OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lower Halstow

Lower Halstow is a village and civil parish in the Swale district of Kent, England. The village is northwest of Sittingbourne on the banks of the Medway Estuary. It lies north of Newington on the A2 Roman road.
The 2011 census recorded the parish's population as 1,180.
The village has a long history, with evidence of constant occupation since the Iron Age. Being so close to the water, Lower Halstow has (until recently) been a village that has made its living from the water. Whether it be ancient pottery making, ancient fishing, barge building, or in the 19th- and 20th-century brick-making (Eastwoods Brickworks), the water has been the lifeblood of the village.
According to Edward Hasted in 1798, two large hospital ships, commonly called lazarettos, (which were the surviving hulks of 44-gun ships) were moored in Halstow Creek. The lazarettos monitored ships coming to England which were forced to stay in the creek under quarantine, to protect the country from infectious diseases.
In 1563 Queen Elizabeth ordered a survey, and Halstow Key (a wharf on the creek), was made up of 24 people in houses and 14 living on boats. There were two hamlets, one beside the wharf and the other around Halstow Green on Lower Street. The rest of the northern lands were salt marsh. Lands heading southwards (measuring 1200 acres) were heavy clay. All the lands were under the control of the manor of Milton Regis.
The creek and some of the village is featured in the 2017 film Wonder Woman. The village has an active cricket club.

## Etymology

The name of the village has developed gradually over the years: Holy Place (Halig stow) Pronounced "ail-stoo", with a long "oo" as in "through" c. 1100; Halgastaw, 1160; Halgastow, 1199; Halegestowe, 1226; Halgesto, 1576; Halstowe, 1610; Halstoe, c. 1790; Halstow, 1810 – Lower Halstow.

## Parish church

On a bank of the Medway Estuary is the Church of England parish church of St Margaret of Antioch. It is an 8th-century Saxon church to which were added north and south aisles in the 12th century and a west tower in the 13th century. The masonry includes re-used Roman tiles. The font is Norman and was made around AD 1190. Unusually it is made of lead. In the nave and aisles are remnants of 14th-century wall paintings. For a time in the 12th century its parish priest was John de London who was a nephew to St Thomas Becket.
The ecclesiastical parish is in the deanery of Sittingbourne, which is part of the Diocese of Canterbury. The building is Grade I listed.

## Other buildings

The village has an 18th-century pub, the Three Tuns, which is a Grade II listed building.
Green Farm House is 17th- and 18th-century and is also Grade II listed.
# 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres

The women's 400 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Diane Dixon United States | Sandra Myers Spain | Anita Protti Switzerland |

## Results
### Heats

First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 3 | Aelita Yurchenko | Soviet Union | 52.15 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Noémi Bátori | Hungary | 52.60 | Q, PB |
| 3 | 3 | Julia Merino | Spain | 52.68 | q |
| 4 | 2 | Diane Dixon | United States | 52.72 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Sandra Myers | Spain | 53.01 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Vivienne Spence-Gardner | Jamaica | 53.34 | q |
| 7 | 2 | Lyudmila Dzhigalova | Soviet Union | 53.87 | q |
| 8 | 1 | Jearl Miles | United States | 53.88 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Katrin Schreiter | Germany | 54.00 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Anita Protti | Switzerland | 54.01 | q |
| 11 | 1 | Iolanda Oanță | Romania | 54.26 | q |
| 12 | 2 | Rosey Edeh | Canada | 54.53 | q |
| 13 | 3 | Norfalia Carabalí | Colombia | 54.78 | |
| 14 | 3 | Nezha Bidouane | Morocco | 55.69 | |
| 15 | 1 | Claudia Acerenza | Uruguay | 56.57 | NR |
| 16 | 1 | Lasnet Nkouka | Republic of the Congo | 58.50 | NR |
| | 3 | Fatima Yusuf | Nigeria | DQ | |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Diane Dixon | United States | 51.97 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Aelita Yurchenko | Soviet Union | 52.14 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Sandra Myers | Spain | 52.16 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Anita Protti | Switzerland | 52.18 | Q, NR |
| 5 | 1 | Jearl Miles | United States | 52.43 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Lyudmila Dzhigalova | Soviet Union | 52.68 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Vivienne Spence-Gardner | Jamaica | 52.84 | PB |
| 8 | 2 | Katrin Schreiter | Germany | 53.05 | |
| 9 | 2 | Iolanda Oanță | Romania | 53.40 | |
| 10 | 2 | Julia Merino | Spain | 53.51 | |
| 11 | 1 | Rosey Edeh | Canada | 54.51 | |
| | 1 | Noémi Bátori | Hungary | DNF | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Diane Dixon | United States | 50.64 | CR, AR |
| | Sandra Myers | Spain | 50.99 | NR |
| | Anita Protti | Switzerland | 51.41 | NR |
| 4 | Aelita Yurchenko | Soviet Union | 51.59 | PB |
| 5 | Jearl Miles | United States | 52.00 | PB |
| 6 | Lyudmila Dzhigalova | Soviet Union | 52.19 | PB |
# George Whitmore (climber)

George William Whitmore (February 8, 1931 – January 1, 2021) was an American mountain climber and conservationist. He was a member of the first team to climb a vertical face El Capitan in 1958, by the route called The Nose.

## Background

Whitmore was trained as a pharmacist at the University of California, San Francisco.
He served in the Air Force as an aeromedical evacuation officer and later worked as a pharmacist. Whitmore was a lifelong environmental activist on behalf of wilderness preservation, such as promoting the establishment of the Kaiser Wilderness in 1976. He lobbied for passage of the California Wilderness Act of 1984, which he later described as establishing "the longest stretch of de facto wilderness in the lower 48 states."
Whitmore previously beat cancer. He died from complications subsequent to COVID-19 in Fresno, California, on January 1, 2021, at age 89, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in California.
# 1000 złotych note

The Polish 1,000 złoty note is a formal banknote used in Poland from 1794 to1996, but plans exist to revive this note to Polish currency, during the third banknote series. On the obverse, it features the text 1000 Tysiąc Złotych (One Thousand Złoty). Along with some other common trzecia seria features, it shows Nicolaus Copernicus. On the reverse, it shows the solar system, representing Copernicus' heliocentric discovery that the sun is at the center; it also shows a solar system symbol.

## History
### 1794 treasury banknotes

The 1,000 złoty bill dates back to 1794, when the original 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 banknotes were issued. It was the highest banknote during that time and featured a yellow background, a description, the value of the bill, and the signature of Aleksander Michałowski.

### 1919 reintroduction to the złoty

In 1919/1924, Poland reintroduced the złoty, including a 1,000 złotych bill, followed by a 5,000 złoty bill.
On the obverse, the 1,000 złotych bill features a gray background, an image of Tadeusz Kościuszko, the value of the note, and an empty circle. On the reverse, it features the Polish eagle, and elements of the front.
* Obverse of the 1919 1,000 złotych note
* Reverse of the 1919 1,000 złotych note

### Future of the bill

The National Bank of Poland announced in 2021 that in the near future that they would start producing a new 1,000 złoty bill.
# Wilfredo Mattos Cintrón

Wilfredo Mattos Cintròn (born approx. 1945) is a Puerto Rican author and educator. He has written numerous books, specializing in fiction and Puerto Rican political issues.

## Short biography

Mattos Cintrón was one of the leaders of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, or PSP, along with Hector Melendez and Juan Mari Bras before leaving due to differences with Mari Bras, who in turn became the party's candidate for governor at Puerto Rico's 1976 and 1980 general elections. He graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1971, with a Master of Science degree.
In 1972, a book named "Viva Puerto Rico Libre"-"Long Live Free Puerto Rico", was published in Havana, Cuba. An edition by Mattos Cintrón was published in Mexico during 1980 as part of the "Serie Popular Era" by Ediciones Era, and distributed to other Latin American countries such as Argentina. This book was not sold in Puerto Rico, partly because it (Mattos Cintrón's edition at least) was published during an era in which the island was governed by Carlos Romero Barcelo of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico.
In 2010, when Puerto Rican police entered the Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras in order to repress protests during a student strike, Mattos Cintrón, who is a professor of physics there, publicly protested police presence at the university.
Apart from his political activity and teaching, Mattos Cintrón has also been interviewed on television and the internet.

## Books written

* "Viva Puerto Rico Libre-La política y lo político en Puerto Rico" ("Long Live Free Puerto Rico-Politics and Politicking in Puerto Rico"), México, 1980
* "Puerta sin casa: Crisis del PSP y encrucijada de la izquierda. Tomo 1" ("Door Without a House: PSP's crisis and Leftist Crossroads, Part 1") Puerto Rico, 1984
* "El cerro de los buitres (novel)" ("Case of the Vultures") Puerto Rico, 1984, 1992
* "El cuerpo bajo el puente (novel)" ("The Corpse Under the Bridge") Puerto Rico, 1989
* "Las dos caras de Jano (novel)" ("The Two Faces of Jano") Puerto Rico, 1995
* "Las puertas de San Juan (novel)" ("San Juan's Doors") Puerto Rico, 1997
* "El colapso (novel)" ("The Collapse") Puerto Rico, 2000
* "Desamores (novel)" ("Broken Love") Puerto Rico, 2001
* "Deconstruyendo a (novel)" ("Deconstructing") Puerto Rico, 2005
* "Bailando al derecho y al revés (novel)" ("Dancing Upside Down") Puerto Rico, 2007
* "Letramuerto: Asesinato en La Tertulia" Puerto Rico, 2010 ("Dead Letter: Murder at the Chat Place")
# Čavanj

Čavanj (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Чавањ) is a small village in the municipality of Pljevlja, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 12 people.
According to the 2011 census, its population was 14.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Serbs | 8 | 57.1% |
| Montenegrins | 6 | 42.9% |
| Total | 14 | 100% |
# DTA Alizés

The DTA Alizés (English: Tradewind) is a French ultralight trike that was designed by Michel Guaiguant and is produced by DTA sarl of Montélimar.
The aircraft is a joint venture with wing manufacturer La société Ellipse who market it as the Ellipse Alizé. It is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

The Alizés was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of 450 kg (992 lb). The aircraft also fits the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules.
The Alizés features a cable-braced Ellipse Fuji hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit with no cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear without wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The Alizés is a very simple nanotrike and is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its 10 m (32.8 ft) span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a single cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, 22 hp (16 kW) Zenoah G25 engine. The aircraft has an empty weight of 72 kg (159 lb) and a gross weight of 170 kg (375 lb), giving a useful load of 98 kg (216 lb). With full fuel of 10 litres (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 US gal) the payload is 91 kg (201 lb).
Due to its single seat configuration and "niche appeal", the aircraft has not sold in large numbers.

## Variants
### Ellipse Alizé

    Model sold in the early 2010s by wing manufacturer La société Ellipse, with either the Fuji or Ellipse Titan CX strut-braced wing and powered by a Cors-Air 24 hp (18 kW) engine.

### Ellipse Fuji 16 Alizé

    Model sold in the mid-2010s by wing manufacturer La société Ellipse, with the Fuji 16 cable-braced wing and powered by a Cors-Air 24 hp (18 kW) engine. Reviewer Dimitri Delemarle described it as "a versatile wing, easy for a new pilot to handle yet rewarding to fly".

### Ellipse Titan CX Alizé

    Model sold in the mid-2010s by wing manufacturer La société Ellipse, with the Ellipse Titan CX strut-braced wing and powered by a Cors-Air 24 hp (18 kW) engine, or starting in 2014, a Swissauto motor.

## Specifications (Alizés)

Data from Bertrand
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Wingspan: 10 m (32 ft 10 in)
* Wing area: 16 m$^2$ (170 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 72 kg (159 lb)
* Gross weight: 170 kg (375 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 10 litres (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Zenoah G25 single cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke aircraft engine, 16 kW (22 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed wooden
Performance
* Maximum speed: 72 km/h (45 mph, 39 kn)
* Cruise speed: 55 km/h (34 mph, 30 kn)
* Stall speed: 38 km/h (24 mph, 21 kn)
* Rate of climb: 3.0 m/s (590 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 10.6 kg/m$^2$ (2.2 lb/sq ft)
# Thierry Renaer

Thierry Renaer (born 4 March 1976 in Leuven, Flemish Brabant) is a field hockey defender from Belgium, who made his debut for the Men's National Team in 1993.
Renaer was a member of the squad, that missed qualification for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Belgium finished in 8th place at the Olympic Qualifier Tournament in Madrid, in March 2004, after losing on penalty strokes against South Africa. Renaer plays for a club called KHC Leuven in his native country. Renaer played for 15 years with the Belgian National Team and earned during that period three times the golden stick award in his country. This is the highest award a hockey player can get in Belgium. During that period there were 2 participations in a World cup and 4 participations in European Cups, on which Belgium ended three times on the 4th place in Europe. In 2008, Renaer was a member of the Olympic squad that finished 9th in the Olympic Games in Beijing. Also in that year, he won the Belgian Championship with his native club. It was the first time his club reached that momentum in its history.
# 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres

The women's 400 metres event at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 7–9.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Jearl Miles Clark United States | Sandie Richards Jamaica | Helena Fuchsová Czech Republic |

## Results
### Heats

First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Charity Opara | Nigeria | 52.02 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Sandie Richards | Jamaica | 52.26 | Q, PB |
| 3 | 2 | Grit Breuer | Germany | 52.43 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Ionela Târlea | Romania | 52.49 | Q |
| 5 | 3 | Olga Kotlyarova | Russia | 52.63 | q |
| 5 | 4 | Jearl Miles Clark | United States | 52.63 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Helena Fuchsová | Czech Republic | 52.69 | Q |
| 8 | 3 | Phylis Smith | Great Britain | 52.74 | q |
| 9 | 1 | Natasha Kaiser-Brown | United States | 52.86 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | Olabisi Afolabi | Nigeria | 52.89 | q |
| 11 | 4 | Hana Benešová | Czech Republic | 52.94 | Q |
| 12 | 2 | Tatyana Movchan | Ukraine | 52.96 | q |
| 13 | 1 | Sally Gunnell | Great Britain | 53.05 | |
| 14 | 4 | Deon Hemmings | Jamaica | 53.22 | |
| 15 | 4 | Guðrún Arnardóttir | Iceland | 53.41 | |
| 16 | 4 | Nezha Bidouane | Morocco | 53.54 | |
| 17 | 1 | Olga Moroz | Ukraine | 53.82 | |
| 18 | 1 | Marina Filipović | Yugoslavia | 54.18 | |
| 19 | 2 | Adina Valdez | Trinidad and Tobago | 55.79 | |
| 20 | 2 | Erum Khanum | Pakistan | 1:04.74 | |
| | 3 | Angela Camara | Guinea | DNS | |
| | 3 | Ruth Mangue Nve | Equatorial Guinea | DNS | |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Charity Opara | Nigeria | 51.26 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Sandie Richards | Jamaica | 51.53 | Q, PB |
| 3 | 1 | Jearl Miles Clark | United States | 51.55 | Q, SB |
| 4 | 1 | Ionela Târlea | Romania | 52.10 | Q, NR |
| 5 | 2 | Grit Breuer | Germany | 52.16 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Helena Fuchsová | Czech Republic | 52.43 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Tatyana Movchan | Ukraine | 52.48 | |
| 8 | 1 | Hana Benešová | Czech Republic | 52.75 | |
| 9 | 2 | Natasha Kaiser-Brown | United States | 52.82 | |
| 10 | 2 | Phylis Smith | Great Britain | 52.86 | |
| 11 | 1 | Olga Kotlyarova | Russia | 53.17 | |
| 12 | 2 | Olabisi Afolabi | Nigeria | 53.33 | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Jearl Miles Clark | United States | 50.96 | WL |
| | Sandie Richards | Jamaica | 51.17 | PB |
| | Helena Fuchsová | Czech Republic | 52.04 | PB |
| 4 | Ionela Târlea | Romania | 52.06 | NR |
| 5 | Charity Opara | Nigeria | 52.19 | |
| 6 | Grit Breuer | Germany | 52.22 | |
# Beatrice of Silesia

Beatrice of Silesia (also known as Beatrice of Świdnica; Polish: Beatrycze świdnicka, German: Beatrix von Schweidnitz ; 1290 – 24 August 1322) was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch of Jawor-Świdnica and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria and German Queen.

## Family

She was the second daughter of Bolko I the Strict, Duke of Jawor-Świdnica, by his wife Beatrice, daughter of Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel.
Beatrice was the third of ten children born to her mother and father. Her siblings included: Bernard of Świdnica, Henry I of Jawor, Bolko II of Ziębice and Judith, wife of Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria.
Seven years after the death of Beatrice's father and the birth of her posthumous sister, Anna, her mother Beatrice was remarried to Władysław of Bytom. From this marriage, Beatrice and her siblings gained two half-siblings: Casimir of Koźle and Euphemia, wife of Konrad I of Oleśnica.

## Life

After her father's early death in 1301, Beatrice and her siblings were placed under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel until 1305, when the oldest son of Bolko I, Bernard, assumed the government of his domains and the guardianship of his younger siblings, including Beatrix.
It was this brother Bernard who, wanting to secure an alliance with Bavaria, arranged Beatrice's marriage to Louis IV, Duke of Upper Bavaria. The wedding took place by 14 October 1308. During her marriage, Beatrice gave birth to six children, but only three survived to adulthood: Matilda -by marriage Margravine of Meissen-, Louis V the Brandenburger -later Duke of Upper Bavaria, Margrave of Brandenburg and Count of Tyrol- and Stephen II – later Duke of Lower Bavaria.
Duke Louis IV was elected German King on 20 October 1314. However, another faction had elected Frederick I of Austria as King on 19 October. The two rival Kings would continue their dispute for the rest of her life. She was one of two rival German queens, with Isabella of Aragon, wife of Frederick I.
Beatrice died, at Munich, a long time before her husband's coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (in 1328). Two years after her death, Louis IV was remarried to Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut.

## Issue

Louis and Beatrix had six children; three of them lived to adulthood:
* Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
* Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
* Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
* Anna (c. July 1317 – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
* Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
* Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria
# Thomas Mansell

Sir Thomas Mansell KCH (9 February 1777 – 1858) was a British Royal Navy rear admiral.

## Biography

Mansell son of Thomas Mansell of Guernsey, was born on 9 February 1777. He entered the navy in January 1793, on board the Crescent frigate with Captain James Saumarez, whom he followed to the Orion, in which he was present in Lord Bridport's action off Lorient, at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, and the battle of the Nile; after which he was promoted by Nelson to be acting-lieutenant of the Aquilon, a promotion which was confirmed by the admiralty to 17 April 1799. He subsequently served in the Channel and on the French coast, and at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, whence he was sent home by Sir Home Popham in command of an armed transport. He was flag-lieutenant to Sir James Saumarez in the Diomede, Hibernia, and Victory, and on 17 September 1808 was promoted to the command of the Rose sloop, in which he took part in the capture of Anholt in the Baltic, 18 May 1809, and was at different times engaged with the Danish gunboats. In 1812 he was presented by the emperor of Russia with a diamond ring, in acknowledgment of his having piloted a Russian squadron through the Belt; and by the king of Sweden with the order of the Sword, 'in testimony of the esteem in which he held his services. In 1813 Mansell commanded the Pelican on the north coast of Spain, and on 7 June 1814 was advanced to post rank. It is stated that while in command of the Rose and Pelican he captured at least 170 of the enemy's vessels, some of them privateers of force. In 1837 he was nominated a K.C.H. and knighted. On 9 October 1849 he became a rear-admiral on the retired list, and died in the early summer of 1858. In 1806 he married Catherine, daughter of John Lukis, a merchant of Guernsey, and by her had issue four daughters and four sons. These latter all entered the Navy or Marines. The second, Arthur Lukis, for some years commanded the Firefly, surveying ship, in the Mediterranean, and died, a retired vice-admiral, in 1890.
# Shades of Rock

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Shades of Rock is the eighth rock album by British instrumental (and sometimes vocal) group The Shadows, released in 1970 through Columbia (EMI).

## Personnel

* Hank Marvin - Lead and rhythm guitar
* John Rostill - Bass guitar (side one, tracks 3 and 6, side two, track 1)
* Brian Bennett - Drums and percussion
* Alan Hawkshaw - Piano, organ and electric piano
Extra Musicians
* Dave Richmond - Bass guitar
* Herbie Flowers - Bass guitar
* Brian Odgers - Bass guitar
* Cover Photo by Alan Wilmoth
* Peter Vince - Producer

## Charts

| Chart (1970) | Peak position |
| UK Albums Chart | 30 |
# Zmiivka, Luhansk Oblast

Zmiivka (Ukrainian: Зміївка, pronounced), is a village in Svatove urban hromada, Svatove Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine.
# Illam

Illam (/ˈɪləm/), also referred to as Mana, is the Malayalam word for the house of a Namboodiri Brahmin. In the traditional lineage system used for the classification and identification of homes based on the castes of Kerala, South India, an Illam served as the Tharavad (ancestral house) of Nambudiri Brahmin families.
The Namboodiris, who constituted the highest ranking caste of Kerala, also refer to their lineages as the Brahmaalayam. The family homes are built according to the canons of Vaasthusaasthram, meaning "architecture" in the Sanskrit language. Very few illams continue to be used for dwelling, while most have been morphed into museums, ayurvedic health care centres and home stays in the struggle for survival.

## Structural layout

The traditional layout of a Namboodiri Illam is in the form of an open courtyard which is located in the middle, known as the Nadumuttam ('nadu' meaning middle and 'muttam' meaning earth/ground). These buildings or houses are designed in different patterns such as Nalukettu (a courtyard surrounded by rooms on four sides), Ettukettu (a nalukettu surrounded by another nalukettu), and Pathinarukettu (four layers of buildings constructed around a central courtyard).

## Popular examples

Some well-known Illams in Kerala include Suryakaladi Mana (Kottayam), Varikkasseri Mana (Palakkad), Pootheri Illam (Feroke), Eettisseri Mana (Kannur), Desamangalam Mana (Desamangalam), Nenmini Illam (Guruvayur), Punnorkottu or Swarnathu Mana (Pazhamthottam), Olappamanna Illam (Vellinezhi) and Poomulli Mana (Palakkad).