# 2015 in equestrianism
## 2016 Summer Olympics (Test event)

* August 6–9: Aquece Rio International Horse Trials 2015 in Brazil (Olympic Test Event)
** Dressage winner: Marcelo Tosi with horse BRIEFING DB Z
** Cross Country winner: Márcio Jorge with horse CORONEL MCJ
** Jumping winner: Márcio Jorge with horse CORONEL MCJ

## International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI)
### FEI World Cup Show jumping

* April 5, 2014 – April 19, 2015: 2014–15 FEI World Cup Show Jumping season
** Equestrian sportsApril 5, 2014 – November 23, 2014: 2014 FEI Japan League
*** Overall winner: Tae Sato (with horse Vrouwe Toltien)
** April 24, 2014 – July 5, 2014: 2014 FEI Central Asian League
*** Overall winner: Rinat Galimov (with horse Charlize)
** April 25, 2014 – October 7, 2014: 2014 FEI China League
*** Overall winner: Zhao Zhiwen (with horse Bolero)
** April 25, 2014 – January 25, 2015: 2014–15 FEI Australian League
*** Overall winner: Tim Clarke (with horse Caltango)
** May 1, 2014 – November 30, 2014: 2014 FEI Central European League South
*** Overall winner: Tomaž Laufer (with horse Heart Stealer)
** May 14, 2014 – November 16, 2014: 2014 FEI South African League
*** Overall winner: Nicole Horwood (with horse Capital Don Cumarco)
** May 14, 2014 – November 23, 2014: 2014 FEI South American South League
*** Overall winner: Sergio Henriques Neves Marins (with horse Landpeter do Feroleto)
** May 28, 2014 – February 22, 2015: 2014–15 FEI North American League West
*** Overall winner: Susan Artes (with horse Zamiro)
** June 5, 2014 – November 15, 2014: 2014 FEI Caucasian League
*** Overall winner: Kanan Novruzov (with horse Concorde 57)
** June 12, 2014 – December 7, 2014: 2014 FEI Central European League North
*** Overall winner: Andrius Petrovas (with various horses)
** June 13, 2014 – August 18, 2014: 2014 FEI South American North League
*** Overall winner: Camilo Rueda (with horse Cassaro 5)
** July 23, 2014 – March 22, 2015: 2014–15 FEI North American League East
*** Overall winner: Todd Minikus (with horse Quality Girl)
** October 10, 2014 – February 7, 2015: 2014–15 FEI Arab League
*** Overall winner: Abdullah Al-Sharbatly (with various horses)
** October 16, 2014 – March 1, 2015: 2014–15 FEI Western European League
*** Overall winner: Steve Guerdat (with various horses)
** October 22, 2014 – January 11, 2015: 2014–15 FEI New Zealand League
*** Overall winner: Katie Laurie (with various horses)
** October 24, 2014 – November 30, 2014: 2014 FEI South East Asian League
*** Overall winner: Siengsaw Lertratanachai (with horse Viranka B)
* March 12–15: 2015 FEI Central European League Final in Warsaw
** Winner: Marcel Marschall (with horse Undercontract)
* April 15–19: 2015 FEI World Cup Finals (show jumping and dressage) in Las Vegas
** Winner: Steve Guerdat (with horse Albfeuhren's Paille)

### FEI World Cup Dressage

* May 23, 2014 – March 22, 2015: 2014–15 FEI World Cup Dressage season
** May 23, 2014 – October 12, 2014: 2014 FEI Central European League
*** Winner: Elena Sidneva (with horse Romeo-Star)
** June 6, 2014 – March 22, 2015: 2014–15 FEI North American League
*** Winner: Steffen Peters (with horse Legolas 92)
** July 17, 2014 – January 25, 2015: 2014–15 FEI Asia/Pacific League
*** July 17–20, 2014: 2014 Brisbane QLD in Australia
**** Grand Prix: Suzanne Hearn (with horse Remmington)
**** Grand Prix Freestyle to Music: Chantal Wigan (with horse Ferero)
**** Grand Prix Special: Suzanne Hearn (with horse Remmington)
*** October 23–26, 2014: 2014 Sydney NSW in Australia
**** Grand Prix: Heath Ryan (with Regardez Moi)
**** Grand Prix Freestyle to Music: Heath Ryan (with Regardez Moi)
*** November 20–23, 2014: 2014 Melbourne Equitana VIC in Australia
**** Grand Prix: Heath Ryan (with Regardez Moi)
**** Grand Prix Freestyle to Music: Heath Ryan (with Regardez Moi)
*** January 21–25, 2015: 2015 Boneo VIC in Australia
**** Grand Prix: Mary Hanna (with horse Umbro)
**** Grand Prix Freestyle to Music: Mary Hanna (with horse Umbro)
** October 16, 2014 – March 15, 2015: 2014–15 FEI Western European League
*** Winner: Edward Gal (with horse Glock's Underground)
* April 15–19: 2015 FEI World Cup Finals in Las Vegas (shared with the show jumping event)
** Winner: Charlotte Dujardin (with horse Valegro)

### FEI Nations Cup in Show Jumping

* February 10 – September 6: 2015 FEI Nations Cup Show Jumping Schedule
** February 10–15: Cup #1 in Ocala, Florida
*** Team Jumping winners: Ireland
**** Darragh Kenny with horse Picolo
**** Lorcan Gallagher with horse Diktator van de Boslehoeve
**** Kevin Babington with horse Shorapur, and
**** Conor Swail with horse Grafton
** February 18–21: Cup #2 in Abu Dhabi
*** Team Jumping winners: Qatar
**** Ali Al Rumaihi with horse Gunder
**** Khalid Al Emadi with horse Tamira IV
**** Sheikh Ali Bin Khalid Al Thani with horse Vienna Olympic, and
**** Bassem Hassan Mohammed with horse Palloubet d'Halong
** April 23–26: Cup #3 at the Coapexpan Equestrian Club in Xalapa
*** Team Jumping winners: United States
**** Candice King with horse Kismet 50
**** Callan Solem with horse VDL Wizard
**** Ali Wolff with horse Casall, and
**** Brianne Goutal with horse Nice de Prissey
** April 29 – May 3: Cup #4 in Lummen
*** Team Jumping winners: Italy
**** Luca Maria Moneta with horse Neptune Brecourt
**** Lorenzo de Luca with horse Erco van T Roosakker
**** Daniele Augusto Da Rios with horse For Passion, and
**** Piergiorgio Bucci with horse Casallo Z
** May 7–10: Cup #5 in Linz–Ebelsberg
*** Team Jumping winners: Czech Republic
**** Zuzana Zelinkova with horse Caleri II
**** Emma Augier de Moussac with horse Charly Brown
**** Ondrej Zvara with horse Cento Lano, and
**** Ales Opatrny with horse Acovardo
** May 14–17: Cup #6 in La Baule-Escoublac
*** Team Jumping winners: Great Britain
**** Joe Clee with horse Utamaro D'Ecaussines
**** Spencer Roe with horse Wonder Why
**** Guy Williams with horse Titus, and
**** Michael Whitaker with horse Cassionato
** May 14–17: Cup #7 in Odense
*** Team Jumping winners: Belgium
**** Gilles Dunon with horse Fou de Toi v. Keihoeve
**** Catherine van Roosbroeck with horse Gautcho da Quinta
**** Wilm Vermeir with horse Garrincha Hedoniste, and
**** Jerome Guery with horse Papillon Z
** May 21–24: Cup #8 in Rome
*** Team Jumping winners: Great Britain
**** Holly Gillott with horse Dougie Douglas
**** Robert Whitaker with horse Catwalk IV
**** Michael Whitaker with horse Cassionato, and
**** John Whitaker with horse Argento
** May 28–31: Cup #9 in Lisbon
*** Team Jumping winners: Spain
**** Alberto Marquez Galobardes with horse Belcanto Z
**** Gerardo Menendez Mieres with horse Cassino DC
**** Laura Roquet Puignero with horse Quilate del Duero, and
**** Ivan Serrano Saenz with horse Condor
** June 4–7: Cup #10 in Sopot
*** Team Jumping winners: Germany
**** André Thieme with horse Conthendrix
**** Janne Friederike Meyer with horse Goja
**** Holger Wulschner with horse BSC Cavity, and
**** Patrick Stühlmeyer with horse Lacan
** June 4–7: Cup #11 in St. Gallen
*** Team Jumping winners: Belgium
**** Piete Devos with horse Dream of India Greenfield
**** Niels Bruynseels with horse Pommeau du Heup
**** Jos Verlooy with horse Domino, and
**** Grégory Wathelet with horse Conrad de Hus
** June 17–21: Cup #12 in Rotterdam
*** Team Jumping winners: Great Britain
**** Ben Maher with horse Diva II
**** Joe Clee with horse Utamaro D'Ecaussines
**** Jessica Mendoza with horse Spirit T, and
**** Michael Whitaker with horse Cassionato
** July 9–12: Cup #13 in Falsterbo
*** Team Jumping winners: Netherlands
**** Harrie Smolders with horse Emerald
**** Maikel van der Vleuten with horse Vdl Groep Verdi Tn N.O.P.
**** Leopold van Asten with horse Vdl Groep Zidane, and
**** Gerco Schröder with horse Glock'S Cognac Champblanc
** July 16–19: Cup #14 in Budapest
*** Team Jumping winners: Denmark
**** Sören Pedersen with horse Tailormade Chaloubet
**** Rikke Haastrup with horse Qualico du Bobois
**** Thomas Sandgaard with horse Amarone, and
**** Andreas Schou with horse Allstar
** July 23–26: Cup #15 in Bratislava
*** Team Jumping winners: France
**** Geoffroy de Coligny with horse Qaid Louviere
**** Marc Le Berre with horse Rubis du Rustick
**** Bernard Briand Chevalier with horse Qadillac du Heup, and
**** Francois Xavier Boudant with horse Stella Lyght
** July 30 – August 2: Cup #16 in Hickstead, West Sussex
*** Team Jumping winners: Belgium
**** Pieter Devos with horse Dylano
**** Judy Ann Melchior with horse As Cold As Ice Z
**** Gudrun Patteet with horse Sea Coast Pebles Z, and
**** Olivier Philippaerts with horse H&M Armstrong van de Kapel
** August 5–9: Cup #17 in Dublin
*** Team Jumping winners: Ireland
**** Bertram Allen with horse Romanov
**** Greg Patrick Broderick with horse Mhs Going Global
**** Cian O'Connor with horse Good Luck, and
**** Darragh Kenny with horse Sans Soucis Z
** August 26–31: Cup #18 in Gijón
*** Team Jumping winners: France
**** Alexandre Fontanelle with horse Prime Time des Vagues
**** Cyril Bouvard with horse Quasi Modo Z
**** Adeline Hecart with horse Pasha du Gue, and
**** Aymeric de Ponnat with horse Ricore Courcelle
** September 2–6: Cup #19 (final) in Arezzo
*** Team Jumping winners: Brazil
**** Marlon Módolo Zanotelli with horse Valetto Jx
**** Karina Johannpeter with horse Casper
**** Yuri Mansur Guerios with horse Cornetto K, and
**** Bernardo Alves with horse Vatson Sitte
* September 24–27: 2015 FEI Nations Cup in Show Jumping Series Final in Barcelona
** Team Jumping winners: Belgium
*** Olivier Philippaerts with horse H&M Armstrong van de Kapel
*** Judy-Ann Melchior with horse As Cold As Ice Z
*** Jos Lansink with horse For Cento, and
*** Grégory Wathelet with horse Conrad de Hus

### FEI Nations Cup in Dressage

* March 4 – July 19: 2015 FEI Nations Cup Dressage Schedule
** March 4–8: Cup #1 in Vidauban
*** Individual Dressage winner: Dominique Filion (with horse Wenicienta)
*** Team Dressage winners: Germany
**** Victoria Michalke with horse Dance On OLD
**** Thomas Wagner with horse Amoricello
**** Sanneke Rothenberger with horse Wolke Sieben 21, and
**** Bernadette Brune with horse Spirit of the Age OLD
** March 24–28: Cup #2 in Wellington, Florida
*** Individual Dressage winner: Laura Graves (with horse Verdades)
*** Team Dressage winners: United States
**** Olivia LaGoy-Weltz with horse Rassing's Lonoir
**** Kimberly Herslow with horse Rosmarin
**** Allison Brock with horse Rosevelt, and
**** Laura Graves with horse Verdades
** June 17–21: Cup #3 in Rotterdam
*** Individual Dressage winner: Patrick Kittel (with horse Watermill Scandic)
*** Team Dressage winners: Netherlands
**** Patrick van der Meer with horse Uzzo
**** Diederik van Silfhout with horse Arlando N.O.P.
**** Hans Peter Minderhoud with horse Glock's Johnson TN, and
**** Edward Gal with horse Glock's Undercover N.O.P
** July 8–12: Cup #4 in Hagen
*** Individual Dressage winner: Kristina Bröring-Sprehe (with horse Desperados FRH)
*** Team Dressage winners: Germany
**** Hubertus Schmidt with horse Imperio 3
**** Jessica von Bredow-Werndl with horse Unee BB
**** Isabell Werth with horse Don Johnson FRH, and
**** Kristina Bröring-Sprehe with horse Desperados FRH
** July 9–12: Cup #5 in Falsterbo
*** Individual Dressage winner: Tinne Vilhelmson-Silfvén (with horse Don Auriello)
*** Team Dressage winners: Sweden
**** Emelie Nyrerod with horse Miata
**** Minna Telde with horse Santana
**** Tinne Vilmhelmson-Silfven with horse Don Auriello, and
**** Patrik Kittel with horse Deja
** July 15–19: Cup #6 (final) in Hickstead, West Sussex
*** Individual Dressage winner: Carl Hester (with horse Wanadoo)
*** Team Dressage winners: Denmark
**** Anders Dahl with horse Wie-Atlantico de Ymas
**** Sune Hansen with horse Charmeur, and
**** Sidsel Johansen with horse Alibi D

### FEI Nations Cup in Eventing

* March 19 – October 11: 2015 FEI Nations Cup Eventing Schedule
** March 19–22: Cup #1 in Fontainebleau
*** Individual winner: Michael Jung (with horse La Biosthetique – SAM FBW)
*** Team winners: France
**** Gwendolen Fer with horse Romantic Love
**** Arnaud Boiteau with horse Quoriano 'Ene HN'
**** Hélène Vattier with horse Quito de Baliere, and
**** Karim Laghouag with horse Entebbe de Hus
** April 24–26: Cup #2 in Ballindenisk, Watergrasshill
*** Individual winner: Emilie Chandler (with horse Gino Royale)
*** Team winners: Great Britain
**** Nicky Roncoroni with horse Stonedge
**** Louise Harwood with horse Whitson
**** Georgie Strang with horse Cooley Business Time, and
**** Izzy Taylor with horse KBIS Starchaser
** May 28–31: Cup #3 in Houghton Hall
*** Individual winner: Luc Château (with horse Propriano de L'ebat)
*** Team winners: Germany
**** Andreas Ostholt with horse So Is It
**** Nicholas Bschorer with horse Tom Tom Go
**** Dirk Schrade with horse Hope & Skip, and
**** Sandra Auffarth with horse Ispo
** June 25–28: Cup #4 in Strzegom
*** Individual winner: Karin Donckers (with horse Fletcha van't Verahof)
*** Team winners: Great Britain
**** Izzy Taylor with horse KBIS Starburst
**** Sarah Bullimore with horse Valentino V
**** Emily Llewellyn with horse Greenlawn Sky High, and
**** Jodie Amos with horse Figaro van het Broekxhof
** August 11–14: Cup #5 in Aachen
*** Individual winner: Ingrid Klimke (with horse FRH Escada JS)
*** Team winners: Germany
**** Ingrid Klimke with horse Horseware Hale Bob
**** Sandra Auffarth with horse Opgun Louvo
**** Michael Jung with horse Halunke FBW, and
**** Dirk Schrade with horse Hop and Skip
** September 17–20: Cup #6 in Montelibretti
*** Event cancelled.
** September 24–27: Cup #7 in Waregem
*** Individual winner: Nana Dalton (with horse Abbeylara Prince)
*** Team winners: Germany
**** Andreas Ostholt with horse Pennsylvania 28
**** Julia Krajewski with horse Samourai du Thot
**** Anna-Maria Rieke with horse Petite Dame, and
**** Andreas Dibowski with horse FRH Butts Avedon
** October 8–11: Cup #8 in Boekelo (final)
*** Individual winner: Nicola Wilson (with horse Bulana)
*** Team winners: Ireland
**** Jonty Evans with horse Cooley Rorke's Drift
**** Joseph Murphy with horse Westwinds Hercules
**** Cathal Daniels with horse Rioghan Rua, and
**** Padraig McCarthy with horse Simon Porloe

## Longines Global Champions Tour for show jumping

* April 2 – November 14: 2015 Global Champions Tour
** April 2–4: Tour #1 in Miami Beach, Florida
*** Class 14: Miami Beach 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Scott Brash (with horse Hello Sanctos)
** April 22–25: Tour #2 in Antwerp
*** Class 06: Antwerp 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Simon Delestre (with horse Ryan des Hayettes)
** May 1–3: Tour #3 in Madrid
*** Class 10: Madrid 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Luciana Diniz (with horse Winningmood)
** May 8–10: Tour #4 in Shanghai
*** Class 04: Shanghai 2015 CSI5* 1.60 m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Harrie Smolders (with horse Regina Z)
** May 14–17: Tour #5 in Hamburg
*** Class 06: Hamburg 2015 CSI5* 1.60 m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Kent Farrington (with horse Voyeur)
** June 11–13: Tour #6 in Cannes
*** Class 14: Cannes 2015 CSI5* 1.60 m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Penelope Leprevost (with horse Ratina d'la Rousserie)
** June 25–27: Tour #7 in Monaco
*** Class 05: Monaco 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Scott Brash (with horse Hello M'Lady)
** July 3–5: Tour #8 in Paris
*** Class 11: Paris 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Bertram Allen (with horse Romanov)
** July 9–11: Tour #9 in Cascais–Estoril
*** Class 04: Cascais 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Scott Brash (with horse Hello Sanctos)
** July 17–19: Tour #10 in Chantilly
*** Class 04: Chantilly 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Grégory Wathelet (with horse Conrad de Hus)
** July 24–26: Tour #11 in London
*** Class 10: London 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Rolf-Göran Bengtsson (with horse Casall ASK)
** August 13–16: Tour #12 in Valkenswaard
*** Class 06: Valkenswaard 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Marco Kutscher (with horse van Gogh)
** September 11–13: Tour #13 in Rome
*** Class 08: Rome 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Rolf-Göran Bengtsson (with horse Casall ASK)
** September 17–20: Tour #14 in Vienna
*** Class 04: Vienna 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Luciana Diniz (with horse Winningmood)
** November 12–14: Tour #15 (final) in Doha
*** Class 05: Doha 2015 CSI5* 1.60m (Global Champions Tour) Winner: Luciana Diniz (with horse Fit For Fun)

## Spruce Meadows Tournaments for show jumping

* June 3 – September 13: 2015 Spruce Meadows Tournaments in Calgary
** June 3–7: The National
*** Biggest Purse: C$400,000 RBC Grand Prix Presented by ROLEX
**** Winner: Kent Farrington (with horse Voyeur)
** June 11–14: The Continental
*** Biggest Purse: C$210,000 CP Grand Prix
**** Winner: McLain Ward (with horse Rothchild)
** June 24–28: Canada One
*** Biggest Purse: C$126,000 Imperial Challenge
**** Winner: Sameh El-Dahan (with horse Sumas Zorro)
** June 30 – July 5: The North American
*** Biggest Purse: C$400,000 ATCO Power Queen Elizabeth II Cup
**** Winner: McLain Ward (with horse HH Azur)
** July 9–12: The Pan American
*** Biggest Purse: C$400,000 Pan American Cup Presented by ROLEX
**** Winner: Kent Farrington (with horse Voyeur)
** September 9–13: The Masters (final)
*** C$300,000 BMO Nations' Cup
**** Winners: Brazil
**** Pedro Veniss with horse Quabri de L'Isle
**** Felipe Amaral with horse Premiere Carthoes
**** Eduardo Menezes with horse Quintol, and
**** Rodrigo Pessoa with horse Status
*** Biggest Purse: C$1,500,000 CP International Grand Prix Presented by ROLEX
**** Winner: Scott Brash (with horse Hello Sanctos)

## Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing

* USA Triple Crown
** May 2: 2015 Kentucky Derby
*** Horse: American Pharoah; Jockey: Victor Espinoza; Trainer: Bob Baffert
** May 16: 2015 Preakness Stakes
*** Horse: American Pharoah; Jockey: Victor Espinoza; Trainer: Bob Baffert
** June 6: 2015 Belmont Stakes
*** Horse: American Pharoah; Jockey: Victor Espinoza; Trainer: Bob Baffert
* Note: A new Triple Crown winner, since 1978, with horse Affirmed.
* United Kingdom Triple Crown
** May 2: 2015 2000 Guineas Stakes
*** Horse: Gleneagles; Jockey: Ryan Moore; Trainer: Aidan O'Brien
** June 6: 2015 Epsom Derby
*** Horse: Golden Horn; Jockey: Frankie Dettori; Trainer: John Gosden
** September 12: 2015 St. Leger Stakes
*** Horse: Bondi Beach; Jockey: Colm O'Donoghue; Trainer: Aidan O'Brien
* Canadian Triple Crown
** July 5: 2015 Queen's Plate
*** Horse: Shaman Ghost; Jockey: Rafael Manuel Hernandez; Trainer: Brian A. Lynch
** July 29: 2015 Prince of Wales Stakes
*** Horse: Breaking Lucky; Jockey: James S. McAleney; Trainer: Reade Baker
** August 16: 2015 Breeders' Stakes
*** Horse: Danish Dynaformer; Jockey: Patrick Husbands; Trainer: Roger Attfield
* Australian Triple Crown
** March 14: 2015 Randwick Guineas
*** Horse: Hallowed Crown; Jockey: Hugh Bowman; Trainers: Bart Cummings and James Cummings
** March 21: 2015 Rosehill Guineas
*** Horse: Volkstok'n'barrell; Jockey: Craig Williams; Trainer: Donna Logan
** April 4: 2015 Australian Derby
*** Horse: Mongolian Khan; Jockey: Owen Bosson; Trainer: Murray Baker
* Hong Kong Triple Crown
** January 25: 2015 Hong Kong Stewards' Cup
*** Horse: Able Friend; Jockey: João Moreira; Trainer: John Moore
** March 1: 2015 Hong Kong Gold Cup
*** Horse: Designs On Rome; Jockey: João Moreira; Trainer: John Moore
** May 31: 2015 Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup
*** Horse: Helene Super Star; Jockey: Douglas Whyte; Trainer: Anthony S. Cruz

## Other equestrian events

* July 1–5: FEI Dressage Children, Junior & Under 21 European Championships 2015 in Vidauban
** Open Junior Individual Test Dressage winner: Hannah Erbe with horse Carlos
** Open Under 21 Individual Test Dressage winner: Dana van Lierop with horse Equestricons Walkuere
** Open Children Individual Test Dressage winner: Sofia Valentina Hegstrup with horse Santa
** Open Junior Individual Dressage Freestyle winner: Juan Matute Guimon with horse Dhannie Ymas
** Open Under 21 Individual Dressage Freestyle winner: Bianca Nowag with horse Fair Play RB
** Open Junior Team Dressage winners: Germany (Paulina Holzknecht with horse Wells Fargo, Kristin Biermann with horse Zwetcher, Semmieke Rothenberger with horse Geisha, Hannah Erbe with horse Carlos)
** Open Under 21 Team Dressage winners: Germany (Claire-Louise Averkorn with horse Condio B, Vivien Niemann with horse Don Vertino, Anna-Christina Abbelen with horse Fuerst On Tour, Bianca Nowag with horse Fair Play RB)
** Open Children Team Dressage winners: Switzerland (Jorina Miehling with horse Rising Star, Annina Lüthi with horse Odin III, Meiling Ngovan with horse Don Paulo)