OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Todzhinsky District

Todzhinsky District (Russian: Тоджи́нский кожуун; Tuvan: Тожу кожуун, Toju kojuun) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or kozhuun), one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is 44,800 square kilometers (17,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Toora-Khem. Population: 6,020 (2010 Census); 5,931 (2002 Census); 6,448 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Toora-Khem accounts for 39.7% of the district's total population.

## Geography and economy

The district is located in the isolated part of the republic, far from its developed regions. As a result, its location impedes the economic development of the territory and infrastructure. Ship transport is the main means of communication with the rest of the republic in summer. The district border Piy-Khemsky and Kyzylsky District to the southwest, Kaa-Khemsky District to south and southeast, Kuraginsky and Karatuzsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai to the northwest and west, Nizhneudinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast to the northeast, Okinsky District of Republic of Buryatia in the east.
# Ecuador TV

Ecuador TV is the public service channel of Ecuador established in October 2007 thanks to a provision of non-reimbursable funds of $5 million of the Economic and Social Development Bank of Venezuela (BANDES by its Spanish acronym).
The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.

## History

Ecuador was one of the last countries in South America to gain a state-owned television station. For decades, the television landscape was dominated by private broadcasters.
In the government of Sixto Durán Ballén, the State gave frequencies without considering that the spectrum was an intangible part of the nation, which should be technically administered by the respective entity of the government in turn and without political meddling favoring a party.
In 2003, the government reserved two UHF frequencies for later use for television broadcasting: 48 and 49. By 2004, the number of UHF stations increased. The arrival of Rafael Correa to the presidency of Ecuador eased the creation of the network. The government announced the launch of the network on February 22, 2007, where it was also mentioned that it would join Telesur as a member. It was initially scheduled to launch on August 10 that year, coinciding with the anniversary of Ecuador's Declaration of Independence. The network was set to broadcast on the UHF band - all VHF channels were private - and would later be sent by satellite to reach key Ecuadorian diasporas in Spain, the United States and other countries.
The social status of the parent company of the channel, Televisión Nacional de Ecuador TEVECUADOR S.A. was changed to Televisión y Radio de Ecuador S.A. RTVECUADOR.
The channel made its first broadcast on November 29, 2007 with an interview to Rafael Correa.

## Programming

The channel transmits content by independent national and international producers and documentaries and news programs from several international producing properties such as Discovery, TVE, BBC, Deutsche Welle, Voice of America, ViVe and teleSUR.
The channel operates as a public service company, and broadcasts news and opinion content from several countries, including the United States. The Venezuelan government described its monetary contribution to the creation of the channel, as "a caring and selfless contribution of Venezuela as part of the policy of international cooperation in the region that drives the government of President Hugo Chávez".
# Thousand-mark ban

The thousand-mark ban was an economic sanction imposed on Austria by the German Reich government on May 29, 1933, which came into effect on July 1, 1933. Henceforth, German citizens had to pay a fee of 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €4635 in 2017) to the German Reich before any travel to or through Austria, except for small border traffic. The payment of the fee was noted in the passport and was therefore easy to check. Likewise, because of the widespread visa requirement in Europe upon re-entry, a clandestine entry into Austria via detours could be recognized immediately.
The aim was to weaken the Austrian economy, which was already heavily dependent on tourism at that time. The ban was lifted after the Juliabkommen.

## History
### Causes & consequences

The ban was intended to bring about the overthrow of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, who by then was already acting in a dictatorial manner. The pretended trigger was the expulsion of the Bavarian Minister of Justice Hans Frank from Austria. Frank was one of the leading National Socialists in the German Reich and belonged to Hitler's Old Guard. His expulsion took place after he had threatened, in a speech in Graz on May 15, 1933, that the German government would actively interfere in Austrian domestic politics since Austria was a “part of Germany”.
The financial hurdle proved effective. The percentage of German tourists in Austria for tourism in 1932 was around 40%. The total number of overnight stays fell from 19.9 million in 1932 to 16.5 million the following year. The lowest was reached in 1934 with 15.9 million overnight stays. In Tyrol alone, overnight stays fell from 4.4 million (in 1929/1933) to 500,000 (in 1933/38). The lockdown also had a massive impact on the university level and various Austrian establishments like the first cable car in Tyrol (de:Tiroler Zugspitzbahn) which was developed by Dr. Hermann Stern.
In more recent historiography, the effect of the ban is put into perspective. On one hand, the effects of the global economic crisis that began at the end of the 1920s reached their peak at the same time. On the other hand, the ban offered "a crystallization point at which the abstract problem of a fundamental economic crisis, which the average citizen cannot concretely understand, could be discussed."
# List of 2017–18 Top 14 transfers

This is a list of player transfers involving Top 14 teams before or during the 2017–18 season. The list is of deals that are confirmed and are either from or to a rugby union team in the Top 14 during the 2016–17 season. On 20 May 2017, Oyonnax and Agen are promoted in to the Top 14 for the 2017–18 season, with Bayonne and Grenoble demoted to the Pro D2 It is not unknown for confirmed deals to be cancelled at a later date.
# Galloway (disambiguation)

Galloway is a region of Scotland.
Galloway may also refer to:

## Places
### United States

* Galloway, Michigan, an unincorporated community
* Galloway, Springfield, Missouri, a neighborhood
* Galloway, Ohio, an unincorporated community
* Galloway, Texas, an unincorporated community
* Galloway, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
* Galloway, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
* Galloway Road, Miami, Florida
* Galloway Township, New Jersey

### Elsewhere

* Galloway, Alberta, Canada
* Galloway, New Zealand
* Galloway Hills, Scotland

## Animals

* Galloway cattle
** Belted Galloway, a heritage beef breed of cattle
* Galloway pony, an extinct horse breed

## Dioceses

* Diocese of Galloway
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway

## Other uses

* Galloway (car), made in Scotland between 1920 and 1928
* Galloway (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency
* Dr. Ruth Galloway, a fictional forensic anthropologist and the protagonist of Elly Griffiths' novels
* Galloway tube, a component of certain designs of steam boiler
* Galloway's Society for the Blind, an English charity
* The Galloway School, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
* W & J Galloway & Sons, a former British engineering company
* Galloways Bakers, chain of pie shops in NW England
# Kingdom of Ceredigion

53°14′00″N 4°01′00″W﻿ / ﻿53.2333°N 4.0166°W﻿ / 53.2333; -4.0166
The Kingdom of Ceredigion was one of several Welsh kingdoms that emerged in post-Roman Britain in the mid-5th century. Cardigan Bay to the west and the surrounding hilly geography made it difficult for foreign invaders to conquer. Its area corresponded roughly to that of the county of Ceredigion. Ceredigion transparently means "the people of Ceredig". The kingdom as an independent entity ceased to exist around the year 872.

## History

Tradition found in the work of Nennius, a 9th century Welsh chronicler, traces Ceredigion's foundation to Ceredig, son of Cunedda. According to Nennius, Cunedda migrated with his sons and followers from the Hen Ogledd (southern Scotland) in the 5th century.
In pre-Roman, and possibly Roman times, a part of southern Ceredigion was in the territory of the Demetae and possibly part of that of the Ordovices. In post-Roman times, however, there is no evidence that the Kingdom of Dyfed included any part of Ceredigion. Modern Ceredigion corresponds almost exactly to the ancient kingdom of Ceredigion. This name is derived from an adjective Cereticianus, itself a derivative of the proper name Cereticus (Cere- dig), known as the son of Cunedda. Though modern Ceredigion corresponds very closely to the old kingdom of Ceredigion, yet it would appear that, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, certain places in Carmarthenshire, situated in the Vale of Cothi, in Cantref Mawr, and far south of the county boundary of the Teifi, were sometimes spoken of as being in Cardiganshire (Ceredigion). The Chronicon of Adam of Usk states that the cwmwd of Caio (properly Cynwyl Caio) was situated "in Comitatu di Cardikan." In the Charter of Talley Abbey, Brechfa is also spoken of as "Lanteilau Brechfa apud Keredigaun." These statements may be simply mistakes, or they may be echoes of the fact that the kings of Ceredigion conquered Y Cantref Mawr in, the eighth century.
The same authority on Welsh topography also deals with the statement given in the Life of St. Carannog, that the River Gwaun, which flows into the sea at Abergwaun (Fishguard), formed the southern boundary of the kingdom, and shows that in an older version of the same, the Teifi is represented more correctly as the southern boundary. The substitution of the Gwaun for the Teifi, is due to the inclusion, in 1291, of the deaneries of Cemaes and Emlyn with Ceredigion, in the Archdeaconry of Cardigan.
# Hunter (comics)

Hunter is the name of two supervillains appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily as enemies of the Legion of Super-Heroes.

## Fictional character biographies
### Otto Orion

The first Hunter first appeared in Adventure Comics #358 (July 1967). Otto Orion is a master hunter who originates from and rules the planet Simballi. He battles the Legion of Super-Heroes in search of a challenge, and is killed in battle.

### Adam Orion

The second Hunter first appeared in Superboy #199 (November 1973). Adam Orion is the son of Otto Orion, who blames the Legion for his father's death and attempts to get revenge on them, only to be thwarted. In later appearances, he joins Nemesis Kid and Superboy-Prime's incarnations of the Legion of Super-Villains.

## Powers and abilities

Both incarnations of Hunter are master hunters and trackers.

## In other media

The Adam Orion incarnation of Hunter appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Khary Payton. This version is an extortionist and assassin who masquerades as a superhero and member of the Light Speed Vanguard before being exposed.
# Johan Heunis

Johan Wilhelm Heunis (born 26 January 1958 in George, Western Cape, South Africa) is a former South African rugby union player.

## Playing career

Heunis started his career in Port Elizabeth while studying law at the University of Port Elizabeth (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) and made his provincial debut for Eastern Province in 1979. After receiving his call up for his national service in Pretoria, he moved to Pretoria and gained Northern Transvaal colours in 1981.
Heunis made his test debut for the Springboks during the 1981 tour of New Zealand as a replacement for Gysie Pienaar in the third test on 12 September 1981 at Eden Park in Auckland. His first start for the Springboks in a test match was against the USA on 20 September 1981 at the Owl Creek Polo ground in Glenville, New York. Heunis played 14 test matches for the Springboks, scoring 41 points. He played a further 10 tour matches for the Springboks in which he scored 31 points.

### Test history

| No. | Opposition | Result (SA 1st) | Position | Points | Date | Venue |
| 1. | New Zealand | 22–25 | Replacement | | 12 September 1981 | Eden Park, Auckland |
| 2. | United States | 38–7 | Fullback | | 20 September 1981 | Owl Creek Polo ground, Glenville, New York |
| 3. | South American Jaguars | 50–18 | Fullback | 3 (1 pen) | 27 March 1982 | Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria |
| 4. | South American Jaguars | 12–21 | Fullback | | 3 April 1982 | Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein |
| 5. | England | 33–15 | Fullback | 21 (3 con, 5 pen) | 2 June 1984 | Boet Erasmus, Port Elizabeth |
| 6. | England | 35–9 | Fullback | 9 (3 con, 1 pen) | 9 June 1984 | Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg |
| 7. | South American Jaguars | 32–15 | Fullback | 4 (1 try) | 20 October 1984 | Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria |
| 8. | South American Jaguars | 21–13 | Fullback | | 27 October 1984 | Newlands, Cape Town |
| 9. | New Zealand Cavaliers | 21–15 | Fullback | | 10 May 1986 | Newlands, Cape Town |
| 10. | New Zealand Cavaliers | 18–19 | Fullback | | 17 May 1986 | Kings Park, Durban |
| 11. | New Zealand Cavaliers | 33–18 | Fullback | | 24 May 1986 | Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria |
| 12. | New Zealand Cavaliers | 24–10 | Fullback | | 31 May 1986 | Ellis Park, Johannesburg |
| 13. | World XV | 20–19 | Fullback | | 26 Aug 1989 | Newlands, Cape Town |
| 14. | World XV | 22–16 | Fullback | 4 (1try) | 2 Sep 1989 | Ellis Park, Johannesburg |
Legend: pen = penalty (3 pts.); con = conversion (2 pts.), drop = drop kick (3 pts.).

## Accolades

Heunis was named the SA Rugby Player of the Year for 1989
# Norm Hewitt

Norman Jason Hewitt (11 November 1968 – 16 July 2024) was a New Zealand rugby union player who played as a hooker. He won nine caps for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks. Hewitt participated in, and won, season one of Dancing with the Stars in 2005.

## Rugby career

Although in All Blacks squads from 1993 until 1999, Hewitt’s appearances were limited by the presence of Sean Fitzpatrick and later selectors also preferring Anton Oliver and Mark Hammett. He played 9 test matches (4 as a substitute) and 14 other matches for the New Zealand national team.
Hewitt played nearly 300 first class rugby matches. This included 15 for New Zealand Māori, 66 Super Rugby and 143 National Provincial Championship (NPC) matches. He captained New Zealand A and New Zealand Maori, the Hurricanes, Hawke’s Bay and Wellington.
Career highlights include:
* Hawke’s Bay's defeats of the 1993 British Lions (29–17) and the 1994 French tourists (30–25).
* being named the 1996 NPC Second Division Player of the Year.
* missing just one match in the first five years of Super 12.
* scoring seven tries for the All Blacks, although none in test matches.
* never losing in a test match, he played in eight All Black test wins and a draw against England.
* captaining Wellington to the NPC title against Canterbury in 2000, playing the majority of the final with a broken wrist.
At club level he represented Napier Tech Old Boys, Taradale, Albion and Wellington.

## Personal life

Hewitt was born in Hawke’s Bay, where he was also raised. Of Māori descent, he identified with Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Tūwharetoa. He was married to former world aerobic champion Arlene Thomas, who teaches group fitness at Jenkins Gym in Wellington.
Hewitt made a public apology after a drunken incident in 1998, and thereafter became an outspoken advocate of changing drinking habits.
Hewitt and professional dancer Carol-Ann Hickmore won the first series of Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand) on 19 June 2005. He donated his winnings to literacy charity Duffy Books in Homes, and was associated with Rangikura School, a primary school in Porirua.
In 2006 Hewitt's brother Rob, a Navy diver, was rescued after surviving four days and three nights floating in the sea off the coast of Porirua.
In 2018, Hewitt was featured in the documentary Making Good Men, which highlights the relationship between Hewitt and former schoolmate Manu Bennett.
Hewitt died in Wellington from motor neurone disease on 16 July 2024, at the age of 55.
# Percy Hickey

Percival "Percy" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter.

## Career

Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the Taranaki provincial side in 1919.
He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales.
Hickey played in two of the possible five matches. He played both of these games out of his regular position. In his second match against New South Wales, Hickey was judged to have committed an obstruction offence and conceded a penalty try. This was considered a part of the 14-8 defeat.
Hickey did not again play for Taranaki nor be chosen for the All Blacks.
However, in 1925 Hickey moved down to Wellington and joined the Poneke club. He made the Wellington provincial team that same year.
He later moved further south to Dunedin and then Double Bay, Sydney, Australia.

## Personal

Hickey's wife's name was Winnifred. She worked as a barman in Wellington.
# Tom Bourdillon

Thomas Duncan Bourdillon (/bɔːrˈdɪlən/ bor-DIL-ən; 16 March 1924 – 29 July 1956) was an English mountaineer and member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition which made the first ascent of Mount Everest. He died in Valais, Switzerland, on 29 July 1956 aged 32.

## Background and education

Born in Kensington, London, Bourdillon was the elder son of Robert Benedict Bourdillon (1889–1971), a scientist who in 1909 had been a founding member of the Oxford University Mountaineering Club and of his wife, Harriet Ada Barnes. He was a grandson of the poet Francis William Bourdillon, nephew of Francis Bernard Bourdillon, and cousin of John Francis Bourdillon.
Bourdillon was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Physics and was president of the Oxford University Mountaineering Club.

## Career

Bourdillon made a career as a physicist in rocket research.

## Mountaineer

Active as a climber while still a schoolboy, Bourdillon developed his climbing during his years at the University of Oxford. By his mid-twenties he was an inspiring figure in the renaissance of British climbing in the Alps, and he then moved on to the challenge of the Greater Ranges and Mount Everest.
Bourdillon had been with Eric Shipton on the 1951 reconnaissance of Everest and on Cho Oyu in 1952. He was in charge of the oxygen equipment on the 1952 and 1953 expeditions, and recommended closed-circuit equipment.
With his father, Robert Bourdillon, he developed the closed-circuit bottled oxygen apparatus used by Charles Evans and himself on their climb to the South Summit of Everest on 26 May 1953. Bourdillon could have been either the first or second man to officially reach the summit of Everest, but he was forced back when Evans's oxygen system failed. The pair came within 300 feet (91 m) of the Main Summit; both turning back after reaching the South Summit. Three days later, Hunt directed Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay to go for the Main Summit, using open-circuit equipment; which they reached on 29 May 1953. Bourdillon never attempted an Everest expedition again.
Bourdillon died with another climber, Richard Viney, in a climbing accident on 29 July 1956, while ascending the east buttress of the Jägihorn in the Bernese Oberland.

## Family

On 15 March 1951, Bourdillon married Jennifer Elizabeth Clapham Thomas (born 1929), a daughter of Ronald Clapham Thomas, at Hendon. They lived near Aylesbury and had one daughter, Nicola, born in 1954, and one son, Simon, who was only ten weeks old when his father died.
In July 2018, Bourdillon's widow opened a new outdoor activity centre at Gresham's School, with an assault course, a zip wire, abseiling, and a climbing tower.

## Films

Bourdillon appears as himself in the film The Conquest of Everest (1953) and in archive footage in The Race for Everest (2003).
# Taekwondo at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's 51 kg

The women's flyweight (−51 kilograms) event at the 2006 Asian Games took place on 8 December 2006 at Qatar SC Indoor Hall, Doha, Qatar.

## Schedule

All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Friday, 8 December 2006 | 14:00 | 1/16 finals |
| Friday, 8 December 2006 | 14:00 | 1/8 finals |
| Friday, 8 December 2006 | 14:00 | Quarterfinals |
| Friday, 8 December 2006 | 14:00 | Semifinals |
| Friday, 8 December 2006 | 14:00 | Final |

## Results
### Legend

* DQ — Won by disqualification

### Final

| Final | Final |
| Wu Yen-ni (TPE) | 0 |
| Kwon Eun-kyung (KOR) | 2 |

### Top half

| 1/16 finals | 1/16 finals | 1/8 finals | 1/8 finals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| | | Wang Ying (CHN) | 2 | | | | |
| Sara Khoshjamal Fekri (IRI) | 6 | Sara Khoshjamal Fekri (IRI) | 3 | | | | |
| Elyse Chakar (LIB) | 1 | | | Sara Khoshjamal Fekri (IRI) | 1 | | |
| | | | | Đỗ Thị Bích Hạnh (VIE) | 3 | | |
| | | Đỗ Thị Bích Hạnh (VIE) | 1 | | | | |
| | | Nila Ahmadi (AFG) | −1 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Đỗ Thị Bích Hạnh (VIE) | 2 |
| | | | | | | Wu Yen-ni (TPE) | 2 |
| | | Sonam Gaki (BHU) | 2 | | | | |
| | | Hadeel Fawzy (QAT) | 0 | | | | |
| | | | | Sonam Gaki (BHU) | 0 | | |
| | | | | Wu Yen-ni (TPE) | 4 | | |
| | | Loraine Catalan (PHI) | 0 | | | | |
| | | Wu Yen-ni (TPE) | 0 | | | | |

### Bottom half

| 1/16 finals | 1/16 finals | 1/8 finals | 1/8 finals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| | | Chhoeung Puthearim (CAM) | 1 | | | | |
| | | Ai Yamaji (JPN) | 2 | | | | |
| | | | | Ai Yamaji (JPN) | 0 | | |
| | | | | Natthaya Sangsasiton (THA) | 3 | | |
| | | Padma Gurung (NEP) | 2 | | | | |
| | | Natthaya Sangsasiton (THA) | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Natthaya Sangsasiton (THA) | 3 |
| | | | | | | Kwon Eun-kyung (KOR) | 6 |
| | | Priyangika Gomes (SRI) | 1 | | | | |
| | | Gulchehra Rahimova (TJK) | 7 | | | | |
| | | | | Gulchehra Rahimova (TJK) | 1 | | |
| Kwon Eun-kyung (KOR) | 3 | | | Kwon Eun-kyung (KOR) | 3 | | |
| Nazgul Tazhigulova (KAZ) | 1 | Kwon Eun-kyung (KOR) | DQ | | | | |
| | | Kawthar Al-Naser (KUW) | | | | | |
# Wigutae of Buyeo

King Wigutae was king of Buyeo.

## Biography

Nothing is known about Wigutae's ancestors or year of birth.
In 111, the king of Buyeo reportedly sent 7.000 to 8.000 horsemen to raid the Lelang Commandery of the later Han. In 120, in reconciliation, he sent his heir, Wigutae, to pay tribute to emperor An, who gave him a golden medal and a seal.
In 121, king Taejodae of Goguryeo led thousands of horsemen from the area of the Mahan confederacy to the area of the Yemaek people to attack the Xuantu commandery. The king of Buyeo then sent his heir, Wigutae, with 20.000 men to repel the forces of Goguryeo.
When Wutae came to the throne, he married a daughter of Gongsun Du, an influential warlord from the Liaodong peninsula.
After his death he would be succeeded by his son, Gangwigeo.

## Identity

Weigutae is mentioned both in the Book of the Later Han and in the Records of the Three Kingdoms. In the first of the two he is mentioned as heir of the throne of Buyeo during the early 120s. While in the second he his mentioned as a contemporary of Gongsun Du, who lived at the end of the 2nd century. Probably, the two aren't the same person, even considering the fact that in 167 the king of Buyeo was called Butae.