# Michel Crozier

Michel Crozier (6 November 1922, Sainte-Menehould, Marne – 24 May 2013, Paris) was a French sociologist and member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques from 1999 until his death. He also was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a laureate of the Prix Alexis de Tocqueville (1997).

## Biography

Michel Crozier did not become a sociologist by training. He became a sociologist because of a seminal experience in social analysis that was made possible by an American scholarship that he used to study the labor movement in the United States. After his initial training in business (HEC Paris, 1943) and law, he spent fourteen months traveling across the US in the immediate post World War II years, interviewing labor union members and officials, getting to know the American labor movement and American society in general. Back in France, he published a book on this research and joined the French National Center for Scientific Research as a sociologist.
In 1953, he carried out his first research on the white-collar workers in the French Postal Bank. The publication of the results of this research (Petits Fonctionnaires au travail) established his reputation as a sociologist of white-collar work and set off a series of new field studies on insurance companies, a big nationalized bank and, last but not least, on the French tobacco monopoly. In 1959, he was invited to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto. There he started preparing and drafting what would eventually become The Bureaucratic Phenomenon, published first in English in 1964, and then in French. In this book, which established the sociology of organizations as a discipline in France, Michel Crozier sketched out the bases of what would later on become the "strategic analysis of organizations."
The international success of The Bureaucratic Phenomenon provided him with the reputation and the resources to found the Center for the Sociology of Organizations (CSO), a small research group of young sociologists, with whom he embarked on a new research program on French Administration and Change, and pursued the theoretical and methodological elaboration of his approach to the study of organizations. In 1977, together with Erhard Friedberg, he published L’Acteur et le système (Actors and Systems, 1981, Chicago University Press), a scientific essay that was highly influential in France and continental Europe. In it, the authors put forth an approach to the study of organizations and other less formalized systems of action, detailing the theoretical and methodological assumptions that lie behind it. The way in which organizations and systems function is conceptualized by them as originating from game structures that channel and stabilize power and bargaining relations between a set of strategically interdependent actors.
Professor Crozier never considered sociology and sociological theorizing as an end in itself. He never separated his sociological work from his commitment to administrative and social reform, in the service of which he published seven books and engaged in numerous consultancies and interventions. He published his autobiography in two volumes, Ma Belle Epoque (2002), and A Contre-Courant (2004).

## Honours

* Officer of the Legion of Honour
* Commander of the Ordre national du Mérite

## Select bibliography

Michel Crozier is the author of over 20 books and 80 articles mostly written in French. This is a selection of some of his works:
BOOKS
* Crozier, Michel (2010) The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (with a new introduction by Erhard Friedberg) (New Brunswick and London: Transactions Publishers, 2010). (Originally published: Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964)
* Crozier, Michel. L'entreprise à l'écoute : apprendre le management post-industriel (translated in Italian and Spanish) (Paris: Interéditions, 1987).
* Crozier, Michel. The Trouble with America: Why the Social System Is Breaking Down (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984).
* Crozier, Michel. Strategies for Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982).
* Crozier, Michel & Friedberg, Erhard. Actors and Systems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
* Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: On the Governability of Democracies, New York University Press, 1975.
* Crozier, Michel. The World of the Office-Worker. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).
ARTICLES
* "Organization and Collective Action. Our Contribution to Organizational Analysis" (with Erhard Friedberg) in S.B. Bacharach, P., Gagliardi & P. Mundell (Eds). Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Vol. XIII, Special Issue on European Perspectives of Organizational Theory, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1995) Greenwich, CT: Traduction italienne :Il Pensiero Organizzativo Europeo, Edizioni angelo Guerini e Associati, 1997.
* "The Boundaries of Business: the Changing Organization" in Harvard Business Review, July 1991, pp. 138–140.
* "The relational Boundaries of Rationality" in: K.R. Monroe (Ed.), The Economic Approach to Politics: A Critical Reassessment of the Theory of Rational Action (New York, HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 306–316.
* "Organizations as Means and Constraints of Collective Action," in: Warner, M. (éd.). Organizational Choice and Constraint (London: Publishers of Grower Press, Saxon House, 1977).