OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Territorial evolution of North America since 1763

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French-Canadians, La Guerre de la Conquête. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent.
At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America. As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World. These demands for more autonomy sparked several wars, including the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821). The last major colonial power on the continent, the United Kingdom, granted dominion status to Canada in 1867 and slowly turned over its remaining land to that country over the next 100 years, with the last land transfer being the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949. Throughout this period, France maintained the small North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of the island of Newfoundland.
From independence, the United States expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 and fighting a war with Mexico to push west to the Pacific. At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased. US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Likewise, Canada faced tensions between settlers, including French and English communities, and the colonial administration that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Texas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836. In 1845, Texas joined the United States and in 1867 the United States acquired Alaska from Russia. The last major territorial change occurred when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949, but there have been a number of small adjustments like the Boundary Treaty of 1970 where the city of Rio Rico, Texas, was ceded to Mexico.
# Vellalapatti

Vallalapatti is a panchayat town in Melur Taluk in the Madurai District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Geography

The Town is situated 30 km from Madurai on the Alagar Kovil-Melur main road. From Melur to Alagar Kovil it is 7km. The town has 51 streets.

## Governance

As of the India census, Vallalapatti was a first grade Town Panchayat. It was constituted in 1962. The town is under the administration of Madurai district. It includes 15 wards. The Assembly Constituency is Melur (state assembly constituency). The Parliament Constituency is Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)

## Economy

The Town primarily comprises residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. The primary occupations are agriculture, small business and minor cottage industries.

## Demographics

The population of the town was 8325 (2011 Census). The male population is 4177. The female population is 4148.

## Archeological sites

* Jain Monument is located at the foot of Ovamalai/Kalinjamalai at -10°02′41″N 78°16′48″E﻿ / ﻿10.044763°N 78.279962°E﻿ / 10.044763; 78.279962. Also, Tamizhi script can be seen in this cave entrance.
* Maangulam archeological findings (-10°01′25″N 78°14′32″E﻿ / ﻿10.023736°N 78.242251°E﻿ / 10.023736; 78.242251). மாங்குளம் கல்வெட்டுகள். These are the earliest among the Brahmi inscriptions in Tamil Nadu. This epigraph was first documented in 1882 by Robert Sewell, in Lists of The Antiquarian Remains in The Presidency of Madras Volume 1. This Tamizhi epigraph was dated to 3 Century BC.
* Kudavarai koil (10°02′25″N 78°16′34″E﻿ / ﻿10.040370°N 78.275989°E﻿ / 10.040370; 78.275989). A rare statue of Shiva form - Laguleesar along with Sivalingam and Pillaiyar (resembles Karpaga Vinayagar statue). Crafted in 7-8th Century A.D.
# Xınaxlı

Xınaxlı (also, Khynakhly) is a village and municipality in the Agdash Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 480.
# Volodymyr Borysovsky

Volodymyr Zakharovych Borysovsky (1933-2012) was a Ukrainian builder, electrical engineer, politician.
Borysovsky was from Donetsk Oblast. He graduated Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1956 and until 1963 worked as an electrician and electrical engineer in Kryvyi Rih. In 1961 he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1963–70 Borysovsky worked at the Dnipropetrovsk regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. He died 11 February 2012.
# Thesius

Thesius may refer to:
* An alternative spelling for Theseus, the mythical founder-king of Athens
* Thesius (beetle), a beetle genus in the tribe Tropiphorini
# Timeline of Fez

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Fez, Morocco.

## Prior to 20th century

* 789 – Madinat Fas settlement (later Fes el Andalous) established by Idris I of Morocco.
* 809 – Second settlement (later Fes el Karaouyine) established by Idris II of Morocco.
* 818 – Andalucian Arab refugees arrive (approximate date).
* 825 – Tunisian Kairouan refugees arrive.
* 828 – Idris II of Morocco dies.
* 848 – Yahya ibn Muhammad in power.
* 859 – Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque founded.
* 980 – Maghrawa in power.
* 1033 – 1033 Fez massacre of Jews.
* 1070 – Almoravids in power.
* 1145 – Almohads take city.
* 1204 – the fortifications of Fes el-bali completed.
* 1248 – Marinids in power.
* 1276 – Fes Jdid built.
* 1325 – Al-Attarine Madrasa completed.
* 1355 – Bou Inania Madrasa completed.
* 1357 – Dar al-Magana water clock built.
* 1408 – Lalla Ghariba mosque built at Fes Jdid.
* 1437 – Probable date of the transfer of Jewish population of Fes el-Bali to the Mellah in Fes Jdid.
* 1465 – 1465 Moroccan revolt.
* 1472 – Wattassids in power.
* 1522 – Earthquake.
* 1554 – Capture of Fez by the Ottoman Empire
* 1554 – Recapture of Fez by the Saadian Sultan Mohammed Al-Shaykh.
* 1576 – Capture of Fez by Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi and his forces.
* 1670 – Cherratine Madrasa rebuilt.

## 20th century

* 1912
** March: Morocco becomes a French protectorate, per Treaty of Fez.
** April: 1912 Fez riots.
** Moroccan capital relocated from Fez to Rabat.
* 1913 – Bab Boujeloud (gate) refurbished.
* 1916 – Ville Nouvelle founded.
* 1917 – Kissariyya market fire.
* 1920 – Public library opens.
* 1931 - Future billionaire Othman Benjelloun born in Fez.
* 1940 - student music association orchestra at fez as now music Institute in fez has founded there. (First called fez youth orchestra)
* 1942 – Cinema Rex opens.
* 1946 – Maghreb Association Sportive de Fez football club formed.
* 1948 – Widad Fez football club formed.
* 1951 - Population: 179,372.
* 1963 – University of al-Qarawiyyin active.
* 1973 - Population: 321,460 city; 426,000 urban agglomeration.
* 1981 – Medina of Fez designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* 1988 - A Trappist community is founded upon invitation of the archbishop of Rabat and is housed in the former Bellevue Hotel. The monks move in 1999 to Midelt.
* 1990 – 14 December: Labour strike.
* 1993 - Population: 564,000 urban agglomeration (estimate).
* 1994 – World Sacred Music Festival begins.
* 1999 – Rabat–Fes expressway built.

## 21st century

* 2003 – Hamid Chabat becomes mayor.
* 2004 – Population: 947,000.
* 2005 – École nationale des sciences appliquées de Fès (school) established.
* 2007 – After a construction period from 1994 to 2003,Fez Stadium opens in 2007.
* 2011 ** International Institute for Languages and Cultures established.
** Population: 1,088,000.
* 2014 - Population: 1,126,551 (estimate).
* 2015
** City becomes part of the Fès-Meknès administrative region.
** Idriss Azami Al Idrissi becomes mayor.
# Tilloclytus conradti

Tilloclytus conradti is a species of longhorn beetle in the Cerambycinae subfamily. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1892. It is known from Guatemala.
# Tilloclytus cleroides

Tilloclytus cleroides is a species of longhorn beetle in the Cerambycinae subfamily. White described it in 1855. It is known from Colombia and Venezuela.
# Tilloclytus clavipes

Tilloclytus clavipes is a species of longhorn beetle in the Cerambycinae subfamily. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It is known from Guatemala.
# Times interest earned

Times interest earned (TIE) or interest coverage ratio is a measure of a company's ability to honor its debt payments. It may be calculated as either EBIT or EBITDA divided by the total interest expense.
    Times-Interest-Earned = ⁠EBIT or EBITDA/Interest Expense⁠
When the interest coverage ratio is smaller than one, the company is not generating enough cash from its operations EBIT to meet its interest obligations. The company would then have to either use cash on hand to make up the difference or borrow funds. Typically, it is a warning sign when interest coverage falls below 2.5x.

## Times interest earned definition

The times interest earned ratio indicates the extent of which earnings are available to meet interest payments.
A lower times interest earned ratio means less earnings are available to meet interest payments and that the business is more vulnerable to increases in interest rates and being unable to meet their existing outstanding loan obligations.
# Time in Arizona

Time in Arizona, as in all U.S. states, is regulated by the United States Department of Transportation as well as by state and tribal law.
All of Arizona is in the Mountain Time Zone. Since 1968, most of the state—except the Navajo Nation—does not observe daylight saving time and remains on Mountain Standard Time (MST) all year. This results in most of Arizona having the same time as neighboring California each year from March to November, when locations in the Pacific Time Zone observe daylight saving time.

## Daylight saving time

Unlike most of the United States, Arizona does not observe daylight saving time (DST), with the exception of the Navajo Nation, which does observe DST. The Hopi Reservation, which is not part of the Navajo Nation but is geographically surrounded by it, also does not observe DST. For this reason, driving the length of Arizona State Route 264 east from Tuba City while DST is in place involves six time zone changes in less than 100 miles (160 km).

### Reasoning

Because of Arizona's hot climate, DST is largely considered counterproductive. The argument against extending the daylight hours into the evening is that people prefer to do their activities in the cooler morning temperatures. The Navajo Nation, a semi-autonomous Native American territory, follows the United States DST schedule. It lies in northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southeastern Utah and thus maintains the same time throughout tribal lands despite state borders.

### Legislative history

On March 21, 1968, the Arizona legislature passed the final version of SB 1, placing Arizona under standard time. The bill had been working its way through the legislature since January of that year, and was sponsored by state Senators Tenney, Goetze, Porter, Halacy, Garfield, Campbell, Lewis, Gregovich, Giss, Crowley, and Holsclaw. It passed the Senate 25–3–2, and afterwards the bill was passed by the House 49–1–10. It was approved by Governor Jack Williams the same day.

### tz database

The tz database version 2024b contains two entries for Arizona:
| CC | Coordinates | TZ | Comments | UTC offset | UTC offset DST | Notes |
| US | +332654−1120424 | America/Phoenix | MST - AZ (most areas), Creston BC | −07:00 | −07:00 | |
| US | | America/Shiprock | | −07:00 | −06:00 | |

### Example

When daylight saving is not active, the time in Phoenix and Albuquerque, New Mexico, is the same (Mountain Standard Time), and both are one hour ahead of Los Angeles, California (Pacific Standard Time).
When daylight saving is active, the time in Phoenix (Mountain Standard Time) and Los Angeles (Pacific Daylight Time) is the same, and both are one hour behind Albuquerque (Mountain Daylight Time).
The time in Navajo Nation is always the same as in Albuquerque.
Example of times: :
| Time | California | Arizona | Arizona | New Mexico | Ref. |
| Time | Los Angeles | Phoenix | Navajo Nation | Albuquerque | Ref. |
| Standard time (winter) | 1 p.m. PST | 2 p.m. MST | 2 p.m. MST | 2 p.m. MST | |
| Daylight time (summer) | 2 p.m. PDT | 2 p.m. MST | 3 p.m. MDT | 3 p.m. MDT | |
# Tiruchopuram Mangalapureeswarar Temple

Tiruchopuram Mangalapureeswarar Temple (திருச்சோபுரம் மங்களபுரீசுவரர் கோயில்)is a Hindu temple located at Tiruchopuram in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The presiding deity is Shiva. He is called as Mangalapureeswarar. His consort is known as Thyagavalliammai.

## Significance

It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams – Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Sambandar.
# Tinajas Altas Pass

Tinajas Altas Pass is a gap in the Tinajas Altas Mountains in Yuma County, Arizona. Its highest elevation is at 1,106 feet (337 meters).

## History

Tinajas Altas Pass was the route that El Camino del Diablo followed through the Tinajas Altas Mountains.
# Titoda Mafi

Titoda Mafi is a village situated in Bhilwara district near Sawar/Pander in Rajasthan.
* This article related to a location in Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Tobacco-specific nitrosamines

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprise one of the most important groups of carcinogens in tobacco products, particularly cigarettes (traditional and electronic) and fermented dipping snuff.

## Background

These nitrosamine carcinogens are formed from nicotine and related compounds by a nitrosation reaction that occurs during the curing and processing of tobacco. Essentially the plant's natural alkaloids combine with nitrate forming the nitrosamines.
They are called tobacco-specific nitrosamines because they are found only in tobacco products, and possibly in some other nicotine-containing products. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines are present in cigarette smoke and to a lesser degree in "smokeless" tobacco products such as dipping tobacco and chewing tobacco; additional information has shown that trace amounts of NNN and NNK have been detected in e-cigarettes. They are present in trace amounts in snus. They are important carcinogens in cigarette smoke, along with combustion products and other carcinogens.
Among the tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are the most carcinogenic. Others include N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB). NNK and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are potent systemic lung carcinogens in rats. Tumors of the nasal cavity, liver, and pancreas are also observed in NNK- or NNAL-treated rats. NNN is an effective esophageal carcinogen in the rat, and induces respiratory tract tumors in mice, hamsters, and mink. A mixture of NNK and NNN caused oral tumors when swabbed in the rat oral cavity. Thus, considerable evidence supports the role of tobacco-specific nitrosamines as important causative factors for cancers of the lung, pancreas, esophagus, and oral cavity in people who use tobacco products.
Metabolism and chemical binding to DNA (adduct formation) are critical in cancer induction by NNK and NNN.
Human metabolism of NNK and NNN varies widely from individual to individual, and current research is attempting to identify those individuals who are particularly sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of these compounds. Such individuals would be at higher risk for cancer when they use tobacco products or are exposed to secondhand smoke. Identification of high-risk individuals could lead to improved methods of prevention of tobacco-related cancer, and improved risk valuation for insurers.
# Tisău

Tisău is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of eleven villages: Bărbuncești, Grăjdana, Haleș, Izvoranu, Izvoru (the commune centre), Leiculești, Pădurenii, Salcia, Strezeni, Tisău, and Valea Sălciilor.
The commune is located in the western part of the county, on the border with Prahova County. It lies in the hilly area south of the Curvature Carpathians, on the banks of the Nișcov River (a right tributary of the Buzău River).
Tisău is traversed by county road DJ100H, which connects it to the east to Vernești (where it ends in national road DN10) and to the southwest to Mizil.
Ciolanu Monastery is located on the territory of the commune.

## Natives

* Alexandru Drăghici
# Toddville, Maryland

Toddville is an unincorporated community in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. Toddville is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of Wingate. Toddville has a post office with ZIP code 21672.
# Todds Valley

Todds Valley is a small township to the north of Nelson, New Zealand. It lies to the southeast of State Highway 6, immediately to the north of Marybank, New Zealand at the northern tip of Nelson Haven.

## Demographics

Todds Valley is in an SA1 statistical area which covers 4.40 km$^2$ (1.70 sq mi). It is part of the Nelson Rural statistical area.
Todds Valley had a population of 108 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 18 people (−14.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 27 people (33.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 42 households, comprising 60 males and 51 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.18 males per female. The median age was 46.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 18 people (16.7%) aged under 15 years, 9 (8.3%) aged 15 to 29, 69 (63.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 15 (13.9%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 100.0% European/Pākehā, and 8.3% Māori. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 75.0% had no religion, 13.9% were Christian and 5.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (36.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 9 (10.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $37,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 18 people (20.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 45 (50.0%) people were employed full-time, and 21 (23.3%) were part-time.
# Toddy

Toddy may refer to:

## Places

* Toddy Bridge, a pedestrian bridge in Singapore
* Toddy Pond, a pond in Antarctica
* Todmorden, a town in Yorkshire, England, informally called Toddy

## People

* Ralph "Toddy" Giannini (1917–1996), American basketball player
* Toddy Kehoe (1918–2024), Canadian politician, philanthropist and disabilities activist
* Toddy Orlygsson (born 1966), Icelandic football player and manager
* Toddy O'Sullivan (1934–2021), Irish politician
* Toddy Puller (born 1945), American politician
* Master Toddy (born 1953), Thai-American martial artist and trainer
* Svetoslav Todorov (born 1978), Bulgarian footballer
* Toddy Walters (born 1969), actress and singer/songwriter

## Drinks

* Toddy (PepsiCo), a powdered milk drink now marketed mainly in South America
* Egg toddy, another name for eggnog
* Hot toddy, a mixed drink served hot
* Palm toddy or palm wine, an alcoholic beverage
** Toddy palm, several species of palms used to produce palm toddy
** Toddy shop, a drinking establishment where palm toddy is served
* Toddy coffee, a cold water coffee brewing system

## Other uses

* Toddy, a nickname for a toddler
* Toddy cat, an Asian palm civet
# To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)

"To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)" is a song written and originally performed by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in June 1969 via Decca Records.

## Background and reception

"To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)" was recorded at Bradley's Barn in Mount Juliet, Tennessee on May 28, 1969. The recording session was produced by the studio's owner, renowned country music producer Owen Bradley. Two additional tracks were recorded during this session.
"To Man a Man (Feel Like a Man)" reached number three on the Billboard Hot Country Singles survey in 1969. The song became her sixteenth top ten single under the Decca recording label. Additionally, the song peaked at number four on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart during this same period. It was included on her studio album, Woman of the World / To Make a Man (1969).

## Track listings
### 7" vinyl single

* "To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)" – 2:15
* "One Little Reason" – 2:47

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1969) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Songs (RPM) | 4 |
| US Hot Country Singles (Billboard) | 3 |
# Todirești, Ungheni

Todirești is a commune in Ungheni District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Grăseni and Todirești.
# Today Forever

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Today Forever is an EP by British rock band Ride, released in March 1991.
The first three songs also appeared in the US on the "Vapour Trail" CD-single. All four songs from the EP were added to the Nowhere album as bonus tracks on its re-release in 2001, 20th anniversary reissue in 2011, and 25th anniversary reissue in 2015.
In November 2022, all four songs were made available on ‘4EPs’, a compilation of Ride’s first four EPs made available together for the first time and packaged as one gatefold album on white vinyl and in CD format.

## Video album

In 1991, a video album was released to accompany the EP, featuring a music video for each song directed by James Deegan. The release was also made available in Japan on Laserdisc as part of a box set with the band's Brixton live video. This version was a compilation of all of the band's music videos up to that point.
# Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations

CFR Title 36 - Parks, Forests, and Public Property is one of fifty titles comprising the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 36 is the principal set of rules and regulations issued by federal agencies of the United States regarding parks, forests, and public property. It is available in digital and printed form, and can be referenced online using the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR).

## Structure

The table of contents, as reflected in the e-CFR updated February 28, 2014, is as follows:
| Volume | Chapter | Parts | Regulatory Entity |
| 1 | I | 1-199 | National Park Service, Department of the Interior |
| 2 | II | 200-299 | Forest Service, Department of Agriculture |
| 3 | III | 300-399 | Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army |
| | IV | 400-499 | American Battle Monuments Commission |
| | V | 500-599 | Smithsonian Institution |
| | VII | 700-799 | Library of Congress |
| | VIII | 800-899 | Advisory Council on Historic Preservation |
| | IX | 900-999 | Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation |
| | X | 1000-1099 | Presidio Trust |
| | XI | 1100-1199 | Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board |
| | XII | 1200-1299 | National Archives and Records Administration |
| | XV | 1500-1599 | Oklahoma City National Memorial Trust |
| | XVI | 1600-1699 | Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation |