OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paradise Lost (Penderecki)

Paradise Lost is an opera in two acts with music by Krzysztof Penderecki and an English libretto by Christopher Fry. The opera is based on the 1667 epic poem of the same name by Milton. Penderecki himself characterized the work as a Sacra Rappresentazione (sacred representation) rather than an opera. He wrote the opera on commission for the 1976 US Bicentennial celebrations. The first performance took place on 29 November 1978, at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The same production was presented at La Scala, Milan, on 31 January 1979.
The opera is set in heaven, hell, and on earth at the dawn of creation, and is divided into 42 scenes.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 29 November 1978 (Conductor: Bruno Bartoletti) |
| John Milton | speaker | Arnold Moss |
| Adam | baritone | William Stone |
| Eve | soprano | Ellen Shade |
| Satan | bass-baritone | Peter Van Ginkel |
| Beelzebub | tenor | Michael Ballam |
| Moloch | baritone | William Powers |
| Belial | tenor | Melvin Lowrey |
| Mammon | baritone | Edward Huls |
| Death | countertenor | Paul Esswood |
| Sin | mezzo-soprano | Joy Davidson |
| Zephon | soprano | Susan Brummell |
| Ithuriel | | John Patrick Thomas |
| Gabriel | tenor | James Schwisow |
| Raphael | | Dale Terbeek |
| Messias | baritone | Alan Opie |
| Michael | tenor | Frank Little |
| Voices of God | | John Brandstetter |
| Voices of God | | David Howell |
| Voices of God | | Edward Huls |
| Voices of God | | Daniel McConnell |
| Voices of God | | William Mitchell |
# Geobacillus stearothermophilus

Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30–75 °C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically. It is commonly used as a challenge organism for sterilization validation studies and periodic check of sterilization cycles. The biological indicator contains spores of the organism on filter paper inside a vial. After sterilizing, the cap is closed, an ampule of growth medium inside of the vial is crushed and the whole vial is incubated. A color and/or turbidity change indicates the results of the sterilization process; no change indicates that the sterilization conditions were achieved, otherwise the growth of the spores indicates that the sterilization process has not been met. Fluorescent-tagged strains, known as rapid-read BIs, are becoming more common to verify sterilization, since the visible fluorescence appears in about one-tenth the time needed for pH-indicator color change and an inexpensive light sensor can detect the growing colonies.
It was first described in 1920 as Bacillus stearothermophilus, but, together with Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, it was reclassified as a member of the genus Geobacillus in 2001.

## Applications in molecular biology
### DNA polymerase

Recently, a DNA polymerase derived from these bacteria, Bst polymerase, has become important in molecular biology applications.
Bst polymerase has a helicase-like activity, making it able to unwind DNA strands. Its optimum functional temperature is between 60 and 65 °C and it is denatured at temperatures above 70 °C. These features make it useful in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP is similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but does not require the high temperature (96 °C) step required to denature DNA.

### Reverse transcriptase

In 2013, a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT), GsI-IIC-MRF, from G. stearothermophilus was found to retain activity up to 70 °C and to exhibit high processivity and a low error rate. These properties make this enzyme useful for reverse transcribing long and/or highly structured RNA molecules. A method for determining RNA secondary structure, DMS-MaPseq, uses this enzyme because it converts normal RNA to DNA accurately but introduces mutations at unpaired bases that have been methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the mutations can be identified via sequencing.
# Christine Loscher

Christine E. Loscher is a Professor of Biotechnology and Associate Dean for Research at Dublin City University. Loscher is director of the Health Technologies Research and Enterprise Hub, and she works on bioactive molecules for autoimmune diseases.

## Early life and education

During her undergraduate studies at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Loscher worked with Cliona O’Farrelly at St. Vincent's University Hospital. Loscher earned her PhD at the National University of Ireland in 2000. Following her graduate studies, Loscher joined Trinity College Dublin as a postdoctoral researcher. She worked with Kingston Mills on how vaccines can trigger fevers. In 2003 she was appointed to the St. James's Hospital Institute of Molecular Medicine.

## Career

Loscher joined Dublin City University in 2005. She established the Immunomodulation Research Group with Helen Roche. She also directs the Nano-Bioanalytical Research Facility. She looks at how modulating the immune response can improve health, developing new anti-inflammatory compounds for the pharmaceutical and food industry. She investigates bioactive molecules in marine mash. Whilst the immune system may be best known for fighting disease, it is sometimes triggered into chronic inflammation. She has described her work to the Irish Independent.
She served as Principal Investigator for the research consortium Food for Health Ireland, an organisation that partners academics with Irish dairy and ingredient companies. She has worked with Teagasc to identify ingredients that can help lactose intolerance infants. She discovered how the immune system responds to Clostridioides difficile - outer proteins trigger immune responses. Loscher serves on the Irish Society of Immunology.

### Public engagement

Loscher runs ResearchFest, a strand of InspireFest, where researchers give short talks about their work. In 2016 she announced that Dublin City University would name half of its buildings after inspirational women. She contributed to the Royal Society of Chemistry Innate Immunology Summit. She was selected by Silicon Republic as one of the Women Invent Tomorrow in 204 and Top 100 Women in Science in 2016. She delivered a TED Talk on the Future of Food. In 2018 she was selected by Silicon Republic as one of the top 22 scientists to follow.
# Harm Reduction Journal

Harm Reduction Journal is a peer-reviewed online-only medical journal covering harm reduction with respect to the use of psychoactive drugs. It was established in 2004 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media's BioMed Central imprint. It is affiliated with both Harm Reduction International and the Eurasian Harm Reduction Association. The editors-in-chief are Nick Crofts (University of Melbourne) and Euan Lawson (Lancaster University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.362.
# Tsuumi

Tsuumi Dance Theatre is a Finnish dance theatre combining folk dance to contemporary dance and theatre. Its members are professional dancers and musicians. The group says that they have done for folk dance what Värttinä did for folk music: "updated the tradition, infused it with the energy and the coarse power of expression that folklore has and drug it out of its dusty archives, making it accessible to the people and letting them enjoy it."
The group's artistic directors are Reetta-Kaisa Iles and Tuomas Juntunen.
Tsuumi was founded in 1998. The dance group has staged more than 40 premières and performed on numerous Finnish and foreign stages.

## Tsuumi in Eurovision

Tsuumi performed at the intermission of the Eurovision Song Contest 2007's semifinal. Matti Paloniemi, who also scripted the piece with Tiina Puumalainen, was responsible for choreographing and directing the performance. Hannu Kella composed the music and served as conductor. The performance was based on the Kalevala, Finland's epic tale, and explored Finland's roots in depth.

## Tsuumi Sound System

Tsuumi Sound System is responsible for Tsuumi's music. The group is led by Hannu Kella. It travels the world as its own group, too. The band has published 7 albums: Kesä Tanssii (1999), Risteys (2000), Avoin Kenttä (2002), Rajaton Tapaus (2004), Hotas (2007), Growing Up (2009), Floating Letters(2013) and Blinking Light (2018).
# Kamaura Shahid Smriti High School

Kamaura Shahid Smriti High School (KSSHS) (Bengali: কামউরা শহীদ স্মৃতি বহুমুখী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়) is a secondary school in Ashuganj Upazila of Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh.

## History

Time has witnessed the teachers and the students of KSSHS have started their journey with huge struggle in 1993. In January 1993 there was no room to start the class of its students; the authority had managed some a room of Kamaura Govt. Primary School and a Bangla Ghor of bashutara to start its classes. Even in 2000 many teachers has taken classes in rooms without fence. Though there were many infrastructural limitations but the teachers and the authority were very much sincere about the quality of education from the very beginning of this institution.

## Alumni

KSSHS Alumni Association fosters a lifelong spirit of belonging and pride by connecting alumni, students, and friends to KSSHS. The Alumni Association advocates for the school and its alumni with a credible, independent, and collaborative voice.
# Guo Wei Zhong

Guo Wei Zhong is a paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category F42 high and long jump events.
Guo Wei Zhong has competed in both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics, on both occasion he competed in the long jump and won silver in the high jump.
# Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum

32°49′48″N 34°58′17″E﻿ / ﻿32.83000°N 34.97139°E﻿ / 32.83000; 34.97139
The Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum (Hebrew: מוזיאון ההעפלה וחיל הים ע"ש דוד הכהן‎) is a technical history museum located in Haifa, Israel.
The museum covers the maritime history of Israel – from clandestine immigration during the British Mandate for Palestine through the history of the Israeli navy since its inception.
The museum is named after David HaCohen, one of the leaders of the Jewish Yishuv. It was established by Colonel Yoske Coral and opened to the public in 1969. The museum is run by the Israeli Ministry of Defense. It stands next to the Israeli National Maritime Museum, dedicated to maritime history and archaeology.

## Exhibits

Remnants of the INS Dakar, an Israeli submarine that disappeared on its voyage to Israel in 1968 and whose wreckage was located in 1999 after several decades of searches, are on display at the museum. The following vessels are on permanent display:
* INS Mivtach, a decommissioned Sa'ar 2-class missile boat
* INS Gal, a retired Gal-class submarine
* INS Af Al Pi Chen, a clandestine immigration ship, built as a Royal Navy Mark 2 Tank Landing Craft in World War II
* INS Dabur, the first Dabur-class patrol boat
* A P 4-class torpedo boat, captured from Egypt in 1973.
The museum also displays the wheel and bell of MTB-203, the motor torpedo boat which launched the fatal torpedo at the USS Liberty during the 1967 USS Liberty incident, killing 25 U.S. Navy sailors. Also on display at the museum is one of the three lifeboats that the USS Liberty launched during the attack. The other two lifeboats were, according to multiple Liberty survivors, machine-gunned and sunk by Israeli motor torpedo boats.
# Artic, Washington

Artic is an unincorporated community in Grays Harbor County, in the U.S. state of Washington.

## History

A post office called Artic was established in 1887, and remained in operation until July 31, 1907. The community was named for Mrs. Arta Saunders. A recording error by postal officials accounts for the error in spelling, which was never corrected.
# Huawen Group

Huawen Group (Chinese: 华闻传媒; lit. 'China News Media') is a publicly listed Chinese holding company in the media sector. It is one of the 500 components of the SZSE Component Index, as well as the sub-index SZSE 300 Index and SZSE 100 Index.

## Acquisitions

In 2006, the company acquired the commercial brokerage rights of the Securities Times (a newspaper under state-owned People's Daily) for 30 years.
In 2016, Huawen Media Investment subscribed the new shares of China International Broadcasting Network. (CIBN, traded as Chinese: 国广东方网络（北京）有限公司.) After the deal, Huawen Media owned a 30.9996% stake, while Global Broadcasting Media Group owned a 34% stake and was the largest shareholder. Global Broadcasting Media Group was also the indirect major shareholder of Huawen Media Investment.

## Shareholders

The largest shareholder of the company was (Chinese: 国广环球资产管理有限公司; lit. 'Global Broadcasting Asset Management') with 11.15% of the shares. Global Broadcasting Asset Management is a subsidiary (58.0344%) of Global Broadcasting Media Group (Chinese: 国广环球传媒控股有限公司). Global Broadcasting Media Group is a joint venture (50–50) of state-owned broadcasting company China Radio International with a private company.
# Piotr Pac

Piotr Pac (Lithuanian: Petras Pacas) (after 1570–1642) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, Lithuanian Court Chorąży from 1613, Lithuanian Court Treasurer from 1635, Voivode of Trakai (1640–1642).
He took part in the Battle of Kircholm in 1605. In 1607 he took part in the commission setting borders between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Duchy of Courland.
* This biographical article about a member of the Lithuanian nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This biography of a Polish noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Du Bois singularity

In algebraic geometry, Du Bois singularities are singularities of complex varieties studied by Du Bois.
Schwede gave the following characterisation of Du Bois singularities. Suppose that $X$ is a reduced closed subscheme of a smooth scheme $Y$.
Take a log resolution $\pi :Z\to Y$ of $X$ in $Y$ that is an isomorphism outside $X$, and let $E$ be the reduced preimage of $X$ in $Z$. Then $X$ has Du Bois singularities if and only if the induced map ${\mathcal {O}}_{X}\to R\pi _{*}{\mathcal {O}}_{E}$ is a quasi-isomorphism.
# Shirley Stobs

Shirley Anne Stobs (born May 20, 1942) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. She competed at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, where she received a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay, together with her teammates Joan Spillane, Carolyn Wood and Chris von Saltza. She and her relay teammates set a new world record of 4:08.9 in the event final.
# SSE 50 Index

SSE 50 Index is the stock index of Shanghai Stock Exchange, representing the top 50 companies by "float-adjusted" capitalization and other criteria. In order to qualify as a constituent of SSE 50 Index, it must be a constituent of SSE 180 Index, thus SSE 50 is a subindex of SSE 180 Index. SSE 50 Index is also a subset of SSE Composite Index, which included all stock.
SSE 50 was regarded as a blue-chip index of the exchange.

## Constituents

As of 23 February 2024, the index constituents are:
| Name | Ticker symbol |
| China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | SSE: 600028 |
| CITIC Securities | SSE: 600030 |
| Sany Heavy Industries | SSE: 600031 |
| China Merchants Bank | SSE: 600036 |
| Poly Real Estate | SSE: 600048 |
| China United Network Communications Limited | SSE: 600050 |
| TBEA Co., Ltd. | SSE: 600089 |
| SAIC Motor | SSE: 600104 |
| China Northern Rare Earth | SSE: 600111 |
| China CSSC Holdings Limited | SSE: 600150 |
| Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals | SSE: 600276 |
| Wanhua Chemical Group | SSE: 600309 |
| NARI Technology | SSE: 600406 |
| Zhangzhou Pientzehuang Pharmaceutical | SSE: 600436 |
| Tongwei Company | SSE: 600438 |
| Kweichow Moutai | SSE: 600519 |
| Haier Smart Home | SSE: 600690 |
| Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory | SSE: 600809 |
| Yili Group | SSE: 600887 |
| AECC Aviation Power | SSE: 600893 |
| China Yangtze Power | SSE: 600900 |
| China Three Gorges Renewables | SSE: 600905 |
| LONGi Green Energy Technology | SSE: 601012 |
| China Shenhua Energy | SSE: 601088 |
| Industrial Bank | SSE: 601166 |
| Shaanxi Coal Industry | SSE: 601225 |
| Agricultural Bank of China | SSE: 601288 |
| Ping An Insurance | SSE: 601318 |
| China Railway Group Limited | SSE: 601390 |
| Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | SSE: 601398 |
| China Pacific Insurance Company | SSE: 601601 |
| China Life Insurance | SSE: 601628 |
| Great Wall Motor Company | SSE: 601633 |
| China State Construction Engineering | SSE: 601668 |
| Power Construction Corporation of China | SSE: 601669 |
| China Telecom | SSE: 601728 |
| PetroChina | SSE: 601857 |
| China Tourism Group Duty Free Corporation | SSE: 601888 |
| Zijin Mining Group | SSE: 601899 |
| Cosco Shipping | SSE: 601919 |
| Bank of China | SSE: 601988 |
| WuXi AppTec | SSE: 603259 |
| Foshan Haitian Flavouring & Food Co | SSE: 603288 |
| Will Semiconductor | SSE: 603501 |
| Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt | SSE: 603799 |
| GigaDevice | SSE: 603986 |
| Beijing Kingsoft Office Software | SSE: 688111 |
| Hygon Information Technology | SSE: 688041 |
| Trina Solar | SSE: 688599 |
| Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation | SSE: 688981 |
# Darreh Jehud

Darreh Jehud (Persian: دره جهود, also Romanized as Darreh Jehūd) is a village in Dehdez Rural District, Dehdez District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 89, in 15 families.
# Frederick Teiwes

Frederick Carl Teiwes (born 1939) is an American-born Australian sinologist. He held a personal chair as professor emeritus in Government and International Relations at Sydney University until his retirement in 2006. He is especially known for his detailed studies, together with Warren Sun, on the history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) elite politics.

## Biography

Teiwes was born in Mt. Vernon, New York on 3 March 1939, and graduated in 1957 from Hastings High School. He graduated from Amherst College in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in European history.

## Career

After graduation, Teiwes worked as a journalist at Providence Journal in Westerly, Rhode Island. He then enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University, where he adopted a focus on the politics of China. He worked for a year at Columbia’s Research Institute on Communist Affairs and then lived in Hong Kong, conducting research at the Universities Service Centre for China Studies for his thesis "Rectification campaigns and purges in Communist China, 1950-61". Teiwes received his doctorate in 1971.
Teiwes taught at Cornell University for three years beginning in 1969. In 1972, he accepted a research appointment at the Australian National University in Canberra. In 1976, he accepted a position at Sydney University, where he remained.
At his retirement dinner, David Shambaugh said Teiwes was considered a giant in his field, stating "His published contributions have been seminal and personal presence considerable…I do not think I know of another researcher in our field with higher evidentiary standards. This professional trait has lodged Fred's studies in the prized 'definitive' category."
In 2013 he shifted the focus of his research to the era of Deng Xiaoping.

## Publications

* Teiwes, Frederick C. Leadership, Legitimacy, and Conflict in China: From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1984.
* Teiwes, F, Politics at Mao’s Court (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990)
* Teiwes, F, Politics and Purges in China (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).
* Teiwes, F, Warren Sun The Tragedy of Lin Biao, Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996)
* Teiwes, F, Sun, W. China’s Road to Disaster (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999)
* Teiwes, F., Sun, W. The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972-1976. (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007).
# Pedro Bobadilla

Pedro Bobadilla Escobar (25 April 1865, Villeta – 21 April 1942) was Vice President of Paraguay under Eduardo Schaerer from 1912 to 1916. He had previously been Minister of Worship, Justice, and Public Education as well as being a Superior Court Judge. He had initially been educated in the Church at a seminary and was born in Villeta.
# Wadi Dawkah

Wādī Dawkah (Arabic: وادي دوكة) is a wadi in Dhofar, Oman. Beside its headwater there is a park with vast vegetation of frankincense trees, which has been a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Land of Frankincense since 2000.
# Hai Rui (basketball)

Hai Rui (海瑞; born October 1985), is a professional basketball player from China. Hai formerly played for the Shanghai Sharks as a forward.
# Cacophis

Cacophis is a genus of venomous snakes, commonly known as crowned snakes, in the family Elapidae. The genus is endemic to Australia.

## Description

All species of Cacophis have a distinct "crown" pattern on the head, which gives them their common names. They are venomous, but not dangerous to people.

## Species

The following four species are recognized as being valid.
* Cacophis churchilli Wells & Wellington, 1985 – northern dwarf crowned snake – northeastern Queensland
* Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869 – white-crowned snake – eastern Queensland, northeastern New South Wales
* Cacophis krefftii Günther, 1863 – dwarf crowned snake – southeastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales
* Cacophis squamulosus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – golden-crowned snake – eastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory
Nota bene: In the above list, a binomial authority in parentheses indicate that the species was originally described in a genus other than Cacophis.

## Distribution and habitat

Species of Cacophis are distributed along eastern Australia. They inhabit a variety of forest types, from woodland to rainforest.

## Behaviour

Cacophis species are generally nocturnal and feed on lizards and reptile eggs.
# Keiichi Aichi

Keiichi Aichi (愛知 敬一, Aichi Keiichi, July 25, 1880 – June 23, 1923) was a Japanese physicist. He served as a professor of the physics department at the College of Science, Tohoku Imperial University.
Aichi was born in Tokyo in 1880 and studied theoretical physics at University of Tokyo. He graduated in 1903 and in 1905 moved to Kyoto where he became an assistant professor at Kyoto University. Between 1908 and 1911 he studied in Germany and in 1912 defended his PhD at Tohoku Imperial University with recommendations from the chancellor. Soon after, he assumed the post of professor at the university's then newly established College of Science. In 1922, he served as an interpreter during the visit of Albert Einstein in Japan. Aichi died from food poisoning in 1923.
His son was the politician Kiichi Aichi, who served consecutively as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance.

## Books

* Jitsuyō kōtō sūgaku 『実用高等数学』 (co-authored with Takejirō Sumio (角尾 猛次郎, Sumio Takejirō)) Dainippon Tosho, 1909
* Shizen no bi to megumi: Kagaku sōwa 『自然の美と恵—科学叢話』 (Beauty and grace of nature: Science stories) Maruzen, 1917
* Rikigaku 『力学』 (Mechanics) Shōkabō, 1919
* Hōshanō gairon 『放射能概論』 (Introduction to Radiation) Maruzen, 1920
* Denkigaku no taito Faradē no den 『電気学の泰斗ファラデーの伝』 (Story of Faraday – the father of electricity) Iwanami Shoten, 1922
* Denshi no jijoden: Tsūzoku denki kōwa 『電子の自叙伝—通俗電気講話』 Shōkabō, 1922
* Rironbutsurigaku 『理論物理学』 (Theoretical Physics) Shōkabō, 1924

### Translations

* Carl Friedrich Gauss' Theory of Potential 「ポテンチヤル論」 (co-translated with Junzō Ōkubo (大久保 準三, Ōkubo Junzō), Tohoku Imperial University Edition Kagaku meichoshū 『科学名著集』 4, Maruzen, 1913