# Ende (town)

Ende is the seat capital of the Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Ende is located on the southern coast of Flores Island. The town had a population of 87,269 residents at the 2020 census, divided administratively between four districts (kecamatan) of the regency – Ende Selatan, Ende Timur, Ende Tengah, and Ende Utara. Note that this does not include Ende District (which is a mainly rural district outside the town limits) or Pulau Ende District (the offshore Ende Island). The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 87,723.

## History

Ende was the site of a kingdom that existed around the end of 18th century. The people of the area therefore known as Lio-Ende people. For many decades Ende has been a center of government, trade, education, and political activities.
Rebellion against the Dutch was led by a certain Nipa Do known as the wars of Watu Api and Mari Longa (1916–1917). In 1934, the nationalist leader, Sukarno, who later became Indonesia's first president was exiled to eastern Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government.

## Villages

The four districts (kecamatan) comprising the town are tabulated below with their areas and their populations as at mid 2023, together with their postcodes:
| Kode Wilayah | Name of District (kecamatan) | Area in km$^2$ | Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 | Post code(s) |
| 53.08.04 | Ende Selatan | 19.57 | 26,386 | 86313 - 86316 |
| 53.08.18 | Ende Utara | 17.52 | 18,673 | 86310 |
| 53.08.19 | Ende Tengah | 5.75 | 23,641 | 86312, 86318 & 86319 |
| 53.08.20 | Ende Timur | 19.63 | 19,023 | 86317, 86319 & 86362 |
| 53.08 | Totals | 62.47 | 87,723 | |
They are sub-divided administratively into 16 urban (kelurahan) and 9 rural (desa) villages.
* Ende Selatan (South Ende) consists of the 5 kelurahan of Mbongawani, Paupanda, Rukunlima, Tanjung and Tetandara;
* Ende Timur (East Ende) consists of the 3 kelurahan of Mautapaga, Rewarangga and Rewarangga Selatan, plus the 3 desa of Kedebodu, Ndungga and Tiwutewa;
* Ende Tengah (Central Ende) consists of the 4 kelurahan of Kelimutu, Onekore, Paupire and Potulando;
* Ende Utara (North Ende) consists of the 4 kelurahan of Kota Raja, Kota Ratu, Roworena and Roworena Barat, plus the 6 desa of Borokanda, Embundoa, Gheoghoma, Raterua, Mbomba and Watusipi.

## Attractions

The Bung Karno Museum is the old house occupied by Sukarno during his years of exile in Ende. Most of the old furniture are still there. While he was exiled in Ende, Sukarno wrote and held several plays, together with Tonel Kelimutu Theatre Group. Among the plays were Rendorua Ola Nggera Nusa (Rendo that stirred the archipelago) and Doctor Satan, a revision on the story of Dr. Frankenstein.
Near the football field in Ende stands a big breadfruit tree. Under the tree, Sukarno often sat, working on political ideas to lead Indonesia to independence. Those reflections contributed to the opening of Pancasila concept, which is now the state philosophy of Indonesia. From here Pancasila was born. Today, the Pancasila Birth Monument stands on this place. During a visit to Ende in June 2013, Vice President Boediono spoke of the importance of the idea of Pancasila for Indonesia and officiated over a ceremony to open a monument to the work of Sukarno in Ende.
Another attraction is Christ the King Cathedral, which is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ende.
The well-known tourist spot of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured volcanic lakes is about 50 kilometres or 31 miles to the east of Ende.
While in Ende there is an opportunity to tryout the local type of coffee “Kopi End”'. Coffee beans and ginger toasted together and brewed as normal.

## Transportation

The town is served by H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport or Ende airport.

## Climate

Ende has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a long dry season and short wet season.
Climate data for Ende :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.5 (88.7) | 31.5 (88.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.2 (88.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 31.3 (88.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.1 (79.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.1 (71.8) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.1 (70.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 192 (7.6) | 154 (6.1) | 156 (6.1) | 94 (3.7) | 57 (2.2) | 40 (1.6) | 43 (1.7) | 14 (0.6) | 30 (1.2) | 70 (2.8) | 119 (4.7) | 160 (6.3) | 1,129 (44.6) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||