OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Wadsworth (politician)

George Wadsworth (10 December 1902 – 18 April 1979) was a businessman and Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom. He owned his own companies and sat for an East Yorkshire constituency.

## Background

Wadsworth was a son of Arnold Holroyd Wadsworth, of Halifax. He was educated at Heath Grammar School, Halifax and Willaston College, Nantwich. In 1930 he married Guinevere Shepherd and together they had two daughters, Rosemary and Shirley. Shirley the eldest daughter, at age 13, was drowned in a tragic accident off the coast of North Wales in 1944.

## Business career

Wadsworth was managing director of G Wadsworth & Sons Ltd, Wadsworth White Lead Co., Ltd and of G. Wadsworth and Son, Ltd. He was the founder Chairman of Halifax Round Table.

## Political career

Wadsworth was a Liberal member of Halifax Town Council. He served from 1938 to 1945. He was Vice-Chairman of Halifax Watch, Safety First, Lighting Committee.
At the 1945 general election, Wadsworth was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the East Riding of Yorkshire constituency of Buckrose. He gained the seat from the Conservatives by a majority of 949 votes, benefiting from the absence of a Labour candidate.
In the House of Commons, he served on the Public Accounts Select Committee from 1945 to 1949. He was a member of parliamentary delegations to Hungary, Switzerland and Italy. In 1949 he attended the European military exercises in Germany as a Parliamentary observer.
At the 1950 election, following boundary changes, Wadsworth contested the re-drawn seat of Bridlington. This time he had a Labour opponent as well as a Conservative. The Conservative comfortably won the seat.
Wadsworth contested the Sheffield Hillsborough constituency in the 1951 general election as a National Liberal candidate but failed to take the seat from Labour.

### Election Results

General election 1945: Buckrose :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | George Wadsworth | 15,934 | 51.5 | +6.6 |
| | Conservative | Albert Braithwaite | 14,985 | 48.5 | −6.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 949 | 3.1 | 13.2 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 71.9 | −6.5 |
| | Liberal gain from Conservative | Liberal gain from Conservative | Swing | +6.6 | |
General election 1950: Bridlington :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | Richard Wood | 26,124 | 50.9 | n/a |
| | Liberal | George Wadsworth | 16,158 | 31.5 | n/a |
| | Labour | Wilfrid Pashby | 9,013 | 17.6 | n/a |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 9,966 | 19.4 | n/a |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 81.9 | n/a |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | n/a | |
General election 1951: Sheffield Hillsborough :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour Co-op | George Darling | 28,274 | 59.0 | +0.3 |
| | National Liberal | George Wadsworth | 19,617 | 41.0 | +1.2 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 8,657 | 18.0 | −0.9 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 84.9 | −2.2 |
| | Labour Co-op hold | Labour Co-op hold | Swing | -0.5 | |
# Yawning Chasm

Aaron Coyne, known professionally as Yawning Chasm, is an Irish alternative folk singer-songwriter from County Galway.

## Music career

Coyne was one half of the Galway electro-folk duo Mirakil Whip in the early 2000s. The group, with fellow Galway musician Anne Marie Deacy, released an EP on the Rusted Rail label and performed a tour of South Korea. His debut album as Yawning Chasm, A Shadow Is That Hidden, was released in 2009 by Rusted Rail. The Italian website Ondarock [it] reviewed the album positively, comparing the music to that of Red House Painters. The review website Indieville.com wrote: "The Shadow That Is Hidden may be frustratingly short, but it's also consistently great, and that helps make it one of the strongest psychedelic folk releases in recent memory." In 2013, the track "Peripheral Eyes" featured on the compilation Abandon Reason, which was recorded at an abandoned car park in Galway City. The Quietus wrote that the track was "breezy and light-footed." He released his self-titled album later that year, with The Irish Times writing: "His cosy, wintry, self-titled new album will keep you warm during the cold months." In 2019, Coyne was part of a documentary for RTÉ 2XM that focused on independent artists working in Ireland.

## Discography
### Albums

* The Shadow Is That Hidden, Rusted Rail, 2009
* Snarl, 2012
* Yawning Chasm, 2013
* Skylights, 2016
* Songs from Blue Home, 2018
* Us and Then, 2020
* The Golden Hour, 2022
# Viévigne

Viévigne (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# Hierarchical clustering of networks

Hierarchical clustering is one method for finding community structures in a network. The technique arranges the network into a hierarchy of groups according to a specified weight function. The data can then be represented in a tree structure known as a dendrogram. Hierarchical clustering can either be agglomerative or divisive depending on whether one proceeds through the algorithm by adding links to or removing links from the network, respectively. One divisive technique is the Girvan–Newman algorithm.

## Algorithm

In the hierarchical clustering algorithm, a weight $W_{ij}$ is first assigned to each pair of vertices $(i,j)$ in the network. The weight, which can vary depending on implementation (see section below), is intended to indicate how closely related the vertices are. Then, starting with all the nodes in the network disconnected, begin pairing nodes from highest to lowest weight between the pairs (in the divisive case, start from the original network and remove links from lowest to highest weight). As links are added, connected subsets begin to form. These represent the network's community structures.
The components at each iterative step are always a subset of other structures. Hence, the subsets can be represented using a tree diagram, or dendrogram. Horizontal slices of the tree at a given level indicate the communities that exist above and below a value of the weight.

## Weights

There are many possible weights for use in hierarchical clustering algorithms. The specific weight used is dictated by the data as well as considerations for computational speed. Additionally, the communities found in the network are highly dependent on the choice of weighting function. Hence, when compared to real-world data with a known community structure, the various weighting techniques have been met with varying degrees of success.
Two weights that have been used previously with varying success are the number of node-independent paths between each pair of vertices and the total number of paths between vertices weighted by the length of the path. One disadvantage of these weights, however, is that both weighting schemes tend to separate single peripheral vertices from their rightful communities because of the small number of paths going to these vertices. For this reason, their use in hierarchical clustering techniques is far from optimal.
Edge betweenness centrality has been used successfully as a weight in the Girvan–Newman algorithm. This technique is similar to a divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm, except the weights are recalculated with each step.
The change in modularity of the network with the addition of a node has also been used successfully as a weight. This method provides a computationally less-costly alternative to the Girvan-Newman algorithm while yielding similar results.
# Ian Hurst

Ian Archibald Hurst (born 27 August 1951 in Oamaru) is a former New Zealand rugby union player who played for the All Blacks in the early 1970s. He also played provincial rugby for North Otago and Canterbury.

## Early career

In 1970 Hurst was picked to play for North Otago while he was attending Waitaki Boys' High School. The next year while attending Lincoln College he earned an appearance for Canterbury. Hurst was chosen for the New Zealand Universities in 1972, playing against the Californian Grizzlies, he then forced his way into the Canterbury A team midway through 1972 playing as a centre. In his sixth appearance he was involved in the team which lifted the Ranfurly Shield from Auckland, winning him a place in the trials for the All Black side to tour Britain. With a strong performance in the trial Hurst was selected to play against New York Metropolitan in the second match of the 1972/73, where he also scored his first all black try.

## Higher honours

Hurst played in 16 matches in the 1972/73 tour, including the test matches against Ireland and France. After another strong season for Canterbury Hurst was re-selected for the internal tour and the test match against England in 1973. Hurst scored a try against England to help the All Blacks to a 10–6 halftime lead, but England fought back and won 16–10. 1974 saw Hurst picked for the tour of Australia and Fiji, playing six matches and the first two test matches against Australia. Although picked for the 1974 tour of Ireland, Wales and England, Hurst's All Black career was coming to an end. He played in four of the eight matches on the tour and finished his career with a 13 all draw against the Barbarians.

## After internationals

After being dropped from the All Blacks in 1974 Hurst went back to play for North Otago. At the time North Otago was one of the country's weakest unions, but he was a good value for the province, playing for them until 1980. In 1979 he played so well he was given another All Black trial. Hurst has now moved from farming to become a successful businessman.

## Family

Hurst's son, Ben, also had a solid rugby career, playing for the New Zealand Colts, Canterbury, the Crusaders and the Highlanders.
# Yvonne Cartier

Yvonne Cartier (27 February 1928 – 11 May 2014) was a New Zealand-born ballet dancer and instructor, and mime. Her artistic biography coincides with the rebirth of theatrical dancing in England after World War II.

## Ballet career

Born in the Auckland suburb of Saint Heliers on 27 February 1928, Cartier began dancing on stage at the age of four in a pantomime. While studying ballet with Valerie Valeska and Bettina Edwards, she saw the Borovanski Ballet on tour, and decided to make dance her career. In 1946, following in the footsteps of Bettina Edward's student Rowena Jackson, she emigrated to England on scholarship to the Royal Ballet School, studying with Winifred Edwards, George Goncharov, Vera Volkova and Audrey de Vos.
In London, she joined the Saint James' Ballet, run by Alan Carter. With Michel de Lutry (ballet master for the project), his wife Domini Callaghan, and Sonia Hana, Yvonne Cartier took part in one of the very early television programmes, BBC's Ballet for Beginners. When the Ballet for Beginners Company went on tour, it was joined by Ken Russell (later the film-maker), who danced Coppelius to Yvonne Cartier's Swanhilda.
She then took odd jobs in revue theatre in London, such as Sauce Tartare with Audrey Hepburn. It was whilst dancing in cabaret that she came across Larice Arlen, ballet mistress, wife to the Managing Director of Sadler's Wells Opera.
Larice Arlen pushed Cartier to re-audition for Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet, which she joined, and there created ballets for John Cranko, Andrée Howard, Walter Gore and Ninette de Valois. At Ninette de Valois' request, she then joined the main company at Covent Garden. There, she also danced all the classics.

## Mime and dance instructor

Following a serious injury to the ankle, inoperable at the time, Cartier left England for France in 1957, and worked for 20 years as a mime with the celebrated troupes of Jacques Lecoq and Marcel Marceau, and as choreographer and movement specialist to theatre companies. At the Ecole Charles Dulin, she taught mime and movement, and then acted as assistant to Michael Cacoyannis for Les Troyennes at the Théâtre National Populaire, which production she later staged for the Festival d'Avignon. She also assisted Georges Wilson for his staging of Grandeur et Décadence de la Ville de Mahagonny.
Thereafter, she returned to the classical dance, teaching in several Paris-area Conservatoires, notably the Nadia Boulanger Conservatory.
Cartier trained several high-level artists including Muriel Valtat and Betina Marcolin. She was Consultant to Beryl Morina's authoritative Mime in Ballet (2000). Cartier was the photographic model for Gordon Anthony in Felicity Gray's Ballet for Beginners (1952), and she continued to teach and coach in Paris until her death, on 11 May 2014.
# Zhangjiang

Zhangjiang may refer to several places in China:
* Zhangjiang Town (张江镇), in Pudong, Shanghai
** Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park (张江高科) in Pudong, Shanghai
** Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park station on Shanghai Metro Line 2
** Zhangjiang Road station on Shanghai Metro Line 13
* Zhangjiang, Taoyuan (漳江镇), a historic town of Taoyuan County, Hunan
* Zhangjiang Subdistrict (漳江街道), a subdistrict and the seat of Taoyuan County, Hunan
# University at Buffalo School of Management

The University at Buffalo School of Management is a business school located at the State University of New York at Buffalo. It is AACSB accredited in both business and accounting. UB School of Management is the highest ranking public business school in New York. The School of Management is also the largest business school in the SUNY system.

## History

The School of Business Administration, subsequently renamed the School of Management, was established in 1923. UB was authorized to grant the bachelor's degree in 1923, the MBA in 1931, and the PhD in 1949. In 1930, the School of Management received full accreditation by the AACSB.

## Ranking

* Bloomberg Businessweek, in its 2023 ranking of "Best Business Schools", ranked the School of Management the nation's No. 69 best full-time MBA program. Among public universities, the School of Management is No. 22. in the nation. Making Buffalo the best ranked public business school in New York.
* U.S. News & World Report, in its 2019 ranking of "best business schools", listed Buffalo as #66 nationally.
* U.S. News & World Report, in its 2017 ranking of "best undergraduate business programs", listed SUNY Buffalo as #77 nationally, making it the highest ranked SUNY undergraduate business school.
* Forbes magazine ranks the UB School of Management as #42 in the nation. It is also regarded as one of the world's best business schools based on the return on investment it provides MBA graduates. Buffalo is the best ranked public business school in New York.
* The Wall Street Journal, ranked the UB School of Management #9 in the nation among schools with strong regional recruiting bases.
* Military Times, ranked Buffalo as the #35 business school for veterans.
* Financial Times, ranked the Executive Masters of Business Administration (EMBA) program as #28 in the U.S. and #91 worldwide. Among the U.S. schools ranked, the EMBA program was #21 for graduates’ salary growth.
* Bloomberg Businessweek, in its 2016 ranking of "Best undergraduate business schools", ranked Buffalo #85. UB was the only public business school from New York to get ranked.
The school also offers the MBA (full-time/part-time, Executive), Master of Science and PhD.

## Notable alumni

* John R. Alm, Former President and CEO of Coca-Cola Enterprises
* Millard Drexler, Current Chairman and CEO of J.Crew and former CEO of Gap Inc.
* Brad Grey, Chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures
* Harvey Weinstein, Co-Founder of Miramax and The Weinstein Company
* John Hewitt, U.S. entrepreneur and founder of Liberty Tax Service
* Jeremy Jacobs, billionaire owner of the Boston Bruins
* Bob Swan, former CEO of Intel
# Vasconcellea parviflora

Vasconcellea parviflora is a species of shrub in the family Caricaceae. It is native to SW Ecuador and NW Peru. It is polygamous, i.e. it can be dioecious or monoecious, showing either or both pistillate and staminate flowers (Badillo, 1993).
# Vasconcellea chilensis

Vasconcellea chilensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Caricaceae. It is endemic to Chile. The plant has a chromosome count of 2n = 18.
It was previously placed in the genus Carica.

## Description

Monoecious or dioic shrub, deciduous in summer, reaching a size of 1–3 m in height; It has a thick and succulent trunk, the exfoliating bark at the base of adult trees. Leaves very variable in shape, ovate, deltoid, some heart-shaped at the base and divided into 5 angular, membranous lobes; with 3–4 cm petiole. Flowers 5–6 mm long, red on the outside and green on the inside, male flowers are born in small clusters; solitary female flowers. The fruit is ovoid, brownish-green with oval seeds wrapped in mucilage
# Vasconcellea goudotiana

Vasconcellea goudotiana (also known as papayuelo) is a species of flowering plant in the family Caricaceae. It is endemic to Colombia. The plant has a chromosome count of 2n = 18.
It was previously placed in genus Carica.

## Gallery

* Vasconcellea goudotiana with Yellow fruits
* Vasconcellea goudotiana with red fruits
# Vascœuil

Vascœuil (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.
# Van Haren

Van Haren and Van Haaren are Dutch toponymic surnames meaning "from/of Ha(a)ren". A haar was the name for a sandy ridge (plural haren) and there are multiple towns named Haren and Haaren in and around the Low Countries. Historical records and the distribution of the surnames suggest that Haren, North Brabant is often at the origin of both forms of the name, while most other Van Haaren families stem from Haaren, North Brabant. The Dutch noble family Van Haren [de; nl] has 13th-century ties to Castle Haeren [li; nl] in Voerendaal, itself named after the family Van Haren from Castle Borgharen near Maastricht. People with the surname include:

## Van Haren

* Adam van Haren [de; nl] (1540–1589), Dutch Geuzen captain and advisor to William the Silent
* Arthur Van Haren Jr. (1920–1992), American World War II fighter pilot
* Carolina Wilhelmina van Haren (1741–1812), Dutch noble, daughter of Onno Zwier
* Elma van Haren (born 1954), Dutch poet
* Onno Zwier van Haren [da; de; nl; sv] (1713–1779), Dutch noble statesman and writer
* Willem van Haren (1710–1768), Dutch nobleman and poet

## Van Haaren

* Dirk van Haaren (1878–1953), Dutch painter
* Heinz van Haaren (born 1940), Dutch-German football midfielder
* John Henry Haaren (1855–1916), American educator and historian
* Marijke van Haaren (born 1952), Dutch CDA politician
* Ramon van Haaren (born 1972), Dutch football defender
* Ricky van Haaren (born 1991), Dutch football midfielder
# Variospora

Variospora is a genus of crustose lichens, belonging to the family Teloschistaceae.
The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulf Arup, Ulrik Søchting, and Patrik Frödén.

## Species

* Variospora aegaea (Sipman) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
* Variospora aurantia (Pers.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
* Variospora australis (Arnold) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora cancarixiticola (Nav.-Ros., Egea & Llimona) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora dolomiticola (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora epierodens (Cl.Roux & M. Bertrand) Cl.Roux & M. Bertrand (2021)
* Variospora erythrina (Müll.Arg.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
* Variospora flavescens (Huds.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
* Variospora fuerteventurae (van den Boom & Etayo) van den Boom & Etayo (2017)
* Variospora glomerata (Arup) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora latzelii (Servít) S.Y.Kondr. (2017)
* Variospora macrocarpa (Anzi) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora paulii (Poelt) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Variospora sororicida (M.Steiner & Poelt) Vondrák (2019)
* Variospora thallincola (Wedd.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
* Variospora velana (A.Massal.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
# Varennes-Vauzelles

Varennes-Vauzelles (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. It is a northwestern suburb of Nevers. Vauzelles station has rail connections to Nevers and Cosne-sur-Loire.
# Vasileva Lake

Vasileva Lake straddles the communes of Drenas and Kosovo Polje.

## Features

Rich in fish and flora alike, the lake has an island in the middle used by fishermen.
# Vedes

Vedes AG (self-styled VEDES AG) is a specialist trade organization for games and leisure. The purchasing cooperative was founded in 1904 as Vereinigung Deutscher Spielwarenhändler in Leipzig.
The group includes some 1000 retailers in Germany, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hungary and Switzerland. The head office of the group is located in Nuremberg.

## History
### 20th century

The Association of German toy dealers was formed on 6 March 1904 by Georg Langelittig and 13 other founding members in Leipzig as a purchasing cooperative. In 1911 the head office of the purchasing cooperative was relocated to Berlin. In 1920 the company name "Vedes" and the first logo, the "Christmas tree with 3 candles", were created. From 1925, Vedes also sold its products through catalogs. In 1929, the Vedes house was inaugurated as the new headquarters in Nuremberg's Moltkestraße. In 1943 it switched to a building in Blumenstraße because of war damage. When these alternative quarters were also destroyed in 1945, the headquarters moved to Frommannstraße.
In 1948 the then 211 member stores were divided: 134 remained in the West Zone, 62 in the East Zone and 15 in other European countries. In 1950, Vedes was a key co-founder of the Nuremberg Toy Fair. In 1964, a new Vedes house with a thousand square meters of exhibition space was inaugurated on Altenbergerstrasse (today's Sigmundstrasse) in Nuremberg. In 1965 the new logo "Vedes-Schiff" was created and replaced the Christmas tree. Also, the term "Vedes specialty shop for games + leisure" was coined and used. 311 members founded the Toy Ring in 1969.
In 1973 the SF Spiel + Freizeit Handelsbetriebe GmbH was formed, given the task of securing sales areas and maintaining Vedes specialist shops. In 1974, Vedes AG in St. Gallen, Switzerland and Vedes Spiel + Freizeit Handels Ges. mbH in Vienna, Austria were established. This was followed in 1977 by the founding of Vedes-Benelux BV for members in the Benelux. In 1986, another new Vedes logo was introduced with the "Vedes cube" as a symbol for play and leisure, replaced in 2001 by the logo that is still used today, the Vedes ball.

### 21st century

In 2004, the Vedes Group celebrated two anniversaries with "100 Years Vedes" and "35 Years Toy Ring". The headquarters and logistics moved within Nuremberg to the former Grundig site, on which Europe's largest model hall for games and leisure was built. On 1 January 2014, Vedes took over the operative wholesale business of Hoffmann Spielwaren. In January 2015 the closure of the Nuremberg distribution center was announced. The logistics now take place in Lotte, Westphalia, the former headquarters of the Hoffmann company. Up to a hundred jobs were lost as a result of the closure in Nuremberg.
# Talbott Teas

Talbott Teas is a Chicago based gourmet tea company owned by Jamba Juice. The company has a net profit of about $10 million. Owners Talbott and Nakisher appeared on Shark Tank, accepting a 35% equity deal with Kevin O'Leary.

## Company history

Talbott Teas was founded in 2003 by Shane Talbott and Dr. Steven Nakisher. Shane Talbott spent more than 20 years in the salon and spa industry and has served as Oprah Winfrey’s personal hair colorist for 10 years. Dr. Steven Nakisher is a psychologist and entrepreneur.
Talbott Teas created special blends for the arts and entertainment industry including for Warner Brothers' 70th anniversary of The Wizard of Oz: The Ruby Slippers Blend, the Joffrey Ballet's performances of The Nutcracker: Clara's Tea Slippers Blend, and a gift sets for the cast and crew of Slumdog Millionaire at the 2009 Academy Awards.
Talbott won two awards for its Chocolate Almond Allure tea at the AIDS Foundation of Chicago's Annual World of Chocolate Event December 2011. In 2012, Talbott Teas was chosen as one of Oprah's Favorite Things.
Nakisher and Talbott appeared on Shark Tank in February 2011, receiving an investment of $250,000 for a 35 percent stake in their company from Kevin O'Leary. Subsequently, Talbott Teas was purchased by Jamba Juice in 2012.