OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geoff Parker

Professor Geoffrey Alan Parker FRS (born 24 May 1944) is an emeritus professor of biology at the University of Liverpool and the 2008 recipient of the Darwin Medal. Parker has been called "the professional's professional".
He has a particular interest in behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology, and is most noted for introducing the concept of sperm competition in 1970. Much of his work from the 1970s onwards has related to the application of game theory (theory of games) to various biological problems, using the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) approach pioneered by John Maynard Smith and George Price. With R. R. Baker and V. G. F. Smith in 1972, he proposed a leading theory for the evolution of anisogamy and two sexes, and in 1979 made the first theoretical analysis of sexual conflict in evolution. He has also investigated the evolution of competitive mate searching, animal distributions, animal fighting, coercion, intrafamilial conflict, complex life cycles, and several other topics.

## Life

Parker was educated at Lymm Grammar School in Lymm, Cheshire, and gained his BSc from University of Bristol in 1965, from where he also gained a doctorate in 1969 under H.E. Hinton, FRS (1912–1977). His Ph.D. was on The reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria L. (yellow dung fly), and provided a detailed quantitative test of Darwin's theory of sexual selection, and an early application of optimality theory in biology.
At this time, most ethologists and ecologists interpreted adaptations in terms of "survival value to the species"". However, the paradigm shift of the gene-centric view of evolution (popularised by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene) shortly afterwards overturned this idea: mainstream views in behavioural ecology and sociobiology saw natural selection restored to Darwinian principles in terms of survival value to the individual (and its kin). Parker's work played a part in this shift and in the early development of behavioural ecology.
He moved to the University of Liverpool in 1968, where he became a lecturer in zoology.
In 1978, he was a senior research fellow in the Research Centre at King's College, Cambridge University, returning to Liverpool in 1979. He became a professor in 1989 on election to the Royal Society, In 1996, he became the Derby Chair of Zoology, retiring in 2009, but remaining as emeritus professor and continuing scientific research (as of 2014). In 2005, he won the Frink Medal, of the Zoological Society of London.
In 2008, he won the Darwin Medal:
   for his lifetime contribution to the foundations and development of behavioural ecology, in particular for understanding evolutionary adaptations and their consequences for natural populations.
He has been awarded the degrees of Doctor of Science, honoris causa by the University of Bristol. in 2011, and by the Memorial University of Newfoundland in 2018.
# Jacques Ancel

Jacques Ancel (22 July 1879 in Parmain, Val-d'Oise – 1943 Alloue Charente) was a French geographer and geopolitician. He was the author of several books, including Peoples and Nations of Balkans: political geography (1926) and Geopolitics (1936).
After studying history and geography and professing as a teacher, Ancel was drafted to fight in World War I. Wounded three times, he was detached to the Headquarters of the French Army's Oriental Corps (fighting in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans). After the war, he helped mediate the tense relations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. In 1930, Ancel obtained his doctorate with the thesis La Macédoine, étude de colonisation contemporaine ("Macedonia, a study in contemporary colonization").
He taught at the University of Paris' Institute of Higher International Studies, and was a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and of other scientific forums. He was a knight of the Légion d'honneur.
Ancel was imprisoned in Drancy and Royallieu-Compiègne internment camps during World War II due to his Jewish background. He died of complications from his poor treatment in 1943, and was officially declared Mort pour la France.

## Works

* 1901, Une page inédite de Saint-Simon.
* 1902, La Formation de la colonie du Congo Français (1843–1882), Paris, Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique Française.
* 1919, L'unité de la politique bulgare, 1870–1919, Editions Bossard.
* 1921, Les Travaux et les jours de l'Armée d'Orient. 1915–1918.
* 1923, Manuel historique de la question d'Orient (1792–1923), Delagrave.
* 1926, Peuples et nations des Balkans (réédité par CTHS en 1992).
* 1929, Histoire contemporaine depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle (avec la collaboration d'Henri Calvet). Manuel de politique européenne, histoire diplomatique de l'Europe (1871–1914), PUF.
* 1930, La Macédoine, étude de colonisation contemporaine.
* 1936, Géopolitique, Paris, Delagrave.
* 1938, Géographie des frontières, préface d'André Siegfried, Paris, Gallimard.
* 1940, Manuel Géographique de politique européenne. 2. L'Allemagne, Paris, Delagrave.
* 1945, Slaves et Germains, Paris, Librairie Armand Colin, 1945.
# HMS Arethusa (F38)

HMS Arethusa was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy. She was, like most of the Leanders, named after a figure of mythology (the exceptions being Cleopatra and Sirius). Arethusa was built by J.S. White & Company Shipbuilders of Cowes, launched on 5 November 1963 and commissioned on 24 November 1965.

## Operational service

In 1967, Arethusa deployed to the Mediterranean. At the end of 1967 she was docked down for a repair period finishing in the spring of 1968. In the same year she took part in Portsmouth 'Navy Days'. After re dedication the ship worked up at Portland, later deploying to the Mediterranean. In 1969 Arethusa together with Juno, Hampshire and RFA Lyness visited Barbados, transited the Panama Canal and proceeded to Callao in Peru, Valparaiso, the Falkland Islands and Montevideo returning to the UK for Easter.
Later in 1969 Arethusa was deployed as West Indies guard ship. Visits included Punta Del Garda, Bermuda, Washington DC, Norfolk Virginia, Key West, Anguilla, Antigua, St Lucia, Curaçao, St Kitts, Tortola, St Vincent, Carriacou, Nassau, Freeport Grand Bahama, transiting the Panama Canal again to San Diego and San Francisco; returning via the Panama Canal to Trinidad. She continued to Cartagena, Dominica, St Martin, Bequia, Georgetown, Belize, Fort Lauderdale arriving in Portsmouth in April 1970. Arethusa was guard ship for the hand-over of independence to British Guiana.
In 1970, after visits to Lorient and Esbjerg, Arethusa deployed to the Far East via South Africa and her first Beira Patrol, While in the Far East she visited Penang, Singapore, Hong Kong, Nagoya, and the Philippines. On returning to Singapore she helped escort the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh on their South East Asian tour. In 1972, Arethusa undertook a further Beira Patrol which was designed to prevent oil reaching the landlocked country of Rhodesia via the then-Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The following year, Arethusa undertook a fishery protection patrol during the Second Cod War, and during that patrol was rammed by the Icelandic gunboat Óðinn.
In 1973 Arethusa began her modernisation which included the removal of her one twin 4.5-in gun, with the Ikara anti-submarine warfare missile system taking its place. The modernisation was completed in April 1977. In that same year, Arethusa, like many Leanders, took part in the Royal Navy's Fleet Review in celebration of HM the Queen's Silver Jubilee. Arethusa was positioned between Cleopatra and Arrow and was part of the 3rd Frigate Squadron. Between 1978 and 1981 she was commanded by Kenneth Snow. In 1979, Arethusa deployed to the Far East and Pacific.
In 1980 Arethusa underwent a refit that was completed the following year. She then joined Standing Naval Force Atlantic, a NATO multi-national squadron. In 1985, Arethusa was fitted with towed array sonar.

## Fate

Arethusa was decommissioned on 4 April 1989 in Portsmouth. She was later sunk as a target in 1991.
# Alan Christie

Alan Thomas Christie (14 June 1905 – 9 January 2002) was a Canadian sprinter. He competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
# William Chen

William Chen may refer to:
* Bill Chen (born 1970), American quantitative analyst, poker player and software designer
* William C. C. Chen (born 1935), Grandmaster of Yang-style tai chi
# Zones of Joint Cooperation (Mindanao)

The Zones of Joint Cooperation refers to a proposed non-contiguous areas covering much of the Sulu Sea and Moro Gulf ( part of Celebes Sea ) to be managed by both the autonomous regional government of Bangsamoro and the national government of the Philippines. The existence of the maritime area is mandated by the Bangsamoro Organic Law, the charter legislation of Bangsamoro. The area is distinct from the Bangsamoro waters and is not part of the territorial jurisdiction of Bangsamoro.
The area as per law is to be managed by an ad hoc body composed of representatives of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority of the national government and representatives from "appropriate agencies" of the Bangsamoro regional government.
The Bangsamoro Parliament passed a resolution on July 31, 2019 urging for the establishment of such ad hoc body. The National Government-Bangsamoro Government Intergovernmental Relations Body convened online in mid-2020 regarding the set up of inter-government bodies including the Joint Body for the Zones of Joint Cooperation.
# Ka Choun

Ka Choun (Khmer: កាចូន) is a commune in Veun Sai District in northeast Cambodia. It contains six villages and has a population of 1,397. In the 2007 commune council elections, all five seats went to members of the Cambodian People's Party. Land alienation is a problem of moderate severity in Ka Choun. (See Ratanakiri Province for background information on land alienation.)

## Villages

| Village | Population (1998) | Sex ratio (male/female) (1998) | Number of households (1998) |
| Ka Choun Leu | 341 | 1.02 | 61 |
| Ka Choun Kraom | 319 | 1.04 | 54 |
| Vang | 143 | 0.93 | 29 |
| Vay | 103 | 0.84 | 20 |
| Tiem Leu | 239 | 1.03 | 44 |
| Ka Lim | 252 | 1.15 | 56 |
# Charles Mostyn Lloyd

Charles Mostyn Lloyd (1878–1946) was a British academic, magazine editor, and socialist activist.
Lloyd became a barrister in 1907, but spent little time practising as he devoted himself to socialist activism. He joined the Fabian Society in 1906, serving on its executive from 1912, and was also active in the Independent Labour Party and the Labour Party. He lived at the Toynbee Hall settlement, and was also chair of the School Managers and Children's Care Committee in Whitechapel. From 1909 until 1914, he was secretary of the National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution.
Lloyd stood in local elections in Bethnal Green, and in the 1913 London County Council election in Deptford, but was not elected. He also wrote numerous books and pamphlets.
In 1915, Lloyd joined the British Army and fought in World War I. After he was seriously wounded on the first day of the Battle of the Somme, he was tasked to train cadet officers.
After the war, he covered the Versailles Peace Conference for the Manchester Guardian, and then began lecturing at the London School of Economics. He was promoted in 1922 to become head of its department of social science and administration. He was also heavily involved with the production of the New Statesman, effectively editing it from 1925, and becoming titular editor from 1928. He placed much hope in the Prime Ministership of Ramsay MacDonald; when MacDonald formed a National Government in 1931, Lloyd stood down as editor.
# Pars intermedia

The pars intermedia is one of the three parts of the anterior pituitary. It is a section of tissue sometimes called a middle or intermediate lobe, between the pars distalis, and the posterior pituitary. It is a small region that is largely without blood supply. The cells in the pars intermedia are large and pale. They surround follicles that contain a colloidal matrix.
The pars intermedia secretes α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide. It appears to be tonically inhibited by the hypothalamus.
In the human fetus, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) which causes the release of melanin produced in melanocytes that can give a darker skin pigmentation. In the adult the pars intermedia is either very small or entirely absent.
In less developed vertebrates the pars intermedia is much larger, and structurally and functionally more well defined. In some animals including amphibians it mediates active camouflage, causing darkening of the skin when placed against a darker background.

## Anatomy
### Microanatomy

It contains colloid-filled cysts and two types of cells - basophils and chromophobes. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. As technically part of the anterior pituitary, it separates the posterior pituitary and pars distalis. It is composed of large, pale cells that encompass the aforementioned colloid-filled follicles.

## Physiology

The pars intermedia appears to be tonically inhibited by stimuli from the hypothalamus (either by dopaminergic innervation or by vascular mechanism) as experimental sectioning of the pars intermedia from the hypothalamus has been noted to result in hypertrophy of the pars intermedia in various animals.

### Function

The pars intermedia is responsible for secreting α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide.
It is prominent only during the fetal stage and is otherwise negligible. The characteristic pattern of skin hyperpigmentation seen during pregnancy may be a result of increased circulating maternal a-MSH (which may have originated from either the maternal or fetal pars intermedia), but a-MSH secretion does not seem to be involved in skin tanning in response to light exposure.

## Other animals

In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians), MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in the animal's skin melanocyte chromatophores. Some animals will thus increase a-MSH secretion when placed against a dark background as a means of active camouflage.
# HMS Daedalus II

HMS Daedalus II was a British Royal Navy air station and training establishment between 1940 and 1946. The name applied to four different locations with the United Kingdom at various times during the Second World War. The establishment was formed to free up space at RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus).
The first location was former Royal Air Force (RAF) station at Lympne Airport. This RAF station was taken over by the Fleet Air Arm in July 1939 and commissioned as HMS Buzzard for use as a training establishment for mechanics from HMS Daedalus. It was renamed as HMS Daedalus II in January 1940 but the airfield was transferred back to the RAF in May 1940.
As the airfield in Kent was being transferred back to the RAF an air-sea rescue seaplane base and aircrew training centre was established at the Royal Motor Yacht Club at Sandbanks in Dorset and this base was formally commissioned as HMS Daedalus II on 15 May 1940. 764 & 765 Naval Air Squadrons (NAS) were based there with their Supermarine Walrus, Fairey Swordfish and Fairey Seafox aircraft. This station was also known as RNAS Sandbanks. Concurrently the training establishment formerly at Lympne was moved to Clayton Hall, Newcastle-under-Lyme as a base to train artificers but also retained the name Daedalus II.
In 1942 an outstation of the Sandbanks base was opened at RNAS Lawrenny Ferry in Pembrokeshire and 764 NAS was moved there as an operational conversion unit. 764 NAS remained at Lawrenny Ferry until October 1943 when the squadron was disbanded and the base reduced to care and maintenance status.
Sandbanks was also reduced to care and maintenance status in October 1943 and 765 NAS was also disbanded. The base at Sandbanks later became part of the landing craft base HMS Turtle.
By Christmas 1943, Clayton Hall was the only remaining site of HMS Daedalus II and continued to train aircraft artificers throughout the war until January 1946 when HMS Daedalus II was decommissioned.

## In Popular Culture

HMS Daedalus II features as a level within the game WW2 Rebuilder under its original name, RAF Lympne. The player has to rebuild the damaged facility and convert it for civilian air ferry services.
# Piano Circus

Piano Circus is a musical ensemble consisting of six pianists. The original six-piano ensemble formed in 1989 to perform Steve Reich's Six Pianos. Founding members included Kirsteen Davidson-Kelly, Richard Harris, Kate Heath, Max Richter, Ginny Strawson and John Wood (who was replaced by David Appleton). As of 2016, membership was Dawn Hardwick, James Young, Paul Cassidy, Neil Georgeson, Leo Nicholson and Nathan Williamson
Since then they have created a repertoire of over one hundred works, the majority of which have been written specially for the ensemble. These include pieces by Kevin Volans, Graham Fitkin, Brian Eno, Louis Andriessen, Erkki-Sven Tüür, Terry Riley, Nikki Yeoh, Michael Nyman, Robert Moran, Peter Bengtson, and Heiner Goebbels. Piano Circus has released seven CDs with Decca and now has three CDs available on its own label.
The six pianists have a broad range of experience, from traditional western classical music to jazz, pop and rock, African and Asian traditional music, improvisation and composition. Between them the members of Piano Circus work in collaboration with film and video makers, theatre and circus performers, dancers and choreographers, and in a variety of educational settings.
The group performs throughout the UK and internationally, with appearances at the South Bank Centre, London; Lincoln Center, New York City; Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, Edinburgh Festival, Bath International Festival, the Big Chill Enchanted Garden Festival, the Hong Kong and Singapore Festivals, the Istanbul Festival, NYYD festival (Estonia), Musica Ficta Festival (Lithuania), the CREA and 38eme Rugissants Festivals (France), Settembre Musica (Italy) and in Canada (Banff residency), the United States, Sweden, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
Piano Circus are currently Associate Artists at Brunel University, London, where they have been working with composer Colin Riley and, through him, drummer Bill Bruford. An album of the new music, 'Skin and Wire', was released on Bill's label, Summerfold Records, in September 2009.

## Discography

* Skin and Wire, The Music of Colin Riley - with Bill Bruford (2009)
* Transmission (2002)
* Landscapes of the Heart (Collaboration with Aerial Theatre group, Scarabeus)
* Max Richter/Future Sound of London EP
* Graham Fitkin - Log, Line & Loud
* Morgan Fisher - Miniatures
* Loopholes
* Robert Moran - Desert of Roses/Ten miles high over Albania/Open Veins
* Chris Fitkin/Nyman/Seddon/Simon Rackham
* Stravinsky - Les Noces
* Volans-Lang-Reich-Moran
* Steve Reich Six Pianos/Terry Riley In C
# Anthony Vince

Anthony Vince (30 July 1902 – 28 September 1986) was a Canadian sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres and the 4x100 metres relay events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
# William Camden (merchant)

William Camden (1730s – 1796) was an English merchant who was a partner in the slave-trading partnership of Camden, Calvert and King. He was also in partnership with his brother, John Camden, in the family sugar-refining business, and had business connections with prominent German and Huguenot families in east London.

## Early life and family

William Camden was born in the 1730s, the son of John Camden, a sugar refiner. He had a brother, also John. The family were landowners in Oxfordshire.

## Career

Camden entered the family business of sugar refining and was in partnership with his brother, John Camden. During Camden's lifetime, the business was based in Wapping, in east London, where it was linked to the German sugarbaking businesses in the area. Camden also had business connections with French Huguenots in London and was in partnership with George Lear and Peter Thellusson (also a Bank of England director) as sugar refiners. In addition, he became closely associated with Joseph Curtis (1715–1771), who made ship's biscuits, an essential part of sailors' diet, and did work for the British government.
From the 1760s, Camden was the owner with Anthony Calvert of ships involved in the slave trade between West Africa and the Caribbean. He probably also met Thomas King at this time when King was master on ships owned by Camden and Calvert. The three men first partnered as Camden, Calvert and King for the 1773 voyage of the Three Good Friends to St Vincent via Cape Coast Castle in 1773.
Ships of the firm transported thousands of enslaved persons from West Africa, mostly to the Caribbean, in the late 18th century. Their activities also included supplying British dockyards and overseas garrisons, whaling, and trading in commodities from the East Indies. In the 1780s they began to transport criminals from Britain to Australia.
Camden retired in 1783 and the business was transferred from 12 Red Lion Street, Wapping, to Calvert's residence at 3 The Crescent, Minories, Tower Hill.

## Death

William Camden died in 1796 but the firm continued under the same name until Anthony Calvert died in 1809. Camden left legacies totalling around £6,000 and the majority of the rest of his estate to Mary Anne Camden.
# Pa Ngae

Pa Ngae (Thai: ป่าแงะ) is a tambon (subdistrict) of Pa Daet District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2018 it had a total population of 7,711 people.

## History

The subdistrict was created effective August 1, 1970 by splitting off 6 administrative villages from Pa Daet.

## Administration
### Central administration

The tambon is subdivided into 18 administrative villages (muban).
| No. | Name | Thai |
| 01. | Ban Pa Ngae | บ้านป่าแงะ |
| 02. | Ban Pa Sao | บ้านป่าเส้า |
| 03. | Ban Mai Phatthana | บ้านใหม่พัฒนา |
| 04. | Ban San Makoem | บ้านสันมะเกิ้ม |
| 05. | Ban Lai Rong | บ้านหล่ายร้อง |
| 06. | Ban Pa Tueng | บ้านป่าตึง |
| 07. | Ban Rong Pao | บ้านร่องเปา |
| 08. | Ban Nong Song Hong | บ้านหนองสองห้อง |
| 09. | Ban Thin Charoen | บ้านถิ่นเจริญ |
| 10. | Ban Huai Luek | บ้านห้วยลึก |
| 11. | Ban San Charoen | บ้านสันเจริญ |
| 12. | Ban Santi Suk | บ้านสันติสุข |
| 13. | Ban Ram Chuan | บ้านรำจวน |
| 14. | Ban Si Don Chai | บ้านศรีดอนชัย |
| 15. | Ban Si Rung Rueang | บ้านศรีรุ่งเรือง |
| 16. | Ban Samakkhi | บ้านสามัคคี |
| 17. | Ban Chai Mongkhon | บ้านชัยมงคล |
| 18. | Ban Mai Charoen | บ้านใหม่เจริญ |

### Local administration

The whole area of the subdistrict is covered by the subdistrict municipality (Thesaban Tambon) Pa Ngae (เทศบาลตำบลป่าแงะ).