OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nobiles

The nobiles (sg. nobilis, transl. 'noble', 'noteworthy') were members of a social rank in the Roman Republic indicating that one was "well known". This may have changed over time: in Cicero's time, one was notable if one descended from a person who had been elected consul. In earlier periods and more broadly, this may have included a larger group consisting of those who were patricians, were descended from patricians who had become plebeians via transitio ad plebem, or were descended from plebeians who had held curule offices.

## History

The nobiles emerged after the Conflict of the Orders established legal equality between patricians and plebeians, allowing plebeians to hold all the magistracies; the state of being "known" was connected to the nobiles's rights to funeral masks (Latin: imagines) and actors in aristocratic funeral processions. However, the term is largely unattested to in the middle Republic, having been introduced in the late Republic as a description rather than a status. Earning such a mask required holding one of the qualifying curule magistracies.
These elections meant the republican nobility was not entirely closed. Nor in the republic did nobiles enjoy special legal privileges. In the later Republic, one who became noble was termed a novus homo (English: new man), an unusual achievement. Two of the most famous examples of these self-made "new men" were Gaius Marius, who held the consulship seven times, and Cicero. While wholly new men were rare, the political elite as a whole turned over as some families were unable to win elections over multiple generations and other families became more prominent, creating slow-moving and osmotic change.
The prestige of the nobiles was connected directly to their election to high office by the people. During the Roman Republic, the nobiles never held less than about 70 per cent of the consulships over longer periods; by the time of Cicero, the nobiles as a whole held more than 90 per cent of the consulships, a proportion "remarkably untouched by the most violent political crises". The narrowing of what made someone part of the nobiles occurred around the time of the constitutional reforms of Sulla with its "much larger senate with a proportionately smaller circle of elite senators... many new Italians in the Sullan senate, and the increased number of praetors" leading the elite to close ranks to preserve their prestige.
During the time of Augustus, a nobilis enjoyed easier access to the consulship, with a lowered age requirement perhaps set at 32. Women who descended from Augustan consuls were also regarded as belonging to the Roman nobility. The term still referred to descendants of republican and triumviral consuls, but by the Antonines, most noble families had died out; one of the last were the Acilii Glabriones who survived into the 4th century.
# Luka Lapenda

Luka Lapenda (born 1 January 1988) is a Swiss football forward who played for Grasshopper Club Zürich in the Swiss Super League. In September 2010 he joined FC Croatia of the Swiss 3. Liga (sixth tier).
# Dasrangiin Myagmar

Dasrangiin Myagmar (born 1949) is a Mongolian wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 82 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Chenarestan-e Sofla

Chenarestan-e Sofla (Persian: چنارستان سفلي, also Romanized as Chenārestān-e Soflá; also known as Chenārestān-e Pā’īn) is a village in Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,137, in 214 families.
# William Bertrand

William Bertrand (9 November 1881, Marennes, Charente-Maritime – 7 December 1961, Le Coudray-Macouard) was a French politician. He mas a member of the Radical Party and served as a cabinet minister, as a member of the Chamber of Deputies and as a Senator, representing Charente-Maritime.
On 10 July 1940, he voted in favour of granting the cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France.
# Ancy-Dornot

Ancy-Dornot (French pronunciation:; German: Anzig-Dorningen) is a commune in the Moselle department of northeastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Ancy-sur-Moselle and Dornot.
# Turbonilla mediocris

Turbonilla mediocris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 3 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations:
* European waters (ERMS scope)
* Atlantic Ocean: off Senegal.
# Tommy Asinga

Tommy Asinga (born 20 November 1968) is a former track and field athlete from Suriname.
Asinga trained in the United States, attending Eastern Michigan University from 1991 to 1994, where he won All-American honors five times.
Asinga competed at three Olympic Games, representing Suriname: in 1988 at Seoul, in 1992 at Barcelona (where he was Suriname's flag bearer in the opening ceremonies) and in 1996 in Atlanta.
Asinga won the bronze medal in the 800 metres at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba. That same year, he also took the silver medal 800 metres run at the 1991 NCAA Outdoor Championships. Asinga placed sixth in the 1992 NCAA Indoor Championships. In 1993, Asinga was the anchor leg on the winning Eastern Michigan University team for the 4 × 800 meter relay at the NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships. Asinga also won the silver medal in the Mid-American Conference outdoor 400 metres in three consecutive years in 1992, 1993 and 1994.
After graduating from Eastern Michigan University, Asinga went to Tuskegee University's School of Veterinary Medicine, and is now a practicing veterinarian in Lusaka, Zambia. He is the husband of Zambian former sprinter Ngozi Mwanamwambwa and the father of Surinamese sprinter Issam Asinga.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Suriname ||||||
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | – | 800 m | DQ |
| 1991 | Universiade | Sheffield, United Kingdom | 8th | 800 m | 1:48.14 |
| 1991 | Universiade | Sheffield, United Kingdom | 23rd (h) | 1500 m | 3:57.42 |
| 1991 | Pan American Games | Havana, Cuba | 9th (h) | 400 m | 46.89 |
| 1991 | Pan American Games | Havana, Cuba | 3rd | 800 m | 1:47.24 |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 17th (h) | 800 m | 1:47.33 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 13th (sf) | 800 m | 1:46.78 |
| 1993 | Universiade | Buffalo, United States | 7th | 800 m | 1:51.58 |
| 1993 | Central American and Caribbean Games | Ponce, Puerto Rico | 4th | 800 m | 1:50.60 |
| 1995 | World Indoor Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 18th (h) | 800 m | 1:51.83 |
| 1995 | Pan American Games | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 11th (h) | 800 m | 1:50.72 |
| 1995 | South American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 7th | 400 m | 48.81 |
| 1995 | South American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 4th | 800 m | 1:50.49 |
| 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 42nd (h) | 800 m | 1:51.60 |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 37th (h) | 800 m | 1:48.29 |
# Manuel Kubli

Manuel Kubli (born 9 April 1995) is a Swiss footballer who plays for FC Rapperswil-Jona.
# Generated collection

In music theory, a generated collection is a collection or scale formed by repeatedly adding a constant interval in integer notation, the generator, also known as an interval cycle, around the chromatic circle until a complete collection or scale is formed. All scales with the deep scale property can be generated by any interval coprime with the number of notes per octave. (Johnson, 2003, p. 83)
The C major diatonic collection can be generated by adding a cycle of perfect fifths (C7) starting at F: F-C-G-D-A-E-B = C-D-E-F-G-A-B. Using integer notation and 12-tone equal temperament, the standard tuning of Western music: 5 + 7 = 0, 0 + 7 = 7, 7 + 7 = 2, 2 + 7 = 9, 9 + 7 = 4, 4 + 7 = 11.
The C major scale could also be generated using cycle of perfect fourths (C5), as 12 minus any coprime of twelve is also coprime with twelve: 12 − 7 = 5. B-E-A-D-G-C-F.
A generated collection for which a single generic interval corresponds to the single generator or interval cycle used is a MOS (for "moment of symmetry") or well formed generated collection. For example, the diatonic collection is well formed, for the perfect fifth (the generic interval 4) corresponds to the generator 7. Though not all fifths in the diatonic collection are perfect (B-F is a diminished fifth), a well formed generated collection has only one specific interval between scale members (in this case 6)—which corresponds to the generic interval (4, a fifth) but to not the generator (7). The major and minor pentatonic scales are also well formed. (Johnson, 2003, p. 83)
The properties of generated and well-formedness were described by Norman Carey and David Clampitt in "Aspects of Well-Formed Scales" (1989), (Johnson, 2003, p. 151.) In earlier (1975) work, theoretician Erv Wilson defined the properties of the idea, and called such a scale a MOS, an acronym for "Moment of Symmetry". While unpublished until it appeared online in 1999, this paper was widely distributed and well known throughout the microtonal music community, which adopted the term. The paper also remains more inclusive of further developments of the concept. For instance, the three-gap theorem implies that every generated collection has at most three different steps, the intervals between adjacent tones in the collection (Carey 2007).
A degenerate well-formed collection is a scale in which the generator and the interval required to complete the circle or return to the initial note are equivalent and include all scales with equal notes, such as the whole-tone scale. (Johnson, 2003, p. 158, n. 14)
A bisector is a more general concept used to create collections that cannot be generated but includes all collections which can be generated.
# Battle of Ibarra (1812)

vteEcuadorian War of Independence :
Quito Revolution (1809-1812)
Ibarra (1812)
Free Province of Guayaquil (1820-1821)
October 9 Revolution
Camino Real
Huachi (1820)
Sucre's campaign (1821-1823)
Yaguachi
Huachi (1821)
Pichincha
Pasto Campaign :
The First Battle of Ibarra occurred in the vicinity of the city of Ibarra, Ecuador, between 27 November and 1 December 1812. The event, which is part of the Spanish American Wars of Independence, pitted the troops of the State of Quito against those of the Spanish Empire. The battle was a decisive victory for the Spanish and resulted in the disappearance of the short-lived nation that had been born in the territory of the Royal Audiencia of Quito, after the Quito revolt of 10 August 1809, which had declared itself independent from Spain on 11 October 1811.

## Prelude

The city of Quito was in open rebellion against Spain, and had created the independent State of Quito on 15 February 1812. Spain reacted by appointing General Toribio Montes president of the Royal Audiencia of Quito and commander-in-chief of the army in the province. After an initial victory for the Patriot troops in the Battle of Chimbo (25 July), Montes' army advanced to Mocha where the Junta troops were defeated on 3 September. After that, the Spanish army advanced north, and after a weak but brave resistance at El Panecillo led by Carlos Montúfar, Montes finally entered Quito and took possession of the Presidency of the Audiencia on 8 November.

## The Battle

Before his arrival, the insurgents had fled north. The Patriot army was reorganized, gathering in Ibarra about 1,200 men under the command of Colonel Calderón. There they learned that Spanish troops, under the command of Colonel Juan de Sámano, were in Atuntaqui. Sámano cunningly proposed an agreement to the patriots, but they later realized his deception and prepared to fight in the nearby town of San Antonio on 27 November 1812. Despite having been close to victory, certain tactical errors caused the patriots to retreat again to Ibarra, making a last stand against the Royalists on 1 December, on the shores of the Yahuarcocha lagoon.
That day, the last insurgent stronghold was defeated and the captured patriots, after a summary trial, were put to death, although some were able to escape to Esmeraldas with the idea of joining the patriots of Cauca.
# Gnomidolon lansbergei

Gnomidolon lansbergei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1867.
# Gymnogaster

Gymnogaster is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single secotioid species Gymnogaster boletoides, found in Australia. The fungus produces bright yellow fruit bodies with a light brown internal gleba, and the fruit bodies turn blue then dark brown after bruising or handling.

## Taxonomy and classification

The genus was circumscribed by Joan Cribb in 1956, based on specimens she found growing in the woods of Mount Glorious, Queensland in February the previous year. The genus differs from the similar Secotium in that it lacks a peridium. Cribb initially placed the genus within the Secotiaceae family, but this has since been made synonymous with the Agaricaceae. In his second (1962) edition of his influential Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Rolf Singer placed Gymnogaster in the Gastroboletaceae, (a family that has since been folded into the Boletaceae), in which he also included the genera Austrogaster, Truncocolumella, Gautieria, Chamonixia, Brauniellula, and Gastroboletus.

## Description

The fruit body is shaped roughly like a flattened sphere, about 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide and 2.2 cm (0.9 in) high (excluding the stipe). The base of the fruit body is depressed and rounded, yellow; at the apex, the fixed part is russet red. The stipe is yellow on the outside but white within, projecting into the fruit body; it is 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, and solid. The columella (a central sterile portion) is white and 7 mm (0.28 in) wide. The gleba is cellular, pale brown, and composed of labyrinthoid cells that are up to 1 mm in diameter. The flesh is 50–70 μm thick, with a wide expanse of woven hyphae. The spores are elliptical or ovate, brown, smooth, and measure 9.5–13 by 5.6–7.0 μm. The basidia are four-spored.
Fruit bodies of G. boletoides will turn bright blue immediately upon being handled or bruised, and slowly change color to dark brown. This is similar to the color reaction that occurs in several bolete mushrooms.

## Habitat and distribution

Gymnogaster boletoides is suspected to be an ectomycorrhizal species. The fungus grows in wooded areas, and has been collected in Mount Glorious, Queensland, including Lamington National Park.
# The Rolling Stones 2nd American Tour 1964

The Rolling Stones' 1964 2nd American Tour was a concert tour by the band. The tour commenced on October 24 and concluded on November 15, 1964. On this tour, the band supported their album 12 X 5.

## The Rolling Stones

* Mick Jagger – lead vocals, percussion, harmonica
* Keith Richards – guitar, backing vocals
* Brian Jones – guitar, harmonica, backing vocals
* Bill Wyman – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Charlie Watts – drums

## Tour set list

* "Not Fade Away"
* "Walking the Dog"
* "If You Need Me"
* "Carol"
* "Time Is On My Side"
* "Around and Around
* "Tell Me"
* "It's All Over Now"
* "Hi-Heel Sneakers"
* "You Can Make It If You Try"
* "I'm A King Bee"
* "I'm Alright"

## Tour dates

* 24/10/1964 New York City, New York, Academy of Music (2 shows)
* 26/10/1964 Sacramento, California, Memorial Auditorium
* 31/10/1964 San Bernardino, California, Swing Auditorium
* 01/11/1964 Long Beach, California, Civic Auditorium
* 02/11/1964 San Diego, California, Balboa Park Bowl
* 03/11/1964 Cleveland, Ohio, Public Hall
* 04/11/1964 Providence, Rhode Island, Loews Theater
* 11/11/1964 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Auditorium (without Brian Jones)
* 12/11/1964 Fort Wayne, Indiana, War Memorial Coliseum (without Brian Jones)
* 13/11/1964 Dayton, Ohio, Wampler's Hara Arena (without Brian Jones)
* 14/11/1964 Louisville, Kentucky, Memorial Auditorium (2 shows) (without Brian Jones)
* 15/11/1964 Chicago, Illinois, Arie Crown Theatre
# Brendle's

Brendle's was a chain of catalog showrooms based in Elkin, North Carolina, USA. Its showrooms carried jewelry, toys, sporting goods, and electronics. At its peak in 1990, Brendle's operated 58 showrooms in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and Tennessee.
The company announced it was closing in 1996 a few months after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for a second time.

## History

The company began in 1918 as SW&Y Supply, a wholesale grocery-distributing business. In 1953, Douglas D. Brendle, the grandson of the company's founder, joined the business. He began stocking toys and houseware items, turning its Elkin warehouse into its first wholesale showroom. In 1957, Brendle began publishing the company's first catalog.
At its peak in 1990, Brendle's had 3,000 employees, and 58 stores.
The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992, closing six stores. Douglas Brendle retired in 1995.
Brendle's then filed for Chapter 11 for a second time in April 1996. The company, whose struggles mirrored Service Merchandise, pared down to 12 stores and tried to refocus on home goods, crafts and party items while eliminating consumer electronics, toys and sporting goods. However, realizing that there wasn't nearly enough time for the new strategy to take hold, company officials ultimately decided to go out of business in December.
# Charif Damage

Charif Damage (born 1921) was a Lebanese wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman lightweight at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Matt Galloway

Matt Galloway (born 1970) is a Canadian radio personality, who debuted in January 2020 as the host of The Current on CBC Radio One. Previously, he was the host of Metro Morning on the network's Toronto station CBLA-FM from 2010 to 2019. Galloway succeeded Andy Barrie as host of Metro Morning effective March 1, 2010. Galloway has also been heard nationally as a host of Canada Live and Podcast Playlist, and as an occasional guest host of The Current prior to his selection as the program's permanent host.

## Early life and education

Galloway was born in Newmarket, Ontario to a European-Canadian mother and an African-American father, and raised in Kimberley, Ontario. He is a 1994 graduate of York University in Toronto.

## Career

Galloway took over as the new permanent host of The Current on January 6, 2020, succeeding Anna Maria Tremonti to become the national current affairs programme's second permanent host. Galloway's final day as host of Metro Morning was on December 6, 2019.
From 2004 through February 2010 Galloway hosted Here and Now, CBLA's local afternoon program.
Before he became a CBC Radio host he wrote for Toronto alternative weekly NOW, worked as music director for campus radio station CHRY-FM, and was a freelance producer on Brave New Waves.

## Personal life

Galloway is an avid cyclist and lives in Toronto with his wife and two daughters.
# Julian Toganivalu

Ratu Julian Nasaroa Brown Toganivalu (1932 – 5 December 1977) was a Fijian chief, civil servant and politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives for three days in 1977.

## Biography

Toganivalu was the third son of Legislative Council member Ratu George Toganivalu, and Alice Irene Toganivalu (née Miller).
He enlisted in the Fijian Military Forces and at the age of 19 became the first Fijian to attend the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He later worked as a civil servant and was seconded to Nauru, where he was appointed chief executive of the Local Government Council.
In 1968 Toganivalu resigned from the civil service to join the Indo-Fijian-dominated Federation Party, becoming its organising secretary. He subsequently became a member of its successor, the National Federation Party, Toganivalu was elected to the House of Representatives as a member of the Flower faction of the party in the September 1977 elections. He was proposed as Leader of the Opposition by K. C. Ramrakha, but Jai Ram Reddy was appointed instead. He died in December the same year only three days after being sworn into office.
# Callimetopus nigritarsis

Callimetopus nigritarsis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1865. It is known from Moluccas.
# Ajloun Governorate

Ajloun Governorate (alternative spelling Ajlun Governorate) (Arabic: محافظة عجلون) is one of the governorates of Jordan, located north of Amman the capital of Jordan. Ajloun Governorate has the fourth highest population density in Jordan (after Irbid, Jerash, and Balqa Governorates) with a population density of 350.1 people/km$^2$ (2012 estimate). It is bordered by Jerash Governorate from the south east and Irbid Governorate from the north and west.

## Administrative divisions

Article 14 of the Administrative Divisions System of the Ministry of Interior divides Ajloun Governorate into two departments.
* Capital Department: includes 50 towns and villages, with its administrative center in Ajloun.
* Kofranjah Department: includes 19 towns and villages, its administrative center is in Kofranjah.

## History

During the Crusades, a general of Saladin, Izz Al-Din Osama, built a fortress on Mount Ouff. The region also hosts the famous Ajlun Castle (previously called Qal'at Salah Ad-Dein). The castle was built as a garrison structure to protect Ajloun's strategic location from crusaders.
Along with Balqa and Karak governorates, Ajloun was formerly a united sanjak of the Ottoman Empire.

## Climate

Ajloun is known for its high elevation, which makes it one of the coolest cities in Jordan, with an average maximum temperature during January of 8.2 degrees Celsius, and a minimum average temperature of 2.8 degrees Celsius. Snow is common during the winter.

## Demographics

The population of districts according to census results:
| District | Population (Census 1994) | Population (Census 2004) | Population (Census 2015) |
| Ajloun Governorate | 94,548 | 118,725 | 176,080 |
| Kufranjah | 20,809 | 27,107 | 38,260 |
| Qaṣabah 'Ajlūn | 73,739 | 91,618 | 137,820 |

## Economy

The governorate depends mainly on agriculture. In 2008, olive, grape and fruit farms constituted a total area of 141.4 km$^2$ which is 34% of the area of Ajloun Governorate.

## Education

There are 28 primary and secondary schools in Ajloun, most of them being public institutions, such as Ajloun University College (a public college) and Ajloun National University, a small private university.

## Major villages

Notable towns and villages in Ajloun (other than Ajloun self) include Ibbeen (Ebeen), Sakhra, Mrajjam, Rasoun, Rajeb, Ain Janna, Kufranji, Anjara and Al Hashimiyya.

## Gallery

* The town of Al Hashimiyya in Ajloun Governorate
* The town of Al Wahadinah
* Forests surround Ajloun
* Nahias of Ajloun
* Olive farms in a village in Ajloun