OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manganite

Manganite is a mineral composed of manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic). Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped together in bundles. The color is dark steel-grey to iron-black, and the luster brilliant and submetallic. The streak is dark reddish brown. The hardness is 4, and the specific gravity is 4.3. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the brachypinacoid, and less-perfect cleavage parallel to the prism faces. Twinned crystals are not infrequent.
The mineral contains 89.7% manganese sesquioxide; it dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.

## Occurrence

Manganite occurs with other manganese oxides in deposits formed by circulating meteoric water in the weathering environment in clay deposits and laterites. It forms by low temperature hydrothermal action in veins in association with calcite, barite, and siderite. Often associated with pyrolusite, braunite, hausmannite and goethite.
Manganite occurs in specimens exhibiting good crystal form at Ilfeld in the Harz Mountains of Germany, where the mineral occurs with calcite and barite in veins traversing porphyry. Crystals have also been found at Ilmenau in Thuringia, Neukirch near Sélestat in Alsace (newkirkite), Granam near Towie in Aberdeenshire, and in Upton Pyne near Exeter, UK and Negaunee, Michigan, United States, and in the Pilbara of Western Australia. Good crystals have also been found at Atikokan, Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canada. As an ore of manganese it is much less abundant than pyrolusite or psilomelane.
Although described with various other names as early as 1772, the name manganite was first applied in a publication by W. Haidinger in 1827.

## Applications

The mineral was used in prehistoric times as a pigment, by humans, and as a fire starter by Neanderthalers. Manganite is believed to have been used in prehistoric times to start a wood fire. Manganite lowers the combustion temperature of wood from 350 degrees Celsius to 250 degrees Celsius. Manganite powder has been a common find in Neanderthal archaeological sites.
# Koriyahi

Koriyahi previously known as Kalyanpatti is an Indian village located in the Mithila region of Bihar. This village is about 38 kilometres away from its district Sitamarhi and approximately 30 kilometers away from Janakpur, Nepal. It is about 5 kilometres away from Bhitthamore.

## Geography

The village has tolas named Gachi tola, Dacchinwari tola (North), Uttarwari tola (South), Purwari tola (East), tirpit nagar, Kumhar toli, etc.

## Transportation

Koriyahi village is well connected with sitamarhi via Bhitthamore by bus transportation.

## Festivals

Durga Pooja and Kali Pooja are the village's primary festivals. The other major festival of this area is Chhath Puja in which people offer prayers to the Sun. Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Makar Sankranti, Eid al-Fitr and Christmas are celebrated.

## Trade & Economy

The main source of trading for villagers is from Yaddupatti bazar market which was previously known as Koriyahi bazaar.

## Landmarks

* Durga Mata mandir
* Dayal baba
* Munsi baba
# Challenge

Challenge may refer to:
* Voter challenging or caging, a method of challenging the registration status of voters
* Euphemism for disability
* Peremptory challenge, a dismissal of potential jurors from jury duty

## Law

* A procedure or action
* The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court or administrative agency

## Places
### Geography

* Challenge, California, an unincorporated community
* Challenge-Brownsville, California, a census-designated place in Yuba County, California, United States

### Structures

* Challenge Stadium, former name of Perth Superdrome, a sports complex in Perth, Australia

## Books and publications

* Challenge (anarchist periodical), American anarchist weekly tabloid, 1938–1939
* Challenge (Communist journal), British Young Communist League magazine, and also the name of the newspaper of the communist Progressive Labor Party (USA)
* Challenge (game magazine), a role-playing game magazine
* Challenge (economics magazine), a magazine covering economic affairs
* Challenge (Bulldog Drummond), a Bulldog Drummond novel by H. C. McNeile
* Challenges (magazine), a French language weekly business magazine
* Challenge (1923), a novel by Vita Sackville-West

## Film and TV
### Film

* Challenge (1984 film), an Indian Telugu-language film by A. Kodandarami Reddy
* Challenge (2009 film), an Indian Bengali-language film
** Challenge 2, its 2012 sequel
* Challenges (film), a 2011 Sri Lankan film
* Challenge (2012 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
* Challenge (2017 film), an Indian film
* The Challenge (2023 film), Russian film shot aboard the ISS
* Sye (2004 film), or Challenge, a 2004 Indian Telugu-language film

### Television

* Challenge (TV channel), a British television channel
* The Challenge (TV series)
* Food Network Challenge, competitive cooking television series

### Games

* Challenge (Scrabble), an element of the word game

### Music

* Challenge (album), a 1969 album by Yuya Uchida & The Flowers
* The Challenge (album), a 1968 Hampton Hawes recording
* Challenge Records (disambiguation), multiple record labels

## Transportation

* Challenge (cycle and car), an early British manufacturer of cycles and cars
* Challenge 67, a yacht
* MS Challenge, a ferry

## Sports

* Challenge (competition), when a challenger requests to compete against a champion with the title at stake
* Challenge match, a type of exhibition game not part of a wider tournament or series
* Coach's challenge (disambiguation), when a coach requests the officials review a play or call

### Tourist plane contests

* Challenge International de Tourisme 1929
* International Touring Competition 1930
* Challenge International de Tourisme 1932
* Challenge International de Tourisme 1934

## Brands

* Challenge (company), a New Zealand petroleum brand
* Challenge, an electronics company in the United Kingdom owned by Argos (retailer)

## Other

* Internet challenge, Internet memes in the form of challenges
* Challenge (literature), an attempt to remove or restrict access to literary materials
* Challenge coin
* SGI Challenge, a family of server computers from Silicon Graphics
* Challenge Girls Club, associated with ECyD
# Goorpooka, New South Wales

Goorpooka, New South Wales in Central Darling Shire is a remote rural locality and civil parish of Yungnulgra County in far North West New South Wales.
The parish has an arid landscape and the nearest town is Whitecliffs. The parish has extremely hot summers and mild winters. Summers would usually exceed 36 °C. Winters are usually around 17 °C. The annual average rainfall is about 249.7 millimetres (9.8 in) which would make it a semi-arid climate except that its high evapotranspiration, or its aridity, makes it a desert climate. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert),. is almost unpopulated, with less than two inhabitants per square kilometer.
# Biharwe FC

Biharwe Football Club was a Ugandan football club located in Biharwe, Mbarara in Western Uganda. The club played in the Ugandan Super League in the 2007–08 season but there is currently no FUFA records that the club is still operating.

## History

In the 2006 season, Biharwe FC reached the semi-finals of the Western Region Mini League before going down to Masindi Town Council FC. In the 2006–07 season Biharwe were more successful and progressed to the finals of the Western Region Mini League (in Bushenyi) by defeating Kilembe Mines FC 4–0 in the semi-finals. In the zone final they beat Toro United 2–1 to gain promotion to the Uganda Super League.
Like most teams making their debut into the Super League, Biharwe found the gulf in standards too great and failed to survive the relegation battle, finally finishing in 18th position at the bottom of the division.

### Record in the top tier

| Season | Tier | League | Pos. | Pl. | W | D | L | GS | GA | Pts | Movements |
| 2007–08 | 1 | Ugandan Super League | 18th | 34 | 5 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 57 | 24 | Relegated |
# Smallwood State Park

Smallwood State Park is a public recreation and historic preservation area located on Mattawoman Creek near Marbury, Charles County, Maryland. The state park preserves Smallwood's Retreat, the plantation home of former Continental Army officer and Governor of Maryland, Major General William Smallwood. The park's 984 acres (398 ha) include a marina, boat ramps, picnicking facilities, campsites, cabins, trails, and nature center.

## History

After a succession of occupants left Smallwood's Retreat a "standing ruin", a group of local citizens organized the Smallwood Foundation to restore the historic house. The house and ten surrounding acres were acquired in 1938. In 1957, the state began property acquisition for Smallwood State Park, purchasing 323 farmland acres from three owners. The park saw its formal dedication in 1958, when the Smallwood Foundation transferred the ten acres containing the restored Smallwood's Retreat to the state.

## Gallery

* Pre-restoration ruins
* Southeast facade
* Gen. Smallwood grave
# Steed Tchicamboud

Steed Tchicamboud (born 18 June 1981) is a French former professional basketball player for who last played for SLUC Nancy Basket of the LNB Pro A.

## Professional career

He played for Élan Chalon from 2010 to 2014.
On 26 November 2014 he left Chalon and signed a one-month deal with Limoges CSP. In February 2015, he left Limoges and signed with Chorale Roanne for the rest of the season.
On 12 October 2015 he signed a two-month deal with Paris-Levallois. On 9 December he parted ways with Paris.

## French national team

Tchicamboud played 16 games with the senior men's French national basketball team in 2008.
He played at EuroBasket 2011, where he won the silver medal.
# 2008 Arctic Winter Games

Approximately 2,000 athletes, coaches, team staff and officials participated in the 2008 Arctic Winter Games in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories in Canada, celebrating the 20th event. The 2008 games took place from March 9 through March 15. Events were held in and around the city of Yellowknife. This was the fourth time Yellowknife had hosted the games, and the fifth time overall in the Northwest Territories.

## Participants

* Alaska
* Greenland
* Northwest Territories (host contingent)
* Nunavik Quebec (traditionally defined Northern Inuit region of the Nord-du-Québec administrative region in Quebec)
* Nunavut
* Northern Alberta
* Russia (because only the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug participated they were referred to as team Russia, competing under the Russian flag)
* Sami (Sami peoples of Norway, Sweden, and Finland collectively)
* Yukon Territory
The 2010 Games was held in Grande Prairie, Alberta.

## Events

Competition was held in alpine skiing, badminton, basketball, biathlon, cross-country skiing, curling, Dene games (see Dene), dog mushing, figure skating, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor soccer, Inuit Games (see Inuit), short track speed skating, snowboarding, snowshoe biathlon, snowshoeing (see Snowshoe), speed skating, table tennis, volleyball, and wrestling.

## Medal tally

(Unofficially listed with number of gold medals taking priority followed by silvers.)
| Team | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Overall |
| Alaska | 74 | 55 | 73 | 202 |
| Yamal-Nenets | 44 | 32 | 16 | 92 |
| Northwest Territories | 34 | 41 | 36 | 111 |
| Alberta North | 29 | 37 | 24 | 90 |
| Yukon | 26 | 25 | 30 | 81 |
| Nunavut | 15 | 27 | 25 | 67 |
| Greenland | 12 | 14 | 18 | 44 |
| Nunavik Quebec | 9 | 7 | 8 | 24 |
| Saami | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 |
# Antiblemma rufinans

Antiblemma rufinans, the live oak antiblemma, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in dry, sandy woodlands, barrens, and scrub forests of the southern Florida plain. It is also present in South America, Cuba and Jamaica.
The larvae feed on live oak species.
# Ranjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad

Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad (8 May 1938 – 10 May 2012) was an Indian politician.

## Early life and education

Born 8 May 1938 at Ootacamund, Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad was the second son of Maharaja Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad (r. 1939–1951), and Maharani Shantadevi Gaekwad (d. 2002), daughter of Sardar Hausrkar Mansinhrao Subbarao of Hasur in Kolhapur. Her daughter, Mrunalini Devi Puar was the Chancellor of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He also obtained post graduate degree in fine arts from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
He was the younger brother of Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad, who was the titular Maharaja of Baroda from 1951 to 1971. In the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses).

## Death

Ranjitsinh died on 10 May 2012, aged 74, in Vadodara.

## Career

Gaekwad was a member of the Indian National Congress and was elected to the Lok Sabha for two terms from Baroda from 1980 to 1989. Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad was also a well-known painter.

## In His Memory

A two days festival of The Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Festival of Arts is annually organized, in his memory at the Durbar Hall in Laxmi Vilas Palace. This festival celebrates the spirit of Ranjitsinh Gaekwad’s life as an artist and musician many prominent artists like Ustad Fazal Qureshi, Anand Bhate, Sukhad Mande, and many more live performances.
During the festival, the Raja Ravi Varma Award for Excellence in the Field of Visual Arts was presented to veteran artist Jayant Parikh and posthumously to artists late Jyotsna Bhatt and late Rini Dhumal.
A scholarship is also given to meritorious MSU Faculty of Performing Arts students.
# Norm Suddon

Norm Suddon (28 June 1943 – 18 April 2022) was a Scotland international rugby union player. He played as a Prop.

## Rugby Union career
### Amateur career

Suddon played for Hawick. He was deemed a protege of Hugh McLeod, a long-time Hawick prop.

### Provincial career

Suddon played for a Scottish Border XV in their October 1962 matches against Durham County and Royal Air Force Rugby Union; both warm-up matches to help selection to the South district side.
He played for South of Scotland District.
He played for the Whites Trial side in their match against the Blues Trial side on 9 February 1963. After impressing he then turned out for the Blues Trial side against the Whites Trial side in their final match that season on 2 March 1963.
Suddon played for Scotland Probables in their match against Scotland Possibles on 31 December 1966. However after a poor display by the Probables front row, Suddon was deemed a 'scapegoat' by the Aberdeen Press and Journal when he was left out of the Scotland international team to meet France in January 1967.
He was named for Scotland Probables in their match against Scotland Possibles on 9 January 1971. However he had to withdraw due to a knee injury that he sustained in his club match prior to this. Suddon had to have surgery on his cartillage.

### International career

Suddon was capped 13 times for Scotland.
He also played in a combined Scotland-Ireland team that played against England-Wales on 14 October 1972 to mark the SRU centenary.

## Later life and death

Suddon worked as a hosiery worker in Hawick. He died on 18 April 2022, at the age of 78.
# Ten (Susan Boyle album)

Ten is the first compilation album by the Scottish singer Susan Boyle. It was released on 31 May 2019 by Syco Music and Columbia Records. The album has 13 previously released songs with four new recordings ("A Million Dreams", "Stand by Me", "500 Miles" and "Climb Every Mountain").

## Charts

Chart performance for Ten :
| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 5 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 2 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| US Top Album Sales (Billboard) | 49 |
# Steve Houanard

Steve Houanard (born 2 April 1986) is a professional French road cyclist, who last rode for the Ag2r–La Mondiale team.

## Career

In 2011, Houanard participated in his first Grand Tour, the Vuelta a España and finished 133rd. His best result in 2012 was a 22nd placing at the Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec.

## Doping

During an off-competition doping test performed on 21 September 2012, Houanard tested positive for EPO and was provisionally suspended by the UCI. His sports director, Vincent Lavenu, was reportedly "saddened and angered" by that finding. Houanard accepted a two-year ban on 18 January 2013.

## Major results
### 2008

    3rd Overall Tour Alsace
    6th Grand Prix Cristal Energie

### 2009

    10th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen
# Antiotricha cecata

Antiotricha cecata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1900. It is found in Ecuador.
# Ng Chee Khern

Ng Chee Khern PPA(E) LOM (born 18 October 1965) is a Singaporean civil servant and former major-general who served as Chief of Air Force between 2006 and 2009. He previously served as Permanent Secretary (Smart Nation and Digital Government) under the Prime Minister's Office, and Chairman of the Government Technology Agency. He was appointed Permanent Secretary (Manpower) in April 2022.

## Education

Ng is an alumnus of Victoria School and Hwa Chong Junior College, and was a recipient of the President's Scholarship and Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship in 1985.
He graduated from the University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts with second upper class honours degree and a Master of Arts degree in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE). He also completed a Master of Public Administration degree at Harvard University.

## Military career

Ng enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1984 and served in the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF). He flew the Northrop F-5E Tiger-II and the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Throughout his military career, Ng held various appointments, including: Commanding Officer, 149 Squadron; Commander, Tengah Air Base; Director, Joint Operations and Planning Directorate; Chief of Staff (Air Staff). He succeeded Lim Kim Choon as the Chief of Air Force on 24 March 2006 and relinquished this appointment to his second brother, Ng Chee Meng, on 10 December 2009.

## Civil Service career

After leaving the Air Force, Ng was appointed Director of the Security and Intelligence Division on 1 September 2010. He left the post on 1 May 2014, and served as Permanent Secretary (Defence Development) at the Ministry of Defence. He was also appointed Second Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Health on 1 August 2014.
Ng is also a member of the boards of various governmental organisations, including: Public Utilities Board (PUB); CapitaMall Trust Management; Chartered Ammunition Industries; ST Aerospace Systems; Changi International Airshow & Events; MDSO Supervisory Board; Construction Industry Development Board; Defence Science and Technology Agency; DSO National Laboratories; Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore.

## Personal life

Ng has two younger brothers. Ng Chee Meng, a former politician and former lieutenant-general who served as Chief of Air Force between 2009 and 2013, Chief of Defence Force between 2013 and 2015, and Member of Parliament (MP) for Pasir Ris–Punggol GRC between 2015 and 2020. Ng Chee Peng, a former two-star rear-admiral who served as Chief of Navy between 2011 and 2014.

## Awards
### National honours

* Singapore
** Public Administration Medal (Gold), in 2016.
** Public Administration Medal (Gold) (Military), in 2005.
** Long Service Medal (Military), in 2009.

### Foreign honours

* United States
** United States Legion of Merit (Commander Degree)
* Indonesia
** Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama (1st Class)
* Thailand
** Order of the Crown of Thailand (1st Class)
* France
** Legion of Honour (Commander)
# André Alba

André Alba (1894–1979), a graduate from the École Normale Supérieure and agrégé in history, was a professor of history in khâgne at lycée Henri-IV until 1959. He was one of the masters who formed generations of historians in France after the Second World War. He was the author of numerous textbooks.

## Textbooks

* Le Moyen Âge (classe de 5e), (Hachette)
* Histoire romaine (classe de 5e), with Jules Isaac and Albert Malet (Hachette)
* Le Moyen Âge (classe de 5e), (Hachette)
* Rome et le Moyen Âge jusqu'en 1328 (classe de 5e), (Hachette)
* Rome et les débuts du Moyen Âge (classe de 5e), (Hachette)
* Histoire contemporaine depuis le milieu du XIXe. Supplément 1919-1939 with Jules Isaac, (Hachette)
* Histoire contemporaine, de 1852 à 1939 (classes de philosophie, de mathématiques élémentaires) with Antoine Bonifacio and Jules Isaac, (Hachette)
* De 1848 à 1914 (classe de 1re, with Antoine Bonifacio, Jules Isaac and Jean Michaud (Hachette)
* L'Époque révolutionnaire de 1789 à 1851 (classe de 1re) with Jules Isaac and Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas, (Hachette)
* Les Temps modernes (classe de 4e) (Hachette)
* Histoire, de 987 à 1789 (classe de 4e moderne), (Hachette)
* La Fin du Moyen Âge, le XVIe et le XVIIe, à l'usage de la classe de 4e, (Hachette)
* Le Moyen Âge jusqu’à la guerre de Cent Ans with Jules Isaac and Albert Malet, (Hachette)
* De la Révolution de 1789 à la révolution de 1848 (classe de 2e), with Jules Isaac, Jean Michaud and Charles Hippolyte Pouthas (Hachette)
* L'Orient et la Grèce (classe de 6e) with Gaston Dez (Hachette)
* Histoire contemporaine (Classe de 3e). Troisième année des écoles primaires supérieures. (Hachette)