OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Powers Great American Midways

Powers Great American Midways (PGAM) is a family operated traveling carnival midway company based in Corfu, New York. It provides amusement rides, games and concessions for local, county and state fairs throughout the eastern United States. The business is a trade name of Amusements of Rochester, Inc.

## History

Powers Great American Midways was formed in 1980 in Rochester, New York by current owner and operator Les "Corky" Powers. The company originally began as a 10-to-12 ride local carnival which traveled around New York and Pennsylvania. It has since expanded to around 70 rides, composed of two units which can split and provide midways to smaller venues on their route throughout the eastern United States.
A full-time refurbishing facility is located in Burgaw, North Carolina, operated year-round since 1994, where PGAM rides and equipment can be maintained. It also serves as the winter quarters. The facility has occasionally been used by the North Carolina Department of Labor for training ride inspection personnel. Like other carnival midway companies, many PGAM rides have recently become eco-friendly including the use of LED lighting and biodiesel fueled generators.
In 2006, PGAM was awarded a contract to provide the midway at the North Carolina State Fair. They continue to operate it today. Other notable events the company currently works include the Great Allentown Fair in Allentown, Pennsylvania, the Big Butler Fair in Prospect, Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival in Winchester, Virginia.
# USRC Crawford

USRC Crawford may refer to more than one ship of the United States Revenue-Marine:
* USRC Crawford (1830), a revenue cutter in commission from 1830 to 1835
* USRC Jefferson (1832), a revenue cutter in commission from 1833 to 1847, renamed USRC Crawford in April 1839
* USRC Crawford (1849), a revenue cutter in commission from 1849 to 1869
* USS Nansemond (1862), a U.S. Navy ship transferred to the Revenue Cutter Service in 1865 and renamed USRC W.H. Crawford in 1873
# Predicative

Predicative may refer to:
* Something having the properties of a grammatical predicate
** Predicative expression, part of a clause that typically follows a copula (linking verb)
** Predicative verb, a verb that behaves as a grammatical adjective
* In mathematics and logic something without impredicativity, without a self-referencing definition
* Predicative programming, a methodology for program specification and refinement
# USS Albany

USS Albany has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:
* USS Albany (1846), a 22-gun sloop-of-war commissioned in 1846 and lost at sea in 1854.
* USS Albany (1869), a 14-gun screw sloop-of-war commissioned as USS Contoocook in 1868, renamed Albany in 1869, and decommissioned in 1870
* USS Albany (CL-23), a protected cruiser, later reclassified as a light cruiser, in commission from 1900 to 1904, from 1907 to 1913, in 1914, and from 1916 to 1922
* USS Albany (CA-72), a heavy cruiser renamed USS Pittsburgh (CA-72) in 1942 prior to the beginning of construction
* USS Albany (CA-123), a heavy cruiser in commission from 1946 to 1958, converted to a guided missile cruiser and redesignated USS Albany (CG-10), and then in commission again from 1962 to 1967 and from 1968 to 1980
* USS Albany (SSN-753), a Los Angeles-class attack submarine commissioned in 1990 and still in active service
# Praça da Figueira

The Praça da Figueira (Portuguese:, Square of the Fig Tree) is a large square in the centre of Lisbon, in Portugal. It is part of the Lisbon Baixa, the area of the city reurbanised after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
In the 16th century the square did not exist, and most of its area was occupied by the Hospital Real de Todos os Santos (All-Saints Royal Hospital), the most important in the city. In 1755, after the great earthquake which destroyed most of Lisbon, the hospital was greatly damaged. It was demolished around 1775.
The large area previously occupied by the hospital in the Baixa was turned into an open market square. Around 1885, a large covered market of 8,000 m$^2$ was built. This market existed until 1949, when it was demolished. Since then the square has been an open space.
In 1971 a bronze equestrian statue representing King John I (1357–1433), by sculptor Leopoldo de Almeida, was inaugurated in the square. The monument also carries medallions with the effigies of Nuno Álvares Pereira and João das Regras, two key characters in the 1385 Revolution that brought John I to power.
In 1999/2000, during the last renovation of the square, the statue was relocated from the middle to a corner of the square, in order to make it visible from the Praça do Comércio. The original renovation project also called for the buildings to be completely covered with ceramic tiles (azulejos) by Daciano Costa, which has not been done.
The Praça da Figueira has a very uniform profile, with four-storey buildings dating from the rebuilding of the Baixa Pombalina. The buildings are occupied by hotels, cafés, and several shops. It is also an important traffic hub, with bus and metro stops.
# USS Hubbard

USS Hubbard (DE-211/APD-53) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1966.

## History

Hubbard was named in honor of Commander Joseph C. Hubbard (1900–1942), who was killed in action, while serving aboard the heavy cruiser USS San Francisco (CA-38) during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942. She was launched by the Charleston Navy Yard on 11 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Helen L. Hubbard, widow of Commander Hubbard; and commissioned on 6 March 1944.
Following shakedown training out of Bermuda, the new destroyer escort returned to Norfolk, Virginia on 7 May 1944. She then escorted the oiler Manatee (AO-58) to the Caribbean, returning to Norfolk on 23 May for armament changes. Armed with 40 mm guns in lieu of torpedo tubes, Hubbard sailed with her first convoy on 1 June, seeing the transports safely to Bizerte, Tunisia and returning to New York on 19 July 1944. She subsequently made two more convoy crossings in 1944, and underwent anti-submarine training at Casco Bay, Maine, between voyages.
Hubbard sailed on 26 December 1944 with other destroyer escorts to hunt down weather-reporting U-boats in the Atlantic. Equipped with the latest direction-finding gear, the ships scouted the suspected area until they came upon U-248 on 16 January 1945. Depth charge attacks sank the German marauder late that morning. The ships arrived New York on 6 February and, after additional training in Casco Bay, sailed again to search for submarines 4 April from NS Argentia, Newfoundland. As part of "Operation Teardrop", she took part in the destruction of the last desperate U-boat group to sortie, with escort carriers Bogue (CVE-9), Core (CVE-13), and many sister ships. Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) was torpedoed and sunk suddenly on 24 April, and Hubbard joined in hunting the attacker. After many depth charge attacks, four by Hubbard alone, U-546 surfaced. The destroyer escorts' guns quickly sank the submarine.
Hubbard returned to Boston on 10 May 1945 and began her conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport, suitable for the still-active Pacific War. She was reclassified APD-53 on 1 June 1945 and emerged from Sullivans Dry Dock, Brooklyn, on 14 August, the day before the surrender of Japan.
Following three months of training operations in the Caribbean and Casco Bay, Hubbard arrived Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 12 November 1945. She decommissioned on 15 March 1946 and entered the Reserve Fleet, where she remained being struck from the Navy List on 1 May 1966 and scrapped.

## Awards

Hubbard received two battle stars for World War II service.
# Praise (disambiguation)

Praise is the act of expressing approval or thanks.
Praise may also refer to:
* Elkhorn City, Kentucky, long known as Praise
* Praise (film), a 1998 Australian film
* Praise (novel), a novel by Andrew McGahan

## Music

* Praise music
* Praise (band), an English new-age music group
* Praise (album), a 2017 album by Emcee N.I.C.E.
* Praise with Don Moen, a 1996 album
* "Praise" (Elevation Worship song), 2023
* "Praise" (Sevendust song), 2001
* "Praise" (Marvin Gaye song), 1981
* "Praise", a song by the Pat Metheny Group from First Circle

### Radio stations

* Praise FM (disambiguation), branding for several unaffiliated radio stations
* WJMO, an American radio station branded as Praise 1300
* Praise (Sirius XM), a gospel music radio station
# USS Chicago

Four United States Navy ships have been named USS Chicago, after the city of Chicago, Illinois.
* USS Chicago (1885) was a protected cruiser launched in 1885 and active in World War I as a submarine tender, then a barracks ship, finally being renamed Alton in 1928 and lost at sea while under tow in 1936.
* USS Chicago (CA-29) was a Northampton-class heavy cruiser commissioned in 1931 and active in World War II, until lost at the Battle of Rennell Island in January 1943.
* USS Chicago (CA-136) was a Baltimore-class heavy cruiser, commissioned in 1945; later converted to an Albany-class guided missile cruiser and redesignated CG-11, then struck in 1984.
* USS Chicago (SSN-721) is a Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine commissioned in 1986, retired from active service in 2023.
# Preble

Preble may refer to:

## People

* Edward Preble (1761–1807), U.S. naval officer
* Edward Alexander Preble (1871–1957), American naturalist and conservationist
* George H. Preble (1816–1885), U.S. naval officer, nephew of Edward Preble
* T. M. Preble (1810–1907), American Free Will Baptist minister and Millerite preacher

## Places

* Preble, Indiana, a town
* Preble, New York, a town
* Preble, Wisconsin, a former town now part of Green Bay
* Preble County, Ohio
* Preble Township, Adams County, Indiana
* Preble Township, Fillmore County, Minnesota

## Military

* USS Preble, various ships
* Fort Preble, South Portland, Maine
* Preble Hall at the United States Naval Academy

## Other uses

* Preble High School, Green Bay, Wisconsin
# Prebitz

Prebitz is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany.
# USS Chase

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Chase.
* USS Chase (DD-323), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1921 and decommissioned in 1930. It was named after Reuben Chase.
* USS Chase (DE-158), a Buckley-class destroyer escort, commissioned in 1943 and decommissioned in 1946. It was named for Admiral Jehu V. Chase.

## Other ships

* USS Edgar G. Chase, a WWII Evarts-class destroyer escort
* USS Samuel Chase, a WWII Arthur Middleton-class attack transport, named for signer of the Declaration of Independence Samuel Chase
# USS Edenton

USS Edenton has been the name of four ships in the United States Navy.
* USS Edenton (ID-3696), was a cargo ship that served from 1918 until 1919.
* USS Edenton (PC-825), a submarine chaser, collided with New Kent January/February 1945.
* USS Edenton (PC-1077), a submarine chaser.
* USS Edenton (ATS-1) was initially used by the Navy until 1997 when she was transferred to the Coast Guard and renamed USCGC Alex Haley (WMEC-39).
# USS Edamena II

USS Edamena II (SP-14) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.
Edamena II was built in 1916 by George Lawley & Son at Neponset, Massachusetts, as a private motorboat of the same name. The U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, E.P. Charlton of Fall River, Massachusetts, on 22 May 1917 for World War I service. She was commissioned as USS Edamena II (SP-14) on 24 May 1917.
Edamena II was assigned to the 2nd Naval District and based at New Bedford, Massachusetts. She performed patrol and dispatch boat duties off southern New England until December 1918.
Edamena II was sold back to her former owner on 14 February 1919.
# Praslin National Park and surrounding areas Important Bird Area

The Praslin National Park and surrounding areas Important Bird Area lies in the southern part of the island of Praslin in the Seychelles archipelago of the western Indian Ocean.

## Description

The 700 ha Important Bird Area (IBA) extends from sea-level to the highest point of the island at an elevation of 367 m. It includes the 330 ha Praslin National Park as well as additional land to the south-east. The hill-slopes of the site are mainly covered by mixed secondary forest containing a high proportion of native plants, notably all six of Seychelles’ endemic palm species. It includes the palm forest of the World Heritage listed Vallée de Mai, as well as many small streams and waterfalls. The south-eastern part of the site is drier, characterised by boulders and caves amongst scrub vegetation.

### Fauna

The site was identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Seychelles kestrels, Seychelles blue pigeons, Seychelles swiftlets, Seychelles bulbuls and Seychelles sunbirds. Reptiles and amphibians found at the site include the Seychelle Islands tree frog, six caecilians, four geckos, two skinks and two snakes, all of which are endemic. Hawksbill turtles nest on the beaches and green turtles feed along the coast. Most of the Praslin population of the Seychelles fruit bat roosts in the IBA.
# Prilipac

Prilipac (Serbian Cyrillic: Прилипац) is a village in the municipality of Požega, western Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 247 people.
# USS Palos (1865)

The first USS Palos was a 4th rate iron screw tug in the United States Navy during the late 19th century. She was named for Palos de la Frontera in Spain, the place where Christopher Columbus started the first voyage to America.
Palos was built by James Tetlow, Chelsea, Massachusetts, in 1865 and was put into service as yard tug at the Boston Navy Yard the following year. Placed in ordinary in 1869, the tug was converted to a gunboat and commissioned 11 June 1870, Lieutenant C. H. Rockwell in command.
Departing Boston 20 June for the Asiatic Station, Palos steamed across the Atlantic Ocean and through the Mediterranean Sea, becoming the first American warship to transit the Suez Canal 11–13 August, and arrived at Singapore, via Aden and Ceylon, 25 September. Following a brief stay at that port, the gunboat put out for Hong Kong and for the next 22 years operated on the China and Japan coasts and inland waters.
In May 1871, the warship sailed from Shanghai for Nagasaki, Japan, and thence Korea as part of the Asiatic Squadron under Rear Admiral John Rodgers carrying U.S. Minister to China Frederick Low on a diplomatic mission to the “Hermit Kingdom.” While engaged in surveying the Salee River 1 June, she was fired upon by a Korean fort, two men from the squadron being wounded before return fire stopped the attack. Admiral Rodgers waited ten days for an official apology and then ordered Palos, gunboat Monocacy, and a 650-man landing party into action, the two warships supporting an assault and capture of the main Korean fort 10 June and the taking of four others the next day. The squadron departed the Korean coast 3 July without renewing negotiations.
Palos continued her operations on the Asiatic Station into 1891, cruising the Chinese and Japanese coasts, visiting the open treaty ports and making occasional voyages up the Yangtze and Canton Rivers. From June to September 1891, anti-foreign riots up the Yangtze forced the warship to make an extended voyage as far as Hankou, 600 miles upriver. Stopping at each open treaty port, the gunboat cooperated with naval vessels of other nations and repairing damage. She then operated along the north and central China coast and on the lower Yangtze until June 1892 when she sailed for Nagasaki, arriving on the 19th.
Palos was condemned as unfit for further service there 6 July and was decommissioned and sold at auction 25 January 1893. She was subsequently scrapped.
# Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic

The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA) is a system of moored observation buoys in the tropical Atlantic Ocean which collect meteorological and oceanographic data. The data collected by the PIRATA array helps scientists to better understand climatic events in the Tropical Atlantic and to improve weather forecasting and climate research worldwide. Climatic and oceanic events in the tropical Atlantic, such as the Tropical Atlantic SST Dipole affect rainfall and climate in both West Africa and Northeast Brazil. The northern tropical Atlantic is also a major formation area for hurricanes affecting the West Indies and the United States. Alongside the RAMA array in the Indian Ocean and the TAO/TRITON network in the Pacific Ocean, PIRATA forms part of the worldwide system of tropical ocean observing buoys.

## Partners

The project is a tripartite cooperation between Brazil, France and the United States. The principal agencies involved are NOAA in the United States, IRD and Météo-France of France plus INPE and DHN from Brazil.

## PIRATA network

The PIRATA buoy network consists of seventeen Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System, or ATLAS, buoys. Twelve buoys were originally deployed in 1997. Two of these buoys were decommissioned in 1999 because of vandalism by fishing craft. Three extensions of the original network have been added. Three buoys were deployed off the coast of Brazil in 2005 and four more in 2006/2007 to extend coverage to the north and the north-east. As a demonstration exercise one buoy was deployed to the south-east of the region, off the coast of Africa, between June 2006 and June 2007.
In addition to the ATLAS buoys, PIRATA has three island based meteorological stations, one at Fernando de Noronha, another on the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago and one on São Tomé. A tidal gauge is also maintained at São Tomé. Dedicated hydrographic cruises and annual buoy maintenance voyages are also undertaken under the auspices of the PIRATA project.

## ATLAS buoys

Each ATLAS buoy measures
* wind speed and direction,
* air temperature,
* rainfall,
* humidity,
* solar radiation,
* pressure, temperature and conductivity to 500 metres below sea level.
In addition one buoy has an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler fitted alongside to measure water current velocities and four buoys are equipped to measure net heat flux.
Daily mean observations from the ATLAS buoys are received in near real time via both the Argos System and Brazilian satellites. The data is processed by the TAO Project Office of NOAA and also placed on the Global Telecommunications System for real time distribution to weather centres and other users. High frequency measurements are stored on the buoys and retrieved during maintenance operations. The array provides 4,000 to 4,500 unique hourly values per month.

## Notable locations

One of the buoys was positioned at 0°N 0°E, where the Equator and Prime Meridian intersect, off the coast of Africa. This buoy is sometimes jokingly referred to as Null Island.
# USS Wisconsin

USS Wisconsin may refer to:
* USS Wisconsin (BB-9) was an Illinois-class battleship
* USS Wisconsin (BB-64) is an Iowa-class battleship
* USS Wisconsin (SSBN-827) a planned Columbia-class submarine
# USS Gretchen (SP-423)

The first USS Gretchen (SP-423) was a patrol vessel acquired by the United States Navy in 1917.
Gretchen was built as a private motorboat. On 30 July 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, Sylvanus Stokes, for use as a section patrol boat during World War I. She was placed in service as USS Gretchen (SP-423).
Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Gretchen was found unsuited for use in patrol duties. The Navy returned her to her owner on 1 November 1917.
Gretchen should not be confused with USS Gretchen (SP-1181), another patrol vessel in U.S. Navy service at the same time.
# Preparticipation physical evaluation

In sports medicine, a preparticipation physical evaluation (PPE) is a physical examination of an athlete. PPEs screen for a variety of conditions, including athletic heart syndrome and risk of sudden cardiac death. PPEs are required for athletic participation according to the laws of some jurisdictions and the rules of many sports governing bodies. PPE is known by a variety of other names, such as preparticipation evaluation, preparticipation physical examination, preparticipation screening, sports physical, sports physical exam, examination for participation in sport, and similar.
As of 2019, the latest PPE recommendation published by several US physician organizations is the 5th edition, called PPE5. PPE5 was published by American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine. Additionally, PPE5 was endorsed by the National Athletic Trainers' Association and National Federation of State High School Associations.
# Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector

The Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) qualification, sometimes referred to colloquially as "Petals", is an initial teacher training qualification within the British Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF). It is studied at QCF Level 3 or 4, awarded over 2006 to 2018 and was for those new to teaching, or who wanted to start out as associate teachers, or who were teaching in the United Kingdom and required certification or qualification in the Further Education (FE) or Lifelong Learning sector of education. It has since been superseded by the Award in Education and Training qualification.
The PTLLS was the lowest of the teaching qualifications specifically for this sector of education, with others being the QCF Level 3/4 Certificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (CTLLS) and the QCF Level 5 Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS) qualifications. Following successful completion, having achieved a pass, an Associate Teacher then had to take the more advanced CTLLS for the Certificate and after that the DTLLS for the Diploma.
To achieve the PTLLS certification, the learner/Associate Teacher/Trainer did not have to be in a teaching role in order to be assessed, making it a very achievable certification and a suitable starting point for anyone who wanted to become an educator. Assessment was in the form of a 'micro-teach' session and submission of assignments and portfolio of evidence. The Level 4 CTLLS, however, required the candidate to be in a teaching or training role in order to be assessed 'on-the-job', as well as through the submission of assignments and a portfolio of evidence.
The PTLLS was the first stage of a PGCE (Post Graduate Certificate in Education) in Lifelong learning and was required prior to achieving the CTLLS and DTLLS to gain Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) status. Between 2007 and 2013, it was a requirement that all FE teachers obtained the PTLLS award, or the equivalent, to be able to continue to teach in the further education sector in the UK.
The PTLLS was phased out over 2013 to 2018, along with the CTLLS and the DTLLS, and was replaced with the Award in Education and Training, Certificate in Education and Training and Diploma in Education and Training qualifications at RQF Level 3, 4 and 5, respectively from 2013.