OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tumari Kanuri

Tumari Kanuri, also known as Kanembu in Niger (though different from Kanembu of Chad), is a variety of the Kanuri language, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Saharan branch. It is spoken in Niger by approximately 103,000 speakers in the Diffa Region of southeast Niger, near the border with Chad and Nigeria. Tumari Kanuri is closely related to the Movar dialect of Yerwa Kanuri.
Tumari Kanuri exhibits subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, where the subject typically precedes the verb, followed by the object. Phonologically, Tumari Kanuri is characterized by a rich system of consonants and vowels, including a distinction between short and long vowels. The morphology of Tumari Kanuri involves a complex system of noun and verb inflections, with various prefixes and suffixes marking grammatical features such as case, gender, and number. Postpositions play a significant role in indicating spatial relationships, and adjectives typically follow the noun they modify. Pronouns in Tumari Kanuri show distinctions in person, gender, and number, reflecting the language's intricate system of nominal and verbal agreement. Verbs are a central element of Tumari Kanuri grammar, featuring a variety of conjugations and aspectual distinctions. The language belongs to the typological category of agglutinative languages, characterized by the formation of words through the addition of affixes to a root.
# Tomohiro Ito

Tomohiro Ito (伊藤 友広, Itō Tomohiro) (born 16 August 1982) is a Japanese sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres.
He finished fourth in 4x400 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games, together with teammates Yuki Yamaguchi, Jun Osakada and Mitsuhiro Sato.
His personal best time is 45.63 seconds, achieved in October 2003 in Fukuroi.
# Na Nok Kok

Na Nok Kok (Thai: นานกกก, pronounced) is a village and tambon (sub-district) of Laplae District, in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 2,862 people. The tambon contains five villages.
# Warren L. McCabe

Warren Lee McCabe (August 7, 1899 – August 24, 1982) was an American Physical Chemist and is considered as one of the founding fathers of the profession of chemical engineering. He is widely known for the eponymous McCabe–Thiele method for analysis of distillation processes and his book, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, a major textbook.
# Martial Simon

Martial Simon (11 December 1898 – 1 June 1977) was a French racewalker. He competed in the men's 10 kilometres walk at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# George Horsburgh

George Horsburgh (27 October 1910 – 10 March 1986) was a Scotland international rugby union player. He played as a Lock.

## Rugby Union career
### Amateur career

He first played for Stirling HSFP before moving to London.
He played for London Scottish.

### Provincial career

He was supposed to play for the Scotland Probables in the first trial match of season 1937-38. The match due on 18 December 1937 was called off due to frost despite the contingency of straw being placed on The Greenyards pitch at Melrose. When the second trial match went ahead in January 1938 as planned Horsburgh started for the Probables side. However, in the second half of the match Horsbugh played for Scotland Possibles.

### International career

Horsburgh was capped by Scotland 9 times, all in the period between 1937 and 1939.

### Administrative career

After his playing career ended, he joined the board committee of London Scottish.

## Military career

Horsburgh joined the Army.
# The Royal World

The Royal World is a reality television series that debuted on MTV International in November 2018. The show was announced in July 2018 as a six-episode, hour-long program produced by Initial, part of the Endemol Shine Group. The executive producers are Orr Barker and Iestyn Barker of MTV, and Andrew Jackman of Initial. The show was filmed in the United Kingdom and features its cast members living together "for one summer in the English countryside".

## Cast

The Royal World is hosted by Archie Manners, a professional magician. It features a cast of ten men and women who claim to be members of royal or noble families, or somehow acquainted with members of royal or noble families.
| Name | Description |
| Tyler Dooley | Dooley is a marijuana grower who is the half-nephew of the Duchess of Sussex. |
| Jessica Heydel | Heydel, who was born in the United Kingdom but raised in Russia, claimed in 2015 to be the successor to two baronies. On the show's website she claims three baronies. |
| Adeniyi "Niyi" Obafemi Olopade | Niyi is one of 15 children of 92 year-old Jonathan Adioobafemi Olopade, who claims to be related to Jacob Olopade, one of several thousand tribal rulers in Nigeria. |
| Camilla Beresford | Beresford is the daughter of the Marquess of Waterford. |
| Zara Zoffany Farida Sassoon-Munns | According to the show's website, Sassoon-Munns is a "party girl who’s lived in luxury hotels until she was 15" [sic]. |
| Michael Campbell | Campbell is the adopted son of Georgia Arianna Campbell, who – prior to her adoption of him – was married for 14 months to the younger son of the Duke of Argyll. His brother, Dimitri, also appears on the show. According to Campbell "what makes me royal is that I'm a count". According to Campbell, his family home is at Castle Goring. Castle Goring is a wedding rental venue owned by his adopted mother in Sussex. |
| Dimitri Campbell | Campbell is the adopted son of Georgia Arianna Campbell, who – prior to her adoption of him – was married for 14 months to the younger son of the Duke of Argyll. His brother, Michael, also appears on the show. Campbell refers to himself as a "count". |
| Daniel MacLaurin | According to the show's website, MacLaurin is a "member of the Clan Maclaurin". |
| Sienna Rose Myson | According to the show's website, Myson once "rode horses with Zara Phillips". |
| Maria Gabrilella Diana | According to the show's website, Diana is the daughter of an unspecified "Italian nobleman of Neapolitan heritage". |

### Notes

* ↑ The title "count" is a title of nobility, not a title of royalty. It is also non-existent among the British peerage, earl being the closest equivalent.
* ↑ On the clan's website, Daniel Maclaurin is not identified as the extant chief nor a member of the chief's immediate family.
# Leo Robert

Leo Robert (January 16, 1921 – November 28, 2016) was a Canadian bodybuilder. At one time, he was billed as "America's most muscular man". He won the 1955 Mr. Universe.

## Early life

Leo Robert was born in Montreal on January 16, 1921. At a young age, Robert was profoundly interested in sports, particularly hockey. By being an athlete, he learned the value of sportsmanship and hard work.

## Career

Robert was introduced to bodybuilding by former bodybuilder Ben Weider. Robert realized he did not want to be cooped up in an office anymore. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Robert competed and was very successful in bodybuilding.

## Personal life and death

Robert had two brothers and two sisters. His mother was raised on a farm, was a great cook, and was a devout Catholic. His father was an auto mechanic who owned his own garage. Leo Robert died on November 28, 2016, at the age of 95.
# Hector Island

Hector Island is an uninhabited Canadian arctic island located in Hudson Strait. It is a Baffin Island offshore island in Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region.
Amadjuak, an Inuit settlement, is 44.5 km (27.7 mi) to the north.
# Jane Qiu

Jane Qiu (Chinese: 邱瑾; pinyin: Qiū Jǐn) is an independent science journalist based in Beijing, primarily focusing on geoscience and the environment.

## Education and career

Qiu earned first-class honours in biology from the University of Essex in 1993. She coauthored the book RNA Isolation and Analysis in 1994, and completed a PhD in cancer genetics in 1997, through the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research of the University of Glasgow. After postdoctoral research at Hunter College in New York City and the Centre for Neuroscience of King's College London, she dropped out of academia to become a science journalist. She became an editor for Nature Reviews Neuroscience in 2004 and then, in 2006, a freelance journalist.

## Recognition

Qiu earned a silver medal in the 2016 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards, in the magazine writing category, for three stories in Nature on prediction and warning systems for earthquake-triggered landslides in Nepal, Chinese fossil hominids, and the interlinked ecological and social effects of climate change on the grasslands of Tibet. The Tibet story won the 2017 best feature award of the Association of British Science Writers, and a group of six of her stories, including the Nepal and Tibet stories, won second place in the 2016 Asian Environmental Journalism Awards for Environmental Journalist of the Year. Another of her stories, on ancient ice preserved in Tibet, won the 2017 Outstanding Enterprise Reporting award of the South Asian Journalists Association. She is a two-time winner of the EGU Science Journalism Fellowship of the European Geosciences Union, and has been a Knight Science Journalism Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
# Waseca

Waseca may refer to:
* Waseca County, Minnesota, United States
** Waseca, Minnesota, a city and the county seat
*** Federal Correctional Institution, Waseca, a low-security women's prison
** Waseca Municipal Airport
* Waseca, Saskatchewan, Canada, a village
# Martin Plaa

Martin Plaa (12 March 1901 – 29 March 1978) was a professional tennis player from France who had success as a pro in the early 1930s.
Plaa worked for some years in the late 1920s (timing uncertain) as the then very successful French Davis Cup team coach. During the 1930s Plaa competed on the professional tour, amongst the world elite.
Among his achievements are the 1931 French Pro singles title, defeating countryman Robert Ramillon. Plaa also reached the finals in 1932 and 1934, but was defeated by Ramillon and Tilden respectively. In 1932 he won the singles title at the World professional championships in Berlin, where he defeated both Tilden and Hans Nüsslein. As a pro, Plaa was ranked as high as World No. 1 by his rival Bill Tilden in 1932 (Tilden placed himself second).
# Aperiodic graph

In the mathematical area of graph theory, a directed graph is said to be aperiodic if there is no integer k > 1 that divides the length of every cycle of the graph. Equivalently, a graph is aperiodic if the greatest common divisor of the lengths of its cycles is one; this greatest common divisor for a graph G is called the period of G.

## Graphs that cannot be aperiodic

In any directed bipartite graph, all cycle lengths are even. Therefore, no directed bipartite graph can be aperiodic. In any directed acyclic graph, it is a vacuous truth that every k divides all cycles (because there are no directed cycles to divide) so no directed acyclic graph can be aperiodic. And in any directed cycle graph, there is only one cycle, so every cycle's length is divisible by n, the length of that cycle.

## Testing for aperiodicity

Suppose that G is strongly connected and that k divides the lengths of all cycles in G. Consider the results of performing a depth-first search of G, starting at any vertex, and assigning each vertex v to a set V$_i$ where i is the length (taken modulo k) of the path in the depth-first search tree from the root to v. It can be shown (Jarvis & Shier 1996) that this partition into sets V$_i$ has the property that each edge in the graph goes from a set V$_i$ to another set V$_{(i+1)modk}$. Conversely, if a partition with this property exists for a strongly connected graph G, k must divide the lengths of all cycles in G.
Thus, we may find the period of a strongly connected graph G by the following steps:
* Perform a depth-first search of G
* For each e in G that connects a vertex on level i of the depth-first search tree to a vertex on level j, let k$_e$ = j − i − 1.
* Compute the greatest common divisor of the set of numbers k$_e$.
The graph is aperiodic if and only if the period computed in this fashion is 1.
If G is not strongly connected, we may perform a similar computation in each strongly connected component of G, ignoring the edges that pass from one strongly connected component to another.
Jarvis and Shier describe a very similar algorithm using breadth first search in place of depth-first search; the advantage of depth-first search is that the strong connectivity analysis can be incorporated into the same search.

## Applications

In a strongly connected graph, if one defines a Markov chain on the vertices, in which the probability of transitioning from v to w is nonzero if and only if there is an edge from v to w, then this chain is aperiodic if and only if the graph is aperiodic. A Markov chain in which all states are recurrent has a strongly connected state transition graph, and the Markov chain is aperiodic if and only if this graph is aperiodic. Thus, aperiodicity of graphs is a useful concept in analyzing the aperiodicity of Markov chains.
Aperiodicity is also an important necessary condition for solving the road coloring problem. According to the solution of this problem (Trahtman 2009), a strongly connected directed graph in which all vertices have the same outdegree has a synchronizable edge coloring if and only if it is aperiodic.
# Lionel Wood

Lionel Elmer Wood (June 2, 1899 – September 17, 1965) was a Canadian curler. He was the lead of the 1930 Brier Champion team (skipped by his brother Pappy Wood), representing Manitoba.
# Anticlea (plant)

Anticlea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Melanthiaceae, tribe Melanthieae. Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in number of changes to placements within this tribe. Anticlea was long submerged into the genus Zigadenus; however its separate position has been confirmed. Some species were also moved from Stenanthium into Anticlea. (See also Phylogeny of Melanthieae.) Members of Anticlea may also be distinguished from other members of the former genus Zigadenus, the deathcamases, by the presence of narrow tepals with a single, conspicuous, bilobed gland. It also has a wider distribution, occurring in Asia and much of North and Central America, ranging south to Guatemala.

## Species

* Anticlea elegans (syn. Zigadenus elegans) - Elegant camas, alkali grass, mountain deathcamas - W + N United States, Alaska, Canada, Chihuahua
* Anticlea frigida (syn. Stenanthium frigidum) - Veracruz
* Anticlea hintoniorum (syn. Zigadenus hintoniorum) - Hinton's deathcamas - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Oaxaca
* Anticlea mogollonensis (syn. Zigadenus mogollonensis) - Mogollon deathcamas - New Mexico
* Anticlea neglecta (syn. Zigadenus neglectus) - Guanajuato, Querétaro
* Anticlea occidentalis (syn. Stenanthium occidentale) - Western featherbells or Bronze-Bells - BC, Alb, Sask, WA, OR, ID, MT, N CA
* Anticlea sachalinensis (syn. Stenanthium sachalinense) - Khabarovsk, Sakhalin
* Anticlea sibirica (syn. Zigadenus sibiricus) - much of Russian Federation, China, Mongolia, Korea, Rebun, Rishiri
* Anticlea virescens (syn. Zigadenus virescens) - Green deathcamas - Colorado + Arizona south to Oaxaca
* Anticlea volcanica (syn. Zigadenus volcanicus) - Lava deathcamas - C + S Mexico, Guatemala
The genus name of Anticlea is in honour of Anticlea of Ithaca from Greek mythology, Anticlea or Anticlia was a queen of Ithaca as the wife of King Laërtes.
# Wikstroemia mononectaria

Wikstroemia mononectaria is a shrub in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is native to Taiwan.

## Description

The shrub has black-purple, long, and slender branches.
# Pa Daet, Chiang Mai

Pa Dad (Thai: ป่าแดด) is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2009 it had a population of 16,859 people.
The subdistrict is south of the city of Chiang Mai, on a branch of the Ping River. The Muang Chiang Mai Wetland is on this river in the subdistrict.

## Administration

The tambon is divided into 13 administrative villages (mubans).
| 01. | บ้านแม่ข่าน้อย | Ban Mae Kha Noi |
| 02. | บ้านป่าพร้าวนอก | Ban Pa Phrao Nok |
| 03. | บ้านป่าแดดเหนือ | Ban Pa Daet Nuea |
| 04. | บ้านดอนชัย | Ban Don Khoi |
| 05. | บ้านท่าใหม่อิ | Ban Tha Mai-i |
| 06. | บ้านวังสิงห์คำ | Ban Wang Sing Dam |
| 07. | บ้านป่าแดดใต้ | Ban Pa Daet Tai |
| 08. | บ้านเกาะกลาง | Ban Ko Klang |
| 09. | บ้านแม่ข่าใต้ | Ban Mae Kha Tai |
| 10. | บ้านอมรนิเวศน์ | Ban Amon Niwet |
| 11. | บ้านน้ำบ่อเย็น | Ban Nam Ba Yen |
| 12. | บ้านร้องเรือคำ | Ban Rong Rue Kam |
| 13. | บ้านป่าแดดกลาง | Ban Pa Daet Klang |
A small part of the subdistrict is in the city of Chiang Mai; most of the area belongs to the subdistrict municipality (thesaban tambon) Pa Daet.

## History

The part of the subdistrict not belonging to the city Chiang Mai became administered by a tambon administrative organization (TAO) in 1995. In 2007 it was upgraded to a subdistrict municipality.
# Water gap

A water gap is a gap that flowing water has carved through a mountain range or mountain ridge and that still carries water today. Such gaps that no longer carry water currents are called wind gaps. Water gaps and wind gaps often offer a practical route for road and rail transport to cross the mountain barrier.

## Geology

A water gap is usually an indication of a river that is older than the current topography. The likely occurrence is that a river established its course when the landform was at a low elevation, or by a rift in a portion of the crust of the earth having a very low stream gradient and a thick layer of unconsolidated sediment.
In a hypothetical example, a river would have established its channel without regard for the deeper layers of rock. A later period of uplift would cause increased erosion along the riverbed, exposing the underlying rock layers. As the uplift continued, the river, being large enough, would continue to erode the rising land, cutting through ridges as they formed.
Water gaps are common in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of eastern North America.
Alternatively, a water gap may be formed through headward erosion of two streams on opposite sides of a ridge, ultimately resulting in the capture of one stream by the other.

## Notable examples

* Chicago Portage, Illinois - Saddle Point runs through the city itself.
* Columbia River Gorge, Oregon and Washington, and Wallula Gap, Washington, United States
* Cumberland Narrows, Maryland, United States
* Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, United States
* Digby Gut, Nova Scotia, through which the Annapolis River flows into the Bay of Fundy
* Heavitree Gap, Alice Springs, Australia
* Iron Gates on the Danube River, forming the border between Serbia and Romania
* Kali Gandaki Gorge - cuts through the world's tallest mountain range, the Himalayas in Nepal
* Manawatū Gorge, New Zealand
* Middle Rhine in Germany
* Pongo de Mainique, Peru - on the Urubamba River
* Pongo de Manseriche, Peru - on the Marañón River
* Potomac Water Gap, United States
* Weltenburg Narrows on the Danube River in Bavaria
* Wawa Gorge, Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines
# Maurice Baudechon

Maurice Jacques Baudechon (9 July 1890 – 25 April 1963) was a French rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
# Scorpiurus thorpei

Scorpiurus thorpei is a species of fly belonging to the family Dolichopodidae. First described by Kazuhiro Masunaga in 2017, it is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

The species was identified by Japanese entomologist Kazuhiro Masunaga in 2017, based on a holotype he collected 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Linkwater in the Marlborough District in 2007. Masunaga named the species after entomologist Stephen E. Thorpe, who collected many paratypes of the species and assisted in the collection process.

## Description

Males of S. thorpei have a body length ranging between 3.2–4.1 mm (0.13–0.16 in), and a wing length of between 3.9–4.1 mm (0.15–0.16 in), while females' body lengths range between 3.1–4.5 mm (0.12–0.18 in), and have wing lengths of between 3.6–4.5 mm (0.14–0.18 in). The species is morphologically similar to S. aenescens, but differs as S. thorpei has pale brown legs and relatively straight posterior adbominal segments, meaning the species does not have a scorpion-like appearance.

## Distribution

The species is endemic to New Zealand, found on both the North Island and the northern South Island.
# Bishop's Green, Essex

Bishop's Green is a hamlet in the civil parish of High Easter in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. The hamlet is on the road between the villages of High Easter and Barnston. The hamlet of Wellstye Green is less than 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast.
Bishop's Green's public house is The Spotted Dog.
# List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party

This is a list of national secretaries of the Italian Communist Party. Until 1926 though the office of secretary did not exist. Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci were members of the Executive Committee and Central Committee in the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I).
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office |
| 1 | Amadeo Bordiga (1889–1970) | January 1921 | March 1923 |
| 2 | Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937) | 14 August 1924 | 8 November 1926 |
| – | Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964) | November 1926 | January 1934 |
| 3 | Ruggero Grieco (1893–1955) | January 1934 | May 1938 |
| 4 | Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964) | May 1938 | August 1964 |
| 5 | Luigi Longo (1900–1980) | 22 August 1964 | 16 March 1972 |
| 6 | Enrico Berlinguer (1922–1984) | 17 March 1972 | 11 June 1984 |
| 7 | Alessandro Natta (1918–2001) | 26 June 1984 | 10 June 1988 |
| 8 | Achille Occhetto (1936–) | 21 June 1988 | 3 February 1991 |
# Archibald Campbell Miller

Archibald Campbell Miller (April 29, 1836 – November 17, 1898) was a farmer and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Prince Edward in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Athol Township, Upper Canada, the son of Johnathan Miller and Parnell Leet, and was educated in Prince Edward County. In 1863, he married Ellen Rowland. His election in 1891 was declared void but Miller won the by-election that followed in 1892. He did not run for reelection in 1896. Miller operated a canning factory near Brighton. The brand name was Little Chief; a 500-pound metal statue of the firm's trademark went to war with the Prince Edward Regiment as a mascot during World War II.
Miller died in Hallowell, Ontario at the age of 62.

## Electoral record

vte1891 Canadian federal election: Prince Edward :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Archibald Campbell Miller | 2,264 |
| | Liberal | John M. Platt | 2,225 |
By-election: On election being declared void:
By-election: 4 February 1892 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Archibald Campbell MILLER | acclaimed |
# Wedding of Silence

Wedding of Silence (Svaďba tišiny) is a 2004 Russian documentary film directed by Pavel Medvedev. It won the Best Documentary Film award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 2003. It uses Russian Sign Language.