OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paula Martinac

Paula Martinac (born July 30, 1954) is an American writer. She is most noted for her novel Out of Time, which won the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction at the 3rd Lambda Literary Awards in 1991. The novel was also a finalist for the ALA Gay and Lesbian Book Award.

## Background

Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Martinac was educated at Chatham College and the College of William & Mary. She worked for the West Virginia State Museum and Prentice Hall before joining the editorial collective of WomaNews in 1982. She became production director of The Feminist Press in 1985, joined the editorial collective of the feminist literary magazine Conditions in 1988, and became cochair of the board of New York City's Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in 1990. She was editor in chief of Q Syndicate, an LGBT syndication company, from 2001 to 2009.

## Writing career

Her first book, an anthology of short stories shared with Carla Tomaso titled Voyages Out One, was published in 1989. The book was shortlisted for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Debut Fiction at the 2nd Lambda Literary Awards.
Out of Time, her debut novel, followed in 1990. She followed up with the novels Home Movies (1993) and Chicken (1997). Home Movies was a Lambda finalist for Lesbian Fiction at the 6th Lambda Literary Awards.
She published a number of non-fiction works in the 1990s, including a 1996 biography of k.d. lang, The Queerest Places: A National Guide to Gay and Lesbian Historic Sites (1997), and The Lesbian and Gay Book of Love and Marriage: Creating the Stories of Our Lives (1998). From 1997 to 2005 she wrote the biweekly column "Lesbian Notions", which was syndicated to LGBT publications across the United States. She has also written a number of stage plays that were produced in Pittsburgh, New York, and D.C.
In 2014 Martinac moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, where she teaches creative writing at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. The Ada Decades, her first novel since 1997, was published in 2017 and was a finalist for the Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction. Her fifth novel, Clio Rising, was published in April 2019 and won a Gold Medal in the 2020 Independent Publisher Book Awards. Two historical novels followed in 2021: "Testimony" and "Dear Miss Cushman," both published by Bywater Books.

## Works
### Fiction

* Voyages Out One (1989)
* Out of Time (1990)
* Home Movies (1993)
* Chicken (1997)
* The Ada Decades (2017)
* Clio Rising (2019)
* Testimony (2021)
* Dear Miss Cushman (2021)

### Non-fiction

* k.d. lang (1996)
* The Queerest Places: A National Guide to Gay and Lesbian Historic Sites (1997)
* The Lesbian and Gay Book of Love and Marriage: Creating the Stories of Our Lives (1998)
# Jean-Yves Thériault vs. Don Wilson

Jean-Yves Thériault vs. Don "The Dragon" Wilson was a middleweight kickboxing bout that took place in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on December 18, 1984, which ended in a decision draw.

## Background

Jean-Yves Thériault began his career in 1976 after six months of training and rose to prominence when he defeated Robert Biggs to win the PKA Middleweight Championship of the World in November 1980. He had accumulated a record of 47 wins and 3 losses by the time of the fight, mostly competing in his home country of Canada. His last lost was in November 1979 when he dropped a decision to Ralph Hollet.
Don "The Dragon" Wilson came from a kung fu (White Dragon Style) and karate (Goju Ryu) background and started his career fighting in his native Florida in 1974. After winning the Florida state and American titles, he took the WKA Light Heavyweight Championship of the World in October 1980 when he defeated Andy White by knockout. He defended the title six times before winning the KICK World Light Heavyweight title from Curtis Crandall and the WKA Cruiserweight World title from Maurice Smith in 1983.
Thériault and Wilson had been set to fight years earlier when Wilson defeated Rodney Batiste in July 1980 in an eliminator for the vacant PKA Middleweight title. The fight never materialised, however, due to a number of contractual and promotional issues, and Thériault faced Robert Biggs instead.

## The fight

The bout took place on December 18, 1984 at the Verdun Auditorium in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in front of 7,000 spectators, with the fight set for twelve, two-minute rounds under American kickboxing rules. Neither fighter put any of their titles on the line.
The fight went the distance and ended in a decision draw. Many believe Wilson to have been a clear winner, but Thériault was the one who registered the only knockdown of the fight.

## Aftermath

As arguably the biggest bout in the sport's history at the time, it was considered a disappointment with neither Thériault or Wilson emerging as kickboxing's best fighter. A rematch between the pair was discussed but never came to fruition.
Following the fight, Wilson said "I feel I won the bout, but not as convincing as I can. Next time we meet, I feel I can knock Thériault out. He's just not that tough." To which Thériault replied "Wilson fights on fear. He was able to stay out of trouble, but he did nothing to hurt me. I think he overrates himself. We'll see if he's so smug after the next fight".
In an interview with Black Belt, Wilson spoke about rematches, and expressed frustration at Thériault not agreeing to fight him again.
# Nick Dyson

Nick Dyson (born 19 December 1969) is an English former professional snooker player. He competed on the main tour over sixteen seasons between 1989 and 2006.

## Career

Born in 1969, Dyson turned professional in 1989. In his first season on the main tour, he reached the last 16 at the 1990 European Open, where he defeated Ian Williamson, Steve Longworth, Dennis Taylor and Martin Clark and was drawn against the resurgent Colin Roscoe. In their match, Dyson led 2–1 but eventually lost 2–5.
At the 1991 World Championship, he beat Eddie Sinclair, Mark Rowing and Cliff Thorburn - becoming the first person to defeat Thorburn in a World Championship qualifying match - to reach the main stages at the Crucible Theatre for the first time. There, he played Jimmy White, who compiled three century breaks in winning 10–3.
Having never reached a ranking higher than 60th, Dyson fell off the tour in 1997, playing on the secondary UK Tour for the 1997/1998 season. His results there, and during the next season, were sufficient for him to return to the professional ranks in 1999.
In the 2000 Malta Grand Prix, Dyson beat Craig MacGillivray, Neal Foulds, John Read and Dave Harold to reach the last 32, but was selected to play in the wildcard round; drawn against Joe Grech, he made breaks of 96, 112, 107 and 108 but lost 4–5.
Dyson qualified for the 2001 World Championship, making his first appearance at the Crucible in ten years, by beating Ian Brumby, Mark Gray, Steve James, Rod Lawler and Brian Morgan. He played Ken Doherty in the last 32, but lost 7–10.
Earlier in the 2000/2001 season, he had compiled his second 147 maximum break in professional competition, against Robert Milkins in the UK Championship. Dyson progressed to the last 32 at that tournament, overcoming White 9–6 in the last 48, before losing 2–9 to Fergal O'Brien. He had made his first maximum in a UK Tour event in 1999.
Following a 6–10 loss to Matthew Couch in qualifying for the 2006 World Championship, Dyson finished the 2005/2006 season ranked 87th; as only the top 64 automatically retained their places, he was relegated from the tour in the summer of 2006.

## Career finals
### Non-ranking finals: 1 (1 title)

* Merseyside Professional Championship – 2001
# Beatha Nishimwe

Beatha Nishimwe (born 1 December 1998) is a Rwandan middle-distance runner. She competed in the 1500 metres at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships without qualifying for the final.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Rwanda ||||||
| 2015 | African Junior Championships | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 5th | 1500 m | 4:40.49 |
| 2015 | African Youth Championships | Réduit, Mauritius | 1st | 1500 m | 4:17.37 |
| 2015 | World Youth Championships | Cali, Colombia | 10th | 1500 m | 4:23.16 |
| 2016 | World Indoor Championships | Portland, United States | 19th (h) | 1500 m | 4:19.39 |
| 2016 | African Championships | Durban, South Africa | 7th | 1500 m | 4:08.75 |
| 2016 | World U20 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 6th | 1500 m | 4:12.33 |
| 2018 | Commonwealth Games | Gold Coast, Australia | 17th (h) | 1500 m | 4:14.96 |
| 2018 | African Championships | Asaba, Nigeria | 8th | 1500 m | 4:19.55 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 1500 metres – 4:17.37 (Réduit 2015)
* 5 kilometers - 16 : 06 (Trier 2018)
Indoor
* 1500 metres – 4:19.39 (Portland 2016)
# Hand boiler

A hand boiler or (less commonly) love meter is a glass sculpture used as an experimental tool to demonstrate vapour-liquid equilibrium, or as a collector's item to whimsically "measure love." It consists of a lower bulb containing a volatile liquid and a mixture of gases that is connected usually by a twisting glass tube that connects to an upper or "receiving" glass bulb.

## Mechanics

A hand boiler functions similar to the "drinking bird" toy: The upper and lower bulbs of the device are at different temperatures, and therefore the vapor pressure in the two bulbs is different. Since the lower bulb is warmer, the vapor pressure in it is higher. The difference in vapor pressure forces the liquid from the lower bulb to the upper bulb. Thus:
$\Delta h={\frac {\Delta p}{\rho g}}$
where: $\Delta h$ = the height of the column of fluid above the fluid's level in the lower bulb $\Delta p$ = the difference in vapor pressure between the two bulbs (which can be determined via the Antoine equation) $\rho$ = the density of the liquid $g$ = the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface
Sometimes a hand boiler is used to show properties of distillation. Since the liquid both evaporates and condenses at relatively cool temperatures while in an enclosed system, the boiler can be turned upside down, and the top end can be placed in ice water. The gaseous form of the liquid will condense in the cooled chamber. Since the liquid is often colored with dye, but the dye does not evaporate or condense at the same temperature, the liquid that condenses in the cooled chamber is colorless, leaving the pigment behind.

## Popular culture

In popular culture, hand boilers used to be sometimes known as "love meters" because the tube that separates the upper and lower bulbs is twisted into a heart shape and the volatile liquid is colored red. Love meters were a common collector's item or a souvenir. Depending on how the item was packaged, one would grasp the lower bulb to "prove" how passionate one was, or a couple would each grasp one end to see who would force the liquid into the other's bulb.
Hand boilers are much more commonly used as a scientific novelty today.

## History

Hand boilers date back at least as early as 1767, when the American polymath Benjamin Franklin encountered them in Germany. He developed an improved version in 1768, after which they were called Franklin's pulse glass or palm glass or pulse hammer (German: Pulshammer) or water hammer (German: Wasserhammer).
# Osmar (footballer, born 1982)

Osmar Coelho Claudiano (born February 23, 1982, in Varginha), or simply Osmar, is a Brazilian right back.

## Honours

* Pernambuco State League: 2005, 2007

## Contract

* Sport (Loan) 3 January 2007 to 31 December 2007
* América-MG 2 January 2007 to 31 December 2010
# Eyvashan Seyl

Eyvashan Seyl (Persian: عيوشان سيل, also Romanized as ‘Eyvashān Seyl and ‘Eyvashān Sīl; also known as ‘Eyvashān, Eyvashūn, ‘Eyveshān-e Golestān, and Yebāsūn) is a village in Razan Rural District, Zagheh District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 223, with 43 families.
# Aspach, Haut-Rhin

Aspach (French pronunciation: ; Alsatian: Aaschpi) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
# Brachymeles kadwa

Brachymeles kadwa, Jessi's slender skink, is a species of skink endemic to the Philippines.
# Dun-sur-Auron

Dun-sur-Auron (French pronunciation:, literally Dun on Auron) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

A farming area comprising a small town and a couple of hamlets situated by the banks of both the Auron and the canal de Berry some 26 miles (42 km) east of Bourges at the junction of the D10, D14, D28, D34 and the D943 roads. Another small river, the Airain flows northwest through the northern part of the commune.

## History

Dun-sur-Auron dates back from Dunum, a Gaul fortified place. In the Middle Ages it depended from the Viscount of Bourges. In 1101, the last viscount, Eudes Arpin, lord of Dun, sold his estates to King Philip I of France and the city was renamed Dun-le-Roi.

## Sights

* The sixteenth-century town walls
* The twelfth-century church of St. Etienne.
* Fifteenth-century houses.
* A feudal motte castle.
* The chateau of La Périsse.
* The belltower.
* A museum.
* "Le Prieuré", built late 1400, Place Bourbon.
* Walls and towers
* Fortifications
* A gateway in the walls
* The church entrance
* The bell tower

## Personalities

* Maurice Bardèche (1907–1998), journalist and writer.
* Érick Jacquin (1964–Present), chef and TV personality.
* Auguste Marie (1865-1934), Psychiatrist.
# Elad (disambiguation)

El'ad is a city in the Center District of Israel.
Elad may also refer to:
In organizations:
* El-Ad Group, a real estate development conglomerate based in Israel
** Elad Properties, its New York City-based subsidiary
* El'ad Association or Ir David Foundation, an Israeli archaeology, tourism and settlement organization
In people:
* Elad Gabai (born 1985), Israeli footballer
* Elad Lassry (born 1977), American artist
* Elad Peled (1927–2021), Israeli general
* Michael Elad (born 1963), Israeli engineer
# Jean-Luc Joncas

Jean-Luc Joncas (born 16 December 1936) was a Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a businessman by career.
Born in Amqui, Quebec, Joncas represented the Quebec riding of Matapédia—Matane where he was first elected in the 1984 federal election and re-elected in 1988, therefore becoming a member in the 33rd and 34th Canadian Parliaments.
Joncas left federal politics after his defeat in the 1993 federal election by René Canuel of the Bloc Québécois.

## Controversy for Claiming Milage as an MP

In 1988, Joncas was the subject of controversy after allegations he and his family inappropriately claimed milage for his travel to and from Ottawa. These allegations appeared in the Montreal Gazette in November 1988.

## Electoral record

vte1993 Canadian federal election: Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | Bloc Québécois | René Canuel | 18,331 | 57.33 | | $23,993 |
| | Liberal | Maurice Gauthier | 10,410 | 32.55 | – | $44,410 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Jean-Luc Joncas | 2,448 | 7.66 | | $34,058 |
| | Natural Law | Pierre Gauthier | 570 | 1.78 | | $0 |
| | New Democratic | Robert McKoy | 218 | 0.68 | | $0 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | 31,977 | 100.00 | – | $54,749 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 618 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 32,595 | 71.76 |
| Electors on the lists | Electors on the lists | Electors on the lists | 45,421 |
| Source: Thirty-fifth General Election, 1993: Official Voting Results, Published by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada. Financial figures taken from official contributions and expenses provided by Elections Canada. |||||||
# Duval, Saskatchewan

Duval (2016 population: 83) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Last Mountain Valley No. 250 and Census Division No. 11. The village is located on Highway 20, approximately 93 kilometres (58 mi) north of the city of Regina.

## History

Duval incorporated as a village on 21 December 1910.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Duval had a population of 95 living in 49 of its 55 total private dwellings, a change of 14.5% from its 2016 population of 83. With a land area of 0.67 km$^2$ (0.26 sq mi), it had a population density of 141.8/km$^2$ (367.2/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Duval recorded a population of 83 living in 44 of its 46 total private dwellings, a -16.9% change from its 2011 population of 97. With a land area of 0.75 km$^2$ (0.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 110.7/km$^2$ (286.6/sq mi) in 2016.

## Climate

Climate data for Duval :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 9 (48) | 20 (68) | 31.5 (88.7) | 37.5 (99.5) | 39 (102) | 38 (100) | 37.8 (100.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | 29 (84) | 21.7 (71.1) | 12 (54) | 39 (102) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11 (12) | −7.2 (19.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 18.1 (64.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 17.7 (63.9) | 10.5 (50.9) | −1.1 (30.0) | −8.3 (17.1) | 8.3 (46.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −15.7 (3.7) | −11.6 (11.1) | −4.9 (23.2) | 4.6 (40.3) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18 (64) | 11.9 (53.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | −5.1 (22.8) | −12.8 (9.0) | 3 (37) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −20.4 (−4.7) | −16 (3) | −9.3 (15.3) | −1 (30) | 5.8 (42.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 11.6 (52.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 0 (32) | −9.1 (15.6) | −17.3 (0.9) | −2.2 (28.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.7 (−43.1) | −42 (−44) | −35.6 (−32.1) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −9.4 (15.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | 3.5 (38.3) | −0.6 (30.9) | −8.3 (17.1) | −20.6 (−5.1) | −32 (−26) | −41.5 (−42.7) | −42 (−44) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16 (0.6) | 11.1 (0.44) | 17.4 (0.69) | 26 (1.0) | 47.5 (1.87) | 75.2 (2.96) | 69.7 (2.74) | 46.8 (1.84) | 33 (1.3) | 21.3 (0.84) | 14.8 (0.58) | 18.6 (0.73) | 397.4 (15.65) |
| Source: Environment Canada ||||||||||||||
# Peter O'Donohue

Peter O'Donohue (14 June 1923 – 4 November 2012) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn in the VFL during the 1940s.
O'Donohue usually played in defence or in the centre and played 109 games with Hawthorn. He was made captain during the 1950 season and kept that position until the end of 1952. His time at Hawthorn was interrupted by his service in the Royal Australian Navy during World War II.
In 1953 he went to Western Australia, where he became captain coach of West Perth for two seasons. O'Donohue's job with the CSIRO led him to accept an appointment to coach Deniliquin in the Murray Football League. He led Deniliquin to the 1957 premiership playing as a half back flanker. He returned to Hawthorn in 1966 as coach, but it was his only season in charge.
Peter went on to be a highly successful amateur coach in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA), earning life membership of the VAFA in 2002.

## Honours and achievements

Individual
* Hawthorn captain: 1952
* Hawthorn life member
# Pathetic dot theory

The pathetic dot theory or the New Chicago School theory was introduced by Lawrence Lessig in a 1998 article and popularized in his 1999 book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. It is a socioeconomic theory of regulation. It discusses how lives of individuals (the pathetic dots in question) are regulated by four forces: the law, social norms, the market, and architecture (technical infrastructure).

## Theory

Lessig identifies four forces that constrain our actions: the law, social norms, the market, and architecture. The law threatens sanction if it is not obeyed. Social norms are enforced by the community. Markets through supply and demand set a price on various items or behaviors. The final force is the (social) architecture, by which Lessig means "features of the world, whether made, or found"; he notes that biology, geography, technology and other facts about the world constrain our actions. Lessig says that those four forces together are the totality of what constrains our action, in fashion both direct and indirect, ex post and ex ante.
The theory has been formally called by Lessig in 1998 "The New Chicago School", and can be seen as a theory of regulation.
The theory can be applied to many aspects of life (such as how smoking is regulated), but it has been popularized by Lessig's subsequent usage of it in the context of the regulation of the Internet. Lessig noted that the key difference in regulation of the Internet (cyberspace), compared to regulation of the "real world" ("realspace"), is the fact that the architecture of the internet – the computer code that underlies all software – is created by humans, whereas in the real world much of the architecture, based on laws of physics, biology, and major social and cultural forces, is beyond our control. Lessig sees code as an important force that should be of interest to the wider public, and not only to the programmers. He notes the importance of how technology-mediated architecture, such as coded software, can affect and regulate our behavior. Lessig wrote:
   [The code] will present the greatest threat to both liberal and libertarian ideals, as well as their greatest promise. We can build, or architect, or code cyberspace to protect values that we believe are fundamental. Or we can build, or architect, or code cyberspace to allow those values to disappear. There is no middle ground. There is no choice that does not include some kind of building. Code is never found; it is only ever made, and only ever made by us.
# 1885 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1885. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 84 of the 114 seats in the Storting. Johan Sverdrup remained Prime Minister.

## Leadership changes and challenges
### Liberal party

Johan Sverdrup was elected chairman at the founding congress of the Liberal Party on 28 January 1884.
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Johan Sverdrup | 101 | 17.00 |
| Jacob Lindboe | 94 | 15.82 |
| A. D. S. Hjorth | 79 | 13.30 |
| Ole Anton Qvam | 68 | 11.45 |
| Viggo Ullmann | 55 | 9.26 |
| Kaptein G Krogh | 54 | 9.09 |
| Brugseier H. wæringsaasen | 51 | 8.59 |
| Do. W Konow | 51 | 8.59 |
| Gaardseier W. Konow | 41 | 6.90 |
| Total | 594 | 100.00 |
| Source: Mjeldheim |||

## Results

| | Liberal Party | 57,683 | 63.41 | 84 | +1 |
| | Conservative Party | 33,284 | 36.59 | 30 | –1 |
| Total | Total | 90,967 | 100.00 | 114 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 90,967 | 98.55 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,341 | 1.45 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 92,308 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 122,952 | 75.08 | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||