OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manchester Oratory

The Oratory Church of Saint Chad's, Manchester (Manchester Oratory for short) is a Grade II listed Catholic church in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England. It was constructed between 1846 and 1847, on the east side of Cheetham Hill Road. The parish functions under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford.

## Origins

St Chad's is the Catholic mother-church of Manchester, tracing its origins back to the 1770s. With the legacy of £200 from the will of the Revd Edward Helme (the first resident Catholic priest since the Reformation) a chapel dedicated to St Chad was built on Rook Street off Market Street in 1776 (now lost under new buildings). The Revd Roland Broomhead became the first Rector 1776–1820, and built new chapels of St Mary Mulberry Street and St Augustine, Granby Row. He died shortly after the opening of the latter, after which St Chad's became chapel-of-ease to the new church. However, due to a growing need, it became an independent mission again in 1835 when Fr William Turner, who would later become the first Bishop of Salford, was appointed to take charge. He was succeeded in 1842 by Fr Robert Croskell, later to be the second Provost and Vicar General of the Diocese. The Rook Street chapel was sold in 1846 to be converted into a warehouse.
For a short time there was a chapel-of-ease served from St Chad's; St William's on Simpson Street in Angel Meadow (1865–1905).

## Construction

The new church was designed by Weightman and Hadfield in the Gothic Revival style for Fr Robert Croskell. Building work commenced in April 1846 and the new church was opened 4 August 1847 by Bishop George Hilary Brown.

## Clergy

1778-1820 - Rev Rowland Broomhead
1820-1838 - Served from St Augustine’s, Granby Row
1838-1853 - Provost Robert Croskell VG
1853-1891 - Canon William Sheehan VG
1891-1900 - Mgr Charles Gadd VG
1900-1905 - Dean John Hennesey
1905-1908 - Fr John Crombleholme
1909-1925 - Fr Denis Sheahan
1926-1940 - Canon Joseph Callaway
1940-1944 - Fr Joseph McEnery
1944-1949 - Fr James Kelly
1949-1964 - Fr Herbert J Power
1965-1974 - Fr Vincent Sweeney
1974-2003 - Fr Bernard McGarry
The church was served by clergy of the Salford Diocese until 2003 when the last secular Parish Priest retired. The church was then served for a period from St Anne, Crumpsall. In 2007, the Premonstratensians took up residence following the closure of Corpus Christi Priory, Miles Platting, however they only stayed for a short period. St Chad's then served as the residence for the Strangeways Prison chaplain. In 2013, the Oratorian community from the Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester took over St Chad's with permission to establish the Manchester Oratory of St Philip Neri there. The Manchester Oratory was founded at St Chad's on 1 November 2019.
# Westbourne Gardens

Westbourne Gardens, known as Westbourne Park until the late nineteenth century, are gardens on a triangular plot in Bayswater, London, in the City of Westminster. The gardens are open to the public and maintained by the City of Westminster.

## Location

The gardens are surrounded by terraces of Georgian townhouses also known as Westbourne Gardens which continue north to Westbourne Park Road, east to Porchester Road, south to Sunderland Terrace, and west to Durham Terrace.

## History

Westbourne Gardens is one of eleven streets in the Westbourne area of Paddington named after the River Westbourne that once flowed through the area above ground but was culverted and enclosed in the nineteenth century.

## Former residents

* Alexander Tudor-Hart, British communist, lived at 5c in the 1930s.
* Reginald Smith-Rose, physicist, was born at No. 7 in 1894.
The Blackall family [dates to come],lived at No. 47
# Nitratireductor

Nitratireductor is a genus of bacteria.
# Gulchehra Baqoeva

Gulchehra Baqoeva (December 15, 1908 – March 17, 1975) was a Tajikistani actress of the Soviet era.
Born in Khujand, Baqoeva began her career in 1927 by joining the traveling theater of Bukhara; she later joined the roster of the Lahuti State Academy of Dramatic Arts. In 1939 she became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. She played many varied roles throughout her career, in works by both Tajikistani and foreign writers. Among these was Marina Mniszech in Boris Godunov by Aleksandr Pushkin; Lady Milford in Intrigue and Love by Friedrich Schiller; Jannatkhon in Slander by Saidmurodov and Ismoilov; Qumri in The Red Club Wielders by Sotim Ulughzoda; Tahmina in Rustam and Suhrab by Abdushukur Pirmuhammadzoda; Emilia in Othello; Ogudolova in Without a Dowry by Aleksandr Ostrovsky; Belina in The Imaginary Invalid by Molière; Khovakhola and Muhtola in A Mother's Heart and The Eve of the 28th by Jalol Ikromi; Ganna Likhta in The Prisoners' Plot by Nikolai Virta; Happiness by Saidmurudov and Rabiev; Jahokhola in Arshin Mal Alan by Uzeyir Hajibeyov; Modari Jamila in The Rich Man and the Servant by Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi; Modar in Celebration by Sanad Ghani and two roles by William Shakespeare, Emilia in Othello and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. The latter was among her most well-regarded performances during her career. She also dubbed films, and played roles on television and radio. For her work Baqoeva was named a People's Artist of the Tajik SSR in 1941. She received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor twice; she also received the Order of the Badge of Honour and the Order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan. She died in Dushanbe.
# Deutscher Dirigentenpreis

The German Conducting Award (GCA) (formerly Deutscher Dirigentenpreis) is an international competition for concert and opera conducting and serves to promote young conductors of all nations who are younger than 33 years of age.

## History of the prize

The German Conducting Award is organised by the Deutscher Musikrat (Bonn) in partnership with the Kölner Philharmonie, the Cologne Opera, the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne and the WDR Symphony Orchestra. As a cultural partner, the competition is accompanied by the West German Radio's WDR 3 culture wave. The prize was first awarded in 1995 as the Prize of the Forum Dirigieren to outstanding scholarship holders of the support programme. It was awarded internationally for the first time in 2017 and is held every two years. A unique selling point is the inclusion of the genres of opera and concert in the repertoire. The competition is open to the public from the second round onwards.

## Prize money

The prize is endowed with a total of 33,000 euros, making it one of the highest endowed conducting competitions in Europe.
* 1st prize: 15,000 euros (donated by the City of Cologne et al.)
* 2nd prize: 10,000 euros
* 3rd prize: 5,000 euros (donated by the Ursula Lübbe Foundation et al.)
* Kurt Masur Audience Award: 3,000 euros (donated by the International Kurt Masur Institute)
The winners receive concert engagements and assistances at opera houses and German partner orchestras.

## Jury

The members of the jury change and for the first award in 2017 consisted of:
* Peter Gülke, honorary chairman, conductor and musicologist
* Lothar Zagrosek, chairman and conductor
* Lioba Braun, Mezzo-soprano
* Siegwald Bütow, Manager and Producer of the WDR Symphony Orchestra
* Louwrens Langevoort, Director of the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra
* Birgit Meyer, Director of the Cologne Opera
* Stephan Mösch, music and theatre scholar, publicist

## Prize winners
### Winners of the German Conducting Award (from 2017)

* 2023:
** Dayner Tafur-Díaz (Peru) (1st prize winner)
** Nathanaël Iselin (France) (2nd prize winner)
** Claudio Novati (Italy) (3rd prize winner)
** Dayner Tafur-Díaz (Peru) (Audience Award)
* 2021:
** Martijn Dendievel (Belgium) (1st prize winner)
** Aivis Greters (Latvia) (2nd prize winner)
** Hangyul Chung (South Korea) (3rd prize winner)
** Hangyul Chung (South Korea) (Audience Award)
* 2019:
** Julio García Vico (1st prize winner)
** Gábor Hontvári (2nd prize winner)
** Chloé van Soeterstède (3rd prize winner)
* 2017:
** Hossein Pishkar (1st prize winner)
** Dominic Beikirch (2nd prize winner)
** Anna Rakitina (3rd prize winner)
** Vladimir Yaskorski (special prize winner)

### Prizewinners of the Conductors' Forum (1995–2015)

* 2015: Leo McFall
* 2013: Kristiina Poska
* 2011: Francesco Angelico
* 2009: Simon Gaudenz
* 2006: Mihkel Kütson
* 2004: Markus Poschner
* 2002: Matthias Foremny
* 2001: Christian Voß
* 1999: Gabriel Feltz
* 1995: Marc Piollet
# Singal-dong

Singal (Hangeul: 신갈) is an area of Yongin, in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is near two major expressways and a large reservoir by the same name. As such, it is a major junction for the surrounding area.

## Transportation

Singal is also the name of a station currently under construction, on the extension of Seoul Metropolitan Subway's Bundang Line. Singal is also the name of the Singal Junction, that of the Gyeongbu and Yeongdong Expressways. The Suwon exit on the Gyeongbu Expressway (Exit 44), named because of its proximity to Suwon City Centre, is also in Singal. The area is a short drive from Bundang, Suwon and Yongin Centre.

## Attractions

Singal is close to the Korean Folk Village, the most visited such attraction in the country.
# Zamzam refugee camp

The Zamzam refugee camp is one of the largest internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Sudan, located 15 km south of Al-Fashir, North Darfur. It was established in 2004 to accommodate the massive influx of people displaced by the war in Darfur. As of now, the camp houses approximately 500,000 displaced individuals. In the light of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present), the camp is currently facing severe humanitarian challenges, including a catastrophic malnutrition crisis. Conditions have deteriorated to the point where famine-like situations have emerged, with reports of high child mortality rates, and experts describe the crisis as man-made and preventable.

## Establishments

The Zamzam refugee camp was established in 2004, situated approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the city of Al-Fashir, the capital of North Darfur, to accommodate the influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) fleeing violence and persecution during the Darfur conflict, which erupted in 2003. The conflict involved various armed groups, including the Sudanese government and Janjaweed militias, leading to widespread atrocities against civilians, including ethnic cleansing and mass killings. The United Nations estimates that over 2.5 million people have been displaced due to the conflict, with Zamzam being one of the significant camps providing refuge to these vulnerable populations. The camp has grown significantly over the years, with estimates suggesting that it houses tens of thousands of residents, primarily from the Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups.
Humanitarian organisations, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs), provide essential services. The COVID-19 pandemic has further complicated the situation, as the camp's overcrowded conditions make it difficult to implement effective health measures, increasing the risk of outbreaks. The Zamzam camp has a high rates of malnutrition, communicable diseases, and maternal and child mortality among the camp's population compared to the general Sudanese population. Moreover, many individuals experience trauma, anxiety, and depression, which are often exacerbated as mental health services are scarce, and the stigma surrounding mental health issues further complicates access to care.
In Zamzam camp, many families depend on external assistance as employment opportunities are limited, and the camp's economy is largely informal, characterised by small-scale trade and subsistence agriculture. Initiatives aimed at improving education, vocational training, and livelihood opportunities are being implemented, albeit on a limited scale.

## Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

The camp now hosts over 500,000 people, with a significant portion being women and children. The situation in Zamzam is dire, with high rates of malnutrition and mortality, particularly among children. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has reported alarming levels of acute malnutrition and a high number of child deaths. The camp’s residents face severe shortages of food, clean water, and medical supplies.
# Dick Humphreys

Dick Humphreys (23 April 1896 – 20 September 1968) was a member of the Irish Volunteers and participated in the Easter Rising in 1916, serving in the General Post Office with his uncle, The O'Rahilly.
Born in Limerick in 1896, Humphreys was a son of Dr. David Humphreys and Nell Humphreys and a brother of Sheila Humphreys. In Limerick, he attended Crescent College from 1905 to 1909. The family moved to Dublin in 1909 and was a pupil in Padraig Pearse's school, St. Enda's, in Ranelagh and later in Rathfarnham when the school moved there.
After the Easter Rising, Humphreys was arrested and detained in Wakefield Prison where he wrote an account of the events of Easter Week of 1916. He was a member of the IRA during the War of Independence, 1919–21, and was imprisoned in Mountjoy Prison where he went on hunger strike. In November 1920 he qualified as a barrister in King's Inns. As part of the 50 year commemoration of the rising in 1966 his reminiscences of Easter week were recorded by RTÉ. An excerpt from his account of the rising formed part of the 2016 commemorative exhibition by the National Library of Ireland.
# Nitratireductor aquimarinus

Nitratireductor aquimarinus is a Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria from the genus of Nitratireductor which was isolated from Skeletonema costatum from the Sea of Japan.
# Mihai Pătrașcu (computer scientist)

Mihai Pătrașcu (17 July 1982 – 5 June 2012) was a Romanian-American computer scientist at AT&T Labs in Florham Park, New Jersey, United States.
Pătrașcu attended Carol I National College in Craiova. As a high school student, he won 2 gold medals and 1 silver medal at the International Olympiad in Informatics. After attended for one year the University of Craiova, he completed his undergraduate and graduate studies in Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Under the supervision of Erik Demaine, he defended his MS and PhD theses in 2007 and 2008 respectively.
Pătrașcu’s work was concerned with fundamental questions about basic data structures. He received the Machtey Award for the best student paper at the Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science in 2008, and the Presburger Award from the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science in 2012, for breaking "many old barriers on fundamental data structure problems, not only revitalizing but also revolutionizing a field that was almost silent for over a decade."
Mihai Pătrașcu died in 2012 at the age of 29 after suffering from brain cancer for a year and a half, and was buried in his native city, Craiova.

## Selected publications

* Chan, Timothy M.; Pătrașcu, Mihai; Roditty, Liam (2011). "Dynamic connectivity: connecting to networks and geometry" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 40 (2): 333–349. arXiv:0808.1128. doi:10.1137/090751670. S2CID 11747895. Preliminary version published in FOCS 2008, doi:10.1109/FOCS.2008.29.
* Pătrașcu, Mihai (2011). "Unifying the landscape of cell-probe lower bounds" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 40 (3): 827–847. doi:10.1137/09075336X. S2CID 14707610.
* Chan, Timothy; Pătraşcu, Mihai (2010). "Transdichotomous results in computational geometry, I: Point location in sublogarithmic time" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 39 (2): 703–729. doi:10.1137/07068669X.
* Pătrașcu, Mihai; Thorup, Mikkel (2010). "Higher lower bounds for near-neighbor and further rich problems" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 39 (2): 730–741. doi:10.1137/070684859. S2CID 8324376. Preliminary version published in FOCS 2006, doi:10.1109/FOCS.2006.35.
* Demaine, Erik; Harmon, Dion; Iacono, John; Pătrașcu, Mihai (2007). "Dynamic optimality—almost" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 37 (1): 240–251. doi:10.1137/S0097539705447347. S2CID 1480961. Preliminary version published in FOCS 2004, doi:10.1109/FOCS.2004.23. See Tango tree.
* Pătrașcu, Mihai; Demaine, Erik (2006). "Logarithmic lower bounds in the cell-probe model" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 35 (4): 932–963. arXiv:cs/0502041. doi:10.1137/S0097539705447256. S2CID 2202874.
# André Pompon

André Pompon (2 July 1904 – 11 October 1967) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1924 Tour de France.
# Suam-dong, Ulsan

Suam-dong is a dong, or neighborhood, of Nam-gu in Ulsan, South Korea.
Originally Yaeum 3-dong, the neighborhood was renamed in 2007.
# Gypsy, West Virginia

Gypsy is a census-designated place (CDP) in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 328.

## History

A post office called Gypsy has been in operation since 1900. The community was named for a band of Roma which once camped in the area, according to local history. Gypsy was located on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
# Complete coloring

In graph theory, a complete coloring is a (proper) vertex coloring in which every pair of colors appears on at least one pair of adjacent vertices. Equivalently, a complete coloring is minimal in the sense that it cannot be transformed into a proper coloring with fewer colors by merging pairs of color classes. The achromatic number ψ(G) of a graph G is the maximum number of colors possible in any complete coloring of G.
A complete coloring is the opposite of a harmonious coloring, which requires every pair of colors to appear on at most one pair of adjacent vertices.

## Complexity theory

Finding ψ(G) is an optimization problem. The decision problem for complete coloring can be phrased as:
    INSTANCE: a graph G = (V, E) and positive integer k
    QUESTION: does there exist a partition of V into k or more disjoint sets V$_1$, V$_2$, …, V$_k$ such that each V$_i$ is an independent set for G and such that for each pair of distinct sets V$_i$, V$_j$, V$_i$ ∪ V$_j$ is not an independent set.
Determining the achromatic number is NP-hard; determining if it is greater than a given number is NP-complete, as shown by Yannakakis and Gavril in 1978 by transformation from the minimum maximal matching problem.
Note that any coloring of a graph with the minimum number of colors must be a complete coloring, so minimizing the number of colors in a complete coloring is just a restatement of the standard graph coloring problem.

## Algorithms

For any fixed k, it is possible to determine whether the achromatic number of a given graph is at least k, in linear time.
The optimization problem permits approximation and is approximable within a $O\left(|V|/{\sqrt {\log |V|}}\right)$ approximation ratio.

## Special classes of graphs

The NP-completeness of the achromatic number problem holds also for some special classes of graphs: bipartite graphs, complements of bipartite graphs (that is, graphs having no independent set of more than two vertices), cographs and interval graphs, and even for trees.
For complements of trees, the achromatic number can be computed in polynomial time. For trees, it can be approximated to within a constant factor.
The achromatic number of an n-dimensional hypercube graph is known to be proportional to ${\sqrt {n2^{n}}}$, but the constant of proportionality is not known precisely.
# Commando mortar

The term Commando mortar refers to a class of lightweight infantry mortars designed for maximum portability and rapid deployment with a caliber of 60mm (2.4 in) or less in diameter, at the expense of accuracy and repeatability. Earliest models had been introduced from the 1930s onwards.
Commando mortars often feature design simplifications such as straps instead of bipods, carrying handles, and limited aiming equipment. Some of these straps are marked with measurements, with the intent that the mortarman step on a marked point of the sling and pull it taut, at which point the mortar will be angled so as to fire to the range marked at that point of the sling.

## Users

* Empire of Japan: Type 10 and Type 89 grenade discharger 50mm, second world war.
* Soviet Union: "Spade Mortar" 37mm, second world war.
* Austria: Hirtenberger M6C-210 Commando Mortar 60mm
* Ireland: Denel Land Systems M-1 60mm commando mortar
* South Africa: Denel LS "patrol mortar" or M-4 Commando Mortar 60mm
* Iran: DIO "Marsh mortar" 37mm
* United Kingdom: L9A1 51 mm Light Mortar
* France: LGI Mle F1 51mm mortier léger
* Portugal: INDEP M/968 60mm
* Yugoslavia: M70 Mortar 60mm
* Myanmar: BA-100 60 mm Mortar.
* Myanmar: MA-9 60 mm Mortar.
* Israel: Soltam C03 Mortar 60mm
* Iran: DIO HADID 60 mm HM12 and HM13 Commando mortars
* Spain: ECIA Mortar 60mm
* Peru: DC-M37C1 60mm Patrol Mortar
* Turkey: MKEK 60mm Commando Mortar
* Netherlands: M6C-640, light mortar 60mm
* Thailand: Royal Thai Army Ordnance 60mm Mortar WPC A3 (Commando)
* Georgia: STC Delta GNM-60 mkudro 60mm
* Czechia: LRM vz. 99 ANTOS 60mm mortar
* Iraq: Al-Jaleel 60mm Commando Mortar
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
# 1907 Washington University football team

The 1907 Washington University football team represented Washington University in St. Louis as a member of the newly-formed Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1907 college football season. Led by J. Merrill Blanchard in his second and final season as head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 1–5–1 with a mark of 0–1 in conference play, placing last out of five teams in the MVC. Washington University played home games in St. Louis at Washington University Stadium, which was renamed as Francis Field in October 1907, and is now known as Francis Olympic Field.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 5 | | Carbondale Normal* | Washington University StadiumSt. Louis, MO | T 0–0 | 200 |
| October 12 | 3:00 p.m. | Shurtleff* | Washington University StadiumSt. Louis, MO | L 0–5 | |
| October 19 | 3:00 p.m. | Drury* | Washington University StadiumSt. Louis, MO | L 5–6 | |
| October 26 | 3:00 p.m. | Cape Girardeau Normal* | Francis FieldSt. Louis, MO | W 34–0 | |
| November 2 | 2:30 p.m. | at Saint Louis* | Sportsman's ParkSt. Louis, MO | L 0–78 | 6,000 |
| November 9 | 2:30 p.m. | Missouri Mines* | Francis FieldSt. Louis, MO | L 8–11 | |
| November 16 | | at Missouri | Rollins FieldColumbia, MO | L 0–27 | |
| *Non-conference game |||||||
# Devatha – Anubandhala Alayam

Devatha – Anubandhala Alayam is an Indian Telugu-language drama television series that aired on Star Maa. It premiered on 17 August 2020 and ended on 12 November 2022, completing 702 episodes. It stars Suhasini, Arjun Ambati and Vaishnavi Reddy in lead roles.

## Plot

Rukmini dedicated her life to her family and works hard to educate her sister Sathya. Sathya is a mature, studious and cool girl who is graduating in Pondicherry. Her classmate Aditya Krishna falls in love with Sathya. Initially hesitant, Sathya reciprocates his feelings. Aditya's mother Devudamma chooses Rukmini as her daughter-in-law. Learning this, Sathya sacrifices her love for Rukmini who marries Aditya. The series revolves around these three people.

## Cast
### Main

* Suhasini as Rukmini: Aditya's wife; Bhagyamma's daughter; Sathya's foster sister; Kamala's younger sister
* Arjun Ambati as Aditya Krishna: Rukmini's husband; Sathya's love; Devudamma and Eshwar Prasad's son
* Vaishnavi Reddy as Sathya: Rukmini and Kamala's adoptive sister; Bhagyamma's adoptive daughter; Aditya's love interest

### Recurring

* Anila Sreekumar as Devudamma: Eshwar Prasad's wife; Aditya's mother; Matriarch of her family and head of village
* Nata Kumari as Bhagyamma: Kamala and Rukmini's mother; Sathya's adoptive mother
* Swapna as Kamala: Rukmini's elder sister; Sathya's adoptive sister; Bhagyamma's daughter
* Aditya as Eshwar Prasad: Devudamma's husband; Aditya's father; Soori and Ranga's elder brother
* Jyothi Reddy as Vedavathi: Vasanth's mother; Devudamma's namesake sister