OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Erastus L. De Forest

Erastus Lyman De Forest (1834–1888) was an American mathematician who studied at Yale University.

## Life and work

Son of a Yale graduate, De Forest graduated himself at Yale University in 1854 and was awarded PhB in 1856. De Forest later vanished for two years while on a trip to New York, and his family feared the worst, but he eventually turned up in Australia, teaching in Melbourne. In 1861, he returned to New Haven and devoted himself to the study of mathematics.
In 1867–68, he was asked by his uncle, who was the president of Knickerbocker Life Insurance Company of New York, to improve the mortality tables used in his business.
Between 1870 and 1885, De Forest published more than twenty articles on statistics, using in some of them an early version of the Monte Carlo method to smooth time series.

## DeForest Senior Prize in Mathematics

The DeForest Senior Prize in Mathematics was established by John DeForest (Erastus's father) at Yale University in 1855 and increased in 1886 by Erastus. It is awarded to seniors for proficiency in pure and applied mathematics.
# HS Koningin Regentes

HS Koningin Regentes during her service as a hospital ship in World War I. :
| History ||
| Netherlands ||
| Name | PSS Koningin Regentes (1895–1914) HS Koningin Regentes (1914–1918) |
| Namesake | Emma, Queen Regent of the Netherlands |
| Owner | Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland |
| Port of registry | Netherlands, Vlissingen |
| Route | Rotterdam – Boston, Lincolnshire |
| Ordered | 1895 |
| Builder | Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd. |
| Yard number | 385 |
| Laid down | 1895 |
| Launched | 9 July 1895 |
| Completed | 1895 |
| Maiden voyage | 1895 |
| In service | 1895 |
| Fate | Torpedoed and sunk, 6 June 1918 |
| General characteristics ||
| Type | Passenger ship/Hospital ship |
| Tonnage | 1,970 GRT |
| Length | 97.5 m (319 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 11 m (36 ft 1 in) |
| Depth | 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in) |
| Propulsion | Triple-expansion steam engine, paddle wheel |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
HS Koningin Regentes (Dutch pronunciation:; "Queen Regent") was a Dutch hospital ship that was torpedoed by the Imperial German Navy submarine SM UB-107 on 6 June 1918 while returning to Rotterdam, the Netherlands, from Boston, Lincolnshire, England.

## Construction

HS Koningin Regentes was built as the paddle steamer PSS Koningin Regentes at the Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd. shipyard in Govan, Scotland, in 1895. She was launched on 9 July 1895, and completed later that year. The ship was 97.5 metres (319 ft 11 in) long, had a beam of 11 metres (36 ft 1 in), and had a depth of 4.9 metres (16 ft 1 in). She was assessed at 1,970 gross register tons (GRT) and had triple-expansion engines driving her paddle wheel. The engine was rated at 1,305 nhp and the ship could reach a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).

## Early career

The Koningin Regentes was used as a ferry boat between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom until the outbreak of World War I. She sometimes also carried mail as cargo.

## World War I

After World War I began, Koningin Regentes was refitted with special accommodations and repainted for service as a hospital ship. Her name was therefore also changed to HS Koningin Regentes. The Koningin Regentes now served on a new route between Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Boston, Lincolnshire, England, and operated on this route for nearly the entire war.

### Sinking

On 6 June 1918 Koningin Regentes departed Boston bound for Rotterdam. When she was 21 miles (34 km) east of Leman lightship, she was torpedoed by the Imperial German Navy submarine SM UB-107 and sank shortly afterwards. Seven people lost their lives in the sinking and the survivors were saved soon after.

## Wreck

The wreck of Koningin Regentes lies at a depth of 30 metres (98 ft 5 in) and is broken in several pieces. It lies close to an English drilling site, and the sea floor is level with only sand and shells; visibility is also very good. One of the ship′s steam engines lies on top of the ship and her decks have collapsed and are under a lot of sand.
# Jorge Casanova (footballer, born 1984)

Jorge Francisco Casanova Canchila (born July 6, 1984) is a Venezuelan soccer midfielder who plays for Metropolitanos FC.

## Biography

He Arrived in Caracas FC in 2001 to form part of the Youth Club, where he was three times Championship in the U-20 category in the years 2001–2002, 2002–2003 and 2003–2004.
His professional debut in the first Division was on January 9, 2005, in a match against Carabobo F.C., where he played about 71 minutes being the Man of Match for his good performance. Thereafter formed part of the senior team of Caracas FC which won two Championships of the Venezuelan Football League.
He also was the author of the first goal in the opening game of the stadium Cocodrilos Sport Park against Bolívar FC from Bolivia.
In the 2008 Casanova had his first experience abroad with the KF Elbasani of the first division of Albania, where he signed a contract for six months. During his internship in Europe, Jorge scored a hattrick in a game of the Albanian Cup.
In January 2009, Jorge returns to Venezuela where he sign a contract with Deportivo Táchira. Since his arrival at the black and yellow team, Jorge had an outstanding performance both the local tournament and the Copa Libertadores 2009, which earned him to extend his contract for two more years with Deportivo Táchira.

## Honours

* 4th. Place Southamerican U-17. (Perú, 2001)
* Three times Championship : Caracas Fútbol Club "Campeonato Nacional U-20". (2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2003–2004).
* Two times Championship : Caracas Fútbol Club "Campeonato Profesional de Fúbol Venezolano". (2005–2006, 2006–2007).
* 2nd. Place : Caracas Fútbol Club "Campeonato Profesional de Fútbol Venezolano". (2004–2005, 2007–2008).
* Copa Libertadores: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009.
* Copa Panamericana Directv. Phoenix, Arizona. (EEUU, 2007).
* 2nd. Place : Deportivo Táchira "Torneo Clausura 2009".
* Champion : Deportivo Táchira "Torneo Apertura 2009".
* 2nd. Place : Deportivo Táchira "Campeonato Profesional de Fútbol Venezolano". (2009–2010)
* Champion : Deportivo Táchira "Torneo Apertura 2010".
* Champion : Deportivo Táchira "Campeonato Profesional de Fúbol Venezolano". (2010–2011)
* 3rd. Place : Deportivo Petare "Torneo Apertura 2011".
# Scotstoun Marine

Scotstoun Marine Ltd was a shipbuilding company in Glasgow, Scotland, on the River Clyde, formed in 1972 to operate the former shipyard of Charles Connell and Company following the collapse of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders into which it had been amalgamated. Scotstoun Marine Ltd operated as a subsidiary of Govan Shipbuilders. The yard constructed 15 ships between 1972 and 1980 when the yard closed after 119 years of shipbuilding in which 535 ships had been built.
The site was cleared of craneage although some evidence of the building berths remained visible until ca 2004. Part of the yard's covered facilities are utilized by steel stockholders GKN whilst the riverside berth has been utilised by Motherwell Bridge Engineering for heavy fabrication work.
# Donji Tavankut

Donji Tavankut (Serbian Cyrillic: Доњи Таванкут), also known simply as Tavankut (Таванкут), is a village located some 16 km west of Subotica, Serbia. It is located in the Subotica municipality, in the North Bačka District of Serbia, in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

## Name

In Serbian the village is known as Donji Tavankut or Доњи Таванкут, in Croatian as Donji Tavankut and in Hungarian as Alsótavankút.

## Population
### 1991

According to the 1991 Census, Donji Tavankut had a population of 2,710 inhabitants, including:
* Bunjevci = 989
* Croats = 877
* Yugoslavs = 600
* Hungarians = 97
* Serbs = 71

### 2002

According to the 2002 Census, Donji Tavankut has a population of 2,631 inhabitants, including:
* Croats = 1,234 (46.90%)
* Bunjevci = 787 (29.91%)
* Serbs = 190 (7.22%)
* Yugoslavs = 137 (5.21%)
* Hungarians = 117 (4.45%)

### Historical population

* 1981: 2,719
* 1991: 2,710
* 2002: 2,631

## Geography

Tavankut includes several relatively separate smaller communities ("kraj"), such as Čikerija (or Čekerija), Sajc (or Nemirna ravnica), Vuković Kraj, Marinkić Kraj, Zlatni Kraj, Skenderovo, Dikanovac, Kaponja (or Kapunja).

## Features

It has two railway stations (Donji Tavankut and Skenderovo) on the railroad from Subotica to Sombor (and further to Bezdan, Apatin or Erdut). It also has a primary school (”Matija Gubec”), and football (soccer) club OFK Tavankut. The main pubs/cafés in Tavankut are: Tango, Teens, Jugoslavija (closed down), and Tri muve.
Rv unsourced section.
# María Martínez-Cañas

María Martínez-Cañas (born 1960) is a Cuban-born photographer whose work primarily deals with her Cuban heritage and journeys of discovery.

## Personal life and education

Martínez-Cañas was born in 1960 in Cuba, but her family moved to Miami when she was three months old, then Puerto Rico around the age of four. She graduated from the Philadelphia College of Art with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in photography in 1982 and earned a Master of Fine Arts in the same subject from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago two years later. She received a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship in 1985 to photograph and do research in Spain, relating to the discovery of Cuba by Christopher Columbus.

## Art

Despite growing up in Puerto Rico, Martínez-Cañas has always felt more Cuban than Puerto Rican, but she first felt at home when visiting Spain in 1984. During this visit she began combining her graphic designs with maps, initially with those that Christopher Columbus sketched on his voyages to the New World. Documents related to Cuba often have formed the basis for Martínez-Cañas's photographs and are sometimes contrasted with door and windows that suggest openings and closings; the revealed and the hidden. Some of her later work has been creating photograms by placing vegetative matter from her backyard between photographic paper and a light source.
She received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts (1988) and her work has received many awards, including the Civitella Ranieri Foundation Fellowship in Umbertide, Italy (2014). Her works can be founds in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Lowe Art Museum, the University of Miami, the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, and the Smithsonian Institution, among other places.
# Alice Jacobsen

Alice "Zani" Jacobsen (1928–1993), was an American postwar and contemporary sculptor who resided on the North Side of Chicago. She is known for her plaster sculptural reliefs of buildings, structures, and famous landmarks that she felt "'represent an important Chicago style' or demonstrate an innovative solution to technical construction problems." Her subjects include local taverns, popular theaters, neighborhood fire stations, and private homes that were built in the middle to late 1800s and early 1900s and represent Victorian architecture. She depicted extant buildings in Logan Square, Humboldt Park, Wicker Park, Old Town Triangle, the Gold Coast, Prairie Avenue, Pilsen, Kenwood, Hyde Park, and Pullman neighborhoods. Some of her more popular subjects include the Chicago Water Tower, Riverview Amusement Park, and Comiskey Park.

## Design

Jacobsen was a graduate of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC).
Jacobsen's design process started with her and her husband driving the streets of Chicago in search of potential subjects. They navigated their way through the city by using a grid map that distinguished the boundaries of the then 176 neighborhoods of Chicago. When she found a potential subject, she would photograph it in detail before using the photos as a reference to recreate an authentic scaled down version. Before starting any work, Jacobsen would thoroughly research each subject, including building styles and materials popular during that era. Her biggest source of information for this was The Chicago Historical Society, neighborhood groups, and local nostalgia enthusiasts.
When she began a new piece she sculpted a "master" or original model by using a wax-based clay. This was a tedious process; Zani frequently had to fill in visual blanks as subjects were often missing some of their original details due to theft and decay. In these instances she relied on structural advice from her husband, a carpenter, and on historical photographs of the neighborhood, utilizing information on similarly styled buildings to reconstruct the missing pieces. After completing the original model, she would create a latex mold to cast a limited edition run of models (often 10 to 40 castings). Zani used a gypsum cement to obtain a accurate reproduction, hand painting each piece in typical colors of the building materials used. After creating a limited number of copies she would destroy the mold.

## Work

Jacobson's recreation of the Old Paradise and Chicago Theaters were featured in an exhibit at the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum in New York. She also sculpted the Belmont Theater, the Avalon Theater, and the Schootz Tied House.
Jacobsen's pieces were sold at Chicago's Gold Coast Art Fest and from her studio at 5005 W. Fullerton Ave. in Chicago. She was a member of the Theatre Historical Society.

## Death

Alice "Zani" Jacobsen, 65, died September 4, 1993, of cancer at her home in Chicago. Survivors include her husband, Albert "Nix" Jacobsen; and two sisters.
The Chicago Public Library holds an archive of her artist files under the name "Zani Jacobsen".
# Jean de Reyn

Jan van Rijn or Jean de Reyn was born at Dunkirk about the year 1610, and went when he was young to Antwerp, where he became a student of van Dyck. Such was his progress under that master, that he was invited to accompany him to England, where he continued to assist him until the death of his illustrious instructor. He afterwards established himself in his native town, where he painted several admirable pictures for the churches, and was much employed as a portrait painter. His principal works for the churches at Dunkirk were the 'Death of the four Royal Martyrs,' for the church of St. Eloi; and the 'Baptism of Totila,' for the church of the English convent.
There are many of his portraits in private collections, which are little inferior to those of Van Dyck. The principal altarpiece in the parochial church of St. Martin, at Bergues St. Vinox, near Dunkirk, is by this master: it represents 'Herodias bringing the Head of St. John to Herod.' De Reyn died at Dunkirk in 1678. The Brussels Museum has a Female Portrait by him, dated 1637.
# Paratriathlon at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's PTS5

The Paratriathlon at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's PTS5 event at the 2024 Paralympic Games took place at 12:35 CET on 2 September 2024 at Pont Alexandre III, Paris. 10 athletes representing 8 nations competed.

## Venue

The Para triathlon course startede from Pont Alexandre III bridge near Seine River and ended at the same place. The event was held over sprint distance. There was a 750 metre Swim through the Seine; a 20 km para cycling at Champs-Élysées, Avenue Montaigne, crossing the Seine by the Pont des Invalides and reaching the Quai d'Orsay; and the last leg of 5 km run ended at Pont Alexandre III bridge.

## Results

World Triathlon confirmed the final entry list for the event in August 2024.
All three medalists from 2021 returned, and all three turned out to be a class above all their rivals, creating separation between themselves and the pack in the swim leg. However, in 2024 the American Grace Norman, bronze medallist behind a Great Britain one-two in 2021, put both the Brits behind here, coming on strongly in the run leg to claim gold ahead of Claire Cashmore. Tokyo champion Lauren Steadman settled for bronze.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Swim | T1 | Bike | T2 | Run | Total Time |
| | Grace Norman | United States | 11:32 | 1:15 | 32:50 | 0:47 | 18:16 | 1:04:40 |
| | Claire Cashmore | Great Britain | 11:33 | 1:03 | 33:10 | 0:37 | 19:32 | 1:05:55 |
| | Lauren Steadman | Great Britain | 11:47 | 1:05 | 32:47 | 0:41 | 20:25 | 1:06:55 |
| 4 | Kamylle Frenette | Canada | 12:13 | 0:59 | 36:28 | 0:33 | 19:37 | 1:09:50 |
| 5 | Andrea Miguelez Ranz | Spain | 13:04 | 1:09 | 35:39 | 0:44 | 21:44 | 1:12:20 |
| 6 | Gwladys Lemoussu | France | 14:29 | 1:07 | 37:06 | 0:38 | 20:43 | 1:14:03 |
| 7 | Marta Dzieciątkowska | Poland | 13:10 | 0:58 | 37:42 | 0:32 | 22:10 | 1:14:42 |
| 8 | Alisa Kolpakchy | Ukraine | 17:41 | 1:17 | 37:04 | 0:45 | 20:12 | 1:16:59 |
| 9 | Monika Belczewska | Poland | 17:34 | 0:58 | 36:20 | 0:45 | 21:40 | 1:17:17 |
| 10 | Laura-Liis Juursalu | Estonia | 22:42 | 1:07 | 38:38 | 0:39 | 24:06 | 1:27:12 |
Key : T = Transition; L = Lap
# Olami–Feder–Christensen model

In physics, in the area of dynamical systems, the Olami–Feder–Christensen (OFC) model is an earthquake model conjectured to be an example of self-organized criticality where local exchange dynamics are not conservative. The model is named after Zeev Olami, Hans Jacob S. Feder, and Kim Christensen who proposed it in 1992.
Despite the original claims of the authors and subsequent claims of other authors such as Stefano Lise, whether or not the model is self organized critical remains an open question.
The system behaviour reproduces some empirical laws that earthquakes follow (such as the Gutenberg–Richter law and Omori's Law).

## Model definition

The model is a simplification of the Burridge-Knopoff model, where the blocks move instantly to their balanced positions when submitted to a force greater than their friction.
Let S be a square lattice with L × L sites and let K$_{mn}$ ≥ 0 be the tension at site (m,n). The sites with tension greater than 1 are called critical and go through a relaxation step where their tension spreads to their neighbours. Through analogy with the Burridge-Knopoff model, what is being simulated is a fault, where one of the lattice's dimensions is the flaw depth and the other one follows the flaw.

### Model rules

If there are no critical sites, then the system suffers a continuous drive, until a site becomes critical:
    $K_{\max }={\underset {(i,j)\in S}{\max }}K_{ij}\,$
    $K_{ij}\leftarrow K_{ij}+(1-K_{\max })\,$
else if the sites C$_1$, C$_2$, ..., C$_m$ are critical the relaxation rule is applied in parallel:
    $K_{C_{i}}\leftarrow 0,\quad i=1,\ldots ,m\,$
    $K_{j}\leftarrow K_{j}+\alpha K'_{C_{i}}\,\forall \,j\in \Gamma _{C_{i}},\quad i=1,\ldots ,m$
where K'$_C$ is the tension prior to the relaxation and Γ$_C$ is the set of neighbours of site C. α is called the conservative parameter and can range from 0 to 0.25 in a square lattice. This can create a chain reaction which is interpreted as an earthquake.
These rules allow us to define a time variable that is update during the driving step
    $t\leftarrow t+(1-K_{\max })\,$
this is equivalent to define a constant drive
    ${\frac {dK_{i}}{dt}}=1\,\forall \,i\in S$
and assume the relaxation step is instantaneous, which is a good approximation for an earthquake model.

## Behaviour and criticality

The system's behaviour is heavily influenced by the α parameter. For α=0.25 the system is conservative (in the sense that the local exchange is conservative, as there is still tension loss in the borders) and clearly critical. For values α<0.25 the dynamics is very different, even in the limit α → 0.25, with greater noise and much greater transients. For low α, there are less possibilities of chain reactions which could lead to cut-offs in the earthquake size distribution, implying the model is not critical. Also, for α = 0, the model is trivially not critical.
These observations lead to the question of what is the value α$_c$ where the system makes the transition from critical to non-critical behaviour, which is still an open question.
# James Lionel Michael

James Lionel Michael (October 1824 – 26 April 1868) was an Anglo-Australian solicitor and poet.

## Early life

Michael was born in Red Lion Square, London, the second son of James Walter Michael, a solicitor, and his wife, Rose Lemon née Hart. Michael told his friend Joseph Sheridan Moore, that the passage on page 12 of John Cumberland, beginning "My earliest memory", gives an exact picture of his childhood. After visiting Europe, Michael was articled to his father and began to mix in artistic and literary society. Sheridan Moore states that Michael became friendly with Millais and Ruskin, and published a pamphlet which made some stir at the time, vindicating the position of the pre-Raphaelite brotherhood. Moore also says that though "always temperate and abstemious in his habits he had a talent for frittering away his money". This could have been one of the reasons for his migration to Australia.

## Australia

Michael arrived in New South Wales on 30 July 1853 and practised as a solicitor with some success. He became friendly with Joseph Sheridan Moore who introduced him to Henry Kendall, whom he afterwards took into his office and "treated as an affectionate elder brother would a younger one". In 1857 Michael published Songs without Music, a collection of lyrics, and in 1860 John Cumberland, a long, largely autobiographical poem. In 1861 he moved to Grafton on the Clarence River and for a time practised successfully; but towards the end of his life he appears to have made enemies and was in financial difficulties. In 1864, Michael was legally separated from his wife. On the evening of Sunday 26 April 1868 Michael went for a walk dressed in a great-coat, cap and galoshes; two days later his body was found floating in the Clarence River. The medical evidence stated that there was a deep cut over the right eye "such as might be produced by falling on a broken bottle". The coroner's jury returned an open verdict, and although a set of verses Michael had written a few weeks before suggested to some people that he had contemplated suicide, the possibility of this was indignantly denied by his friend, Sheridan Moore, who declared that the evidence suggested either foul play or accident, rather than suicide. Michael married in 1854 and was survived by a son. He died heavily in debt.
Michael wrote musical verse, some of which has been included in Australian anthologies. His long poem, John Cumberland, contains some good passages, however has many patches of prose. Though a minor Australian poet, Michael's encouragement of the young Kendall gave him a special interest. His friends said he had a charming personality.
# Bogaraš (Bačka Topola)

Bogaraš (Serbian Cyrillic: Богараш, Hungarian: Bogaras vagy Félváros) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Bačka Topola municipality, in the North Bačka District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Hungarian ethnic majority and its population was 94 as of the 2002 census.
# Jordan Thomas

Jordan Thomas may refer to:
* Jordan Thomas (karateka) (born 1992), British karateka
* Jordan Thomas (American football) (born 1996), American football player
* Jordan A. Thomas, American attorney, writer, speaker and media commentator
* Jordan Thomas (footballer, born January 2001), English footballer
* Jordan Thomas (footballer, born May 2001), English footballer
# Bombay to Goa

Bombay to Goa may refer to:
* Bombay to Goa (1972 film), an Indian Hindi-language road comedy film
* Bombay to Goa (2007 film), or Journey Bombay to Goa, a remake of the above