# Milne Bay Province

Milne Bay is a province of Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Alotau. The province covers 14,345 km$^2$ of land and 252,990 km$^2$ of sea, within the province there are more than 600 islands, about 160 of which are inhabited. The province has about 276,000 inhabitants, speaking about 48 languages, most of which belong to the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Economically the province is dependent upon tourism, oil palm, and gold mining on Misima Island; in addition to these larger industries there are many small-scale village projects in cocoa and copra cultivation. The World War II Battle of Milne Bay took place in the province.
Culturally the Milne Bay region is sometimes referred to as the Massim, a term originating from the name of Misima Island. Massim societies are usually characterized by matrilineal descent, elaborate mortuary sequences and complex systems of ritual exchange including the Kula ring. From island group to island group and even between close lying islands, the local culture changes remarkably. What is socially acceptable on one island may not be so on another.

## History

The Milne Bay Province became a major base in World War II. The Australian Armed Forces operated HMAS Ladava base that won the Battle of Milne Bay in 1942. The US Navy built a large base in Milne Bay Province, Naval Base Milne Bay.

## Geography

The coral reef systems of Milne Bay are some of the most biodiverse in the world, and as such attract equal attention from dive operators and conservation groups. The D'Entrecasteaux Islands still have volcanic activity, especially around Dobu and Fergusson Islands.
The waters from the Amphlett group to the Trobriand Islands are poorly charted, and, as a result, are rarely visited by tourists or yachts passing through. On the other hand, the Louissiade Archipelago is a stopover for yachts travelling around the world and ones visiting from Australia. However, the area sees few general tourists. The gold mine at Misima is no longer operational; mining there ended in 2001, with stockpile milling continuing into 2004. During its life, Misima produced over 3.7Moz of gold and 18Moz of silver. Operations now are mainly focused on mine closure requirements and environmental rehabilitation. There is also on-going prospecting in Woodlark Island and Mwatebu, Normanby Island.

### Islands

Islands in Milne Bay Province include:
* The D'Entrecasteaux Islands including Goodenough (Nidula), Fergusson (Moratau), Sanaroa, Dobu and Normanby (Duau)
* The Trobriand Islands, including Kiriwina, Kaileuna, Vakuta and Kitava
* The Amphlett Islands
* Woodlark Island (Muyuw, Murua)
* The Louisiade Archipelago, including Rossell (Yela), Tagula (Sudest, Vanatinai), Misima
* Samarai, prior to the Second World War a major shipping centre for expeditions between Australia and Southeast Asia, amply described in books by Margaret Mead and her anthropologist second husband Reo Fortune, location of the colonial District Headquarters until 1969 when the new Provincial Capital was moved to Alotau
* Kwato, Deka Deka Island, Logea, Sariba, Basilaki, and Sideia
* The Engineer Islands, including Tubetube and Kwaraiwa
Administratively, there are four districts:
* Alotau District: Alotau town and mainland areas,
* Esa'ala District: Normanby, Fergusson, Dobu, Sanaroa and other islands
* Kiriwina-Goodenough District: Goodenough Island and Trobriand Islands
* Samarai-Murua District: Samarai, Engineer Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, Calvados Chain and Woodlark Island.

## Demographics

As of the early 20th century, Milne Bay peoples lived in small hamlets, which were dominated by clans. Most clans consisted of relatives, with an integration of adopted and individuals who married into the clan from other clans. Relocation of hamlets was commons, where one, two or three hamlets might combine and relocate together. The culture was matrilineal. Each clan had a totem animal it identified as its own. Totems included snakes, a lizard, a fish, or a bird. One clan, the Tubetube clan, had a non-animal, with a plant as its totem. The snake was identified as one of the most powerful of the totems, as is the bird. People were known for asking "what is your bird?" in reference to what clan someone was a member of. Clans did not build shrines to represent their totems, and people didn't believe to have special power or influence over the animals representing their totems. As of 1904, people were occasionally maintaining the creatures representing their clans as pets, which may have been introduced by Europeans. Bird totem creatures are not considered food.
Historically, community members practiced exogamy, which protected clan members from having sexual relations with members of the same clan.

## Arts and culture

Wood carving, historically, has been an important art of the Milne Bay area. The Milne Bay peoples created canoes, called waga. When Charles Gabriel Seligman visited the area in 1904, he described the waga as playing "such an important part in the life of the district," and being a "decorative art" that has "reached its highest expression in the carvings of the ornaments for the prows of the waga." He also noted that they used similar designs on gourds from lime trees.
Basket weaving was also common, with baskets called sinapopo being particularly representative of wealth in the region, to the point where they are buried with their owners upon death. Pottery was also common, specifically amongst the Tubetube, Ware and other tribes. Adze and axes were also common, for functional and ceremonial purposes. The people of Woodlark Island were known for their axes. Spears and arrows were also used for weapons.

## Governance
### Districts and LLGs

Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.
| District | District Capital | LLG Name |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Alotau Urban |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Daga Rural |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Huhu Rural |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Makamaka Rural |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Maramatana Rural |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Suau Rural |
| Alotau District | Alotau | Weraura Rural |
| Esa'ala District | Esa'ala | Dobu Rural |
| Esa'ala District | Esa'ala | Duau Rural |
| Esa'ala District | Esa'ala | West Ferguson |
| Kiriwina-Goodenough District | Kiriwina | Goodenough Island Rural |
| Kiriwina-Goodenough District | Kiriwina | Kiriwina Rural |
| Samarai-Murua District | Murua | Bwanabwana Rural |
| Samarai-Murua District | Murua | Louisiade Rural |
| Samarai-Murua District | Murua | Murua Rural |
| Samarai-Murua District | Murua | Yaleyamba Rural |

## Provincial leaders

The province was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea.

### Premiers (1978–1995)

| Premier | Term |
| Patrick Paulisbo | 1978–1981 |
| John Tubira | 1981–1982 |
| Lepani Watson | 1983–1986 |
| Navy Aule | 1987–1989 |
| Elliot Kaidama | 1989–1991 |
| Jeffrey Toloube | 1991–1992 |
| provincial government suspended | 1992–1993 |
| Jeffrey Toloube | 1993–1994 |
| Jones Liosi | 1994–1995 |

### Governors (1995–present)

| Governor | Term |
| Tim Neville | 1995–1997 |
| Josephine Abaijah | 1997–2000 |
| Titus Philemon | 2000–2002 |
| Tim Neville | 2002–2007 |
| John Luke Crittin | 2007–2012 |
| Titus Philemon | 2012–2017 |
| Sir John Luke Crittin, KBE | 2017–2022 |
| Gordon Wesley | 2022–present |

## Members of the National Parliament

The province and each district is represented by a Member of the National Parliament. There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate.
| Electorate | Name |
| Milne Bay Provincial | Gordon Wesley |
| Alotau Open | Ricky Morris |
| Esa'ala Open | Jimmy Maladina |
| Kiriwina-Goodenough Open | Douglas Tomuriesa |
| Samarai-Murua Open | Isi Henry Leonard |

## Popular culture

Miriam Kahn's Always Hungry Never Greedy: food and the expression of gender in a Melanesian society is set in a village in Milne Bay.