OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heteroresistance

Heteroresistance is a phenotype in which a bacterial isolate contains sub-populations of cells with increased antibiotic resistance when compared with the susceptible main population. This phenomenon is known to be highly prevalent among several antibiotic classes and bacterial isolates and associated with treatment failure through the enrichment of low frequencies of resistant subpopulations in the presence of antibiotics. Heteroresistance is known to be highly unstable, meaning that the resistance sub-population can revert to susceptibility within a limited number of generations of growth in the absence of antibiotic. Regarding the instability and the transient characteristic of heteroresistance subpopulations, the detection of this subpopulation often face difficulties by the conventional minimum inhibitory concentration methods, such as Etests and disk diffusion tests. The gold standard for heteroresistance detection is population analysis profile tests (PAP-tests) which has less instances of false positive and false negative outcomes than the conventional methods making it more reliable. It is however a labour intensive and costly heteroresistance detection method making it difficult to implement in clinical microbiology laboratories. Hence, there is a significant demand for clinical microbiology laboratories to use rapid standardized methods to identify heteroresistance in pathologic specimen to prescribe a proper antibiotic treatment for patients.

## Mechanisms

The enrichment of resistance sub-populations can be due to the acquisition of resistant mutations that are genetically stable but have high fitness cost or due to the enrichment of sub-population with increased copy number of resistance-conferring tandem gene amplifications. Tandem gene amplification of antibiotic resistance genes, which results in an increased gene dosage of the resistance genes, is the most common mechanism for unstable heteroresistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
Two other mechanisms conferring unstable heteroresistance, resulting in an increased gene dosage of the resistance genes, are plasmid copy number increase and transposition of the resistance genes onto cryptic plasmids which increases in copy number. However, this mechanism is considered unstable, leading to a rapid return to susceptibility when antibiotics are not present.
# Christos Christou

Christos Christou is a Greek physician who is the international president of Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF).
Christou is from Greece where he studied medicine before working as a doctor in the United Kingdom. He joined MSF and worked as a surgeon in Cameroon, Iraq, and South Sudan before becoming elected as the Vice President, then President of MSF Greece and later succeeding Joanne Liu as the International President of MSF international.

## Early life

Christou was born in Trikala, Greece.

## Education

Christou has a degree in medicine from Aristotle University, a Ph.D in surgery from the National and Kapodistrian University, and a Master's degree in International Health and Health Crisis Management from the University of Athens.

## Career

As an emergency surgery specialist, Christou worked at North Middlesex University Hospital and King’s College Hospital in London, UK.
He joined MSF in 2002 as a volunteer surgeon, working on refugee health issues, and HIV in Cameroon, Iraq, South Sudan and Zambia.
He worked as the General Secretary, and then as the vice president before being elected as the president of MSF Greece in 2005.
Christou was elected to be the international president of MSF in June 2019. Later in 2019, he wrote an open letter to European Union leaders advocating that they cease their policy of stopping the journey of asylum seekers in the Greek islands.
In 2020, responding to an open letter from MSF staff about institutional racism, he welcomed the critique, but also questioned how widespread racism was within MSF. He also criticizes governments for failing to put in place efficient healthcare plans at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, especially in low income countries.
In 2021 Christou spoke about the importance of addressing climate change, criticized pharmaceutical companies for not sharing COVID-19 vaccine intellectual property, and spoke of increasing humanitarian needs in Afghanistan.
In 2021 he was critical of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro's management of the COVID-19 pandemic.
# Basquin's law

Basquin's law of fatigue states that the lifetime of the system has a power-law dependence on the external load amplitude, $t_{f}\sim \sigma _{0}^{-\alpha }$, where the exponent $\alpha$ has a strong material dependence. It is useful in expressing S-N relationships.
It is a fundamental principle in materials science that describes the relationship between the stress amplitude experienced by a material and its fatigue life under cyclic loading conditions. The law is named after American scientist O. H. Basquin, who introduced the law in 1910. The law provides a mathematical model to predict the number of cycles to failure (N) based on the applied stress amplitude $(\sigma _{a})$.
A High Cycle Fatigue Test is used to determine material behaviour under repetitive cyclic loads. This test aims to establish the stress-cycles-to-failure characteristics of materials, primarily utilising an identified stress range and load application frequency. It is usually performed using a standard fatigue testing machine where the test specimen is prepared in a specifically defined manner and then subjected to loads until failure takes place. Throughout the test, computer software is used to record various necessary parameters such as the number of cycles experienced and the exact point of failure. This testing protocol enables the development of an S-N curve (also known as a Wöhler curve), a graphical representation of stress amplitude (S) versus the number of cycles to failure (N). By plotting these curves for different materials, engineers can compare them and make informed decisions on the optimal material selection for specific engineering applications. The S-N relationship can generally be expressed by the Basquin's law of fatigue, which is given by:
$\sigma _{a}=\sigma '_{f}\left({\frac {2N}{\varepsilon '_{F}}}\right)^{b}$,
where $\sigma _{a}$ is the stress amplitude, $\sigma '_{f}$ is the fatigue strength coefficient, $N$ is the number of cycles to failure, $\varepsilon '_{F}$ is the fatigue ductility coefficient, and $b$ is the fatigue strength exponent. Both $\sigma '_{f}$ and $b$ are properties of the material.
Basquin's Law can also be expressed as $\left({\frac {\Delta \sigma }{2}}\right)(N_{f}^{b})=C$, where $\Delta \sigma$ is the change in stress, $N_{f}$ is the number of cycles to failure, and both $b$ and $C$ are constants.
# Charonia variegata

Charonia variegata, the Atlantic triton or Atlantic triton's trumpet, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Charoniidae, the triton snails, triton shells, or tritons.

## Distribution

This species has a wide distribution. It has been found in European waters, the Mediterranean Sea, in the Atlantic Ocean along Macaronesia, North West Africa, and Tanzania, in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and from North Carolina to eastern Brazil.

## Description

The shell size varies up to 375 millimetres (14.8 in) The maximum recorded shell length is 374 millimetres (14.7 in) This conical shell has an elongated and sharply pointed spire without any knobs, but somewhat squatter than the spire of the Pacific Charonia tritonis. The lower whorls are unevenly swollen with a varix and bulge over the suture. The suture then descends in an uneven spiral. The parietal callus is lined with a narrow, dark inner lip, covered with regularly spaced, brown, rib-like plicae. The outer lip is scalloped but less projected and toothed with about 10 pairs of rib-like teeth superimposed on square, dark brown blotches. The color of the shell is mottled in shades of creamy white to yellow with brown markings. The inside of the large aperture is orange pink, and the interior is white.
The species is highly variable and does not have any known geographic subspecies.
The veliger larvae have a period of pelagic development of more than three months, drifting in the trans-Atlantic currents. These larvae are the largest known of any Ranellidae in the Atlantic; the larval shell reaches 5 millimetres (0.20 in) when fully developed.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 0.3 metres (0.98 ft) 0.3 m. Maximum recorded depth is 110 metres (360 ft). Thin-shelled 'crabbed' examples have been found in traps off the west coast of Barbados at depths around 155–185 metres (509–607 ft).
* A live Charonia variegata found in south Crete, Greece
# Hitchie Creek Provincial Park

Hitchie Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian province of British Columbia, west of the north end of Nitinat Lake on the west coast of Vancouver Island, north-east of Bamfield.
# The Hunt for Red October (1987 video game)

The Hunt for Red October is a video game based on the 1984 book The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy. It was released in 1987 and was available for the Atari ST, Amiga, Apple II, Macintosh, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. A port for the Apple IIGS was released in 1989. The game is a combination of a submarine simulator and strategy. The player navigates the Red October towards U.S. waters while avoiding the Soviet Navy.

## Gameplay

In The Hunt For Red October, the player is a Russian submarine commander defecting to the West. The submarine is equipped with a silent caterpillar drive. The mission has two parts: escape and rendezvous. Escaping involves navigating obstacles and avoiding Russian submarines. The difficulty of rendezvous depends on the player's performance in the first section.
The playing screen is divided into two areas: the top shows maps, sonar projections, and a periscope viewpoint, while the bottom displays icons, messages, and gauges to control the ship. The game is mouse-driven, with control split between sonar, engines, weapons, and periscope.
Options include saving/loading positions and accessing a recognition chart for enemy craft. Pressing FI accesses these options and pauses the game. If the sub is destroyed or hits an obstacle, a newspaper-style report rates the player's performance.

## Reception

Computer Gaming World in 1988 described it as an excellent submarine simulator, controlled entirely by mouse. The replay value of the game was also praised, as the Soviets change tactics with each game. A 1992 survey in the magazine of wargames with modern settings was much more negative, giving the game one and a half stars out of five and stating that it "probably did more to turn off purchasers to the wargame genre than any other product". Antic recommended the ST version of the Hunt for Red October to fans of the novel or submarine games. The Palm Beach Post criticized the game as too difficult, not providing the player with information needed to win.

## Reviews

* Jeux & Stratégie #49
# Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil

The Filmfare Best Comedien Award – Tamil was given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards South for Tamil (Kollywood) films between 2002 and 2005..
The award was introduced and first given at the 50th South Filmfare Awards in 2002, with Vivek being the first comedian to receive the award for his performance in Run. This category has been retired since 2006.

## Winners

| Year | Actor | Role | Film |
| 2002 | Vivek | Mohan | Run |
| 2003 | Vivek | Venkataraman Iyengar | Saamy |
| 2004 | Vivek | Kuzhandaiswamy "Kuzhanda" | Perazhagan |
| 2005 | Vadivelu | Murgesan | Chandramukhi |

## Nominations
### 2000s

* 2003 Vivek - Saamy as Venkatraman
** Vadivelu - Winner as Kaipullai
** Vivek - Dhool as Narayana Swamy (Narain)
# William Samuel Murphy

William Samuel Murphy (12 February 1882 – 29 April 1961) was an Independent Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Portland, Ontario and became a physician.
Murphy attended public school at Portland, then secondary school at Athens, Ontario before further studies at Queen's University where he earned his Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Medicine (MD, CM) degrees. He settled in Smiths Falls, Ontario where he became a director of Northern Buttons Ltd. and from 1916 to 1918 served as that town's mayor.
He was first elected to Parliament at the Lanark riding in a by-election on 29 July 1929. After serving for the remainder of the 16th Canadian Parliament, Murphy was defeated in the 1930 federal election by Thomas Alfred Thompson of the Conservatives.
# William Folger Nickle

William Folger Nickle KC (December 31, 1869 - November 15, 1957) was a Canadian politician who served both as a member of the House of Commons of Canada and in the Ontario legislature where he rose to the position of Attorney-General of Ontario. He is best known for the Nickle Resolution that ended the practice of knighthoods and peerages being awarded to Canadians.
Born in Kingston, Ontario, the son of William Nickle, Nickle was educated at Queen's University and Osgoode Hall. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1896 and set up a law practice in Kingston. He entered local politics and was elected to the school board 1904 and then served on Kingston city council from 1905 until 1908.
He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1908 provincial election as a Conservative and served for three years until his election to the federal House of Commons in the 1911 federal election, as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston. He was re-elected in the 1917 federal election as a Unionist.
Nickle was appointed to chair a special committee of the House of Commons to examine the question of the appointment of honours. There had been criticism in the press about a surfeit of knighthoods being created during World War I. In 1919, Nickle moved and had passed through the House a resolution calling for an end to the practice of Canadians being granted knighthoods and peerages. Nickle's detractors charged that he was bitter at having failed to get a knighthood for his father-in-law.
Later that year, he resigned his federal seat contending that the wartime Union Government should also resign and seek a post-war mandate to govern. Nickle returned to provincial politics and won a seat in the Ontario legislature in a 1922 by-election.
The Conservatives formed government following the 1923 provincial election. The new Premier of Ontario, George Howard Ferguson, appointed Nickle to cabinet as Attorney-General of Ontario. Nickle resigned from Cabinet in October 1926 when Premier Ferguson announced his plan to repeal the Ontario Temperance Act and allow liquor sales. He ran as an Independent on a prohibition platform in the subsequent 1926 provincial election but was defeated in the riding of Kingston and Portsmouth by the Conservative candidate, Thomas Kidd.
He married Agnes Mary McAdam in 1885 and married Katherine Louise Gorden in 1911 after the death of his first wife. Nickle served on the city council for Kingston, also serving as a member of the school board, and was a trustee for Queen's University and a member of the board of governors for Kingston Hospital.
William McAdam Nickle, a son from his first marriage, went on to serve in the Ontario cabinet.
# William Black (Canadian politician)

William Black (22 March 1869 – 3 May 1930) was a Progressive party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in McKillop Township, Ontario and became a farmer.
He was elected to Parliament at the Huron South riding in the 1921 general election. After completing his only term, the 14th Canadian Parliament, Black left federal politics and did not seek another term in the 1925 election.
# Dilshad

Dilshad is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Ahmad Dilshad, Pakistani prisoner
* Dilshad (1800-1900?), Central Asian poet and historian
* Dilshad Akhtar (died 1996), Indian singer
* Dilshad Aliyarli (born 1962), Azerbaijani journalist
* Dilshad Khan (born 1941), Indian singer
* Dilshad Khatun (died 1351), Chobanid princess
* Dilshad Meriwani (1947–1989), Kurdish poet
* Dilshad Nahar Kona (born 1981), Bangladeshi singer
* Dilshad Najmuddin (1933–2018), Pakistani investigative official
* Dilshad Said (born 1958), Kurdish musician
* Dilshad Vadsaria (born c. 1985), Pakistani-born American actress
* Mirza Dilshad Beg (died 1998), Nepali parliamentarian
* Mohomed Dilshad (born 1992), Sri Lankan cricketer
# William Ross (Ontario politician)

William Ross (July 14, 1854 – January 22, 1937) was a merchant and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Ontario South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1900 to 1904 as a Liberal.
He was born in Prince Albert, Canada West, the son of Aaron Ross and Lucinda Fitchett, and was educated in Port Perry and at the British American Commercial College in Toronto. Ross was a grain dealer and operated a general store. In 1877, he married Clara J. Bingham. Ross served on the village council for Port Perry and was reeve for two years. He also served as chairman of the school board. Ross ran unsuccessfully for reelection to the House of Commons in 1904.

## Electoral record

1900 Canadian federal election: South riding of Ontario :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | William Ross | 1,970 |
| | Conservative | William Smith | 1,876 |
1904 Canadian federal election: South riding of Ontario :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Peter Christie | 2,544 |
| | Liberal | William Ross | 2,439 |
# Joseph-Henri-Gustave Lacasse

Joseph-Henri-Gustave Lacasse (February 7, 1890 – January 18, 1953) was a journalist, physician and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He sat for Essex division in the Senate of Canada from 1928 to 1953.
He was born in Sainte-Élisabeth-de-Joliette, Quebec, the son of François-Xavier-Onésime Lacasse and Annie Gernon, and was educated at the Petit Séminaire de Montréal and the Université Laval. He interned in medicine at Windsor and set up practice in Tecumseh. Lacasse spoke out strongly against Regulation 17, which limited Francophone education in Ontario. He became known as "the lion of the peninsula" for his spirited opposition to this legislation. Lacasse served on the town council of Tecumseh and was mayor from 1927 to 1928. He was married twice: to Marie-Anne Saint-Pierre in 1915 and to Marie Rose Lucienne Sasseville-Guilmant in 1948. Lacasse was founder and editor of three weekly journals: La Défense, La Presse-Frontière and La Feuille d'Érable. In 1952, he founded Imprimerie Lacasse at Tecumseh. Lacasse was named to the Canadian senate at the age of 37 and died in office 25 years later.
In 1944, Lacasse was reproved in the rabies fatality of an 11-year-old boy. Appointed medical health officer and acting as physician to the family, Lacasse did not administer the Pasteur treatment when the boy was bitten by a rabid dog. A coroner's jury criticized Lacasse for showing "a certain amount of neglect by not administering preventive treatment for rabies when the unknown dog could not be found within 14 days after occurrence of the bite."
# Richard Nixon Berry

Richard Nixon Berry (May 3, 1873 – September 17, 1956) was a Canadian dentist and political figure in Ontario. He represented Haldimand in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1923 to 1926 and from 1929 to 1934 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Seneca township, the son of Nixon Berry and Eliza Jane Hassard. Berry was educated in Caledonia and at the Royal College of Dental Surgeons. In 1904, he married Harriette Esther Hind. Berry served as reeve for Caledonia from 1920 to 1923 and as warden for Haldimand County in 1923. He died in Hamilton in 1956.
# A. E. B. Kiriella

Arthur Emmanuel Bandara Kiriella (1914 -25 February 1986) was a Ceylonese politician.
Kiriella ran as one of the two United National Party candidates at the 1st parliamentary election, held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947, for the Kiriella electorate. He was unsuccessful, finishing behind the Lanka Sama Samaja Party candidate, Florence Senanayake, who secured 35.5% of the total vote, and the other United National Party candidate, T. K. W. Chandrasekera, who secured 21% of the total vote, with Kiriella only receiving 16% of the total vote.
At the 2nd parliamentary election, held between 24 May 1952 and 30 May 1952, Kiriella ran as the sole United National Party candidate and won the seat, with 9,978 votes (48% of the total vote) defeating both the sitting member and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, Jayaweera Kuruppu. Kiriella was unable however to retain the seat at the 3rd parliamentary election, held between 5 April 1956 and 10 April 1956, losing to the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, Kusumasiri Gunawardena, who obtained 16,272 votes (68% of the total vote) to Kiriella's 6,309 votes (26.5% of the total vote).
Kiriella re-contested the seat again at the 4th parliamentary election, held on 19 March 1960, where he won by 1,546 votes over the Lanka Sama Samaja Party candidate, P. B. Wijesundara, securing 33% of the total vote. However, as neither of the major political parties managed to obtain a sufficient majority in the election a new election was called. At the subsequent July 1960 election he was defeated by P. B. Wijesundara, who received 10,708 votes (54% of the total vote) as opposed to Kiriella's 8,230 votes (41% of the total vote).
Kiriella ran again as the United National Party candidate at the 6th parliamentary election, held on 22 March 1965, but was unsuccessful with the sitting member, Wijesundara, retaining his seat. He resigned from the United National Party and ran as an independent at the 7th parliamentary election, held on 27 May 1970, finishing a distant third, polling only 300 votes.
He was one of the first homeopathic practitioners registered under the 1970 Homeopathy Act. Kiriella died on 25 February 1986.
# Nomad (1982 film)

Nomad (Chinese: 烈火青春) is a 1982 Hong Kong film directed by Patrick Tam. It is about the experiences of a group of youngsters who feel lost and try to find the meaning of life. It is representative of the Hong Kong New Wave films.

## Plot

Louis (Leslie Cheung) is a young man from a rich family and misses his dead mother. He has a good friendship with his cousin Kathy (Pat Ha). Louis and Kathy later meet Tomato (Cecilia Yip), who becomes Louis' girlfriend, and Pong (Kent Tong), who becomes Kathy's boyfriend. The four live a casual life together, hang out aimlessly, and share their dreams and difficulties with one another on frequent trips to Hong Kong's outlying islands. But Kathy's past returns to haunt her. She once lived in Japan, and had a romantic relationship with Shinsuke Takeda (Yung Sai-kit), a member of the Japanese Red Army. He is tired of this work and wants to quit the organization. This leads to the army vowing revenge, so he runs to Kathy to ask for help. They are found by the killers dispatched by the Red Army and both die, while Louis and Tomato, who is pregnant with Louis' child, survive the ordeal.

## Cast

* Leslie Cheung as Louis
* Pat Ha as Kathy
* Kent Tong as Pong
* Cecilia Yip as Tomato
* Yip Ha-lei as Pong's dad
* Yung Sai-Kit as Shinsuke Takeda

## Nominations

* Best Film – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best Director (Patrick Tam) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best Actor (Leslie Cheung) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best Art Direction (Willam Chang) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best New Performer – female (Cecilia Yip) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best New Performer – female (Pat Ha) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best Original Film Score (Man Yee Lam) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)
* Best Cinematography (Wong Chung-Biu) – Hong Kong Film Awards (1983)