OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1/2 − 1/4 + 1/8 − 1/16 + ⋯

In mathematics, the infinite series 1/2 − 1/4 + 1/8 − 1/16 + ⋯ is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely.
It is a geometric series whose first term is ⁠1/2⁠ and whose common ratio is −⁠1/2⁠, so its sum is
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{2^{n}}}={\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{8}}-{\frac {1}{16}}+\cdots ={\frac {\frac {1}{2}}{1-(-{\frac {1}{2}})}}={\frac {1}{3}}.$

## Hackenbush and the surreals

A slight rearrangement of the series reads
    $1-{\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{8}}-{\frac {1}{16}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{3}}.$
The series has the form of a positive integer plus a series containing every negative power of two with either a positive or negative sign, so it can be translated into the infinite blue-red Hackenbush string that represents the surreal number ⁠1/3⁠:
    LRRLRLR... = ⁠1/3⁠.
A slightly simpler Hackenbush string eliminates the repeated R:
    LRLRLRL... = ⁠2/3⁠.
In terms of the Hackenbush game structure, this equation means that the board depicted on the right has a value of 0; whichever player moves second has a winning strategy.

## Related series

* The statement that ⁠1/2⁠ − ⁠1/4⁠ + ⁠1/8⁠ − ⁠1/16⁠ + ⋯ is absolutely convergent means that the series ⁠1/2⁠ + ⁠1/4⁠ + ⁠1/8⁠ + ⁠1/16⁠ + ⋯ is convergent. In fact, the latter series converges to 1, and it proves that one of the binary expansions of 1 is 0.111....
* Pairing up the terms of the series ⁠1/2⁠ − ⁠1/4⁠ + ⁠1/8⁠ − ⁠1/16⁠ + ⋯ results in another geometric series with the same sum, ⁠1/4⁠ + ⁠1/16⁠ + ⁠1/64⁠ + ⁠1/256⁠ + ⋯. This series is one of the first to be summed in the history of mathematics; it was used by Archimedes circa 250–200 BC.
* The Euler transform of the divergent series 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯ is ⁠1/2⁠ − ⁠1/4⁠ + ⁠1/8⁠ − ⁠1/16⁠ + ⋯. Therefore, even though the former series does not have a sum in the usual sense, it is Euler summable to ⁠1/3⁠.
# Sarah A. Reed

Sarah A. Reed (March 16, 1838 – January 27, 1934) was a philanthropist and novelist from Erie, Pennsylvania.

## Early life

Sarah Ann Reed was born on March 16, 1838 in Ashtabula, Ohio, the eighth child of William Wyndham Reed, Secretary-Treasurer of the Erie Canal, and Elizabeth H. (Smith) Reed. Her family relocated to Erie when she was seven years old.

## Philanthropy and writing

Reed's most prominent philanthropic effort was the Erie Home for the Friendless social service agency, founded in 1871 by Reed and 29 other women. Reed served as president of the Home for the Friendless for over forty years. She also held a well-attended class in her house that covered a wide range of topics, with more than 1000 people attending classes over the years.
Reed wrote a number of novels. One was a work of historical fiction, A Romance of Arlington House (1908), which was printed in multiple editions. It is an epistolary novel told from the point of view of Virginia Colton, a visitor to Arlington House in 1824, and includes appearances by Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and Robert E. Lee.
Sarah A. Reed died on 27 January 1934. After her death the Home for the Friendless was renamed the Sarah A. Reed Home, a name she would not allow while she was alive.

## Selected publications

* Reed, Sarah A. (1890). "The belated passenger | WorldCat.org". Retrieved 2024-04-17.
* Reed, Sarah A. (1900). After fifty years, or, The story of two love letters | WorldCat.org. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
* Reed, Sarah A. (1908). A romance of Arlington house. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
* Reed, Sarah A. (1931). My grandmother's story and other stories | WorldCat.org. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
# HMS Enterprise (1705)

HMS Enterprise (sometimes spelled Enterprize) was a 24-gun sixth-rate (named Enterprise or L'Entreprenante) of the French Navy captured by HMS Triton (also spelt as Tryton) on 7 May 1705. She was registered as a Royal Navy ship on 1 June 1705 and commissioned shortly afterwards. She served in the Mediterranean and with Admiral Byng's squadron at the Downs. She was wrecked in 1707 with the loss of all hands.
She was the first vessel in the Royal Navy to be named Enterprise.

## Specifications

She was captured on 2 May and registered as a Royal Naval vessel on 1 June 1705. Her gundeck was 93 feet 0 inches (28.3 metres) with her keel for tonnage calculation of 79 feet 9 inches (24.3 metres). Her breadth for tonnage was 27 feet 6 inches (8.4 metres). Her tonnage calculation was 320+75⁄94 tons. Her armament was twenty 6-pounders on the upper deck and four 4-pounders on the quarterdeck, all on wooden trucks.

## Commissioned service

She was commissioned in 1705 under the command of Commander John Paul, RN for service in the Mediterranean then was assigned to Admiral Byng's squadron for the winter of 1706/07 in the Downs. On 17 May 1707 Commander William Davenport assumed command.

## Loss

She was wrecked off Thornton, Lancashire, (near Blackpool) with the loss of all hands on 12 October 1707.

## Citations

* ↑ Lyon
* ↑ Winfield
* ↑ Colledge, Tryton
* ↑ Lyon
* ↑ Winfield
* ↑ Colledge
* ↑ Winfield
* ↑ Lyon
* ↑ Winfield
* ↑ Winfield
# Blaise Rogeau

Blaise Antonie Rogeau (born 26 November 1994) is a French field hockey player who plays as a forward for Belgian Hockey League club Waterloo Ducks and the French national team.

## Club career

Rogeau was crowned French champions four times with Saint Germain. He left France in 2019 to play for Gantoise in Belgium. After reaching the final of the Belgian championship with Gantoise in 2022 he joined the Waterloo Ducks.

## International career
### Under–21

Blaise Rogeau debuted for the France U–21 team in 2014, at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Waterloo. In all, he represented France U-21 in five games.

### Les Bleus

Rogeau made his debut for Les Bleus in 2016 during a test series against Wales in Cardiff.
Since his debut, Rogeau has been a regular fixture in the national squad. In 2018 he represented the team at the FIH World Cup in Bhubaneswar. He won his first major medal with the senior team in 2019 at the FIH Series Finals in Le Touquet, taking home a gold medal.
In 2022 he was a member of the French squad in season three of the FIH Pro League.
# Qolian

Qolian or Qolyan (Persian: قليان) may refer to:
* Qolyan, Kurdistan, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
* Qolian, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran
# Plobsheim

Plobsheim (French pronunciation: or; Alsatian: Plobse) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## List of mayors

| Name | Entered office | Left office |
| Michèle Leckler | May 2020 | In office |
| Anne-Catherine Weber | March 2014 | May 2020 |
| Gérard Kammerer | 1995 | 2014 |
| Geoffroi Bapst | 1977 | 1995 |
| Albert Fischer | 1953 | 1977 |
| Albert Ammel | 1945 | 1953 |
| Frédéric Clauss | 1943 | 1945 |

## Twin town

* Port-Sainte-Foy-et-Ponchapt, France
# Fabio Nebuloni

Fabio Nebuloni (born 28 February 1969) is an Italian modern pentathlete. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Federico Bocchia

Federico Bocchia (born 24 October 1986) is an Italian Olympic swimmer. He represented his country at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
# Francesco Dell'Uomo

Francesco Dell'Uomo (born 8 January 1987 in Colleferro) is an Italian diver.
In the 10 metre platform event he finished ninth at the 2004 Olympic Games and won the bronze medal at the 2008 European Aquatics Championships. At the 2006 European Aquatics Championships he won a bronze medal in the 10 m Platform Synchro event.
# Francesco Giorgi (judoka)

Francesco Giorgi (born 19 February 1970) is an Italian judoka. He competed in the men's half-lightweight event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Franco Scisciani

Franco Scisciani (8 January 1934 – 9 March 2018) was an Italian boxer. He competed in the men's light middleweight event at the 1956 Summer Olympics. At the 1956 Summer Olympics, he defeated Eugène Legrand of France, before losing to José Torres of the United States. Scisciani died in Rome on 9 March 2018, at the age of 84.
# William Wightman (Canadian politician)

William Hannum Wightman (April 23, 1929 – February 28, 2017) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1980 who represented the east Toronto riding of Scarborough West.

## Background

Wightman was born in the Canadian province of Quebec in the city of Montreal; officially Montréal Québec. He earned a Bachelor's degree at Clarkson University in New York. He served for two years in the RCAF. He then earned a Master's degree in Labour Relations from Columbia University. Before and after his election, he served several private-sector companies in senior industrial relations capacities, and as a member of the Ontario Labour Relations Board. He died in Prince Edward County, Ontario in February 2017 at the age of 87.

## Politics

In 1979, he ran as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of Scarborough West. He defeated Liberal incumbent Alan Gray Martin by 2,174 votes. He served as a backbench supporter of the short-lived minority government of Joe Clark. Wightman served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Labour. In 1980, he came in third place behind the winner, Liberal David Weatherhead and runner-up John Paul Harney.
# Gabrio Castrichella

Gabrio Castrichella (born October 24, 1972) is an Italian tennis coach and retired professional tennis player who won a gold medal at the 1997 Mediterranean Games.

## ATP Challenger Tour finals
### Doubles: 1 (1 title)

| Result | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Win | Jul 1997 | Montauban Challenger, France | Clay | Daniele Musa | Lars Rehmann Attila Sávolt | 5–7, 6–2, 6–3 |
# Giorgio Sbruzzi

Giorgio Sbruzzi (born 13 March 1955) is an Italian sprint canoer who competed from the mid to late 1970s. He won a silver medal in the K-2 10000 m event at the 1975 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Belgrade.
Sbruzzi also competed in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, but was eliminated in the semifinal round.
# Giuseppe Micheli

Giuseppe Micheli (born 1888, date of death unknown) was an Italian modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
# Luca Dalla Libera

Luca Dalla Libera is an Italian slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s. He won a bronze medal in the C-1 team event at the 1993 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Mezzana.
# Luca Pellegrini (swimmer)

Luca Pellegrini (born 31 March 1964 in Amelia) is an Italian former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Luigi Saidelli

Luigi Saidelli (12 January 1939 – 4 November 2023) was an Italian sailor and sailboat racer who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## Life and career

Born in Trieste into a family of Istrian–Dalmatian origins, Saidelli was the son and grandson of naval officers. Graduated in Economics from the University of Genoa, in 1963 he won the Star European Championship together with Luigi Croce. One year later, they entered the 1964 Summer Olympics, but while they were leading the race, the breakage of a seal pin prejudiced their victory.
Saidelli competed until the age of 48. After his retirement, he ran a shipping agency active in Genoa and Savona. He died for the consequences of pulmonary emphysema on 4 November 2023, at the age of 84.
An Italian-language biography written by journalist and historian Bruno Cianci, entitled 'Il senso della rotta' (ISBN 9788865945988), traces the sailor's long life in details.
# Mattia Nalesso

Mattia Nalesso (born 13 February 1981) is an Italian butterfly swimmer who competed in both the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Nello Fabbri

Nello Fabbri (15 March 1934 – 30 January 2020) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1959 and 1960 Tour de France.
# Nicolo Deligia

Nicolo Deligia (born 17 April 1940) is an Italian modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Charles Rau

Charles Rau (1826 Verviers, Belgium – 25 July 1887 Philadelphia) was an American archaeologist. He was a curator at the Smithsonian for more than a decade.

## Biography

He was educated at the University of Heidelberg and emigrated to the United States in 1848, where he engaged in teaching, first in the west, and later in New York City. Beginning in 1863, he contributed articles to the publications of the Smithsonian Institution, and subsequently his articles were published in nearly every annual report. From 1875 until his death, he was curator in the Department of Antiquities at the National Museum in Washington, D.C. and devoted himself to the study of American archaeology, on which he became a recognized authority. He wrote on American antiquities for Die Natur.
He was a member of the principal archaeological and anthropological societies of Europe and America. The University of Freiburg in Baden gave him the degree of Ph.D. in 1882. His great library and collections were bequeathed to the National Museum. Also in 1882, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

## Writings

He published more than fifty papers. The titles of his books were:
* Early Man in Europe (1876) This was originally a series of articles contributed to Harper's Magazine.
* The Palenque Tablet in the United States National Museum (1879)
* Articles on Anthropological Subjects, 1853-1877 (1882)
He left unfinished a work on the types of early American implements, and what was projected to be an exhaustive record of American archaeology.
# Elizabeth Elkins Sanders

Elizabeth Elkins Sanders (August 12, 1762 – February 19, 1851) was an American author and social critic. Beginning at age 66, she published a series of anonymous pamphlets decrying the treatment of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders.

## Life and career

Elizabeth Elkins was born on August 12, 1762, in Salem, Massachusetts, the second daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth White Elkins. Her father died when she was one year old. In 1782, she married Thomas Sanders, who would become one of Salem's wealthiest merchants. They attended the First Unitarian Church of Salem.
Her first pamphlet was published at the age of 66. Conversations, Principally on the Aborigines of North America (1828) is structured in the form of a dialogue between a mother and her daughters. Sanders expresses admiration for the culture of Native Americans and surveys Native American groups across North America. She decries the forced removal of Creeks and Cherokees from Georgia and the atrocities committed against Native Americans by the US military. She bluntly labels Andrew Jackson a "sanguinary chieftain" and "a second Robespierre". She followed this up with a second pamphlet on the similar themes, The First Settlers of New England (1829).
At age 82, she began publishing another series of pamphlets on the topic of missionary work: Tract on Missions (1844), Second Part of a Tract on Missions (1845), and Remarks on the "Tour Around Hawaii," by the Missionaries, Messrs. Ellis, Thurston, and Goodrich (1848). She feared that missionary work would destroy the native cultures of Pacific Islanders and had harsh words for "the gloomy doctrines" and "appalling formulas" of Calvinism. She also favorably cites Herman Melville's Typee and may have been an influence on Melville.
Elizabeth Elkins Sanders died on February 19, 1851, in Salem.

## Children

Sanders and her husband had two sons and four daughters. Two of her daughters married two sons of Dr. Nathaniel Saltonstall (1746-1815).
* Charles Sanders (b. 1783), the namesake of the Sanders Theatre in Harvard University's Memorial Hall.
* Catherine Sanders Pickman (b. 1784)
* Mary Elizabeth Sanders Saltonstall (1788–1858), who married Leverett Saltonstall I
* Caroline Sanders Saltonstall (1793–1882), who married Nathaniel Saltonstall (1784–1838)
* Lucy Sanders (bapt. 1793)
* George Thomas Sanders (1804–1856)
# Ieropigi

Ieropigi (Greek: Ιεροπηγή, before 1927: Κοστενέτσι – Kostenetsi; Bulgarian/Macedonian: Косинец - Kosinets/Kosinec) is a village in Kastoria Regional Unit, Macedonia, Greece. The community consists of the villages Ieropigi and Agios Dimitrios.
The 1920 Greek census recorded 563 people in the village. Following the Greek–Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Kostenetsi were from Pontus (11) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 501 village inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 12 (53 people).
In 1945, Greek Foreign Minister Ioannis Politis ordered the compilation of demographic data regarding the Prefecture of Kastoria. The village Ieropigi had a total of 458 inhabitants, and was populated by 400 Slavophones with a Bulgarian national consciousness.
By the 1950s, the Greek government assisted a group of nomadic transhumant Aromanians to settle in depopulated villages of the area like Ieropigi. Aromanians are now the only inhabitants of the village.
# Blaise Sonnery

Blaise Sonnery (born 21 March 1985 in L'Arbresle, Rhône) is a French former professional road bicycle racer who previously rode for UCI ProTour team Ag2r–La Mondiale.

## Major results
### 2003

    1st Overall Tour des Pays de Savoie
       1st Stage 3

### 2005

    3rd Overall Ronde de l'Isard

### 2006

    3rd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
    3rd Overall Ronde de l'Isard
       1st Stage 5
    3rd Overall Tour des Pays de Savoie

### 2009

    8th Tour du Doubs

### 2012

    8th Overall Tour of Japan
# 8th Logistics Battalion (Belgium)

The 8th Logistics Battalion (French: 8 Bataillon Logistique) is a logistics battalion in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces.
* This article about the military of Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Sparta-Feyenoord

Sparta-Feyenoord is a defunct baseball team in Honkbal Hoofdklasse, the top professional baseball league in the Netherlands. The club was very successful in the 1960s and 1970s, winning 9 Dutch national championships, including the first two Holland Series.
Facing significant debts and relegation from the Hoofdklasse after the 2012 season, the club folded.
# Higashi Nakatsukasa

Higashi Nakatsukasa (東 中務, 1835 - 1912) was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period who served the Nanbu clan of the Morioka Domain. He was made a page in 1849 in service to Nanbu Toshiyoshi; five years later he became a karō, and led a reform program in the Morioka domainal administration. He was a colleague of the more famous Narayama Sado.
# Randhir (actor)

Randhir was an Indian character actor in Hindi and Punjabi films who was active from the 1940s to the 1980s. He appeared in over 172 films.
Originally, he played side heroes or the friend of the hero. On a few occasions, he even played the hero. One of his most famous hero's friend roles was in Dil Deke Dekho (1959).
The 1960s was a period of transition. Due to his age and displacement from hero's friend roles by comedians, Randhir began to experiment with character roles. He had done such roles in the 1950s and 1940s as well. In the mid-1960s, he frequently played Maharajas in costume films.
Randhir began adopting the moneylender 'lala' role around the end of the 1960s. His role in Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi (1967) may be one of his earliest in this form, but it was a rough exhibition of what was to come. He firmly put himself into the role with Do Raaste (1969). Afterwards he would be cast almost exclusively as a Lala or a similar merchant. His role in Do Chor (1972), Zanjeer (1973) is an example of this typecasting.
Little information is available about his life. Randhir was born on 04 May 1918, in a Thakur family of Chauhans in the princely state of Sirmour in Punjab, his only sibling went under the name of Indra who lived in Nahan. The 1982 release Meharbaani and Khud-Daar credits Randhir as "late", implying he died before its release. The release preceding this was in 1980. The last release of his performance was Bindya Chamkegi produced by Tarun Dutt son of late Gurudutt.
Prior to working in films, Randhir worked in Delhi with All India Radio. He was an ardent sportsperson and played football for a local team called Shimla Youngs while schooling in Shimla.

## Filmography

* Gopinath (1948) film As Randhir along with Raj Kapoor
* Posti (1950) as Ganga Ram (in Punjabi movie)
* Madhubala(1950)
* Tamasha(1952) as director
* Memsahib(1956) as Communist
* Miss Mary (1957 film) as John
* Dil Deke Dekho (1959)
* Guddi (1961) as Astrologer (in punjabi movie)
* Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi (1967)
* Do Raste (1969)
* Do Chor (1972) as Charan Das
* Zanjeer (1973)
* Loafer (1973)
* Heera (1973) as Makhanlal
* Premi Gangaram (1978) Punjabi Movie
* Meharbaani (1982) as bihari
* Khud-Daar (1982)
# Jelte Wicherts

Jelte Michiel "J.M." Wicherts (born September 13, 1976, in Amersfoort) is a Dutch psychologist and a professor in the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Tilburg University. His research interests include biases in decision-making, as well as scientific misconduct and reproducibility. He has also studied group differences in IQ scores and the Flynn effect.
Together with van Marcel van Assen he runs the Meta-Research Center at his university. Work by the group on Statcheck has been featured in The Guardian.

## Education

Wicherts received his master's degree in psychological methods from the University of Amsterdam in 2002, where he received his Ph.D. in psychological methods in 2007. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled Group differences in intelligence test performance, and his primary Ph.D. supervisor was Conor Dolan.
# Otto Smiseth

Otto Armin Smiseth (born 26 July 1949) is a Norwegian professor of medicine.
Hailing from Asker, he took his cand.med. degree at the University of Oslo in 1975 and his dr.med. degree at the University of Tromsø in 1993. His speciality is cardiac physiology. In 1995 he became a professor at the University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
# Knut Midgaard

Knut Midgaard (born 1931) is a Norwegian political scientist.
Born in Oslo, he first studied the history of ideas. In 1958 he was among the proponents of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, and in 1959 he graduated with the mag.art. degree. He was briefly lecturer at the University of Oslo before getting a NAVF scholarship as a research fellow at the Nansen Institute and Harvard University.
Midgaard was later research fellow in the history of ideas at the University of Oslo from 1962, then associate professor in political science from 1968. He advanced to docent in 1971 and professor in 1975, studying game theory, international politics and political theory among others. He chaired the committee that produced the Norwegian Official Report 1985:17.
He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1993 and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 2009, and a Festschrift was issued to him in 1992.
# Erwin Halletz

Erwin Halletz (Vienna, 12 July 1923 – 27 October 2008) also performed as René Roulette, was an Austrian orchestra leader and songwriter.

## Songs

* Uncle Satchmo's Lullaby "Onkel Satchmo's Lullaby") is a 1959
* Einmal komm' ich wieder
* Vielleicht geschieht ein Wunder lyricist Peter Wehle
* Connie Francis Sings German Favorites "Immer und überall" Erwin Halletz, Peter Wehle
* Spectrum (Illinois Jacquet album) "I Remember Her So Well"

## Selected filmography

* His Daughter is Called Peter (1955)
* Request Concert (1955)
* Liane, Jungle Goddess (1956)
* The Tour Guide of Lisbon (1956)
* The Daring Swimmer (1957)
* The Star of Santa Clara (1958)
* La Paloma (1959)
* Isola Bella (1961)
* Our Crazy Aunts (1961)
* Our Crazy Nieces (1963)
* Our Crazy Aunts in the South Seas (1964)
* The Last Ride to Santa Cruz (1964)
* Fanny Hill (1964)
* Lana, Queen of the Amazons (1964)
* The Treasure of the Aztecs (1965)
* The Pyramid of the Sun God (1965)
* Who Wants to Sleep? (1965)
* Maigret and His Greatest Case (1966)
* When Night Falls on the Reeperbahn (1967)
* The Doctor of St. Pauli (1968)
* On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (1969)
* The Priest of St. Pauli (1970)
* That Can't Shake Our Willi! (1970)
* Hotel by the Hour (1970)
* Twenty Girls and the Teachers (1971)
* The Mad Aunts Strike Out (1971)
* Shocking Asia (1974)
* Shocking Asia II: The Last Taboos (1985)