# 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature

The 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Swedish poet and prose writer Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature." Heidenstam was the second Swedish Nobel laureate in Literature after Selma Lagerlöf in 1909.

## Laureate

Verner von Heidenstam was the leader of the generation of poets of the 1890s that regenerated Swedish poetry. His first collection of poems Vallfart och vandringsår ("Pilgrimage: The Wander Years", 1888), which contains predominantly Oriental themes, marked a new epoch in the modern literature of Sweden. A new form of poetry characterized by rich imagination and the worship of beauty in contrast to the gloomy realistic school which had been dominant in Swedish literature before. In major works such as Hans Alienus (1892) and especially in Dikter ("Poems", 1895) Heidenstam opens perspectives to an inner life.
He was later noted for patriotic poetry linked to Swedish history in works such as Ett folk ("One People", 1902) and the prose poems in Karolinerna ("The Charles Men", 1897-98). These were followed by major works such as the epic historical prose work Folkunga Trädet ("The Tree of the Folkungs", 1905-07) including Folke Filbyter and Bjälboarvet ("The Bjälbo Inheritance"). In 1915, the year before Heidenstam was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, another aspect of his writing appeared in Nya dikter ("New poems"), a collection of mainly philosophical poems.

## Deliberations
### Nominations

Heidenstam received his first nomination in 1909 from a Swedish politician and academic, Carl Carlson Bonde. Since then, he was nominated in 11 occasions before eventually being awarded in 1916 with which he received six nominations.
In 1916, the Nobel committee received 47 nominations for 28 writers including Romain Rolland (who was awarded the postponed prize for 1915), Georg Brandes, Henry James, Benito Pérez Galdos and Anatole France (awarded in 1921), and for one literary society. 9 of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them Erik Axel Karlfeldt (awarded posthumously in 1931), Per Hallström, Ivan Franko and Gunnar Heiberg. The Pāli Text Society, a text publication society established in 1881, was nominated by its founder Thomas William Rhys Davids. Since 1916, it remains the first and last literary society nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The controversial German author Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche was the only woman nominated. The Swedish Academy's permanent secretary Erik Axel Karlfeldt (awarded posthumously in 1931) was nominated by the Swedish bishop Nathan Söderblom.
The authors Sholom Aleichem, Rubén Darío, Richard Harding Davis, Mário de Sá-Carneiro, Jane Dieulafoy, Pierre Duhem, Carolina Freyre, Simon Frug, Olindo Guerrini, Petar Kočić, Jack London, João Simões Lopes Neto, Ernst Mach, Hector Hugh Munro (known as Saki), James Whitcomb Riley, Josiah Royce, Charles Taze Russell, Natsume Sōseki, Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky, John Todhunter, Petko Todorov, and Francis Warre-Cornish died in 1916 without having been nominated for the prize.
Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize :
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| 1 | Juhani Aho (1861–1921) | Russia ( Finland) | novel, short story | Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919) |
| 2 | Georg Brandes (1842–1927) | Denmark | literary criticism, essays | Vilhelm Andersen (1864–1953) |
| 3 | Otokar Březina (1868–1929) | Austria-Hungary ( Czechoslovakia) | poetry, essays | Arne Novák (1880–1939) |
| 4 | Rabindranath Datta (1883–1917) | India | poetry, pedagogy | Raya Yatindra Chondhury (?)Mano Gangedy (?) |
| 5 | Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1846–1935) | Germany | essays, autobiography | Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)Harald Hjärne (1848–1922) |
| 6 | Anatole France (1844–1924) | France | poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism | Henrik Schück (1855–1947)Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (1884–1951) |
| 7 | Ivan Franko (1856–1916) | Russia ( Ukraine) | poetry, novel, short story, drama, literary criticism, essays | Josef Zastyretz (1873–1943)Harald Hjärne (1848–1922) |
| 8 | Adolf Frey (1855–1920) | Switzerland | biography, history, essays | Wilhelm Oechsli (1851–1919) |
| 9 | Arne Garborg (1851–1921) | Norway | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Alexander Seippel (1851–1938)Oluf Kolsrud (1885–1945) |
| 10 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919) | Denmark | poetry, drama, novel | Claudius Wilkens (18844–1929)Harald Høffding (1843–1931) |
| 11 | Ángel Guimerá Jorge (1845–1924) | Spain | drama, poetry | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930)members of the Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras |
| 12 | Per Hallström (1866–1960) | Sweden | short story, drama, poetry | Karl Helm (1871–1960)Josef Collin (1864–1939)Conrad Borchling (1872–1946)Oskar Walzel (1864–1944)Andreas Heusler (1865–1940) |
| 13 | Gunnar Heiberg (1857–1929) | Norway | poetry, drama, literary criticism, essays | Jens Thiis (1870–1942) |
| 14 | Harald Høffding (1843–1931) | Denmark | philosophy, theology | Valdemar Vedel (1865–1942) |
| 15 | Henry James (1843–1916) | United States Great Britain | novel, short story, drama, essays | Julio Nathaniel Reuter (1863–1937) |
| 16 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) | Sweden | poetry | Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931) |
| 17 | Jakob Knudsen (1858–1917) | Denmark | novel, short story, pedagogy, theology | Valdemar Vedel (1865–1942) |
| 18 | Troels Frederik Lund (1840–1921) | Denmark | history | Frits Läffler (1847–1921) |
| 19 | Benito Pérez Galdós (1843–1920) | Spain | novel, short story, drama, essays | Harald Hjärne (1848–1922)Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919) |
| 20 | Edmond Picard (1836–1924) | Belgium | drama, law, essays | 3 members of the Royal Academy of Belgium |
| 21 | Henrik Pontoppidan (1857–1943) | Denmark | novel, short story | Otto Jespersen (1860–1943) |
| 22 | Romain Rolland (1866–1944) | France | novel, drama, essays | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930)Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931)Henrik Schück (1855–1947) |
| 23 | Henrik Schück (1855–1947) | Sweden | literary criticism, essays | Rabbe Axel Wrede (1851–1938) |
| 24 | Carl Spitteler (1845–1924) | Switzerland | poetry, essays | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931)Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919)Wilhelm Oechsli (1851–1919) |
| 25 | Émile Verhaeren (1855–1916) | Belgium | poetry, essays | unnamed |
| 26 | Ernst von der Recke (1848–1933) | Denmark | poetry, drama | Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919) |
| 27 | Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930) | Germany | history, theology | Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919) |
| 28 | Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) | Sweden | novel, short story, poetry | Ruben G:son Berg (1876–1948)Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930)Jens Thiis (1870–1942)Bengt Hesselman (1875–1952)Gerhard Gran (1856–1925)Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946) |
| 29 | The Pāli Text Society (founded in 1881) | Great Britain | translation, history, publications | Thomas William Rhys Davids (1843–1922) |

### Prize decision

The committee's shortlist for 1916 consisted of Swedish poet Verner von Heidenstam, Danish historian Jakob Knudsen and Danish poet Karl Adolph Gjellerup. During the deliberations, the committee voted for a shared prize between the two Danish writers Knudsen and Gjellerup, but the Academy disagreed with the decision of the committee and instead awarded the prize, as a compromise choice, to Heidenstam.

## Reactions

The decision to award Heidenstam, himself a member of the awarding institution the Swedish Academy, as the second Swedish Nobel laureate in just seven years was criticized by some. Internationally it was generally well received. The decision to award Heidenstam has been seen as a result of the strong tendency of nationalism in Sweden at the time.