# Timeline of Florence

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
The earliest timeline of Florence, the Annales florentini, was created in the 12th century.

## Prior to 14th century

Part of a series on the :
History of Italy :
Early
Prehistoric Italy
Nuragic civilization (18th–3rd c. BC)
Etruscan civilization (12th–6th c. BC)
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Ancient Rome
Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
Republic (509 BC–27 BC)
Roman expansion in Italy
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Empire (27 BC–286 AD)
Western Empire (286 AD–476 AD)
Praetorian prefecture of Italy :
Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms Odoacer's 476–493 Ostrogothic 493–553 Vandal 435–534 Lombard 568–774 Frankish (Carolingian Empire) 774–962 Germanic (Holy Roman Empire) 962–1801 :
Medieval
Italy in the Middle Ages
Byzantine reconquest of Italy (6th–8th c.)
Islam and Normans in southern Italy
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Guelphs and Ghibellines :
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Italian Renaissance (14th–16th c.)
Italian Wars (1494–1559)
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Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
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Risorgimento (1815–1871)
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Modern
Monarchy (1861–1946)
Colonial Empire (1882–1960)
Italy in World War I (1914–1918)
Fascism (1922–1943)
Italy in World War II (1940–1945)
Fascist Italian Social Republic, Partisans and Italian Civil War (1943–1945)
Republic (1946–present)
Years of Lead (1970s–1980s)
Maxi Trial (1986–1992)
Mani pulite (1992–2001)
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European migrant crisis (2014–2016)
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* 59 BCE – Roman colony founded (approximate date).
* 1st century CE – Catholic Diocese of Florence established.
* 285 – Florence becomes seat of Tuscia region.
* 405 – Siege of Florence (405).
* 541 – Florence sacked by forces of Ostrogoth Totila.
* 1078 – City walls built.
* 1080 – Stone Ponte Vecchio (bridge) built.
* 1107 – Monte Orlandi and Prato become part of Florence.
* 1115–16 – Commune form of government adopted; Republic of Florence established.
* 1128 – Florence Baptistery built.
* 1138 – "City divided into six wards."
* 1182 – Arte di Calimala (cloth guild) first mentioned (approximate date).
* 1201 – Bankers' guild active (approximate date).
* 1222 – Monte comune (pawnshop) opens.
* 1230 – Eucharistic miracle of Florence [it] allegedly occurs.
* 1237 – Ponte alle Grazie (bridge) built.
* 1244 – Venerabile Arciconfraternita della Misericordia di Firenze founded.
* 1251 – First Capitano del popolo elected.
* 1252
** Mint established; Florin (Italian coin) introduced.
** Santa Trinita bridge built.
* 1258 – Bargello built.
* 1261 – Public prison established.
* 1267 – Charles of Anjou in power.
* 1269 – Flood.
* 1282 – "Florence adopts a new system of government by members of a guild."
* 1284 – Tertio Cerchio (wall) built.
* 1285 – Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova founded.
* 1289
** Slavery abolished.
** Fire.
* 1299 – Palazzo Vecchio construction begins.

## 14th–16th centuries

* 1312 – Siege of Florence (1312)
* 1321 – University of Florence founded.
* 1333 – November: Flood.
* 1345 – Ponte Vecchio rebuilt.
* 1348 – Black Death plague.
* 1353 – Public clock installed in Palazzo Vecchio tower.
* 1355 – Chiesa di Santa Maria del Fiore a Lapo [it] (church) built.
* 1360 – Cathedral Campanile built.
* 1375 – War of the Eight Saints
* 1377 – Medici in power.
* 1382 – Loggia dei Lanzi built.
* 1385 – Basilica of Santa Croce built.
* 1397 – Medici Bank established.
* 1415 – Bruni's History of Florence issued.
* 1427 – Catasto tax begins.
* 1432 – Ufficiali di Notte tribunal begins.
* 1434 – Cosimo de' Medici in power.
* 1436 – Duomo consecrated.
* 1469 – Lorenzo de' Medici assumes power
* 1471 – Printing press in operation.
* 1478 – Pazzi conspiracy foiled.
* 1487 – Medici giraffe arrives.
* 1488 – Ancient Greek poet Homer first published in print.
* 1490 – Palazzo Cocchi-Serristori built.
* 1492 – Lorenzo the Magnificent dies and is succeeded by Piero the Unfortunate
* 1494
** Charles VIII of France invades Italy
** Piero II acquiesces to Charles VIII and is forced to flee Florence
** Republic of Florence restored, ruled nominally by Girolamo Savonarola
** 1494 – Salone dei Cinquecento built.
* 1497 – 7 February: Bonfire of the Vanities.
* 1498
** Niccolò Machiavelli becomes secretary.
** 23 May: Savonarola executed.
* 1504 – Michelangelo's David sculpture installed in the Piazza della Signoria.
* 1509 – Militia established.
* 1512
** Florentine Republic dissolved after defeat by Papal forces under Medici control.
** Piero Soderini and Niccolò Machiavelli exiled.
* 1513
** Giulio de Medici becomes Archbishop of Florence.
** Machiavelli publishes The Prince
* 1517 – Machiavelli publishes Discourses on Livy
* 1527 – 21 June: Machiavelli dies
* 1529 – 24 October: Siege of Florence (1529–30) begins.
* 1532 – Alessandro de Medici becomes duke of the Florentine Republic.
* 1536 – Charles V visits city.
* 1537 – Villani's Nuova Cronica published.
* 1545 – Orto Botanico di Firenze established.
* 1557 – September: Flood.
* 1559 – Palazzo Uguccioni built.
* 1562 – Accademia del Disegno established.
* 1564 – Vasari Corridor built.
* 1565 – Fountain of Neptune inaugurated.
* 1569 – Ponte Santa Trinita (bridge) rebuilt.
* 1574 – Florentine Camerata active.
* 1580 – Rules of Calcio Fiorentino sport published.
* 1581 – Uffizi art museum built.
* 1582 – State Archives of Tuscany established.
* 1592 – Theorbo musical instrument invented.
* 1598 – Premiere of Peri's opera Dafne.
* 1600
** 5 October: Wedding of Maria de 'Medici and Henry IV of France [it].
** Biblioteca Riccardiana founded (approximate date).
** Premiere of Peri's opera Euridice.

## 17th–19th centuries

* 1625 – Premiere of Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero.
* 1656 – Teatro della Pergola built.
* 1700 – Fortepiano musical instrument prototyped.
* 1739 – Academia Botanica established.
* 1740 – Teatro di Santa Maria built.
* 1753 – Accademia dei Georgofili established.
* 1775 – Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze established.
* 1784 – Galleria dell'Accademia established.
* 1799 – French occupation begins.
* 1814
** French occupation ends.
** Jewish ghetto abolished.
* 1817 – Teatro Goldoni opens.
* 1828 – Teatro Alfieri opens.
* 1844 – 3 November: Florence flood of 1844 [it].
* 1847 – Premiere of Verdi's opera Macbeth.
* 1848
** Prato-Florence railway begins operating.
** Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station opens.
* 1852 – Archivio di Stato di Firenze (state archives) established.
* 1859 – La Nazione newspaper begins publication.
* 1861
** National Library active.
** Population: 150,864.
* 1862 – Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele amphitheatre opens.
* 1864 – Florence becomes part of Italy.
* 1865 – Italian capital relocated to Florence from Turin.
* 1867 – Società Geografica Italiana headquartered in Florence.
* 1871
** Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali built.
** Population: 167,093.
* 1879 – Horse-drawn tram begins operating.
* 1882 – Great Synagogue of Florence built.
* 1891 – Cathedral Museum opens.
* 1896 – Firenze Campo di Marte railway station opens.
* 1897
** Leo S. Olschki Editore in business.
** Population: 209,540.

## 20th century

* 1901 – Population: 236,635.
* 1904 – Giardino Tropicale established.
* 1908 – La Voce magazine begins publication.
* 1922 – Cinema Teatro Savoia opens.
* 1925 – Non Mollare [it] newspaper begins publication.
* 1926 – Chiesa di Santa Maria a Ricorboli [it] (church) built.
* 1931 – Population: 304,160.
* 1933 – Maggio Musicale Fiorentino begins.
* 1934 – Bologna–Florence railway begins operating.
* 1936 – Cinema Vittoria built.
* 1943
** German occupation begins.
** 25 September: Aerial bombing by Allied forces.
* 1944
** 3 August: Bridges bombed by German forces.
** 11 August: German occupation ends.
* 1948 – Ponte alla Carraia (bridge) rebuilt.
* 1954 – 27 October: 1954 UFO sighting in Florence [it]
* 1957 – Ponte Amerigo Vespucci (bridge) built.
* 1959 – Giardino dell'Iris (garden) established.
* 1961 – Population: 436,516.
* 1966 – 4 November: 1966 Flood of the Arno River.
* 1968 – Ospedale Piero Palagi [it] (hospital) built.
* 1977 – Florence–Rome high-speed railway begins operating.
* 1978 – Indiano Bridge built.
* 1982 – Historic Centre of Florence designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* 1986 – Gran Caffè Doney closes.
* 1991 – Population: 403,294.
* 1993 – 27 May: Via dei Georgofili bombing.
* 1995 – European Rapid Operational Force headquartered in Florence.
* 1997 – City website online (approximate date).

## 21st century

* 2001 – Population: 356,118.
* 2002 – November: European Social Forum held in city.
* 2009
** Bologna–Florence high-speed railway begins operating.
** Matteo Renzi becomes mayor.
* 2011 – 13 December: 2011 Florence shootings.
* 2013 – Population: 366,039 city; 987,354 province.
* 2014 – Dario Nardella becomes mayor.
* 2015 – City becomes capital of the newly created Metropolitan City of Florence.