OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Downs–Thomson paradox

The Downs–Thomson paradox (named after Anthony Downs and John Michael Thomson), also known as the Pigou–Knight–Downs paradox (after Arthur Cecil Pigou and Frank Knight), states that the equilibrium speed of car traffic on a road network is determined by the average door-to-door speed of equivalent journeys taken by public transport or the next best alternative.
Although consistent with economic theory, it is a paradox in that it contradicts the common expectation that improvements in the road network will reduce traffic congestion. In actuality, any improvements in road networks lead to no alleviation of congestion, but usually more use of those roads: what is often referred to as induced demand. Improvements to the road network may even make congestion worse if the improvements make public transport more inconvenient to use, or if they shift investment, causing disinvestment in the public transport system.

## Consequence

The general conclusion, if the paradox applies, is that expanding a road system as a remedy to congestion is ineffective and often even counterproductive. That is known as Lewis–Mogridge position and was extensively documented by Martin Mogridge in the case study of London on his 1990 book Travel in towns: jam yesterday, jam today and jam tomorrow?
A 1968 article by Dietrich Braess pointed out the existence of the counterintuitive occurrence on networks: Braess's paradox states that adding extra capacity to a network, when the moving entities selfishly choose their route, can in some cases, reduce overall performance.
There is interest in the study of this phenomenon since the same may happen in computer networks as well as transport networks. Increasing the size of the network is characterized by behaviors of users similar to that of travelers on road networks, who act independently and in a decentralized manner in choosing optimal routes between origin and destination is an extension of the induced demand theory and consistent with Downs' 1992 theory of "triple convergence", formulated to explain the difficulty of removing peak congestion from highways. In response to a capacity addition three immediate effects occur: drivers using alternative routes begin to use the expanded highway; those previously traveling at off-peak times (either immediately before or after the peak) shift to the peak (rescheduling behavior as defined previously) and public transport users shift to driving.

### Restrictions on validity

According to Downs, the link between average speeds on public transport and private transport applies only "to regions in which the vast majority of peak-hour commuting is done on rapid transit systems with separate rights of way. Central London is an example, since in 2001 around 85 percent of all morning peak-period commuters into that area used public transport (including 77 percent on separate rights of way) and only 11 percent used private cars. When peak-hour travel equilibrium has been reached between the subway system and the major commuting roads, then the travel time required for any given trip is roughly equal on both modes."
# Qutb al-Din Mawdud

Qutb al-Din Mawdud (died 6 September 1170) was the Zengid Emir of Mosul from 1149 to 1169. He was the son of Imad al-Din Zengi and brother and successor of Sayf al-Din Ghazi I.

## Biography

At the death of Zengi, his possessions were divided between his sons: Nur al-Din received Aleppo and Saif al-Din Ghazi Mosul, while Qutb al-Din Mawdud received the emirate of Homs. After the death of Saif al-Din Ghazi in 1149, Qutb al-Din Mawdud was the first to arrive in Mosul and have himself recognized as emir; Nur al-Din, who desired to add the city to his lands, occupied Tal Afar and Sinjar, preparing to attack his brother and occupy Mosul. Only the intervention of veterans of the Aleppo army, who refused to take part in the fratricide war which would weaken the effort against the Crusaders and the Emirate of Damascus, forced Nur al-Din to renounce to the expedition and to reconcile with his brother.
Qutb al-Din Mawdud participated to the Siege of Baghdad (1157) in a coalition with the armies of the Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan. It was the last Seljuq attempt to capture Baghdad from the Abbasids, but Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition.
During his reign in Mosul, Qutb held the Seljuq prince, Suleiman-Shah b. Muhammad b. Malik Shah, as a prisoner until 1160. In 1164, Shirkuh, a general of Nur al-Din, fought King Amalric I of Jerusalem for the control of Egypt. When he found himself in a weak situation, Nur al-Din launched an expedition against the Principality of Antioch to divert the Christian forces. The Artuqid emirs of Mardin and Diyarbakır, as well as Mawdud, joined him in the attack, which turned to be successful: the towns of Harim and Banias were captured, and Amalric had to abandon Egypt. For the same reason, Mawdud helped his brother in the County of Tripoli in 1167.
At the beginning of 1168, Kara Arslan, the Artuqid emir of Hasankeyf, died, and Qutb al-Din Mawdud tried to conquer that city; but he was pushed back by Nur al-Din, who had promised to defend Arslan's successors.
Qutb al-Din Mawdud died in September 1170. He had designed as successor his second son Sayf al-Din Ghazi II.
# The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English

The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English is a 1977 poetry anthology edited by the author and academic Gwyn Jones. It covers both Welsh language poetry in English translation and poetry written in English by Welsh poets (often called Anglo-Welsh poetry).

## Poets in The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English

* Dannie Abse
* Aneirin
* Euros Bowen
* Brenda Chamberlain
* Coslett Coslett
* Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr
* Dafydd ab Edmwnd
* Dafydd ab Gwilym
* Dafydd Bach ap Madog Wladaidd
* Dafydd Benfras
* Dafydd Nanmor
* Edward Davies
* Gareth Alban Davies
* Gloria Evans Davies
* Idris Davies
* J. Kitchener Davies
* T. Glynne Davies
* Walter Davies
* William Henry Davies
* John Dyer
* Tom Earley
* Robert Ellis
* Evan Evans
* Margiad Evans
* Llewelyn Wyn Griffith
* Ann Griffiths
* Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch
* Owen Gruffydd
* Gwerfyl Mechain
* George Herbert
* Lord Herbert of Cherbury
* Hugh Holland
* James Howell
* John Ceiriog Hughes
* Richard Hughes
* Emyr Humphreys
* Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
* Iolo Goch
* Bobi Jones
* David Jones
* David Gwenallt Jones
* Ellis Jones
* Glyn Jones
* Gwilym R. Jones
* Gwyn Jones
* Thomas Gwynn Jones
* Thomas Harri Jones
* Alun Lewis
* Lewis Glyn Cothi
* Howell Elvet Lewis
* Saunders Lewis
* Llawdden
* Evan Lloyd
* Huw Llywd
* Llywelyn ab y Moel
* Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen
* Alun Llywelyn-Williams
* Roland Mathias
* Meilyr Brydydd
* Huw Menai
* Lewis Morris
* John Morris-Jones
* Huw Morus
* Leslie Norris
* John Ormond
* Goronwy Owen
* Wilfred Owen
* Robert Williams Parry
* Thomas Herbert Parry-Williams
* Emily Jane Pfeiffer
* Siôn Phylip
* William Phylip
* John Cowper Powys
* Edmwnd Prys
* Thomas Prys
* A. G. Prys-Jones
* John Machreth Rees
* Ernest Rhys
* David Roberts
* Siôn Cent
* Christopher Smart
* Taliesin
* Dylan Thomas
* Edward Thomas
* Gwyn Thomas
* R. S. Thomas
* Thomas Jacob Thomas
* Henry Treece
* Tudur Aled
* Henry Vaughan
* Thomas Vaughan
* Vernon Watkins
* Rowland Watkyns
* Charles Hanbury Williams
* Edward Williams
* Eliseus Williams
* Gwyn Williams
* Rhydwen Williams
* Robert Williams
* Waldo Williams
* William Williams Pantycelyn

## Publication details

* Jones, Gwyn, ed. (1977). The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192118585.
* Jones, Gwyn, ed. (1983). The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192813978.
# Strong City

Strong City may refer to places in the United States:
* Strong City, Kansas, a city
* Strong City, Oklahoma, a town
* Lord Our Righteousness Church, New Mexico, a religious community sometimes called Strong City, and the subject of the National Geographic documentary "Inside a Cult"
# Graham Thomas (athlete)

Graham Edward Thomas (1 February 1931 – 1998) was an Australian middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# Hector Sutherland (cyclist)

Hector John Sutherland (6 March 1930 – 26 April 2011) was an Australian racing cyclist. He finished in second place in the Australian National Road Race Championships in 1953 and 1954. He won a gold medal in men's road race event at the 1950 Commonwealth Games.
# Ian Bowditch

Ian Bowditch (9 March 1939 – 25 February 2008) was an Australian fencer. He competed in the team épée event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Before this, Ian and his brother Bruce were both awarded full blues for fencing as members of the Melbourne University Fencing Club.
Bowditch, who trained as a lawyer, helped draft the Constitution of Nauru while working as an Australian Government Legal Officer prior to Nauru's independence. He later practiced as a barrister at the Victorian Bar for over 25 years (signing the Victorian Bar Roll on 24 November 1983 and retiring in 2003).
He was the father of singer Clare Bowditch.
# Judge Moore

Judge Moore may refer to:
* Ben Moore (judge) (1891–1958), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia
* George Moore (Missouri judge) (1878–1962), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri
* George DeGraw Moore (1822–1891), surrogate for Essex County, New Jersey
* George Fletcher Moore (1798–1886), Australian judge before serving as Attorney-General of Western Australia
* John H. Moore II (1929–2013), judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida
* Joseph B. Moore (Michigan judge) (1845–1930), judge of the Michigan Sixth Circuit Court
* Karen Nelson Moore (born 1948), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
* K. Michael Moore (born 1951), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
* Kimberly A. Moore (born 1968), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
* Leonard P. Moore (1898–1982), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
* Raymond P. Moore (born 1953), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado
* William Theodore Moore Jr. (born 1940), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia
# Lisa Power

Lisa Power MBE is a British sexual health and LGBT rights campaigner. She was a volunteer for Lesbian & Gay Switchboard and Secretary General of the International Lesbian and Gay Association. She co-founded the Pink Paper and Stonewall, later becoming Policy Director at the Terrence Higgins Trust. She was the first openly LGBT person to speak at the United Nations and continues to work and volunteer as an LGBT+ and sexual health activist in Wales with groups such as Fast Track Cymru and Pride Cymru.

## Early life

Power was born in 1954. She came out as lesbian in the 1970s in a time when homosexuality was still controversial in British society. She volunteered at the Lesbian & Gay Switchboard in London. At the switchboard, she started to take calls about a mystery illness which became known as GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) and later HIV/AIDS. She was an early worker on the National AIDS Helpline and worked for Hackney Local Authority as HIV policy officer.

## Career

Power became Secretary-General of the International Lesbian and Gay Association (now the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association) in 1988 after helping to set up the Pink Paper. She co-founded Stonewall in 1989 in direct response to Section 28 and subsequently was the policy director of the Terrence Higgins Trust.
In 1991, Power was the first openly LGBT person to speak about gay rights at the United Nations in New York. She was subsequently sainted by the Order of Perpetual Indulgence as St Lisa Potestatis for her services to queer life and her saint's day is New Year's Eve. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours, "for services to sexual health and to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender community" and was named on the 2022 Pinc List as that year's most influential LGBT figure in Wales.
In 2020, she collaborated with National Museum Cardiff and curator Dan Vo on a program called "Queer Tours", which aimed to uncover hidden LGBTQ histories in Cardiff. She was for several years the Organiser for LGBT History Month at Pride Cymru and Chair of the HIV Justice Network. She was Historical Consultant for the ground breaking Russell T Davies Channel 4 series "It's A Sin", has appeared in a number of HIV and LGBT modern history programmes and is a Founding Trustee of the Queer Britain museum. On International Women's Day 2020, Power commented "Women are raised with an inner voice of self doubt; tell yours to shut up and let you have a go".

## Selected works

* Power, Lisa (1995). No bath but plenty of bubbles: An oral history of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970–1973. Cassell. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-304-33205-2.
# Alimsultan Alkhamatov

Alimsultan Alkhamatov (c. 1965 – 27 September 2009) was a Russian politician and official from Dagestan. He was an ethnic Kumyk.

## Career

Alkhamatov was named acting Khasavyurt district head in 2005. His term lasted until 27 September 2009 when he was killed in Moscow.

## Assassination

Alkhamatov went to Moscow to be with his 19-year-old son, who was undergoing another operation for injuries due to a car accident. He was shot and killed in southwest Moscow on 27 September 2009. The attack also left his driver seriously wounded. His assassination follows a string of high-profile killings in Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia in 2009.
Alkhamatov, who was 44 years old, was reportedly the target of three prior assassination attempts. Because of these, he had three armed bodyguards and armored Mercedes while in Moscow, but the security measures to protect him ultimately failed. The first assassination attempt against him occurred at the beginning of 2005, shortly after the then Dagestani President Magomedali Magomedov appointed him acting Khasavyurt district head.
# Keith McDougall

Keith McDougall (1893 – 1969) was an Australian tennis player in the 1920s. He was the son of Alexander "Sandy" McDougall, who was known in Perth as a "one-time big racing identity", according to newspaper The Sunday Times of Perth. Keith also played cricket and golf. McDougall was twice Western Australia State doubles champion with Rice Gemmell, despite having a "crippled arm", according to The West Australian newspaper of Perth. McDougall was the secretary of the King's Park Tennis Club in Perth. McDougall's best stroke was his forehand. He was a semi finalist at the Australasian Championships singles held at Perth in 1921, beating R. W. Phillips and W. Hayman before losing to Alf Hedeman. In 1924 McDougall opened a store which sold sports equipment with fellow player Rice Gemmell. In 1927, McDougall partnered the Duke of York (later King George VI) in a doubles tennis match when the Duke visited Australia.
# Keith Rowley (cyclist)

Keith Rowley (1919–1982) was an Australian racing cyclist.

## Career highlights
### 1947

    1st Australian 150-mile road race title
    1st and Blue Riband in the Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic

### 1948

    2nd and 2nd fastest Tour of Gippsland

### 1949

    2nd Australian long distance title of 187 miles

### 1950

    1st Australian National Road Race Championship
    2nd in Stage 1 part b Tour of the West, Dubbo
    1st in Stage 5 part a Tour of the West, Penrith
    2nd in Stage 5 part b Tour of the West, Sydney
    3rd in General Classification Tour of the West

### 1951

    8th in General Classification Tour of the West

### 1952

    1st in General Classification Herald Sun Tour
    3rd in Stage 5 'Sun' Tour of Victoria Maffra, Victoria
    1st in General Classification 'Sun' Tour of Victoria

## Australian professional cycling career

He won the Australian 150-mile road race title in 1947, by winning a sprint point 150 miles (240 km) into the Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic and the Australian National Road Race Championship in 1950 by winning the first championship race over 125 miles (201 km) at Cronulla, NSW.
Rowley also won the Blue Riband for the fastest time in the Melbourne to Warrnambool in 1947.
Keith's brother Max Rowley was also a successful cyclist, winning the Blue Riband for the fastest time in the Warrnambool in 1950 and 3rd in the Australian national road race in 1948 and 1952. Max and Keith finished 1st and fastest and 2nd and 2nd fastest respectively in the 1948 Tour of Gippsland.
# Keith Saunders (boxer)

Keith B. Saunders (16 February 1934 – 18 November 2003) was an indigenous Australian professional boxer and author of two books.

## Early life

Keith Saunders was born in South Cardiff, New South Wales on 16 February 1934 to Mary and Sidney Saunders. When he was ten years old his family moved to Redfern in Sydney.

## Professional career

Throughout his working life Saunders held a variety of jobs including laborer, truck driver, garbage collector and roller driver as well as experiencing periods of unemployment.

### Boxing

Keith Saunders was spotted as a young teenager by Billy McConnell the owner of a gymnasium. He had his first amateur fight at the age of 13. Three years later he made it to the New South Wales State Amateur Boxing Finals.
He became a welterweight fighter and began fighting professionally in 1952. During training Keith served as a sparring partner for some of the world's best boxers. He experienced racism throughout his boxing career. He travelled to New Zealand in 1959 to compete against Samoan boxer Tuna Scanlan.
He retired from boxing in 1966 but made two comebacks in 1968 at the age of 32 and again in 1970 before retiring permanently.

### Writing

Keith Saunders was awarded a grant of $2,273 in 1987 to write his biography. The book explored his boxing career "in the context of his personal history and the social and economic conditions of the period." Although he planned to have a ghost writer write his biography, after three failed attempts he wrote the book himself and it was published by Aboriginal Studies Press. He was interviewed by Heather Rusden when his first book the autobiography Learning the Ropes was released. In the interview he discusses his personal experiences of racism as an Aboriginal Australian. In the book, he describes how the Aborigines Protection Act 1909 in Australia regulated "most aspects of the lives of Aborigines".
His second book Myall Road focussed on life in Sydney in the 1950s and 1960s.

## Works

* Saunders, Keith B (1992), Learning the ropes, Canberra Aboriginal Studies Press, ISBN 978-0-85575-237-8
* Saunders, Keith B (1998), Myall Road, Canberra Aboriginal Studies Press, ISBN 978-0-85575-314-6
# Judge Walker

Judge Walker may refer to:
* Jamar K. Walker (born 1986), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
* John M. Walker Jr. (born 1940), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
* Jonathan Hoge Walker (1754–1824), judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
* Justin R. Walker (born 1982), judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
* Lance E. Walker (born 1972), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
* Mark E. Walker (born 1967), judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida
* Richard Wilde Walker Jr. (1857–1936), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
* Thomas Glynn Walker (1899–1993), judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
* Thomas Joseph Walker (1877–1945), judge of the United States Customs Court
* Vaughn Walker (born 1944), judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
# Whale Skerries

Whale Skerries is a small group of islands and rocks in Lewthwaite Strait in the South Orkney Islands, lying close west of Cape Disappointment, Powell Island. First charted and named "Hvalskjaer" by Petter Sorlle in 1912–13. The name was later corrected to the plural form, "Hvalskjaerene" (Whale Skerries), by Sorlle. The English form of the name was recommended by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1954.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Whale Skerries". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.  60°42′S 45°6′W﻿ / ﻿60.700°S 45.100°W﻿ / -60.700; -45.100
* This South Orkney Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# O (Eiko Shimamiya album)

O is the first full-length album from Eiko Shimamiya, it includes the hit single Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (opening from the same-titled anime). A limited edition with a DVD including the music video of Higurashi no Naku Koro ni is available. The album charted for five weeks on the Oricon charts and sold 10,000 copies.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Eiko Shimamiya

## Credits

* Eiko Shimamiya: Lyrics (excepting Sora no Mahoroba) and music (excepting Higurashi no Naku Koro ni)
* Kazuya Takase: Arrangement for tracks 1, 4, 7, and 11.
* Tomoyuki Nakazawa: Arrangement for tracks 2 and 11. Music for track 11.
* SORMA: Arrangement for tracks 6 and 8.
* Maiko Iuchi: Arrangement for tracks 5 and 12.
* Additional arrangement: Jyunpei Fujita, C.G mix, Yui Isshiki respectively for tracks 3, 9, and 10.
* This 2000s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Thomas McMurray

Thomas McMurray may refer to:
* Thomas McMurray (sportsman), Irish cricketer and footballer
* Thomas S. McMurray, mayor of Denver, Colorado
* Thomas Porter McMurray, British orthopaedic surgeon
# Sulev

Sulev may refer to:
* Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
* EML Sulev (M312), a minehunter
* Sulev (given name)
# The Paper Chase (Symons novel)

The Paper Chase is a 1956 mystery crime novel by the British writer Julian Symons. It was published in America the following year by Harper & Brothers under the alternative title of Bogue's Fortune. It was reviewed by fellow writers Milward Kennedy in The Guardian and Philip John Stead in the Times Literary Supplement.

## Synopsis

A crime writer looking for new material for his second novel, decides to set it in a progressive school and gets a job in one to help his research. Before long a murder takes place and he is drawn into an investigation about an alleged stash of treasure hidden by the school's previous headmaster, the mysterious Johnny Bogue who died in a plane crash more than a decade earlier.
# Bottomless

Bottomless means having no bottom or lower limit. It may also refer to:
* Bottomless beverage, a drink with unlimited refills
* Nudity beneath the waist
# Strpačići

Strpačići (Italian: Sterpazzi) is a village in Višnjan-Visignano municipality in Istria County, Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 31.
# Sultan Kudarat (disambiguation)

Sultan Kudarat may refer to:
* Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1581–1671), Sultan of Maguindanao
** Sultan Kudarat, a province in the Philippines named in his honor.
** Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte, a municipality also named after him.
* BRP Sultan Kudarat, a corvette of the Philippine Navy
# Sulyman Kawu

Sulyman Durosylorun Kawu is a Nigerian judge who is currently serving as the Chief Judge of Kwara State since 2014. He was appointed by Governor Abdulfatah Ahmed on the recommendation of the Kwara State Judicial Service Commission.
During a swearing in of judges in 2017, Kawu warned judicial officials that corrupt judges who take bribes to give biased judgement would go to hell.
In the wake of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Kawu granted amnesty to 46 inmates awaiting trial at the Oke-Kura maximum and Mandala Medium prisons in Ilorin.