OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert E. Newnham

Robert E. Newnham, also known as Bob Newnham, (28 March 1929 – 16 April 2009) was an American academic and writer who was a Alcoa Professor Emeritus of Solid State Science at the Pennsylvania State University. He is known for his contributions in the field of ferroelectrics.

## Biography

Newnham was born on 28 March 1929 in Amsterdam, New York, United States. He married with Patricia Friss Newnham and they have two children.
He completed his bachelor's of science degree in mathematics in 1950 at Hartwick College and master's of science degree in physics at Colorado State University in 1952. For further study, he went to Penn State University and did a Ph.D. in physics and mineralogy in 1956, where he studied under George W. Brindley. Newnham went to Cambridge University for a second Ph.D. in crystallography in 1960, supervised by Helen Megaw.
Robert E. Newnham Ferroelectrics Award, awarded by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is named after him.
In April 2009, he died at the age of 80.

## Awards and honors

* Jeppson Medal
* E.C. Henry Award
* Bleininger Award
* W. David Kingery Award of the American Ceramic Society
* Ultrasonics Achievement Award of the IEEE
* Centennial Award of the Japan Ceramics Society
* Adaptive Structures Prize of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
* Benjamin Franklin Medal for Electrical Engineering from the Franklin Institute (2004)
* Basic Research Award of the World Academy of Ceramics
# Jo, the Beautiful Irishwoman

Jo, the Beautiful Irishwoman (French: Jo, la belle irlandaise) is the title of a series of four oil on canvas bust-length portraits by Gustave Courbet. They all show the same redheaded Irish model Joanna Hiffernan (c.1843 – c.1905) looking in a mirror – she also modelled for Whistler. The works have minor differences in details and dimensions but their exact chronology is unknown. They are now in the Nationalmuseum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and a private collection.

## History

The nickname in the title indicates the friendship between the artist and his model and is unusual for contemporary portraits of women in that it gives the model's first name. They were probably painted in Trouville, where the painter spent August to November 1865 painting seascapes with Whistler and Joanna. On 17 November, towards the end of his stay, he wrote to his parents that he "bore himself admirably" and told them that he was Whistler's "pupil". Whistler himself painted the portrait Courbet by the River or My Dear Courbet during the latter's stay with him.
Courbet had already painted a series of paintings of women looking in mirrors in 1860 - this had been quite successful with the public and was exhibited in Brussels. The best known from that series, Woman with a Mirror, was painted in Ornans in winter 1859–1860 and is now in the Kunstmuseum Basel – it shows a brunette with a mirror (almost identical to that in Jo) and a prominent décolletage.

## Four versions

| Dimensions (cm) | Collection | City | Catalogue no. | Previous collection/sale |
| 55,9 × 66 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | New York | 29.100.63 | H. O. Havemeyer collection (1929) |
| 54 × 65 | Nationalmuseum | Stockholm | NM 2543 | Entered the collection in 1926 |
| 54,31 × 63,5 | Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art | Kansas City | 32-30 | Scott and Fowles sale, New York (1932) |
| Unknown | Private Collection | Zürich | Unknown | Rolf & Margit Weinberg sale, Sotheby's New York (May 1998) |
# Moamereh

Moamereh (Persian: معامره, also Romanized as Moʿāmereh) is a village in Jaffal Rural District, in the Central District of Shadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 582, in 86 families.
# Mo Church (Vestland)

Mo Church (Norwegian: Mo kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Modalen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Mo. It is the church for the Mo parish which is part of the Nordhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden, neo-Gothic church was built in a long church design in 1883 using plans drawn up by the architect Johannes Øvsthus. The church seats about 220 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1360, but it was not built that year. The first church in Modalen was a wooden stave church that was likely built during the second half of the 12th century. In 1550, the old choir was torn down and a new one was built to replace it. In 1593, the old church was torn down and replaced with a timber-framed building on the same site. This new church was a small tar-covered wooden long church with a tower that seated about 130 people. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the church was remodeled and renovated several times, with an especially large addition to the east in 1831.
In 1883, a new church was built just to the south of the old church. The new church was designed and built by Johannes Øvsthus who possibly based his drawings on other drawings by Jacob Wilhelm Nordan. It was a wooden long church with a rectangular nave and choir, with a sacristy extension to the east of the choir. Some of the items used in the old church were kept such as the altarpiece, baptismal font, candlesticks, as well as some old Bibles. The new church cost 13,500 kr and it was consecrated on 11 July 1883. After it was completed, the old church was torn down and its materials were sold.
Historically, this church was an annex chapel that belonged to the Hamre prestegjeld (parish) until 1749. From 1749 until 1967 it was part of the Hosanger prestegjeld, being upgraded to the status of parish church at some point. In 1967, the church became part of the Østereidet prestegjeld, based in Lindås municipality. Since 2004, the church has been the only church in the Mo parish which includes the whole municipality of Modalen.
# Rjukan Falls

Rjukan Falls (English) or Rjukanfossen (Norwegian) is a waterfall in the western part of the Vestfjorddalen valley in Tinn Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The 104-metre (341 ft) tall waterfall is located on the river Måna, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the west of the town of Rjukan.
Historically, the waterfall was a major tourist attraction, being one of the first floodlighted waterfalls by electricity produced by the same waterfall. In 1905, the waterfall and surrounding river were harnessed by the Vemork hydro-electrical power plant to produce power for the saltpetre production at a nearby Norsk Hydro factory.

## Name

The waterfall is named Rjukanfossen in Norwegian (Old Norse: Rjúkandi). The first element is derived from the present participle of the verb rjúka which means "to emit smoke" or "to emit vapor" (referring to all the froth from the waterfall).
The last element is a later addition to the name which comes from the Norwegian word fossen which means "the waterfall".
# Gmina Klukowo

Gmina Klukowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Klukowo, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Wysokie Mazowieckie and 60 km (37 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
The gmina covers an area of 123.77 square kilometres (47.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,681 (4,557 in 2013).

## Villages

Gmina Klukowo contains the villages and settlements of Gródek, Janki, Kaliski, Kapłań, Klukowo, Klukowo-Kolonia, Kostry-Podsędkowięta, Kostry-Śmiejki, Kuczyn, Lubowicz Wielki, Lubowicz-Byzie, Lubowicz-Kąty, Łuniewo Małe, Łuniewo Wielkie, Malinowo, Piętki-Basie, Piętki-Gręzki, Piętki-Szeligi, Piętki-Żebry, Sobolewo, Stare Kostry, Stare Warele, Stare Zalesie, Trojanówek, Trojanowo, Usza Mała, Usza Wielka, Wiktorzyn, Wyszonki Kościelne, Wyszonki-Błonie, Wyszonki-Klukówek, Wyszonki-Nagórki, Wyszonki-Włosty, Wyszonki-Wojciechy, Wyszonki-Wypychy, Żabiniec and Żebry Wielkie.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Klukowo is bordered by the gminas of Boguty-Pianki, Brańsk, Ciechanowiec, Czyżew-Osada, Rudka and Szepietowo.
# Rječica Gornja

Rječica Gornja (Serbian: Рјечица Горња) is a village in the municipality of Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# 2016 Team Ice Racing World Championship

The 2016 Team Ice Racing World Championship was the 38th edition of the Team World Championship. The final was held on 13/14 February, 2016, in Tolyatti, Russia.
Russia won their 14th consecutive title and 22nd title overall.

## Final classification

| Pos | Riders | Pts |
| 1 | Dmitry Koltakov 23, Dmitry Khomitsevich 15, Nikolay Krasnikov 19 | 57 |
| 2 | Ove Ledström 29, Niclas Svensson 15, Daniel Henderson 4 | 48 |
| 3 | Franz Zorn 17, Harald Simon 10, Manfred Seifter 19 | 46 |
| 4 | Jan Klatovsky 14, Anton Klavotsky 25, Rade Hutla 0 | 39 |
| 5 | Stefan Pletschacher 4, Max Niedermaier 9, Günther Bauer 15 | 28 |
| 6 | Antti Aakko 3, Mikko Jetsonen 7, Tomi Norola 11 | 21 |
| 7 | Martin Glarner 1, Beat Dobler 10 | 11 |
# RMAF Labuan Air Base

RMAF Labuan (Malay: TUDM Labuan) is an air force base operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (Malay: Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia). It is located in the Federal Territory of Labuan in East Malaysia. It is collocated with the Labuan Airport.

## History

RMAF Labuan started with the deployment of one detachment of the Royal Air Force, under the command of Group Captain S.J. Rawling. After the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, some personnel were deployed to this airbase under the Air Force Borneo. At that early time, RMAF Labuan owned some Twin Pioneer aircraft for logistic and patrol role. The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in 1963 aroused the demand for this airbase to be upgraded as a main airbase for Malaysia. From 1965, RMAF Labuan saw a significant upgrade with the formation of the main administration branch, the expansion of the existing detachment, the formation of a new squadron and the commissioning of new aircraft. In 1966, RMAF Labuan received its first batch of DHC-4 Caribou to strengthen the No 8 Squadron that already operated Twin Pioneer transport aircraft. The No 5 Squadron that formed in Kuala Lumpur also moved to the RMAF Labuan with their Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters to provide a rotorcraft element. RMAF Labuan was inaugurated by the defence minister at the time, in 1968. Nowadays, RMAF Labuan is an important airbase for the RMAF as it grants direct access to the South China Sea and protects Borneo's East Malaysia. RMAF Labuan is now the base of the RMAF's BAE Hawk 108 and BAE Hawk 208.

## Squadron assigned
### Main squadron

| Division | Squadrons | Aircraft assigned |
| 2nd Division | No. 5 Squadron | Eurocopter EC-725 |
| 2nd Division | No. 6 Squadron | BAE Hawk 108/BAE Hawk 208 |
| 2nd Division | No. 14 Squadron | Lockheed C-130H Hercules |
# Qol Quchan

Qol Quchan (Persian: قلقوچان, also Romanized as Qol Qūchān, Ghelghoochan, and Qalqūchān) is a village in Chenaran Rural District, in the Central District of Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 287, in 75 families.
# Thoron (wasp)

Thoron is a genus of scelionid wasps in the family Scelionidae. There are about 10 described species in Thoron.

## Species

These 10 species belong to the genus Thoron:
* Thoron dayi Johnson & Masner, 2004
* Thoron dux Johnson & Masner, 2004
* Thoron garciai Johnson & Masner, 2004
* Thoron gibbus Ruthe, 1859
* Thoron lautus (Masner, 1972)
* Thoron longicornis Masner & Huggert, 1979
* Thoron metallicus Haliday, 1833
* Thoron rex Johnson & Masner, 2004
* Thoron rivalis Johnson & Masner, 2004
* Thoron spinifer Johnson & Masner, 2004
# Helen Darbishire

Helen Darbishire, CBE, FBA (26 February 1881 – 11 March 1961) was an English literary scholar, who was Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, from 1931 until her retirement in 1945.

## Life

Helen Darbishire was born in Oxford, the daughter of Samuel Dukinfield Darbishire, a physician at the Radcliffe Infirmary. She was educated at Oxford Girls' High School before going as a scholar to Somerville College, Oxford, where she graduated first-class in English in 1903. After being a visiting lecturer at Royal Holloway College, she returned to Somerville as a tutor in English in 1908. She was the first woman to be chair of the faculty board of English at Oxford University. In 1925-6 she held a visiting professorship at Wellesley College. On her return to Oxford she was appointed university lecturer.
In 1931 she succeeded Margery Fry as principal of Somerville, resigning her university lectureship (though continuing to teach and lecture). Darbishire remained principal of Somerville until her retirement in 1945, overseeing considerable building expansion at the college.
Her work as a literary scholar focussed on Milton and Wordsworth. She became a trustee of Dove Cottage and eventually moved to the Lake District.

## Honours

In 1947, Darbishire was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). In the 1955 Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

## Works

* The early lives of Milton, 1932
* The poet Wordsworth, 1949
* The poetical works of John Milton: with translations of the Italian, Latin and Greek poems from the Columbia University edition, 1952
# Captive market

A captive market is a market where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers; their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly.
Examples of captive-market environments include school printing, the food markets in cinemas, theme parks, airports, and sports arenas, college textbooks, US cable companies, the Kosher food market in the United Kingdom, printer refills, truck stops due to fueling contracts and semi truck regulations, and phone calls and food in jails and prisons. Academic publishers, such as Elsevier, operate captive markets.
During the 2020 NBA Bubble, Jimmy Butler sold coffee for $20 a cup; "You can't get coffee anywhere here... People here can afford it," he said. Professional team sports have often been described as an example of captive markets, with strict self-policing rules amongst supporters making it virtually impossible for fans to switch allegiances, and unwritten conduct rules dictating that official club merchandise should normally be worn to games by a majority of fans, allowing the teams themselves to raise prices as high as they feel like, knowing that their supporters have little choice but to keep buying.
# Coadout

Coadout (Breton: Koadoud) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Toponymy

This village was known as "Coatnoüet ( = Coatvoüet), 1160-1167; Coetuout, 1382; Quoetvout, 1427; Coitbout, 1434; Coetbout, 1477; Coatout, 1481; Coetdout, 1535; Coadoult, 1581.
The name Coadout is typically Breton, "koad" meaning "wood" and possibly the Old French word "nouë" via the Gaulish word "nauda" meaning "marsh" or from the Old Breton "but", "bot" and "bod" meaning "residence". Another interpretation gives the radical -out the etymology of Illtud.

## Population

Inhabitants of Coadout are called Coadoutais in French.
# Dennis Trembly

Dennis Trembly is Professor of string bass at the University of Southern California. He is also one of two principal bassists for the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

## Musical history

Trembly learned to play the double bass with the help of David Borkenhagen, Jack Palacios, Peter Mercurio, and Nat Gangursky. Just before his senior year in high school, Trembly studied with Stuart Sankey at the Aspen School of Music on a full scholarship, and the following three years continued this collaboration at the Juilliard School on a Naumberg scholarship.
While in New York, Trembly freelanced with several orchestras, including the Hudson Valley Philharmonic, the Village Light Opera, American Opera Society, and the American Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Trembly acquired his current position in the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1970.
Active as a soloist, Trembly was a semifinalist in the 1973 G. B. Dealey Competition in Dallas, and won second prize at the 1978 International Double Bass Competition on the Isle of Man, where he performed the Concerto in E Major, by Karl Dittersdorf, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra. He has performed and taught at universities in the U.S., Mexico, and Europe, and has been featured in recital at International Society of Bassists conventions in Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana.

## Sources

* Dennis Trembly faculty profile at USC
# Wilfried Vandaele

Wilfried Vandaele (born 5 June 1959 in Bruges) is a Belgian politician and is affiliated to the N-VA. He has been a member of the Flemish Parliament since 2009 and has served as its speaker between 13 July and 2 October 2019. He is also the current mayor of his home town De Haan.

## Career

Vandaele was elected as a member of the Flemish Parliament in 2009. In January 2013 he succeeded party leader Bart De Wever as a senator for the Flemish community. As a senator he was a member of the committees for home affairs and administrative affairs. Since 2015 he is an alternate member of the European Alliance Group at the European Committee of the Regions. From 13 July 2019 he was Speaker of the Flemish Parliament until his replacement by Liesbeth Homans on 2 October 2019. He subsequently became the leader of the N-VA parliamentary group, succeeding Matthias Diependaele who was appointed as a minister in the new Jambon government.
Vandaele has been a member of the city council of De Haan since 1 January 1989. He served as alderman (January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2012) and has been the mayor of the town since 1 January 2019. Upon becoming mayor, he resigned from his position as senator, as is legally required.
# 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump

The men's high jump at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships took place on 20 March 2022.

## Results

The final was started at 10:45.
| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | 2.15 | 2.20 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.31 | 2.34 | 2.37 | Result | Notes |
| | Woo Sang-hyeok | South Korea | – | o | o | o | xxo | o | xx– | 2.34 | |
| | Loïc Gasch | Switzerland | o | o | o | o | xo | xxx | | 2.31 | SB |
| | Gianmarco Tamberi | Italy | o | o | xo | o | xo | xxx | | 2.31 | SB |
| | Hamish Kerr | New Zealand | xo | o | o | o | xo | xxx | | 2.31 | NR |
| 5 | Thiago Moura | Brazil | o | xo | xo | xo | xo | xxx | | 2.31 | AR |
| 6 | Thomas Carmoy | Belgium | o | o | xxo | xxo | xxx | | | 2.28 | PB |
| 7 | Fernando Ferreira | Brazil | o | o | o | xxx | | | | 2.24 | SB |
| 7 | Edgar Rivera | Mexico | o | o | o | xxx | | | | 2.24 | SB |
| 9 | Norbert Kobielski | Poland | o | o | xxo | xxx | | | | 2.24 | |
| 10 | Darryl Sullivan Jr. | United States | xo | o | xxo | xxx | | | | 2.24 | |
| 11 | Donald Thomas | Bahamas | o | xo | xxx | | | | | 2.20 | |
| 12 | Naoto Tobe | Japan | o | xxx | | | | | | 2.15 | |
# Jaïr Karam

Jaïr Karam (born 1 March 1976) is a French Guianan football manager and former player who coaches the Le Havre under-19 team. A goalkeeper, he made three appearances for the French Guiana national team. From 2013 to 2018 he coached the French Guiana national team. Since July 2018 he has been coach of Stade Poitevin.
# Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate

Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate is a chemical compound which contains silver in the rare oxidation state of +2.

## Preparation

The salt can be easily prepared by oxidizing a soluble silver salt with excess potassium peroxydisulfate in aqueous pyridine solution, where upon the product precipitates out almost quantitatively.
    2 AgNO$_3$ + 8 C$_5$H$_5$N + 3 K$_2$S$_2$O$_8$ → 2 [Ag(C$_5$H$_5$N)$_4$]S$_2$O$_8$ + 2 K$_2$SO$_4$ + 2 KNO$_3$

## Structure

Since the Ag$^{2+}$ ion has a d$^9$ configuration, the salt is paramagnetic.

## Properties

The compound is in the form of non-hygroscopic orange granulate. It is stable in the air for several days when stored away from light, and is stable up to several months if dried in vacuo over potassium hydroxide, decomposing into a white paste. Its stability can be attributed to its insolubility in both polar and non-polar solvents.
The compound decomposes at 137 °C. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid without reduction, and is converted to the black silver(I,III) oxide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
It is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is illustrated by the fact that it oxidizes Mn$^{2+}$ ions to permanganates. When the pyridine ligands were removed, the transient square planar [Ag(H$_2$O)$_4$]$^{2+}$ remains, which spontaneously oxidizes water to oxygen.
    Ag$^{2+}$ + e$^−$ ⇌ Ag$^+$ {E° = +1.980 V}

## Applications in organic chemistry

The complex ion can easily oxidize alcohol, aldehyde and amine, and capable of decarboxylating α-hydroxycarboxylic acids and phenylacetic acids to give the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Benzylic C-H bonds are oxidatively converted to carbonyl groups:
Aromatic thiols and allylaryl thioethers are oxidized to arylsulfonic acids, which gives an alternative route to produce arylsulfonic acids with mild conditions.

## Safety

As the compound contains the peroxydisulfate ion as the counter anion, this compound should be treated as an explosive even though its explosive properties were not well established. The complex also releases tiny amounts of pyridine vapor which is a possible carcinogen.
# 2008 Bhutan A-Division

The 2008 season of the Bhutanese A-Division was the fourteenth recorded season of top-flight football in Bhutan. The league was won by Yeedzin FC, their first ever title, and the first time a team other than Transport United had won the league in five years. Yeedzin qualified as Bhutan's representative in the 2009 AFC President's Cup.

## Participating teams

* Choden
* Druk Athletic
* Druk Pol
* Druk Star
* Rigzung
* Royal Bhutan Army
* Transport United
* Yeedzin
Source:

## League table

Teams played each other on a home and away basis, there was no relegation or promotion.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Yeedzin (C) | 14 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | Qualified for 2009 AFC President's Cup |
| 2 | Transport United | 14 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | |
| 3 | Royal Bhutan Army | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | |