OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nitrophenyl pentadienal

Nitrophenyl pentadienal, nitrophenylpentadienal, NPPD, or METKA (Russian for "mark") colloquially known as "spy dust", is a chemical compound used as a tagging agent by the KGB during the Cold War Soviet Era. Soviet authorities in Moscow tracked Americans by applying an almost invisible powder to their clothing, cars, doorknobs and other objects. Some other variants of "spy dust" may have contained luminol and would glow under ultraviolet light.

## History

Spy dust was first discovered in England in the 1930s.
It was first revealed to the Central Intelligence Agency in Moscow in 1963 by Alexander Chrepanov, a KGB walk-in agent.
Spy dust was detected in the Soviet Union in 1970s in tiny quantities.
In 1984, KGB officer Sergei Votontsov (Code name GT/COWL) provided a sample of the substance.
Soviet defector Vitaly Yurchenko confirmed the chemical.
In the summer of 1985 the powder began to appear in Moscow in much larger quantities. Concerned about the health effects of the substance, the United States State Department publicly protested to the Soviets. It was later determined that the health threat was low.
Beginning about 2005-2015, a chemical tracking kit for law enforcement agencies was developed using NPPD. To detect NPPD a 0.1% methanol solution of naphthoresorcinol is added to a swab of the item in question and then concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. The observation of a red color indicates a positive test. Naphthoresorcinol was frequently used in early organic chemistry investigations to determine the presence of aldehyde groups in solution; a red adduct is formed in acidic solution.
# Packet of Three

Packet of Three was the first release from the new wave rock band Squeeze. It contained three songs produced by John Cale of the Velvet Underground, who also produced their self-titled debut LP the following year. Packet of Three was released in both 7" and 12" vinyl formats. (The 12" did not have a picture sleeve) The EP's title comes from the UK term for a standard package of condoms. The photo on the sleeve of the EP was taken outside a pub in Haddo Street, Greenwich, SE London, close to the council flat at 35 Congers House, Bronze Street, Deptford, where Chris Difford was staying at the time.
The three songs were re-released in 1990 on the "Annie Get Your Gun" CD single (IRS 74007).

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
AllMusic's retrospective review deemed that the EP "while quite raw compared to later material, showed enough promise to land the band a recording contract with A&M Records."
"Cat on a Wall" gained its first radio play in June 1977 on legendary North Sea pirate station Radio Caroline who gave the song extensive airplay. Jools Holland was a school friend of Radio Caroline DJ Mark Lawrence.

## Track listing

All songs written by Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook
* "Cat on a Wall" – 3:10
* "Night Ride" – 3:02
* "Back Track" – 2:21

## Personnel
### Squeeze

* Glenn Tilbrook - lead guitar, vocals
* Chris Difford - guitar, vocals
* Julian Holland - keyboards, vocals
* Harri Kakoulli - bass
* Gilson Lavis - drums

### Technical

* Jill Furmanovsky - photography, design
# Maruseppu, Hokkaido

Maruseppu (丸瀬布町, Maruseppu-chō) was a town located in Monbetsu District, Abashiri Subprefecture (now Okhotsk Subprefecture), Hokkaido, Japan. The town's name comes from a word in the Ainu language which means "a wide area where three rivers gather".
As of April 1, 2005, the town had an estimated population of 2,032, with 1,042 households. The total area was 510.13 km$^2$. Over 95 percent of the town is covered with forests. The town's economy relies upon forestry.
On October 1, 2005, Maruseppu, along with the town of Ikutahara, and the village of Shirataki (all from Monbetsu District), was merged into the expanded town of Engaru.
# John MacWhirter

John MacWhirter RA (27 March 1839 in Slateford, Edinburgh - 28 January 1911 in London) was a Scottish landscape painter.

## Biography

John was the third of four children. One of his elder sisters, Agnes MacWhirter was also a noted artist of still lifes. He attended a school in Colinton, and after his father's death was apprenticed to Oliver & Boyd, booksellers in Edinburgh. He stayed there for only a few months and then in 1851 enrolled at the Trustees Academy under Robert Scott Lauder and John Ballantyne (1815–97). He spent long periods sketching and studying nature outdoors. His first painting to be exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy at age 14, was 'Old Cottage at Braid'. In 1880, he was made an Honorary Member of the Royal Scottish Academy. Exploring and painting abroad he visited Italy, Sicily, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Norway and the U.S.A. - the Alps being a great inspiration. He moved to London in 1867 and on 4 May 1893 was elected a Royal Academician.
MacWhirter specialised in romantic landscapes with a great fondness for trees, spending much time in the hilly countryside of Perthshire. Initially, under the influence of John Everett Millais, he experimented with the detailed images of the Pre-Raphaelites, but later adopted a more sweeping style. With John Pettie he illustrated Wordsworth's Poetry for the Young (Strahan, 1863). With Waller H. Paton and others, MacWhirter illustrated The Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe (Hislop, 1869).

## Family

He married Catherine ('Katie') Cowan Menzies (b. 1843) in 1872, her brother-in-law the Rev. James McFarlan officiating. The couple lived at 1 Abbey Road, St. John's Wood in the 1870s, and had two daughters and two sons:
* Agnes Helen ('Nan') *1873 who married the artist Charles Sims
* Helen Agnes *1875 x Sydney Malcolm Baird
* Ulric George *1878
* Alan Gordon *1882 x Doris May Cook
MacWhirter has paintings in several British Collections including Royal Holloway University of London, Cheltenham and Derby Art Gallery.
# Matteo Aicardi

Matteo Aicardi (born 19 April 1986) is an Italian professional water polo center forward. He won the world title in 2011 and two medals at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics. In 2012 he was awarded the Gold Collar of Sporting Merit from the Italian Olympic Committee.

## Honours
### Club
#### Savona

* LEN Euro Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12

#### Pro Recco

* LEN Champions League: 2014–15, 2020–21, 2021–22 ;runners-up : 2017–18
* LEN Super Cup: 2015, 2021, 2022
* Serie A: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2021–22
* Coppa Italia: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22
# CD1b

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD1B gene.
CD1b belongs to group 1 of CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins. CD1 molecules are expressed on the surface of numerous different human antigen presenting cells (DCs, monocytes and some thymocytes). This specialised group of glycoproteins present self and non-self lipid-based antigens to specific αβ T-cells. CD1 molecules are structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), belonging to MHC class I-like genes. The human CD1 locus is found on chromosome 1 and contains five nonpolymorphic genes (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and CD1e).

## Structure and function

CD1b molecules (as well as other CD1 and classical MHC I molecules) are formed by membrane-bound glycoprotein composed of three extracellular domains (α1,α2,α3). These extracellular domains are non-covalently associated with β2 microglobulin (which has the function of stabilising protein). This organization forms a narrow hydrophobic binding groove that accommodates lipid-based antigens. The binding groove is made up of four broadly interconnected pockets that are occupied by the alkyl chains of glycolipid and two detergent molecules. Compared to other CD1 molecules this unique arrangement of CD1b provides the possibility of binding a wide spectrum of antigens with various lengths of alkyl chain. Alkyl components of antigens are attached in the hydrophobic groove and a hydrophilic part stands out from the CD1b molecule and thus provides to the TCR a place to bind.
CD1b molecule has the largest antigen-binding cleft within the CD1 family. Whereas the microbial lipids tend to have longer alkyl chains than self endogenous lipids it seems that CD1b is specifically adapted to present microbial lipids (rather than endogenous) to T cells. In the absence of longer microbial lipids, CD1b presents both an endogenous lipid and a scaffold/spacer lipid(s).

## Clinical significance

When the immune system does not distinguish self and non-self antigens, it leads to an autoreactive T-cell response. Autoreactive CD1b can recognize for example phosphatidylglycerol, which is common for bacteria but also mammalian mitochondria. This autoantigen is released during a bacterial infection or mitochondrial stress. CD1b also presents endogenous gangliosides to specific T cells so they can commence autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
In contrast with major histocompatibility complexes, CD1 molecules have restricted diversity, it could be an interesting marker for immunotherapy and target for development of new drugs.
# Benjamin Lang (rower)

Benjamin Lang (born 4 February 1987) is a French rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. His first club was the Emulation Nautique de Bordeaux, which he joined in 1997 and remains a member of their steering committee.
Lang won silver medals in the coxed pair at both the 2008 and 2012 World Rowing Championships.
# Jacques Brodin

Jacques Brodin (22 December 1946 – 1 October 2015) was a French fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Gustave Buchard

Gustave Buchard (17 February 1890 – 18 February 1977) was a French fencer who took part in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. Bushard won two Olympic medals in fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. He came in third place in both the individual and team epee.
# Georges Casanova

Georges Casanova (26 July 1890 – 20 February 1932) was a French fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Demons at the Door

Demons at the Door is a 2004 American supernatural horror film directed by Roy Knyrim. It stars Rick Benedetto, Leslie Brockett, Sean'e La'Dae, Bob Cicherillo, Richard Elfman (under the pseudonym "Aristide Sumatra"), and Angelo Benedetto. Featuring music by the American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse, the film was released direct-to-video.

## Plot

The film depicts a character named The Duke killing racist demons, making one-liners, and becoming the leader of hell.

## Cast

* Rick Benedetto as Sgt. Rick Castellano
* Leslie Brockett as Annie Scara
* Sean'e La'Dae as Rudy Ray Jackson
* Bob Cicherillo as Uriel
* Richard Elfman as Monkey Demon (credited as Aristide Sumatra)
* Angelo Benedetto as Dr. Angelo Scara

## Reception

Richard Propes of The Independent Critic said, "There are so many things wrong with this film":
   First, we have a white guy playing an Islamic terrorist...we have the horrid Darth Vader voiceovers. We have the absolute worst CGI ever (If it is, in fact, CGI). We have Demons that resemble early Godzilla replicas. We have the most remarkably inept acting I've seen in quite some time. Literally, and I can hardly ever say this about a film...there is not one good performance in this film...not a spark, not a hint of talent anywhere.
# Aston Sequoia

Aston Sequoia is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris. It is a producer of ethical therapeutic drugs and engaged in clinical research and manufacturing. It has 8 manufacturing plants, 4 in India and the rest in USA, United Kingdom and France. In the financial year 2019, 69% of the company's revenue came from international markets while 31% came from India. Its market presence is in more than 100+ countries.

## History

The company was founded by a Rockefeller pharmacist in 2006 and was made a subsidiary of WyteRock.

## Divisions

Psychiatry, Dermatology, Gynaecology.

## Controversies

In December 2021, During the COVID-19 pandemic the company received show-cause notices for selling remdesevir medicine without seeking price approval from National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.
# Vittorio Stellin Castellani

Vittorio Stellin Castellani (8 September 1928 – 1 March 1969) was an Italian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Ramadhan Nsanzurwimo

Ramadhan Nsanzurwimo (born 1966) is a Burundian football manager. He is the former caretaker manager of the Malawi national football team.

## Coach career

Ramadhan came to Malawi in 1997 from Kiyovu F.C. of Rwanda. From 1997 to 2001 he coached Big Bullets F.C. In 2001, he worked as coach for Malawi's Mighty Wanderers F.C. He left Malawi in 2002 for Mauritius and after one season joined Botswana's Township Rollers F.C. After Botswana one of his memorable achievement is when he led AmaZulu F.C. to the South Africa's top flight league PSL from National First Division. He also once worked with Malawi national football team during the time he was in Malawi. Then he coached the South Africa's Black Leopards F.C., Tembisa Classic F.C. (as assistant), Fidentia Rangers F.C. and Durban Stars F.C.
# Kac's lemma

In ergodic theory, Kac's lemma, demonstrated by mathematician Mark Kac in 1947, is a lemma stating that in a measure space the orbit of almost all the points contained in a set $A$ of such space, whose measure is $\mu (A)$, return to $A$ within an average time inversely proportional to $\mu (A)$.
The lemma extends what is stated by Poincaré recurrence theorem, in which it is shown that the points return in $A$ infinite times.

## Application

In physics, a dynamical system evolving in time may be described in a phase space, that is by the evolution in time of some variables. If this variables are bounded, that is having a minimum and a maximum, for a theorem due to Liouville, a measure can be defined in the space, having a measure space where the lemma applies. As a consequence, given a configuration of the system (a point in the phase space) the average return period close to this configuration (in the neighbourhood of the point) is inversely proportional to the considered size of volume surrounding the configuration.
Normalizing the measure space to 1, it becomes a probability space and the measure $P(A)$ of its set $A$ represents the probability of finding the system in the states represented by the points of that set. In this case the lemma implies that the smaller is the probability to be in a certain state (or close to it), the longer is the time of return near that state.
In formulas, if $A$ is the region close to the starting point and $T_{R}$ is the return period, its average value is:
$\langle T_{R}\rangle =\tau /P(A)$
Where $\tau$ is a characteristic time of the system in question.
Note that since the volume of $A$, therefore $P(A)$, depends exponentially on the $n$ variables in the system ($A=\epsilon ^{n}$, with $\epsilon$ infinitesimal side, therefore less than 1, of the volume in $n$ dimensions), $P(A)$ decreases very rapidly as the variables of the system increase and consequently the return period increases exponentially.
In practice, as the variables needed to describe the system increase, the return period increases rapidly.
# Garymunida analoga

Garymunida analoga is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific. The specific name is derived from the Greek analogos, meaning "resembling", which is in reference to its similarity to both Agononida squamosa (=Garymunida squamosa) and Agononida similis (=Garymunida similis).
# I, Jonathan

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork | 8.7/10 |
I, Jonathan is the fourth solo album by Jonathan Richman, released by the Rounder Records label in 1992. As the founder of influential proto-punk band The Modern Lovers, Richman had striven to convey authentic emotions and storytelling with his music. I, Jonathan continued this aesthetic with simple and sparse rock and roll arrangements, and straightforward lyrics about everyday topics, such as music, parties, summer, and dancing. It is widely-regarded as one of his best works, and is considered an influential album in the lo-fi genre.
Songs on the album addressed topics such as backyard parties ("Parties in the U.S.A"), memories of neighborhoods in which Richman had lived ("Rooming House on Venice Beach" and "Twilight in Boston") and his admiration of his primary musical inspiration, the Velvet Underground ("Velvet Underground"). The latter song includes a brief interlude of the Velvet Underground song, "Sister Ray". Also notable is a revisited and somewhat longer version of "That Summer Feeling," which was first recorded on 1983's Jonathan Sings!
The album helped increase Richman's cultural profile, which would include a 1993 appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien during which Richman performed one of the album's songs, "I Was Dancing in the Lesbian Bar."
The album was recorded through the summer of 1991 "in John 'Guitar' Girton's cozy frayed carpet of a basement studio" in the "summer swelter" of Grass Valley, California.
The album was originally released on Cassette and Compact Disc, but was released by Craft Recordings on vinyl for the first time in 2020.

## Track listing

All songs were written by Jonathan Richman unless otherwise noted.

## Personnel

* Jonathan Richman - vocals, guitars, bass ("Velvet Underground")
* Ned Claflin - vocals, tremolo guitar and 2nd guitar on "Grunion Run"
* Tom Nelson - vocals
* Scot Woodland - vocals, congas
* Josef Marc - bass, drums ("I Was Dancing In The Lesbian Bar"), guitar ("Twilight in Boston")
* Steve Nobels - percussion, backing singing
* Jason Wilkinson - percussion, drums ("Parties in the USA"), backing singing
* John Rinkor - percussion, bass ("Parties in the USA"), backing singing
* Mike Buckmaster - percussion, backing singing
* Willie Robertson - percussion, backing singing
* Andy Paley - drums ("Grunion Run")
* Brennan Totten - drums ("A Higher Power")
* Jim Washburn - bass ("That Summer Feeling", "Twilight in Boston" and "Grunion Run")
* John Girton - guitar ("That Summer Feeling")
* Brennan Totten - producer
* John Girton - engineer
# 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres

The men's 200 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 3 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| John Regis Great Britain | Ade Mafe Great Britain | Kevin Little United States |

## Results
### Heats

The first 2 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | John Regis | Great Britain | 21.17 | Q |
| 2 | 4 | Kevin Little | United States | 21.22 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Robson da Silva | Brazil | 21.25 | Q |
| 4 | 4 | Rob van de Klundert | Netherlands | 21.27 | Q, NR |
| 5 | 4 | Sandro Floris | Italy | 21.34 | q |
| 6 | 2 | Andrzej Popa | Poland | 21.35 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Nikolay Antonov | Bulgaria | 21.42 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Paolo Catalano | Italy | 21.48 | q |
| 9 | 3 | Ade Mafe | Great Britain | 21.49 | Q |
| 10 | 3 | László Karaffa | Hungary | 21.57 | Q |
| 11 | 4 | Bruno Marie-Rose | France | 21.68 | q |
| 12 | 1 | Alemayehu Gudeta | Ethiopia | 21.90 | q, NR |
| 13 | 3 | Luís Cunha | Portugal | 21.93 | |
| 14 | 1 | Troy Douglas | Bermuda | 21.94 | NR |
| 15 | 3 | Emmanuel Tuffour | Ghana | 22.09 | |
| 16 | 2 | Ian Morris | Trinidad and Tobago | 22.19 | |
| 17 | 1 | Ayhan Bodur | Turkey | 22.47 | |
| 18 | 3 | Trevor Davis | Anguilla | 22.90 | |
| 19 | 1 | Clinton Bufuku | Zambia | 23.25 | NR |
| | 2 | Itai Iluz | Israel | DQ | |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | John Regis | Great Britain | 20.81 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Robson da Silva | Brazil | 20.86 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Ade Mafe | Great Britain | 21.01 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Kevin Little | United States | 21.05 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Sandro Floris | Italy | 21.21 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Rob van de Klundert | Netherlands | 21.36 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Andrzej Popa | Poland | 21.43 | |
| 8 | 1 | Nikolay Antonov | Bulgaria | 21.47 | |
| 9 | 1 | László Karaffa | Hungary | 21.51 | |
| 10 | 2 | Paolo Catalano | Italy | 21.90 | |
| 11 | 2 | Alemayehu Gudeta | Ethiopia | 21.90 | =NR |
| | 1 | Bruno Marie-Rose | France | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 4 | John Regis | Great Britain | 20.54 | CR |
| | 6 | Ade Mafe | Great Britain | 20.87 | |
| | 2 | Kevin Little | United States | 21.12 | |
| 4 | 3 | Sandro Floris | Italy | 21.31 | |
| 5 | 1 | Rob van de Klundert | Netherlands | 21.55 | |
| | 5 | Robson da Silva | Brazil | DQ | |
# 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres

The women's 200 metres event at the 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis on 6 and 7 March.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Heike Drechsler East Germany | Merlene Ottey-Page Jamaica | Grace Jackson Jamaica |

## Results
### Heats

The first 2 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Heike Drechsler | East Germany | 23.21 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Merlene Ottey-Page | Jamaica | 23.63 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Mary Onyali | Nigeria | 23.77 | Q |
| 4 | 4 | Marie-Christine Cazier | United States | 23.80 | Q |
| 5 | 4 | Angela Phipps | Canada | 23.81 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Alice Jackson | United States | 23.82 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Els Vader | Netherlands | 23.87 | Q |
| 8 | 4 | Grace Jackson | Jamaica | 24.12 | q |
| 9 | 3 | Blanca Lacambra | Spain | 24.13 | q |
| 10 | 1 | Daniela Ferrian | Italy | 24.37 | q |
| 11 | 2 | Rufina Ubah | Nigeria | 24.71 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Norfalia Carabalí | Colombia | 24.85 | q |
| 13 | 4 | Cecilia Núñez | Panama | 24.89 | NR |
| 14 | 3 | Svanhildur Kristjónsdottir | Iceland | 25.27 | |
| 15 | 2 | Diane Dunrod | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 25.28 | NR |
| 16 | 2 | Joyce Odhiambo | Kenya | 25.30 | NR |
| 17 | 3 | Christa Schumann | Guatemala | 25.38 | NR |
| 18 | 1 | Janet Montas | Dominican Republic | 25.91 | |
| 19 | 2 | Oliver Acii | Uganda | 26.24 | NR |
| 20 | 4 | Ana María Luzio | Bolivia | 28.92 | NR |
| | 2 | Anelia Nuneva | Bulgaria | DNF | |
| | 1 | Selmi Keamel | Algeria | DNS | |
| | 1 | Regina Nigba | Liberia | DNS | |
| | 4 | Esther Kavaya | Kenya | DNS | |

### Semifinals

First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Heike Drechsler | East Germany | 22.84 | Q, PB |
| 2 | 2 | Merlene Ottey-Page | Jamaica | 22.86 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Grace Jackson | Jamaica | 23.36 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Angela Phipps | Canada | 23.49 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Mary Onyali | Nigeria | 23.51 | Q, AR |
| 6 | 2 | Alice Jackson | United States | 23.52 | Q, PB |
| 7 | 1 | Marie-Christine Cazier | United States | 23.59 | |
| 8 | 2 | Els Vader | Netherlands | 23.78 | |
| 9 | 2 | Daniela Ferrian | Italy | 24.09 | |
| 10 | 2 | Blanca Lacambra | Spain | 24.44 | |
| 11 | 1 | Rufina Ubah | Nigeria | 24.73 | |
| 12 | 1 | Norfalia Carabalí | Colombia | 24.76 | AR |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 4 | Heike Drechsler | East Germany | 22.27 | WR, CR |
| | 3 | Merlene Ottey-Page | Jamaica | 22.66 | AR |
| | 5 | Grace Jackson | Jamaica | 23.21 | |
| 4 | 6 | Alice Jackson | United States | 23.55 | |
| 5 | 2 | Mary Onyali | Nigeria | 23.56 | |
| 6 | 1 | Angela Phipps | Canada | 23.77 | |