvement in the Korean War. The series consists of two volumes covering Australia's strategy and diplomacy in the war and the Australian military's combat operations respectively. Both volumes were written by Robert O'Neill, and they were published in 1981 and 1985.

## Development and publication

In 1970 Robert O'Neill was selected by the Australian Government as the official historian of the Korean War. O'Neill had served as the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment's intelligence officer during the Vietnam War, and had later become an academic. At the time of his appointment he was head of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University.
While the official histories of Australia in the First World War and Second World War had been written by teams of historians, O'Neill wrote the history of the Korean War with only a single research assistant based at the Australian War Memorial. The Australian Government maintained its tradition of granting independence to the official historian, though the Attorney-General's Department attempted to influence the series' treatment of the journalist and alleged traitor Wilfred Burchett. While the official history was originally planned as a single volume, O'Neill received permission to expand it to two volumes after discovering large amounts of material on the strategy and diplomacy behind Australia's involvement in the war. In contrast with the official Australian histories of the world wars, O'Neill included footnotes and bibliographies to identify his sources.
The first volume of the series, Strategy and Diplomacy, was published in 1981. It provided a detailed account of Australia's foreign and defence policies before and during the war, including in-depth discussion of the evolution of the ANZUS Treaty.
The series' second volume, entitled Combat Operations, was published in 1985. The book's account of the Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force's operations in Korea is highly detailed. Because the three services rarely operated together O'Neill was able to treat their operations separately when writing the book.

## Reception

Australia in the Korean War 1950–53 was generally well received by critics, though some argued that it was overly detailed. The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History states that the series is "scholarly and meticulous". Historian Jeffrey Grey writes that the second volume is "essential reading, although the level of detail is not necessary for the general reader". Peter Edwards, the editor of The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, states that the first volume in the series has been of most importance to Australian historiography due to its "detailed and authoritative" coverage of the ANZUS treaty. There was little public interest in the books after they were released, however, and sales of both volumes were slow.
# Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia

The Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia is organised into two Coptic Orthodox dioceses with over 50 parishes, three monasteries, two theological colleges and four schools. The church is a member of the National Council of Churches in Australia. According to the 2006 Census of Australia, there were a total of 19,928 followers of Coptic Orthodoxy nationally. Currently, the church has as many as 100,000 members in Australia (in Sydney alone it is estimated that there are 70,000 Copts, with numbers in Melbourne in the tens of thousands).

## Dioceses

* Diocese of Melbourne and Affiliated Regions led by Bishop Anba Suriel since 1999: Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, Australian Capital Territory, New Zealand, Fiji
* Diocese of Sydney and Affiliated Regions led by Bishop Anba Daniel since 2002: New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Mainland China, Indonesia
# Karacaören, Kıbrıscık

Karacaören is a village in the Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 73 (2021).
# GBD

GBD may refer to:
* Gilberdyke railway station, in England
* Gigabaud (GBd)
* Great Bend Municipal Airport, Kansas, US
* Global Burden of Disease Study
* Green Beer Day, Miami University tradition
* Gaobeidian East railway station, China Railway pinyin code
* Great Barrington Declaration, a COVID-19 open letter
* Gundam Build Divers, Japanese anime series
* Golden Brown Delicious, referred to the Maillard Reaction
* Nationality code of British Overseas Territories Citizen in the machine-readable passport
# Coleophora klimeschiella

The Russian thistle casebearer (Coleophora klimeschiella) is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is native to Asia Minor and central Asia, but has been introduced to California, Texas and Hawaii.
The larvae feed on the foliage of Salsola australis.
# Coleophora burmanni

Coleophora burmanni is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Latvia.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Gypsophila fastigiata and Gypsophila repens.
# List of Finnish regions by GDP

This is a list of Finnish regions by GDP and GDP per capita.

## List of regions by GDP

Regions by GDP in 2021 according to data by the OECD.
| Rank | Region | GDP in mil EUR | GDP in mil USD (PPP) |
| 1 | Helsinki-Uusimaa | 98 663 | 126 038 |
| 2 | Pirkanmaa | 22 104 | 28 237 |
| 3 | Southwest Finland | 20 009 | 25 560 |
| 4 | North Ostrobothnia | 16 323 | 20 851 |
| 5 | Central Finland | 10 416 | 13 306 |
| 6 | Northern Savonia | 9 404 | 12 013 |
| 7 | Satakunta | 8 531 | 10 898 |
| 8 | Ostrobothnia | 7 980 | 10 194 |
| 9 | Kymenlaakso | 7 221 | 9 224 |
| 10 | Lapland | 7 066 | 9 027 |
| 11 | Päijät-Häme | 6 993 | 8 933 |
| 12 | Southern Ostrobothnia | 6 901 | 8 816 |
| 13 | Kanta-Häme | 6 532 | 8 345 |
| 14 | North Karelia | 5 743 | 7 336 |
| 15 | South Karelia | 5 298 | 6 768 |
| 16 | Southern Savonia | 4 818 | 6 154 |
| 17 | Central Ostrobothnia | 2 652 | 3 388 |
| 18 | Kainuu | 2 579 | 3 295 |
| 19 | Åland | 1 344 | 1 717 |
| | Finland | 250 577 | 320 100 |

## List of regions by GDP per capita

Counties by GDP per capita in 2021 according to data by the OECD.
| Rank | Region | GDP per capita in EUR | GDP per capita in USD (PPP) |
| 1 | Helsinki-Uusimaa | 57 741 | 73 762 |
| 2 | Åland | 44 435 | 56 764 |
| 3 | Ostrobothnia | 44 233 | 56 506 |
| 4 | Kymenlaakso | 42 806 | 54 682 |
| 5 | Pirkanmaa | 42 264 | 53 990 |
| 6 | South Karelia | 41 879 | 53 498 |
| 7 | Southwest Finland | 41 474 | 52 980 |
| 8 | Lapland | 40 018 | 51 121 |
| 9 | Satakunta | 39 708 | 50 725 |
| 10 | North Ostrobothnia | 39 358 | 50 278 |
| 11 | Central Ostrobothnia | 39 032 | 49 861 |
| 12 | Northern Savonia | 38 594 | 49 301 |
| 13 | Kanta-Häme | 38 336 | 48 972 |
| 14 | Central Finland | 37 902 | 48 418 |
| 15 | Southern Ostrobothnia | 36 811 | 47 024 |
| 16 | Kainuu | 36 097 | 46 112 |
| 17 | North Karelia | 35 838 | 45 781 |
| 18 | Päijät-Häme | 35 163 | 44 919 |
| 19 | Southern Savonia | 34 407 | 43 953 |
| | Finland | 45 238 | 57 789 |
# Sonia Purnell

Sonia Purnell is a British writer and journalist who has worked at The Economist, The Daily Telegraph, and The Sunday Times. Her books include Clementine: The Life of Mrs. Winston Churchill, which was chosen as book of the year by The Telegraph and The Independent, and was a finalist for the Plutarch Award.
She also wrote the book and screenplay for the future film about Virginia Hall – A Woman of No Importance, produced by J. J. Abrams. It was chosen as a "Best Book of the Year" by NPR.
# Coleophora hololeucella

Coleophora hololeucella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Algeria and Egypt.
The larvae feed on Atriplex parvifolia and Chenopodium species. They feed on the leaves and possibly also on the fruits of their host plant.
# Coleophora lewandowskii

Coleophora lewandowskii is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Poland and Lithuania.
# Coleophora pallidata

Coleophora pallidata is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Iran.
# Ukrainian Heraldry Society

The Ukrainian Heraldry Society (Ukrainian: Українське геральдичне товариство, Ukrayinske Heraldychne Tovarystvo or UHT) is a Ukrainian non-governmental public organisation which researches Ukrainian heraldry, sphragistics (the study of wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate documents), vexillology (the study of the history, symbolism and usage of flags), genealogy, and emblems.

## History

The Ukrainian Heraldry Society (UHT) was founded in 1990 in Lviv. It has been a member of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations (FIAV) and the International Confederation of Genealogy and Heraldry (CIGH) since 1995.
The UHT works with historians, lawyers, archivists and museum throughout Ukraine. Heraldic experts from Ukraine and its neighbours have held conferences annually, holding seminars, producing exhibitions, and publishing materials. The UHT has published its bulletin "Znak" (The Sign) since 1993. Publications have included: "Genealogichni zapysky" ("Genealogical Memoirs") (2000), "Reyestr osobovykh herbiv UHT" ("Registering private coats-of-arms") (2003), and "Korporatyvnyi herbivnyk" ("Corporative Armorial") (2010).
The UHT cooperates actively with other Ukrainian archives and scientific institutions. It makes catalogues of municipal emblems and flags, gives an overall help to local authorities on questions regarding the archiving of materials, and assists with the reconstruction of historical symbols or the elaboration of the new ones. Members provide research into heraldry, genealogy, emblems, and sphragistics, and can be consulted about the creation of emblems and flags.
# Jens Pauli Skaalum

Jens Pauli Skaalum (December 18, 1893 – August 1, 1978) was a Faroese teacher and a politician for the Union Party.
Skaalum was born in Hvalba, the son of the teacher and politician Óli Niklái Skaalum and Elsebeth Helena Niclasen. He graduated from the Jonstrup Normal School (Danish: Jonstrup Seminarium) in Copenhagen as a primary school teacher in 1914, and then taught in Porkeri from 1914 to 1920 and in Hvalba from 1920 to 1960. He was married to Astrid Larsen from Porkeri.
Skaalum was a deputy representative to the Faroese Parliament from Suðuroy, and he stood in for Oliver Effersøe, who took a leave of absence for health reasons from 1931 to 1932. Skaalum was a member of the Hvalba municipal council from 1939 to 1950 and served as mayor from 1939 to 1948. He used to be a member of the supervisory committee of the bank Føroya Sparikassi from 1957 to 1976.
# Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar

Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising six bastion forts built by the Republic of Venice on its mainland domains (Stato da Terra) and its Domains of the Sea (Stato da Màr).
With the increase in firearm warfare in the early modern period of gunpowder when the cannon came to dominate the battlefield, came significant shifts in military strategy and fort design. One of these changes was the development of the bastion fort, or alla moderna fortifications, with a polygon-shaped fortress with bulwarks at the corners. These designs originated from the Republic of Venice, but would soon spread throughout Europe and remain the standard for defence until the 19th century. In 2017, six of these fortifications in Italy, Croatia, and Montenegro were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. These six sites provide quintessential examples of this fort design, demonstrate the influence of Renaissance-era Venice, and pay testimony to a major advancement in the history of warfare.

## The heritage sites

The sites that make up the World Heritage site demonstrate the breadth of the architectural styles and fortresses employed by the Venetians. Built in the 15th century, the fortified town of Kotor is the oldest site, displaying a transitional period between traditional fortress design and alla moderna design. In the 16th century, the fortifications in Bergamo and the Fort of St. Nikola were built, showing the addition of a more complex and centralized system of bastions, walls, and moats. The defences at Zadar, Peschiera del Garda, and Palmanova were completed in the 17th century.
| Site | Location |
| Fortified City of Bergamo | ItaLombardy, Italy 45°42′12″N 9°39′49″E﻿ / ﻿45.70333°N 9.66361°E﻿ / 45.70333; 9.66361 |
| Fortified City of Peschiera del Garda | ItaVeneto, Italy 45°26′20″N 10°41′39″E﻿ / ﻿45.43889°N 10.69417°E﻿ / 45.43889; 10.69417 |
| City Fortress of Palmanova | ItaFriuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy 45°54′22″N 13°18′35″E﻿ / ﻿45.90611°N 13.30972°E﻿ / 45.90611; 13.30972 |
| Defensive System of Zadar | CroZadar County, Croatia 44°6′42″N 15°13′49″E﻿ / ﻿44.11167°N 15.23028°E﻿ / 44.11167; 15.23028 |
| Fort of St. Nikola, Šibenik-Knin County | CroŠibenik-Knin County, Croatia 43°43′17″N 15°51′17″E﻿ / ﻿43.72139°N 15.85472°E﻿ / 43.72139; 15.85472 |
| Fortified City of Kotor | MonKotor Municipality, Montenegro 42°25′25″N 18°46′19″E﻿ / ﻿42.42361°N 18.77194°E﻿ / 42.42361; 18.77194 |
# Marcel Le Roy

Marcel Le Roy (26 October 1919 – 21 April 2020) was a French Resistance member. He served as Mayor of Niort-la-Fontaine, and then General Councillor of the Canton of Lassay-les-Châteaux from 1962 to 1994. He was first a member of the Union for the New Republic, then the Union of Democrats for the Republic, and lastly, the Rally for the Republic.

## Biography

At the start of World War II, Le Roy joined the French Air Force, where he became a radio technician. Following the Battle of France, he tried to join England in the war efforts, but he was denied. He then went to Marseille, where he tried and failed to join Free France. He was then contacted by Jean Le Roux, the main transmitter of the Réseau Johnny.
He joined the network in 1941 with the mission of addressing the public on the Occupation. He was taken prisoner on 16 February 1942 in Quimper. He escaped, but was again captured three days later.
He was imprisoned in Angers, Fresnes, and Fort de Romainville. Le Roy was deported to Natzweiler-Struthof in July 1943, then to Kommando d'Erringen, and lastly to Dachau. He was freed on 30 April 1945 from Allach.
# Virginian

Virginian is a demonym used to describe something as being of, from, or related to the Commonwealth of Virginia of the United States of America; it can be used as both a noun and adjective.
Virginian may also refer to:

## Railroads

* Virginian (Amtrak train), a former Amtrak passenger train
* Virginian Railway, a railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States that operated from 1909 to 1959

## Ships

* USS Virginian, two United States Navy vessels
* SS Virginian, a passenger ship built in 1905 that became the Swedish transatlantic liner SS Drottningholm in 1920

## Other uses

* Virginian (automobile), an automobile produced briefly by the Richmond Iron Works of Richmond, Virginia
* Virginians, a barbershop chorus
# Red Mask Players

Red Mask Players, Inc., founded in 1936, is one of the oldest community theaters in Illinois. It is housed in the Kathryn Randolph Theater in Danville, Illinois.
Kathryn Randolph, the company's founder and first director, had previously served as a dramatic coach to William Jennings Bryan.
Dick Van Dyke made his theatrical debut with the company in 1946 in Rebecca.
# Patrick Jones (author)

Patrick Jones (born 1961) is a librarian and the author of realistic teen novels.

## Biography

Chasing Tail Lights (2007)was a finalist in the YA category in the 2008 Minnesota Book Award. In 2006, he won lifetime achievement awards from both the Catholic Library Association, and the American Library Association. Jones is a frequent speaker at library conferences, having visited all fifty states, as well as in Canada, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand. Jones grew up in Flint, Michigan & attended Ainsworth Highschool, but now lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
# Koijärvi

Koijärvi is a former municipality of Finland in the former Häme Province, now in Tavastia Proper. It was split between Forssa and Urjala in 1969, most of the land was given to Forssa.
In 1979, Koijärvi and the homonymous lake became known for the Koijärvi movement, which spawned the political party Vihreät.

## Geography
### Villages

* Kojo (Koijärven kirkonkylä)
* Raitoo
* Lempää
* Kalsu
* Matku
* Peräjoki
* Saviniemi
* Suonpää
* Vuoltu

### Lakes

The homonymous lake Koijärvi, from which the Koijoki river starts, is known for the birds which make their nests by it.

### Distances

* Forssa: ~20 km
* Hämeenlinna: 70 km
* Tampere: 75 km
* Turku: 95 km
* Pori: 110 km
* Helsinki: 130 km

## History
### Before separation

Koijärvi is named after a nearby lake. While Koijärvi literally means "moth lake", it is not the original name: it was most likely Koivujärvi or "birch lake" instead.
The main village, Kojo, has existed at least since the 17th century. The first mention of it was in 1600 as Quoiuull, "at Kojo" (adessive case, in modern Finnish orthography written Kojolla. Many Tavastian dialects have an apocope of a, pronouncing it as Kojol). The area was mainly within the Tammela parish, originally called Porras.

### Independent municipality

Koijärvi became a separate municipality in 1923. It was formed out of parts of Tammela and Urjala. Forssa was also separated from Tammela in the same year.
The old meeting house in Kojo was converted into a church in the 16th of December, 1923. The altarpiece is painted by Elias Muukka. The organ was made in Kangasala in 1968, while the bells were made in Yaroslavl and were originally used in a church built for Russian soldiers in Ekenäs.
Koijärvi was one of the two municipalities without a coat of arms in the 60s, the other being Uudenkaupungin maalaiskunta.

### Merger

The Koijärvi municipality was dissolved in 1969. Most of it, including Kojo, was transferred to Forssa in the south, while small portions of the north were given to Urjala.

## Services

Most of Koijärvi's services are located in Kojo.

### Education

Kojo has a school for grades 1-6 (ala-aste). A daycare is located in the same building.

### Commercial

There is a small grocery store in Kojo.
# Holliday Street Aqueduct

The Holliday Street aqueduct is a Grade II listed aqueduct at the start of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal in central Birmingham, England.
Built in 1870 the cast iron structure carries the canal and a wide access road originally leading from Bridge Street to Worcester Wharf (now housing) over Holliday Street very close to the Worcester Bar stop lock in Gas Street Basin.
Immediately to the south of Holliday Street the Cross-City Line (originally the Birmingham West Suburban Railway) rail line runs in a tunnel parallel to Holliday Street. A short distance south of that is the disused rail tunnel of the original line which terminated at Central Goods railway station (the previous terminus of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway). Immediately south of the disused rail tunnel the canal turns sharply between The Mailbox and The Cube through ninety degrees to run parallel to the rail tunnels.

## Water leak in 2015

In February 2015 water was found to be leaking into the disused rail tunnel and the canal was drained between two temporary dams. The leak was traced to a hole in the canal bed.