OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Malcolm McIntosh (public servant)

Sir Malcolm Kenneth McIntosh AC FTSE (14 December 1945 – 7 February 2000) was an Australian scientist and senior public servant.

## Life and career

Malcolm McIntosh was born in Melbourne on 14 December 1945. He attended Telopea Park School in Canberra, and then studied physics at both undergraduate and doctorate level at the Australian National University.
After graduation from the ANU McIntosh was employed between 1970 and 1972 at the Weapons Research Establishment in Salisbury, South Australia. From 1972 to 1974 he completed 2 years National Service in the Australian Army during which he attained the rank of Major. He then joined the Department of Defence.
In 1990, McIntosh was appointed Secretary of the Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce.
In 1991, he was recruited by the British Ministry of Defence to the position of Chief of Defence Procurement. He received a knighthood for public service at the end of this term in January 1996. He also received the United States Department of Defence Medal for his work during this period.
Between 1996 and 2000, McIntosh was the head of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).
McIntosh died in Melbourne on 7 February 2000, after acquiring an infection whilst suffering from cancer.

## Awards

McIntosh was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in January 1999 for service to excellence in scientific and technological research, to providing new opportunities for industries, and to Australian Defence industry and science policy. He had already been awarded a British knighthood and a US Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service.
Malcolm McIntosh's work is now commemorated in the Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year. His life and legacy is honoured every year at the annual Malcolm McIntosh Lecture.
# SA Menzel Bourguiba

Stade Africain de Menzel Bourguiba (Arabic: الملعب الإفريقي بمنزل بورقيبة), often referred to as SAMB is a football club from Menzel Bourguiba in Tunisia. Founded in 1938, the team plays in green and white colors. Their ground is the Stade Azaiez Jaballah, which has a capacity of 6,500.
The team used to be called Union Sportive Ferryville (USF) as the city of Menzel Bourguiba used to be Ferryville.

## Honours

* Tunisian League 2 : 2
       1973-74, 1976–77
* Tunisian Cup : 1
       1941-42 (as US Ferryville)
* This article about a Tunisian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Elcar

The Elcar was an American automobile manufactured from 1915 until 1931. The car was produced by the Elkhart Carriage Company, owned by William and George Pratt, of Elkhart, Indiana, which had been in business for over 30 years before producing its first car.

## Production

This first car was the 30/35 hp Elkhart, which began production in 1905 and remained on the market until 1909. In 1909 the 4·2 liter Sterling appeared (it ceased production in 1911), followed in 1911 by the Komet.
The Elcar appeared in 1915, and was first offered in two models, a Lycoming-engined four and a Continental-engined six. A straight-eight, again with a Continental engine, was produced beginning in 1925. In 1930, the company began to use the complex Lever engine produced by Alvah Leigh Powell, although only four Elcar-Levers were completed.

## New York City contract

It next entered a lucrative contract within New York City, under which it would supply "El-Fay" taxis to Larry Fay, a prominent businessman and club owner with known mob ties.

## Production model specifications

* Elcar Seven Passenger Sedan-8-80

## Company demise

Fay's resources were badly hit by the Great Depression, and Fay himself was eventually shot dead in 1933 by a disgruntled employee. Bankruptcy trustee and interim president Arthur Martin Graffis led a two-year campaign to attract investors and save the company including a project to market the 1930 Elcar as a 1931 Mercer. The company was dissolved in 1931, after only two prototypes had been constructed.
# Patiria pectinifera

Patiria pectinifera, the blue bat star, is a species of starfish in the family Asterinidae. It is found in the northern Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Japan, China and Russia. It is used as a model organism in developmental biology.

## Taxonomy

In literature, this species is often referred to Asterina pectinifera; the accepted name is now Patiria pectinifera.

## Distribution and habitat

Patiria pectinifera is native to the Sea of Japan, East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is also found along the coast of the Russian Federation from Posyet Bay as far as the Strait of Tartary and the southern part of Sakhalin. It is found in the shallow subtidal zone on stony seabeds and other substrates down to depths of 40 metres (130 ft).

## Biology

Patiria pectinifera feeds on algae and sea grasses, detritus and small invertebrates. It prefers living on coarse sediment to fine sediment and everts its stomachs over a food item to digest it in situ. Patiria pectinifera may be preyed on by the carnivorous starfish Luidia quinaria. In Peter the Great Gulf, this starfish breeds twice a year, in the autumn and the spring. Females spawn about 500,000 eggs each year.
Patiria pectinifera has been used as a model organism in developmental biology. The advantages it has for this purpose are that it is common, easy to collect, and easy to maintain in the laboratory. Both adults and larvae are tolerant of a range of conditions and the adults are non-specialist feeders. The chunky body shape makes them easy to handle and wounds heal well; individuals recover easily from surgery and can be used repeatedly for further experiments. The oocytes are large and transparent and remain viable when removed from the gonads. They have been used for studies of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and larval development.
It has been shown that if the embryo of this starfish is dissociated into its constituent cells, a collection of these cells is capable of re-aggregation into a viable bipinnaria larva. First the external epithelium is formed, then the internal structures develop. After this gastrulation occurs by invagination followed by the development of a mouth. A relaxin-like peptide, previously referred to as “Gonad Stimulating Substance”, has also been found in this starfish. There is evidence that the peptide is involved in reproductive processes and functions via a G protein-coupled receptor, which supports its relatedness to vertebrate relaxins.
# Richard Gans

Richard Martin Gans (7 March 1880 – 27 June 1954), German of Jewish origin, born in Hamburg, was the physicist who founded the Physics Institute of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. He was its Director in two different periods.
During the first one, starting in 1911, he continued the work started by Emil Bose raising the research level of the institute to international renown. In 1914 he founded the publication of a scientific journal: Contribución al estudio de las ciencias fisicomatemáticas, with two series: matematicofísica and técnica.
His second period in La Plata was from the late 1940s through the early 1950s, when he played an important role as member of one of the commissions which reviewed Ronald Richter's claims related to the Huemul Project.
After leaving La Plata in 1951 he taught theoretical and advanced physics at the University of Buenos Aires.
Gans theory is named after Richard Gans. This theory gives the solutions to the Maxwell equations for prolate and oblate spheroidal particles. It is an extension of Mie theory and thus sometimes called Mie-Gans theory. He first published these equations describing the scattering of elongated particles in 1912 for gold particles. In 1915, the solution for silver particles was published. Gans also rederived Lord Rayleigh scattering approximation for optically soft spheres, which is now known as Rayleigh–Gans approximation.
His doctoral students include Daniele Amati and Alberto Sirlin.

## Studies

Gans graduated in 1901, summa cum laude, with the title of Dr.Phil.Nat. at the University of Strasbourg. His doctoral advisor was Karl Ferdinand Braun.

## Research and teaching
### Academic timeline

* 1901–02 University of Heidelberg
* 1903–11 University of Tübingen
* 1911–12 University of Strasbourg
* 1912–25 Universidad de La Plata
* 1925–35 University of Königsberg
– Interrupted: 3rd Reich, World War II, postwar –
* 1947–51 Universidad de La Plata
* 1951–53 Universidad de Buenos Aires

### Publications

Gans published extensively in Annalen der Physik .
# Antje Huber

Antje Huber (23 May 1924 – 30 September 2015) was a German politician who was the Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health from 1976 to 1982. She served as a member of the Bundestag for the SPD between 1969 and 1987.
# Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968

Sweden was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song "Det börjar verka kärlek, banne mig", written by Peter Himmelstrand, and performed by Claes-Göran Hederström. The Swedish participating broadcaster, Sveriges Radio (SR), selected its entry through Melodifestivalen 1968. The entry finished 5th (out of 17) with 15 points, including 6 from Norway, the highest number of votes awarded that year.

## Before Eurovision
### Melodifestivalen 1968

Melodifestivalen 1968 was the selection for the 10th song to represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest. It was the ninth time that Sveriges Radio (SR) used this system of picking a song. 2233 songs were submitted to SR for the competition. The final was held in the Cirkus in Stockholm on 9 March 1968, hosted by Magnus Banck and was broadcast on Sveriges Radio TV but was not broadcast on radio.
| Draw | Artist | Song | Songwriters | Place | Points |
| 1 | Svante Thuresson | "Du är en vårvind i April" | Staffan Ehrling, Bo-Göran Edling | 2nd | 21 |
| 2 | Anna-Lena Löfgren | "Jag vill tro" | Britt Lindeborg | 6th | 5 |
| 3 | Claes-Göran Hederström | "Det börjar verka kärlek, banne mig" | Peter Himmelstrand | 1st | 23 |
| 4 | Towa Carson | "Du vet var jag finns" | Peter Himmelstrand | 3rd | 15 |
| 5 | Svante Thuresson and Östen Warnerbring | "Här kommer pojkar" | Sven Bergcrantz, Östen Warnerbring | 5th | 13 |
| 6 | Britt Bergström | "Fri hos dig" | Marcus Österdahl, Patrice Hellberg | 9th | 1 |
| 7 | Gunnar Wiklund | "Jag ser en värld" | Marcus Österdahl, Bengt Sundström | 7th | 3 |
| 8 | Cecilia Stam | "Låt mig få va' ifred" | Marcus Österdahl, Patrice Hellberg | 7th | 3 |
| 9 | Lars Lönndahl | "Du och jag och våren" | Thore Skogman | 10th | 0 |
| 10 | Mona Wessman | "Gå och göm dig, Åke Tråk" | Peter Himmelstrand | 3rd | 15 |
# Presseclub

Presseclub is an information show aired weekly on sunday from 12:03 to 12:45 on Das Erste, Phoenix, and WDR 5.

## Content

In Presseclub, four to five journalists discuss current topics. In contrast to its predecessor show, Presseclub is more related to topics in Germany, foreign journalists are rarely invited. The audience then has 15 minutes to ask questions by telephone. This interactive part of the show called "Presseclub Nachgefragt" ("Presseclub Asked") is only aired on Phoenix and WDR 5. The program is generally characterized by a calm, conversational atmosphere.

## History

Presseclub was first aired on December 27, 1987 on Das Erste.
On November 12, 1989, Presseclub was broadcast live from East Berlin on the subject of the topic "DDR – Land zwischen Aufbruch und Umbruch" ("GDR - Land between New Beginnings and Upheaval"), making it the first West German television program from the GDR.
Since October 2002, if Presseclub on Das Erste is canceled due to a direct sports broadcast, a new edition of the international morning pint has been running every Sunday afternoon on Phoenix under the direction of various Phoenix moderators.
A total of 150 Presseclub episodes were produced, 141 of which include the Presseclub Nachgefragt part.

## Moderation

The moderators were/are:
* 1987–1988: Rolf Schmidt-Holtz
* 1988–1993: Dieter Thoma
* 1988–2001: Gerhard Fuchs (successor of Schmidt-Holtz)
* 1993–late 2006: Fritz Pleitgen (successor of Thoma)
* 2001–October 14, 2007: Peter Voß (successor of Fuchs)
* 2005–2013 Monika Piel (Nachfolgerin von Pleitgen)
* since September 2007- May 2022: Volker Herres (successor of Voß)
* since 2008: Jörg Schönenborn
* 2008–2016: Tina Hassel (representative)
* 2012–2019: Sonia Seymour Mikich (representative)
* since 2018: Ellen Ehni (successor of Mikich)
* since July 2020: Sabine Scholt
* since 2023: Susan Link
# Kortowiada

Kortowiada is a student holiday (Juwenalia) taking place in the city of Olsztyn in northern Poland. A wide bunch of Polish artists perform at the concerts, for example O.S.T.R., Maryla Rodowicz or Kamil Bednarek.

## Organiser

Main organiser of the event is the Student Council of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.

## Description

The name of the event is related to the district of Kortowo where all related parties are held. First Juwenalia in Kortowo were celebrated in May, 1958, and were organised by students of the Agricultural and Technical University (Akademia Rolniczo-Techniczna). For many years, the event was arranged as a joint project with students of the Higher School of Pedagogy (Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna) under the name of ‘Żakinada’. As a result of the merger of the above schools into the University of Warmia and Mazury, Kortowiada grew rich with respect to its special party schedule. The annual event attracts more than 10 thousand of students from all over the country and hundreds of bands – Kortowiada is nowadays one of the most important student-related music events in Poland.

## General Kortowiada schedule

The whole event lasts for a couple of days. The official opening ceremony is synonymous with returning the key to the city to students by the authorities of Olsztyn.

## Thursday

* Parade of the Faculties (opening event)
* Venus show – election of most beautiful female student
* Concert on the Hill (genre: sea shanty/ folk music)

## Friday

* Contest for the best themed design for Halls of Residence
* Battle of the Faculties
* Concert on the Hill (genre: pop/rock)

## Saturday

* Sport competitions
* Concert on the Hill (main stars)

## Sunday

* Comedy performances
* Poetry concerts

## Other events

* Computer games championships
* Agility-based tournaments
* Overview of bands and amateur groups

## Anthem

The official anthem of Kortowiada is a song of the same title performed by a famous folk band from Olsztyn – Enej.

## Peculiarities

An essential part of the event and a sign of belonging are the Kortowiada T-shirts with a design different for each Faculty – they are selected by students each year. Anyone can purchase them at Kortosklep, the event-related shop.
# Bill Northam

Sir William Herbert Northam, CBE (28 September 1905 – 2 September 1988) was an Australian Olympic yachtsman and businessman.
Born in Torquay, Devon on 28 September 1905, Northam had a successful career in business before becoming an Olympian. He was simultaneously chairman of the Australian branches of two major companies: American pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson, and British sports equipment brand Slazenger.

## Sailing career

Northam took up the sport of sailing late in life, at the age of 46, after taking the helm of a neighbour's boat near his waterfront home on Sydney's Northern Beaches, and comparing the feeling to that of car racing. He purchased a number of boats over the next few years: his first, Gymea, which ran into the starter's boat in her first race; the eight-metre yacht Saskia, with which he won the prestigious Sayonara Cup for the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron in 1955 and 1956; and Caprice of Huon, which came 9th in the 1963 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. He was also a crew member on Gretel, Sir Frank Packer's challenger in the 1963 America's Cup.

## 1964 Olympic Games

In 1963, Northam set himself the challenge of competing in the Olympic Games. He travelled to the United States, where he arranged for naval architect Bill Luders Jr. to design and build him a yacht, which was named Barrenjoey after the Barrenjoey Head Lighthouse near Northam's Sydney home. With fellow Gretel yachtsmen Peter 'Pod' O'Donnell and James Sargeant, both more than 30 years younger than him, Northam took Barrenjoey to a successful run of the 1964 Australian titles, the Olympic trials and further challenge races, until the team qualified for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, despite misgivings about Northam's age, now 59. Northam marched in the opening ceremony with his son Rod, who was a reserve member of the rowing team.
The Australian team competed in the 5.5 metre class, starting well with wins in the first, fourth and sixth races, although they were disqualified in the fifth. Northam's main rival, the yacht Bingo skippered by American author John J. McNamara won the second and third races, and McNamara would have taken the gold medal if Bingo won the final race and Barrenjoey finished fifth or worse. In a fierce race for first place against Swedish boat Rush VII, McNamara was disqualified, and Northam and his crew finished fourth, qualifying them for the gold medal. It was Australia's first Olympic gold for sailing, and Northam remains the oldest Australian to win an Olympic gold medal.
Northam was cremated and his ashes interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney.

## Honours

* 1965: Father of the Year
* 1 January 1966: Commander of the Order of the British Empire
* 31 December 1976: Knight Bachelor for services to the community
* 1978: AOC Olympic Merit
* 1985 - inaugural inductee Sport Australia Hall of Fame
* 2017 - inaugural inductee Australian Sailing Hall of Fame
# Vere Street, Marylebone

Vere Street is a street off Oxford Street, in central London. It is a continuation of Welbeck Street, and part of the B406. It is named after a family name of the area's owners at the time of its construction, the Earls of Oxford. It is best known for the Marybone Chapel, also known as the Marylebone Chapel or Oxford Chapel, now St Peter's Vere Street. The sculptor John Michael Rysbrack lived and died here in 1770.
The Marshall & Snelgrove department score was located on the corner of Vere Street and Oxford Street from 1851. It was rebuilt in the 1870s to designs by Horace Jones and his colleague Octavius Hansard, occupying most of the block of buildings between Vere Street and Marylebone Lane. The Oxford Street store was demolished and rebuilt between 1969–71 and continued to trade as Marshall & Snelgrove until 1972. The store was then renamed Debenhams, becoming the group's flagship store.
The Consular Section of the Embassy of Brazil is located at nos. 3–4.
The nearest underground station is Bond Street to the south-west.
# Paul Beaudry

Paul Beaudry (born 1960) is professor and Canada Research Chair in the UBC Department of Economics at the University of British Columbia. His main fields of research are macroeconomics, the economics of technical change and labour economics. He is also a Fellow of the Bank of Canada.
After graduating from Princeton, Beaudry held several prominent faculty positions from a number of prestigious universities, these include: Oxford University, Boston University, and the University of Montreal. Beaudry had also been commissioned as a visiting professor at the Paris-Sorbonne, Toulouse School of Economics, and MIT. Beaudry has extensive experience in his career as an academic professor.
On December 4, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Bank of Canada announced the appointment of Beaudry as Deputy Governor, effective February 18, 2019. He served as Deputy Governor until his retirement in July 2023. He was replaced by economist Rhys Mendes, appointed later that month.

## Awards and distinctions

* Fellow of the Bank of Canada (2005)
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (2004)
# West Hill, Wandsworth

West Hill is a road in Wandsworth, London. It runs west–east, from the junction with the A219 at Tibbet's Corner near Putney Heath to the junction with Putney Bridge Road and Merton Road in the east, where it becomes Wandsworth High Street. It is part of the A3, and the eastern end is also part of the South Circular Road.
On the south side of the road at its far eastern end, there is a series of houses, built in the mid-18th to early 19th centuries, and all Grade II listed.
# Nishio Tadateru

Nishio Tadateru (西尾 忠照, also Nishio Tadaakira) (1613 – December 4, 1654) was a daimyō of the early Edo period, Japan, who ruled Tsuchiura Domain in Hitachi Province and was subsequently transferred to Tanaka Domain in Suruga Province. His courtesy title was Tangō no Kami.

## Biography

Nishio Tadateru was the eldest son of Nishio Tadanaga, daimyō of Tsuchiura Domain, but was born in Suruga Province. In 1620, at the age of seven, he became head of the Nishio clan and daimyō of Tsuchura on his father's death. In 1621, he attended to Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada during his pilgrimage to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū, and were permitted to expand the size of his castle. On February 11, 1649, his holdings were increased in size by an additional 5,000 koku when he was transferred to Tanaka Domain in Suruga.
Tadateru was married to a daughter of Takenaka Shigeyoshi, daimyō of Funai Domain in Bungo Province. He died in 1654, and was succeeded by his son Tadanari.
His grave is at the temple of Myōgen-ji in present-day Ageo, Saitama.
| Preceded byMatsudaira Nobuyoshi | Daimyō of Tsuchiura 1620–1649 | Succeeded byKutsuki Tanetsuna |
| Preceded byMatsudaira Tadaharu | Daimyō of Tanaka 1649–1654 | Succeeded byNishio Tadanari |
# Pierre Ballester

Pierre Ballester (1959) is a French sports journalist. He has written extensively about doping in cycling.

## Career

He was a correspondent in London for Agence France-Presse, Sport, and L'Equipe.
Ballester co-wrote L.A. Confidentiel with David Walsh. It was published in 2004 by La Martinière. The book resulted in a number of lawsuits by Lance Armstrong's lawyers in France and England.
He also co-wrote Le Sale Tour (a pun in French : literally « the dirty tour », for Tour de France, double entending « dirty trick [also 'tour' in french] » ) with Walsh, about Armstrong's "comeback" in the 2009-2010 period.
# HMS P33 (1941)

HMS P33 was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness.
Commanded throughout her entire career by Lieutenant R.D. Whiteway-Wilkinson, the submarine was attached to the 10th Submarine Flotilla based at Malta. On 15 July 1941, the submarine sunk the 5,300 ton motor-vessel Barbarigo south of Punta Sciaccazza, Pantelleria, part of a small Italian convoy.
The submarine departed on her final patrol on 6 August 1941 from Malta to patrol off Sicily to intercept an Italian convoy heading towards Libya. Her sister boat P32, which was attacking the same convoy along with HMS Unique, reported hearing a prolonged depth charge attack on 18 August and subsequently attempted unsuccessfully to contact P33. P32 was herself sunk later that day. P33 became overdue on 20 August and was almost certainly have been sunk in this attack. It is, however, possible that she was sunk by the Italian torpedo boat Partenope near Pantelleria on 23 August. Lost aboard P33 was Lieutenant Richard Cunningham, the son of Vice Admiral John Cunningham, who would later become First Sea Lord.
# MLS Golden Boot

The MLS Golden Boot (currently commercially termed "Audi Golden Boot") has been awarded since the 2005 season to Major League Soccer's regular–season leading scorer. The award replaced the MLS Scoring Champion Award that was awarded since the league's inception in 1996.

## 1996–2004

Prior to 2005 MLS used a point system that awarded two points for a goal and one point for an assist to give the MLS Scoring Champion Award.

## 2005–present

Since 2005 Major League Soccer has awarded the MLS Golden Boot to the player who has scored the most goals outright, with ties being broken by assists.