OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (20 October 1885 – 3 August 1959) was a Xhosa educationist and politician, and a founder of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to unite all non-European opposition to the segregationist measure of the South African government. He was the eldest son of political activist and pioneering newspaper editor John Tengo Jabavu, and the father of Noni Jabavu, one of the first African female writers and journalists.

## Biography

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu was born in King Williams Town, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and was educated at Morija Institution, a mission centre in Basutoland (present-day Lesotho). He later studied at Lovedale in the Cape Province before going to the United Kingdom, where he completed his matriculation at Colwyn Bay in Wales. In 1906 he entered the University of London, earning a BA degree in English six years later. As a student he attended the 1911 Universal Races Congress held in London, where he met leading African Americans and Africans, including his father, who was a member of the South African delegation.
Before returning home in 1915, D. D. T. Jabavu visited the United States on a tour of Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute and other black centres of learning. Back in South Africa, he was a founding member of the staff of the University of Fort Hare in 1916, and the first and only African academic at the institution, where he remained as professor of African languages until 1944.
In addition, he established the South African Native Farmers' Association to encourage the development of better farming standards, stressing the value of manual labour. He also founded the Cape African Teachers' Association and the South African Native Teachers' Federation, which he led for many years. He was also president of the Cape Native Votes' Convention, which campaigned in the 1920 and 1930 for the retention of Africans' voting rights.
In 1936, he was elected first president of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to consolidate all non-European opposition to the proposed abolition of the African vote; the AAC's stance was subsequently construed as damaging by some radical elements in the African National Congress (ANC). However, in 1948, the year that Jabavu retired from public life, he was a signatory to a joint ANC-AAC "Call for Unity", which attempted to reconcile their differences. The move was not successful, and Jabavu retired from its presidency.
In later years, he ran a private insurance business. He also wrote articles and books on the African struggle, including The Black Problem (1920), The Segregation Fallacy and Other Papers (1928), The Life of John Tengo Jabavu, editor of Imvo Zabantsundu (1922) and IziDungulwana (1958).
In recognition of his contribution towards the creation of a just South African society, in 1953 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Rhodes University. He died six years later in 1959, aged 73.
# Jalandhar–Firozpur line

The Jalandhar–Firozpur line is a railway line connecting Jalandhar City and Firozpur Cantonment, both in the Indian state of the Punjab. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of Northern Railway.

## History

The Jalandhar–Firozpur line was laid in 1912. The last official steam service on the line completed its journey on 6 December 1995.

## Border crossings

Fazilka and Hussainiwala on this line are two defunct railway border crossing points on the India–Pakistan border. Before partition of India in 1947, there were 711 kilometers (442 miles) long Delhi-Samma Satta & 445 kilometers (277 miles) long Delhi-Raiwind railway lines, which were operational. After partition of India, a 20 kilometers (12 miles) line linked Amruka on the Pakistan side of the India–Pakistan border, opposite Fazilka, towards Samma Satta. The only train running through these tracks was withdrawn after 1965 war. 275 kilometers (171 miles) long Amruka-Samma Satta line & 28 kilometres (17 miles) long Kasur-Raiwind lines are operational in Pakistan now. The Hussainiwala–Ganda Singh Wala railway crossing, near Firozpur, became defunct with the partition of India. The 16 kilometers (9.9 miles) broad gauge line from Kasur Junction in Pakistan has been closed. A strategically important 1,681 metres (5,515 feet) Kaiser-E-Hind Rail cum Road Bridge was blown up during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 at Hussainiwala, and was never rebuilt. In 2013, Sutlej Barrage Bridge on Hussainiwala was opened after restructuring.

## Passenger movement

Jalandhar City is the only station on this line that is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.

## Rail Coach Factory

Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala started production in 1988. It is the largest and most modern coach manufacturing unit of Indian Railways, producing around 1,600 coaches annually.
# Serge Ornem

Serge Ornem is a Paralympian athlete from France competing mainly in category T46 sprint events.
Serge has competed in the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics always in the T46 100m, 200m and 4 × 100 m relay. He has been part of the silver medal-winning relay teams in both the 2000 and 2004 games.
# Ekhaguere Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel

Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel Ekhaguere NNOM is a Nigerian professor of mathematics at the University of Ibadan and the founder and president of the International Centre for Mathematical & Computer Sciences (ICMCS). He was a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, a former sub Dean of Faculty of Science University of Ibadan and is a member of the African Academy of Sciences. He is also a recipient of the Nigerian National Order of Merit (NNOM) which was conferred on him by President Muhammadu Buhari.

## Early life and education

Godwin, fondly called GOS, was born on 23 May 1947 in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. He obtained the West African School Certificate in 1965 and the Higher School Certificate in 1967, both at the Immaculate Conception College (ICC), Benin City. In 1971, he obtained his first degree in physics and earned the Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) at the Imperial College of Science & Technology (now Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine) London in Mathematical Physics in 1974. In 1976, he bagged his Ph.D. in Mathematical Physics from the University of London (Bedford College).

## Career

GOS became a professor in 1988 and the vice-president of the Nigerian Mathematical Society in 1995. From 1993 to 1996, he was the Head of the Department of mathematics and became the sub-dean of the faculty of science in 1981. Over the years, he occupied diverse visiting positions at multiple institutions around the world, some of which are: the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland; Forschungszentrum Bielefeld-Bochum-Stochastik (BiBoS), Universität Bielefeld, Germany; Sonderforschungsbereich 123 University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Arnold-Sommerfeld Institute for Mathematical Physics, Technical University of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Centro Matematica Vito Volterra, Università di Roma II (Tor Vergata), Rome, Italy; the Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana and the University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa. He is currently a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Ibadan: a lifelong appointment. His autobiography, with the title: Promise and Providence, was published on September 23, 2022, by Safari Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, and is available on multiple e-publishing platforms such as: Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Rakuten Kobo, Lulu.com, Weltbild, Hugendubel and the African Books Collective.
# The Jack Benny Program season 1

The first season of The Jack Benny Program consisted of four episodes, during 1950 and 1951. This premiere television season of The Jack Benny Program overlapped with his radio program of the same name, which would continue until 1955, whereas this television program would last until 1965.
Jack Benny was the show's host, creator and star. Because he was unwilling to commit to the still-new technology of television on a weekly basis, the first television season of The Jack Benny Program did not include any more than these four sporadically scheduled special episodes; each was broadcast live as was typical during the Golden Age of Television. It was not until season 5 that the program would settle into a regular biweekly time slot. The program was broadcast on CBS (until its final season), and the theme song is "Love in Bloom".

## Episodes

| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Original air date |
| 1 | 1 | "Premiere Show" | October 28, 1950 (1950-10-28) |
| Special guest: Dinah Shore. After The Sportsmen Quartet introduce Jack (to the tune of "There's No Business Like Show Business"), his monologue {"I'd give a million dollars to know how I look"} and sketch are about how he decided to make a TV show, and got Dinah Shore to appear on it (Ken Murray, whose program Jack pre-empted that evening, also makes a brief appearance). Mel Blanc appears as a technical director who interrupts Jack's monologue. After Dinah sings a few songs, Jack gets out his violin and starts playing, which causes the studio audience to get up and leave. Note: this was a 45-minute episode. ||||
| 2 | 2 | "Faye Emerson and Frank Sinatra Show" | January 28, 1951 (1951-01-28) |
| Special guests: Faye Emerson, Frank Sinatra, and Frank Fontaine. Jack and Sinatra do a skit about New York City, and Sinatra sings "Take My Love." Later, Jack tries to show Faye that he can play romantic roles; he does a dramatic scene with her that's supposed to end in a kiss, but Sinatra walks in and steals the kiss for himself. Frank Fontaine appears as John L.T. Savonie, who in a running gag keeps repeating his endless Social Security number. This was the first half-hour episode in what became Jack's regular Sunday night time period. ||||
| 3 | 3 | "Claudette Colbert and Basil Rathbone Show" | April 1, 1951 (1951-04-01) |
| Special guests: Claudette Colbert, Basil Rathbone, and Robert Montgomery. Jack wants a dramatic role on an episode of Robert Montgomery Presents, which is already set to star Colbert and Rathbone. After getting nowhere with the producer, Jack crashes a rehearsal at Colbert's apartment. He's given a small part just to be kept quiet, but he's such a disruptive pest that Rathbone calls him a "schlemiel" and storms out. ||||
| 4 | 4 | "Ben Hogan Show" | May 20, 1951 (1951-05-20) |
| Special guest: Ben Hogan. Jack, Mary, and Rochester (as a caddy) go to play golf with Bob Crosby. Not recognizing golfing legend Ben Hogan, Jack starts giving Ben unsolicited advice on how to play the game. Later, Jack hits a ball into the woods; rather than lose it, he takes Rochester into the woods to search for it. They give up two days later. ||||
# Freedom Party of Manitoba

The Freedom Party of Manitoba, founded as the Libertarian Party of Manitoba, is a provincial political party in Manitoba, Canada, advocating cannabis legalization.

## History

The party was created in the mid-1980s and formally changed its name in early 2005, and in 2007 became the Freedom Party of Manitoba. The LPM ran four candidates in the provincial election of 1986, one fewer than was required for official party certification. It achieved ballot status in 1988 with six candidates, and ran five in 1990. The LPM ran six candidates in 1995, six again in 1999 and five in 2003. It never came close to electing a member to the legislature, and Buors has acknowledged the LPM is a marginal political force in the province. Like other "fringe parties", the LPM claims to present ideas to the public which are ignored by mainstream organizations.
The party appears to have been founded by Clancy Smith, who is still an active member. Dennis Rice became party leader at some point in the early 1990s, and stepped down two days after the 2003 election was called. Chris Buors was chosen without opposition as Rice's replacement, and led the party into the election. Like most right-libertarian parties, the LPM advocated the view that government activities which affect the lives of citizens (whether in social or economic matters) be kept to a minimum.
Buors, who led the party in the 2003 election, is a marijuana-rights activist and has also run as a candidate for the Marijuana Party of Canada. Buors is known as an activist in Canada's cannabis movement. In 2005, he legally changed the party's name to the Manitoba Marijuana Party, on the advice and with the support of cannabis activist Marc Emery.
In early February 2007, James Cotton, expressed interest in changing the Party name and becoming Party Leader. All the proper forms for Elections Manitoba were gathered, signed, sealed and delivered and on February 27, 2007 it became the Freedom Party. It supports the full legalization of drugs, and has also called for the restriction of state powers on other issues. The party did not nominate candidates for the 2007 provincial election. James Cotton was the party leader while past leader Buors served as party president.
In May 2007, the Freedom Party of Manitoba failed to field the five candidates needed in Manitoba for a provincial party to remain registered in that province. There have since been reports that the party has disbanded.
# Pyxis of Čierne Kľačany

The Pyxis of Čierne Kľačany (Slovak: Čiernokľačianska pyxida) is an oval-shaped jewel box (i.e. a pyxis) made of ivory. Several fragments were found in an intact tomb near the village of Čierne Kľačany in Slovakia in 1974 by a group of boys and locals. The artifact was subsequently reconstructed from the fragments.

## History

The artifact is dated from the end of the 9th century, although it was probably made in the 4th century. There are only a few similar objects in the entire world. It is believed that the box was a gift for the ruler Rastislav of Moravia, brought during the times of Saints Cyril and Methodius (second half of 9th century) from the Byzantine Empire.
The artifact depicts scenes of daily life, such as people farming on fields and breeding animals. It shows the legend of the founding of Rome. The artifact was found in pieces, some of which have never been found. Some copies of the box have been made; one of them was donated to Pope John Paul II in November 2003. The original is conserved in Bratislava Castle. A memorial stone was laid by Matica slovenská in 1993 in the area where the artifact had originally been found.
# Antonio Maspes

Antonio Maspes (14 January 1932 – 19 October 2000) was an Italian world champion sprinter cyclist. Maspes was born and died in Milan. Maspes won seven professional world championship sprint titles between 1955 and 1964. He competed in the men's tandem event at the 1952 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal. Maspes also had a record five consecutive titles in the Grand Prix de Paris (1960-1964).
After his death, the Velodromo Vigorelli in Milano, where Maspes began with racing competitions, was renamed into Velodromo Maspes-Vigorelli.

## Palmarès
### 1948

    1st, Coppa Caldirola

### 1949

    1st, Sprint, National championship

### 1952

    1st, Sprint, National championship
    3rd, Tandem,

### 1953

    1st, Sprint, National championship

### 1954

    3rd, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, Sprint, National championship

### 1955

    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Milan

### 1956

    3rd, GP de Paris
    1st, Sprint, National championship
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Copenhagen

### 1957

    1st, Sprint, National championship

### 1958

    3rd, World championship, professional sprint, Paris

### 1959

    1st, Sprint, National championship
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Amsterdam

### 1960

    1st, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, Sprint, National championship
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Leipzig

### 1961

    1st, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, Sprint, National championship
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Zürich

### 1962

    1st, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, Sprint, National championship
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Milan

### 1963

    1st, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, Sprint, National championship
    2nd, World championship, professional sprint, Rocourt

### 1964

    1st, GP de Paris, Sprint
    1st, World championship, professional sprint, Paris
    2nd, Sprint, National championship

### 1965

    1st, Sprint, National championship
# Russian submarine AG-11

The Russian submarine AG-11 was an AG-class submarine, designed by the American Holland Torpedo Boat Company/Electric Boat Company, built for the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. The submarine was fabricated in Canada, shipped to Russia and reassembled for service with the Baltic Fleet.

## Description

AG-11 was a single-hulled submarine, with a pressure hull divided into five watertight compartments. The submarine had a length of 150 feet 3 inches (45.8 m) overall, a beam of 16 feet (4.9 m) and a draft of 12 feet 6 inches (3.8 m). She displaced 355 long tons (361 t) on the surface and 433 long tons (440 t) submerged. The AG-class submarines had a diving depth of 164 feet (50.0 m) and a crew of 30 officers and enlisted men.
The submarine had two 3-bladed propellers, each of which was driven by a 480-horsepower (360 kW) diesel engine as well as a 640-horsepower (477 kW) electric motors. This arrangement gave AG-22 a maximum speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) while surfaced and 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) submerged. She had a range of 1,750 nmi (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) while on the surface and 25 nmi (46 km; 29 mi) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) while submerged. Her fuel capacity was 16.5 long tons (16.8 t) of fuel oil.
The AG-class submarines were equipped with four 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow and carried eight torpedoes. For surface combat they had one 47-millimeter (1.9 in) deck gun.

## Construction and service

The Holland 602 design was widely exported during World War I and the Imperial Russian Navy ordered a total of 17, in three batches, of a version known as the American Holland-class (AG in Russian for Amerikansky Golland (American Holland)). The submarines were to be built in Canada as knock-down kits for assembly in Russia.
Components for the first batch of five submarines were assembled in Barnet, near Vancouver, Canada, and shipped to Vladivostok. There they were loaded onto the Trans-Siberian Railroad and transported to Saint Petersburg where they were assembled by the Baltic Works by June 1916. During World War I Russian and British submarines operated from bases in Finland. The Russian submarines of Holland type (AG-11, AG-12, AG-15 and AG-16) were scuttled in the harbor of Hanko on 3 April 1918 just prior to the German landing there.
# Apiconoma opposita

Apiconoma opposita is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It found in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, French Guiana and Suriname.
# Theodore Arthur Burrows

Theodore Arthur Burrows (August 15, 1857 – January 18, 1929) was a politician and office-holder in Manitoba, Canada. He served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of the province from October 6, 1926 until his death.
Burrows was born in Ottawa, Canada West (now Ontario), where his grandfather had been a pioneer settler. He moved to Manitoba in 1875, and was subsequently educated at Manitoba College. In 1877, Burrows became the first law student in Winnipeg history, working in the office of one Frederick Mackenzie. He entered the lumber business in 1879, and subsequently played a major role in developing the industry in Manitoba's northwest.
Burrows entered politics in 1892, winning election to the provincial legislature in the riding of Dauphin. Although he described himself as a Liberal-Conservative, he was nevertheless a supporter of Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway. Burrows defeated his Conservative opponent Glenlyon Campbell by 317 votes to 308.
Burrows defeated Campbell a second time in 1896, by 589 votes to 577. By this time, he was identifying himself as a Liberal. He was also (like Greenway) a Methodist, and was a strong supporter of Canada's growing prohibition movement. In addition to his political career, he was also appointed a land commissioner of the Canadian Northern Railway in 1896, holding the position until 1904 and overseeing increased settlement in the Dauphin region. Perhaps curiously, he was never appointed to Greenway's cabinet.
The Liberals lost the election of 1899, although Burrows actually increased his majority significantly—defeating Conservative R. Hunt by 1203 votes to 779. It may be assumed that the new settlers brought by Burrows to the region were instrumental in his victory.
Burrows did not seek re-election in 1903, but campaigned for the federal House of Commons the following year. Running as a Liberal in the federal riding of Dauphin, he was elected unopposed, and supported Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier in parliament for the next four years. He was upset by his old rival Glenlyon Campbell, 3206 votes to 2989, in the election of 1908, and did not re-enter political life thereafter.
In 1926, Burrows was appointed Lt. Governor of Manitoba (a position that was largely ceremonial by this time). A talented singer, he often displayed his baritone voice to visitors at Government House. He died in office, in 1929.
The north-end Winnipeg neighbourhood of Burrows and Burrows Ave. is named after him.
# Aderonke Kale

Aderonke Kale (31 July 1939 – 8 November 2023) was a Nigerian army psychiatrist who became the first female major-general in the Nigerian Army. She rose to command the Nigerian Army Medical Corps.

## Early life and education

Aderonke Kale was born on 31 July 1939 into a Yoruba family. Her father was a pharmacist while her mother was a teacher and they ensured she had good education. Kale went to primary school in Lagos and Zaria and undertook secondary education in St. Anne's School, Ibadan and Abeokuta Grammar School. Kale trained as a medical doctor at University College, which later became the University of Ibadan. Kale then specialized in psychiatry at the University of London. She was inspired to pursue psychiatry by Thomas Adeoye Lambo, Africa's first professor of psychiatry.

## Army career

She worked briefly in Britain and returned to Nigeria in 1971. A year later in 1972, she joined the Nigerian Army. This was a very rare decision for women in those days, particularly those at such a high professional level. She was a colonel and deputy commander of the Nigerian Army Medical Corps by 1990. She was later promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, becoming the first female general in West Africa. Kale was then promoted to major-general in 1994 and became the first Nigerian woman to achieve that rank. She was also the first female major-general in West Africa.
Her role was initially as chief psychiatrist to the army. Kale later became director of the entire Nigerian Medical Corps and was its Chief Medical Officer until 1996. This was the first time in the history of the Nigerian Army that a woman was given responsibility for the healthcare of all Nigerian soldiers at all levels in preparation for and during war. She retired in 1997.

## Personal life

Aderonke was married to Oladele Kale, a preventive and social medicine professor. Kale had a son in 1975, Yemi Kale, who became statistician-general of Nigeria. She also has four other children. She provided land for the founding of the Bodija-Ashi Baptist Church in Ibadan. Kale died on 8 November 2023, at the age of 84. President Bola Tinubu described her as a "pioneer in her field" and "a towering figure."