OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maciej Ziętara

Maciej Tadeusz Ziętara (born 1971 in Kielce) is a Polish translator, civil servant and diplomat, serving as Poland Ambassador to Colombia (2012–2016) and Mexico (2018–2024).

## Life

Maciej Ziętara has graduated from Hispanic studies at the University of Warsaw (M.A., 1994). He was studying also at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1997).
He was working as a literary critic at the Literatura na Świecie (World Literature) and as a translator of Spanish-language literature. He was awarded by the Association of Polish Translators and Interpreters.
In 1999, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Between 2002 and 2003 he was head of the Latin America Unit, responsible for bilateral cooperation with Mexico, Cuba and Middle America as well as representing Poland at the NATO and European Union groups for Latin America. From 2003 to 2009 he was working at the embassy in Santiago de Chile as Second, and First Secretary for political, cultural and consular affairs; since 2008 he has been chargé d'affaires. Between 2009 and 2012 he was back at the MFA desk officer for Cuba, Venezuela and the Caribbean.
On 3 August 2012 he was nominated an ambassador to Colombia, presenting his letter of credence to minister María Ángela Holguín on 19 October 2012. he was accredited also to Panama, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda. He returned to Poland in June 2016. He was in charge of relations with the Andean states. He was also responsible for reopening of the Polish embassy in Panama City. Since 25 August 2018 Maciej Ziętara serves as ambassador to Mexico, accredited to Costa Rica as well. On 30 October 2018, he presented his credentials to the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto, and on 14 November 2018, to the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica Lorena Aguilar Revelo. He ended his term on 31 July 2024.
Besides Polish, he speaks English, Spanish and French languages. He is married, with two daughters.

## Translations

* Zoé Valdés: Oddałam ci całe życie. Maciej Ziętara (trans.). Warszawa: Noir sur Blanc, 1999, pp. 246. ISBN 83-86743-88-3.
* Eliseo Alberto: Caracol Beach. Maciej Ziętara (trans.). Warszawa: Muza, 2001, pp. 278. ISBN 83-7200-964-3.
* Eliseo Alberto: Niech Bóg sprawi, żeby istniał Bóg. Maciej Ziętara (trans.). Warszawa: Muza, 2003, pp. 229. ISBN 83-7319-247-6.
* 101 : 6 poetas polacos contemporáneos. Maciej Ziętara, Mauricio Barrientos (trans.). Santiago de Chile: RIL, 2008, pp. 255. ISBN 978-956-284-603-5.
# Brandsbutt Stone

The Brandsbutt Stone is a class I Pictish symbol stone in Inverurie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

## Description

A large block of whinstone, 1.07 metres (3.5 ft) high, 1.27 metres (4.2 ft) wide and 0.91 metres (3.0 ft) deep, the stone had been broken up and used in building a dry stone wall before 1866. The stone, now reassembled, bears two incised Pictish symbols, a crescent and v-rod and a serpent and z-rod, and an inscription in Ogham, IRATADDOARENS. The carvings of the Brandsbutt Stone are dated to around AD 600. It is a scheduled monument.

## Inscription

The inscription borne by the Brandsbutt Stone, IRATADDOARENS, has been described by Katherine Forsyth as appearing to be "utterly baffling". However, a handful of interpretations have been offered. Suggestions include the possibility that it may contain a corrupted version of the personal name Ethernan. If this is the case, it is likely to refer to the 7th century saint Ethernan about whom little is known but who was apparently venerated by the Picts. He is referred to in an entry from the Annals of Ulster from 669 AD as having been killed by the Picts along with Corindu. It is thought that these names may be P-Celtic and therefore Pictish in origin.
Other examples of the name Ethernan being preserved on Pictish stones include, in Ogham, The Newton Stone (IDDARRNNN), Rodney's Stone (EDDARRNON) and The Scoonie Stone (EDDARRNONN), and, in Latin script, The Fordoun Stone (PIDARNOIN).
The ira- may be a Pictish verb cognate with Breton irha meaning "he lies". However, the existence of this verb is doubtful, according to Rodway.
Thomas Clancy proposed that the text represents the Gaelic phrase i rath Aduarén s- meaning "this is the property of Aduarén here".
# Paasselkä devils

Paasselkä devils (Finnish: Paasselän pirut) are light phenomena sometimes appearing at Lake Paasselkä, Finland and swampy and forested areas nearby the lake.
Paasselkä is a lake formed in an impact crater. There is a magnetic anomaly in the centre of the lake.
The Paasselkä Devil is usually said to be a ball of light visible in the air above Paasselkä or areas nearby. It is said to move at varying speeds on some occasions and to remain stationary at others. Sometimes there are several balls. The "ball of fire" has been said by some locals to act as if it were conscious. It can follow fishermen's boats or escape the light of torch. Sometimes the light moves at incredible speeds.
The light has been visible for a long time; it is a part of local folklore and was given the name "devil". Locals in earlier times may have believed that the ball of light was actually an evil creature. In earlier times local people were used to seeing these lights and did not consider them to be something extraordinary. The lights are still observed occasionally, and have been caught on film and photographed. This light phenomenon became more widely known through a 2006 book by Sulo Strömberg containing stories about the phenomenon.
# Hospital Max Peralta

Hospital Max Peralta is a hospital in Cartago, Costa Rica.
It is named after Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jimenez who graduated from Jefferson Medical College (now Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University) in Philadelphia in 1894. It has 633 beds but often suffers from equipment shortages.
# Max Tetley

Maxwell Joseph Tetley (22 April 1909 – 9 February 1997) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the West Perth Football Club in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL). A defender, he played 210 games for the club between the 1931 and 1941 seasons, playing in the team’s 1932, 1934, 1935 and 1941 premiership sides.
Tetley played a trial match for East Fremantle in 1930 after being recruited from amateur club North Fremantle, but when Cardinals president Alec Breckler offered Tetley employment and he was cleared immediately. Tetley wasted no time establishing himself, for he was named West Perth’s best first-year player in 1931 and a key member of their drought-breaking premiership team the following season, when he also won his only Breckler Medal for the club’s fairest-and-best.
In the following season, Tetley played for Western Australia in the 1933 Sydney Carnival, and was to play fourteen games for his State over the following six seasons. His reputation as a hard and strong defender grew over the years, and Tetley was a crucial factor in holding East Fremantle and Subiaco to extremely modest scores in the 1934 and 1935 Grand Finals, which produced as of 2014 the Cardinals’ only back-to-back premierships.
Although the following five seasons were extremely lean for the club, Tetley maintained his reputation as a tough defender so well that he captained the State team in 1937 and 1938, besides being captain-coach of the Cardinals in 1938 and 1939. However, Tetley’s two years in charge of West Perth were an unmitigated disaster, with the Cardinals winning a total of four matches and finishing a clear last both seasons – in the process suffering the equal-worst losing streak in WANFL history. The club suffered severely from the retirement of Ted Flemming and the loss of future Essendon champion Wally Buttsworth, along with a crippling run of injuries. Tetley continued to play in 1940 under future politician Ross Hutchinson, but like his contemporary Tyson contemplated retirement in 1941 before staying on and helping a Cardinal team rebuilt with young players like Stan Heal, Bill Kingsbury and “Spike” Pola to a surprise premiership win over East Fremantle.
With the WANFL competition restricted to players under eighteen from 1942 to 1944, Tetley was forced into retirement and, unlike Tyson and a number of other pre-war stars, did not make any comeback after the war.
Tetley died in Mount Hawthorn, a northern suburb of Perth, in 1997, aged 87. In 2004, he was an inaugural member of the Western Australian Football Hall of Fame.
# Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser

EVB Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser GmbH is a German railway and bus company offering passenger and freight services that is headquartered in Zeven and Bremervörde. The company was created in 1981 by the merger of the two companies Wilstedt-Zeven-Tostedter Eisenbahn GmbH (founded in 1912) and Bremervörde-Osterholzer Eisenbahn GmbH (founded in 1907).
Between 1991 and 1993, the company acquired further railway lines from the Deutsche Bundesbahn and merged with the Buxtehude-Harsefelder Eisenbahn in 1993, so that the total network length reached 285 km (177 mi).
The company offers a passenger rail service between Bremerhaven and Hamburg via Bremervörde that carries one million passengers per year. It also operates seventeen bus lines with four million passengers per year as well as freight services between Bremerhaven, Bremen and Hamburg. Using rented Siemens Dispolok locomotives, it also operates freight trains to Southern Germany. During the summer months, a heritage railway service between Bremervörde and Osterholz-Scharmbeck, called the Moorexpress, is in operation.

## Stations served

The current (as of 2012) EVB passenger line leads from Bremerhaven Hbf via Bremervörde to Buxtehude.
The current stations are:
* Bremerhaven Hbf (owned and operated by DB)
* Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf (DB station)
* Sellstedt
* Wehdel
* Geestenseth
* Frelsdorf
* Heinschenwalde
* Oerel
* Bremervörde (EVB depot and interchange to the Moorexpress)
* Hesedorf
* Kutenholz
* Brest-Aspe
* Bargstedt
* Harsefeld
* Ruschwedel
* Apensen
* Buxtehude (DB station, connection to Hamburg S-Bahn)
Stations beyond Buxtehude formerly served (until Dec 08, 2007):
* Neu Wulmstorf (DB station)
* Hamburg-Neugraben (DB station)
# Vjesci

A vjesci (Polish: wieszczy) is a vampire in Polish folklore. According to legend, some people are born with the destiny of becoming vjesci, discernable by a caul located on the newborn's head. In order to prevent these individuals from becoming a vjesci, the caul was removed, dried, ground and fed to the person on their seventh birthday. Typically, vjesci were said to be indistinguishable from humans, although in some stories, they had a ruddy complexion and an excitable nature. At the time of their death, a vjesci would refuse to take the sacrament. Their body would cool closely, and their limbs would remain limber. Their lips and cheeks would remain red, and spots of blood often appeared under their fingernails and on the face.
According to legend, the vjesci did not die, instead returning to life at midnight after its burial and eating its clothes and some of his own flesh. The vampire would leave the grave and return home to eat its family and neighbors. After visiting its relatives, it would go to the local church and ring the church bell. Those who heard the bell were supposedly destined to be the vampire's next victims.

## Preventing an attack

According to folklore, there were certain ways to protect against a vjesci.
* All dying persons must receive the Eucharist.
* Soil was placed inside the coffin and underneath the body to prevent it from returning home.
* A crucifix or coin was placed under the tongue of the corpse for the vampire to suck on.
* A net would sometimes be placed inside the coffin. Supposedly, one knot per year would be untied before the vjesci could rise again.
* Bodies were laid in the coffin face down in belief that the corpse, if it returned to life, would simply dig further into the earth.

## Practices surrounding attacks

If a vampire was believed to have attacked the community, the suspected vjesci's tomb could be opened and the body laid to rest. A nail could be driven through its forehead. However, the more common practice was decapitation of the corpse after which the severed head was placed between the corpse's feet. At the time the head was severed, blood from the wound would be given to anyone who had fallen ill as a result of the vampire's attack, believed to cause their recovery.

## Empty Night

Empty Night (Pustô noc) is the Kashubian name for the ritual that takes place on the last night before the funeral of a deceased person, when people gather in the dead person's house to pray. During the rite, participants would approach the deceased to check if the body was developing features of a vjesci, wupji (or opji), or wraith (ghost).

## Close relatives

The wupji is a very similar legend to the vjesci. The wupji in Kashubia had two teeth instead of a caul at birth and was foreordained to become a vampire. Unlike the vjesci, there was no possibility of altering its destiny. Similarly, the nachzehrer was a vampiric legend said to begin from a child born with a caul, especially if the caul was red. The nachzehrer was also associated with epidemic sickness.
# Pacheh-ye Anjir

Pacheh-ye Anjir (Persian: پاچه انجير, also Romanized as Pācheh-ye Ānjīr) is a village in Boli Rural District, Chavar District, Ilam County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 5 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
# HMS Taku (N38)

HMS Taku was a British T class submarine built by Cammell Laird, Birkenhead. She was laid down on 18 November 1937 and was commissioned on 3 October 1940.

## Career

Taku served in home waters and the Mediterranean. In April 1940, she mistook HMS Ashanti for a German destroyer and fired several torpedoes at her. All the torpedoes missed. In an attack on a German convoy in May, she damaged the German torpedo boat Möwe, and in November, launched a failed attack on the German tanker Gedania.
Assigned to the Mediterranean in 1941, she scored numerous kills, including the Italian merchantmen Cagliari and Silvio Scaroni, the Italian passenger/cargo ship Caldea, the German munitions transport Tilly L. M. Russ, the Italian auxiliary minesweeper Vincenso P., the Italian tankers Arca and Delfin, and the Greek sailing vessels Niki, Lora and a small vessel which was unidentified. She also attacked, but failed to hit, the German merchant ship Menes and the Italian tanker Cerere.
Reassigned to operate off the Scandinavian coast in 1944, Taku sank the German merchantmen Rheinhausen and Hans Bornhofen, and badly damaged the German freighter Harm Fritzen. In March, she attacked a convoy, but missed her target, the ex-Norwegian Kriegsmarine transport Moshill.
Taku struck a mine in April 1944, and was damaged. After the end of the war, she was sold for scrap in November 1946 and broken up in South Wales.
# Emergency Detection System

An Emergency Detection System (EDS) is a system that is used on crewed rocket missions. It monitors critical launch vehicle and spacecraft systems and issues status, warning and abort commands to the crew during their mission to low Earth orbit. It can trigger the Launch Abort System which will take the astronauts to safety.
# Lemhi Shoshone

The Lemhi Shoshone are a tribe of Northern Shoshone, also called the Akaitikka, Agaidika, or "Eaters of Salmon". The name "Lemhi" comes from Fort Lemhi, a Mormon mission to this group. They traditionally lived in the Lemhi River Valley and along the upper Salmon River in Idaho. Bands were very fluid and nomadic, and they often interacted with and intermarried other bands of Shoshone and other tribes, such as the Bannock. Today most of them are enrolled in the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho.

## Traditional culture

The Akaitikka are Numic speakers, speaking the Shoshone language.
Fishing is an important source of food, and salmon, and trout were staples. Gooseberries and camas root, Camassia quamash are traditional vegetable foods for the Lemhi Shoshone. In the 19th century, buffalo hunting provided meat, furs, hides, and other materials.

## History

During the 19th century, the Lemhi Shoshone were allied with the Flatheads and enemies of the Blackfeet. The Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Lemhi at the Three Forks of the Missouri River in 1805. In the 1860s, Indian agents estimated the Lemhi population, which included Shoshone, Bannock, and Tukudeka (Sheepeaters), to be 1,200.
Tendoy was a prominent Lemhi chief in the mid-19th century. He was half-Shoshone and half-Bannock. He became the Lemhi's leading chief in 1863 after Tio-van-du-ah was killed in Bannock County, Idaho.
The Lemhi Reservation, located along the Lemhi River, west of the Bitterroot Range and north of the Lemhi Range was created in 1875 and terminated in 1907. Most of the residents were moved to the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. Others remain near Salmon, Idaho.
Robert Harry Lowie studied the band and published The Northern Shoshone, a monograph about them in 1909.

## Notable Lemhi

* Sacagawea
# Lake Island (British Columbia)

Lake Island is an island on the coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located between Mathieson Channel and Lady Trutch Passage, and is flanked by Dowager Island (to the northwest), Lady Douglas Island (to the west), and a long finger shaped peninsula of the Canadian mainland to the east. Lake Island is not a lake island, as it is in an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and lies only some 6 kilometres from the open sea.
Lake Island is part of a volcanic area called the Milbanke Sound Group and includes monogenetic cinder cones. Basaltic tuff breccias on Lake Island originated from Helmet Peak.
# Xocourt

Xocourt (French pronunciation:, from Lorrain; German: Schollhofen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# William Kerr (Canadian politician)

William Kerr (February 27, 1836 – November 22, 1906) was a lawyer and political figurein Ontario, Canada. He represented Northumberland West in the House of Commons of Canada from 1874 to 1878 as a Liberal member and served in the Senate of Canada from 1899 to 1906.
He was born in Ameliasburg, Upper Canada in 1836, the son of Francis William Kerr, an Irish immigrant, and Olive Shelley, and was educated at Victoria University in Cobourg. Kerr later served as a member of the University's senate and as its bursar. He was called to the bar in 1859 and set up practice in Cobourg. Kerr served on the town council for Cobourg and was mayor from 1867 to 1873. After his re-election in 1874, he was unseated on appeal but won the subsequent by-election. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1876. He ran unsuccessfully for the federal seat in 1878 and 1882. Kerr was named to the Senate in 1899 and died in office in 1906 in Toronto, Ontario.
He married Myra Jane Field, the sister of MPPs John C. and Corelli C. Field. His daughter, Edith Kerr Macdonald (1870–1957), was the first woman to hold a municipal office in Cobourg.
# Ythan Wells

Ythan Wells, also known as Glenmailen, is the site of a Roman military camp, near the farm of Glenmellan, 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) east of the village of Ythanwells in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The site is a designated scheduled monument.
Traces of two marching camps have been found at the site. The larger camp, covering some 42 hectares (100 acres) was discovered in 1785 by Col. Alex Shand. A smaller camp, extending to 13 hectares (32 acres) and partially overlapping the area of the first, was discovered by J. K. St Joseph in 1968. This smaller camp predates the larger and has been dated to the campaigns of Agricola.
The site is situated at the headwaters of the River Ythan, where a series of natural springs supplies potable water, that was convenient for the large marching camp installed here by the Romans in the first few centuries AD.
The Roman legions established a chain of very large forts at Ardoch, Strageath, Inchtuthil, Battledykes, Stracathro and Raedykes, taking the Elsick Mounth on the way to Normandykes, thence proceeding to the northerly camps of Deers Den and Glenmailen.

## National importance

Ythan Wells supports scholars' attempts to understand Roman camps, especially their construction, and how they were organized, used and designed. It also gives clues about how these changed their design over time.
"And their distribution and relationship with each other and with other broadly contemporary monuments in the landscape. This monument can also inform our understanding of the daily lives of Roman soldiers and enhance knowledge of the impact of Roman campaigns on local Iron Age communities and the landscape. The monument at Ythan Wells is particularly valuable because it comprises two superimposed camps of different size and type, and because it is among the northernmost of the Roman camps in Scotland: Ythan Wells I appears to be one of a linear group of particularly large camps in NE Scotland. This camp is also important because part of the defences survive as an upstanding earthwork, indicating high potential for the preservation of important remains, including artefacts and ecofacts. Ythan Wells I was documented by antiquarians in the 18th century, which adds to the understanding of this camp. If this monument were to be lost or damaged, our understanding of Roman camps and our knowledge of Roman military structure and logistics would be significantly diminished."
# Conchopoma

Conchopoma is an extinct genus of lungfish which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian period. Fossils have been found in the United States.
# 1947 in Luxembourg

The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

## Incumbents

| Position | Incumbent |
| Grand Duke | Charlotte |
| Prime Minister | Pierre Dupong |
| President of the Chamber of Deputies | Émile Reuter |
| President of the Council of State | Léon Kauffman |
| Mayor of Luxembourg City | Émile Hamilius |

## Events
### January – March

* 20 January – Pierre Krier dies, precipitating a crisis in the National Union Government.
* 12 February – The National Union Government tenders its resignation.
* 1 March – A centre-right government is formed between the Christian Social People's Party and the Democratic Group under incumbent Prime Minister Pierre Dupong.

### April – June

* 16 April – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is founded, with Luxembourg as one of the sixteen founding members.
* 16 April – The government commits itself to seeking 11.1bn francs in war reparations.
* 28 April – Eugène Rodenbourg is appointed to the Council of State, replacing Jacques Delahaye and Robert Als.
* 16 June – A law is passed granting Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois management of the national railway network for 99 years.

### October – December

* 20 October – A law is passed conferring family welfare benefits on all employees.

## Births

* 31 August – Guy Rewenig, writer
* 19 September Roger Gilson, cyclist
* 20 December – Georges Schroeder, member of the Council of State

## Deaths

* 4 March – Pierre Krier, politician
* 13 June – Frantz Funck-Brentano, historian
* 22 August – Aline de Saint-Hubert, philanthropist

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Charlotte | grand duchess of Luxembourg | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
* 1 2 Thewes (2006), p. 126
* 1 2 Thewes (2006), p. 131
* 1 2 "Membres depuis 1857" (in French). Council of State. Archived from the original on 2009-11-03. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
* ↑ Thewes (2006), p. 133