# Mountains of Mezenc

The Mont Mézenc is a mountain range in the Massif Central, bordering the departments of Ardèche and Haute-Loire, making up a natural region of France. Its highest point is Mount Mézenc, whose two summits, South and North, are respectively the highest in Ardèche at 1,753 meters and Haute-Loire at 1,744 meters.

## Toponymy

The Mont Mézenc massif separated two Celtic peoples: the Vellavii and the Helvii. This situation is undoubtedly at the origin of its name, which is derived from the pre-Latin word mège, like other primitive frontiers such as Mèje, Mèjane, Montmège, Montméa, Medze, Mezenc, etc.
The highest point of this mountain range is called Puei-Vuei. It wasn't until the mid-18th century that Puei-Vuei began to be referred to as Mont Mézenc, under the influence of the Montilian volcanologist Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond.

## Geography
### Location

The Mont Mézenc lies on the border of the two départements of Ardèche and Haute-Loire, and the former provinces of Vivarais and Velay. It is surrounded by the following natural regions:
* the Haut-Vivarais mountains to the north
* to the west by the Meygal massif
* the Ardèche plateau to the south
* to the east, by the Boutières massif, which forms the greater part of the Vivarais mountains
* The massif is largely integrated into the Monts d'Ardèche regional nature park.
Being split between two départements, formerly two administrative regions, two former provinces, two different traditions (Catholic and Protestant), being far from major communication routes and not having a major urban center has contributed to this region's low profile and lack of a strong identity. It is, however, a clearly differentiated geographical entity.

## Topography
### Main peaks

The massif's highest peak is Mont Mézenc, which has two peaks: the highest, located in the south in Ardèche, rises to 1,753 m, while the second rises to 1,744 m and is in Haute-Loire. But the best-known peak is certainly Mont Gerbier-de-Jonc, where the source of the Loire is located.
Here is a list of the massif's main peaks:
* Mont Mézenc or Puei-Vuei 1,753 meters
* Mont d'Alambre 1,691 meters
* Chaulet 1,622 meters
* Suc de Taupernas 1,602 meters
* Suc de Montfol 1,594 meters
* Suc de la Lauzière 1,582 meters
* Mont Gerbier de Jonc 1,551 meters
* Rocher Tourte 1,535 meters
* Suc de Séponet 1,534 meters
* Les Coux 1,531 meters
* Le Sépoux 1,530 meters
* Suc de Sara 1,521 meters
* Suc d'Ourseyre 1,489 meters
* Mont Signon 1,455 meters
* Rocher des Pradoux 1,440 meters
* Rocher des Baux 1,433 meters
* Roche du Bachat 1,423 meters
* Rocher d'Aiglet 1,411 meters
* Suc de Touron 1,381 metres
* Roches de Borée 1,315 meters

### Geology

In the Tertiary era (Miocene), Alpine folding fractured the Hercynian basement of the Massif Central. Along the fracture lines, volcanoes appeared in several stages up to the Quaternary era. Such is the case of the volcanoes of the Mézenc massif. The sucs de Sara, the suc de Touron, Mont Gerbier-de-Jonc and Mont d'Alambre are Péléen volcanoes. They have a characteristic dome shape, and their rock is essentially phonolite. Mont Mézenc has two peaks. It is the result of several outbursts of magma. To the south, the cirque des Boutières is a crater left over from a volcanic explosion.

### Hydrography

The Loire rises in the massif. This forms the watershed with the Rhône basin.

### Climate

The region has a marked mountain climate. In winter, the forests and pastures are swept by burle, the local name for blizzard.

### Fauna and flora

The Mezenc's main natural habitats are beech forests, grasslands, heaths and peat bogs. The flora is rich and rare. Some thirty protected species can be found here.

### Population

The massif is sparsely populated, with only 4,200-year-round residents, or 9 inhabitants per km². The population declined sharply throughout the 20th century, dropping by a third between 1975 and 1990. Today, it is tending to stabilize.

## History

Palynology shows that cereal cultivation dates back to the Final Neolithic, around 2500 BC. In Antiquity, the massif formed the border between the Gallo-Roman cities of Alba and Saint-Paulien, while in the Middle Ages, it separated the dioceses of Viviers (Ardèche) and Le Puy (Haute-Loire).
The Mezenc forest, established in the late 19th century, is a typical example of an RTM forest, designed to stabilize and restore sloping soils.
During the Second World War, the massif was a refuge for children hunted down by Nazi forces and their collaborators, becoming a bastion of civil resistance.

## Activities
### Agriculture

Farming is a very important activity in the massif, accounting for one in two jobs. There were 650 farms in 1988, and certainly around 400 today, operating 22,000 ha of farmland, 95% of which is covered by permanent grassland. This agriculture is exclusively focused on livestock farming, mainly suckler cattle (18,000 head), but also dairy cows (around 6,000) and sheep. Farming helps maintain open landscapes of pasture and hay meadows.
The region's harsh winter climate is accelerating the decline of agriculture. Wastelands and natural forests tend to develop.
Cattle breeders benefit from a quality appellation in the region: the AOC Fin gras du Mézenc, one of four beef AOCs in France. In 2013, this appellation was produced by 80 breeders in the Ardèche mountains and Haute-Loire.

### Tourism

After agriculture, the second major activity on the massif is tourism.
The Mezenc plateau is a vast Nordic ski area. A small ski resort, both downhill and cross-country, is located in Les Estables. It offers skiing on Mont d'Alambre and on the edge of the Mézenc. It's also the starting point for the Ardèche mountain traverse, a hike that can be completed on skis.
Mont Gerbier-de-Jonc is particularly popular, and is visited by around 300,000 people every year.
The region is criss-crossed by the GR 7, GR 73 and GR 40 long-distance hiking trails, and the PR58 and PR205 short-distance hiking trails.
The Carthusian monastery of Bonnefoy comprised very large buildings. It was destroyed by fire in 1653. What remains today is the prior's house and the bell tower.
No fewer than 14,000 beds are made available on the massif during the tourist season.

### Environmental protection

The Massif du Mézenc site has been classified under the law of May 12 1930 for its great landscape interest. The appearance of the site can only be modified with the authorization of the Ministry of the Environment and the Prefect. It covers the communes of Le Béage, Borée, La Rochette, Chaudeyrolles, Les Estables and Saint-Front, with a total surface area of 4,300 hectares. The Ardèche part of the site is included in the Monts d'Ardèche Regional Nature Park.
It is also a national biological reserve.

## In culture

The Mezenc massif is rarely mentioned in literature before the eighteenth century. However, in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it attracted the attention of travelers, botanists, geologists, geographers and members of learned societies who undertook to describe it for their contemporaries.
Among these observers, Aimé Giron described the Estables region as follows: "It has a detestable reputation for bad weather, ignorance and destitution. [...] The low houses, topped with straw or thatch, seem to crouch in cold against the earth [...] It's a Lapp village transplanted to the Velay. Or George Sand, who, in her travel diary, describes her trip to Les Estables in June 1859: "This is a country without paths or guides, without any means of communication, and where you have to conquer all your discoveries at the price of danger and fatigue. The people who live here know no more about it than foreigners. I find here a very characteristic race that is in harmony with the soil that bears it: lean, dark, rough and as if angular in its forms and instincts [...]".