# Latin verb paradigms

A verb paradigm is a set of verbs that are selected according to features such as the number, speech role and gender of event participants.
    Number
    Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
    Hī Caesarem vident. (They're seeing Caesar.)
    Speech role
    Ego Caesarem videō. (I'm seeing Caesar.)
    Tū Caesarem vidēs. (You're seeing Caesar.)
    Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
    Gender
    Hic ā Caesare vīsus est. (He was seen by Caesar.)
    Haec ā Caesare vīsa est. (She was seen by Caesar.)
    Hoc ā Caesare vīsum est. (This was seen by Caesar.)

## Paradigm names

For each verb entry in a dictionary, there are multiple such agreement paradigms as shown in the table below. The names of the paradigms are taken from Langenscheidt Dictionary, completed and adapted.
Completions and adaptions: The paradigms 'imperative indirect active', 'imperative indirect passive', 'supine genitive', 'supine dative' are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for in Grammar books and articles. The paradigms for 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' are called 'Supine I' and 'Supine II' in the Langenscheidt dictionary, but often called 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' in academic articles when compared with the other two.
Agreement paradigms :
| Paradigm name | ____1____ | ____2____ | ____3____ | ____4____ | ____5____ | ____6____ |
| indicative future active | vidēbō | vidēbis | vidēbit | vidēbimus | vidēbitis | vidēbunt |
| indicative future passive | vidēbor | vidēberis | vidēbitur | vidēbimur | vidēbiminī | vidēbuntur |
| indicative present active | videō | vidēs | videt | vidēmus | vidētis | vident |
| indicative present passive | videor | vidēris | vidētur | vidēmur | vidēminī | videntur |
| indicative imperfect active | vidēbam | vidēbās | vidēbat | vidēbāmus | vidēbātis | vidēbant |
| indicative imperfect passive | vidēbar | vidēbāris | vidēbātur | vidēbāmur | vidēbāminī | vidēbantur |
| indicative future perfect | vīderō | vīderis | vīderit | vīderimus | vīderitis | vīderint |
| indicative perfect | vīdī | vīdistī | vīdit | vīdimus | vīdistis | vīdērunt |
| indicative pluperfect | vīderam | vīderās | vīderat | vīderāmus | vīderātis | vīderant |
| subjunctive present active | videam | videās | videat | videāmus | videātis | videant |
| subjunctive present passive | videar | videāris | videātur | videāmur | videāminī | videantur |
| subjunctive imperfect active | vidērem | vidērēs | vidēret | vidērēmus | vidērētis | vidērent |
| subjunctive imperfect passive | vidērer | vidērēris | vidērētur | vidērēmur | vidērēminī | vidērentur |
| subjunctive perfect | vīderim | vīderīs | vīderit | vīderīmus | vīderītis | vīderit |
| subjunctive pluperfect | vīdissem | vīdissēs | vīdisset | vīdissēmus | vīdissētis | vīdissent |
| imperative active | –– | vidē | –– | –– | vidēte | –– |
| imperative passive | –– | vidēre | –– | –– | vidēminī | –– |
| imperative future active | –– | vidētō | –– | –– | vidētōte | –– |
| imperative future passive | –– | vidētor | –– | –– | vidēminō | –– |
| imperative indirect active | –– | –– | vidētō | –– | –– | videntō |
| imperative indirect passive | –– | –– | vidētor | –– | –– | videntor |
| infinitive present active | vidēre | vidēre | vidēre | vidēre | vidēre | vidēre |
| infinitive present passive | vidī | vidī | vidī | vidī | vidī | vidī |
| infinitive perfect | vīdisse | vīdisse | vīdisse | vīdisse | vīdisse | vīdisse |
| participle future nominative | vīsūrus | vīsūra | vīsūrum | vīsūrī | vīsūrae | vīsūra |
| participle future accusative | vīsūrum | vīsūram | vīsūrum | vīsūrōs | vīsūrās | vīsūra |
| participle future genitive | vīsūrī | vīsūrae | vīsūrī | vīsūrōrum | vīsūrārum | vīsūrōrum |
| participle future dative | vīsūrō | vīsūrae | vīsūrō | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs |
| participle future ablative | vīsūrō | vīsūrā | vīsūrī | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs |
| participle present nominative | vidēns | vidēns | vidēns | videntēs | videntēs | videntia |
| participle present accusative | videntem | videntem | vidēns | videntēs | videntēs | videntia |
| participle present genitive | videntis | videntis | videntis | videntium | videntium | videntium |
| participle present dative | videntī | videntī | videntī | videntibus | videntibus | videntibus |
| participle present ablative | vidente | vidente | vidente | videntibus | videntibus | videntibus |
| participle past nominative | vīsus | vīsa | vīsūrō | vīsī | vīsae | vīsa |
| participle past accusative | vīsum | vīsam | vīsum | vīsōs | vīsās | vīsa |
| participle past genitive | vīsī | vīsae | vīsī | vīsōrum | vīsārum | vīsōrum |
| participle past dative | vīsō | vīsae | vīsō | vīsīs | vīsīs | vīsīs |
| participle past ablative | vīsō | vīsā | vīsō | vīsīs | vīsīs | vīsīs |
| gerundive nominative | videndus | videnda | videndum | videndī | videndae | videnda |
| gerundive accusative | videndum | videndam | videndum | videndōs | videndās | videnda |
| gerundive genitive | videndī | videndae | videndī | videndōrum | videndārum | videndōrum |
| gerundive dative | videndō | videndae | videndō | videndīs | videndīs | videndīs |
| gerundive ablative | videndō | videndā | videndō | videndīs | videndīs | videndīs |
| supine accusative | vīsum | vīsum | vīsum | vīsum | vīsum | vīsum |
| supine genitive | vīsūs | vīsūs | vīsūs | vīsūs | vīsūs | vīsūs |
| supine dative | vīsuī | vīsuī | vīsuī | vīsuī | vīsuī | vīsuī |
| supine ablative | vīsū | vīsū | vīsū | vīsū | vīsū | vīsū |
| gerund accusative | videndum | videndum | videndum | videndum | videndum | videndum |
| gerund genitive | videndī | videndī | videndī | videndī | videndī | videndī |
| gerund dative | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō |
| gerund ablative | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō | videndō |

## Types of agreement paradigm

Latin has two major types of agreement paradigms with two or more verbs as shown in the tables below:
Number + Speech role :
| number | speech role | indicative present active | indicative present passive | indicative perfect |
| singular | speaker | amō | amor | amāvī |
| singular | addressee | amās | amāris | amāvistī |
| singular | other | amat | amātur | amāvit |
| plural | +speaker | amāmus | amāmur | amāvimus |
| plural | –speaker +addressee | amātis | amāminī | amāvistis |
| plural | –speaker –addressee | amant | amantur | amāvērunt |
Number + Gender :
| number | gender | participle past nominative | participle past accusative |
| singular | masculine | amātus | amātum |
| singular | feminine | amāta | amātam |
| singular | neuter | amātum | amātum |
| plural | +masculine | amātī | amātōs |
| plural | –masculine +feminine | amātae | amātās |
| plural | –masculine +neuter | amāta | amāta |

## Rare supines

Some supines are rare, but they do occur althroughout the Classical Period. Following the grammatical pattern whereby supines combine with verbs of motion, we see two semantic patterns: events taking place either where the motion starts or where it ends. We also see supines as the event performed by speech acts.

### Events at origin

The ablative supine represents a state change at the origin of motion.
* Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat. He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.

### Events at destination

The accusative supine represents a state change at the destination of motion.
* Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat. He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.

### Events commanded by speech acts

The dative supine represents an event commanded by a speech act.
* Quid enim revocante et receptuī canente senātū properet dīmicāre? Why else would he hasten to fight the senate which was recalling and calling retreat?
* Mēdiā nocte receptuī signum dedit. At midnight, he gave a sign to retreat.

### Events in periphrases

The genitive supine may occur in periphrasis for an immediate future in the present.
* Quid ferat ignorās, et nunc tibī summa pavōris nuntīus armōrum tristis rumorque sinister. Victūs adest conjūnx. Quid perdis tempora luctūs? You don't how [your partner] is doing and now you hold the utmost fear of sad war news and a few sinister rumours. Your partner is about to win. Why do you waste time mourning?
And the ablative supine may occur in periphrasis for possible undesirable future in the present.
* Grāvidae quīdem fēminae, quibus tum adest partūs, abortū periclitantur. Indeed, pregnant women, who are about to give birth, risk aborting.
* Sī mūlier contrā patrōnum suum ingrāta facta, sciēns sē ingrātam, cum dē suō statū periclitābātur, aliquid patrōnō dederit, vel prōmīserit, nē in servitūtem redigātur. If a [freed] woman commits an ingratitude against her patron, knowing that she is being ungreatful, when she risks being by herself, she must give or promise to give something to her patron to avoid being put back to slavery.