OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Endolymphatic hydrops

Endolymphatic hydrops is a disorder of the inner ear. It consists of an excessive build-up of the endolymph fluid, which fills the hearing and balance structures of the inner ear. Endolymph fluid, which is partly regulated by the endolymph sac, flows through the inner ear and is critical to the function of all sensory cells in the inner ear. In addition to water, endolymph fluid contains salts such as sodium, potassium, chloride and other electrolytes. If the inner ear is damaged by disease or injury, the volume and composition of the endolymph fluid can change, causing the symptoms of endolymphatic hydrops.

## Symptoms

The symptoms of endolymphatic hydrops include the feeling of pressure or fullness in the ears, hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and balance problems. Individuals who have Ménière's disease have a degree of endolymphatic hydrops that is strong enough to trigger the symptoms of this disease, but individuals with endolymphatic hydrops do not always progress to Ménière’s disease.

## Causes

Endolymphatic hydrops may occur as a result of trauma such as a blow to the head, infection, degeneration of the inner ear, allergies, dehydration and loss of electrolytes or in extremely rare circumstances a benign tumor such as an endolymphatic sac tumor. In many cases, it is not clear what causes the disorder. Ménière’s attacks occur when there is an increase in endolymphatic volume in the inner ear, causing a temporary leak in the membrane separating the perilymph (potassium poor fluid) and the endolymph (potassium rich fluid). The mix of these two fluids surrounding the vestibular sensory cells can lead to a temporary electrical blockade and loss of sensory function. The sudden change in the rate of the vestibular nerve firing results in a disturbance of signal processing in the corresponding brain regions, and thus to acute sensations of imbalance, otherwise known as vertigo.

## Diagnosis

Posthumous diagnosis can be done using petrous bone autopsy, although fixation artifacts during tissue preparation might artificially skew hydrops diagnosis rates. In-vivo hydrops analysis can be performed using time delayed inner ear MRI with contrast agent.

## Treatment

Low salt, low sugar diet and keeping hydrated. Medications may include corticosteroids and/or diuretics.
Caffeine should be avoided.
# Dea Kulumbegashvili

Dea Kulumbegashvili (Georgian: დეა კულუმბეგაშვილი) is a Georgian film director and writer, of Ossetian origin. She is known for her 2020 film Beginning, which won and was nominated for numerous awards.

## Early life and education

Kulumbegashvili was born in Oriol, Russia (Oryol), and raised in a small town called Lagodekhi at the foot of the Caucasus Mountains in Georgia. Her filmmaking has been informed by her experience of growing up in a place with such a mix of ethnicities and nationalities.
She went to New York, where she enrolled in the Media Studies course at The New School, before earning a Master of Fine Arts in Film Directing at Columbia University School of the Arts, where she enrolled in 2014.

## Career

Kulumbegashvili's debut short film, Invisible Spaces (Ukhilavi Sivrtseebi), was nominated for the Short Film Palme d’Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. In it, editor Rati Oneli played the father, one of three characters in a film about tensions in a small family. Two years later, her second short film, Lethe, premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Both films were shown at MoMA in New York and at other film festivals. That same year she was awarded the 2016 Tsinandali Cinema Art Award in Georgia.
She was co-writer and co-producer, with Rati Oneli (who also directed), of the feature-length documentary City of the Sun (2015–2017).
In 2020, Kulumbegashvili's directed, Beginning, her first feature film. Originally given the working title Naked Sky, the film was awarded a production grant by the International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR), and Kulumbegashvili was given the Cannes Film Festival Cinéfondation residence in Paris, and other assistance with development by the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab, Sofia International Film Festival, and the Sarajevo Film Festival. The film debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2020 and won several awards.
Kulumbegashvili received a 2022 Baumi Script Development Award for her second feature film, then known as Historia, about an abortion provider in rural Georgia. Filming on the project, later named April, took place in 2023; the film was released in 2024 at the 81st Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Special Jury Prize.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Original Title | Notes |
| 2014 | Invisible Spaces | უხილავი სივრცეები | Short |
| 2016 | Léthé | ლეთა | Short |
| 2020 | Beginning | დასაწყისი | — |
| 2024 | April | აპრილი | Special Jury Prize at the 81st Venice International Film Festival |
# Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve

Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve is a nature reserve located within the town of Raleigh, Newfoundland and Labrador, and just northwest of Pistolet Bay Provincial Park. It has a large area of exposed limestone and a naturally harsh climate that permits the growth of rare dwarf flora often found in arctic and alpine areas.
# Georg Maurer

Georg Maurer (11 March 1907 – 4 August 1971) was a German poet, essayist, and translator. He wrote under the pseudonyms Juventus, murus, and Johann Weilau.
The son of a teacher, he was born in Szászrégen, Austria-Hungary (now in Romania), and grew up there before moving to Germany in 1926. He studied art history, Germanistics and philosophy in Leipzig and Berlin until 1932. He was a soldier during the Second World War. From 1955, he was a lecturer, then a professor at the Johannes R. Becher Institute of Literature in Leipzig, where he had great influence on the poets of the Saxon School. He died in Potsdam at the age of 64 and was buried in the Südfriedhof in Leipzig.

## Prizes and awards

* Literaturpreis der Stadt Weimar 1948
* Johannes-R.-Becher-Preis 1961
* Kunstpreis der Stadt Leipzig 1964
* Nationalpreis der DDR 1965
* F.-C.-Weiskopf-Preis 1972

## Works

* Ewige Stimmen, poems, Haessel Verlag Leipzig 1936
* Gesänge der Zeit, hymns and sonnets, Rupert-Verlag Leipzig 1948
* Barfuß by Zaharia Stancu, translation, 1951
* Zweiundvierzig Sonette Aufbau Verlag Berlin 1953
* Die Elemente, poems, Insel Verlag Leipzig 1955
* Gedichte aus zehn Jahren, Verlag Volk und Welt Berlin 1956
* Der Dichter und seine Zeit, essays and reviews, Aufbau Verlag Berlin 1956
* Eine stürmische Nacht by Ion Luca Caragiale, translation, Insel Verlag 1956
* Lob der Venus, sonnets, Verlag der Nation Berlin 1956
* Poetische Reise Verlag der Nation Berlin 1959
* Das Lächeln Hiroshimas by Eugen Jebeleanu, translation, Verlag der Nation 1960
* Ein Glückspilz by I. L. Caragiale, translation, Aufbau Verlag 1961
* Dreistrophenkalender, poems, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1961 ISBN 3-354003-67-7
* Das Unsere, in the series neue deutsche literatur, Heft 8 1962
* Gestalten der Liebe, poems, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1964
* Stromkreis, poems, Insel Verlag Leipzig 1964
* Im Blick der Uralten, poems, Insel Verlag 1965
* Gespräche, poems, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1967
* Essay I, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1969
* Kreise, poems, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1970
* Erfahrene Welt, poems, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1972
* Essay II, Mitteldeutscher Verlag Halle 1973
* Ich sitz im Weltall auf einer Bank im Rosental (ed. Eva Maurer) Connewitzer Verlagsbuchhandlung 2007 ISBN 3-937799-22-2
# Glyphostoma gratula

Glyphostoma gratula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Clathurellidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 13 mm, its diameter 5.25 mm.
(Original description) The slender, acute shell is white, smooth, but not polished. It contains ten or eleven whorls when adult. The whorls of the protoconch as in Corinnaeturris leucomata (Dall, 1881), except that the protoconch itself is smaller and more acute; the notch-band narrower, occupying only about a quarter of the surface in the smaller whorls, and descending but slightly, thus giving a somewhat turreted aspect to the spire. The transverse sculpture consists of eleven to (on the body whorl) sixteen slightly oblique rounded ribs, faintly evident across the band and anteriorly extending to the suture, or, on the body whorl, well forward on the siphonal canal. These are crossed by (on the smaller whorls) two to four or (on the last one) sixteen rounded threads, distinct in the interspaces and slightly swollen on the tops of the ribs where they cross. Half of those on the body whorl are in its anterior third, being as usual more crowded on the siphonal canal. The lines of growth are but slightly visible, and there are only faint indications of spiral striae. In addition to this the entire surface is covered with most minute punctations, visible only under a strong magnifier. The anal sinus in the adult is very deep, with its edges raised and directed backward. The outer lip is produced forward and inward so much as to cover the entire aperture when the shell is held so that the bottom of the notch is kept in view. The outer lip is thickened, and with four to eight small denticulations rising from its surface a short distance within its margin. The columella is straight and somewhat thickened. There is a slight callus on body whorl. The siphonal canal is very slightly recurved. One adult has an ashy and another an olive tinge, but a fresh specimen is quite white.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas and in the Caribbean Sea off Cuba.
# 1963 Lehigh Engineers football team

The 1963 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1963 NCAA College Division football season. Lehigh finished second-to-last in both the Middle Atlantic Conference, University Division, and the Middle Three Conference.
In their second year under head coach Mike Cooley, the Engineers compiled a 1–8 record. Jake LaMotta was the team captain.
In conference play, Lehigh's 1–3 record against opponents in the MAC University Division represented the fifth-best winning percentage in the six-team circuit, half a game ahead of Lafayette's 1–4. The Engineers went 1–1 against the Middle Three, losing to Rutgers and beating Lafayette.
The season-ending rivalry game against Lafayette was originally slated for November 23, but postponed following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the previous day. The November 30 makeup date was the latest in the year that the 99-year traditional matchup had ever been held.
Lehigh played its home games at Taylor Stadium on the university campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 28 | at Delaware | Delaware StadiumNewark, DE (rivalry) | L 0–30 | 9,364 |
| October 5 | at Cornell* | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | L 0–24 | 10,000 |
| October 12 | Gettysburg | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | L 20–24 | 9,000 |
| October 19 | at Rutgers | Rutgers StadiumPiscataway, NJ | L 6–30 | 16,000 |
| October 26 | at Columbia* | Baker FieldNew York, NY | L 21–42 | 8,273 |
| November 2 | Colgate* | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | L 6–20 | 7,000 |
| November 9 | at Davidson* | Richardson StadiumDavidson, NC | L 3–7 | 6,000 |
| November 16 | at Bucknell | Memorial StadiumLewisburg, PA | L 12–34 | 2,200–3,000 |
| November 30^ | Lafayette | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA (The Rivalry) | W 15–8 | 7,000–7,500 |
| *Non-conference game^Postponed from November 23 after the assassination of John F. Kennedy ||||||
# BIAF

BIAF may refer to:
* Bulgarian International Air Festival, airshow festival
* Brighton International Animation Festival, Brighton animation festival
* Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces, Islamist group in Mindanao, Philippines
# Glyphipterix equitella

Glyphipterix equitella is a moth of the family Glyphipterigidae. It is found from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete and from Ireland to Romania.
The wingspan is 9–10 mm. The forewings are dark bronzy fuscous; from five to seven white streaks from posterior half of costa, first markedly broadest and most oblique, others sometimes bright leaden -metallic in disc; a curved very oblique white streak from middle of dorsum, reaching half across wing; an erect silvery-metallic mark before tornus; a silvery-metallic mark along tornal margin; a blackish apical spot; dark line of cilia indented below apex; a dark hook above apex. Hindwings are grey.The larva is pale yellow; head and plate of 2 black
Adults are on wing from June to July in one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Sedum acre and Sedum anglicum. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Pupation takes place outside of the mine. Full-grown larvae can be found in late May. The larvae are pale yellow with a black head.

## Subspecies

* Glyphipterix equitella equitella
* Glyphipterix equitella crassilunella Rebel, 1916 (Canary Islands, Crete, Sardinia)
# René Fallet

René Fallet (4 December 1927 – 25 July 1983) was a 20th-century French writer.
He wrote a novel that the 1981 film La Soupe aux choux was later based on.

## Main novels

* Banlieue sud-est (1946)
* Le Braconnier de Dieu (1973)

## Selected filmography

* The Love of a Woman (1953)
* Monsieur Robinson Crusoe (1960)
* Le Braconnier de Dieu (1983)
# Elliott Key

Elliott Key is the northernmost of the true Florida Keys (those 'keys' which are ancient coral reefs lifted above the present sea level), and the largest key north of Key Largo. It is located entirely within Biscayne National Park, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, east of Homestead, Florida. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Biscayne Bay to the west, Sands Key (across Sands Cut) to the north, and Old Rhodes Key (across Caesar Creek) to the south. Adams Key is just west of the southern end of Elliott Key. Elliott Key is about seven miles (11 km) long. Its maximum width is about 2,500 feet (760 m) near the north end, and its average width is less than 2,000 feet (610 m). The higher elevations on the island range from 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) above sea level and occur generally along an unimproved road that runs longitudinally through the center of the island. The average elevation is about 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. The key is accessible only by boat. Elliott Key has a National Park Service campground, but is otherwise uninhabited.

## History

Elliott Key was used on a transient basis for millennia by Tequesta Indians, and, in the 19th century, by fishermen and wreckers from the lower Florida Keys. The earlier name for the key was Ledbury Key, named after a snow that was driven ashore in 1769. There are legends of Elliott Key and adjacent keys being used as a refuge by pirates and escaped slaves. The chief pirate of legend is Black Caesar, who is said to have escaped from a slave ship, and used Elliott Key as his base. The key was inhabited and the site of pineapple plantations in the latter part of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. In 1910, there were more than a dozen families raising pineapples on Elliott Key, where an average crop was 50,000 to 75,000 dozen fruits, mostly sent by schooner to New York.
In the 1950s, it was proposed to build a causeway (across the Safety Valve) and highway from Key Biscayne to Key Largo, connecting Elliott Key and other keys to the mainland and the rest of the Florida Keys. This led to the incorporation of the city of Islandia, Florida, encompassing the keys north of Key Largo up to the Ragged Keys. In anticipation of the highway, and to forestall designation of the northernmost keys as a park, developers cleared most of the land on Elliott Key and dredged channels around it. With the establishment of the Biscayne National Monument in 1968 and purchase of private property in the park by the Federal government, development of the highway and of Elliott Key was halted, and the money that was allocated for the proposed causeway was used to build a replacement Card Sound Bridge connecting northern Key Largo to the mainland. The City of Islandia was abolished in 2012.
On August 24, 1992, Hurricane Andrew made landfall on Elliott Key.
# Oskar Klein

Oskar Benjamin Klein (Swedish:; 15 September 1894 – 5 February 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist.
Oskar Klein is known for his work on Kaluza–Klein theory, which is partially named after him.

## Biography

Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Gottlieb Klein from Humenné in Kingdom of Hungary, now Slovakia and Antonie (Toni) Levy. He became a student of Svante Arrhenius at the Nobel Institute at a young age and was on the way to Jean-Baptiste Perrin in France when World War I broke out and he was drafted into the military.
From 1917, he worked a few years with Niels Bohr in the University of Copenhagen and received his doctoral degree at the University College of Stockholm (now Stockholm University) in 1921. In 1923, he received a professorship at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and moved there with his recently wedded wife, Gerda Koch from Denmark. Klein returned to Copenhagen in 1925, spent some time with Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden, then became docent at Lund University in 1926 and in 1930 accepted the offer of the professorial chair in physics at the Stockholm University College, which had previously been held by Erik Ivar Fredholm until his death in 1927. Klein was awarded the Max Planck Medal in 1959. He retired as professor emeritus in 1962.
Klein discovered in 1926 the Klein-Gordon equation, the simplest and prototypical example of relativistic wave equation. It describes the behavior of scalar fields, such as e.g., those associated to the pions. Walter Gordon, independently discovered and published the equation a few months later, as well as Vladimir Fock. The Klein-Gordon equation is an example of Stigler's law as it was first discovered by Erwin Schrödinger in 1925 but not published until after Klein, Gordon and Fock's papers because Schrödinger was initially discouraged by the fact that it did not give the right fine structure for the hydrogen atom.
Klein is also credited for inventing the idea, part of Kaluza–Klein theory, that extra dimensions may be physically real but curled up and very small, an idea essential to string theory.
In 1938, he proposed a boson-exchange model for charge-charging weak interactions (radioactive decay), a few years after a similar proposal by Hideki Yukawa. His model was based on a local isotropic gauge symmetry and anticipated the later successful theory of Yang–Mills.
Oskar Klein died on 5 February 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture, held annually at the University of Stockholm, has been named after him. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics in Stockholm, Sweden is also in his honor.
Oskar Klein is the grandfather of Helle Klein.
# Standard atmosphere (unit)

The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level.

## History

The standard atmosphere was originally defined as the pressure exerted by a 760 mm column of mercury at 0 °C (32 °F) and standard gravity (g$_n$ = 9.80665 m/s$^2$). It was used as a reference condition for physical and chemical properties, and the definition of the centigrade temperature scale set 100 °C as the boiling point of water at this pressure. In 1954, the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted standard atmosphere for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to 1013250 dynes per square centimetre (101325 Pa). This defined pressure in a way that is independent of the properties of any particular substance. In addition, the CGPM noted that there had been some misapprehension that the previous definition (from the 9th CGPM) "led some physicists to believe that this definition of the standard atmosphere was valid only for accurate work in thermometry."
In chemistry and in various industries, the reference pressure referred to in standard temperature and pressure was commonly 1 atm (101.325 kPa) prior to 1982, but standards have since diverged; in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, standard pressure should be precisely 100 kPa (1 bar).

## Pressure units and equivalencies

Pressure units :
| vte | Pascal | Bar | Technical atmosphere | Standard atmosphere | Torr | Pound per square inch |
| vte | (Pa) | (bar) | (at) | (atm) | (Torr) | (lbf/in$^2$) |
| 1 Pa | — | 1 Pa = 10$^{−5}$ bar | 1 Pa = 1.0197×10$^{−5}$ at | 1 Pa = 9.8692×10$^{−6}$ atm | 1 Pa = 7.5006×10$^{−3}$ Torr | 1 Pa = 0.000145037737730 lbf/in$^2$ |
| 1 bar | 10$^5$ | — | = 1.0197 | = 0.98692 | = 750.06 | = 14.503773773022 |
| 1 at | 98066.5 | 0.980665 | — | 0.9678411053541 | 735.5592401 | 14.2233433071203 |
| 1 atm | ≡ 101325 | ≡ 1.01325 | 1.0332 | — | 760 | 14.6959487755142 |
| 1 Torr | 133.322368421 | 0.001333224 | 0.00135951 | ⁠1/760⁠ ≈ 0.001315789 | — | 0.019336775 |
| 1 lbf/in$^2$ | 6894.757293168 | 0.068947573 | 0.070306958 | 0.068045964 | 51.714932572 | — |
A pressure of 1 atm can also be stated as:
    ≈ 1.033 kgf/cm$^2$
    ≈ 10.33 m H$_2$O
    ≈ 760 mmHg
    ≈ 29.92 inHg
    ≈ 406.782 in H$_2$O
    ≈ 2116.22 pounds-force per square foot (lbf/ft$^2$)
The notation ata has been used to indicate an absolute pressure measured in either standard atmospheres (atm) or technical atmospheres (at).
# Ji

Ji may refer to:

## Names and titles

* Ji (surname), the pinyin romanization of several distinct Chinese surnames
* Ji (Korean name), a Korean surname and element in given names (including lists of people with the name)
* -ji, an honorific used as a suffix in many languages of India
* J.I the Prince of N.Y, American rapper J.I.
* Ji (or Hou Ji), the legendary founder of the Zhou dynasty

## Places in China

* Jì (冀), pinyin abbreviation for the province of Hebei
* Jí (吉), pinyin abbreviation for the province of Jilin
* Ji (state in modern Beijing), an ancient Chinese state
* Ji (state in modern Shandong)
* Ji City (disambiguation), several places
* Ji County (disambiguation), several places
* Ji Prefecture (Shandong), a prefecture in imperial China
* Ji Province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China
* Ji River, either of two former rivers

## Organizations

* Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation), several organizations
* Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), a Southeast Asian militant Islamist rebel group
* Jurong Institute (JI), a now-defunct pre-university institution in Singapore
* JI, IATA code for Meraj Airlines since 2010
* JI, IATA code for Midway Airlines (1993–2003)

## Other uses

* Ji (film), a 2005 Indian Tamil film starring Ajith Kumar and Trisha
* Ji (monk) (632–682), Chinese monk
* Ji (polearm) (戟), a kind of Chinese polearm
* Ji Koizumi, a character in the anime Guru Guru Pon-chan
* Just intonation, an alternative, and often subordinate to the contemporary Western establishment, tuning concept employed in various musical-compositional procedures and theories
* Joint Implementation (JI), one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol
* There are two different kana (Japanese script) letters that are romanized as ji:
** じ: Shi (し) with dakuten (voicing marks)
** ぢ: Chi (ち) with dakuten
* Another name for the Chinese hairpin
* JI, Tsurumi Line, a line operated by the East Japan Railway Company
* JI, Hitahikosan Line, a line operated by the Kyushu Railway Company