OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Volant skis

Volant is a brand of ski equipment, currently owned by Amer Sports. It was founded as an independent company in the US, by brothers Hank and Bucky Kashiwa in 1989. The brothers developed the stainless steel "cap" ski, and founded the company with the belief that stainless steel skis would provide better performance than skis made from other materials.
In 2001, Volant production was moved from Wheat Ridge, Colorado to Atomic's Altenmarkt factory in Austria on an OEM basis. In 2003, the Volant brand was acquired by Amer Group, LLC (the parent company of Atomic, and several other brands of sporting equipment).
Volant purchased Aggression Snowboards in 1994, in order to acquire a snowboard manufacturing facility. A steel capped snowboard was introduced to the Aggression line (the Aggression Steel) initially. In the following season, Volant introduced its own line of snowboards and shifted the steel capped boards to the Volant line. Volant purchased Limited Snowboards, bringing their president to Wheat Ridge but continuing to produce the Limited line in Canada. Volant was still not profitable due to continuing problems achieving economies of scale with the steel top caps. Costs issues were further heightened with the opening of eastern Europe and globalization of the industry. An average of 4.5 hours of labour spent on each pair of skis could not be justified. Meanwhile, the primary investor's stock portfolio was taking a beating due to the Dot Com bust and he no longer desired to keep pumping money into the haemorrhaging company. The doors were ordered closed and the brand sold.
# Scar Inlet

The Scar Inlet is an area of the Larsen Ice Shelf immediately northwest of Jason Peninsula, named after the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. It is bounded by Tashtego Point and Chapman Point.

## History

The region was discovered in 1902 by Otto Nordenskjöld, leader of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, who gave the name "Scott Bay". The name did not survived in usage, perhaps due to the large number of features already named after Captain Robert F. Scott. The present name was given in 1963 by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research of the International Council of Scientific Unions, in recognition of the role of this organization in furthering scientific research in the Antarctic. It is the remaining fragment of the much larger Larsen B ice shelf which disintegrated in 2002.
# Spin pumping

Spin pumping is the dynamical generation of pure spin current by the coherent precession of magnetic moments, which can efficiently inject spin from a magnetic material into an adjacent non-magnetic material. The non-magnetic material usually hosts the spin Hall effect that can convert the injected spin current into a charge voltage easy to detect. A spin pumping experiment typically requires electromagnetic irradiation to induce magnetic resonance, which converts energy and angular momenta from electromagnetic waves (usually microwaves) to magnetic dynamics and then to electrons, enabling the electronic detection of electromagnetic waves. The device operation of spin pumping can be regarded as the spintronic analog of a battery.
Spin pumping involves an AC effect and a DC effect:
* The AC effect generates a spin current that oscillates at the same frequency with the microwave source.
* The DC effect requires that the magnetic dynamic is circularly polarized or elliptically polarized, whereas a linear oscillation can only generate an AC component.
* Both effects result in a net enhancement of the effective magnetic damping.

## Spin pumping in ferromagnets

The spin current pumped into an adjacent layer by a precessing magnetic moment is given by
    ${\vec {j}}_{s}={\hbar \over {4\pi }}g^{\uparrow \downarrow }{1 \over M_{S}^{2}}\langle {\vec {M}}(t)\times {{d{\vec {M}}(t))} \over {dt}}\rangle$
where ${\vec {j}}_{s}$ is the spin current (the vector indicates the orientation of the spin, not the direction of the current), $g^{\uparrow \downarrow }$ is the spin-mixing conductance characterizing the spin transparency of the interface, $M_{S}$ is the saturation magnetization, and ${\vec {M}}(t)$ is the time-dependent orientation of the moment.
Optical, microwave and electrical methods are also being explored. These devices could be used for low-power data transmission in spintronic devices or to transmit electrical signals through insulators.

## Spin pumping in antiferromagnets

Spin pumping in antiferromagnetic materials does not vanish because the antiparallel magnetic moments contribute constructively rather than destructively to spin current, which was theoretically predicted in 2014. Since the frequency of antiferromagnetic resonance is much higher than that of ferromagnetic resonance, spin pumping in antiferromagnets can be utilized to study electromagnetic signals in the sub-terahertz and terahertz regime, which had been demonstrated by two independent experiments in 2020.
Besides higher frequency, spin pumping in antiferromagnets features the chirality degree of freedom of magnetic dynamics that does not exist in ferromagnets. For example, the spin currents pumped by the left-handed and the right-handed resonance modes are opposite in direction.
# Thomas Pope (MP for Gloucester)

Thomas Pope (died 1400), from Gloucester, was an English Member of Parliament (MP).

## Family

He married a woman named Lettice, and they had one son. His second wife was named Margery.

## Career

He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Gloucester in 1393 and January 1397.
# Thomas Pope (disambiguation)

Thomas Pope (1507–1559) was founder of Trinity College, Oxford.
Thomas Pope may also refer to:
* Thomas Pope (actor) (died 1603), comedian and acrobat
* Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe (1622–1660), English Royalist
* Thomas Pope (Canadian politician) (1825–1863), mayor of Quebec City
* Thomas A. Pope (1894–1989), American Medal of Honor recipient
* Thomas H. Pope Jr. (1913–1999), Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives
** Thomas H. Pope III (born 1946), his son, a South Carolina state senator
* Tom Pope (born 1985), English football player
* Thomas Pope (MP for Gloucester) (died 1400), English politician
* Tommy Pope (born 1979), American stand-up comedian, writer, and actor
* Tommy Pope (politician) (born 1962), American politician in South Carolina
* Thomas Pope (Kentucky politician), member of the Kentucky House of Representatives 1997–1999
# Thomas Willoughby (disambiguation)

Thomas Willoughby (1593–?) was a North American colonist.
Thomas Willoughby may also refer to:
* Thomas Willoughby (MP for Downton) (died before 1596), MP for Downton (UK Parliament constituency)
* Thomas Willoughby (MP for Lincolnshire) (died 1418), MP for Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)
* Thomas Willoughby (MP) (1694–1742), English politician
* Thomas Willoughby, 1st Baron Middleton (1672–1729), English politician
* Thomas Willoughby, 4th Baron Middleton (1728–1781), English nobleman
* Thomas Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby of Parham (1602–1691/92), English peer
* Thomas Willoughby (Virginia), settler in 1610
* Tom Willoughby (1889–1964), Australian rules footballer
# Patronal Medal

The Patronal Medal is awarded jointly by The Catholic University of America and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. It is awarded someone who has "rendered distinguished service in the advancement of Marian devotion, theology, or general appreciation of the place of Mary in the life of the Catholic Church."
It is awarded on an occasional basis around December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the Patronal feast of Catholic University and the Basilica. It was awarded 25 times between its establishment in 1974 and 2010.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Position | Citation |
| 2016 | Sandra Andreas McMurtrie | Catholic volunteer | |
| 2016 | Robert F. Comstock | Attorney | |
| 2013 | Carl A. Anderson | Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus | "He embodies the qualities for which the Patronal Medal is awarded because his strong faith and devotion to Mary underpin all that he does." |
| 2009 | Msgr. Paul Lenz | Vice-postulator of the cause for canonization of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha | "With great admiration and affection for him and in recognition of his life's work, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and The Catholic University of America together, this day, proudly confer upon Reverend Monsignor Paul A. Lenz their highest honor, the Patronal Medal." |
| 1998 | Cardinal Edmund Szoka | President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and of the Governatorate of Vatican City State | |
| 1995 | Joseph and Bertha Braddock | | |
| 1990 | Mother Angelica | Founder of the Eternal Word Television Network | |
| 1989 | Rev. Eamon R. Carroll | Past president of the Catholic Theological Society of America and the Mariological Society of America | |
| 1987 | Thomas J. Grady | Bishop of Orlando | |
| 1986 | Cardinal John Krol | Archbishop of Philadelphia | |
| 1985 | Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J. | Professor at The Catholic University of America | |
| 1984 | Cardinal William Baum | Former Archbishop of Washington, Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education and Major Penitentiary; | |
| 1979 | Saint Teresa of Calcutta | Founder of the Missionaries of Charity | |
| 1974 | Archbishop Fulton Sheen | Bishop of Rochester | |
| | Michael J. Bransfield | Bishop of Wheeling-Charleston and former rector of the Basilica | |
| | Cardinal John Carberry | Archbishop of St. Louis | |
| | Virgil Dechant | Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus | |
| | Cardinal James Hickey | Archbishop of Washington | |
| | Dolores Hope | Wife of entertainer Bob Hope | |
| | Fr. Frederick Jelly | President of the Mariologist Society of America and the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary | |
| | Bishop James T. McHugh | Bishop of Rockville Centre | |
| | Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle | Archbishop of Washington | |
| | Fr. Patrick Peyton | Founder of the Family Rosary Crusade | |
# Thomson Point

Thomson Point is a point on the east side of Pirie Peninsula, 1.7 nautical miles (3.1 km) southeast of Cape Mabel, on the north coast of Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands.
Charted in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under William Speirs Bruce, who named it for J.A. (later Sir Arthur) Thomson, regius professor of natural history, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Thomson Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This South Orkney Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Thomson Reservoir

Thomson Reservoir may refer to
* Thomson Reservoir, created by Thomson Dam in Victoria, Australia
* Thomson Reservoir, created by Thomson Dam (Minnesota), United States
* Thompson Reservoir (Oregon), in Lake County, Oregon, United States
# Paul Ferri

Paul J. Ferri (born December 21, 1937, in Rome, Italy) is the founder and general partner of Matrix Partners, a venture capital firm.

## Early life

In 1944, Ferri and his family immigrated to the United States where they settled in Virginia. His father worked for the government as an aeronautics engineer. Ferri's family eventually moved to New York City. Ferri obtained a B.Sc. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, a M.Sc in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New York and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.

## Career

In 1977, Ferri and Warren Hellman co-founded Hellman Ferri Investment Associates. After five years, the partners split. Hellman started Hellman & Friedman in 1984 and Ferri started Matrix Partners in 1982. In 1999, Ferri co-founded hedge fund Matrix Capital Management with David Goel.
# Paul Epp

Paul Epp RCA (born 1949 in La Glace, Alberta) is a Canadian professor and industrial designer from Toronto, Ontario.

## Career

Epp is a graduate of Sheridan College School of Design. Since 1993 he has been a professor of industrial design at OCAD University in Toronto.
He has focused on the use of wood in design. His work shows a strong influence from Scandinavian design of the 20th century.
He has received the Best of Canada Design Award in 1998. He is also represented at the Canadian Museum of History in Ottawa, Ontario.
Paul Epp is an elected member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA).
# Paul Lacombe (historian)

Paul Lacombe (January 6, 1834 in Cahors – July 2, 1919 in Lauzerte) was a French historian and archivist.
In a period of intense disciplinary debate among historians and sociologists at the turn of twentieth century Lacombe entered the debate about 'history served by scientific inquiry' through his groundbreaking work, De l'histoire considérée comme science [The History Considered as Science] (1894) and with his contributions to Revue de synthèse historique [The Journal of Historical Synthesis] of Henri Berr. Refusing an approach to history based on the mere narration of great dates and great men, he invented the concept of 'history of events' (l'histoire evenementielle) and insisted on the need for the historian to make strict selections of evidence and to establish a hierarchy among facts. He also laid the foundations of a history which brings social and economic factors to the forefront of investigation. He is, therefore, a precursor to the idea of Fernand Braudel and the Annales school that history needs to be studied in 'the long time' (longue durée). He also championed the idea of the history of Homo faber as "man has at all times been to a great extent a workman."
# Paul Lacoste

Paul Lacoste may refer to:
* Paul Lacoste (academic) (1923–2009), Canadian academic
* Paul Lacoste (Canadian football) (born 1974), former CFL player
# Paul Loga

Serge-Paul Loga (born August 14, 1969) is a Cameroonian retired footballer who played for Prevoyance Yaoundé. He also participated at the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
# Paul E. Riley

Paul Eugene Riley (April 24, 1942 – October 11, 2001) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois.

## Education and career

Born in Alton, Illinois, Riley received a Bachelor of Science degree from Saint Louis University in 1964 and a Juris Doctor from Saint Louis University School of Law in 1967. He was a Hearing examiner for the Illinois Commerce Commission from 1968 to 1969, and was thereafter in private practice in Edwardsville, Illinois from 1969 to 1985, also serving as an assistant public defender for Madison County, Illinois from 1971 to 1982. He was an associate circuit judge for the Third Circuit Court of Illinois from 1985 to 1986, and a circuit judge for that court from 1986 to 1994, including service as chief circuit judge in 1991.

## Federal judicial service

On August 16, 1994, Riley was nominated by President Bill Clinton to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 6, 1994, and received his commission on October 7, 1994. On December 10, 1999, President Clinton certified Riley involuntarily as disabled pursuant to the act of September 2, 1957, 71 Stat. 586, which authorized the President to appoint an additional judge for the court and provided that no successor to the judge certified as disabled be appointed. Michael Joseph Reagan was appointed to the additional judgeship. Riley served in that capacity until his death, in Edwardsville.
# Paul Meng Zhuyou

Paul Meng Zhuyou (Chinese: 孟宁友; born January 8, 1963) is a Chinese Catholic clergyman and Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Taiyuan from 2013.

## Biography

He was ordained a priest on June 29, 1991. He accepted the episcopacy with a papal mandate on September 16, 2010. On November 24, 2013, he became Archbishop of Taiyuan Metropolitan, replacing his predecessor Bishop Sylvester Li Jian-tang. His appointment was endorsed by the Holy See and the Chinese government.
# Paul Poisson (actor)

Paul Poisson (1658 – 28 December 1735) was a French actor.

## Life

Born in Paris, he was the son of the actor Belleroche and succeeded his father in the role of 'Crispin' in 1686. He retired for the first time in 1711, returning in 1715 and retiring for good in 1724.
He married the actress Marie Angélique Gassot (1658–1756). Their two sons, Philippe and Francois-Arnoul, both became actors, whilst their daughter, Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez, became a writer.
He died at the hôtel de Gesvres, 23 rue Neuve-Saint-Augustin, Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

## Sources

* Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris: Hachette, 1876, p. 1621
* This article about a French stage actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Vanco

Vanco may refer to:

## People

* Marcel Vanco (fr, de, it), French football player
* Marek Vančo (born 1989), Czech handball player
* Mark Vanco (born 1968), American designer and artist
* Vančo Micevski, Macedonian football player
* Vančo Stojanov (born 1977), Macedonian middle-distance runner
* Vančo Trajanov (born 1978), Macedonian football player
* Vančo Trajčev (born 1975), Macedonian football player
* Vančo Šontevski, Macedonian officer

## Other

* vancomycin, an antibiotic
* Vanco, a subsidiary of Global Cloud Xchange
# Tapinoma annandalei

Tapinoma annandalei is a species of ant in the genus Tapinoma. Described by William Morton Wheeler in 1928, the species is endemic to India.
# Vincenzo Chialli

Vincenzo Chialli (27 July 1787 – 24 September 1840) was an Italian painter.

## Biography

Chialli was born at Città di Castello. After having learned the rudiments of art in that town, he visited Rome at the age of seventeen years, and became a disciple of Camuccini, whom he afterwards imitated. His brother, Giuseppe, (1800-1839), became a sculptor. After leaving Rome Vincenzo painted religious subjects at Borgo San Sepolcro, Urbino, Pesaro, and Venice, from whence he retraced his steps to Rome; but as the climate did not suit him, he left that city in 1822 and returned to Citta di Castello. He became Director of the School of Painting at Cortona in 1835, and died in 1840. Among his pupils were Angiolo Tricca. His genre and historical paintings gained him considerable credit. The most important are:
* The Churchyard and The Mass, both in the Pitti Palace at Florence.
* Dante in the Abbey of Fonte Avellana. Private Collection Italy
* Raphael and Fra Bartolommeo in the Convent of San Marco.
* The young Raphael with his Parents.
# Renate Riemeck

Renate Riemeck (4 October 1920 – 12 May 2003) was a German historian and Christian peace activist who became known as former foster parent of the famous journalist and left-wing militant Ulrike Meinhof.
As a young woman, she joined the "Christian Community" (Christengemeinschaft), an anthroposophical denomination founded by a group of evangelical theologians in Switzerland in 1922 and which was banned in Germany in 1941. After the war, she was among the millions who relocated away from the center and east of Germany, moving to Oldenburg, where she worked in teacher training, herself authoring one of the first democratic school text books of the period. In 1946, she joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1960, she was among the founders of the German Peace Union (DFU).
In the early 1940s, while living at Jena, Riemeck befriended the newly widowed Dr Ingeborg Meinhof, moving in with the Meinhof family as a lodger. After the war, with Jena in the Soviet occupation zone, the Meinhofs moved with her to Oldenburg where, following Ingeborg Meinhof's death from cancer in 1949, Riemeck formally became guardian to her friend's two orphaned children, one of whom, Ulrike Meinhof, would subsequently gain notoriety as a leading member of the Red Army Faction.
# Ujimqin

Ujimqin (also Ujumqin, Ujumucin, Ujumchin, Uzemchin or Üzemchin) may refer to:
* East Ujimqin Banner, subdivision of Inner Mongolia, China
* West Ujimqin Banner, subdivision of Inner Mongolia, China
* Üzemchin Mongols or their language
# Scanpix

Scanpix Scandinavia is a stock photography agency. It is the leading distributor of photographic services in Scandinavia, and has independent branches in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Estonia. Scanpix provides daily news services to subscribing newspapers. Its other customers includes magazines, advertising agencies and publishing houses. Among other company operations, Scanpix archives over 12 million photographs digitally and millions more physically.
Scanpix was founded after a merger between Scan-Foto and the photographic department of NTB Pluss in 1999.

## Norway

Scanpix Norway has 48 employees, including 12 photographers. They also sell photographs on behalf of over 80 different agencies, including Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. Scanpix Norway is owned by NTB and Schibsted. In 2006, they had a revenue close to 100 million Norwegian kroner.

## Sweden

Scanpix Sweden has 50 employees, including photographers. In 2006 they had a revenue of 110 million Swedish kronor and is owned by Bonnier, Schibsted and TT.

## Denmark

Scanpix Denmark is owned by the Danish newspaper Berlingske Tidende. They have the largest archive of historical photographs in Denmark, counting over 20 million photographs.
# Suvorov (disambiguation)

Suvorov (Russian surname and place name; depending on the language of origin is also found in forms: Suworow, Souvorov) may refer to:

## People

* House of Suvorov
** Alexander Suvorov (1729–1800), Russian general in service of the Russian Empire and the Habsburgs, founder of Russian military theory
** Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov (1804–1882), Russian general and diplomat, son of Arkadi Suvorov
** Arkadi Suvorov (1784–1811), Russian general, son of Alexander Suvorov
* Aleksey Suvorov (born 1991), Russian speed-skater
* Alexandru Suvorov (born 1987), Moldovan football player
* Andrei Suvorov (1887–1917), Russian footballer
* Georgii Suvorov (1919–1984), Soviet mathematician
* Igor Suvorov (born 1948), Russian banker
* Maxim Suvorov (died 1770), director of the printing house of the Russian Synod
* Nikolay Suvorov, Soviet commander of the Soviet submarine K-429 in 1983
* Oleg Suvorov (born 1997), Russian footballer
* Sergei Suvorov (1869–1918), Russian statistician, philosopher and revolutionary
* Viktor Suvorov (born 1947), Russian writer and a former Soviet military intelligence officer

## Places

* Suvorov, Tula Oblast, Russia
* Suvorov (inhabited locality), several inhabited localities in Russia
* Dumbrăveni, Vrancea, Romania, formerly known as Generalisimul Suvorov
* Suwarrow, or Suvorov, in the Cook Islands
* Suvorov Glacier, Antarctica

## Ships

* Aleksandr Suvorov (ship), a Russian/Soviet river cruise ship, launched 1981
* Soviet cruiser Aleksandr Suvorov 1951–1990
* Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov, 1901–1905

## Other uses

* Suvorov (film), a 1941 Soviet film
* Suvorov Military School, a type of boarding school in the Soviet Union, Russia and Belarus
* Suvorov military canals, in Finland
* 2489 Suvorov, a minor planet