# Anthems of the Soviet Republics

The Soviet Union's various constituent republics each had their own anthem (generally referred as a "state anthem").

## History

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the last republic to adopt a state anthem, doing so in 1990. It had had none before this date, and used in its place the Soviet national anthem, which was "The Internationale" from 1917 to 1944 and the "National Anthem of the Soviet Union" from 1944 to 1990.
Unlike most national anthems, few of which were composed by renowned composers, the Soviet Union's various state anthems were composed by some of the best Soviet composers, including world-renowned Gustav Ernesaks (Estonia), Aram Khachaturian (Armenia), Otar Taktakishvili (Georgia), and Uzeyir Hajibeyov (Azerbaijan). After the fall of the union in 1991, one of the Soviet composers was asked to composed the current national anthem — Veli Mukhatov, who has previously composed the Turkmen SSR anthem, also composed the current State Anthem of Turkmenistan. In another case, a prior composition by the SSR Anthem's composer was re-adopted after independence: Azərbaycan marşı, which was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov in the 1920s, before he has been chosen to compose the Azerbaijani SSR anthem.
The lyrics present great similarities, all having mentions to Vladimir Lenin (and most, in their initial versions, to Joseph Stalin), to the guiding role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and to the brotherhood of the Soviet peoples, including a specific reference to the friendship of the Russian people (the Estonian, Georgian and Karelo-Finnish anthems were apparently an exception to this last rule).
Some anthems' melody can be sung in the Soviet Union anthem lyrics (Ukrainian and Belarus are the most fitted in this case).
Most of these anthems were replaced during or after the dissolution of the USSR; Belarus, Kazakhstan (until 2006), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (until 1996), and Uzbekistan kept the melodies, but with different lyrics. The Russian Federation itself had abandoned the Soviet hymn, replacing it with a tune by Glinka. However, with Vladimir Putin coming to power, the old Soviet tune was restored, with new lyrics written to it.

## Anthems

| Region | Title | Composers | Lyricists | Adopted | Relinquished |
| Armenian SSR | "Anthem of the Armenian SSR" | Aram Khachaturian | Sarmen | 1944 1956 (mod.) | 1991 |
| Azerbaijan SSR | "Anthem of the Azerbaijan SSR" | Uzeyir Hajibeyov | Suleyman Rustam Samad Vurgun Huseyn Arif | 1944 1978 (mod.) | 1992 |
| Byelorussian SSR | "Anthem of the Byelorussian SSR" | Nestar Sakalowski | Mihas' Klimovich | 1952 1956 (mod.) | 1991 |
| Estonian SSR | "Anthem of the Estonian SSR" | Gustav Ernesaks | Johannes Semper | 1945 1956 (mod.) | 1990 |
| Georgian SSR | "Anthem of the Georgian SSR" | Otar Taktakishvili | Grigol Abashidze Alexander Abasheli | 1946 1956 (mod.) | 1990 |
| Georgia | "Dideba" | Kote Potskhverashvili [ka] | Kote Potskhverashvili | 1990 | 2004 |
| Kazakh SSR | "Anthem of the Kazakh SSR" | Mukan Tulebayev Yevgeny Brusilovsky Latif Khamidi | Abdilda Tazhibaev Qajym Muxamedxanov Gabit Musirepov | 1945 1956 (mod.) | 1991 |
| Kirghiz SSR | "Anthem of the Kirghiz SSR" | Vladimir Vlasov Abdylas Maldybaev Vladimir Fere | Kubanychbek Malikov Tugolbay Sydykbekov Mukanbet Toktobaev Aaly Tokombaev | 1946 1956 (mod.) | 1992 |
| Latvian SSR | "Anthem of the Latvian SSR" | Anatols Liepiņš | Fricis Rokpelnis Jūlijs Vanags | 1945 1977 (mod.) | 1990 |
| Lithuanian SSR | "Tautiška giesmė" | Vincas Kudirka | Vincas Kudirka | 1944 1988 | 1950 present |
| Lithuanian SSR | "Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" | Balys Dvarionas Jonas Švedas | Antanas Venclova | 1950 1978 (mod.) | 1988 |
| Moldavian SSR | "Anthem of the Moldavian SSR" | Ștefan Neaga (1945) Eduard Lazarev (1980) | Emilian Bukov Bogdan Istru | 1945 1980 (mod.) | 1991 |
| Russian SFSR | "The Patriotic Song" | Mikhail Glinka | None (instrumental) | 1990 | 2000 |
| Tajik SSR | "Anthem of the Tajik SSR" | Suleiman Yudakov | Abolqasem Lahouti | 1946 1977 (mod.) | 1994 |
| Turkmen SSR | "Anthem of the Turkmen SSR" | Veli Mukhatov | Aman Kekilov/collective | 1946 1978 (lyrics) | 1996 |
| Ukrainian SSR | "Anthem of the Ukrainian SSR" | Anton Dmytrovych Lebedynets | Pavlo Tychyna (1949) Mykola Bazhan (1978) | 1949 1978 (mod.) | 1992 |
| Uzbek SSR | "Anthem of the Uzbek SSR" | Mutal Burkhanov | Timur Fattah Turab Tula | 1947 1978 (mod.) | 1991 |

### Others

The "Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR" was used for the Karelo-Finnish SSR before it was demoted to an ASSR within the Russian SFSR. With the exception of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the Tuvan ASSR, autonomous republics of the Soviet Union (ASSRs) did not have their own official anthems, although unofficial versions had been used by some.

## Legal status

Like the hammer and sickle and red star, the public performance of the anthems of the Soviet republics and the anthem of the Soviet Union itself are considered by some as occupation symbols as well as symbols of totalitarianism and state terror by several countries formerly either members of or occupied by the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Estonia have banned those anthems amongst other things deemed to be symbols of fascism, socialism, communism, and the Soviet Union and its republics. In Poland, dissemination of items which are “media of fascist, communist, or other totalitarian symbolism” was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional. In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ideology remains illegal. Those laws do not apply to the anthems of Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan which have used the melody with different lyrics.