OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Treaty of Lyck

The Treaty of Lyck was a treaty between Vytautas the Great, future Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the Teutonic Knights, represented by Marquard von Salzbach, komtur Arnold von Bürglen, and Thomas, son of Lithuanian duke Survila. It was signed on 19 January 1390 in Lyck, State of the Teutonic Order, (now Ełk, Poland). Vytautas, in exchange for a military alliance against his cousin Jogaila during the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392), agreed to cede Samogitia up to the Nevėžis River and become the Order's vassal. In essence Vytautas confirmed the Treaty of Königsberg (1384) that he had signed with the Knights during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384). Once betrayed, the Knights now asked for hostages as a guarantee of Vytautas' loyalty. The Order demanded as hostages his two brothers Sigismund and Tautvilas, wife Anna, daughter Sophia, sister Rymgajla, brother-in-law Ivan Olshanski, and a number of other nobles.
Vytautas initiated the negotiations when he failed to capture Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He sent Marquard von Salzbach and the Count of Rheineck, two knights held captive since 1384, to negotiate on his behalf. The treaty was signed in secret as not to alert Jogaila and his brother Skirgaila. The Knights managed to convince Skirgaila that they were ready to negotiate peace with him, and he even returned from Polotsk to Vilnius anticipating the Teutonic envoy.
The Treaty of Lyck was strengthened by the Treaty of Königsberg (1390), signed between the Knights and a Samogitian delegation, which promised its loyalty to the "Samogitian king" Vytautas. The Knights helped Vytautas to wage a war against Jogaila, but the cousins reconciled in 1392 and signed the Ostrów Agreement. The Knights were once again betrayed: Vytautas burned three of their castles and did not cede Samogitia. They continued to wage war until the Treaty of Salynas of 1398; territorial disputes over Samogitia dragged until the Treaty of Melno of 1422.
# Veera Ruoho

Veera Marita Ruoho (née Liukkonen; born 4 August 1969 in Hirvensalmi) is a Finnish politician and an Olympic Taekwondo practitioner.
She participated in the Women's Heavyweight competition in Taekwondo at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, losing in the first round to Canadian Dominique Bosshart.
She was elected to parliament representing the Finns Party in April 2015. She left the party in June 2017 after the election of an ultra-nationalist as its leader, and subsequently announced that she would join the National Coalition Party led by Petteri Orpo. Ruoho took part in the 2019 parliamentary election as a candidate of the National Coalition Party, but was not re-elected.
She was a police officer before entering politics.
# Raid on Cartagena

Raid on Cartagena may refer to:
* Raid on Cartagena (1683)
* Raid on Cartagena (1697)
# Radyo 2

Radyo 2, also known as TRT FM, is a radio network of TRT. This network is specialized on Turkish pop music.

## Technical details

Radyo 2 was the first radio network in Turkey to broadcast on FM. Below are the frequencies of some Radyo 2 transmitters. The ERP power of these transmitters are 50 kW or more.
| City | Frequency, MHz. |
| Adana | 92.5 |
| Ankara | 88.8 |
| Antalya | 95.6 |
| Bursa | 95.0 |
| Denizli | 93.2 |
| Diyarbakır | 95.5 |
| Erzurum | 98.8 |
| Eskişehir | 96.8 |
| Gaziantep | 97.6 |
| Istanbul | 91.4 |
| İzmir | 91.2 |
| Kayseri | 97.2 |
| Kocaeli | 96.0 |
| Konya | 98.6 |
| Mersin | 90.0 |
| Trabzon | 95.0 |
| Zonguldak | 97.2 |
# Vitousek

Vitousek or Vitoušek is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Peter Vitousek (born 1949), American ecologist
* Roy A. Vitousek (1890–1946), member of the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives
# Process Biochemistry

Process Biochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the study of biochemical processes and their applications in industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. The journal was established in 1966 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Joseph Boudrant (University of Lorraine). The journal covers a wide range of topics related to biochemical processes, including enzyme and microbial technology, protein engineering, metabolic engineering, biotransformations, and bioseparations. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, and case studies.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.885.
# Tănăsoaia

Tănăsoaia is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of ten villages: Călimăneasa, Costișa, Costișa de Sus, Covrag, Feldioara, Galbeni, Nănești, Tănăsoaia, Vladnicu de Jos and Vladnicu de Sus.
# Vezzani (disambiguation)

Vezzani is a commune on the island of Corsica and an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* César Vezzani (1888–1951), French/Corsican tenor
* Roberto Vezzani (born 1942), Italian weightlifter
# Perum Pulli

Perum Pulli (transl. Bigshot) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by Vikraman, starring Babu and Suman Ranganathan. It was released on 14 January 1991.

## Plot

Perum Pulli is the story of an innocent youth and his love for his mother.

## Cast

* Babu
* Suman Ranganathan
* Vinu Chakravarthy
* Srividya
* Jiiva (uncredited role)

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by S. A. Rajkumar. Palani Bharathi was introduced as lyricist in this film.
| Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| "Aagaya Thottil Katti" (Lady) | P. Susheela | Vikraman |
| "Aagaya Thottil Katti" (Men) | S. A. Rajkumar | Vikraman |
| "Aanum Pennum" | Malaysia Vasudevan, P. Susheela | Piraisoodan |
| "Gangai Nadhi" | K. S. Chithra | Pulamaipithan |
| "Ilamaiyin Vizhigalil" | K. S. Chithra | Palani Bharathi |
| "Mambala Thota" | Malaysia Vasudevan, Sunandha | Piraisoodan |
| "Manasum Manasum" | Sunandha, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | S. A. Rajkumar |
| "Ponmagal Vandhal" | K. J. Yesudas | Alangudi Somu |
| "Varuthu Varuthu" | Mano | Na. Kamarasan |

## Reception

N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "Directed by Vikraman who made Pudhu Vasantham and made name for himself [..] Perum Pulli has a hash of a story".
# Tricarina

Tricarina is an extinct genus of crustaceans in order Isopoda, known from a single incomplete fossil specimen from the Cretaceous of western Iran. It has a flattened body with three longitudinal ridges, which give it its name.

## Sources

The single known specimen of Tricarina was discovered in a well core that had been bored at a site on the Khuzestan Plain in south-western Iran, at 31°18′13.3″N 47°47′28.6″E﻿ / ﻿31.303694°N 47.791278°E﻿ / 31.303694; 47.791278, and at a depth of 3,852 metres (12,638 ft). The rocks that contain it are calcareous shales, which form part of the Gadvan Formation, and are part of the main sequence of rocks for the production oil and gas around the Persian Gulf. Examination of the foraminiferan fossils show that the shales are Barremian to Aptian in age.

## Description

The fossil of Tricarina gadvanensis is known from a part and counterpart from a core drilled to make an oil well. It has been deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as specimen number CM 54197. A segment of the cylindrical core was cut away before the fossil was discovered, and the fossil is accordingly incomplete: the front of the carapace extends over the cut edge, and much of the pleon is outside the edge of the core. Most of the carapace is visible, and shows a flattened form, with three distinct longitudinal carinae or ridges. The bases of the antennae are preserved, but no eyes are apparent. A single pereiopod (walking leg) is visible, and it ends without a chela (claw).

## Systematics

Feldmann et al. (2007) classified Tricarina gadvanensis as a decapod crustacean. According to Feldmann et al., T. gadvanensis cannot be accommodated in any of the previously known families of Decapoda. The few families which contain species with flattened bodies, such as Scyllaridae and the various families of Polychelida, all have very different ridge patterns. They therefore erected a new family, Tricarinidae, to accommodate this single genus and species. The lack of claws suggests affinity to slipper lobsters and spiny lobsters, and the new family is therefore placed in the inraorder Achelata. The genus name Tricarina refers to the three ridges on the carapace, while the specific epithet gadvanensis refers to the area from which the fossil was recovered.
Subsequent restudy of the fossil led Hyžný et al. (2020) to conclude that T. gadvanensis was not a decapod, but rather an isopod, probably closely related to the family Serolidae.

## Ecology

The lack of eyes in Tricarina suggests a deep-water organism, a feature also seen in Polychelidae and Thaumastochelidae. This is also corroborated by the rocks it was found in, which are thought to have been deposited in a deep, offshore setting. It is probable that Tricarina burrowed into the sediment, as was also inferred for Eryon, and as seen in some slipper lobsters.
# Vaybash

Vaybash is a village in the Ardabil Province of Iran.
# Veresdale Scrub, Queensland

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
Veresdale Scrub is a locality split between the Scenic Rim Region and the City of Logan, both in Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Veresdale Scrub had a population of 548 people.

## History

Veresdale Scrub Provisional School opened on 25 April 1899. On 1 January 1909, it became Veresdale Scrub State School.
The Veresdale Scrub Hall was officially opened on Wednesday, 27 November 1929, by Joseph Hopkins, the chairman of the Beaudesert Shire Council.
Formerly in the Shire of Beaudesert, Veresdale Scrub was split between Logan City and Scenic Rim Region following the local government amalgamations in March 2008.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Veresdale Scrub had a population of 620.
In the 2016 census, Veresdale Scrub had a population of 481 people.
In the 2021 census, Veresdale Scrub had a population of 548 people.

## Education

Veresdale Scrub State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 354 Veresdale Scrub School Road (27°55′17″S 153°01′03″E﻿ / ﻿27.9214°S 153.0176°E﻿ / -27.9214; 153.0176﻿ (Veresdale Scrub State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 124 students with 11 teachers (8 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).
There is no secondary school in Veresdale Scrub. The nearest government secondary school is Beaudesert State High School in Beaudesert to the south.

## Amenities

Veresdale Scrub Dance Hall is at 454 Veresdale Scrub Road (27°55′17″S 153°00′46″E﻿ / ﻿27.9215°S 153.01281°E﻿ / -27.9215; 153.01281﻿ (Veresdale Scrub Dance Hall)). Dances are held on Saturday nights, but since May 2020 have been suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
# Kota

Kota or KOTA may refer to:

## Places
### India

* Kota, Rajasthan, a city in Rajasthan state
** Kota district, a district of Rajasthan state
** Kota (Lok Sabha constituency), a Lok Sabha parliamentary constituency of Rajasthan
** Kota State, an Indian princely state
* Kota, Nellore district, mandal headquarters in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh
* Kota mandal, Andhra Pradesh, mandal in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh
* Kota, Bilaspur, a city in Chhattisgarh
* Kota, Karnataka, an area in Karnataka state
* Kota, Uttar Pradesh, a town in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh

### Brunei

* Kota Batu, Brunei-Muara, a sub-district of Brunei-Muara District

### Indonesia

* Administrative division usually translated as "city", above district (kecamatan), below province, equivalent to regency (kabupaten)
* Kota Tua Jakarta, an old area in Jakarta
* Kotagede, a district in Yogyakarta

### Japan

* Kōta, Aichi, a town in Aichi Prefecture

### Malaysia

* Kota, Negeri Sembilan, a small town in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan
* Kota Bharu, the capital of Kelantan
* Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah

### Nepal

* Kota, Tanahun
* Kot, Bhojpur

### Philippines

* Kota Island

## People and languages

* Kōta (given name), a masculine Japanese given name
* Kota Brahmin, a sub-caste of Brahmins in Karnataka
* Kota people (India), a tribe in the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu, South India
** Kota language (India), a Dravidian language spoken in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu
* Kota people (Gabon) (Bakota) whose members live primarily in the northeastern region of Gabon in Central Africa
** Kota language (Gabon), a Bantu language of the Bakota people of Gabon
* Kota language (Central African Republic) (Ngando), a Bantu language of the Central African Republic
* Kota Vamsa, 12th century dynasty of Amaravathi, India

## Media

* KOTA (AM), a radio station (1380 AM) licensed to serve Rapid City, South Dakota, United States
* KOTA-TV, a television station (channel 7, virtual 3) licensed to serve Rapid City, South Dakota
* KHME, a television station (channel 2, virtual 23) licensed to serve Rapid City, South Dakota, which held the call sign KOTA-TV until 2016

## Other uses

* Kota the Friend, a Brooklyn-based independent rapper
* Association of Timorese Heroes, (Klibur Oan Timor Asu’wain, KOTA) a conservative political party in East Timor
* Kota Srinivasa Rao (born 1947), Tollywood actor
* Kota Junction railway station, Kota, Rajasthan
* Kota the triceratops, an animatronic toy
* Kota, or goahti, a native Saami (Lapp) tent, similar to a tipi
* Kota Vamsa, the medieval dynasty which ruled in parts of the modern day Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
* Bunny chow or kota, a South African fast food dish
* Spatlo or kota, a South African sandwich
# Nesam Pudhusu

Nesam Pudhusu (/neɪsəm puðusu/ transl. New affection) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Karthikvel. The film stars Ranjith and Priya Raman. It was released on 1 October 1999.

## Cast

* Ranjith as Ranjith
* Priya Raman as Vasanthi
* Senthil as Chithappu
* Vadivelu as Velu
* Sangili Murugan as Village President
* Ajay Rathnam as Vasanthi's cousin
* Sakthi Kumar as Suresh
* Bayilvan Ranganathan as Major Mayandi
* Kovai Sarala
* Gandhimathi
* Vaishali as Sumathi
* Premi as Social worker
* Kullamani
* Idichapuli Selvaraj
* Vellai Subbaiah as Iyer
* Thideer Kannaiah
* Mannangatti Subramaniam
* K. K. Soundar
* Bonda Mani
* Kovai Senthil
* Chelladurai

## Production

The lead pair of the film, Ranjith and Priya Raman, fell in love and got married during the making of the film.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Bobby.

## Release and reception

The film was released on 1 October 1999. K. N. Vijiyan of New Straits Times wrote "Nesam Pudusu is an unpretentious movie but directors Vel and Karthik manage to hold our interest". D. S. Ramanujam The Hindu wrote, "A SLIGHTLY different villagebased story where an young pair is forced to live as married couple following turn of events which generates interest right through in Sivasankaralaya’s “Nesam Puthusu”. The directors Vel-Karthik, who are making their debut, bring in the right changes with song and dances and comedy track." A critic for Dinakaran wrote, "Though it's a small budget film the story is an interesting thing that's treated in a spirited style. Directors Vel Karthik and producer Pandian deserve felicitation. A.Veerappan's comedy adds much to the film's success". Sify wrote "This good story line suffers from bad acting of Ranjith while Priya does justice to her role".
# Vicki Hendricks

Vicki Due Hendricks is an American author of crime fiction, erotica, and a variety of short stories.

## Background

Hendricks was born in Covington, Kentucky, raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, and moved to Florida in 1973. She earned a B.S. in English education from Ohio State University in 1973, an M.A. in English from Florida Atlantic University in 1979, and an M.F.A. in creative writing from Florida International University in 1992. Hendricks' novel Cruel Poetry was a finalist for the Edgar Award in 2008. Her work has been translated into Italian, German, French, Finnish, Hebrew, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Korean, Japanese and Chinese. She taught as a Professor of English at Broward College in Hollywood, Florida, from 1981 to 2016.
Hendricks has been praised as the "Queen of Noir" for rejuvenating women's crime/noir in the nineties and both extolled and denounced for her graphic use of sexual elements that distinguish neo-noir from noir of the 1930s through 1950s. Her novels have been reviewed in The New York Times Review of Books, Publishers Weekly, Kirkus Reviews, and the American Library Association's Booklist, as well as newspapers, blogs, and review sites.
# Vitovlje

Vitovlje may refer to:
* Vitovlje, Nova Gorica, in western Slovenia
* Vitovlje, Travnik, in central Bosnia
* Vitovlje Malo, a village in Dobretići municipality, Central Bosnia Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina
# Probabilistic Approach for Protein NMR Assignment Validation

Probabilistic Approach for protein NMR Assignment Validation (PANAV) is a freely available stand-alone program that is used for protein chemical shift re-referencing. Chemical shift referencing is a problem in protein nuclear magnetic resonance as >20% of reported NMR chemical shift assignments appear to be improperly referenced. For certain nuclei (especially 13C and 15N) these referencing issues can cause systematic chemical shift errors of between 1.0 and 2.5 ppm. Chemical shift errors of this magnitude often make it very difficult to compare NMR chemical shift assignments between proteins. It also makes it very hard to structurally interpret chemical shifts (i.e. identify secondary structures or perform chemical shift refinement). Unlike most other chemical shift re-referencing tools PANAV employs a structure-independent protocol. That is, with PANAV there is no need to know the structure of the protein in advance of correcting any chemical shift referencing errors. This makes PANAV particularly useful for NMR studies involving novel or newly assigned proteins, where the structure has yet to be determined. Indeed, this scenario represents the vast majority of assignment cases in biomolecular NMR. PANAV uses residue-specific and secondary structure-specific chemical shift distributions that were calculated over short (3-6 residue) fragments of correctly referenced proteins (found in RefDB) to identify mis-assigned resonances. More specifically, PANAV compares the initial (i.e. observed) chemical shift assignments to the expected chemical shifts based on their local sequence and expected/predicted secondary structure. In this way, PANAV is able to identify and re-reference mis-referenced chemical shift assignments. PANAV can also identify potentially mis-assigned resonances as well. PANAV has been extensively tested and compared against a large number of existing re-referencing or mis-assignment detection programs (most of which are structure-based). These assessments indicate that PANAV is equal to or superior to existing approaches.
# UNTC

UNTC may refer to:
* National Union of Congolese Workers, the largest trade union centre in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* United Nations Treaty Collection, a website with information on United Nations treaties
# Relative afferent pupillary defect

A relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), also known as a Marcus Gunn pupil (after Robert Marcus Gunn), is a medical sign observed during the swinging-flashlight test whereupon the patient's pupils excessively dilate when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye. The affected eye still senses the light and produces pupillary sphincter constriction to some degree, albeit reduced.
Depending on severity, different symptoms may appear during the swinging flash light test:
Mild RAPD initially presents as a weak pupil constriction, after which dilation occurs.
When RAPD is moderate, pupil size initially remains same, after which it dilates.
When RAPD is severe, the pupil dilates quickly.

## Cause

The most common cause of Marcus Gunn pupil is a lesion of the optic nerve (between the retina and the optic chiasm) due to glaucoma, a severe retinal disease, or due to multiple sclerosis. It is named after Scottish ophthalmologist Robert Marcus Gunn. A second common cause of Marcus Gunn pupil is a contralateral optic tract lesion, due to the different contributions of the intact nasal and temporal hemifields.

## Diagnosis

The Marcus Gunn pupil is a relative afferent pupillary defect indicating a decreased pupillary response to light in the affected eye.
In the swinging flashlight test, a light is alternately shone into the left and right eyes. A normal response would be equal constriction of both pupils, regardless of which eye the light is directed at. This indicates an intact direct and consensual pupillary light reflex. When the test is performed in an eye with an afferent pupillary defect, light directed in the affected eye will cause only mild constriction of both pupils (due to decreased response to light from the afferent defect), while light in the unaffected eye will cause a normal constriction of both pupils (due to an intact efferent path, and an intact consensual pupillary reflex). Thus, light shone in the affected eye will produce less pupillary constriction than light shone in the unaffected eye.
Anisocoria is absent. A Marcus Gunn pupil is seen, among other conditions, in unilateral optic neuritis. It is also common in retrobulbar optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis but unreliable in bilateral optic neuritis.
A total CN II lesion, in which the affected eye perceives no light, is very similar to a Marcus Gunn pupil; to distinguish them, in a CNII total lesion shining the light in the affected eye produces zero dilation nor constriction.