OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Volkswagen ID. Crozz

The Volkswagen ID. Crozz is an electric concept car based on Volkswagen's electric MEB platform, and part of the ID. series. It was first shown as a prototype at the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show. A revised version, named the "ID. Crozz II", was shown at the 2017 Frankfurt Auto Show. A hint of the ID. Crozz production version was also promised for the 2019 Frankfurt Motor Show, alongside the debut of the ID.3 and the next generation E-up.
The VW ID.4, a production vehicle based on the ID. Crozz prototype was launched on 23 September 2020.
It will be one of nine new Volkswagen brand models based on the MEB platform.
# Thomas Kavanagh (politician)

Thomas Kavanagh, The MacMorrough (10 March 1767 – 20 January 1837) was an Irish landowner.

## Biography

He was the fourth son of Thomas Kavanagh of Borris, County Carlow by his wife Lady Susanna, daughter of Walter Butler, 16th Earl of Ormonde. He succeeded his elder brother Walter in the family estates in 1813.
He sat in the House of Commons of Ireland for Kilkenny from 1797 to 1799 and in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for County Carlow from 1826 to 1831. He failed to be elected at the 1832 general election but sat for the county again from 1835 until his death.
He married artist Lady Harriet Kavanagh (née Trench) on 28 February 1825. The couple had three sons Charles, Thomas, Arthur, and one daughter, Harriet or "Hoddy." Their youngest son Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh was born with vestigial limbs and Lady Harriet insisted he be raised with the same opportunities as their other children. Following Thomas' death Lady Harriet took their three youngest children travelling in the Middle East for two years.
# Viengkham district, Vientiane

Viengkham is a district of Vientiane province, Laos.
# Plastingia naga

Plastingia naga, the chequered lancer or silver-spot lancer, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae and sub-family Hesperiinae. It has a wingspan between 33–38 mm.

## Description

The underside markings of the chequered lancer consist of black veins and black rectangular spots on a greyish-white ground colour. The upperside has yellow-orange streaks at the wing bases. The upperside forewing of the male is dark brown with white hyaline (glass-like) spots, including two cell spots, at the cell-end and above the discal spot in space 2. There are also other spots in spaces 3, 6, and 7 as well as a non-hyaline streak in space 1b. The hindwing has an obscure, pale yellow cell streak and inter-neural streaks. Females are generally larger in size, darker and have less spots than the male. The spots in space 7 and the lower cell spot on the forewing may be absent. The abdomen of the chequered lancer is striped black and white, whilst the antenna has a whitish band just after the club.

## Distribution

The chequered lancer has a wide distribution. It can be found from Assam to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

## Habitat

The chequered lancer prefers shaded localities and is usually found in forests.

## Habits

The species is fast-flying and is usually active from early morning to noon. However, it usually prefers to rest in the shady forest understorey for the rest of the day. When disturbed, the chequered lancer takes off at high speeds, but often returns to a few of its favourite perches to rest with its wings folded upright.

## Host plant

The species' host plant is the Caryota mitis, also known as the fishtail palm.
# Onyx Cave

Onyx Cave may refer to several things in the United States:
* Onyx Cave (Arizona), a National Natural Landmark
* Onyx Cave (Arkansas), a small show cave
* Onyx Cave (Kentucky), a show cave
* Great Onyx Cave, Kentucky
** Great Onyx Cave Entrance, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
* Crystal Onyx Cave, Kentucky
* Onyx Cave (Newburg, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Missouri
* Onyx Mountain Caverns, Missouri
# William T. Towner

William T. Towner (1869–1950) was an American architect based in St. Paul, Minnesota.
"Architect William T. Towner of St. Paul was thirty years old when he designed the St. Croix County Courthouse in 1900. A native of Sussex, England, Towner was educated in London, and immigrated to America in 1881.... Before opening a St. Paul office in 1898, Towner worked in Montana and for the Land and Improvement Company in West Superior."
A few of his works have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Notable works include:
* Litchfield Opera House (1900), 126 N. Marshall Ave., Litchfield, Minnesota (Towner, W.T.), NRHP-listed
* St. Croix County Courthouse (1900), 904 3rd St., Hudson, Wisconsin (Towner, William T.), NRHP-listed
* Waverly Junior and Senior High School (1913), 443 Pennsylvania Ave., Waverly, Tioga County, New York (Towner, W.T.), NRHP-listed
In 1901 and/or 1902, W.T. Towner of 157 Summer St., Boston, Massachusetts, designed a school for Rumford Falls, Maine and High Bridge, New Jersey, and an Industrial School for Colored Children in the Town of Union.
In 1910, William T. Towner, then of 320 Fifth Avenue in New York City, had designed a high school for Schenevus, New York.
In 1917 William T. Towner was an architect in New York City, and was designing a two-story brick municipal building for the village of Canastota, New York.
# Wangcun, Zibo

Wangcun (Chinese: 王村; pinyin: Wángcūn) is a town in Zhoucun District, Zibo, in west-central Shandong province, China, located 18 kilometres (11 mi) east-southeast of Zhangqiu and more than 30 km (19 mi) southwest of downtown Zibo. As of 2011, it has 41 villages under its administration. China National Highway 309 passes near the town.
# Wisconsin Center for the Advancement of Postsecondary Education

The Wisconsin Center for the Advancement of Postsecondary Education (WISCAPE) was established in 2001 on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus by former UW–Madison Chancellor David Ward.

## Purpose

Ward envisioned the center as "a policy think tank, not just an academic think tank," that would promote cross-disciplinary research and scholarship on postsecondary education, enhance professional development for those working at colleges and universities, and engage the public in a dialogue about the role of postsecondary education in a democratic society.

## Areas of focus

Local and national media have since highlighted the work of the center's staff, scholars, and affiliates on a variety of postsecondary education issues, including financial aid, trends in state funding for postsecondary education, returns to state investment in postsecondary education, college student transfer issues, community colleges, de facto privatization of public universities, gridlock in state policymaking, the college presidency, federal college cost containment measures, and the Wisconsin Covenant.
# Pyramid of Doom

Pyramid of Doom is a text adventure game written by Alvin Files and published by Adventure International in 1979. It is the eighth in the Scott Adams' Adventure series. Files independently reverse engineered Adams' Adventure engine, wrote a new game, and submitted it to Adams, who then tweaked it for release as part of the series.

## Gameplay

Gameplay involves moving from location to location, picking up any objects found there, and using them somewhere else to unlock puzzles. Commands are of the form verb and noun, e.g. "Take Shovel". Movement from location to location is limited to North, South, East, West, Up, and Down.
The object of the game is to enter an Egyptian pyramid and plunder its treasures. The player faces a variety of challenges, such as an angry mummy, a purple worm, and an irate desert nomad.
# Rabagliati

Rabagliati is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Rabagliati (1906–1974), Italian singer
* Alexander Rabagliati
* Andrea Rabagliati (1843–1930), Scottish physician and writer of Italian descent
* Helen Rabagliati MBE (née McLaren, Andrea's wife) (1851–1934), campaigner for improvements in women's health.
* Euan Rabagliati (1892–1978), British soldier, pilot, racing driver and intelligence officer
* Michel Rabagliati (born 1961), Canadian cartoonist
# Reinhard Wiesend

Reinhard Wiesend (born 25 May 1946 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen) is a German musicologist and retired university professor.
Wiesend studied musicology in Munich (with Thrasybulos Georgiades among others) and received his doctorate in Würzburg in 1981 (with Wolfgang Osthoff), followed by his Habilitation in 1987. Subsequently, he worked in Venice, Bayreuth and Palermo, among other places. From 2000 to 2007 he was head of the musicological institute of the University of Mainz.
Wiesend's main areas of research include Italian opera of the 18th century, including Joseph Martin Kraus, Johann Simon Mayr, Johann Adolf Hasse) as well as Hans Pfitzner.

## Publications

* Die Notierungen der Musikbeispiele in den Münchner Guido-Handschriften, Schriftliche Hausarbeit für die Magisterprüfung, Munich 1971
* Studien zur Opera seria von Baldassare Galuppi. Werksituation und Überlieferung – Form und Satztechnik – Inhaltsdarstellung. Mit einer Biographie und einem Quellenverzeichnis der Opern, 2 vol. (Würzburger musikhistorische Beiträge 8), Tutzing 1984
* Siciliana. Literarische und musikalische Traditionen (Habilitationsschrift Würzburg 1986; typewritten)
# Thomas Lloyd (cricketer)

Captain Thomas Lloyd (details of birth and death unknown) was an English cricketer who played in one first-class cricket match for Berkshire in 1792.
Lloyd played for Berkshire against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Old Field, Bray from 2 to 4 August 1792. He made scores of 1 not out and 9 in the match, which Berkshire won by 10 runs.
# Video Processing Engine

nVidia introduced the Video Processing Engine or VPE with the GeForce 4 MX. It is a feature of nVidia's GeForce graphics processor line that offers dedicated hardware to offload parts of the MPEG2 decoding and encoding. The GeForce Go FX 5700 rolled out the VPE 3.0. The VPE later developed into nVidia's PureVideo.

## VPE 1

* hardware MPEG2 decoding,
* inverse quantization (IQ)
* inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT)
* motion compensation
* colour space conversion (CSC) functions
* hardware subpicture alpha blending
* Adaptive De-interlacing
* 5 Horizontal x 3 Vertical Taps Scaling & Filtering
* Independent Hardware Color Enhancements and Digital Vibrance Control
* Component out supporting 720i and 1080i
* master sync generator to control the sync levels
* interlacer to output 480i and 1080i interlaced modes and a TV encoder, which operates in digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) mode with Tri Level Sync. VPE supports the first two of these element and all that is required to ship a graphics board capable of YPrPb output is a TV encoder that supports tri-level sync, and to replace the 4-Pin S-Video connector with a 9 pin.
* geforce 4 420/440 go

## VPE 2

* GeForce FX Go 5650, 5600, 5200, and 5100 models
* Video Mixing Renderer (vmr)
* MPEG-2 decode engine
* adaptive deinterlacing
* dedicated independent gamma correction
* MPEG-2 encode assist
* Digital Vibrance Control

## VPE 3.0

* Component High Definition component out
* MPEG-2 video decode engine suitable for DVD playback, HDTV decode, and decoding streaming video up to 1920x1080
* Adaptive de-interlacing
* Independent and dedicated gamma correcting
* enhanced scaling, filtering, sharpening
* MPEG-2 encode
* Video Mixing Renderer (VMR) allows integration of video with other 2d and 3d windows
* Digital Vibrance Control 3
* Inverse Quantization
* Inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation
* Motion Compensation
* Colorspace Conversion
* subpicture alpha blending
* Scaling engine
* dithering circuit

## Operating system support

The VPE SIP core needs to be supported by the device driver. The device driver provides one or multiple interfaces, like e.g. VDPAU, VAAPI or DXVA. One of this interfaces is then used by end-user software, like e.g. VLC media player or GStreamer, to access the VPE hardware and make use of it.
Nvidia's proprietary device driver is available for multiple operating systems and support for VPE has been added to it. Additionally, a free device driver named nouveau is available. This driver also supports the VPE hardware.
# USS Colleton

USS Colleton (APB-36), was a Benewah-class barracks ship. Colleton's keel was laid on 9 June 1945, launched on 30 July 1945 and delivered on 27 September 1946. She was berthed at Boston, Massachusetts in the custody of the United States Maritime Commission.
After extensive conversion beginning in early-mid 1966, which included a helicopter landing pad, she was commissioned 28 January 1967 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
Colleton arrived in Vung Tau, Vietnam on 2 May 1967 for duties in the Mekong Delta under Commander River Assault Flotilla One (also known as Task Force 117 (TF117)). Elements of River Assault Squadron Eleven, and the US Army's 4th Battalion, 47th Infantry, 2nd Brigade, 9th Infantry Division embarked on 2 June 1967. During the remainder of the year, operations began taking the Mobile Riverine Force (MRF) further west in the Mekong Delta towards Cambodia, creating longer and delayed aeromedical evacuation support for the assault craft and embarked US Army units of the MRF.
It was determined that the MRF needed a larger medical treatment and patient holding capacity and as a result, Colleton was refitted at U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, Philippines, in December 1967 and January 1968. The refit expanded the sick bay facilities from one level to two levels and installed a rampway system connecting the levels. (Levels are "decks" above the main deck.) The O-3 level was the helicopter deck and litter storage (port side aft of the helo deck). The O-2 level, connected to the helo deck by a ramp, contained a 6-litter triage, X-ray, blood bank and autoclave. Casualties could also be brought onboard using a hoist for patient transfers from small craft. Another ramp lead from the O-2 level to the O-1 level that contained a two-tabled operating room, recovery rooms, medical supply and storage, 18 bed ward, pharmacy and single chair dental clinic. Arriving in South Vietnam just days before the Tet Offensive, Colleton handled 890 combat casualties from 29 January 1968 – May 1968, admitted 134 patients to the ship's ward, and evacuated 411 after providing emergency life-saving treatment and stabilization.
Although there were four APB's assigned to the MRF, only Colleton was refitted to provide expanded medical treatment and holding capability. Although her medical staff did not consist of a full-time surgeon, Colleton served in conjunction with other hospital ships serving further off coast including USS Repose and USS Sanctuary.
Colleton was decommissioned December 1969 in Bremerton, Washington, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 1 June 1973, and sold to American Ship Dismantlers, of Portland, Oregon for $172,226.62 on 1 August 1974.

## Ship awards

| Combat Action Ribbon | Navy Presidential Unit Citation (2) |
| Navy Unit Commendation (2) | National Defense Service Medal | Vietnam Service Medal (8) |
| Vietnam Gallantry Cross | Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation | Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal |
# Open contact

An open contact is a term used in dentistry to describe the space between adjacent teeth when the teeth are neither touching nor a sufficient distance from each other to potentially allow the space to naturally remain free of debris.
Open contacts can exist naturally, such as when teeth erupt into a nonideal occlusion or when they shift as a result of tooth loss. They are also frequently produced as a result of inadequately contoured dental restorations.
An open contact may lead to a phenomenon termed food packing/food impaction, which can be a cause of pain.
# William Lipkind

William Lipkind (December 17, 1904, New York City – October 2, 1974) was an American writer most famous for his children's picture book collaborations with Nicholas Mordvinoff, under the pseudonym Will (jointly Nicolas and Will). Before his writing and illustrating career, he was already an established anthropologist, graduating from Columbia University in 1937. He earned a master's in English literature. His undergraduate degree was from City College of New York in 1927. His doctorate was in anthropology.

## Career
### Writing

In 1947, he wrote Finders Keepers, published by Harcourt Brace and winner of the 1951 Caldecott Medal.

### Anthropology

Beginning in 1939, Lipkind spent two years in Brazil studying two Indian tribes. His research resulted in a grammar and dictionary upon his return in the US. One publication was called Winnebago Grammar. It began as his dissertation at Columbia in 1944.

### Teaching

Lipkind taught anthropology at New York University and at Hunter College, children's literature.

## Selected works

* Winnebago Grammar (linguistics, 1945)
* The Two Reds (1950)
* Finders Keepers (1951)
* Beginning Charm for the New Year (verse, 1951)
* Boy with a Harpoon (1952)
* Even Steven (1952)
* Boy of the Islands (1954)
* Professor Bull's Umbrella (1954)
* Perry the Imp 1956)
* The Magic Feather Duster (1958)
* Days to Remember: An Almanac (nonfiction, 1961)
* Russet and the Two Reds (1962)
* The Boy and the Forest (1964)
* Nubber Bear (1966)
# Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism

Wisconsin Watch or the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism is a nonprofit investigative news organization housed at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The organization's mission is to "increase the quality and quantity of investigative reporting in Wisconsin, while training current and future generations of investigative journalists."
In 2013, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker vetoed a provision of the state's biennial budget that would have prohibited collaboration between the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication and the Center. Under the terms of the proposed provision, the Center would have faced eviction from the University of Wisconsin's campus, where it has its offices. Republicans in the Wisconsin State Senate had sent the bill to the governor's desk by voting to remove the Center from the University's campus due to questions over the Center's funding sources and a concern that the Center's work was biased against conservatives.
Journalist Bill Lueders worked at the center for four years, writing about the intersection of money and politics, before becoming associate editor of The Progressive in 2015.
In 2024, Wisconsin Watch merged with Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service.

## Affiliations

The Center is a founding member of the Institute for Nonprofit News (formerly known as Investigative News Network), a group of nonprofit journalism organizations.
The Center also is a signatory to the International Fact Checking Network and its code of principles, a fact-checking consortium.

## Awards

In 2017, The Center won a Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society for Professional Journalists.
# Pïleike

Pïleike was a Wayana village in the Sipaliwini District of Suriname. The village lies across the Lawa River from the island village of Kulumuli, which is considered to lie in French Guiana. As of 2009, the village is abandoned.

## History

Pïleike was the village of the influential shaman or pïyai of the same name. When he died in the late 1990s, he ordered his fellow villagers to cross the river and join Kulumuli.
# Valukas

Valukas may refer to:
* Anton R. Valukas, American lawyer
** Report of Anton R. Valukas
* Valuka Iswar, avatar of Shiva
# Reinhard Wendemuth

Reinhard Wendemuth (born 1 January 1948) is a former German rower who competed for West Germany in the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics.
Wendemuth also won the bronze medal in the coxless four event at the 1974 World Rowing Championships in Lucerne.
# Video Pieces

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Video Pieces was a home video released in 1983 on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, Video 8 and the Japan-only VHD format. This release contains four promotional videos by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. This is one of the few Iron Maiden released videos to not feature Eddie the Head on the cover.

## Personnel

* Bruce Dickinson – vocals
* Dave Murray – guitar
* Adrian Smith – guitar
* Steve Harris – bass
* Clive Burr – drums (on "The Number of the Beast" and "Run to the Hills")
* Nicko McBrain – drums (on "Flight of Icarus" and "The Trooper")
# HMS Dumbarton Castle (1707)

HMS Dumbarton Castle was the Royal Scottish Naval vessel of the same name transferred to the Royal Navy by the Act of Union of 1707. Her design was based on the standardize 20-gun sixth rates building in England at the time. After commissioning she was assigned to Home Waters. She was captured by the French in April 1708 off Waterford.
Dumbarton Castle was the first named vessel in the Royal Navy.

## Construction

She was built for the Scottish Navy on the Thames in 1696 then transferred by the Act of Union to the Royal Navy in 1707. No information is available on her parameters, however, her specifications were probably based on the Maidstone group that was being built at this time. She carried the standard armament of a sixth rate of twenty 6-pounders on the upper deck (UD) and four 4-pounders on the quarterdeck (QD).

## Commissioned service

She was commissioned on 28 November 1707 under the command of Commander Mathew Campbell, RN.

## Disposition

She was captured by the French 44-gun Le Jersey off Waterford on 26 April 1708.

## Citations

* ↑ Winfield 2007
* ↑ Colledge
* ↑ Winfield 2007
* ↑ Winfield 2009
* ↑ Winfield 2007
# Open constituencies

Open constituencies represent one of several electoral models employed in the past in the Fijian electoral system. They derived their name from the fact that they were "open": unlike the communal constituencies, the 25 members of the House of Representatives who represented open constituencies were elected by universal suffrage and were open to members of any ethnic group.
Universal suffrage with a common voters' roll was first proposed by the Indo-Fijian-dominated National Federation Party (NFP) in the early 1960s, but was opposed by most leaders of the indigenous Fijian community, who were fearful that a common roll would favour Indo-Fijians, who then comprised a majority of the population. The proposal came up again intermittently throughout the 1970s, but nothing came of it.
Open constituencies came into being when the 1997 constitution was adopted in 1997–1998. The Constitutional Commission chaired by former New Zealand Governor-General Sir Paul Reeves had recommended a total of 45 open and 25 communal constituencies, but the then-ruling Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei of Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka and the opposition NFP saw the communal constituencies allocated to indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians respectively as their power base and insisted on virtually reversing the ratio. The final constitutional draft established 46 communal constituencies and 25 open constituencies, which were required to be substantially equal in population.
In the general elections held in 1999, 2001, and 2006, most political competition took place in the open constituencies. As the fundamental faultline in Fijian politics was ethnic rather than ideological, the racially allocated communal constituencies generally followed predictable voting patterns. The ethnically diverse open constituencies, particularly in urban areas, were much more competitive.
The existence and number of the open constituencies was long a bone of contention in Fijian politics. Many Fijian ethno-nationalists favoured their abolition, whereas many Indo-Fijian politicians like former Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, as well as parties claiming to be multiracial, argued that their number should be increased, or even that all parliamentary seats should be open.
A new constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government in 2013 abolished both open and communal constituencies, and instituted a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.