OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas J. Smull

Thomas Jefferson Smull (September 22, 1875 – February 15, 1962) was an American professor of engineering, athletics administrator, athlete, and coach. He was the head football coach at Ohio Northern University in 1905, 1910 and 1918. A member of the faculty at Ohio Northern from 1905 to 1942, he was also the faculty manager of athletics and was known as the school's "father of athletics".

## Early years and college athlete

Smull was born in 1875 in Mackeyville, Pennsylvania. He attended the Central State Normal School (now known as Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania) in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. He played for the school's baseball team in 1897 and 1898. In 1900, he enrolled at Susquehanna University where he again played for that school's baseball team.
In 1901, Smull enrolled at Ohio Northern University. He remained active in athletics and was chosen as captain of both the football and baseball teams. He graduated from Ohio Northern in 1904 with a degree in civil engineering.
In October 1903, Smull played in a football game against Michigan. Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost was impressed by Smull and recruited him. In the fall of 1904, Smull transferred to Michigan. He appeared in five games for Yost's 1904 "Point-a-Minute" football team that compiled a 10–0 record and outscored opponents, 567 to 22.
Smull left Michigan before the end of the 1904 season, transferring to Lafayette College. According to one account, he was found it impossible to arrange a schedule at Michigan that also allowed him to pursue his studies.

## Professor and coach

Smull returned to Ohio Northern in 1905 as the head of the engineering department and faculty manager of athletics. He had exclusive control over the school's athletic program from 1905 to 1908. In 1908, he organized the Ohio Northern University Athletic Board and served as its chairman for five years. He remained as the honorary president and advisor to the Athletic Board until 1922.
In 1916, he led Ohio Northern's successful effort to seek admission to the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC). He remained the school's faculty representative with the OAC for many years. He retired from the Ohio Northern faculty in 1942.

## Later years and honors

From 1942 to 1955, he was a materials engineer for the Ohio Department of Highways. He died in 1962 in Lima, Ohio.
As a tribute to Smull's contributions, Ohio Northern's engineering college is known as the T.J. Smull College of Engineering.
In 1968, Smull was selected as one of the six inaugural inductees into the Ohio Northern Athletics Hall of Fame.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Ohio Northern (Independent) (1905) ||||||
| 1905 | Ohio Northern | 2–3 | | |
| Ohio Northern (Independent) (1910) ||||||
| 1910 | Ohio Northern | 2–5 | | |
| Ohio Northern (Ohio Athletic Conference) (1918) ||||||
| 1918 | Ohio Northern | 1–5 | 0–5 | T–14th |
| Ohio Northern: | Ohio Northern: | 5–13 | 0–5 | |
| Total: | Total: | 5–13 | | |
# Podocarpus latifolius

Podocarpus latifolius (real yellowwood, broad-leaved yellowwood, or South African yellowwood, Afrikaans: Opregte-geelhout, Northern Sotho: Mogôbagôba, Xhosa: Umcheya, Zulu: Umkhoba) is a large evergreen tree up to 35 m high and 3 m trunk diameter, in the conifer family Podocarpaceae; it is the type species of the genus Podocarpus.
The real yellowwood has been declared the national tree of South Africa and is protected there.

## Appearance

The real yellowwood is a large evergreen tree that grows up to 30 meters in height. It grows relatively slowly but forms a wood of exceptional quality.
The leaves are strap-shaped, 25–40 mm long on mature trees or up to 100 mm long on young trees, and 6–12 mm broad, with a bluntly pointed tip. The species name "latifolius" is Latin for "broad-leaved". The bright-coloured foliage of new growth stands out against the dark leaves of mature foliage.
The cones of this dioecious tree are berry-like, with a single (rarely two) 7–11 mm seed apical on an 8–14 mm pink-purple aril; the aril is edible and sweet. The male (pollen) cones are 10–30 mm long.

## Distribution

It is native to the moister southern and eastern areas of South Africa, from coastal areas of the Western Cape east to KwaZulu-Natal and north to eastern Limpopo. Pockets are naturally found further north in and around Zimbabwe.
It is commonly found in afro-temperate forests and often in mountainous areas. In harsh or exposed areas it tends to become stunted, small and dense.

## Ecology

Podocarpus latifolius is the preferred phorophyte species of Solenangis conica, an epiphytic orchid.

## Human usage

It is a slow-growing tree but exceptionally long-lived, and is increasingly grown as an ornamental feature in South African gardens. The unusual texture of the foliage is a reason for its growing popularity. The bright edible berries attract birds, which spread the seed.
The wood is hard, similar to yew wood, used for furniture, panelling, etc. Due to past over-exploitation, little is now cut.

## Taxonomy
### Relationship to Podocarpus milanjianus

Podocarpus latifolius is closely related to Podocarpus milanjianus. Whether they are a single or two separate species is not settled. Some authorities treat the South African populations as Podocarpus latifolius, and those elsewhere in Africa as Podocarpus milanjianus. Others treat them as a single species, Podocarpus latifolius.
A 2020 study sampled DNA from Podocarpus latifolius and Podocarpus milanjianus trees, gathered from 88 sites across Africa. They concluded that all populations sampled constituted a single species: "As South African samples (P. latifolius) did not form a clade separated from the other clades (P. milanjianus), we confirm that the two taxa can be considered as synonyms." The authors concluded that the species originated in East Africa. The western populations, in the highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria and in the Angolan highlands, diverged from the other populations around 300,000 years ago, and the species expanded to its current distribution pattern about 200,000 years ago.
# Lash Out

"Lash Out" is a song by German-Canadian-English singer Alice Merton.

## Production

Merton co-wrote the song with songwriter Dave Bassett. The song was released through Paper Plane Records and Mom + Pop Music on 30 May 2018 with a music video. The song includes a guitar-heavy track similar to Merton's other singles "No Roots" and "Hit The Ground Running." The single was included in the American re-release of Merton's EP No Roots. The music video was co-directed by Max Nadolny and Jonas Stark, with shots recorded in Berlin and South Africa.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Canada Rock (Billboard) | 22 |
| Croatia (HRT) | 65 |
| Czech Republic Modern Rock (IFPI) | 8 |
| Italy (FIMI) | 66 |
| Switzerland Airplay (Schweizer Hitparade) | 89 |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 37 |
| US Rock Airplay (Billboard) | 22 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2018) | Position |
| Iceland (Plötutíóindi) | 97 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Les Planes (Barcelona–Vallès Line)

Les Planes is a railway station in Les Planes, in the Serra de Collserola hills, part of the Sarrià-Sant Gervasi district of Barcelona. It is served by lines S1 and S2 of the Metro del Vallès commuter rail system, which are operated by Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya, who also run the station.
The station has three tracks, although the track nearest the station building is a terminal track only accessible from the south. The tracks are served by four platform faces, but only those of the island platform between the through tracks are in normal use. This platform is accessed by footbridge, stairs, and lifts.
The station building is the only example of a railway station in Catalonia executed in the modernista or Art Nouveau style. It opened in 1916 as the northern terminus of the first section of the line from Peu del Funicular station to the Vallès.
* Les Planes railway station from outside
* Scale model of the station at Catalunya en Miniatura
# Barbara Skarga

Barbara Skarga (25 October 1919 – 18 September 2009) was a Polish philosophy historian and philosopher who worked mainly in ethics and epistemology.

## Biography

Skarga was born in 1919 at Warsaw to a Calvinist family with gentry roots. Her sister was actress Hanna Skarżanka and brother was Edward Skarga.
Skarga studied philosophy at Wilno University. During World War II, she was a member of the resistance movement Armia Krajowa. In 1944 the Soviet NKVD arrested and sentenced her to ten years at the katorga. Afterwards, she was forced to live at a collective farm. After the war she wrote an anonymous memoir about her time in the gulag.
She returned to Poland in 1955 and graduated in 1957 with a Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Warsaw. In 1988 she became a full professor of philosophy.
Skarga was an editor-in-chief of Etyka. In 1995, she was awarded Order of the White Eagle.
Skarga died on 18 September 2009 in Olsztyn, and was buried in Warsaw.
In 2022, the Barbara Skarga Foundation is based in Warsaw and offers a scholarship to unpublished philosophers.
# C48 road (Namibia)

The C48, also the D3403, is a short secondary route in the Caprivi Strip of north-eastern Namibia. It connects Divundu via Bagani to the Botswanan-Namibian border at Mohembo and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) long. The Popa Falls can be reached via the C48.
# ML2 Line (Madrid Metro)

Line 2 o ML-2 of Madrid's Metro Ligero (Spain) is a light rail line 8.7 km long. It has 13 stations, 3 of them underground, and was built between 2004 and 2007. It connects Colonia Jardín (Latina district) with Aravaca, crossing Pozuelo de Alarcón.

## Itinerary

ML2 line starts at Colonia Jardín Station. Then it borders Ciudad de la Imagen, crosses Somosaguas, the Universidad Complutense campus and Pozuelo de Alarcón town center. The line ends at Aravaca.
# Impressionism (literature)

Literary Impressionism is influenced by the European Impressionist art movement; as such, many writers adopted a style that relied on associations. The Dutch Tachtigers explicitly tried to incorporate Impressionism into their prose, poems, and other literary works. Much of what has been called "impressionist" literature is subsumed into several other categories, especially Symbolism, its chief exponents being Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, Verlaine and Laforgue, and the Imagists. It focuses on a particular character's perception of events. The edges of reality are blurred by choosing points of view that lie outside the norm.
Impressionistic literature can be simply defined as when an author centers their story or attention on the character's mental life (such as the character's impressions, feelings, sensations and emotions) rather than trying to interpret them. Authors such as Virginia Woolf (Mrs Dalloway) and Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness and "The Lagoon") are among the foremost creators of the form. These novels have been said to be the finest examples of a genre which is not easily comprehensible.
The term is used to describe a work of literature characterized by the selection of a few details to convey the sense impressions left by an incident or scene. This style of writing occurs when characters, scenes, or actions are portrayed from a subjective point of view of reality.
In Russian literature, the modernist novelist Aleksey Remizov is considered most impressionist author.
# Band cell

A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.
It is characterized by having a curved but not lobular nucleus.
The term "band cell" implies a granulocytic lineage (e.g., neutrophils).

## Clinical significance

Band neutrophils are an intermediary step prior to the complete maturation of segmented neutrophils. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are initially released from the bone marrow as band cells. As the immature neutrophils become activated or exposed to pathogens, their nucleus will take on a segmented appearance. An increase in the number of these immature neutrophils in circulation can be indicative of an infection for which they are being called to fight against, or some inflammatory process. The increase of band cells in the circulation is called bandemia and is a "left shift" process.
Blood reference ranges for neutrophilic band cells in adults are 3 to 5% of white blood cells, or up to 0.7 × 10$^9$/L.
An excess may sometimes be referred to as bandemia.
# Ectoedemia decentella

Ectoedemia decentella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae found in Europe. It was described in 1855, by the German entomologist and physician, Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer.

## Description

The wingspan is 5–81 mm. There are two generations per year, with adults on wing in June and again in August.
The larvae feed on field maple (Acer campestre), Montpellier maple (Acer monspessulanum), Acer obtusatum, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Cretan maple ((Acer sempervirens). Pupation takes place outside of the mine.

## Distribution

It is found from Sweden to the Iberian Peninsula, the Alps and Greece, and from Great Britain to Ukraine.
# Michael Heffernan (academic)

Michael John Heffernan FBA is a historical geographer and academic. Since 1999, he has been Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Nottingham.

## Career

Michael Heffernan was awarded a PhD at St John's College, Cambridge in 1987 for his thesis on The Politics of Literacy: Cultural Change and Political Responses in Nineteenth-Century Provincial France. Heffernan joined Loughborough University as a lecturer in 1985, and was promoted to senior lecturer five years later, then to a readership in 1995. In 1999, he was appointed Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Nottingham.
According to his British Academy profile, Heffernan's research focuses on "the history of geography and cartography" and "the historical geography of France and the French Empire in the 19th and 20th centuries". More specifically, he has studied citizenship and national identity in late-19th- and early-20th-century France and Germany, as well as topics of war and memory between the First and Second World Wars, both with geographical and landscape dimensions, as well as the role of maps and the media in modern, western Europe.

## Honours and awards

In 2015, Heffernan was elected a Fellow of the British Academy, the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.

## Selected publications

* The Meaning of Europe: Geography and Geopolitics (Edward Arnold, 1998).
# Brian Tate

Robert Brian Tate, FBA, FRHistS (27 December 1921 – 21 February 2011) was a Northern Irish Hispanist and Renaissance scholar. He was the Professor of Hispanic Studies at the University of Nottingham from 1958 to 1983.

## Early life, war service and education

Born on 27 December 1921, Tate attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before studying modern languages at Queen's University, Belfast. With his education interrupted by service as an officer in the British Army during the Second World War (he served in Southeast Asia), he completed his degree at Belfast in 1948. His tutor Ignasi González i Llubera encouraged him to visit to Barcelona and Girona and he began an association with Spanish scholars including Vicens Vives and Pierre Vilar. Returning to Belfast, he completed a master's degree and then a doctorate, the latter on late-medieval Spanish history-writing.

## Career, research, honours and later life

Tate was an assistant lecturer at the University of Manchester from 1949 to 1952. He returned to Queen's University once more to be a lecturer in 1952. In 1956, he moved to the University of Nottingham to take up the Readership in Hispanic Studies. In 1958, he was appointed the Professor of Hispanic Studies there (he was also head of the Department of Hispanic Studies). Tate retired in 1983.
Tate's first book was a biography of Joan Margarit i Pau (1954); he also wrote El Cardenal Joan Margarit, Vida i Obra (1976). His work Ensayos Sobre la Historiografia Peninsular del Siglo XV was published in 1970. With M. Tate he authored The Pilgrim Route to Santiago (1987); he also wrote Pilgrimages to St James of Compostella from the British Isles during the Middle Ages (1990, 2003), and edited (with T. Turville-Petre) Two Pilgrim Itineraries of the Later Middle Ages (1995) and alone Costance Mary Storrs' Jacobean Pilgrims from England to St James of Compostella: From the Early Twelfth to the Late Fifteenth Century (1994). He produced editions of Fernán Pérez de Guzmán's Generaciones y Semblanzas (1965), Fernando del Pulgar's Claros Varones del Castilla (1971), Juan Manuel's Libro de los Estados (1974, edited with I. R. Macpherson), Alfonso de Palencia's Epistolas Latinas (1982, edited with R. Alemany Ferrer) and Palencia's Gesta Hispaniensia: Ex Annalibus Suorum Dierum Collecta (2 vols., 1998–99, edited with J. Lawrence). He also completed a translation of Vilar's Spain: A Brief History (1967). Tate also edited Directo de Príncipes: HSA MS HC: 371/164 (1977) for the Exeter Hispanic Texts series.
A president of the Association of Hispanists and of the Anglo-Catalan Society, Tate was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1980 and a fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1990. He was the subject of a Festschrift: Medieval and Renaissance Studies in Honour of Robert Brian Tate, edited by Ian Michael and Richard A. Cardwell (1984). He was also corresponding fellowships of the Real Academia de la Historia, the Institute for Catalan Studies and the Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona. He died on 21 February 2011 and was survived by his wife Beth (née Lewis) and their children Caroline and Marcus.
# Keith Kevan

Douglas Keith McEwan Kevan best known as Keith Kevan FRSE MIB (31 October 1920 – 9 July 1991) was a British zoologist and entomologist, who worked in Trinidad, East Africa and Canada. He published several books including on ethnoentomology and entomological poetry.

## Life and work

Kevan was born in Helsinki in Finland on 31 October 1920 during what is thought to have been an extended business trip on the part of his father, Douglas Keely Kevan, and his wife Gynnyth Paine. His father was an amateur conchologist and coleopterist while his mother was interested in botany and he too became interested in natural history at a young age. He was educated at George Watson's College in Edinburgh at both primary (prep school) and secondary levels, 1925 to 1937. He then studied Sciences at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1941. He left Britain during the Second World War and continued studies at Imperial College, St Augustin, in Trinidad under a Vans Dunlop scholarship. Influenced by Arthur Strickland he became interested in soil zoology. In 1943 he received the Associateship of the Imperial College of Agriculture and posted as entomologist to Kenya. During the war he served briefly and married Private Kathleen Luckin. In Kenya, he served with the East-African Anti-Locust Directorate and several times ate Benzene Hexachloride (BHC) publicly to demonstrate that it was harmless to humans.
In 1948, he resigned from African service and returned to Britain as a lecturer in agricultural zoology at the University of Nottingham. He gained a doctorate (PhD) in 1956. In 1958 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Ritchie, Alexander David Peacock, Sir Michael Swann and Greville Friend. Later in 1958 he took the post of Professor of Zoology at McGill University in Canada. In 1971 he moved to be Director of the Lyman Entomological Museum in Quebec. He was President of the Entomological Society of Canada 1972–73. He was a member of Sigma Xi.
He had successful heart by-pass surgery in 1976 and retired in 1986. He died of a heart attack on 9 July 1991, and was survived by his wife Kathleen and three sons, Peter G. Kevan, Martin Kevan, and Simon Michael Kevan.

## Publications

* Soil Zoology (1955)
* Soil Animals (1962)
* Land of the Grasshoppers (1974)
* Land of the Locusts (1978)
# Xanadu Gun

The oldest extant gun bearing a date of production is the Xanadu Gun, so called because it was discovered in the ruins of Xanadu (Shangdu), the summer palace of the Yuan dynasty in Inner Mongolia, China. The Xanadu Gun is 34.7 cm (13.7 in) in length and weighs 6.21 kg (13.7 lb), its muzzle is flared outwards, slightly bowl-shape, and called by Chinese as 碗口铳 (Wǎn kǒu chòng). Its dating is based on archaeological context and a straightforward inscription containing an era name and year that correspond with the Gregorian Calendar at 1298. Not only does the inscription contain the era name and date, it also includes a serial number and manufacturing information which suggests that gun production had already become systematized, or at least become a somewhat standardized affair by the time of its fabrication. The design of the gun includes axial holes in its rear which some speculate could have been used in a mounting mechanism. Like most early guns with the possible exception of the Western Xia gun (the Wuwei bronze cannon), it is small, weighing just over 6 kg (13 lb) and 35 cm (14 in) in length. Although the Xanadu Gun is the most precisely dated gun from the 13th century, other extant samples with approximate dating may be older.
# Super America

Super America is the 2007 Flannery O'Connor Award winning short story collection by Anne Panning.
The collection includes ten short stories. The stories are in a range of different settings in the United States and abroad. Panning had submitted works to the Flannery O'Conner Award for many years prior, and had twice been a finalist, before Super America won the award. In the collection, only a few of the stories had been previously published.
The Publishers Weekly review of the book said that the "warmth and originality of these pieces demonstrate Panning to be an astute and empathetic observer." The New York Times described the collection as "radiat[ing] infectious optimism".
# William Owusu

William Owusu may refer to:
* William Owusu (footballer, born 1989), Ghanaian football striker
* William Owusu (footballer, born 1991), Ghanaian football midfielder
# Aulitiving Island

Aulitiving Island is an uninhabited island located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Baffin Bay's Isabella Bay by the Davis Strait. It is situated north of Baffin Island's Henry Kater Peninsula. Aulitivik Island is 19.5 km (12.1 mi) to the west, with tiny Bearslide Island lying between them.

## Geography

It has an area of 78 km$^2$ (30 sq mi).