OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anthony Irby (died 1682)

Sir Anthony Irby (c. 1605 – 2 January 1682) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1628 and 1682.
Irby was the eldest son of Sir Anthony Irby and his wife Elizabeth Peyton, third daughter of Sir John Peyton, 1st Baronet, and was born before 17 January 1605. He was admitted as a fellow-commoner at Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1620. He was knighted on 2 June 1624. In 1628, Irby was elected Member of Parliament for Boston and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He was High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1637.
In April 1640, Irby was elected MP for Boston again in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Boston for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He sat until 1648 when he was excluded under Pride's Purge.
Irby was re-elected MP for Boston in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and elected for the seat again in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. In April 1660 he was re-elected MP for Boston for the Convention Parliament and was elected again in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament. He was elected again in the second election of 1679 for the Second Exclusion Parliament and in 1681.
Irby married firstly, in 1623, Frances Wray, daughter of Sir William Wray, 1st Baronet, and had by her an only daughter, Elizabeth, who married Hon. George Montagu. He married secondly Margaret Smyth, daughter of Sir Richard Smythe, 2nd Baronet and after her death in 1631, next Margaret Barkham, daughter of Sir Edward Barkham, 1st Baronet, who died in 1640. By his second and third wife, Irby had no surviving children, three daughters having died as infants. On 19 August 1641, he married finally Catharine Paget, third daughter of William Paget, 4th Baron Paget, and had by her a son and five daughters.
# Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

The men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, or 800 metre team race, was one of six swimming events on the Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. It was the only relay event on the schedule, and the first appearance of the 4x200 in Olympic competition. Each nation could enter 1 team of 4 swimmers.

## Results
### Semifinals

The fastest team in each semifinal and the fastest losing team from across the semifinals advanced to the final.

#### Semifinal 1

| Place | Nation | Swimmers | Time |
| 1 | Australasia | Frank Beaurepaire Frank Springfield Reginald Baker Theodore Tartakover | 11:35.0 |
| 2 | Denmark | Poul Holm Harald Klem Ludvig Dam Hjalmar Saxtorph | 12:53.0 |

#### Semifinal 2

| Place | Nation | Swimmers | Time |
| 1 | Great Britain | William Foster Paul Radmilovic John Derbyshire Henry Taylor | 10:53.4 WR |
| 2 | United States | Harry Hebner Leo Goodwin Charles Daniels Leslie Rich | 11:01.4 |
| 3 | Sweden | Gustaf Wretman Gunnar Wennerström Harald Julin Adolf Andersson | Unknown |

#### Semifinal 3

Hungary had no competition in the third semifinal.
| Place | Nation | Swimmers | Time |
| 1 | Hungary | József Munk Imre Zachár Béla Las Torres Zoltán Halmay | Swam over |

### Final

Hungary led throughout the race until Halmay veered towards the wall and was caught by Taylor (who had only just before passed Rich) in the final 20 yards. Halmay struggled to the finish line, and was hauled out of the pool before he drowned.
| Place | Nation | Swimmers | Time |
| 1 | Great Britain | John Derbyshire Paul Radmilovic William Foster Henry Taylor | 10:55.6 |
| 2 | Hungary | József Munk Imre Zachár Béla las Torres Zoltán Halmay | 10:59.0 |
| 3 | United States | Harry Hebner Leo Goodwin Charles Daniels Leslie Rich | 11:02.8 |
| 4 | Australasia | Frank Beaurepaire Frank Springfield Reginald Baker Theodore Tartakover | Unknown |

## Sources

* Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.
* De Wael, Herman (2001). "Swimming 1908". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 13 May 2006.
# Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem

In formal language theory, the Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem is a theorem derived by Noam Chomsky and Marcel-Paul Schützenberger in 1959 about representing a given context-free language in terms of two simpler languages. These two simpler languages, namely a regular language and a Dyck language, are combined by means of an intersection and a homomorphism.
The theorem Proofs of this theorem are found in several textbooks, e.g. Autebert, Berstel & Boasson (1997) or Davis, Sigal & Weyuker (1994).

## Mathematics
### Notation

A few notions from formal language theory are in order.
A context-free language is regular, if it can be described by a regular expression, or, equivalently, if it is accepted by a finite automaton.
A homomorphism is based on a function $h$ which maps symbols from an alphabet $\Gamma$ to words over another alphabet $\Sigma$; If the domain of this function is extended to words over $\Gamma$ in the natural way, by letting $h(xy)=h(x)h(y)$ for all words $x$ and $y$, this yields a homomorphism $h:\Gamma ^{*}\to \Sigma ^{*}$.
A matched alphabet $T\cup {\overline {T}}$ is an alphabet with two equal-sized sets; it is convenient to think of it as a set of parentheses types, where $T$ contains the opening parenthesis symbols, whereas the symbols in ${\overline {T}}$ contains the closing parenthesis symbols. For a matched alphabet $T\cup {\overline {T}}$, the typed Dyck language $D_{T}$ is given by
    $D_{T}=\{\,w\in (T\cup {\overline {T}})^{*}\mid w{\text{ is a correctly nested sequence of parentheses}}\,\}.$
For example, the following is a valid sentence in the 3-typed Dyck language:

### Theorem

A language L over the alphabet $\Sigma$ is context-free if and only if there exists
   * a matched alphabet $T\cup {\overline {T}}$
   * a regular language $R$ over $T\cup {\overline {T}}$,
   * and a homomorphism $h:(T\cup {\overline {T}})^{*}\to \Sigma ^{*}$
    such that $L=h(D_{T}\cap R)$.
We can interpret this as saying that any CFG language can be generated by first generating a typed Dyck language, filtering it by a regular grammar, and finally converting each bracket into a word in the CFG language.
# What Love Looks Like

"What Love Looks Like" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Michelle Wright. It was released in 1997 as the fourth single from her fifth studio album, For Me It's You. It peaked at number 4 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in September 1997.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1997) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 4 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1997) | Position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 26 |
# Spectral signal-to-noise ratio

In scientific imaging, the two-dimensional spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) is a signal-to-noise ratio measure which measures the normalised cross-correlation coefficient between several two-dimensional images over corresponding rings in Fourier space as a function of spatial frequency. It is a multi-particle extension of the Fourier ring correlation (FRC), which is related to the Fourier shell correlation. The SSNR is a popular method for finding the resolution of a class average in cryo-electron microscopy.

## Calculation

    $\mathrm {SSNR} (r)={\frac {\displaystyle \sum _{r_{i}\in R}\left|\sum _{k_{i}}{F_{r_{i},k}}\right|^{2}}{\displaystyle {\frac {K}{K-1}}\sum _{r_{i}\in R}\sum _{k_{i}}{\left|{F_{r_{i},k}-{\bar {F}}_{r_{i}}}\right|^{2}}}}-1$
where $F_{r_{i},k}$ is the complex structure factor for image $k$ for a pixel $r_{i}$ at radius $R$. It is possible convert the SSNR into an equivalent FRC using the following formula:
    $\mathrm {FRC} ={\frac {\mathrm {SSNR} }{\mathrm {SSNR} +1}}$
# The Kitchen Tapes

The Kitchen Tapes may refer to:
* The Kitchen Tapes (Lori McKenna album), a 2003 demo album by Lori McKenna
* The Kitchen Tapes (The Raincoats album), a 1983 live album by The Raincoats
* The Kitchen Tape, a 1992 demo album by Weezer
# Paul Roux

Paul Roux is a small town in the Free State province of South Africa that produces poplar wood for the safety match industry. Basotho call the place "Fateng Tse Ntsho" (place of dark trees). It is situated on the N5 highway near Bethlehem, Free State. It was named after a well-known Dutch Reformed Church leader and Boer general, Reverend Paul Hendrik Roux (1862–1911).

## History

Paul Roux was established as a post coach station between Winburg and Harrismith. Where the current bowling club stands, there used to be an inn, owned by Mr John Hiscock – a local businessman, at the location of the current bowling club where horses would be changed. The land was purchased from Mr De Jongh and the village was officially proclaimed on 9 May 1909. Two names were proposed for the village – Paul Roux and Du Plessis Ville. To decide on the final name, villagers engraved letters 'PR' on one side of a flat stone and 'Dup' on the other side. The stone was thrown into the air and the village was to be named according to whichever initials appeared facing upwards when it landed.
A public auction was held to sell plots in Paul Roux for a shilling a piece in 1910. Various homesteads were then erected but there was no official church and services would be held on the banks of the Sand River under the shade of willow trees. At some point, church services were held on the veranda of the National Bank building – which is now a private dwelling. A church was finally built in May 1914 where the cornerstone was laid by Reverend C.P. Theron. Construction briefly came to a halt during the Maritz rebellion of 1914 and it was finally completed in October 1915. The church inauguration took place on 10 February 1917.
The first school in Paul Roux was established on 8 October 1912 with only 52 pupils. Its first principal was Mr H.J.J. van Rensburg.
Former state president P. W. Botha was born in Paul Roux on 12 January 1916 on the Telegraaf farm. He attended school in Paul Roux before moving to Bethlehem where he matriculated.

## Tourism

Witkop Game Ranch is situated at Witkop just outside Paul Roux. The ranch has about 21 types of game including hippos, cheetahs and buffalos. The Ranch offers hunting opportunities in the form of regular safaris with either rifle or bow.
There is a two-day walking trail which traverses a variety of terrains including mountain tops, sandstone cliffs, kloofs and valleys. There are several ladders and bridges to cross along the way and the paths have been cut back to enable ease of walking. The route follows large trees and rock formations. The terrain has rich historical and archaeological heritage with San rock art and other historical places.
There is a dinosaur footprint at Uniondale Farm on a large block of sandstone containing fossilised tracks of two large dinosaurs which roamed the Free State during the Jurassic period. The main track shows five successive footprints of an animal with a gait nearly 3 metres in length.
On 10 October 2015, the community had their first '’’Holhoek'’ 40 km mountain bike race and 10 km fun run. This was aimed at raising funds to rehabilitate the Rooidam and to promote tourism.
# Chiasmopes

Chiasmopes is a genus of nursery web spiders that was first described by P. Pavesi in 1883.

## Species

As of June 2019 it contains four species, found only in Africa:
* Chiasmopes hystrix (Berland, 1922) – Ethiopia
* Chiasmopes lineatus (Pocock, 1898) – Central, East, Southern Africa
* Chiasmopes namaquensis (Roewer, 1955) – Namibia
* Chiasmopes signatus (Pocock, 1902) – South Africa
# Sweeney Todd (1928 film)

Sweeney Todd is a 1928 British silent crime film directed by Walter West and starring Moore Marriott, Judd Green and Iris Darbyshire. It was adapted from a popular 1847 stage play by George Dibdin-Pitt called The String of Pearls, or The Fiend of Fleet Street, which in turn was based on an anonymous story called The String of Pearls: A Romance that was serialized in magazine format in 1846. This was the first time the story was adapted into a play, and it featured a surprise twist ending that doesn't appear in later stage versions of the Sweeney Todd legend. It was filmed entirely on set at Islington Studios.

## Plot

A barber named Sweeney Todd slits the throats of his unsuspecting customers, robs them and then dumps their bodies down into his cellar through a trapdoor. He and his partner in crime, Mrs. Lovett, cut up the bodies and use the pieces to make meat pies which she then sells in her bakery shop. In the end, it all turns out to be just a bad dream.

## Cast

* Moore Marriott as Sweeney Todd
* Iris Darbyshire as Amelia Lovett
* Judd Green as Simon Podge
* Charles Ashton as Mark Ingestre
* Zoe Palmer as Johanna
* Philip Hewland as Ben Wagstaffe
* Harry Lorraine as Mick Todd
* Brian Glenny as Tobias Wragg
* Lucius Blake as Sambo (credited as J. Blake)
# When two tigers fight

"When two tigers fight" is a Chinese proverb or chengyu (four-character idiom). It refers to the inevitability that when rivals clash (a recurring theme in traditional Chinese historiography), even though they are great figures, one of them must fall.
# Richard Russell (Dow Theory)

Richard Lion Russell (July 22, 1924 – November 21, 2015) was an American writer on finance.

## Early life and family

Russell was born in New York, the son of Hortense (née Lion) Russell, a novelist, and Henry Harold Russell, a civil engineer. His family was Jewish. Russell was educated at Rutgers and received his BA at NYU. He flew as a combat bombardier on B-25 Mitchell bombers with the 12th Air Force during World War II.

## Career

Russell started his career in finance through a series of articles in Barrons newspaper. He published a book named The Dow Theory Today in 1958, summing up his view of the Dow Theory.
He began publishing a newsletter called the Dow Theory Letters in 1958. The Letters covered his views on the stock market and the precious metal markets. In addition he frequently shared episodes in his life and thoughts about the world as he saw it, following the stock market since the 1950s.
In 1969 Russell devised the Primary Trend Index, composed of eight market indicators that he never publicly divulged as his own secret recipe. When his index outperformed an 89-day moving average, it was time to buy. When it underperformed the 89-day moving average, a bear market was at hand.
The Letters which were published every three weeks (www.dowtheoryletters.com), covered the US stock market, foreign markets, bonds, precious metals, commodities, and economics. During Russell's lifetime, the letters also contained comments and observations and his stock market philosophy.
Russell wrote daily entries (Richard's Remarks) about 4 times a week on his website. Russell also produced chart books showing technical analysis and important events which occur each year.

## Death and legacy

Russell died in La Jolla, California on November 21, 2015.
At the time of his death, Dow Theory Letters was the longest-running service continuously written by one person in the business. After Russell's passing, the letters continue market coverage by associated analysts. Russell has also been cited by Bob Prechter using the Elliott wave principle.
Stock analyst Robert Prechter wrote in his 1997 book: “Russell has made many exceptional market calls. He recommended gold stocks in 1960, called the top of the great bull market in stocks in 1966 and announced the end of the great bear market in December 1974.”
# The Jazz Cinderella

The Jazz Cinderella is a 1930 American romantic drama film directed by Scott Pembroke and starring Myrna Loy, Jason Robards Sr. and Nancy Welford. In Britain it was released under the alternative title of Love Is Like That.

## Cast

* Myrna Loy as Mildred Vane
* Jason Robards Sr. as Herbert Carter
* Nancy Welford as Patricia Murray
* Dorothy Phillips as Mrs. Consuelo Carter
* David Durand as Danny Murray
* Freddie Burke Frederick as Junior Carter
* Frank McGlynn Sr. as Henry Murray
* James P. Burtis as Ollie
* George Cowl as Darrow
* Murray Smith as Epstein
* William H. Strauss as Fineman
* Roland Ray as Pierre
* June Gittelson as Sylvia de Sprout
# Julia Bray

Julia Margaret Bray (born 28 September 1952) is a British scholar of Oriental studies who specialises in Medieval to Early Modern Arabic literature. From 2012 to 2023, she was the Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. She previously taught Arabic and Arabic literature at the universities of Manchester, Edinburgh and St Andrews, and was Professeur de littérature arabe médiévale at the Paris 8 University from 2003 to 2012.

## Early life and education

Bray was born on 28 September 1952 in Cambridge, England. She was educated at the Collège Sévigné, an all-girls private school in Paris, France. She read Oriental Studies at St Hilda's College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1974. After working as an archivist, she studied for a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree at St Cross College, Oxford. She completed her DPhil in 1984.

## Academic career

In 1983, Bray joined the University of Manchester as a lecturer in Arabic. She was then a senior lecturer in Arabic at the University of Edinburgh from 1989 to 1992. She was a visiting lecturer at St Antony's College, Oxford for the 1994/95 academic year, and James Mew Senior Research Fellow in Arabic in the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, from 1994 to 1996. She was senior lecturer in Arabic at the University of St Andrews from 1996 to 2003, and then Professeur de littérature arabe médiévale at the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis from 2003 to 2012.
Since September 2012, she has been the Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford. She is also a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. She co-edits (with Wen-chin Ouyang) the Edinburgh Studies in Classical Arabic Literature monograph series, published by Edinburgh University Press. The chair was renamed the Abdulaziz Saud AlBabtain Laudian Professorship of Arabic in after a re-endowment in 2016. Bray retired from the position in 2023, and was replaced by Tahera Qutbuddin.
Bray's research covers medieval Arabic literature (pre-1800), especially poetry, narrative and biography. As well as formal literary analysis of Classical Arabic literature, she uses it as a source for the history of ideas, and to analyse social and cultural meanings.

## Selected works

* Ashtiany, Julia (1982). The Arabic documents in the archives of the British Political Agency, Kuwait, 1904-1949. London: India Office Library and Records.
* Ashtiany, J.; Johnstone, T; Latham, J.; Serjeant, R., eds. (1990). Abbasid Belles Lettres. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Ashtiany, Julia (1993). Media Arabic. The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
* Bray, Julia, ed. (2006). Writing and representation in medieval Islam: Muslim horizons. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9781134171545.
# Miramella

Miramella is a small genus of short-horned grasshoppers in the subfamily Melanoplinae. They are found in Europe and eastern Asia. As of January 2019, Orthoptera Species File lists seven species in three subgenera. The genus was first named in 1932. Miramella is the type genus of the subtribe Miramellina (Acrididae: Melanoplinae: Podismini).
Species in the genus Mirabella occur in a variety of habitats, with some found at up to 2,800 m (9,200 ft) above sea level in the Swiss alps, including alpine, subalpine, montane, and submontane meadows. The conservation status of three species have been assessed on the IUCN Red List—Miramella carinthiaca, M. irena, and M. alpina. They are each listed as species of "least concern".

## Subgenera and species

Subgenera and species include:
* Subgenus Galvagniella Harz, 1973 (southeastern Europe)
** Miramella albanica Mistshenko, 1952 – Balkan Mountain grasshopper
* Subgenus Kisella Harz, 1973 (western and central Europe)
** Miramella alpina (Kollar, 1833) – green mountain grasshopper
** Miramella carinthiaca (Obenberger, 1926) – Karinthian Mountain grasshopper (southeastern Alps)
** Miramella irena (Fruhstorfer, 1921) – long-winged mountain grasshopper (southeastern Alps)
* Subgenus Miramella Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1932 (eastern Asia)
** Miramella changbaishanensis Gong, J., Z. Zheng & Lian, 1995
** Miramella rufipenne Chang, K.S.F., 1940
** Miramella solitaria (Ikonnikov, 1911), type species of the genus, as Podisma solitaria (Korea, far east Russia, northeastern China)
Genera with species formerly considered part of Mirabella include Capraiuscola, Nadigella, Parapodisma, Podisma, and Sinopodisma.
# Sweeney Todd (album)

Sweeney Todd is the debut album by Canadian glam rock band Sweeney Todd. The single "Roxy Roller" reached #1 in the RPM national singles survey on June 26, 1976, and held that position for three weeks. Singer Nick Gilder and guitarist Jim McCulloch later went on to solo careers. They have both since returned to the band.

## Track list

* "Roxy Roller"
* "Broadway Boogie"
* "Juicy Loose"
* "Short Distance, Long Journey"
* "The Kilt" (instrumental)
* "Rock'N'Roll Story"
* "Sweeney Todd Folder"
* "See What We're Doing Now"
* "Daydreams"
* "Rue De Chance"
* "Let's Do It All Again"

## Personnel

* Nick Gilder: Lead Vocals
* Jim McCulloch: Guitar
* Dan Gaudin: Keyboards
* Budd Marr: Bass
* John Booth: Drums
* Rod Dirk: Engineer
* Martin Shaer: Producer

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1976) | Peak position |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 19 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1976) | Position |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 23 |
# Christine Oddy

Christine Margaret Oddy (20 September 1955 – 27 July 2014) was an English politician.
Born and brought up in Coventry, she was educated at Stoke Park School, University College London, the Institute of European Studies, and Birkbeck College. She worked as a solicitor, and later as a lecturer, also serving as an officer for NATFHE.
Oddy was the Labour Member of the European Parliament for the Midlands Central constituency from 1989 to 1999. She won the seat from the Conservatives in 1989 and retained it in 1994. She served on several committees including Committee on Women's Rights, and also spent time as the treasurer of the European Parliamentary Labour Party. However, she only obtained seventh place out of eight on the proposed Labour Party candidate list for the West Midlands constituency for the 1999 European Parliament elections. She described her low ranking as an insult to her constituents.
She then took the Labour Party to an industrial tribunal about the selection procedures for the list, and was removed altogether from the Labour Party list about a month before the election.
She resigned from the Labour Party, and contested, as an independent, the 1999 European election in the West Midlands constituency (gaining 36,000 votes) and the 2001 UK general election in Coventry North West.

## Cancer and death

She later won damages from University Hospital Coventry in relation to alleged shortcomings with her care and treatment for cervical cancer. The cancer metastasized and she died on 27 July 2014.
# When the going gets tough, the tough get going

"When the going gets tough, the tough get going" is a popular phrase of witticism in American English.
The phrase is an example of an antimetabole.
The origin of the phrase has been attributed to various sources. It appeared to come from American football parlance, with the earliest published sources in the 1950s, including an article in the Corpus Christi Times quoting local football coach John Thomas in 1953, and from a 1954 article in the Santa Cruz Sentinel-News quoting coach Francis William Leahy.
In the early 21st century, the phrase is used as a form of management motivational talk, and is popular in many self-help books.