OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Moral authority

Moral authority is authority premised on principles, or fundamental truths, which are independent of written, or positive laws. As such, moral authority necessitates the existence of and adherence to truth. Because truth does not change the principles of moral authority are immutable or unchangeable, although as applied to individual circumstances the dictates of moral authority for action may vary due to the exigencies of human life. These principles, which can be of metaphysical or religious nature, are considered normative for behavior, whether they are or are not also embodied in written laws, and even if the community is ignoring or violating them. Therefore, the authoritativeness or force of moral authority is applied to the conscience of each individual, who is free to act according to or against its dictates. Moral authority has thus also been defined as the "fundamental assumptions that guide our perceptions of the world".
An individual or a body of people who are seen as communicators of such principles but which does not have the physical power to enforce them on the unwilling are also spoken of as having or being a moral authority. An example is the Catholic Church.
In the latter sense, moral authority has also been defined as "the capacity to convince others how the world should be", as opposed to epistemic authority, "the capacity to convince others of how the world is".
The phrase has also been used in Australia to describe the situation when the head of a Royal commission expands the subjects being investigated, beyond the narrow focus of the commissions terms of reference.

## Changing focuses

Since the Age of Enlightenment, traditional sources of moral authority such as church or state have been viewed with increasing suspicion in Western culture: perhaps indeed all claims to moral authority. Instead of guides, entertainers; in place of ideals, stimulation.
Expertise, or alternatively what Emmanuel Levinas called the tyranny of opinion, or else an appeal to science, may be looked to for alternative sources of moral authority; or there may be a postmodern revulsion from all grand narratives which might ground such narratives in favour of moral relativism.
Talking of the poet, O'Donoghue argued in 2009 that Seamus Heaney still wielded some degree of moral authority, attributed in large part to his modernist reticence, lack of dogma, and capacity for self-doubt – as opposed for example to the unchallenged moral authority for centuries attributed to Virgil as a norma vivendi, i.e. a norm of living.
In reaction to the erosion of sources of moral authority, Late Modernity has also seen the appearance of various forms of fundamentalism, from a range of religious types to market fundamentalism.
# Eduard Uvíra

Eduard Uvíra (born 12 July 1961) is an ice hockey defenceman who played for the Czechoslovak national team. He won a silver medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1980–81 | TJ CHZ Litvínov | TCH | 38 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1981–82 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 39 | 4 | 4 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1982–83 | ASD Dukla Jihlava | TCH | 43 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1983–84 | TJ CHZ Litvínov | TCH | 43 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1984–85 | TJ CHZ Litvínov | TCH | 43 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 44 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1985–86 | Slovan ChZJD Bratislava | TCH | 43 | 6 | 16 | 22 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1986–87 | Slovan ChZJD Bratislava | TCH | 37 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1987–88 | Slovan ChZJD Bratislava | TCH | 34 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1988–89 | Slovan ChZJD Bratislava | TCH | 25 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1989–90 | Slovan ChZJD Bratislava | SVK II | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1990–91 | EHC Freiburg | 1.GBun | 35 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 82 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1991–92 | EHC Freiburg | 1.GBun | 39 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1992–93 | EHC Freiburg | 1.GBun | 43 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1993–94 | EV Landshut | 1.GBun | 44 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 43 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1994–95 | EV Landshut | DEL | 40 | 1 | 12 | 13 | 53 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 |
| 1995–96 | EV Landshut | DEL | 47 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 79 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 1996–97 | EV Landshut | DEL | 42 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 46 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 1997–98 | EV Landshut | DEL | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1998–99 | EHC Freiburg | DEU II | 51 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 22 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1999–2000 | EV Landshut | DEU III | 60 | 8 | 31 | 39 | 58 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | EV Landshut | DEU III | 36 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 48 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2001–02 | München Barons | DEL | 22 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2002–03 | EHC Freiburg | DEU II | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| TCH totals | TCH totals | TCH totals | 345 | 43 | 72 | 115 | 246 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1.GBun totals | 1.GBun totals | 1.GBun totals | 161 | 24 | 52 | 76 | 225 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| DEL totals | DEL totals | DEL totals | 169 | 6 | 36 | 42 | 230 | 40 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 32 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1979 | Czechoslovakia | EJC | | | | | |
| 1980 | Czechoslovakia | WJC | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1981 | Czechoslovakia | WJC | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 1982 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 1983 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 1984 | Czechoslovakia | OG | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1984 | Czechoslovakia | CC | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 1985 | Czechoslovakia | WC | 10 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| 1988 | Czechoslovakia | OG | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | 44 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 24 |
# Edmond Cloetens

Edmond Cloetens was a Belgian archer and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, where he won an individual gold medal in fixed target (large birds), and also two gold medals with the Belgian team.

## Note

Some sources list his name as Emile Cloetens, while most sources have Edmond Cloetens.
# Whittard Canyon

Whittard Canyon is a submarine canyon off the southwest coast of Ireland, located between Celtic Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 km$^2$) and spans over 80 by 20 miles (129 by 32 km), with overall depth below 1,500 m.
The canyon has been the subject of numerous scientific research, ranging from its sediment transport to its biodiversity. In 2015, a group of scientists from NERC's National Oceanography Centre (NOC) on board RRS James Cook studied the canyon for five weeks. During the studies, they found abundant forms of deep-water life, such as blue sharks, swordfishes, cold-water corals, clams, and deep-sea oysters. In this canyon, the coral species can live in darkness and get their food from the passing water, which differed from the tropical corals that need sunlight to survive.
Another expedition team from NIOZ also studied that layers with high concentrations of suspended particles in the canyon, known as nepheloid layers, contribute significantly to the transport of matter that formed a good condition for the high diversity of the canyon's fauna.
# Oberharmersbach

Oberharmersbach (Low Alemannic: Haamerschbach) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 2,543 |
| 2001 | 2,594 |
| 2011 | 2,487 |
| 2021 | 2,442 |
# Wendy Mitchell (activist)

Wendy Patricia Mitchell (31 January 1956 – 22 February 2024) was an English writer and activist.

## Biography

Mitchell was born in Wakefield, West Yorkshire as Wendy Patricia Draper. She grew up in her family's pub and was a sportswoman during her school years in Pontefract. She later became a fell-walker in the Lake District.
Mitchell raised her two daughters as a single mother while working as a cleaner and later in administrative roles within the NHS. After being diagnosed with dementia, she retired from her position as a rota manager at Leeds General Infirmary. She then campaigned for workplaces to support employees newly diagnosed with dementia.
In retirement, Mitchell pursued writing and photography, capturing local wildlife in her village of Walkington. She contributed to various organizations, including Innovations in Dementia and York Minds and Voices, and advised on the BBC TV series Casualty and the film Still Alice (2014).
Mitchell raised funds for Dementia UK through annual challenges, which included skydiving, firewalking, and wing walking. She chose to end her life through the voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED), a topic she discussed in her book One Last Thing. In her final blog post, she expressed her belief that she had taken control of her own life and urged others to campaign for assisted dying laws.
Mitchell authored three books. She died on 22 February 2024, at the age of 68.
# Diego Cavinato

Diego Simoni Cavinato (born 6 May 1985) is a Brazilian-born Italian futsal player who plays for the Italian national futsal team.

## Honours

* Liga Portuguesa: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23
* Taça de Portugal: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22
* Taça da Liga de Futsal: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22
* Supertaça de Futsal: 2017, 2018, 2021, 2022
* UEFA Futsal Champions League: 2018–19, 2020–21
# NTC Poprad

National Training Centre Poprad (Slovak: Národné tréningové centrum Poprad) is a football stadium in Poprad, Slovakia. It serves as home stadium for football club FK Poprad and Slovak national football youth teams. NTC is also used by football teams for camps and international matches. The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 5,700.
# Corliss Steam Engine (Pawnee, Oklahoma)

The Corliss Steam Engine on the Pawnee County Fairgrounds in Pawnee, Oklahoma is a Corliss steam engine that was built c. 1912. It and a twin sister engine were originally built for the Blackwell Zinc Co., of Blackwell, Oklahoma. It powered most of the electricity-powered machinery in the 1000-employee zinc smelting plant, until the plant closed in 1973.
It was later donated to the Oklahoma Steam Thresher Association, disassembled, and restored in its own building on the Pawnee County Fairgrounds. One source on the web has 6 photos of the engine displayed there.

## NRHP listing

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1979, with NRIS number 79002016. The application states that the significance of this engine is:"...(1) its position of pre-eminence in the history of American technology, (2) its role in the Industrial development of Oklahoma, and (3) its survival as one of the country's few remaining functional Corliss Engines."

## History of Corliss steam engines

A steam engine fitted with rotary valves and having variable valve timing was invented by and named for an American Engineer, George Henry Corliss, in 1849. Engines fitted with Corliss valve gear offered the best thermal efficiency of any type of stationary steam engine until the refinement of the uniflow steam engine and steam turbine in the 20th century. Corliss' engines were generally about 30 percent more fuel efficient than conventional steam engines with fixed cutoff. This increased efficiency made steam power more economical than water power, allowing industrial development away from millponds.

## Description of the Pawnee engine

The Corliss engine now displayed in Pawnee was part of an Allis-Chalmers steam electric generating plant. It is a large piece of machinery in every respect, being 25 feet (7.6 m) long by 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and weighing 110 tons. The flywheel is 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter and weighs 10 tons. The cylinder has a 20 inches (51 cm) bore with a 36 inches (91 cm) stroke.
This engine uses separate valves for the steam and the exhaust to allow natural drainage. It also has a Reynolds trip gear, which uses a spring to cause the engagement of the hook with the catch plate. Sudden unequal pressure buildups were prevented by having a space between the outer surface of the boiler and the inner surface of the steam regulator.
At the time of the NRHP application, the system was assessed in good operating condition.
# Echo Lake Provincial Park

Echo Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located south-east of Lumby in the Okanagan Highlands, to the south of BC Highway 6.
# Per Saugstad

Per Saugstad (24 October 1920 – 7 November 2010) was a Norwegian psychologist. He was Professor of Psychology at the University of Oslo, and is noted for his work on visual perception, thinking, language, and the history of psychology.

## Career

He was born in Oslo. After getting a cand.philol. degree from the University of Oslo in 1945, he went to the United States, receiving a Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Chicago in 1952. Back in Norway, he joined the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo, rising to docent in 1962 and full professor in 1967. He retired in 1990. In Chicago Saugstad had become interested in experimental psychology, and his American approach to psychology was initially met with some resistance in Oslo, where the psychology department was still dominated by psychoanalysis in the 1950s.
Saugstad has done important research in several areas, such as visual perception, thinking, and language. Among his books are An inquiry into the foundations of psychology (1965), A Theory of Communication and Use of Language. Foundations for the Study of Psychology (1977), A Theory of Language and Understanding (1980), Language: A theory of its structure and use (1989). In later years, his work focused on the history of psychology, culminating in the book A History of Modern Psychology. He was a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.
He died in November 2010. He was the father of professor of pediatrics Ola Didrik Saugstad and professor of philosophy Jens Saugstad.

## Books

* An inquiry into the foundations of psychology (Universitetsforlaget, 1965)
* A Theory of Communication and Use of Language: Foundations for the Study of Psychology (Universitetsforlaget, 1977)
* A Theory of Language and Understanding (Universitetsforlaget/Columbia University Press, 1980)
* Language: A theory of its structure and use (Solum, 1989)
* A History of Modern Psychology (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
# Harald Wergeland

Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland (14 March 1912 – 25 January 1987) was a Norwegian physicist. He was a professor at the Norwegian Institute of Technology.
He was born in Norderhov as a son of forest manager Harald Nicolay Storm Wergeland (1884–1953) and Ebba Marie Weien (1889–1952). In 1937 he married Hedvig Louise Ording, a sister of Fredrik Ording.
He finished his secondary education in 1931. He graduated as a chemical engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1936 and earned the dr.philos. degree in 1942. He was briefly a teacher at Trondheim Commerce School before working as an assistant at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1939.
Wergeland worked as a professor of physics from 1946 to 1979 at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, now the Norwegian University of Science and Technology at Gløshaugen. He also served as associate professor at Purdue University from 1948 to 1949. Wergeland participated in the foundation of CERN and was a leading member of Pugwash in Norway.
He served as praeses of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1958 to 1965. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1943, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters from 1964 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1960 and received the Gunnerus Medal in 1970.
# Niels Christian Gauslaa Danbolt

Niels Christian Gauslaa Danbolt (5 November 1900 – 4 September 1984) was a Norwegian professor of medicine who was a specialist in skin diseases. Danbolt-Closs syndrome (acrodermatitis enteropathica) was named after him and Karl Philipp Closs.
Danbolt was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Ole Dominicus Danielsen (1863-1941) and Gesine Gauslaa (1866-1964). He was the brother of the missionary priest Lars Johan Danbolt and theology professor Erling Danbolt. He was the uncle of professor Ole Danbolt Mjøs and professor Gunnar Danbolt . His sister Johanna Sophie Danbolt was married to Bishop Olav Hagesæther.
Danbolt was cand.med. in 1925 and took the dr.med. degree at the University of Oslo in 1932. He studied in Zurich in 1934, Freiburg in 1936 and in the United States in 1946. He served multiple years as chairman of the Norwegian Dermatological Association. He served as a chief physician at Rikshospitalet as well as professor at the University of Oslo from 1936 to 1970.
# Anna Russo

Anna Russo is an Italian writer. She was born in Naples, and her debut as a writer partly came about after she received a major literary prize for travel writing: The Next Generation. As a result of the grant she lived for twelve years in southern France where she became close to the gypsies, particularly two of the "grand" families of Reyes and Baliardo. From this research and collaboration, she wrote two important books, Gitani si nasce e si diventa (We Are Born and We Become Gypsies) and El Cante Flamenco (The Flamenco Song), which received support from the Spanish Consulate in Italy and by the Cervantes Cultural Institute.
Her meeting with the publisher Salani generated another book, La bambina Babilonia (The Girl Babilonia), which received great success and was awarded numerous prizes. Following this success, she signed with Einaudi Ragazzi, one of the most respected publishers in Italy.
In 2006 she published Pao alla conquista del mondo (Pao Conquers the World), and in 2007, Caro Hamid, fratello lontano (Dear Hamid, Distant Brother). They represent a decisive turn in the poetics and direction of this author.
In 2008 she published Ibrahim, il bambino del campo (Ibrahim, a Boy in the Field / The Secret Story of Ibrahim). In 2009 she published Il baffo del dittatore (The Dictator's Moustaches) with Mursia editore. In 2010 Caro Hamid, fratello lontano (Dear Hamid, Distant Brother) won the Stefany Gay-Taché Award. In 2010 she published Chuang Tse e il primo imperatore (Chuang Tse and the First Emperor) with Alacran editore.
She lives in Rome.

## Works

* Gitani si nasce e si diventa Stampa alternativa 2003
* El cante flamenco Stampa Alternativa 2004
* La bambina Babilonia Salani 2005
* Pao alla conquista del mondo Einaudi r. 2006
* Caro Hamid, fratello lontano Einaudi r. 2007
* Ibrahim, a Boy in the Field Fatatrac 2008
* Il baffo del dittatore Mursia 2009
* The Dictator's Moustaches Mursia 2009
* Chuang Tse e il primo imperatore Alacran 2010
* Chuang Tse and the First Emperor Alacran 2010
* Seven Billion Smashwords 2011
* Pao Conquers the World A new life 2012
* The Secret Story of Ibrahim A new life 2013
* Barattolo A new life 2014
* Alfabeto Magico A new life 2015
# 1823 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1823. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.

## Results

Of the 77 seats, 36 were won by civil servants, 24 by farmers, sheriffs, church singers and teachers and 17 by people with other professions.
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Independents | | | 77 |
| Total | Total | | | 77 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 62,469 | – | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, NSSDS |||||
# Cernay, Haut-Rhin

Cernay (French pronunciation: ; Alsatian: Sanna; German: Sennheim) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
It is situated on the river Thur, 17 km northwest of Mulhouse.

## Second World War

The SS had an "ideology school" for their soldiers, where "race theory" was part of the curriculum.
# 1868 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1868. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. Voter turnout was 48%, although only 5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.

## Results

Of the 111 seats, 56 were won by farmers, sheriffs, church singers and teachers, 31 by civil servants and 24 by people with other professions.
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Independents | | | 111 |
| Total | Total | | | 111 |
| Total votes | Total votes | 38,724 | – | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 81,278 | 47.64 | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, NSSDS |||||
# Milan Bor

Milan Bor (1936 in Prague – 14 May 1998) was a German sound engineer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film Das Boot.

## Selected filmography

* The Sternstein Manor (1976)
* The Swiss Conspiracy (1976)
* Vier gegen die Bank (1976, TV film)
* The American Friend (1977)
* The Serpent's Egg (1977)
* Fedora (1978)
* Despair (1978)
* The Marriage of Maria Braun (1978)
* From the Life of the Marionettes (1980)
* Berlin Alexanderplatz (1980, TV miniseries)
* Lili Marleen (1981)
* Das Boot (1981)
* Lola (1981)
* Dies rigorose Leben (1983)
* The Roaring Fifties (1983)
* The NeverEnding Story (1984)
* The Noah's Ark Principle (1984)
* Joey (1985)
* Enemy Mine (1985)
* Rosa Luxemburg (1986)
* The Name of the Rose (1986)
* The Aggression (1987)
* Lethal Obsession (1987)
* Der Unsichtbare (1987)
* Cobra Verde (1987)
* The Cat (1988)
* Autumn Milk (1988)
* The Nasty Girl (1990)
* Success (1991)
* Until the End of the World (1991)
* Gudrun (1992)
* Salt on Our Skin (1992)
* Stalingrad (1993)
# Erwin Otto Marx

Erwin Otto Marx (1893–1980) was a German electrical engineer who invented the Marx generator, a device for producing high voltage electrical pulses.
He worked as an engineering scientist in Braunschweig from 1918 to 1950 where he performed research and development for electrical power distribution via long distances.

## Prizes

The Erwin Marx Award is awarded for contributions by individual engineers to pulsed power technology. It was awarded for the first time in 1981 at the 3rd IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.
The VDE local chapter Braunschweig awards an annual "Erwin-Marx-Prize" to successful graduates from the Braunschweig University of Technology and/or the Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften.