OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Knowing receipt

Knowing receipt is an English trusts law doctrine for imposing liability on a person who has received property that belongs to a trust, or which was held by a fiduciary, having known that the property was given to them in breach of trust. To be liable for knowing receipt, the claimant must show, first, a disposal of his trust assets in breach of fiduciary duty; second, the beneficial receipt by the defendant of assets which are traceable as representing the assets of the claimant; and third, knowledge on the part of the defendant that the assets he received are traceable to a breach of fiduciary duty.
"Knowing receipt" is also sometimes called "unconscionable receipt" because of its theoretical foundation in the doctrine of unconscionability. The contrary view is that knowing receipt is, or ought to be, part of a broader doctrine of ignorance triggering a claim for unjust enrichment. On this view, anyone who receives property that was given away in breach of trust has a strict duty to repay the value, unless they have committed a wrong, or have changed their position after the receipt. This model suggests that knowledge is not exclusively relevant for liability.
The underlying principle of knowing receipt is beneficial receipt of D is unjust enrichment at the expense of the rightful owner. In Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan, knowing receipt is characterized as restitution-based liability (as opposed to accessory liability).

## Degree of knowledge required

Under knowing receipt, the onus is on the claimant beneficiary to establish recipient's knowledge. The degree of knowledge required has been a controversial issue and there are numerous lines of authority on it. For example, in some cases it was held that Baden category 1 to 3 knowledge, i.e. dishonesty is needed, or in some cases it was held that all 5 categories would suffice, i.e. either dishonesty or negligence.
In Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture (No 2) it was held that fraud and dishonesty was not required, i.e. negligence would suffice. In El Ajou v Dollar Land Holdings plc it was held that constructive knowledge was sufficient; Though in Polly Peck International Plc v Nadir (Asil) (No.2) [1992], Scott LJ agreed that courts are always reluctant to extend constructive notice doctrine to circumstances when money is paid in the ordinary course of business.
At last, in BCCI (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele it was held that the degree of knowledge for knowing receipt is knowledge that makes it unconscionable for recipient to retain benefit of receipt. It was also held that the five categories of knowledge in Baden is not useful.

## Proprietary base

The Court of Appeal confirmed in Byers v Saudi National Bank [2022] EWCA Civ 43 that in order to sustain a claim in knowing receipt against a third party, then the claimants must have had a beneficial interest in the property at some point when it was in the defendant's hands and they had knowledge of the breach of trust. If the claimant's beneficial interest in the property is extinguished by the transfer, then no claim can be maintained in knowing receipt.
# International Military Staff

The International Military Staff (IMS) is an advisory and executive body of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) Military Committee (MC), which in turn supports the North Atlantic Council (NAC). Based in NATO's headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, the IMS has four divisions and additional entities integrated with NATO's civilian International Staff (IS). It has approximately 500 staff, mostly seconded from NATO member states and is led by a Director General.

## Divisions

The IMS consists of the following divisions:
* Operations and Plans (O&P)
* Policy and Capabilities (P&C)
* Cooperative Security (CS)
* Logistics and Resources (L&R)
The following integrated entities at the NATO headquarters are jointly run by the IS and the IMS:
* Joint Intelligence and Security Division (JISD)
* NATO Standardization Office (NSO)
* NATO Digital Staff (NDS)
* NATO Situation Centre (SITCEN)
# The New What Next

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| DKP-Reviews | |
The New What Next is the sixth full-length studio album by Hot Water Music. It was released by Epitaph in 2004. This was Hot Water Music's final release before temporarily disbanding in 2006, and their last new release until 2012's Exister.

## Personnel

* Chuck Ragan - guitar, vocals
* Chris Wollard - guitar, vocals
* Jason Black - bass guitar
* George Rebelo - drums
# Bua Sali

Bua Sali (Thai: บัวสลี) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Mae Lao District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005, it had a total population of 4,389 people. The tambon contains 12 villages.
# Bertrand Ngapounou

Bertrand Ngapounou (born 20 November 1982) is a Cameroonian former football defender.

## Club career

Ngapounou played in his native country, Russia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan and Romania. He had a spell with FC Rostov in the Russian Premier League during 2003 and 2004.
# Armor (hydrology)

In hydrology and geography, armor is the association of surface pebbles, rocks or boulders with stream beds or beaches. Most commonly hydrological armor occurs naturally; however, a man-made form is usually called riprap, when shorelines or stream banks are fortified for erosion protection with large boulders or sizable manufactured concrete objects. When armor is associated with beaches in the form of pebbles to medium-sized stones grading from two to 200 millimeters across, the resulting landform is often termed a shingle beach. Hydrological modeling indicates that stream armor typically persists in a flood stage environment.

## Hjulstroms diagram

Bed armor is most often transported through entrainment, and more specifically suspension and saltation. Both of these processes involve moving the sediment both near and around the bed of a river. When a sediment is entrained it is being moved downstream through the forces between the layers of water around it, and once it settles it begins to create a layer on the bed of the river. This layer of sediment changes the hydrology of the river around it, as once this layer on the bottom is formed it affects the hydraulics of the river. This layer of sediments on the bed of the river can act as barrier to the incoming flow, and depending on the size and distribution of the grains, can change the river.
The Hjulstroms diagram represents at what grain size and flow speed a particle is transported. The slope present at the top left of its graph is due to clay and silt cohesion.

## Particle size

The distribution and size of the sediments can sometimes help indicate the type of river, and the general flow direction. The grain distribution of the bed armor is essential to understanding the armor, and its function that is dependent on the size of the armor. For example, if there is a large piece of sediment that sits on the bed armor layer of the river it can change the threshold for critical flow. The change in critical flow at the bottom of the stream or river can change the turbidity of the flow, and create different types of river systems depending on the range of impact the change in flow has. This effect can create a positive loop, with the critical flow disrupting smaller sediments downstream which repeat the process.

## Stream power

Stream power expresses the amount of energy that a river is exerting on its bed. The equation is primarily used to understand the force in terms of the water doing work on the bed. Bed armor is directly involved with this equations, when the force on the stream increases the water acting on the sediments can also increase. This can lead to change and movement within the stream in reference to the sediments on the bottom layer.
# Science Shack

Science Shack was a BBC television series screened in 2001 and 2002. It was presented by Adam Hart-Davis and produced by Leeds UK-based Screenhouse Productions. The series set out to answer science questions by performing experiments. In the first series, topics included: 'Can you walk on the ceiling?' for which the team held an inverted walking competition, with Australians taking part; 'What will we do when the oil runs out?' with the shack in Cornwall and powered by alternative energy sources; and 'Why did the millennium bridge wobble?', in which the team built a working model of the footbridge near the Tate Modern.
The second series included a greater role for Hart-Davis's backup team of Marty Jopson, Jem Stansfield, Sim Oakley, Janet Sumner and Alom Shaha. Challenges this time included:
* Tall Buildings – in which the team try to make the world's biggest paper tower, complete with a lift, in the Millennium Dome
* Can I walk on water? – in which the team tries to build machines to allow people to walk on water, and for a few seconds hold the Guinness world record
* How high can I jump? – which sees Alom Shaha, athletes and others trying to jump over a model of the shack using only human powered devices
* Can you make someone invisible? – in which the team build a mirrored suit for hiding in a forest, and an 'invisible' (but noisy) car
* Can a human fly like a bird? – (i.e. powered by flapping wings rather than propeller), culminating in Hart-Davis being suspended from a one-man helium balloon and attempting to flap his wings
* Could you build an underwater house? – in which a submerged house was made from two skips welded together, with a CO$_2$ scrubber and various other survival gadgets.
Producer and director of series one was Paul Bader, who was Executive Producer for series 2, which was directed by Patrick Titley. The series was supported with funding from the Open University, who also provided web support.
The "shack" in the programme's title was a flatpack shed, which was shown (via time lapse photography) being assembled on location during the intro to each show.
# CD82 (gene)

CD82 (Cluster of Differentiation 82), or KAI1, is a human protein encoded by the CD82 gene.
This metastasis suppressor gene product is a membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the tetraspanin/transmembrane 4 superfamily. Expression of this gene has been shown to be downregulated in tumor progression of human cancers and can be activated by p53 through a consensus binding sequence in the promoter. Its expression and that of p53 are strongly correlated, and the loss of expression of these two proteins is associated with poor survival for prostate cancer patients. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

## Interactions

CD82 (gene) has been shown to interact with CD19, CD63 and CD234.
CD82 plays a key role in the development of endometriosis.
# 6N1P

The 6N1P (Russian: 6Н1П) is a Russian-made miniature 9-pin medium gain double triode vacuum tube intended for use as a line audio amplifier and cathode driver.
Basic data:
* Uf = 6.3 V, If = 600 mA
* μ = 35
* Ia = 7.5 mA
* S = 4.35 mA/V
* Pa = 2.2 W
The 6N1P has similar ratings to the 6DJ8 and in the past was sometimes rebranded as such, however differences between the two types (the 6N1P requires almost twice the filament current and has only one third the S value) mean they are not directly interchangeable. The S is about 4.35 ma/V, the 6DJ8/ECC88 has a S of 12.5 ma/V and a gain of 33 and a lower internal resistance. However, the 6N1P is typically more linear for a given load. It is therefore inaccurate to say that these two tubes are identical. The correct Russian equivalent to the 6DJ8/ECC88 is the 6N23P, the latter has a S of 12.5 mA/V and a gain of 33.
The closest western equivalent to the 6N1P is the well known 6BQ7A. A ruggedized/extended ratings version of the tube is designated 6N1P-EV (Russian: 6Н1П-ЕВ). It has currently found a use as a driver tube in hi-fi tube amplifiers (such as Audio Research models VS55 and VS110) because of its excellent low distortion and low noise characteristics. The tube is manufactured by the "Voskhod" plant in Kaluga, Russia (see ) and is distributed in the West under the Sovtek and Svetlana brand names.
# Nicholas Bourbon

Nicholas Bourbon may refer to:
* Nicholas Bourbon (the elder) (1503–1550), French neo-Latin poet; granduncle of "the younger"
* Nicholas Bourbon (the younger) (1574–1644), French neo-Latin poet; member of the Académie française
# Juninho (footballer, born June 1989)

Roberto Neves Adam Júnior (born 29 June 1989), simply known as Juninho is a Brazilian professional footballer who played for Ethnikos Achna in Cyprus.
# Akwasi Oduro

Akwasi Qwakeye Oduro (born 8 February 1987 in Cologne) is a German-born Belgian defender of Ghanaian descent.

## Career

He emigrated to Belgium when he was ten and started playing for Gierle and K.V. Turnhout. At the age of 14 he moved to Standard de Liège who played between 2006 now moved to the first team of KSK Beveren where he played 4 matches in his first season. In August 2008 he went for a trial at English League Two club Swindon Town F.C. but has later been spotted on trial at Chesterfield F.C. He is a very quick talented young player, currently hoping to sign a deal at Chesterfield F.C. after making a good impression during his trial. Oduro left than in September 2008 his club K.S.K. Beveren and signed with FK Radnički Kragujevac of the Srpska Liga. In FK Bodø/Glimt, he is likely to play as a left winger in his new club, he has signed a contract which runs for three years.
He then returned to Belgium and played with Capellen and Turnhout in the Belgian Second Amateur Division.

## Personal life

Oduro who was born in Cologne, Germany and is of Ghanaian descent, but he holds a Belgian passport.
# Belshaw

Belshaw is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Lincolnshire, England. It lies to the west of the village of Belton in the Isle of Axholme. The site, which was designated a SSSI in 1988, is a short length of land along a disused railway line and is important because it supports a colony of greater yellow-rattle. This is a nationally rare plant which receives special protection under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Once widely distributed, this species is now known to occur at only six localities in Great Britain.
# Joseph Monytuil

Joseph Nguen Monytuil was the Governor of Unity State - Bentiu, South Sudan, a post he has held since July 7th, 2013 to 20th May 2024 when he was relieved and replaced by the president of the Republic of South Sudan H.E Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit with H.E Justice Riek Bim Top. He was the first governor of Northern Liech State, which was created by President Salva Kiir on 2 October 2015. Before his appointment as the governor of Northern Liech, he was the caretaker governor of the former Unity State deputized by Colonel Miabek Lang Miading Bil-Kuei from Panriang who was later replaced with the current deputy governor H.E James Tor Tunggur Kueiguong from SPLM-IO party. Joseph's predecessor is the current vice president for infrastructure Cluster of the Republic of South Sudan, Gen. Taban Deng Gai.
# Karl-Hans Riehm

Karl-Hans Riehm (born 31 May 1951 in Konz, Rhineland-Palatinate) is a former West German hammer thrower.
His biggest success came at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States where he won the silver medal. At the previous Olympics he had a tenth place from 1972 and a fourth place from 1976. In addition he won the bronze medal at the 1978 European Championships and finished seventh at the 1983 World Championships.
His personal best throw was 80.80 metres, achieved in July 1980 in Rhede. This ranks him tenth among German hammer throwers, behind Ralf Haber, Heinz Weis, Karsten Kobs, Günther Rodehau, Holger Klose, Christoph Sahner, Klaus Ploghaus, Markus Esser and Matthias Moder.
# Gilbert Paquette

Gilbert Paquette (born October 19, 1942) is a Canadian university professor, businessman, researcher and politician. Paquette is a researcher at the Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur le téléapprentissage (CIRTA-LICEF), which he founded in 1992. He was National Assembly of Quebec member for the riding of Rosemont from 1976 to 1985 under the Parti Québécois banner and in the final months of his second term as an Independent MNA.

## Profile

Gilbert Paquette is a professor at UQAM. He holds a master's degree in computer science and mathematics and a doctorate from the University of Maine in artificial intelligence and education. He holds a Canada Research Chair. He was the scientific director of the LORNET network, arguably the largest Canadian Semantic Web initiative. LORNET ran in the period 2003–2008.
He has been the keynote speaker at several international conferences and he is on the board of five journals. Paquette has also founded two companies, Micro-Intel (1987–1991) and Cogigraph (1999–2004).
Paquette was Minister of Sciences and Technology from 1982 to 1984 in the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque, but left the party in the last few months of his term. He made a comeback on the political scene in 2005 when he joined the Parti Québécois leadership election to succeed Bernard Landry. On November 10, 2005, he withdrew from the race and asked his supporters to vote for Pauline Marois.
In the 2015 Canadian federal election, he ran for the Bloc Québécois in the riding of LaSalle—Émard—Verdun, finishing third.
# Peg bread

Peg bread is a traditional Jamaican and West Indian bread type. It is usually served along with tea in the morning.
# Lepiota brunneolilacea

Lepiota brunneolilacea, also known as the star dapperling, is a gilled mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales. It is known to contain deadly amounts of alpha-Amanitin, and was responsible for a fatal poisoning.
# Junior Alves (footballer, born 1994)

Domivânio Alves de Souza Júnior, commonly known as Júnior Alves or simply Domivânio (born 20 March 1994), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Taguatinga.

## Career

Born in Buritis, Minas Gerais, Júnior Alves joined Portuguesa's youth categories in November 2010, aged 16, after starting it out at Brasilis. On 12 August 2014 he was called up by manager Silas for the match against ABC.
Júnior Alves made his first team debut on the same day, playing the last 30 minutes of a 0–0 away draw for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B championship.
# Jérémy Sapina

Jérémy Sapina (born 1 February 1985) is a French footballer who played as a central defender.
# Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage

Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (MWDEU) is a usage dictionary published by Merriam-Webster, Inc., of Springfield, Massachusetts. It is currently available in a reprint edition (1994) ISBN 0-87779-132-5 or ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4. (The 1989 edition did not include Merriam- in the title. It was added as part of the rebranding campaign to emphasize the differences between Merriam-Webster's dictionaries and dictionaries of other publishers using the generic trademark Webster's.)
The book has been praised by language experts. Stan Carey at the blog Sentence First concludes that it operates "in such a thorough and unbiased way is what elevates MWDEU so far above the ordinary. Each entry is presented in a much broader context than is typically the case in books that advise on English usage and style." It is critically acclaimed by the linguist Geoffrey Pullum, who calls it "the best usage book I know of... utterly wonderful." The Economist included it in its list "What to read to become a better writer," stating, "What distinguishes MWDEU is its relentless empiricism." It is known for its historical scholarship, analysis, use of examples, and descriptive approach. It has more than 2,300 entries, and includes more than 20,000 quotations from prominent writers.
A concise version is also available.
# CFTL (pirate radio)

CFTL was an English-language pirate radio station operating in the west end of Montreal between 1969 and 1971.
It broadcast on 96.7 FM (50 watts) and 6.045 MHz Shortwave (100 watts) and covered the near west end of Montreal with daily regularly scheduled programs. The station is believed to have been based in the Montreal West/Côte-Saint-Luc area. During its heyday, the station averaged 12 to 18 hours per day of broadcasting and became a popular station among the 16 to 24 demographic. It issued weekly hit charts that were available to the public and had a listed telephone number, its own news cruiser and it sold advertising to local businesses.
Its relatively long life was probably due to the fact it operated in the open and like a licensed station, except for its actual studio location. The transmitters were eventually discovered by the Canadian Department of Transport (which regulated broadcasting facilities at the time) in an elevator shaft in a Côte-Saint-Luc highrise in 1971. The studio was apparently linked via a wireless studio-transmitter link and the studio location was never officially determined, though it was believed to be in the Montreal West area.
Its demise was believed to be due to a complaint filed by a licensed Montreal station, whose audience in the lucrative West End market was being impacted. (The station was first-adjacent to CKVL-FM 96.9, which became CKOI-FM in 1976.) Unconfirmed reports suggest the station was run by a small group of teens whose interest in radio broadcasting eventually grew into an actual radio station.
# Eakin Creek Floodplain Provincial Park

Eakin Creek Floodplain Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on the North Thompson River near the community of Little Fort.
# Emigdio C. Cruz

Emigdio Castor Cruz was a Philippine Army officer and a recipient the Philippines' highest military award for courage, the Medal of Valor. Cruz was the personal physician of Manuel Quezon. After accompanying the Philippine President to the United States at the onset of the War in the Pacific, Cruz was sent back to the Philippines by Douglas MacArthur in order to establish contact with Filipino and American guerrillas fighting the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the country.

## Medal of Valor citation

"Major Emigdio C Cruz (0520467) Philippine Army, in active service in the Army of the United States
   for exceptional heroism beyond the call of duty in action on a secret mission from Washington to Australia and to the Philippines, from May 3, 1943 to February 28, 1944, the Medal for Valor is awarded to Major Emigdio C. Cruz, Philippine Army, in the active service of the Army of the United States. Major Cruz volunteered for the hazardous mission of entering the Philippines and obtaining information there of the great importance to the Government of the Commonwealth and the Southwest Pacific Command. His capture by the enemy would have meant torture and certain death. He landed in Negros, traveled by various means and under various guises to Manila and returned to Australia and thence to Washington, with his mission fully and satisfactorily accomplished. In accomplishing this dangerous mission, Major Cruz showed daring resourcefulness and long sustained courage."