OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RELHIC (Cosmology)

A RELHIC, or Reionization-Limited HI Cloud, is a theoretical construct in astrophysics that describes a type of dark matter halo containing neutral hydrogen gas. These clouds are characterized by their potential to reveal the nature of dark matter and the conditions for galaxy formation in the early universe, particularly during the epoch of reionization. RELHICs are thought to be spherical gaseous systems that are in hydrostatic equilibrium and are influenced by both the presence of dark matter and a background ultraviolet radiation field from stars and galaxies.​
The concept of RELHICs was proposed by astrophysicists Alejandro Benitez-Llambay and Julio F. Navarro, as part of their work on cosmological simulations and observations​. They suggest that these structures could serve as observational targets to better understand the nature of dark matter and the formation of galaxies.​
Recently, a RELHIC candidate, referred to as Cloud-9, was detected near the spiral galaxy Messier 94.
* 1 2 3 Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro; Navarro, Julio F.; Frenk, Carlos S.; Sawala, Till; Oman, Kyle; Fattahi, Azadeh; Schaller, Matthieu; Schaye, Joop; Crain, Robert A.; Theuns, Tom (2017-03-11). "The properties of 'dark' ΛCDM haloes in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (4): 3913–3926. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2982. ISSN 0035-8711.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
* ↑ Zhou, Ruilei; Zhu, Ming; Yang, Yanbin; Yu, Haiyang; Yuan, Lixia; Jiang, Peng; Xi, Wenzhe (2023-08-01). "FAST Reveals New Evidence for M94 as a Merger". The Astrophysical Journal. 952 (2): 130. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdcf5. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
* ↑ Benitez-Llambay, Alejandro; Navarro, Julio F. (2023-10-01). "Is a Recently Discovered H i Cloud near M94 a Starless Dark Matter Halo?". The Astrophysical Journal. 956 (1): 1. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf767. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
* ↑ Karunakaran, Ananthan; Spekkens, Kristine (2024-01-18). "A Bigger Cloud 9? New H i Observations of the RELHIC Candidate M94- Cloud 9". Research Notes of the AAS. 8 (1): 24. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad1ee6. ISSN 2515-5172.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
* ↑ Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro; Dutta, Rajeshwari; Fumagalli, Michele; Navarro, Julio F. (2024-09-01). "Examining the Nature of the Starless Dark Matter Halo Candidate Cloud-9 with Very Large Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 973 (1): 61. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad65d9. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
# Paul Dike

Paul Dike CFR FSS MSS DSS fwc (born 1950) is a retired air chief marshal of the Nigerian Air Force, who was the Chief of the Air Staff from 2006 to 2008. In August 2008, he was appointed Chief of the Defence Staff. Prior to his appointment as Chief of the Air Staff, Dike was Air Officer Commanding Tactical Air Command. Appointed Commander of the Presidential Air Fleet in 1997 by military dictator General Sani Abacha, he was appointed Chief of Air Staff by General Olusegun Obasanjo's civilian government in 2006.

## Promotions

* Officer Cadet, Nigerian Defence Academy, 22 January 1973.
* Commissioned Pilot Officer, Nigerian Air Force, 21 June 1975.
* Flying Officer, 22 January 1977
* Flight Lieutenant, 22 January 1981
* Squadron Leader, 22 July 1985
* Wing Commander, 22 January 1991
* Group Captain, 22 January 1996
* Air Commodore, 22 January 2001
* Air Vice Marshal, 22 January 2004
* Air Marshal, 30 May 2006, made CAS the same day.
* Air Chief Marshal, 20 August 2008

## Appointments and positions held

ACM Paul Dike held the following office prior to becoming Chief of Defence Staffs
* Staff Officer I, Operations Headquarters, Tactical Air Command
* Instructor Pilot, Operational Conversion Unit, MiG-21 fighter jets
* Chief Flying Instructor, 303 Flying Training School, FTS.
* Commander, ECOMOG Air Detachment, Freetown, Sierra Leone
* Directing Staff, Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, Kaduna.
* Commander, National Air Defence Corps.
* Deputy Director, Plans, Nigerian Air Force Headquarters.
* Director of Operations, Nigerian Air Force Headquarters.
* Commander, Nigerian Air Force Station, Yola, Adamawa State.
* Airport Commandant, Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos.
* Appointed Commander, the Nigerian Presidential Air Fleet, PAF by the late General Sani Abacha
* Air Officer Commanding (AOC), Training Command, Kaduna.
* Air Officer Commanding (AOC), Makurdi, Benue State.
* Appointed the 15th Chief of Air Staff (CAS) on 1 June 2006 by former President Olusegun Obasanjo.
* Appointed the Chief of Defence Staff, Defence Headquarters, Abuja on 20 August 2008 by President Umaru Musa Yar'adua. On 8 September 2010, thereby becoming the First Nigerian Airforce officer to attain the Rank of Air Chief Marshal
# Ann Napolitano

Ann Napolitano (born October 21, 1971) is an American writer. She has written four successful novels.

## Early life

She was born October 21, 1971 to James and Catherine Napolitano.
She received her MFA from New York University, after graduating from Connecticut College.
She has a sister, a brother and a half sister.

## Teacher, editor

She taught fiction writing at Brooklyn College, New York University, and Gotham Writers Workshop.
She was an associate editor of One Story from 2014 to 2020.

## Works

* Within Arm's Reach. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4000-5188-5.
* A Good Hard Look. Penguin Press HC. 2011. ISBN 978-1-59420-292-6.
* Dear Edward. Dial Press. January 6, 2020. ISBN 978-1-9848-5478-0.
* Hello Beautiful. Dial Press. March 14, 2023. ISBN 978-0-593-24373-2.

## Personal life

Ann Napolitano lives in Park Slope, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York with her husband Dan Wilde and their two sons, Malachy and Hendrix.
# Aspergillus endophyticus

Aspergillus endophyticus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus, section Aspergillus. It was isolated as an endophyte of Acer pseudoplatanus in the Czech Republic.
The identified extrolites produced by A. endophyticus include auroglaucin, bisanthrons, dihydroauroglaucin, echinulins, emodin, erythroglaucin, flavoglaucin, isoechinulins, neoechinulins, physcion, and tetrahydroauroglaucin.

## Growth and morphology

A. endophyticus has been cultivated on both yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
* Aspergillus endophyticus growing on MEAOX plate
* Aspergillus endophyticus growing on YES plate
# Xanthomonas oryzae

Xanthomonas oryzae is a species of bacteria. The major host of the bacterium is rice.
The species contains two pathovars, neither of which is native to Europe: X. o. pv. oryzae and X. o. pv. oryzicola.
Xanthomonas oryzae epidemics can cause yield losses ranging from 2-74%, and the bacteria can be carried on rice seeds, causing further disease spread.
The host resistance gene, Xa21, from Oryza longistaminata, is integrated into the genome of Oryza sativa for its broad-range resistance to rice leaf blight caused by X. o. pv. oryzae.
# Janos Galambos

Janos Galambos (Galambos János in Hungarian, 1 September 1940 – 19 December 2019) was a Hungarian mathematician affiliated with Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

## Education and career

Galambos earned his Ph.D. in 1963 from Eötvös Loránd University, under the supervision of Alfréd Rényi. He remained at the Eötvös Loránd University as an assistant professor from 1964 to 1965. He was lecturer at the University of Ghana from 1965 to 1969 and at University of Ibadan from 1969 to 1970. In 1970, Galambos joined the faculty of Temple University in Philadelphia and remained there until his retirement in 2012.
Galambos worked on probability theory, number theory, order statistics, and many other sub-specialties, and published hundreds of papers and many books.
In 1993 he was elected external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and in 2001 he became a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain.

## Selected books

* Galambos, János (1976). Representations of real numbers by infinite series. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-07547-X. OCLC 2111173.
* Galambos, János (1978). The asymptotic theory of extreme order statistics. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02148-2. OCLC 3669424.
* Galambos, János; Kotz, Samuel (1978). Characterizations of probability distributions : a unified approach with an emphasis on exponential and related models. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08933-0. OCLC 4194743.
* Galambos, János (1984). Introductory probability theory. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-7179-6. OCLC 11133172.
* Galambos, János (1995). Advanced probability theory, second edition. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 0-367-40163-0. OCLC 1111944670.
* Galambos, János; Simonelli, Italo (1996). Bonferroni-type inequalities with applications. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-94776-0. OCLC 34548778.
* Galambos, János; Simonelli, Italo (2004). Products of random variables : applications to problems of physics and to arithmetical functions. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-5402-6. OCLC 56338637.
# Kenneth Tharp

Kenneth Olumuyiwa Tharp CBE (born 11 February 1960), is a British dance artist, who was chief executive of The Place (2007–16) and director of the Africa Centre, London (2018–20).

## Biography

Born in 1960 at Croydon, Surrey, to English mother Pamela Tharp and Nigerian father Gabriel Oluwole Esuruoso (1934–2013), his father, who had been a journalist for the Daily Times in Nigeria, came to Britain supported by a government scholarship in the late 1950s to study veterinary medicine at the University of Glasgow. The first African to take a Doctorate in Immunology at the University of Birmingham, in 1964 Dr Esuruoso returned to Nigeria with his wife, Victoria Wuraola Emmanuel, and their three children, becoming a Government veterinary officer, before being appointed as a Professor in the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, and Dean of Veterinary Medicine, at the University of Ibadan.
Tharp attended The Perse School, Cambridge College of Arts and Technology, and trained at London Contemporary Dance School receiving a BA Hons (1st class) in Contemporary Dance in 1987. His 25-year performing career included working with London Contemporary Dance Theatre (1981–94) and Arc Dance Company (1994–2005). He has worked as a choreographer, teacher and director and as Lead Artist & Artistic Advisor for the Royal Ballet School’s Dance Partnership & Access Programme and Assistant to the Head of Contemporary Dance at Millennium Dance 2000. With composer Simon Redfern he co-founded ArtyfartyArts, a multi-disciplinary arts group, and has served on the board of Trustees of the Royal Opera House.
In 2005 Tharp undertook a NESTA-funded Fellowship on the Clore Leadership Programme.
Chief Executive of The Place from September 2007 to November 2016, in May 2018 Tharp was appointed director of the Africa Centre, London.

## Awards and recognition

Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003, Tharp was promoted Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours, both "for services to dance".
Tharp was named one of London's 1000 Most Influential People by the Evening Standard in 2015.
# Florent Lacasse

Florent Lacasse (born 21 January 1981 in Paris) is a French middle-distance runner who specializes in the 800 metres.
He finished sixth at the 2006 European Athletics Championships and seventh at the 2006 IAAF World Cup. He also competed in the 2004 Olympics.
In 2007 Lacasse was found guilty of testosterone doping. The sample was delivered on 18 May 2007 in an out-of-competition test in Manosque. He received an IAAF suspension from July 2007 to July 2009.
His personal best time is 1:44.48 minutes, achieved in July 2004 in Rome.
# Freedom Toaster

A Freedom Toaster is a public kiosk that will burn copies of free software onto user-provided CDs and DVDs.

## History

The original Freedom Toaster project was sponsored by Mark Shuttleworth's Shuttleworth Foundation and built in Perl by Hamish Whittal. It consisted of a number of CD burning facilities (in kiosk form), where members of the public were able to burn copies of free and open-source software onto self-supplied blank CD media.
The project was started as one solution to overcome the difficulty of obtaining Linux and other free and open-source software in South Africa, where the restrictive telecommunications environment makes downloading large software files prohibitively expensive.
There are currently Freedom Toasters at the following locations: Bloemfontein, Cape Town (2), Diepkloof, Durban, East London, Grahamstown, Johannesburg (5), Knysna, Namibia, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth, Port Shepstone, Potchefstroom, Pretoria (3), Seneca College in Toronto, Stellenbosch, Stockholm, Trivandrum.

## Functions

A Freedom Toaster kiosk is placed at a school, library, shopping center or another publicly accessible location. Users bring blank optical discs to the kiosk and select the software that they would like. The kiosk will then burn the selected software onto the users' media.
The name derives from this function. "Freedom" refers to the free and open source software provided. "Toaster" is a term for an optical disc burner.

## Purpose

Freedom Toaster kiosks provide a way for computer users in economically disadvantaged regions and areas with limited or no Internet access to get software. By providing this service, the people behind the Freedom Toaster hope to address the issue of the Digital Divide.

## Availability

The Freedom Toaster is mostly available in South Africa and is currently supported by the Shuttleworth Foundation. The Foundation is attempting to get others to adopt the idea by providing the tools to help create, support and maintain your own Freedom Toaster. It has also provided seed funding to Brett Simpson of Breadbin Interactive to create a sustainable business model with the idea.
The initiative has also been taken up independently by a company in India - Zyxware Technologies - who has partnered with Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram to promote Freedom Toasters as a viable method to spread Free Software in India.
# Gert Fylking

Gert Åke Fylking (born 7 October 1945) is a Swedish actor, journalist, politician (Christian Democrat) and host of the radio programme Gert's Värld on Radio 1 101,9 FM, where he is known by the nickname of Fylking Sverige (a handle translatable as Your Man Fylking of Sweden). He has participated in many theatre productions, films and TV programmes. He is married to Tanja Fylking; they have six children and live in Stockholm. Among his friends are Robert Aschberg, Hasse Aro and Lennart Jähkel, and especially the late Christer Pettersson (since their childhood).

## Life

Fylking grew up in Stockholm and spent large parts of his youth in the Stockholm Archipelago. He joined the Swidish Forces at the Älvsborg Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 4) in Gothenburg in 1966. He was then sent as a platoon commander to the "Coastal Hunter" School at Vaxholm's Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1). He enrolled in the Royal Naval Academy.
Fylking has previously been noted for its association with the nation-wide known criminal and addict Christer Pettersson.

## Radio host

Presently, together with Titti Schultz and Roger Nordin, Gert Fylking is anchorman of the show noted above. He is also known for bursting out in a loud sarcastic exclamation ("Äntligen!" - meaning: "Finally!") at the press conference where the name of the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (Gao Xingjian) was announced in 2000, doing so again in 2001. Despite condemnations from the Swedish Academy, and futile attempts to have him banned from further announcements, he proclaimed he had made peace with Horace Engdahl and gone out to dine with him on occasion. An tradition of exclaiming - especially over broadly unknown laureates - was taken over by other journalists who continue to exercise it. The friendship with Engdahl has been reported as on-again-off-again.

## Controversy

On 17 April 2012, Fylking likened Serbs to Anders Behring Breivik on his show Gert's Värld (Gert's World). While talking about the Norwegian mass murderer, Fylking mentioned that "the world is full of these Breivik characters", and continued: "We’ve managed to catch many others as well. We caught these Serbians who acted like bloody swine and killed hundreds of thousands of fleeing people. We caught them. But do you think they are judged by the Serbians? No, the Serbians hail them as heroes. So who are the psychopaths? Is it the majority of the Serbian population that are stupid or is it just these people who are convicted of war crimes that are idiots?"
After strong public reaction including a letter of protest to the station by Serbia's ambassador to Stockholm, Dušan Crnogorčević, Fylking apologized for the statements, but was suspended from work indefinitely.

## Selected filmography

* 2006 - Bilar (Cars - film)
* 2002 - Heja Björn (TV series)
* 1997 - Adam & Eva
* 1996 - Evil Ed
* 1996 - Silvermannen (The Silver Man - Miniseries)
* 1994 - Rapport till himlen (Report to Heaven - Miniseries)
* 1992 - Nordexpressen (The Northern Express)
* 1992 - Ha ett underbart liv (Have a Wonderful Life)
* 1992 - Hassel - Svarta banken (Hassel - The Black Bank)
* 1984 - The Man from Majorca
# Vollmöller

Vollmöller is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Karl Vollmöller (1878–1948), German philologist, archaeologist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and aircraft designer
* Karl Vollmöller (philologist) (1848–1922), German philologist
# Volvarina abbreviata

Volvarina abbreviata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The shell is oblong, but much contracted anteriorly. The shell is white, smooth and shining. The spire is very short. The apex is rather obtuse. The shell contains about 3⅓ whorls. The outer lip is incurved and contracting the aperture. The varix produces a little way on the spire. The columella with shows four plaits of which the upper one is small.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Aruba, Caribbean Sea.
# Vorderseespitze

The Vorderseespitze is a mountain in the Lechtal Alps, Tyrol, Austria. At 2,889 m (AA) it is the eighth highest peak in the Lechtal Alps. The Lech Valley Ridgeway (Lechtaler Höhenweg) runs over its southeastern flank from Kaiserjochhaus to the Ansbacher Hut. According to the literature it was first climbed in 1855 by locals from Kaisers in the Lech Valley.

## Summit block

The Vorderseespitze is made from the sedimentary rock, main dolomite and is the highest main dolomite summit of the Northern Limestone Alps. On its northeast flank lies the little, tongue-shaped and heavily crevassed Vorderseeferner, the largest glacier of the Lechtal Alps. The mountain is separated from the Aperriesspitze (2,588 m) by the Hinterseejoch (2,482 m). To the west of this saddle, in a cirque, lies the lake of Hintersee, east of the col is lake of Vordersee which gives the mountain its name. The neighbouring peak to the north is the Feuerspitze.

## Base and tours

The base for an ascent is the Ansbacher Hut at 2,376 metres. The normal route, the easiest climb, runs either along the north arête, according to the literature at climbing grade II, or up the northeast flank, also at UIAA grade II. An ascent along the east arête is slightly more difficult. The journey time is generally 3½ hours from the Ansbacher Hut. The northeast flank is also possible as an extreme ski tour.

## Literature and map

* Dieter Seibert: Alpine Club guide Lechtaler Alpen, Munich, 2002, ISBN 3-7633-1268-4
* Alpine Club map 1:25,000, Sheet 3/3, Lechtaler Alpen, Parseierspitze
# Víctor Olea Alegría

Víctor Olea Alegría (born 17 June 1950) was a member (militante) of Chile's Partido Socialista.
Olea lived in Santiago, Chile. He was detained by "security agents" on 11 September 1974, and became one of the "detenidos desaparecidos". Manuel Contreras was convicted in 2002 for his abduction.
# Véronique Brunet

Véronique Brunet dit L’Estang (January 13, 1726 – June 12, 1810) was a Roman Catholic nun in the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal. She took the name Sister Sainte-Rose and served as superior general. She signed her name Verronique Létant.
The daughter of Jean Brunet dit L’Estang, and Marguerite Dubois, she was born in Pointe-Claire. In 2744, she became a novice in the Congregation of Notre-Dame in Montreal and, in 1746, took her vows as a nun. She served at the missions in the Lower Town of Quebec City, at Pointe-aux-Trembles and at Sainte-Famille on Île d’Orléans. In 1771, she returned to Montreal to serve as assistant to the superior Marie-Josèphe Maugue-Garreau. In 1772 she became superior. In 1778, she was succeeded by Marie Raizenne as superior; Brunet served as mistress of novices until 1784 when she served a second term as superior. In 1790, she became assistant mistress of novices; she also gave religious instruction to girls from Montreal who were not able to attend full-time classes. Later, she washed and mended the clothes of servant girls employed by the community.
Brunet died in Montreal at the age of 84.
# Václav Hladík

Václav Hladík (August 22, 1868 in Prague - April 29, 1913 in Prague) was a Czech novelist, journalist and translator. Being prolific and somewhat popular in his time, his name and works later fell into obscurity.

## Life

Hladík studied at a gymnasium and a commercial academy in Prague. In 1887, while working as a clerk in Živnostenská bank, he started to study at a business academy in Prague. In 1891 he became editor in newspaper Národní politika. Between 1899 - 1906 Hladík was the editor-in-chief of Czech literary magazine Lumír and in this role he frequently travelled to France, England, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. In 1908 he was awarded by the Presidential Gold Medal for promoting French-Czech cultural relations.

## Literary work

Hladík was influenced by the French naturalism. His novels attempted to portray life of contemporary upper classes of the Czech society. As a translator he concentrated mainly on Alphonse Daudet and Guy de Maupassant.

## Publications

* Z lepší společnosti(1892)
* Z pražského ovzduší (1894)
* Třetí láska (novel, 1895)
* Ze samotě a společnosti (three modern histories, travel sketches, 1899)
* Samoty
* Trest (novel, 1901)
* Vášeň a síla (novel, 1902)
* Závrať (drama, 1902, premiered in the same year at the National Theater in Prague)
* Evžen Voldán (two-part novel, 1905)
* Valentinovy ženy (1906)
* Barevné skizzy a malé povídky, 1891-1905 (short stories, 1906)
* Vlnobití (short stories, 1908)
* O současné Francii (letters from 1894 to 1907 travels in France, 1909)
* Dobyvatelé

## Trivia

Hladík's name possibly inspired Jorge Luis Borges for the main character of the story The Secret Miracle (see the article for details).
# Volvo B10

The Volvo B10 was a front-engined bus chassis built by Volvo in the 1930s.
Some of the buses used for the 1945 "White Buses" operation were built on the B10 chassis.