OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sodium tungstate

Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na$_2$WO$_4$. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

## Preparation and structure

Sodium tungstate is obtained by digestion of tungsten ores, the economically important representatives of which are tungstates, in base. Illustrative is the extraction of sodium tungstate from wolframite:
    Fe/MnWO$_4$ + 2 NaOH + 2 H$_2$O → Na$_2$WO$_4$·2H$_2$O + Fe/Mn(OH)$_2$
Scheelite is treated similarly using sodium carbonate.
Sodium tungstate can also be produced by treating tungsten carbide with a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide in a fusion process which overcomes the high exothermicity of the reaction involved.
Several polymorphs of sodium tungstate are known, three at only one atmosphere pressure. They feature tetrahedral orthotungstate dianions but differ in the packing motif. The WO$^{2−}$ $_4$ anion adopts a structure like sulfate (SO$^{2−}$ $_4$).

## Reactions

Treatment of sodium tungstate with hydrochloric acid gives the tungsten trioxide or its acidic hydrates:
    Na$_2$WO$_4$ + 2 HCl → WO$_3$ + 2 NaCl + H$_2$O
    Na$_2$WO$_4$ + 2 HCl → WO$_3$·H$_2$O + 2 NaCl
This reaction can be reversed using aqueous sodium hydroxide.

## Uses

The dominant use of sodium tungstate is as an intermediate in the extraction of tungsten from its ores, almost all of which are tungstates. Otherwise sodium tungstate has only niche applications.
In organic chemistry, sodium tungstate is used as catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes and oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes or ketones. It exhibits anti-diabetic effects.
Solutions of sodium and lithium metatungstates are used in density separation. Such solutions are less toxic than bromoform and methylene iodide, but still have densities that fall between a number of naturally coupled minerals.
Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum; because tungsten is directly below molybdenum on the periodic table, it has similar electrochemical properties. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues. Some bacteria use molybdenum cofactor as part of their respiratory chain; in these microbes, tungstate can replace molybdenum and inhibit the generation of energy by aerobic respiration. As such, one niche use of sodium tungstate is in experimental biology—where it has been found that adding sodium tungstate to the drinking water of mice inhibits the growth of Enterobacteriaceae (a family of endogenous opportunistic pathogens) in the gut.
Sodium tungstate has been researched as a potential treatment for infertility under the code OXO-001.
# Sodium–hydrogen antiporter

The sodium–hydrogen antiporter or sodium–proton exchanger (Na+/H+ exchanger or NHX) is a membrane protein that transports Na$^+$ into the cell, and H$^+$ out of the cell (antiport).

## Function

They are found in the membranes of many cells, and especially in those of the nephron of the kidney, specifically in the intercalary cells of the collecting duct and in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. The membrane pump is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis of pH and sodium. Defects in Na+/H+ antiporters may result in heart or kidney failure. Angiotensin II upregulates this antiporter in the proximal convoluted tubule in order to promote Na$^+$ reabsorption and H$^+$ secretion. Na+/H+ exchangers are thought to be implicated in other disorders such as hypertension. In one study, transgenic mice over expressing this membrane protein were shown to have increased reabsorption and retention of sodium after increased salt intake.
In dopamine receptor signalling, the widely expressed Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 is activated downstream of the D2, D3, and D4 receptors.

## Isoforms

There are several isoforms of the antiporter:
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 1
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 2
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 4
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 5
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 6
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 7
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 8
* Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 9

## Families

There are several families of sodium/proton antiporters that facilitate the exchange of sodium ions with protons across the lipid membrane. Some of them include:
* TC# 2.A.33 - Na$^+$:H$^+$ Antiporter (NhaA) Family
* TC# 2.A.34 - Na$^+$:H$^+$ Antiporter (NhaB) Family
* TC# 2.A.35 - Na$^+$:H$^+$ Antiporter (NhaC) Family
* TC# 2.A.36 - Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) Family
* TC# 2.A.37 - Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-2 (CPA2) Family
* TC# 2.A.62 - Na$^+$:H$^+$ Antiporter (NhaD) Family
* TC# 2.A.63 - Monovalent Cation (K$^+$ or Na$^+$):Proton Antiporter-3 (CPA3) Family
* TC# 2.A.111 - Na$^+$:H$^+$ Antiporter (NhaE) Family
# Sole meunière

Sole meunière (or sole à la meunière) is a classic French fish dish consisting of sole, floured and fried, and served with hot melted butter, lemon juice and parsley. Many recipes specify Dover sole, but the technique can be used with other similar flatfish.

## Etymology and background

The term à la meunière translates literally as "in the style of the miller's wife". It means that the dish, usually fish, is first dusted with flour and then cooked in butter. Anything cooked à la meunière is also generally sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley. The derivation is the late Latin molinarius (a miller).

## Composition

   I am always rather surprised when I read in books and articles that to cook fish à la meunière is one of the simplest of achievements. Simple in conception certainly; but in execution, no.
Elizabeth David, French Provincial Cooking (1960).
The dish named sole meunière has varied over the years. In his 1846 cookery book The Gastronomic Regenerator, Alexis Soyer leaves the skin on the fish and rubs salt and chopped onions into it, before grilling it whole and, once cooked, adding a sauce of melted butter with lemon juice and cayenne pepper. The method most widely used today is similar to that given by Auguste Escoffier in 1907: the dark skin is removed from a whole sole; the fish is then coated with flour, fried in butter, sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley, and served with very hot melted butter poured over it.
There are minor variations in the method of cooking. Some cooks, like Craig Claiborne, suggest soaking the sole in milk before flouring and cooking; others, such as Marcel Boulestin, insist that the fish must be completely dried with a cloth before flouring. Some authorities call for filets of sole, but the majority call for the fish to be cooked whole (although some suggest removing the head). Elizabeth David specifies clarified butter for frying the fish, and Escoffier advises "for small fish, ordinary butter can be used, but for larger ones, the use of clarified butter is to be preferred". Authorities differ about whether to use salted or unsalted butter. Marcus Wareing prefers to fry the sole in oil, and Paul Bocuse recommends a mixture of olive oil and butter.
A more marked departure from the norm is reported by Patricia Wells in a 2003 collection of Parisian chefs' recipes. The chef of the well-known fish restaurant Le Dôme leaves the dark skin on the fish (as Soyer does) and omits the flouring.
Although the classic version is made with Dover sole, Felicity Cloake comments in a 2021 survey of sole meunière recipes that the method is suitable for other flatfish, including megrim and lemon sole.
# Soft Hard Real-Time Kernel

S.Ha.R.K. (the acronym stands for Soft Hard Real-time Kernel) is a completely configurable kernel architecture designed for supporting hard, soft, and non real-time applications with interchangeable scheduling algorithms.

## Main features

The kernel architecture's main benefit is that an application can be developed independently from a particular system configuration. This allows new modules to be added or replaced in the same application, so that specific scheduling policies can be evaluated for predictability, overhead and performance.

## Applications

S.Ha.R.K. was developed at RETIS Lab, a research facility of the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, and at the University of Pavia, as a tool for teaching, testing and developing real-time software systems. It is used for teaching at many universities, including the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and Malardalens University in Sweden.

## Modularity

Unlike the kernels in traditional operating systems, S.Ha.R.K. is fully modular in terms of scheduling policies, aperiodic servers, and concurrency control protocols. Modularity is achieved by partitioning system activities between a generic kernel and a set of modules, which can be registered at initialization to configure the kernel according to specific application requirements.

## History

S.Ha.R.K. is the evolution of the Hartik Kernel and it is based on the OSLib Project.
# Songpu Subdistrict

45°48′38.2″N 126°37′57.2″E﻿ / ﻿45.810611°N 126.632556°E﻿ / 45.810611; 126.632556
Songpu Subdistrict is a subdistrict of Songbei District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. It is located in the north of Harbin city, on the north bank of the Songhua River, 5 kilometers from the city center. The area of Songpu is 59.74 kilometres (37.12 mi), and the population is about 35,000.

## Etymology

The meaning of Songpu is the wharf of Songhua River.

## Geography

Songpu is located on the north bank of the Songhua River. At the east and south the north is Limin of Hulan, while in the west is Qianjin and Binzhou Railway.

## Transport

The subdistrict has four train stations on the Binbei Railway: New Songpu Station (Chinese: 新松浦站), Miaotaizi Station (Chinese: 庙台子站), North Songpu Station (Chinese: 北松浦站), and Songbei Station (Chinese: 松北站).
Major motorways which run through Songpu Subdistrict include National Highway 202, the Harbin-Heihe Expressway, and the Harbin-Daqing Expressway.

## History

In 1850, it was named Majiachuankou (Chinese: 马家船口, literally the wharf of Ma clan) when the wharf was owned by the Ma family. It became a small town, so on December 15, 1912, the governor of Heilongjiang Province ordered that the city council meet at Majiachuankou (马家船口市政局) which belonged to Hulan County.
The next year, it changed its name to Songbei city council (松北市政局). In 1925, it changed its name to Songpu city council (松浦市政局), and became part of Harbin special city in 1933. It became Songpu District in 1938.
In 1953, Songpu District had two townships, Songpu (Chinese: 松浦) and Xinxing (Chinese: 新兴), and two subdistricts, Tangchang (Chinese: 糖厂) and Chuankou (Chinese: 船口). In 1958, Songpu District was momentarily merged into Binjiang District, but Binjiang District was cancelled. Songpu township was then place in Daowai District. Songpu became a people's commune.
In 1979, Daowai restored all the subdistricts, and set more two subdistricts: Zhenjiang (Chinese: 振江) and Chuankou (Chinese: 船口). In 1983, Songpu again became a township. In 1985, Songpu became a town, and Chuankou Subdistrict was merged into Songpu Town.
In 2004, Songpu belonged to Songbei District. In November, the Harbin government approved Songpu as a subdistrict.
In 2017, Chuankou Subdistrict [zh] became split off from Songpu. Chuankou took two residential communities, Chuankou (Chinese: 船口) and Guangxin Xincheng (Chinese: 广信新城), and three villages, Taiyangsheng (Chinese: 太阳升), Dongming (Chinese: 东明), and Dengta (Chinese: 灯塔) from Songpu.

## Administrative divisions

Songpu Subdistrict administers 5 residential communities and 6 administrative villages. The subdistrict's residential communities are Tangchang (糖厂), Changshengyuan (常盛源), Bei'anqicheng (北岸启程), Beianxinghecheng (北岸兴和城), and Fulicheng (富力城). The subdistrict's administrative villages are Songpu (松浦), Songhuajiang (松花江), Dongfanghong (东方红), Hongxing (红星), Xinhua (新华) and Liming (黎明).

## Economy

Numerous factories are located in Songpu Subdistrict, such as the Harbin Sugar Factory and Harbin Ship Factory.
# Sondaw

Sondaw is a village in Banmauk Township, Katha District, in the Sagaing Region of northern-central Burma.
# Solís Grande Creek

Solís Grande Creek is a Uruguayan river, crossing Lavalleja, Canelones and Maldonado Departments. It flows into the Río de la Plata, between the seaside resorts of Jaureguiberry and Solís.
Contrary to what is popularly believed, it is not called Solís by the Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís, but by a man named Solís whose lands were between two rivers, today known as Arroyo Solís Grande and Arroyo Solís Chico.
# Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX200V

The Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX200V is a hyperzoom bridge digital camera that features:
* 18.2 megapixel resolution
* Fast f/2.8 Carl Zeiss-branded zoom lens with super 30x zoom range
* Mega O.I.S. (optical image stabilizer) in the lens, reducing blurring by compensating for hand shake
* Intelligent ISO Control
* 2x Digital Zoom
* Multiple modes of operation, including manual modes
* Full HD 1080p movie mode in both normal and wide aspect ratio
* Compact size and moderate weight
* As with most Sony Cyber-shot cameras it uses a BIONZ engine, in this case the BIONZ a99.
The camera has a 3" color LCD display and a color electronic viewfinder, and is available in two colors, black (suffix K) and silver (suffix S). The Cyber-shot DSC-HX200V release to the USA was announced on February 28, 2012. The successor to the HX200V is the HX300.

## Reviews

* http://www.dcresource.com/reviews/sony/dsc_hx200v-review/page-0,1
* http://www.cameralabs.com/reviews/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC_HX200V/
* http://www.lesnumeriques.com/appareil-photo-numerique/sony-cyber-shot-hx200v-p12817/test.html
* http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/sony-cyber-shot-dsc-hx200v
* http://www.trustedreviews.com/sony-cyber-shot-hx200v_Digital-Camera_review
* http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/sony-hx200v/sony-hx200vA.HTM
* http://www.photographyblog.com/reviews/sony_cybershot_dsc_hx200v_review/
* http://www.digitalcamerareview.com/default.asp?newsID=4981&review=sony+cybershot+hx200
* http://www.techradar.com/reviews/cameras-and-camcorders/cameras/compact-cameras/sony-hx200v-1077673/review
# Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F717

The Sony Cybershot DSC-F717 is a bridge digital camera, introduced by Sony in September 2002.

## Overview

F717 features the same 5.0 megapixel CCD sensor and 38–190 mm equiv. Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar lens as its predecessor, the 2001 DSC-F707. Major changes / improvements over the F707 include:
* Analog focus ring can now double as a zoom ring
* Addition of a "P" mode, ISO 800 option, and (with constraints) 1/2000 shutter speed
* Better Noise Reduction Algorithm; NR automatically applies for slower than 1/30 shots
* More natural color rendition (in particular, less "red overshoot")
* Quick Review: The last photo can be reviewed by holding on the shutter button after the photo is taken.
* USB 2.0 for faster file transfer to a PC or a printer
* Supports Memory Stick Pro with capacity of 256MB and up (original Memory Stick has a maximum capacity of 128MB per side)
F717 retained all distinctive features from F707, such as:
* Swivel body design: the lens can be rotated from 36 degrees down to 77 degrees up.
* Hologram AF Assist: projects a laser grid to help acquire AF lock in low-light environments.
* NightShot and NightFraming: In these modes, infrared cut-off filter is temporarily lifted away from CCD, enabling IR detection, which practically allows the camera to "see in the dark". Two infrared LEDs provide short-range active IR illumination in both Night modes. In NightShot mode, Aperture and shutter parameters are forced to "auto", because of potential "see through clothing" concerns.
* LCD/EVF switchable via a hard switch on the back
The F717 was succeeded by DSC-F828 in August 2003.

## Defective batches

Some very early production units may experience inaccurate focus with Laser Hologram on. Sony admitted the problem as a minor design flaw, and offered free examination and repair service. Serial numbers of potentially affected units were also announced. According to Sony, it is fixable by correcting a wrong parameter with Sony factory adjustment software. The fix was only performed at Sony service centers.
Around 2004–05, many F717 users reported CCD-related defects. It was later confirmed that many Sony CCDs made from late 2002 to early 2004 suffer from a large-scale manufacturing defect. Interestingly, the aforementioned first-run units seem to be immune to this failure, as they used CCDs built from old production techniques. As a remedy, Sony offered free CCD replacements for affected units till 2007, and in some countries, till 2010. This recall would cover units with expired warranty.
# Solo de Guitarra, Volumen No. 6

Solo de Guitarra, Volumen No. 6 is an album by Argentine singer and guitarist Atahualpa Yupanqui. It was released in 1958 on the Odeon label. It was the No. 1 album in Argentina in 1958.

## Track listing

Side A
* "Flor de Cerro" (Pablo del Cerro)
* "La Olvidada" (Atahualpa Yupanqui, Hermanos Díaz)
* "El Pocas Pulgas" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
* "Oración a Pérez Cardozo" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
* "!Viejo Tambor Vidalero!" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
* "Vidala" (Gustavo Caraballo - Alberto Lopez Buchardo)
Side B
* "Zamba del Pañuelo" (Manuel José Castilla, Gustavo Leguizamón)
* "Romance de la Vidala" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
* "Estrellita" (Manuel María Ponce)
* "La Vuelta al Pago" (Atahualpa Yupanqui, Pablo del Cerro)
* "Canción del Abuelo" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
* "Luna Tucumana" (Atahualpa Yupanqui)
# Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law

The Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law states that the first spark (singly ionized) spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the arc (neutral) spectrum of the element preceding it in the periodic table. Likewise, the second (doubly ionized) spark spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the first (singly ionized) spark spectrum of the element preceding it, or to the arc (neutral) spectrum of the element with atomic number two less, and so forth.
Hence, the spectra of C I (neutral carbon), N II (singly ionized nitrogen), and O III (doubly ionized oxygen) atoms are similar, apart from shifts of the spectra to shorter wavelengths. C I, N II, and O III all have the same number of electrons, six, and the same ground-state electron configuration:
    $1s^{2}\,$ $2s^{2}\,$ $2p^{2}\,$ $^{3}$$P_{0}\,$.
The law was discovered by and named after Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel, who set it forth in a paper submitted to Verhandungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft in early 1919.
# Song of the Open Road (poem)

"Song of the Open Road" is a poem by Walt Whitman from his 1856 collection Leaves of Grass. It has 15 sections, each with 3-4 stanzas.

## Synopsis

The poem can be split in two parts, Sections 1-8 and Sections 9-15.

## Key Concepts

The historical context found in “Song of The Open Road” is describing the westward expansion of the United States, “ an era characterized by the call of adventure and opportunity for those courageous enough make the journey west, i.e. to follow the open road,” (Kreidler). Kreidler discussed how Whitman was greatly influenced by politics and political movements. Using the westward expansion as inspiration in this piece allowed for Whitman’s audience to better understand and relate to this poem. Whitman also incorporates some religious contexts, like referencing Swedenborgianism. Kreidler explains that, “Swedenborgianism espoused a belief that a spiritual component existed within every living and material being. Swedenborg also believed that every part of the body held a particular communication with the Divine.” In Whitman’s poem the readers can see this belief when he starts to introduce the “Song” in Section 7, “Here is the efflux of the soul; / The efflux of the soul comes from within through embower'd gates, ever provoking questions.”

## Symbolism

In Whitman’s poem, the reader can find symbolism through the journey of life and the open, democratic society of that time. In the first 8 sections of the poem, Whitman observes the freedoms in life shown through the open road, “Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road; Healthy, free, the world before me; The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose.” Whitman wants his readers to feel free while reading this, and he wants them to know that he wrote this poem to ensure the feeling of freedom upon them.

## The Ending

Whitman ends his poem “with the persona awaiting an affirmative response from his reader” (Kummings). The narrator in his poem reaches his hand out to the reader and asks them to join him on the journey. Whitman added this as his poem ending to make the reader question, “will they join him on this journey through the open road?”(Kummings). It is almost as if the narrator doesn’t want to complete the journey of life on his own; he wants the company. This is not a common approach in poem endings, but Whitman also wants to make his readers question, “do you want to complete the journey alone, or do you want to accompany someone for the rest of your life's journey?” By leaving his readers questioning their life choices, Whitman is able to help them figure out their life in a way.
# Song of the Night

Song of the Night may refer to:
* Symphony No. 7 (Mahler), 1904-5 symphony by Gustav Mahler, known as Lied der Nacht
* Symphony No. 3 (Szymanowski), 1916 chorus and orchestra by Karol Szymanowski, known as Song of the Night (Piosenka nocy)
* Das Lied der Nacht, 1926 opera by Hans Gal
# Sorlin

Sorlin may refer to:
People:
Places:
* Montmelas-Saint-Sorlin
* Saint-Sorlin, Rhône
* Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves
* Saint-Sorlin-de-Conac
* Saint-Sorlin-de-Morestel
* Saint-Sorlin-de-Vienne
* Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey
* Saint-Sorlin-en-Valloire
# Sormovsky

Sormovsky (masculine), Sormovskaya (feminine), or Sormovskoye (neuter) is an adjective form of Sormovo, a neighborhood within the Russian city of Nizhny Novgorod. They may refer to:
* Sormovsky City District, a city district of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
* Sormovskaya Line, a line of the Nizhny Novgorod Metro that will one day reach Sormovo.
* Sormovskiy, a type of general cargo ships from Russia.
# Soubry

Soubry is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anna Soubry (born 1956), British politician
* Paul Soubry, Canadian business executive
# Soubry (company)

Soubry is a Belgian food processing company founded in 1921 by Joseph Soubry. It is known for its production of pasta and is the market leader in Belgium. The company is headquartered in Roeselare.

## History

Before World War I, Joseph Soubry's factory produced chicory and linseed oil. After the war, with his factory completely destroyed, he initially started producing vermicelli and later shifted to the production of pasta due to the saturated Belgian vermicelli market. In the 1930s, the company expanded and made various investments, including the construction of its own semolina mill. After World War II, they established a pasta production line, followed by the construction of their own flour mill a few years later. The company continued to diversify its product range, including producing biscuits, noodles, and instant cooking pasta. By 2001, the company had 350 employees, generated a turnover of 2.8 billion Belgian francs, more than half of which came from exports, and became the market leader in pasta in Belgium following the bankruptcy of Anco.
In 2018, Soubry reported a revenue of €130 million and employed 400 people. It remained the market leader in Belgium.