OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Erdős distinct distances problem

In discrete geometry, the Erdős distinct distances problem states that every set of points in the plane has a nearly-linear number of distinct distances. It was posed by Paul Erdős in 1946 and almost proven by Larry Guth and Nets Katz in 2015.

## The conjecture

In what follows let g(n) denote the minimal number of distinct distances between n points in the plane, or equivalently the smallest possible cardinality of their distance set. In his 1946 paper, Erdős proved the estimates
    ${\sqrt {n-3/4}}-1/2\leq g(n)\leq cn/{\sqrt {\log n}}$
for some constant $c$. The lower bound was given by an easy argument. The upper bound is given by a ${\sqrt {n}}\times {\sqrt {n}}$ square grid. For such a grid, there are $O(n/{\sqrt {\log n}})$ numbers below n which are sums of two squares, expressed in big O notation; see Landau–Ramanujan constant. Erdős conjectured that the upper bound was closer to the true value of g(n), and specifically that (using big Omega notation) $g(n)=\Omega (n^{c})$ holds for every c < 1.

## Partial results

Paul Erdős' 1946 lower bound of g(n) = Ω(n$^{1/2}$) was successively improved to:
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{2/3}$) by Leo Moser in 1952,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{5/7}$) by Fan Chung in 1984,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{4/5}$/log n) by Fan Chung, Endre Szemerédi, and William T. Trotter in 1992,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{4/5}$) by László A. Székely in 1993,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{6/7}$) by József Solymosi and Csaba D. Tóth in 2001,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{(4e/(5e−1))−ɛ}$) by Gábor Tardos in 2003,
* g(n) = Ω(n$^{((48−14e)/(55−16e))−ɛ}$) by Nets Katz and Gábor Tardos in 2004,
* g(n) = Ω(n/log n) by Larry Guth and Nets Katz in 2015.

## Higher dimensions

Erdős also considered the higher-dimensional variant of the problem: for $d\geq 3$ let $g_{d}(n)$ denote the minimal possible number of distinct distances among $n$ points in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space. He proved that $g_{d}(n)=\Omega (n^{1/d})$ and $g_{d}(n)=O(n^{2/d})$ and conjectured that the upper bound is in fact sharp, i.e., $g_{d}(n)=\Theta (n^{2/d})$. József Solymosi and Van H. Vu obtained the lower bound $g_{d}(n)=\Omega (n^{2/d-2/d(d+2)})$ in 2008.
# Wilbarger

Wilbarger may refer to:
* Wilbarger County, Texas
* Josiah P. Wilbarger (1801–1845), early Texan settler
# Yar Hussain (West)

Yar Hussain (West) is an administrative unit, known as Union council of Swabi District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
District Swabi has 4 Tehsils i.e. Swabi Tehsil, Lahor, Topi Tehsil and Razar. Each Tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. There are 56 union councils in district Swabi.
# James Masih Shera

James Masih Shera MBE (6 March 1946 – 15 January 2024) was a Pakistani-born British politician and educationist who was Mayor of Rugby.

## Personal life

James Masih Shera was born in a small rural village in Pakistan on 6 March 1946. He died on 15 January 2024, at the age of 77.

## Career

In 1988, Shera became the first Pakistani to be elected Mayor of Rugby. He was leader of the Labour Group in Rugby from 2005 to 2022. He also served as Chair Overview and Scrutiny Board, Rugby Borough Council from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, Shera made a record by getting elected as a councilor for the 10th consecutive term.

## Awards and recognition

* In 1992, he received the Sitara-i-Imtiaz from the President of Pakistan.
* He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2007 Birthday Honours, for services to the NHS and communities in the West Midlands.
* A road has been named in Rugby as ‘James Shera Way' in recognition of his campaigns as chair of the council of fellows of Warwickshire College.
* In 2010, the University of Bedfordshire gave him an honorary doctorate of Business and Administration.
* In 2017, he was awarded “Freedom of the Borough of Rugby”.
* In 2021, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan awarded him honorary PhD in Arts & Letters.
* In March 2023, he received the Hilal-e-Quaid-i-Azam from the President of Pakistan.
# Exergonic reaction

In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy). This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed system at constant pressure and temperature, the Gibbs free energy is used, whereas the Helmholtz energy is relevant for processes that take place at constant volume and temperature. Any reaction occurring at constant temperature without input of electrical or photon energy is exergonic, according to the second law of thermodynamics. An example is cellular respiration.
Symbolically, the release of free energy, ⁠$G$⁠, in an exergonic reaction (at constant pressure and temperature) is denoted as
    $\Delta G=G_{\rm {p}}-G_{\rm {r}}<0.\,$
Although exergonic reactions are said to occur spontaneously, this does not imply that the reaction will take place at an observable rate. For instance, the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide releases free energy but is very slow in the absence of a suitable catalyst. It has been suggested that eager would be a more intuitive term in this context.
More generally, the terms exergonic and endergonic relate to the free energy change in any process, not just chemical reactions. By contrast, the terms exothermic and endothermic relate to an enthalpy change in a closed system during a process, usually associated with the exchange of heat.
# The Temptations in Japan

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The Temptations in Japan is a 1973 live album recorded by The Temptations in Japan, where it was exclusively issued. The album was later remastered and re-released on compact disc in 2004, where a limited edition 5000 copy run was made for sale in the US and other countries.

## Background

This album was significant in that it brought out the maturation and growth of members Damon Harris and Richard Street as worthy replacements for original members Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. Highlights include a phenomenal arrangement of "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face", "Masterpiece", "Love Woke Me Up This Morning", "Just My Imagination", "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" and "Papa Was a Rolling Stone", for years the only track to be available for release in the United States. This is one of the group's better live albums. Other notable entries include 1967's The Temptations Live featuring the classic lineup and 1970's Live at London's Talk of The Town, which featured Dennis Edwards and Eddie Kendricks in its lineup.

## Track listing

* "Plastic Man"
* "I Can't Get Next to You"
* "Love Woke Me Up This Morning"
* "Medley: "Get Ready"/"My Girl"/"The Way You Do the Things You Do"
* "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
* "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)"
* "Cloud Nine"
* Introduction of Band and Group
* "A Song for You"
* "Masterpiece"
* "Just My Imagination"
* "Papa Was a Rolling Stone"

## Personnel

* Dennis Edwards
* Richard Street
* Damon Harris
* Melvin Franklin
* Otis Williams
with:
* Aaron Smith - drums
# Stenden

Stenden may refer to:
* Stende, Latvia
* Stenden, North Rhine-Westphalia, part of Kerken, Germany
* Stenden University also known as Stenden Hogeschool, a private educational facility in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
# Signal (magazine)

Signal was a magazine published by the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany from 1940 through 1945.

## Summary

Signal was an illustrated photo journal and army propaganda tool, meant specifically for audiences in neutral, allied, and occupied countries. A German edition was distributed in Switzerland, Axis countries, and German-occupied Europe, but Signal was never distributed in Germany proper.
The journal was published by Ullstein Verlag and characterized by an outstanding print quality for the time. Each issue contained several (mostly eight) color pages, which was very unusual at the time.
The promoter of the magazine was the chief of the Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops, Colonel Hasso von Wedel. Signal was published fortnightly (plus some special issues) in as many as 25 editions and 30 languages, and at its height had a circulation of 2,500,000 copies. It was available in the United States in English until December 1941. The last number was 6/45, only known in one sample from the Swedish edition.
# VS-17

The VS-17 is a signaling device used by military personnel to send signals to aircraft, and to mark improvised landing sites.
The VS-21 is a replacement for the VS-17 that provides an infrared signature, allowing use in low visibility conditions via thermal imaging.
# Tudrus

Tudrus (flourished in 1st century AD) was a ruler of the Quadi, a Germanic tribe, in the 1st century AD. He was a contemporary of Maroboduus of the Marcomanni. Like Maroboduus, Tudrus established a dynasty which ruled his people for many years after his death. Many of these rulers received financial and military support from the Roman Empire.

## Sources

* Tacitus. Germania.XLII
* This biography of a member of a European royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Wilderness Falls (Teton County, Wyoming)

Wilderness Falls is located in Waterfalls Canyon, Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The cascade drops approximately 250 feet (76 m) in Waterfalls Canyon, fed by unnamed intermittent stream off a glacial lake. The waterfall also receives snowmelt from Ranger Peak to the north and Doane Peak to the southwest. Less than .5 miles (0.80 km) downstream, the same unnamed creek flows over another steep section known as Columbine Cascade The peak time for waterflow is during spring snowmelt and the falls are visible across Jackson Lake from the Colter Bay Village area.
# American Prison

American Prison: A Reporter's Undercover Journey into the Business of Punishment is a 2018 book by Shane Bauer, published by Penguin Press, about incarceration in the United States and the usage of private prisons.
Bauer had worked at the Winn Correctional Center in Winn Parish, Louisiana, then operated by Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic), as an undercover journalist in 2014. The book is based upon his experiences, which were initially chronicled in a 2016 Mother Jones article written by Bauer. The book was released on September 18, 2018. Bauer alternates between discussing his experiences at Winn and the history of incarceration in the United States.

## Reception

Nate Blakeslee of The New York Times wrote that "the sheer number of forehead-slapping quotes from Bauer’s superiors and fellow guards alone are worth the price of admission."
Michael Schaub of National Public Radio described it as "an enraging, necessary look at the private prison system, and a convincing clarion call for prison reform."
Kirkus Reviews described it as "A potent, necessary broadside against incarceration in the U.S."
The book also received the Silver Medal for Non-Fiction from the California Book Awards.
# YA Bank

yA Bank is a Norwegian bank offering basic banking and financial services to personal customers.

## Information

Established in 2006 and with headquarters in Oslo, Norway, yA Bank has over 100,000 customers.
yA Bank, a limited company (aksjeselskap or AS), is owned by yA Holding, a public limited company (allmennaksjeselskap or ASA), where shareholders include Norwegian and foreign institutional investors, funds, and banks. Kistefos AS is the largest shareholder. yA Holding is traded over the counter on the NOTC A-list of The Norwegian Securities Dealers Association.
yA Bank is a member of the Norwegian Banks' Guarantee Fund.
On November 30, 2018, yA Bank merged with Resurs Bank AB.
# Gobius

Gobius is a genus of fish in the family Gobiidae native to fresh, brackish and marine waters of and around Europe, Africa and Asia. It contains the typical gobies, being the type genus of the formerly recognised subfamily Gobiinae and family and the namesake genus of its order Gobiiformes.

## Species

There are currently 30 recognized species in this genus:
* Gobius ater Bellotti, 1888 (Bellotti's goby)
* Gobius ateriformis Brito & P. J. Miller, 2001
* Gobius auratus A. Risso, 1810 (Golden goby)
* Gobius bontii Bleeker, 1849
* Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 (Bucchich's goby)
* Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814 (Giant goby)
* Gobius couchi P. J. Miller & El-Tawil, 1974 (Couch's goby)
* Gobius cruentatus J. F. Gmelin, 1789 (Red-mouthed goby)
* Gobius fallax Sarato, 1889 (Sarato's goby)
* Gobius gasteveni P. J. Miller, 1974 (Steven's goby)
* Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 (Slender goby)
* Gobius hypselosoma Bleeker, 1867
* Gobius incognitus Kovačić & Šanda, 2016
* Gobius kolombatovici Kovačić & P. J. Miller, 2000
* Gobius koseirensis Klunzinger, 1871
* Gobius leucomelas W. K. H. Peters, 1868
* Gobius niger Linnaeus, 1758 (Black goby)
* Gobius ophiocephalus Pallas, 1814 (Grass goby)
* Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 (Rock goby)
* Gobius roulei F. de Buen, 1928 (Roule's goby)
* Gobius rubropunctatus Delais, 1951
* Gobius salamansa Iglésias & Frotté, 2015 (Salamansa goby)
* Gobius scorteccii Poll, 1961
* Gobius senegambiensis Metzelaar, 1919
* Gobius strictus Fage, 1907 (Schmidt's goby)
* Gobius tetrophthalmus Brito & P. J. Miller, 2001
* Gobius tropicus Osbeck, 1765 (Species inquirenda)
* Gobius vittatus Vinciguerra, 1883 (Striped goby)
* Gobius xanthocephalus Heymer & Zander, 1992 (Yellow-headed goby)
* Gobius xoriguer Iglésias, Vukić & Šanda, 2021 (Kestrel goby)

### Fossil species

* †Gobius aidouri Arambourg, 1927
* †Gobius anthonyi Arambourg, 1927
* †Gobius atlanticus Weiler, 1959
* †Gobius brivesi Arambourg, 1927
* †Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870
* †Gobius crenelatus Weiler, 1943
* †Gobius dorsolobatus Weiler, 1943
* †Gobius ehrmanni Arambourg, 1927
* †Gobius gracilis Weiler, 1959
* †Gobius ignotus Gaudant, 1976
* †Gobius ilovajskii Bogatshov, 1955
* †Gobius jarosi Reichenbacher et al., 2018
* †Gobius macrurus Agassiz, 1835
* †Gobius obliquus Frost, 1925
* †Gobius orientalis Vorstman, 1927
* †Gobius preangerensis Vorstman, 1927
* †Gobius pretiosus Prochazka, 1893
* †Gobius razelaini Arambourg, 1927
* †Gobius tankilensis Vorstman, 1927
* †Gobius tenuis Weiler, 1943
* †Gobius triangularis Weiler, 1943
* †Gobius truncatus Schwarzhans, 1978
* †Gobius vicinalis Koken, 1891
* †Gobius weileri Bauza-Rullan, 1955
* †Gobius xiphurus Arambourg, 1927
# Poroutawhao

Poroutawhao is a small rural settlement in the Horowhenua District of New Zealand's North Island. It is located just north-west of Levin on State Highway 1.
The settlement has a school and a community hall, which due to its old age has been expensive to maintain.
Huia Marae and Matau Marae, located next to each other south of the main settlement, are traditional meeting grounds of the Ngāti Raukawa hapū of Ngāti Huia.
There are several Māori land blocks around the marae, and both north and south of the settlement.

## History

Ngāti Toa leader Te Rangihaeata and his followers settled in the coastal river swamp in the 1840s, following the Wairau Affray and the Hutt Valley Campaign.
The party set up a defensible position against colonial forces, but received little support from other Māori. Te Rangihaeata raided Kapiti Island in 1847, as his party tried to fend off starvation. He also starting charging a toll to people travelling through Poroutawhao on the Foxton to Levin Road, until reaching an agreement with Governor Grey in 1853.
Te Rangihaeata died at Poroutawhao in 1855 and was buried there with his wife, Ngāti Apa woman of mana Te Pikinga.
In 1920, Native Land Court agent and interpreter Ben Keys travelled through Poroutawhao, recording the experiences of local Māori in his diary.
A 1963 photograph of the Huia marae, held at Kapiti Coast Library, shows a small carved house with Kowhaiwhai decorations on the porch.

## Education

Poroutawhao School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 104 as of August 2024.
# Sinseonbong

* Sinseonbong (Goseong/Inje) in the counties of Goseong and Inje, Gangwon-do, South Korea. 1204 metres.
* Sinseonbong (Chuncheon) in the city of Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. 1021 metres.
* Sinseonbong (Jecheon) in the city of Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do. 845 metres.
* Sinseonbong (Chungju/Goesan) in the city of Chungju and the county of Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do. 967 metres.
# Tsimakuridze

Tsimakuridze (Georgian: ციმაკურიძე) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* David Tsimakuridze (1925–2006), Georgian wrestler
* Giorgi Tsimakuridze (born 1983), Georgian football winger
# VS-1D7

Scouting Squadron 1-D7 (VS-1D7) was a United States Navy anti-submarine warfare squadron in World War II. It was stationed at Naval Air Station Banana River, Florida (United States).

## World War II

This type of squadron was also named "Naval District Inshore Patrol Squadron". VS-1D7 was therefore the first inshore patrol squadron assigned to the 7th Naval District. The squadron was formed on 12 March 1942 with nine pilots, forty-nine men and five OS2N-1 Kingfisher seaplanes. The squadron grew in size over time. In February 1943, it operated eight OS2U-3 at Banana River and two OS2N-1 at Naval Air Station Key West.
As part of Gulf Sea Frontier Operation Plan 3-42 dated 15 March 1942, the squadron became task unit 26.2.9 and flew missions "to patrol shipping lanes" with a "be prepared to provide escort, search, tracking and striking groups." During this operation, the higher headquarters was Fleet Air Wing 12 for administration and Gulf Sea Frontier for operations. Weather permitting, the daily flying routine consisted of two patrols, one departing at dawn and one at dusk. To support operations as needed, the squadron used advanced bases at Walker's Cay and Nassau, Bahamas.

## Cold War

The inshore patrol squadrons were redesignated as scouting squadrons on 1 February 1943. Following the end of the war, VS-1D7 was reduced to reserve status and became VS-913. This squadron was reactivated in 1951 as Anti-Submarine Squadron 39 (VS-39) "Hoot Owls". It was disestablished on 1 October 1968.
# Bragasellus

Bragasellus is a genus of crustaceans in the family Asellidae. It is endemic to Spain and Portugal.

## Species

This genus contains the following species:
* Bragasellus afonsoae Henry & Magniez, 1988
* Bragasellus aireyi Henry & Magniez, 1980
* Bragasellus comasi Henry & Magniez, 1976
* Bragasellus comasioides Magnies & Brehier, 2004
* Bragasellus conimbricensis (Braga, 1946)
* Bragasellus cortesi Afonso, 1989
* Bragasellus escolai Henry & Magniez, 1978
* Bragasellus frontellum (Braga, 1964)
* Bragasellus incurvatus Afonso, 1984
* Bragasellus lagari Henry & Magniez, 1973
* Bragasellus lagarioides Henry & Magniez, 1996
* Bragasellus meijersae Henry & Magniez, 1988
* Bragasellus molinai Henry & Magniez, 1988
* Bragasellus notenboomi Henry & Magniez, 1988
* Bragasellus oscari López, 2020
* Bragasellus pauloae (Braga, 1958)
* Bragasellus peltatus (Braga, 1944)
* Bragasellus rouchi Henry & Magniez, 1988
* Bragasellus seabrai (Braga, 1943)
* Bragasellus stocki Henry & Magniez, 1988
# Newjack

Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing is a nonfiction book by journalist and professor Ted Conover published in 2000 by Vintage Books. In the book, Conover recounts his experience of learning firsthand about the New York State prison system by becoming a correctional officer for nearly a year. Conover sought the job of correctional officer after the New York State Department of Correctional Services denied his request to shadow the department's employees in a journalist role.
The main title of the book, Newjack, refers to the nickname given to newly hired and inexperienced correctional officers. Throughout the book Conover divulges the inner workings of the New York State correctional system by recounting his experiences of working in nearly every type of custody post in the prison, from solitary confinement and mental health units to visiting rooms and prisoner transport vehicles. The book begins with his seven-week experience in the department's paramilitary training academy, where the department communicates its values and priorities to new recruits. Conover and other recruits learn that in addition to passing the academic portion of the academy, they must also experience real and direct exposure to chemical agents (tear gas) and complete a timed physical performance test to ensure they are prepared for potential prison workplace conditions and demands. The academy instructors define the job of correctional officers as the “care, custody, and control” of inmates, and Conover explores the ethical aspects of correctional philosophy and training that are not addressed in the academy curriculum through his account of the experience. After his academy graduation, Conover's story continues as he is assigned to various rotating entry-level custody roles throughout the Sing Sing prison.
Conover presents the complex feelings and experiences of a well-educated correctional officer with universal human emotions and flaws working in the challenging prison setting. The chapters present both sympathetic and unpleasant aspects of the behavior, thought processes, and practices of all the stakeholders—prisoners, employees, and contractors—that Conover encounters during his work duties. His writing highlights the boredom, fear, violence, trauma, and psychological dynamics that shape the prison experience for all of these stakeholders on a daily basis.
Newjack was the winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award for non-fiction.
# Y Chhean

Y Chhean is a Cambodian politician. He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Pailin in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.
# Cawdor, New South Wales

Cawdor is a village of Wollondilly Shire, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Part of the locality of Cawdor lies within Camden Council.

## Population

At the 2021 census, the population of Cawdor was 430. 84.4% were born in Australia and 91.4% spoke only English at home. The most common religious affiliations were Catholic 39.1% and Anglican 22.8%.
# Kate Olsen

Kate Olsen (born November 23, 1946) is a Danish sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-1970s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, she earned he best finish of seventh in the K-1 500 m event at Munich in 1972.
# Tsarafidynia

Tsarafidynia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Paul Griveaud in 1964. Both species are known from Madagascar.

## Species

* Tsarafidynia blanci Griveaud, 1974
* Tsarafidynia perpusilla (Mabille, 1880)
# Keshari Devi Patel

Keshari Devi Patel is an Indian politician. She was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Earlier, she had lost 2004 Lok Sabha election from Phulpur and 2014 Lok Sabha election from Prayagraj as a Bahujan Samaj Party candidate. Later she joined BJP.

## Personal life

Keshari Devi was born to Hanuman Das Singh and Dhanpati Devi on 1 January 1957 in Dabwa Khandeha village of Chitrakoot district, Uttar Pradesh. She did her Masters of Arts post graduation in Awadhesh Pratap Singh University in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. She married Gulab Singh on 17 February 1973, with whom she has three sons.
# Wiedemannia arvernensis

Wiedemannia arvernensis is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
# Ladies' Day

Ladies' Day may refer to:
* Ladies' Day (baseball), a promotional event in Major League Baseball during the 20th century
* Ladies' Day (film), a 1943 film by Leslie Goodwins

## Related

* Ascot Gold Cup, held on the third day of the Royal Ascot races which is unofficially called "Ladies' Day"
* Ladies Day Vase, a Thoroughbred horse race for mares held at Caulfield Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia