OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karen Grogan

Karen Grogan is an Australian politician. She was appointed as a Senator for South Australia on 21 September 2021, to fill a casual vacancy caused by the death of Alex Gallacher.
Grogan was born to Irish parents in London, England. Her father Larry Grogan was a shop steward with the Transport and General Workers' Union. She moved to Australia in 1990 and became an Australian citizen four years later.
Grogan was previously CEO of the South Australian Council of Social Service (SACOSS) until 2009, when she worked as chief of staff to the federal MP for Hindmarsh, Mark Butler. In 2019, she joined the United Voice trade union as a senior political officer. Shortly afterwards, United Voice merged with the National Union of Workers to form the United Workers Union (UWU), and Grogan succeeded David Gray as convenor of the PLUS (Progressive Left Unions and Sub-branches) faction.
# Masking threshold

Masking threshold within acoustics (a branch of physics that deals with topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound), refers to a process where if there are two concurrent sounds and one sound is louder than the other, a person may be unable to hear the soft sound because it is masked by the louder sound.
So the masking threshold is the sound pressure level of a sound needed to make the sound audible in the presence of another noise called a "masker". This threshold depends upon the frequency, the type of masker, and the kind of sound being masked. The effect is strongest between two sounds close in frequency.
In the context of audio transmission, there are some advantages to being unable to perceive a sound. In audio encoding, for example, better compression can be achieved by omitting the inaudible tones. This requires fewer bits to encode the sound and reduces the size of the final file.

## Applications in audio compression

It is uncommon to work with only one tone. Most sounds are composed of multiple tones. There can be many possible maskers at the same frequency. In this situation, it would be necessary to compute the global masking threshold using a high resolution Fast Fourier transform via 512 or 1024 points to determine the frequencies that comprise the sound. Because there are bandwidths that humans are not able to hear, it is necessary to know the signal level, masker type, and the frequency band before computing the individual thresholds. To avoid having the masking threshold under the threshold in quiet, one adds the last one to the computation of partial thresholds. This allows computation of the signal-to-mask ratio (SMR).

### The psychoacoustic model

The MPEG audio encoding process leverages the masking threshold. In this process, there is a block called "Psychoacoustic model". This is communicated with the band filter and the quantify block. The psychoacoustic model analyzes the samples sent to it by the filter band, computing the masking threshold in each frequency band using a Fast Fourier transform. The number of points used depends upon the MPEG layer. Using these thresholds, the signal-to-mask ratio is determined and sent to the quantifier. The quantifier assigns more or less bits in each block based upon the SMR. The block with the highest SMR will encode with the maximum number of bits.
# Anne Bouillon

Anne Bouillon is a French lawyer born in 1972 specializing in women's rights. She is registered with the bar of Nantes. According to GQ she was the most powerful lawyer in France in 2019.

## Career

Anne Bouillon was sworn in in January 2001 before the Aix-en-Provence Court of Appeal. She began her career in Marseille in immigration and employee law before setting up her own law firm in Nantes in 2003. Her commitment to the defense of women victims of domestic violence, which she made her specialty, and her involvement in feminist associations propelled her to the fore.
In 2019 the mayor of Nantes Johanna Rolland included her on her list in an ineligible position. In 2023, she is cited by Matthieu Aron in his book The great pleadings of the tenors of the bar which relates the trial of Edinson Valejo.

## Family

Anne Bouillon is the great-niece of Josephine Baker and her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon, she is also the niece of director Gilles Bouillon and the cousin of actor Bastien Bouillon. She is the mother of a child and married to criminal lawyer Franck Boëzec.

## Associations

She participated in the creation of the Citad'elle association in Nantes. She is also a member of the LesFameuses association, an organization bringing together women managers or occupying positions of high responsibility across France. In 2020, she was elected Famer of the Year. In 2023, she will participate in the 250th anniversary of the Grand Orient de France in Nantes as a speaker alongside Georges Sérignac and Pierre Mollier.

## Documentary

* 2023: The Venus Chained, directed by Guillaume Gevart
* 2023: Juste Charity, directed by Floriane Devigne
* 2023: Anne Bouillon: Justice for all!, directed by Dylan Besseau
# Villa Il Palagio

Villa Il Palagio is a villa and farm estate in Figline Valdarno, in the province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany. The estate has belonged to the musician Sting and his wife Trudie Styler since the late 1990s.

## History

Il Palagio was built in the 17th century. In the late 18th century it was bought by the wealthy Martelli family. They sold it in 1819 to Countess Carlotta Barbolani of Montauto, the widow of the Duke of San Clemente and it remained in this family's hands for some 150 years. In the early 20th century, Duke Simone Vincenzo Velluti Zati di San Clemente was responsible for building an oil mill and grain store and beginning to produce wine in its vineyards. A chapel was added in 1958.
The estate was purchased by Sting and his wife Trudie Styler in 1999. When the couple bought the villa it was in a state of disrepair and they hired architect Arabella Lennox-Boyd to carry out a full restoration of the estate, which took seven years. On 11 September 2001, Sting and a large ensemble of musicians recorded the live album All This Time at the villa on the same day at the September 11 terrorist attacks. Sting's song "Fragile" was dedicated the victims of the attacks. In 2009, winter photography of the grounds covered in snow was taken for Sting's album release that year, If on a Winter's Night.... Both that and his 2006 album Songs from the Labyrinth were written at the estate. The second phase of rehearsals for The Police Reunion Tour took place over the course of four weeks at the estate in the spring of 2007. Sting and Trudie often host parties and private concerts for friends and family at Il Palagio.

## Features

The villa was built in the 16th-century Tuscan style and the estate contains four guesthouses and two annexes to the main villa, which can accommodate up to 50 guests, and up to 500 guests for wedding receptions and parties. The estate has a life-size chessboard, a treehouse overlooking a lake, a chapel and a giant statue of Buddha, a yoga centre, a tennis court, and a swimming pool.

## Produce

The estate, of some 350 hectares, is run by Paolo Rossi and his brother Joe who is the head chef. Gluten-free breads and pizzas are on the menu. The estate is a producer of wine, honey, cherries, apricots, peaches and olive oil. It has been making organic olive oil since 1999. As of 2014, the estate produces six different wines.
# Eugene Cullen

Eugene Patrick Cullen (August 7, 1905 – July 9, 1995) was a farmer and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 3rd Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1944 to 1959 as a Liberal.
He was born in Hope River, Prince Edward Island, the son of Timothy Patrick Cullen and Frances Etta Landrigan, and was educated at the Prince Edward Island Agricultural and Technical School. He operated a dairy farm and was also owned a milk processing company. In 1942, he married Gladys Kathleen McCardle. Cullen was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1944 by-election held after Mark R. MacGuigan was appointed a judge. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1959, 1962 and 1966. Cullen served as speaker for the assembly in 1948 and 1949. He was also a member of the province's Executive Council, serving as Minister of Industry and Natural Resources in 1950 and as Minister of Agriculture from 1955 to 1959.
Cullen was also chairman of the board for Saint Dunstan's University, chairman of the board of management for the Prince Edward Island Central School of Nursing and chairman for the Prince Edward Island Health Services Commission. He was a director for the United Way and was chair of the provincial campaign in 1970.
He died in Charlottetown at the age of 89.
His brother Thomas also served in the provincial assembly.
# Takashi Yuasa

Takashi Yuasa (湯浅 卓, Yuasa Takashi, born on November 24, 1955 in Tokyo) is a Japanese lawyer (admitted in Washington D.C., but not in Japan) and television personality. He belongs to the Horipro (Hori Productions) talent agency.

## Profile

He attended Shirogane Elementary School and Azabu Junior and Senior High School, in Tokyo, and graduated from the Department of Law at the University of Tokyo in 1979. He claims to have graduated with "the top results ever achieved" in his department. He received an LL.M. from UCLA Law School in 1984.
During the sale of the Rockefeller Center in New York City, he acted as a lawyer for the Rockefeller family (however, he was not the head of the legal team). As a result of his efforts, he says, Mitsubishi Estate paid approximately 1.5 times the amount it planned for the land, and he received a large sum in return (the precise amount was not revealed).
His hobbies include dance and opera, and is often asked to sing. He participates in opera together with the pianist Ayako Uehara, the Art critic Yuki Yamashita (Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties) and the actress Misa Uehara.

## Regular television appearances

* Hexagon II Quiz Parade!!|Quiz! Hexagon Konya wa quiz parade Quiz! Hexagon II (Quiz Hexagon! Tonight's a Quiz Parade! Quiz Hexagon II)
* Shimada kentei!! Kokuminteki senzai nōryoku test (The Shimada exam!! The National Potential Quotient Test)
* World records (Japanese TV program)|World records
* Cream Stew no tarirariraan (Cream Stew's Tallylallylaah)
* Do night
* Ichiban! Express (First Express!)
* Tokoro-san no gakko de wa oshiete kurenai sonna tokoro! (Tokoro's That Thing They Don't Teach You in School)

## Other specials and guest appearances

* Asa made nama terebi "Gekiron! Honto ni NO to ieru ka!? Nihon" (Live TV Till Morning) - "Fierce Debate! Can Japan really say No!?"
* Nōnai esute IQ sappli (Brain Makeover IQ Supplement)
* Odaiba Akashiya jō (Akashiya Castle, Odaiba)
* Waratte iitomo
* All star kanshasai (All Star Thanksgiving Festival)
* Zen'in seikai atarimae quiz (The Quiz Everyone Ought To Get Right)
* Tamori no Japonica Logos (Tamori's Japonica Logos)
* Sanma no Manma (Sanma and Manma)
* Gokigen yō (How Do You Do)
* Gachinko shichōritsu battle (All-Out Ratings Battle)
* Cocorico million kazoku (Cocorico's Family of a Million)
* Sekai maru mie! Terebi tokusōbu (The World Uncovered! TV's Special Investigators)
* Takeshi/Itsumi no Heisei kyōiku iinkai (Takeshi and Itsumi's Board of Modern Education)

## Books

* "Wall gai ban - sekai to nihon no yomikata - kongo jūnenkan naniga okiru ka" (Wall Street edition: Reading Japan and the world - What will happen in ten years' time?) - published by PHP Kenkyūjo
* "America ni ashita wa aru no ka" (Is there a tomorrow for America?) - published by PHP Kenkyūjo
* He has written many essays and commentaries for economics texts from the Nihon Keizai Shimbun and books related to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun.
* Computer Data Base Protection - The Impact of Japanese Legislative Developments on United States and Japanese Copyright Laws (in English)
1. 9 Fordham Int'l L. J. 191 (1985–1986)
# Yu Baoxuan

Yu Baoxuan (simplified Chinese: 于宝轩; traditional Chinese: 于寶軒; pinyin: Yú Bǎoxuān; Wade–Giles: Yü Pao-hsüan; born 1875) was a politician in the Republic of China. He was a member of the Anhui clique. Later he became an important politician during the Reformed Government of the Republic of China and the Wang Jingwei regime (Republic of China-Nanjing). His courtesy name was Zi'ang (子昂) or Zhi'ang (志昂). He was born in Jiangdu, Jiangsu.

## Biography

Yu Baoxuan spent early years in Sichuan, where his father was a prefect. First he became a Jiansheng (監生; student of Guozijian), then he went to Japan for his higher education. After the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, he returned to China and first joined the Department of Police in Peking under the Qing dynasty. Subsequently, he was transferred to the Ministry for Interior in recognition of his useful services. He was appointed Senior Clerk and acted concurrently as a member of the Bureau of Constitutional Reform.
On the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, Yu Baoxuan was appointed Chief of the Statistical Bureau and division Chief of the Police Department, Ministry for Interior. In the same year he was also elected an expectant member of the Senate. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Civil Affairs Bureau, Ministry for Interior. In 1916 he became Senator upon the restoration of Parliament.
Upon the second dissolution of the Parliament in 1917, Yu Baoxuan was appointed Secretary to the Ministry for Communications. In same December he was promoted to be Vice-Minister for Interior, and supported Minister Qian Nengxun (錢能訓). He became concurrently in February 1918, Chief of the Parliamental Election Bureau under the Parliament Anfu Club controlled. On June 13, 1919, he was appointed acting Minister for Interior. Three days later, however, he was relieved of the Vice-Ministership and also of the post of Chief of the Election Bureau. In August 1920 he was appointed Associate Director General of the Government Economic Investigation Bureau. In September 1923 he was appointed Special Member of the Financial Reorganization Commission.
Upon Liang Hongzhi established Reformed Government of the Republic of China in April 1938, Yu Baoxuan was appointed Vice-Minister for Communications. The Wang Jingwei regime was established in March 1940, he also became a member of it. In May 1941 he was appointed Observer to the Commission for High Ranking Officer's Examination (高等考試典試委員會監試委員).
After 1942, the whereabouts of Yu Baoxuan were unknown.

## Awards and decorations

Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain Order of Wen-Hu
# Scientific (rapper)

Samuel Sonnyboy Tubman (born March 3, 1983), better known as Scientific, is a Liberian rapper and songwriter who is currently based in Ghana. He released the Quincy B-assisted single "Shawty" in October 2014. Between 2014 and 2016, he won Best Hip Hop Artist at the Liberian Music Awards.

## Biography and music career

Samuel Sonnyboy Tubman was born in Bong County, Liberia. He grew up in Ghana in a refugee camp due to the first and second civil wars, which lasted from 1989 to 2003 in Liberia.
Cheddar signed Scientific to his label Wonda World Entertainment (WWE) in Ghana.
In 2011, Scientific performed his hit singles, "I Like You Girl", with top Ghanaian acts such as EL, Sarkodie and Jayso at the American Musician Fabolous Concert in Ghana.
Scientific was nominated and won Artist of the Year and Hip Hop Artist of the Year at Liberia Music Award, USA in 2014. He also won the 2015 Edition of Liberia Music Award "Artist of the Year".

## Singles

* "Her Back Wicked", produced by WWE
* "Ain’t Got Time", produced by Wonda World Entertainment
* "Rotate", produced by Eminike
* "Wake Up", produced by Ghost
* "Its a War", produced by Wonda World Entertainment
* "Feel My Pain", produced by P-Dubb Mancini
# Heath Strong

Heath Edward Strong, KC (August 21, 1882 – November 16, 1950) was a lawyer and political figure in Prince Edward Island. He represented 4th Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1932 to 1935 and from 1944 to 1945 as a Conservative.
Heath Edward Strong was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, was the son of C. Edward Strong and Sarah Jane Bonsfield, and the grandson of William G. Strong. He was educated there and at Prince of Wales College. Strong was called to the bar in 1907. He was named King's Counsel in 1924. In 1927, he married Ethel Louise Sinclair. He was speaker for the assembly from 1934 to 1935. Strong resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1945 to run unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons. He died in Summerside at the age of 68.
His brother Ernest also served in the provincial assembly.
# Matteo Stefanini

Matteo Stefanini (born 29 April 1984) is a rower from Italy.
He competed for his native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens in the single sculls, and won the gold medal in the men's double sculls event at the 2005 Mediterranean Games alongside Alessio Sartori. At the 2010 World Championships, he finished second in the men's quadruple sculls. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the quadruple sculls.
# Surf art

Surf art is visual art about or related to the sport of surfing, waves, and the culture that surrounds beaches.
There is a strong connection between art and surf culture, which reaches back 3,000 years to Peru, where some of the world's first historians carved bas-reliefs of surfers. The intersection of surf and art realms today, however, extends far beyond art documenting life. Both have stretched to encompass each other and the areas of popular culture and commercialism. Art today incorporates graffiti, advertisements and everyday items, and surfing is as much about clothes, attitude and punk music as it is hitting the waves.
Photography is a popular and influential medium of surf art. Imagery documents life, and in surfing terms, it encapsulates a passion, a sport, and a lifestyle. The main objective of surf photography is to not only enlighten the viewer of the pleasures of surfing, but also to demonstrate other facets of the life of a surfer.
While many artists within the field of 'surf art' do not attach themselves to the specific moniker as creators of only surf related art. Other terms often used are 'ocean art', 'wave art', and 'art of the sea' among others.
Variations of surf art as a subject matter can fall within other art styles such as impressionism, surrealism, abstract or realism.
Among coastal communities around the world, surf art in any form is growing in popularity and price. In 2011, contemporary artist Raymond Pettibon's work 'No Title (But the sand)' sold at Christie's for USD $820,000.
Surf art has manifested as cave drawings by old native Hawaiians along with painters, surrealists, graphic designers, sculptures and installation artists. Many are surfers themselves. Surf art has spread from coastal areas to urban cities, such as New York, where surf culture and art exhibitions can now be found.
Notable surf artists include Rick Griffin, Raymond Pettibon, Alex Lanau,Leroy Grannis, John Van Hamersveld, Kevin A Short, Drew Brophy, Ithaka Darin Pappas, Sean Davey, Zak Noyle, Jay Alders, and Aaron Chang.

## Surf Graphics

The term “Surf Graphics” is used to describe the style of artwork associated with the subculture of surfing when applied to posters, flyers, T-shirts and logos. It is heavily influenced by skate art, Kustom Kulture and tiki culture.

## Around the world
### Australia

Surf art is popular in Australian culture, with fashion brands like Mambo and artists like Reg Mombassa playing key roles in popularising the genre. In South Australia, the annual Onkaparinga Surf Art Exhibition shows for two months during Port Noarlunga's peak tourist season, and offers contributing artists a prize pool of AUD$2500 and the opportunity to sell their work.

### Brazil

In Brazil, an artist and curator named Fernando Bari, who created in 2004 a unique website gathering surf artists around the world, have been searching for Brazilian artist who represents the beach culture. The meaning of the community is to share knowledge, mediums and spread the surf art in Brazil. The site also keeps and promotes art exhibitions, uniting artists and keep the community alive.
# Alexander Macphail

James Alexander Macphail CMG DSO (January 25, 1870 – January 13, 1949) was a Canadian engineer, educator and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 4th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1911 to 1915 as a Conservative.
He was born in Orwell, Prince Edward Island, the son of William Macphail and Catherine E. Smith, and was educated at Prince of Wales College, McGill University and Queen's University. In 1910, he married Agnes Mary Moray MacMorine. He was a professor in the School of Mining and then the Department of Civil Engineering at Queen's, later becoming department head.
He served with the Royal Canadian Engineers during World War I. He led a company of engineers as a major, later reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. During the war, Macphail received the Distinguished Service Order, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1919 New Year Honours, for services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders.
His brother Andrew was a noted physician, educator and author.
# Mianjangal Protected Area

The Mianjangal protected area is a protected area located near the town of Sarvestan in the south of Iran.
# Michael A. Chandler

Michael Chandler is an American producer, director, writer and editor of feature and documentary films. He produced and directed, with Sheila Canavan, the feature documentary Compared to What? The Improbable Journey of Barney Frank, a Showtime Networks Broadcast Premier and official selection of the Tribeca Film Festival; the PBS Independent Lens feature documentary Knee Deep which one reviewer called, “one of the year's best 'believe it or not' documentaries, a rural Rashomon and a compelling cinematic experience;” and produced & directed Forgotten Fires, a PBS documentary which investigated the burning by Ku Klux Klansmen of Black churches. Bill Moyers said about it: "If we wanted a real dialog about race in America, we'd start with this film." Chandler also produced & directed investigative documentaries for the PBS series Frontline, including Blackout, a collaboration with The New York Times, The Future of War, and
Secrets of the SAT.
He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the film Amadeus. He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Editing for the same film, which he shared with Nena Danevic. He is a two-time winner of the American Cinema Editors (ACE) Eddie Award, for Best Edited Feature for Amadeus and for Best Edited Documentary for the ABC production Can’t It Be Anyone Else?
He was film editor on Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, Never Cry Wolf and Empire Records. He was writer and editor of Freedom on My Mind (Academy Award Nomination, Sundance Grand Jury Prize), co-writer and consulting editor on The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (Academy Award Nomination), editor of Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey (Academy Award Nomination) and Squires of San Quentin (Academy Award Nomination), and co-writer and editor of Yosemite: The Fate of Heaven (Emmy Award). As writer and editor of the ABC television special Can't It Be Anyone Else? he was awarded the Christopher Award, presented for works that "affirm the highest values of the human spirit."
Chandler is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Cinema Editors, and the Writer's Guild.