OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dorsal tegmental nucleus

The dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN), also known as dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, is a group of neurons located in the brainstem, which are involved in spatial navigation and orientation.

## Anatomy

The dorsal tegmental nucleus is located in the brain stem near the midline. Two nuclei exist in both hemispheres. The DTN is generally subdivided into four parts called partes centralis, ventromedialis, anterior, and posterior.
DTN contains a dense population of GABAergic cells. In the rat, few also express calbindin (CB) or calretinin (CR). Many of the DTN GABAergic cells do express parvalbumin (PV) with the densest expression in the pars ventralis portion. DTN neurons in rats contain small number of neuropeptide Y positive (NPY) neurons implicating a role in hunger and feeding. In rats, the DTN contains a small number of enkephalin, substance p, and glutamatergic neurons which project to mammillary.

### Circuitry

As part of the Papez circuit, the DTN receives input from habenula neurons and lateral mammillary neurons. DTN especially the central part of the DTN receives projections from the G-protein coupled receptor GPR151 containing habenula neurons.
The pars centralis of the DTN receives input from the prepositus hypoglossi and the supragenualis nucleus.
Pars ventromedialis of the DTN receives inputs from
* the septal nuclei,
* diagonal band of Broca,
* preoptic area,
* anterior and lateral hypothalamus,
* lateral and medial habenular nuclei,
* medial mammillary nucleus and
* brainstem reticular formation

### Projections

Dorsal tegmental fibres project to
* lateral mammillary neurons (LMN)
* dorsal noradrenergic bundle
* nuclei medialis profundus
* centralis superior,
* the tegmental reticular nucleus,
* the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, and
* the posterior hypothalamic nucleus. The nucleus is a major synaptic station for the pathways of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus between the diencephalon and lower brain stem
DTN is a major source of fibers in the mammillary peduncle. Rostral DTN cells that project to the LMN are localized within pars dorsalis and caudal cells that project to the LMN are located in the pars ventralis.

## Function

This nucleus is involved in landmark and directional navigation. Subpopulations of DTN neurons respond differently to changes in angular head velocity (AHV) and head direction (HD). Some cells respond to changes in head movement in specific directions such as to the left, right, or both. The firing activity of these cells are also affected by the speed of the movement of the head as well. DTN lesions permanently impaired landmark navigation, but only transiently impaired directional navigation.
# Carl Bradshaw (footballer)

Carl Bradshaw (born 2 October 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back.
He notably played in the Premier League for Sheffield United and Norwich City, having previously featured in the top flight for Sheffield Wednesday and Manchester City. He also played in the Football League with Barnsley, Wigan Athletic and Scunthorpe United, before finishing his career in non-league with Alfreton Town.

## Playing career

Bradshaw's first club was Sheffield Wednesday. However, his first senior appearance came in a loan spell at Barnsley. He joined Manchester City in September 1988, in a swap with Imre Varadi. His Manchester City debut came in October 1988, as a substitute against West Bromwich Albion. He started the following match, against Sunderland, but this proved to be his only start for the club. In a year at Manchester City he made a total of seven appearances. He then transferred to Sheffield United in September 1989.
In September 1997, Bradshaw served a short prison sentence after an incident involving himself and Norwich teammate Andy Johnson that resulted in Bradshaw assaulting a taxi driver. His contract with Norwich was subsequently cancelled after being released from prison, and he signed with Wigan Athletic. Whilst at Wigan he played in the final as they won the 1998–99 Football League Trophy.

## Personal life

Since retirement, Bradshaw has worked as a bricklayer.
# Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar

Peukan Bada District is an administrative district (kecamatan of Aceh Besar Regency in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. Is covers an area of 36.25 km$^2$, and had a population of 15,462 at the 2010 Census and 22,654 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 24,070 - thus having an average population density of 664.0 per km$^2$. The district is sub-divided into 26 administrative villages (kampung), containing 92 actual villages, all sharing the postcode of 23351; of these 26, Pulo Bunta kampung covers the offshore islands of Pulau Bunta and Pulau Batee in the northwest of the district, with just 80 inhabitants. The eastern part of the district contains some western suburbs of Banda Aceh city - notably in the kampung of Lam Hasan (with 3,045 inhabitants in 2023), Ajuen (2,865), Paya Tieng (1,140), Lam Lumpu (2,093), Lamteh (1,061) and Baro (622).
# Clonalvy

Clonalvy (Irish: Cluain Ailbhe) is a civil parish in County Meath, Ireland. The name Clonalvy is derived from the Irish language cluain (or clon) meaning 'meadow' and Áilbhe (or Áilbhe) referring to a person or place. It is taken to mean Ailbhe's Meadow but could also refer to the Meadow of the Ailbine River (now Delvin River). There are several variations of the spelling of Clonalvy, including Clonolvy, Clonalvey, Cluain Ailbhe.
According to the Placenames Database of Ireland, Clonalvy is "just beside Fourknocks, seems a most likely location for the famous Lia Ailbhe, the standing stone described in AN as 'the chief monument of Brega' (príomh-dindgnai Maighi Bregh) in 999, when it fell and was made into four millstones by Máelaschlainn the high king".
Clonalvy's church was dedicated to St John the Baptist with its feast day falling on 24 June. This followed the practice of the Norman settlement, moving the church from the traditional Celtic system. The tithe of the Church and Parish being directed to the Canons of Llananthony (prima and secunda) Wales from 1172 to 1541. The Norman church now lies in ruins in the townland of Flemingtown.
The area has a small school, a pub and a shop.
# Michał Tyszkiewicz

Michał Tyszkiewicz or Mykolas Tiškevičius is the name of several members of the Polish–Lithuanian noble Tyszkiewicz family:
* Michał Tyszkiewicz (16th century), envoy to the Crimean Khanate
* Michał Tyszkiewicz (1761–1839), polkovnik, purchased manors in Palanga and Biržai
* Michał Tyszkiewicz (1828–1897), collector of antiques and amateur Egyptologist
* Michał Stanisławowicz Tyszkiewicz (1857–1930), Ukrainian cultural activist, diplomat for the Ukrainian People's Republic
* Michał Zygmunt Tyszkiewicz (1903–1974), diplomat and songwriter
# Song Yang-ja

Song Yang-ja (born 19 June 1944) is a South Korean sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Stephanie Johnes

Stephanie Johnes is an American documentary filmmaker. She is most noted for her 2024 film Maya and the Wave, which was the first runner-up for the People's Choice Award for Documentaries at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival.
The sister of film producer Alexandra Johnes, she also directed the films Bouncing Bulldogs and Doubletime, and was a cinematographer on the documentary film Venus and Serena.
# John Casey (climate change author)

John L. Casey is an American author and a global warming denier. However, Mr. Casey warns of greater climate change threat than most modern Climate Change proponents. His books include Dark Winter and Cold Sun. He currently lives in Orlando, Florida.

## Career

Casey received his B.S. in physics and mathematics from Jacksonville State University and his MA in management from Webster University.
Casey's first book, Cold Sun, was published on May 1, 2011. His second book, Dark Winter, which is a refinement of his first, was published on August 19, 2014.
Casey's newest work, Upheaval, was published on December 14, 2016. Unlike the first two books, Upheaval is primarily about his predictions of potentially-catastrophic earthquakes in the United States.
Casey's biographical page says that he is the President of the Space and Science Research Corporation (SSRC), which shut down in August 2015. He is also the acting CEO of the International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center (IEVPC). Casey is the acting president of the Veritence Corporation, a science and engineering consultation company.

## Theory

Casey has written two books, which reject global warming and argue instead that earth is threatened with solar hibernation.
Global cooling is the central theory presented in Casey's Cold Sun and Dark Winter. Casey's theory, in particular, revolves around the belief that industrial carbon dioxide emissions are not large enough to cause a change in the Earth's climate and that climate change is entirely impacted by the Sun. Dark Winter also notes that global climate cooling would begin approximately 3–14 years past Casey's initial discovery.
According to Casey, the Earth is currently going through an interglacial warm period, a rare time of reprieve from an otherwise-cold Earth. That period of warmth essentially serves as Casey's explanation for the exponential growth of human civilization in the past few millennia. Moreover, Casey makes note that the period of warmth and prosperity, according to his calculation, is on the brink of ending.
Casey's theory also emphasizes the importance of sunspot patterns in determining the sun's effect on earth's climate. He believes that the numerous sunspot patterns that have been observed throughout earth's history have affected the global climate in various ways. Casey's theory is that the sun is in a 206-year cycle and that a drastic cycle change is imminent, which believes will lead to the severe cooling of the earth.
Another central point in Casey's theory is the lack of counterstrategy in regards to the advent of an ice age. Casey states that "solar hibernation" is ultimately inevitable and that the sun will continue to cycle into its next stage, regardless of the actions of the common man.
Casey, however, does not have any qualifications in climate science, and analysts have pointed out that he "ignores multiple problems with his analysis."
# Virginia Luque

Virginia Luque (born Violeta Mabel Domínguez; 4 October 1927 – 3 June 2014) was an Argentine tango singer and film actress. She made nearly 20 appearances in tango films of Argentina between 1943 and 1976.
Born in Buenos Aires, she began her career in film in 1943 in La guerra la gano yo, later appearing in Arriba el Telón o el Patio de la Morocha (1951). She starred alongside Arturo de Córdova in La Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde, a 1949 Venezuelan–Argentine film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen, which entered into the 1951 Cannes Film Festival.

## Death

Virginia Luque died on 3 June 2014 from natural causes in her native Buenos Aires, aged 86.

## Selected filmography

* Back in the Seventies (1945)
* The Yacht Isabel Arrived This Afternoon (1949)
* Arriba el Telón o el Patio de la Morocha (1951)
* Del cuplé al tango (1958)
# Teddy B. Taylor

Teddy Bernard Taylor (born 1953) is a United States diplomat. A member of the Senior Foreign Service, Taylor served as the United States Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. He was succeeded by Walter E. North on November 7, 2012.

## Early life

Taylor was born in 1953 in Washington, D.C. He graduated from Florida A&M University in 1975. While enrolled at FAMU he became initiated as a brother of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

## Political career

Taylor started his diplomatic career in 1978 working as a Consular/Economic Officer at the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala through 1980. From 1981 to 1983, he worked at the U.S. Embassy in Panama and from 1983 to 1985, at the embassy in Honduras. In 1985, upon his return to the states, he was appointed Deputy Director of Press and Public Affairs in the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs remaining on the post until 1987 when he took up the role of Deputy Policy Officer for Latin America at the United States Information Agency. From 1988 through 1991, he served as Deputy Director for East Asian and Pacific Assignments at the Bureau of Human Resources; from 1991 to 1992, he was the Deputy Examiner in the Board of Foreign Service Examiners in the same Bureau and from 1992 through 1993, he served as the Special Assistant in the Visa Services Office in the Bureau of Consular Affairs.
In 1995, he was assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Budapest, Hungary, where he worked as the Consular Affairs Officer until 1999. In 2001, Taylor was appointed Director of the Orientation Division of Foreign Service Institute. He was the first African-American to hold this post. Shortly thereafter, he served as the Consul General at U.S. Interests Section in Havana, Cuba. In 2001-2003, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State and Director of the Office of Employee Relations in the Bureau of Human Resources. On September 21, 2009 he was sworn in as the United States Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, also accredited to US embassies in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

## Personal life

Being a member of Omega Psi Phi, he was active in extracurricular activities in some places of assignment. In Panama, he coached a teenager basketball team in Panama Canal Zone; in Hungary, he was the Chairperson of the Cub and Boy Scout parent organization and merit badge instructor and Chairman of the Eagle Scout Board of Review committee. He was married to Foreign Service Officer Antoinette Corbin-Taylor (deceased). The couple has two children. Taylor is fluent in Spanish, Turkish and Hungarian.
# I-Space (conceptual framework)

The Information Space or I-Space is a conceptual framework relating the degree of structure of knowledge (i.e. its level of codification and abstraction) to its diffusibility (i.e. how, why, and at what rate it spreads) as that knowledge develops.

## History

The model was developed by Max Boisot, and the I-Space framework has been acknowledged as an early influence on the development of the Cynefin framework.

## Use

This results in four different types of knowledge.
* Public knowledge, such as textbooks and newspapers, which is codified and diffused.
* Proprietary knowledge, such as patents and official secrets, which is codified but not diffused. Here barriers to diffusion have to be set up.
* Personal knowledge, such as biographical knowledge, which is neither codified nor diffused.
* Common sense – i.e. what ‘everybody knows’, which is not codified but widely diffused.

## Representation

The I-Space model is commonly shown as a cube with three axes: abstraction, codification and diffusion. This cube as such spans a three-dimensional "information space". The curve draws a social learning cycle, showing how as knowledge is increasingly moved from concrete experiential Zen type knowledge (insights which can occur suddenly, often equated with a kind of enlightenment) to codified highly abstract (expert language etc.), where it is increasingly easy for it to diffuse independently of the knowledge holder. Once internalised it moves back to the concrete.
# Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement

Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement is the name of three municipal formations in Russia.
* Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation corresponding to Pavlovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation, an administrative division of Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast
* Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the work settlement of Pavlovsky and sixteen rural localities in Ochyorsky District of Perm Krai are incorporated as
* Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which Pavlovsky Settlement Okrug in Pavlovsky District of Ulyanovsk Oblast is incorporated as
# Chilean submarine Guacolda

The Chilean submarine Guacolda (also spelled as Gualcolda in some sources) was an H-class submarine of the Chilean Navy. The vessel was originally ordered by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy as HMS H13, but was handed over to Chile in 1917 as H1.

## Description

Guacolda was a single-hulled submarine, with a pressure hull divided into five watertight compartments. The submarine had a length of 150 feet 9 inches (45.9 m) overall, a beam of 15 feet 9 inches (4.8 m) and a draught of 12 feet 4 inches (3.8 m). She displaced 363 long tons (369 t) on the surface and 434 long tons (441 t) submerged. The H-class submarines had a crew of 22 officers and enlisted men.
The submarine had two propellers, each of which was driven by a 240-horsepower (180 kW) diesel engine as well as a 320-horsepower (239 kW) electric motors. This arrangement gave Guacolda a maximum speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) while surfaced and 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) submerged. She had a range of 1,750 nmi (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) while on the surface and 30 nmi (56 km; 35 mi) at 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) while submerged. The boat had a capacity of 17.5 long tons (17.8 t) of fuel oil. The H-class submarines were equipped with four 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow and carried eight torpedoes.

## Career

H13 was a H-class submarine built by Fore River Yard of Quincy, Massachusetts. She was launched on 2 July 1915. Because the United States was neutral (having not yet entered World War I), H13 along with sister ships H11, H12, H14, H15, H16, H17, H18, H19, and H20 were all interned by the United States government. As a result, H13 was never commissioned into the Royal Navy. Instead, she and H16, H17, H18, H19, and H20 were transferred to the Chilean Navy as partial recompensation for the appropriation of two 28,000-ton dreadnoughts (Almirante Latorre and Almirante Cochrane). Originally named H1 when turned over to Chile in 1917, she was renamed Guacolda in 1924. She served with the Chilean Navy until she was stricken in 1949.
# Hoole Urban District

Hoole Urban District was an Urban District in Cheshire between 1894 and 1954, when it was absorbed by Chester CB and Chester Rural Districts.
The archives are now with Cheshire Archives and Local History.
# Biedermann

Biedermann is German for an honourable, upright man. Notable people with this surname include:
* Christoph Biedermann (born 1987), Liechtenstein footballer
* Edwin Biedermann (1877–1929), British real tennis player
* Friedrich Karl Biedermann (1812–1901), German political philosopher
* Gisela Biedermann (born 1948), Liechtensteiner physician and politician
* Harry Biedermann (1887–1917), first-class cricketer
* Jeanette Biedermann (born 1980), German singer, actress and television personality
* Johann Jakob Biedermann (1763–1830), Swiss painter and etcher
* Julia Biedermann (born 1967), German television actress
* Karl Biedermann (1890–1945), Austrian military officer
* Kyle Biedermann, American politician
* Marc Biedermann, American musician for heavy metal band Blind Illusion
* Paul Biedermann (born 1986), German swimmer
# All to Myself

All to Myself may refer to:
* "All to Myself" (Marianas Trench song)
* "All to Myself" (Guy Sebastian song)
* "All to Myself" (Dan + Shay song)
* "All to Myself" (Future, Metro Boomin and the Weeknd song)
* All to Myself, by Jonathan Coulton from Solid State
# The Singles (Dannii Minogue album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Singles is a greatest hits compilation by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by Mushroom Records on 3 November 1998 in Australia only. The album features all fourteen of Minogue's singles released between 1990 and 1998. The tracklist opts for the original album versions of each song rather than their respective single versions, with the exceptions of "Jump to the Beat" and "Baby Love", which were not included on Minogue's original debut, Dannii but on its Australian re-issue Love and Kisses and.... The album includes the UK-only single "Love's on Every Corner" and the Australian-only single "Coconut", which was a hidden track on Girl. Since the compilation was a catalogue release, it was ineligible to chart on the Australian albums chart.

## Track listing

* "Love and Kisses" – 3:44
* "Success" – 5:34
* "Jump to the Beat" (L.A. 7" Mix) – 3:36
* "Baby Love" (Silky 70's Edit) – 3:45
* "I Don't Wanna Take This Pain" – 4:53
* "Show You the Way to Go" – 4:22
* "Love's on Every Corner" – 4:15
* "This Is It" – 3:40
* "This is the Way" – 3:59
* "Get into You" – 4:13
* "All I Wanna Do" – 4:30
* "Everything I Wanted" – 4:40
* "Disremembrance" – 4:07
* "Coconut" – 4:51
# Harry Stone Mosher

Harry Stone Mosher (August 31, 1915 – March 2, 2001) was an American chemist and the discoverer of Mosher's acid.

## Early life

Mosher attended Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1937. He went on to Oregon State University, where he earned a master's degree in 1938. He then returned to Willamette to teach for one year. In 1939, he continued his graduate work at Pennsylvania State University under the mentorship of Frank C. Whitmore, a renowned organic chemist. In 1942, Mosher completed his PhD in organic chemistry. He remained at Pennsylvania State as an assistant professor, supervising research on synthetic anti-malarial drugs for the National Research Council and the production of DDT with the War Production Board. In 1944, Mosher married Carol Walker, a fellow chemistry graduate student at the university. Three years later, Mosher accepted an assistant professorship at Stanford University in the Department of Chemistry, and he and his wife moved to California for the position. That same year his wife Carol joined the staff of the Stanford Research Institute, later becoming senior organic chemist.

## Research contributions

While at Stanford, Mosher taught organic chemistry and conducted research in natural products chemistry and stereochemistry. He and his graduate student Melanchton Brown identified a deadly toxin produced by the California newt living in Stanford's Lake Lagunita, calling it tarichatoxin. They soon discovered that it was the same toxin produced by the puffer fish, used in a rare type of sushi that if prepared incorrectly could paralyze and kill human diners. Mosher determined the structure of the toxin, which is known as tetrodotoxin. Mosher worked on many other natural products including both plant pigments and toxic substances.
Mosher also invented the "Mosher reagent" or Mosher's acid, which is used to measure the degree of left- or right-handedness in organic molecules.

## Awards and honors

Mosher received an honorary doctoral degree from Willamette University. Harry Mosher served as chair of the California section of the American Chemical Society in 1955 and on the ACS National Council, both elected positions. In 1978, Mosher received the Abraham Ottenberg Service Award from the ACS. Two years later, the ACS established the Harry and Carol Mosher Award to advance the field of chemistry.

## Later life

Mosher retired from Stanford in 1981. He spent his later life engaged in tennis and skiing, and lunched regularly with his friends at the Rathskeller in the Stanford Faculty Club. He died in 2001, and was survived by his wife, their three children, and five grandchildren.
# Westry

Westry is a village in Cambridgeshire, England. It lies to the northwest of March on the A141 to Wisbech.
The Church of St Mary was erected in 1873 to a design by Thomas Henry Wyatt. It is a Grade II listed building. The church was gutted by fire in an arson attack on 15 March 2010 but reopened in 2014 after its insurers paid for a £2.2m renovation.