OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Waterfall railway station, Sydney

Waterfall railway station is located on the Illawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Waterfall. It is served by Sydney Trains' T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink's South Coast Line services.

## History

The station opened on 9 March 1886 as Waterfalls, being renamed later in the year. It served as the line's terminus until it was extended to Scarborough in 1887. When the line was duplicated from Hurstville on 12 December 1890, the station was relocated northwards. In 1897 a locomotive depot opened.
On 4 May 1905 the station moved 600 metres north to its present location.
On 20 December 1994, a shunting accident involving two empty S sets saw one train jack-knife onto the platform, demolishing the concrete pedestrian bridge.
The original weatherboard building was demolished in 1995 and replaced by a rendered brick building.
South of Waterfall railway station is the site of the Waterfall train disaster, a rail accident that claimed the lives of the driver and six passengers on 31 January 2003.
Work commenced in late 2013 to make the station fully wheelchair accessible.

## Sidings

Waterfall has sidings for staging freight trains in either direction and a bypass track for goods trains on either side of the platforms. There are also three sidings for the stabling of suburban electric trains to the east of the station. If both platforms at Waterfall station are occupied, then trains that do not stop at Waterfall will also pass by on the bypass tracks.

## Platforms and services

| Platform | Line | Stopping pattern |
| 1 | T4 | terminating services to & from Bondi Junction |
| 1 | SCO | services to Sydney Central, Bondi Junction & Port Kembla |
| 2 | T4 | terminating services to & from Bondi Junction |
| 2 | SCO | services to Port Kembla & Kiama |
# Jaromír Šámal

Jaromír Šámal (12 July 1900 – 5 June 1942) was a Czech zoologist and entomologist. He served as a professor of agriculture at the Czech Technical University. He specialized on aquatic organisms including insects, particularly the stoneflies and mayflies.

## Life and work

Šámal was the son of the Czech leader Přemysl Šámal (1867–1941) who was part of the anti-Austrian and anti-Nazi resistance. After his high school he went to Charles University where he studied under professor Alois Mrázek and Julius Komárek. He received a doctorate in 1923 and became an assistant to Jaromír Wenig and later Jiří Janda. He then joined the Czech Technical University where he became a professor of zoology in 1935. He also worked on fisheries projects.
He married Milada née Cebeová (1906–1981) who was also a zoologist and they had two children. During the German invasion of 1939 he went into hiding and joined the resistance movement. Both his parents were arrested, his mother was taken to Auschwitz while his father died in 1941. His wife was arrested and sent to concentration camps in Terezín, Auschwitz and Ravensbrück and their two children were taken to Germany for re-education. After the war, they were found and repatriated. Šámal was arrested in May and following the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, he was executed along with others by Nazi forces by shooting at Kobylisy on 5 June 1942. The mayfly species Ecdynonurus samalorum was named after the couple.
# Romulus and Remus (Rubens)

Romulus and Remus is a painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens. It is housed in the Pinacoteca Capitolina in Rome, Italy. It depicts the brothers Romulus and Remus being cared for by a wolf. The painting also shows the god of the Tiber river sitting on his urn, a woodpecker that watched over the twins to bring them food, and a shepherd discovering the infants.
# 2018 Taolu World Cup

The 2018 Taolu World Cup was the second edition of the Taolu World Cup. It was held at the Thuwunna National Indoor Stadium (1) in Yangon, Myanmar from November 14 to 18, 2018. Athletes qualified for this competition by placing in the top-eight of any taolu individual event at the 2017 World Wushu Championships.

## Medal summary
### Medal table

* Host nation (Myanmar)
| Rank | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Hong Kong | 6 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 2 | China | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 3 | Malaysia | 5 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| 4 | Vietnam | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 5 | Macau | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 6 | Myanmar* | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 7 | Russia | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 8 | Ukraine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 9 | Japan | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 10 | Chinese Taipei | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 11 | Singapore | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 | India | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 12 | Philippines | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | United States | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 15 | South Korea | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 16 | Indonesia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 16 | Spain | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (17 entries) | Totals (17 entries) | 22 | 22 | 21 | 65 |

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Changquan | Chang Zhizhao China | Yong Yi Xiang Singapore | Song Chi Kuan Macau |
| Daoshu | Li Zhifeng China | Wang Chen-ming Chinese Taipei | Ilias Khusnutdinov Russia |
| Gunshu | Ilias Khusnutdinov Russia | Wang Chen-ming Chinese Taipei | Lee Yong-hyun South Korea |
| Jianshu | Wong Weng Son Malaysia | Tomoya Okawa Japan | Lee Ha-sung South Korea |
| Qiangshu | Wong Weng Son Malaysia | Tomoya Okawa Japan | Muhammad Daffa Golden Boy Indonesia |
| Nanquan | Li Jianming China | Phạm Quốc Khánh Vietnam | Chio Wai Keong Macau |
| Nandao | Huang Junhua Macau | Lai Po-wei Chinese Taipei | Leung Cheuk Hei Hong Kong |
| Nangun | Cao Khắc Đạt Vietnam | Thornton Sayan Philippines | Huang Junhua Macau |
| Taijiquan | Yang Shunhong China | Samuei Hui Hong Kong | Nyein Chan Ko Ko Myanmar |
| Taijijian | Nyein Chan Ko Ko Myanmar | Samuei Hui Hong Kong | Zhuang Jiahong Hong Kong |
| Duilian | Ukraine Daniil Feshcenko Artem Suong Roman Reva | India Anjul Namedo Chirag Sharma Aditya Kumar | none awarded |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Changquan | Wang Xue China | Ganna Tereshchenko Ukraine | Sou Cho Man Macau |
| Daoshu | Liu Xuxu Hong Kong | Sandra Konstantinova Russia | Mia Tian United States |
| Gunshu | Liu Xuxu Hong Kong | Sandra Konstantinova Russia | Hoàng Thị Phương Giang Vietnam |
| Jianshu | Phoon Eyin Malaysia | Li Yi Macau | Paloma Panos Milla Spain |
| Qiangshu | Phoon Eyin Malaysia | Sandi Oo Myanmar | Keiko Yamaguchi Japan |
| Nanquan | Chen Huiying China | Tan Cheong Min Malaysia | Lucy Lee United States |
| Nandao | He Jianxin Hong Kong | Aye Thitsar Myint Myanmar | Tan Cheong Min Malaysia |
| Nangun | He Jianxin Hong Kong | Nguyễn Thục Anh Vietnam | Aye Thitsar Myint Myanmar |
| Taijiquan | Chen Suijin Hong Kong | Shiho Sato Japan | Vera Tan Singapore |
| Taijijian | Chen Suijin Hong Kong | Trần Thị Minh Huyền Vietnam | Audrey Chan Malaysia |
| Duilian | Malaysia Tan Cheong Min Phoon Eyin Loh Ying Ting | Macau Li Yi Sou Cho Man | United States Mia Tian Lucy Lee |
# Jerry Melillo

Jerry Michael Melillo (born 1943) is a Distinguished Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory and a professor of biology at Brown University. In 2014, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. From 1998 to 2005 he was president of SCOPE.
Melillo attended Wesleyan University and Yale University.
# Hapjeong station

Hapjeong Station (Korean: 합정역; Korean pronunciation:) is a subterranean station of Seoul Subway Line 2 and Seoul Subway Line 6. The station is located just north of the Han River in Mapo District. The name of the subway station comes from its local name. The name of the area means clam well.
The station is the southern end of Hongdae area, which is the centre of urban arts and indie music culture of Seoul. It is closest to the historical site of Jeoldu-san, a place where over 10,000 Koreans of the Roman Catholic faith were beheaded in 1866 under the orders of Daewon-gun. Yanghwajin Foreigners' Cemetery and the Holt International Children's Services are also located near the station. The northern end of Yanghwa Bridge is near the gates of the station.

## Trivia

The song "Hapjeong Station Exit 5" (합정역 5번 출구), by Yoo Jae-suk, is about a pair of lovers who meet at Hapjeong station for the last time before breaking up.

## Gallery

* Station sign (Line 6)
# Antoine Drolet

Antoine Drolet (born March 26, 1940) was a politician in Quebec, Canada and a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA).

## Background

He was born in Donnacona, Quebec, on March 26, 1940, and was a Social Credit activist in the 1960s.

## Political career

Drolet ran as a Ralliement national candidate in 1966 and finished third in the provincial district of Portneuf.
He ran as a candidate of the Ralliement créditiste in 1970 and won.
During his term of office, the party was plagued by internal divisions. While three MNAs remained loyal to Leader Camil Samson, Drolet and the rest of the caucus withdrew their support and appointed Armand Bois as temporary leader, until a leadership convention could determine a new leader.
Eventually, the Samson faction re-joined the party and Yvon Dupuis was chosen as leader. Drolet succeeded Aurèle Audet as House Whip.
He lost re-election in 1973 against Liberal candidate Michel Pagé.
# René Serge Larouche

René Serge Larouche (February 27, 1944 – October 14, 2023) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Anjou in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1988 to 1991.
A marketing consultant, he was first elected as a Quebec Liberal Party MNA in a by-election on June 20, 1988, following the resignation of Pierre-Marc Johnson during the 33rd Quebec Legislature, defeating former Parti Québécois cabinet minister Pauline Marois. He was re-elected in the 1989 Quebec general election, defeating PQ candidate Louise Laurin; however, following the Oka Crisis of 1990, he quit the Liberal Party caucus on the grounds that he was opposed to the government negotiating with "terrorists".
He sat the remainder of his term in the assembly as an independent, until resigning the legislature on June 19, 1991.
# Stratton, Colorado

Stratton is a statutory town in Kit Carson County, Colorado, United States. The population was 656 at the 2020 census. Stratton was named in honor of the gold miner and philanthropist Winfield Scott Stratton.

## Geography

Stratton is located at 39°18′11″N 102°36′15″W﻿ / ﻿39.30306°N 102.60417°W﻿ / 39.30306; -102.60417 (39.302976, -102.604272).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km$^2$), all of it land.

### Climate

Climate data for Stratton, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–2012 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) | 80 (27) | 85 (29) | 93 (34) | 99 (37) | 106 (41) | 108 (42) | 105 (41) | 101 (38) | 94 (34) | 83 (28) | 83 (28) | 108 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 66.3 (19.1) | 67.4 (19.7) | 78.3 (25.7) | 84.8 (29.3) | 90.3 (32.4) | 98.0 (36.7) | 101.0 (38.3) | 98.3 (36.8) | 94.6 (34.8) | 86.2 (30.1) | 75.0 (23.9) | 66.4 (19.1) | 101.5 (38.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 43.0 (6.1) | 46.1 (7.8) | 56.0 (13.3) | 63.2 (17.3) | 73.2 (22.9) | 84.2 (29.0) | 89.6 (32.0) | 87.5 (30.8) | 79.7 (26.5) | 66.7 (19.3) | 52.6 (11.4) | 43.7 (6.5) | 65.5 (18.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.4 (−0.9) | 32.8 (0.4) | 41.3 (5.2) | 48.5 (9.2) | 58.8 (14.9) | 69.6 (20.9) | 75.1 (23.9) | 73.3 (22.9) | 64.7 (18.2) | 51.8 (11.0) | 39.5 (4.2) | 31.3 (−0.4) | 51.4 (10.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.7 (−7.9) | 19.6 (−6.9) | 26.5 (−3.1) | 33.7 (0.9) | 44.5 (6.9) | 54.9 (12.7) | 60.7 (15.9) | 59.1 (15.1) | 49.6 (9.8) | 36.9 (2.7) | 26.4 (−3.1) | 18.8 (−7.3) | 37.4 (3.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −0.9 (−18.3) | −0.3 (−17.9) | 9.0 (−12.8) | 19.1 (−7.2) | 30.7 (−0.7) | 41.4 (5.2) | 51.5 (10.8) | 50.7 (10.4) | 35.9 (2.2) | 21.2 (−6.0) | 9.9 (−12.3) | −0.3 (−17.9) | −9.0 (−22.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) | −26 (−32) | −19 (−28) | 3 (−16) | 16 (−9) | 30 (−1) | 40 (4) | 40 (4) | 20 (−7) | 6 (−14) | −6 (−21) | −24 (−31) | −26 (−32) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.41 (10) | 0.58 (15) | 0.81 (21) | 2.24 (57) | 2.72 (69) | 2.68 (68) | 3.34 (85) | 2.87 (73) | 0.93 (24) | 1.18 (30) | 0.62 (16) | 0.43 (11) | 18.81 (479) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.1 (10) | 5.2 (13) | 6.0 (15) | 5.6 (14) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 2.7 (6.9) | 6.1 (15) | 3.8 (9.7) | 33.9 (84.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 70.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 19.7 |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

## Education

The community is served by Stratton Senior High School.

## Transportation

* Interstate 70
* U.S. Highway 24
# Nikriz pitch class set

In Turkish classical music, the Nikriz pitch class set is a set of scales that are named after the Nikriz makam. For Nikriz, there is only the pentachord, as the 4th is raised. The Nikriz pentachord is the same as putting the 53-TET equivalent of a whole step in the beginning of the Hicaz tetrachord.

## Nikriz pentachord in 53-TET

The intervals of the Nikriz pentachord within 53 Tone Equal Temperament are given in the table:
Nikriz pitch class set :
| Pentachord | Tetrachord | Note order | Step to next note (Number of steps) | Note name starting from Rast |
| Nikriz pentachord | - | 1 | T (9) | Rast |
| Nikriz pentachord | Hicaz tetrachord (starting from Dügâh) | 2 | S (5) | Dügâh |
| Nikriz pentachord | Hicaz tetrachord (starting from Dügâh) | 3 | A (12) | Dik Kürdî |
| Nikriz pentachord | Hicaz tetrachord (starting from Dügâh) | 4 | S (5) | Nim Hicaz |
| Nikriz pentachord | Hicaz tetrachord (starting from Dügâh) | 5 | - | Neva |

## Makams that use the Nikriz pentachord

| Name of Makam | Lower Çeşni | Higher Çeşni | Higher Çeşni | Notes |
| Nikriz | Nikriz pentachord | Rast tetrachord | Buselik tetrachord | |
| Neveser | Nikriz pentachord | Hicaz tetrachord | Hicaz tetrachord | |
# Isotoma petraea

Isotoma petraea, commonly known as rock isotome, is a small, herbaceous plant in the family Campanulaceae occurring in arid regions of Australia. It has single, purplish-blue flowers on smooth, slender branches from February to November.

## Description

Isotoma petraea is an erect, spreading, perennial or annual herbaceous plant with smooth branches that typically grows to a height of 0.2 to 0.6 metres (0.7 to 2.0 ft). The smooth leaves are narrowly egg-shaped to elliptic, 3–7.5 cm (1.2–3.0 in) long, 1–3.5 cm (0.39–1.38 in) wide, petiolate on lower sections sessile toward the branch apex, sharply lobed, unevenly spaced teeth and ending in a point. The blue-purplish flowers are borne singly on a wiry peduncle 8–25 cm (3.1–9.8 in) long. The calyces are narrow-triangular, pointed, 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long, corolla is mostly white and may have a flush of purplish-blue, a light green floral tube 14–20 mm (0.55–0.79 in) long with prominent veins. The smooth petals are lance-oblong shaped 9–12 mm (0.35–0.47 in) long and tapering sharply to a point. The fruit are rounded, slightly ribbed and 12–22 mm (0.47–0.87 in) long. Flowering occurs mostly in summer.

## Taxonomy and naming

This species was first formally described in 1853 by Ferdinand von Mueller and the description was published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. The specific epithet (petraea) is derived from the Latin petraeus meaning "growing amongst rocks".

## Distribution and habitat

It is found on breakways, among rocky outcrops and in rock crevices in the Mid West, Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in shallow sandy soils over granite. In New South Wales it grows west of Wilcannia mostly on slopes and rocky locations on shallow granite based soils. In South Australia it is a widespread species growing in rocky locations.
# Claude Trudel

Claude Trudel (born March 2, 1942) is a Canadian politician. He served as the borough mayor of Verdun in the city of Montreal, Quebec from 2002 to 2012. He was a member of the Union Montreal party.

## Career

In 2001, he was elected as a Montreal city councillor as a member of Union Montreal. He was reelected in 2005 as the borough mayor of Verdun. He was named majority leader at city council, and was president of the Société de transport de Montréal. He was reelected as Verdun borough mayor in 2009, following the 2009 Montreal municipal election and quit that post on December 4, 2012, stating that he was disenchanted with the fickle nature of political life in light of the "circus" following former mayor Gérald Tremblay's departure, referring to new Montreal Mayor Michael Applebaum and what he called the "betrayal" of his fellow city councillors.
He was named to the Montreal Executive Committee as the person responsible for public safety.
Trudel served as the Quebec Liberal Party Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the Bourget electoral district from 1985 to 1989.

## Education

He studied at Collège Saint-Viateur in Outremont before receiving a law degree from Université de Montréal in 1967. He was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1968. He obtained a master's degree from the London School of Economics in 1969.
# Leadbetter

Leadbetter may refer to:

## Places

* Leadbetter Beach (or Ledbetter Beach), a beach in Santa Barbara, California.
* Leadbetter Point, a point in Pacific County, Washington.
* Leadbetter Point State Park, a state park and protected area in the U.S. state of Washington.

## Others

* Leadbetter (surname), includes a list of people and characters with the name
# Brian O'Gallagher

Brian O'Gallagher is an Australian politician from the Country Liberal Party.
He is a Darwin City Councillor. In the 2020 Northern Territory general election, O'Gallagher lost to Labor minister Ngaree Ah Kit in Karama. In the 2024 Northern Territory general election, he unseated Ah Kit in the same electoral division.
# I.am+

i.am+ is an American technology company based in Los Angeles, California. The company was founded by musician and entrepreneur Will.i.am, in 2013 with the mission of "creating wearable products that combine fashion and technology." In 2016, i.am+ acquired Israeli machine learning software company Sensiya, now known as over.ai.

## Products
### i.am+ camera for iPhone 4

In 2012 i.am+ announced a camera accessory for the iPhone 4.

### dial

dial was a SIM-enabled smartwatch available in the UK exclusively through Three. Featuring a voice-enabled AI named AneedA, the smartwatch is the first of its kind with a conversational operating system. The dial is also does not need to be tethered to a smart phone and can send calls and SMS messages independently. Included with the dial is a music streaming service with over 20 million songs.

### EPs

i.am+ EPs are high-end Bluetooth headphones. The circular and phones form was supposedly designed to echo their namesake vinyl records. The EPs feature a woven fabric cable and a magnetic clip so they can be worn around the neck when not in use.

### BUTTONS

The EPs were replaced with the 2nd generation of bluetooth headphones (now called i.am+ BUTTONS). i.am+ BUTTONS launched in November 2016.

### over.ai

In July 2016, i.am+ acquired Israeli company Sensiya, now over.ai, to continue research and development of their machine learning and natural language understanding technologies.

### Wink

In July 2017, i.am+ purchased Wink, a software and hardware manufacturer, from Flex in a $38.7 million deal.

### Earin

In January 2018 i.am+ attempted to acquire Swedish earbuds startup Earin. The acquisition later fell through for undisclosed reasons.

### Omega Voice Assistant

In October 2018, i.am+ announced a new platform agnostic voice assistant called Omega.
In 2018, Majid Al Futtaim formed a partnership with i.am+ to introduce its omega technology in the Middle east, Asia, and Africa.

## Funding

In November 2017, the company secured $117 million in funding. Prior to this, it had raised $89 million from a group, including Salesforce.

## Controversy

In late 2019, the company was the subject of multiple tax liens, with the California Franchise Tax Board alleging over $500,000 in delinquent taxes and the IRS alleging $1.78 million in delinquent taxes and interest.
# CD27

CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is currently of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and is the target of an anti-cancer drug in clinical trials.

## Expression

During mouse embryonic development, specific (medium) expression levels of CD27 (in addition to high cKit, medium Gata2, and high CD31 expression levels) define the very first adult definitive hematopoietic stem cells generated in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. Furthermore, CD27 is expressed on both naïve and activated effector T cells as well as NK cells and activated B cells. It is a type I transmembrane protein with cysteine-rich domains, but once T cells have become activated, a soluble form of CD27 can be shed.

## Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. It binds to ligand CD70, and plays a key role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
When CD27 binds CD70, a signaling cascade leads to the differentiation and clonal expansion of T cells. The cascade also results in improved survival and memory of cytotoxic T cells and increased production of certain cytokines. This receptor transduces signals that lead to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK8/JNK. Adaptor proteins TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5 have been shown to mediate the signaling process of this receptor via ubiquitination. CD27-binding protein (SIVA), a proapoptotic protein, can bind to this receptor and is thought to play an important role in the apoptosis induced by this receptor.
In murine γδ T cells its expression has been correlated with the secretion of IFNγ.

## Clinical significance
### As a drug target

Varlilumab is an IgG1 antibody that binds to CD27 and is an experimental cancer treatment. This agonist antibody stimulates CD27 when it binds. The drug is in early clinical trials and appears to stimulate T cells and increase production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma.

## Interactions

CD27 has been shown to interact with SIVA1, TRAF2 and TRAF3.

## Mutations

Some mutations can decrease the expression of CD27. Three such mutations, C53Y, C96Y, and R107C, are located in the cysteine-rich domains of CD27.
# CD20-like family

In molecular biology, the CD20-like family of proteins includes the CD20 protein and the beta subunit of the high affinity receptor for IgE Fc, MS4A2. MS4A2 has a tetrameric structure consisting of a single IgE-binding alpha subunit, a single beta subunit, and two disulfide-linked gamma subunits. It has four putative transmembrane segments and a probable topology where both amino- and carboxy termini protrude into the cytoplasm. This family also includes LR8 like proteins from humans (TMEM176B), mice and rats. The function of the human LR8 protein is unknown although it is known to be strongly expressed in the lung fibroblasts. This family also includes sarcospan, a transmembrane component of dystrophin-associated glycoprotein. Loss of the sarcoglycan complex and sarcospan alone is sufficient to cause muscular dystrophy. The role of the sarcoglycan complex and sarcospan is thought to be to strengthen the dystrophin axis connecting the basement membrane with the cytoskeleton.