OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pygmalion in the Classroom

Pygmalion in the Classroom is a 1968 book by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson about the effects of teacher expectation on first and second grade student performance. The idea conveyed in the book is that if teachers' expectations about student ability are manipulated early, those expectations will carry over to affect teacher behavior, which in turn will influence how the students will perform on an IQ test. Inducing high expectations in teachers will lead to high levels of IQ test performance. Inducing low expectations, will lead to low IQ test performance.

## Criticism

Soon after Pygmalion's publication, Robert L. Thorndike, an educational psychologist, criticized the study and demonstrated that the instrument used to assess the children's IQ scores was seriously flawed. For example, the average reasoning IQ score for the children in one regular class was in the mentally disabled range, which, given the circumstances, is impossible. In the end, Thorndike wrote the Pygmalion study's findings were worthless. He summarized his evaluation of the instrument this way: "When the clock strikes thirteen, doubt is not only cast on the last stroke but also on all that have come before....When the clock strikes 14, we throw away the clock." Rosenthal countered that "even if the initial test results were faulty, that didn’t invalidate the subsequent increase, as measured by the same test," although with initial IQ scores in the mentally disabled range the observed change at the conclusion of the study is more likely to reflect regression-to-the-mean effects than the effect of teacher expectations.
A major limitation has also been the lack of replication. "Most studies using product measures found no expectancy advantage for the experimental group, but most studies using process measures did show teachers to be treating the experimental group more favorably or appropriately than they were treating the control group...because teachers did not adopt the expectations that the experimenters were attempting to induce, and/or because the teachers were aware of the nature of the experiment." A meta-analysis indicates that the magnitude of the effect of inducing IQ-related expectancies in teachers is reduced by the amount of time teachers have spent getting to know their students prior to expectancy induction: although Raudenbush found the effect to be supported in general, it is much stronger when expectancy is induced at the beginning of the school year. When teachers have gotten to know their students for more than two weeks prior to expectancy induction, the impact of expectancy induction is virtually zero.
# Netherlands Antilles at the 1968 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands Antilles competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. Five competitors, three men and two women, took part in four events in two sports.

## Results by athlete
### Fencing

* Ivonne Witteveen
   * Women's foil — First round: 6th place in group B with 1 win and 4 losses (did not advance)
   * lost to Antonella Ragno (ITA)
   * defeated Lidia Sakovics (HUN)
   * lost to Marie Depetris (FRA)
   * lost to Janet Wardell-Yerburgh (GBR)
   * lost to Kamila Składanowska (POL)
* Myrna Anselma
   * Women's foil — First round: 6th place in group E with 1 win and 5 losses (did not advance)
   * lost to Clara Stahl-lencic (ROU)
   * lost to Pilar Roldán (MEX)
   * lost to Galina Gorokhova (URS)
   * lost to Heidi Schmid (FRG)
   * defeated Colette Flesch (LUX)
   * lost to Sylvia San Martín (ARG)
* Jan Boutmy
   * Men's sabre — First round: 6th place in group E with 1 win and 5 losses (did not advance)
   * lost to Claude Arabo (FRA)
   * lost to Tibor Pézsa (HUN)
   * lost to Paul Wischeidt (FRG)
   * lost to Jozef Nowara (POL)
   * lost to John Andru (CAN)
   * defeated Juan Frecia (ARG)

### Weightlifting

* Rudy Monk
   * Middleweight
   * Press: 132.5 kg
   * Snatch: 117.5 kg
   * Jerk: 150.0 kg
   * Total: 400.0 kg (→ 16th place)
* Fortunato Rijna
   * Light-heavyweight
   * Press: 142.5 kg
   * Snatch: 115.0 kg
   * Jerk: 162.5 kg
   * Total: 420.0 kg (→ 17th place)
# Galathea intermedia

Galathea intermedia is a species of squat lobster in the family Galatheidae. It is found in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, as far north as Troms, Norway, south to Dakar and the Mediterranean Sea.
G. intermedia is the smallest species of squat lobster in the North Sea, at a length of only 18 millimetres (0.71 in), and a carapace length of 8.5 mm (0.33 in). The whole body is red, with a beige stripe along the back, onto the narrow rostrum. The limbs are semitransparent, and the animal bears several "neon blue" spots on the front of the body that may serve in species recognition.
# HMS Rampisham (M2786)

HMS Rampisham was one of 93 ships of the Ham-class of inshore minesweepers.
Their names were all chosen from villages ending in -ham. The minesweeper was named after Rampisham in Dorset.
She was renamed HMS Squirrel in December 1957, and reverted to Rampisham in December 1959.
# Saudatu Bungudu

Saudatu Usman Bungudu (born 15 January 1942 in Bungudu, Zamfara state Nigeria) was appointed Nigeria's Women Affairs and Social Development minister in July 2007. She was relieved of her post on 29 October 2008 in a cabinet reshuffle.
She graduated from Uthman dan Fodiyo University before first becoming commissioner of Women and Children Affairs in Zamfara State and later federal minister. During her tenure as a minister of Nigeria's Women Affairs and social Development ministry, she decried the judgement passed by an upper area court in Lafia, Nassarawa state in the case of the rape of a nine-month-old baby.
# Sleep No More (novel)

Sleep No More ("La regola del buio") is a 2002 novel by American author Greg Iles. In the novel, protagonist John Waters finds the lives of his wife and child in jeopardy when the soul of a lover he had 20 years ago appears in the body of a female stranger in Natchez, Mississippi. Part mystery, part thriller, part romance, the book probes the concepts of pathological jealousy and transmigration of the soul.

## Publication details

* Iles, Greg (2002). Sleep No More (1st ed.). ISBN 0-399-14881-7.
# Praia da Rocha

Praia da Rocha (English: "Rock Beach") is a beach and built up area on the Atlantic Ocean in the southern section of the concelho of Portimão, Algarve, southern Portugal. On the eastern edge of the beach stands the Fort of Santa Catarina (Portimão). A 17th century fortress built to defend the mouth of the Arade River. Now a popular tourist attraction accessible directly from the beach or the road above. In summer the beach hosts the Afro Nation music festival, Rolling Loud techno festival and the Secret Project music festival.
Nearby Praia dos Três Castelos beach is well known for the bizarre and dramatic limestone rock formations that stand along the water. In some places, the cliffs are sheer and drop straight down to the beach, but in others, erosion has left fanciful shapes likened to castles or pyramids.
The beach soccer tournament, Mundialito de Futebol de Praia, which hosts some of the world's best national teams, took place here annually from 2005 to 2012.
Algarve Tourism lists a number of attractions in the region (including marine and waterparks), as well as the area's restaurants and bars, nightlife and marina complex.
The beach also hosts a hip-hop music festival, Rolling Loud.
# Hidden layer

In artificial neural networks, a hidden layer is a layer of artificial neurons that is neither an input layer nor an output layer. The simplest examples appear in multilayer perceptrons (MLP), as illustrated in the diagram.
An MLP without any hidden layer is essentially just a linear model. With hidden layers and activation functions, however, nonlinearity is introduced into the model.
In typical machine learning practice, the weights and biases are initialized, then iteratively updated during training via backpropagation.
# Netherlands Antilles at the 1964 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands Antilles competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Four competitors, all men, took part in four events in two sports.

## Fencing

One fencer represented the Netherlands Antilles in 1964.

### Men's sabre

* Jan Boutmy
# Paul Salaman

Paul George William Salaman (born 27 January 1971) is an ornithologist and conservationist based the Rainforest Trust, overseeing biodiversity conservation across Latin America.

## Life

In 1971, Salaman was born in Australia, where he started birding at the age of six, before moving to the UK. In 1979, Paul met David Attenborough and became enthused by conservation and natural history. From age 14 Salaman managed a local nature reserve in London and as an undergraduate in 1991, commenced a series of biodiversity expeditions across Colombia, which culminated in a series of conservation assessments and actions. In 1991, he discovered a distinctive new species of bird (vireo) to science and sold the scientific name for $75,000 as an innovative species sponsoring initiative for seeking conservation funds. In 1992, Salaman established a nature reserve in southwest Colombia and commenced Project Ognorhynchus to locate and protect the critically endangered yellow-eared parrot with Fundacion ProAves, where he is an elected advisory board member. Graduated in 2001 with a D.Phil. from the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology at the University of Oxford studying threatened bird populations in southwest Colombia. A post-doc at the Natural History Museum from 2002 established Project BioMap, before coordinating biodiversity science for Conservation International across the Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot. From 2005 to 2008, Salaman was director of international programs at American Bird Conservancy.

## Awards

* Young Ornithologist of the Year in 1988 by Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
* BP Conservation Award overall winner in 1991
* Student Lecture Award at the Edward Grey Institute for Ornithology 1993
* Ness Award: National Young Explorer of the Year by the Royal Geographical Society (1995)
* Elected Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society

## Bird taxa described by Paul Salaman and other authors

* Choco vireo (Vireo masteri) (1996)
* Chestnut-capped piha (Lipaugus weberi) (2001)
* Munchique wood-wren (Henicorhina negreti) (2003)
* Upper Magdalena tapaculo (Scytalopus rodriguezi) (2005)
* Antioquia brown-banded antpitta (Grallaria milleri gilesi) (2009)
# Gregory Markopoulos

Gregory J. Markopoulos (March 12, 1928 – November 12, 1992) was a Greek-American experimental filmmaker.

## Biography

Born in Toledo, Ohio in 1928 to Greek immigrant parents, Markopoulos began making 8 mm films at an early age. He attended USC Film School in the late 1940s, and went on to become a co-founder — with Jonas Mekas, Shirley Clarke, Stan Brakhage and others — of the New American Cinema movement. He was as well a contributor to Film Culture magazine, and an instructor at the Art Institute of Chicago.
In 1967, he and his partner Robert Beavers left the United States for permanent residence in Europe. Once ensconced in self-imposed exile, Markopoulos withdrew his films from circulation, refused any interviews, and insisted that a chapter about him be removed from the second edition of Visionary Film, P. Adams Sitney's seminal study of American avant-garde cinema. While he continued to make films, his work went largely unseen for almost 30 years.
Markopoulos dedicated his film (A)lter (A)ction to Rosa von Praunheim. Before von Praunheim became famous, he worked as an assistant-director for Markopoulos.
He died in 1992 in Freiburg im Breisgau.

## Selected filmography

* Du sang, de la volupté et de la mort (1947–48); 3 parts: Psyche, Lysis, Charmides
* The Dead Ones (1949, unfinished)
* Christmas, U.S.A. (1949); 13 min.
* Swain (1950)
* Flowers of Asphalt (1951)
* Serenity (1961)
* Twice a Man (1963)
* Galaxie (1966)
* Ming Green (1966)
* Bliss (1967)
* Eros, O Basileus (1967)
* Himself as Herself (1967)
* The Illiac Passion (1964–67)
* Through a Lens Brightly: Mark Turbyfill (1967)
* The Divine Damnation (1968)
* Gammelion (1968)
* The Mysteries (1968)
* Index - Hans Richter (1969)
* The Olympian (1969)
* Political Portraits (1969)
* Sorrows (1969)
* Alph (1970)
* Genius (1970)
* Hagiographia (1970, first version)
* Moment (1970)
* Cimabue! Cimabue! (1971)
* Doldertal 7 (1971)
* Saint Actaeon (1971)
* 35, Boulevard General Koenig (1971)
* Hagiographia (1973, second version)
* Heracles (1973)
* Meta (1973)
* Prosopographia (1976)
* Eniaios (1948-c.1990, 22 film cycles)

## Preservation

Markopoulos film Galaxie was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2001.
# Simone Ferrari (footballer)

Simone Ferrari (born 13 May 1999) is an Italian football player who plays as a midfielder for Serie D club Desenzano.

## Club career

He is a product of Brescia youth teams. He spent the 2018–19 season in Serie D with Adrense. On 8 July 2019 he signed his first professional contract with Brescia for a term of 5 years.
On 15 July 2019 he joined Serie C club Pergolettese on loan. He made his professional Serie C debut for Pergolettese on 25 August 2019 in a game against Como. He started the game and played the whole match.
On 25 September 2020 the loan to Pergolettese was renewed for the 2020–21 season.
For the 2021–22 season, Ferrari was loaned to Giana Erminio.
# Fivesquid.com

Fivesquid.uk is a British-based freelance marketplace website where people can trade skills and services. First launched in 2011, the website hosts a variety of services, from tech jobs like SEO specialist advice to bizarre things like having a man with a parrot produce a quick clip advertising a business. Buyers of services are mainly start-up companies looking to save on business costs.

## History

Fivesquid was originally launched in 2011. Following its release, Theo Paphitis selected the company as a start-up company to watch as part of his Small Business Sunday competition.
In March 2012, the website featured in a list of top 10 companies to emerge from the UK recession. Fivesquid featured fifth on the list and was highlighted as the example for selling cheap online services. Throughout the sites history, it has had some strange services offered. In 2012, a entrepreneurial schoolboy from England offered his services as an online gaming bodyguard, at £5 per 30 minutes of gameplay.
After the website had been established a number of years, some began to question the services available on the site. One example used by the London Standard was services that could manipulate social media popularity. Others around the same time stated that many of the service providers are simply out to make extra revenue on top of their main income stream.
The Gadget Show picked the website as one of their top 3 places to buy gifts online.
Service providers' money is stuck there as the website is not opening anymore.

## Site structure

Services sold via the website are referred to as "micro-jobs", due to the low prices and short completion time typically involved. All micro-jobs fall within 4 payment structures of either £5, £10, £20 or £50.
Payment for services must be made upfront in order for the work to commence. The money is sent to the sellers account however the buyer's purchase is protected with a service guarantee.
The service providers range from those practicing a hobby to small companies who are attempting to grow their client base. At the completion stage of each project, Fivesquid take a 20% commission payment from the total value, before releasing the funds to the service provider.
Service providers' earnings are paid out by Fivesquid using PayPal. As of June 2017, no other payment methods are available.
# Massimiliano Ammendola

Massimiliano Ammendola (born 15 May 1990) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a midfielder for Puteolana.

## Career

Ammendola started his career at Napoli. At the start of the 2009–10 season, he was loaned out for the entire season to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Crociati Noceto. He would return to Napoli at the start of the 2010–11 season, but was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Aversa Normanna.
Ammendola returned to Napoli in January 2011. He made his first appearance for the senior Napoli squad on 21 April 2012 against Novara, coming on as a substitute for Marek Hamšík.
On 9 August 2012, Ammendola joined Bulgarian team Botev Vratsa. He made his A PFG debut on 26 August, in a 3–0 loss to Lokomotiv Sofia. On 22 September, Ammendola scored the only goal in a victory over Lokomotiv Plovdiv. On 11 December, his contract was terminated by mutual consent. Ammendola earned 10 appearances in the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group. After a year in Paraguay, Paraguayan Primera División, with Club Sol de América, where he played 14 appearances and scored, only, one goal, the contract at the end of June 2014 is not renewed and is currently a free transfer. Now trains in Pollena Trocchia (NA), and is followed by the agency AmSport. In 2015, decided to retire after which he remained without club for more than a year without any offers
# Ho Non

Ho Non (Khmer: ហូ ណូន, born 5 January 1947) is a Cambodian politician. She belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Kandal Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.
# Roger Rossinelli

Roger Rossinelli (10 August 1927 – 18 April 2005) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1952 Tour de France.
# Jaffna Tamil

Jaffna Tamil may refer to:
* Jaffna Tamil dialect, native to the Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka
* Jaffna Tamils, members of the Tamil ethnic group native to Sri Lanka
# Simone Forte

Simone Forte (born 20 January 1996) is an Italian male triple jumper.

## Biography

In winter 2019 he was finalists at the 2019 European Athletics Indoor Championships and won his first national title.

## Personal best

* Triple jump: 17.07 m ( Grosseto, 12 June 2021)
* Triple jump indoor: 16.76 m ( Ancona, 17 February 2019)

## National titles

* Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
** Triple jump: 2019
# Lipton Cup

Lipton Cup may refer to:
* Copa Lipton, an association football trophy contested between Argentina and Uruguay
* Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, an association football competition that took place in Turin, Italy
* Lipton Challenge Cup, an association football competition competed between clubs from Southern Italy and Sicily
# Piy-Khemsky District

Piy-Khemsky District (Russian: Пий-Хе́мский кожуун; Tuvan: Бии-Хем кожуун, Bii-Xem kojuun) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or kozhuun), one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is 9,200 square kilometers (3,600 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Turan, Tuva Republic. Population: 10,092 (2010 Census); 11,431 (2002 Census); 14,236 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Turan accounts for 49.4% of the district's total population.
# Natalia Dominiak

Natalia Dominiak (born 30 January 1998) is a Polish modern pentathlete and U24 European Champion (2017).

## Sports career

She is a national team member in modern pentathlon, representing the club ZKS Drzonków. Her first major success was winning the individual silver medal at the Junior European Championships in Prague in 2015. The following year, she made her senior World Cup debut. During the Youth European Championships in Drzonków, she won a bronze medal in the mixed relay with Daniel Ławrynowicz.
In 2017, she stood on the individual podium of the Polish Modern Pentathlon Championships for the first time. That same year, at the inaugural U24 European Championships in Drzonków, she won the individual competition and, with Marta Kobecka and Dominika Karolak, took second place in the team event. The following year at the same event, she won a bronze medal with Daniel Ławrynowicz, and in 2019, she won silver with Kamil Kasperczak.
She concluded the 2019 season by competing in the 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan. There, she finished 21st individually and won a bronze medal in the team event with Oktawia Nowacka and Anna Maliszewska.
In 2020, she advanced to the final of a World Cup event for the first time in Cairo, finishing in 21st place.

## Trivia

* She is nicknamed "Żyrafa" ("Giraffe" in English) by her friends.
# Roger Tauvel

Roger Eugene Robert Tauvel (8 November 1902 – 4 August 1976) was a French sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m pistol event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Simone Lo Faso

Simone Lo Faso (born 18 February 1998) is an Italian footballer who plays as a forward currently contracted with Serie D club Akragas.

## Career

A technical second striker, Lo Faso joined the Palermo youth system at the age of 9.
He made his first team debut with Palermo on 12 August 2016 during a Coppa Italia game against Bari. On 6 November 2016, he also made his Serie A debut in a match against AC Milan. He played a total of ten league games during the 2016–17 season.
In August 2017, he left Palermo to join Fiorentina on loan, with the right for the Viola to buy the player permanently by the end of the season. However, he only managed to make two short first team appearances as a substitute throughout the whole 2017–18 Serie A campaign, and mainly being featured as part of the Under-19 team. In April 2018, he suffered a broken fibula, effectively ending his season and leading Fiorentina to renounce its transfer rights. He therefore rejoined Palermo for the club's 2018–19 Serie B season.
On 25 July 2019, he signed to Serie A club Lecce. He made a single appearance for Lecce in Coppa Italia.
On 31 January 2020, he moved on loan to Cesena in Serie C, making only three appearances.
In January 2021, after spending the first half of the season back at Lecce with just a spare league first-team appearance, he left the club by mutual consent.
On 25 February 2021 he joined Serie C side Pistoiese.
After finding himself without a contract following his short stint at Pistoiese, on 14 September 2021 Lo Faso signed a deal with Serie D amateurs Folgore Caratese.
After one season with Folgore Caratese, on 7 September 2022 Lo Faso signed for Serie D fallen giants Livorno.
After finding himself without a team for the first half of the 2023–24 season, Lo Faso returned to Sicily, signing for Serie D club Siracusa on 13 January 2024. He left the club by the end of the season, initially in order to join a seven-a-side football league established in Italy by a number of influencers. On 24 July 2024, Lo Faso signed for Serie D club Akragas.
# Arthur Hamilton of Mirretoun

Alexander Hamilton of Mirretoun (died 1579) was a soldier who fought for Mary, Queen of Scots, during the Marian civil war.

## Family background

His lands seem to have been at Merryton near Larkhall, in South Lanarkshire. He was captain of Hamilton Castle. Arthur Hamilton is said to have been a brother of the assassin James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, but this not correct.

## Civil war

According to David Hume of Godscroft, Hamilton was blamed for the defeat of Mary, Queen of Scots, at the battle of Langside. As Mary seemed to hold John Stuart of Castleton in higher regard, Hamilton taunted him and Stuart made an unwise attack to prove his bravery after Arthur Hamilton shouted "Where are now these Stuarts that did contest for the first place, let him now come and take it".
In January 1571, Arthur Hamilton helped Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley take Paisley Abbey and the Place of Paisley from Lord Sempill.
On 22 April 1571, Alexander Baillie and Arthur Hamilton were in Edinburgh. They captured the king's tailor James Inglis near St Cuthbert's Church. Inglis was returning from Stirling Castle, where he had been fitting the king's clothes. Inglis was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. The tailor was released two days later after the Deacon of Crafts had spoken with William Kirkcaldy of Grange, Captain of the Castle.

## Death

Regent Morton sent an army against the Hamilton family and their strongholds in May 1579. Arthur Hamilton was captured at Hamilton Castle, and hanged at Stirling on 30 May 1579.