OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hank Smith (singer)

Hank Smith, CM (September 15, 1934 – October 19, 2002) was a Canadian country music singer.
He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany and moved to Canada in 1957. He founded the band Wild Rose Country in 1963 and recorded ten albums. Twelve of Smith's singles made the RPM Country Tracks charts, including five which went to Number One.
Hank Smith was the founding president of the Academy of Country Music Entertainment in 1976, now the Canadian Country Music Association.
Smith was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 1994.

## Chart singles

| Year | Single | Chart Positions | Chart Positions |
| Year | Single | CAN Country | CAN AC |
| 1970 | "Sharing the Good Life" | 42 | — |
| 1970 | "Morgen" | 44 | — |
| 1970 | "Sweet Dreams of Yesterday" | 1 | — |
| 1971 | "The Final Hour" | 1 | 31 |
| 1971 | "Where Do We Go from Here" | 1 | — |
| 1972 | "Together Again" | 1 | 7 |
| 1972 | "Take Me Home" | 19 | 20 |
| 1973 | "But Tomorrow There's Another Day" | 18 | 22 |
| 1975 | "Everybody's Going to the Country" | 1 | — |
| 1975 | "If You Don't Laugh, I Promise I Won't Cry" | 15 | — |
| 1976 | "Give Me a Country Song" | 29 | — |
| 1978 | "Baby Sittin' with the Blues" | 57 | — |
# Spectacled spiderhunter

The spectacled spiderhunter (Arachnothera flavigaster) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. This is both the largest spiderhunter and the largest representative of the entire sunbird family. The total length of this species is around 22 cm (8.7 in) and body mass is around 38.4 to 49 g (1.35 to 1.73 oz).
# Triplophysa hialmari

Triplophysa hialmari is a species of stone loach endemic to China. Its type locality is "Ba-tshu River", a tributary of the Yangtze River near Yushu City, Qinghai.
# Voltage 2.3: Remixed and Revisited

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Chain D.L.K. | |
| Outburn Magazine | |
| Reflections of Darkness | |
| Release Magazine | |
| Regen Magazine | |
| Sphere UK | |
Voltage 2.3: Remixed and Revisited is the second full-length album by Canadian Cyberpunk/Industrial metal band Left Spine Down. The album was released on March 3, 2009 via Synthetic Sounds and features 3 newly recorded songs along with remixes and segues. The new songs being "Welcome to the Future" along with covers of "Territorial Pissings" by Nirvana and "She's Lost Control" by Joy Division.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Time |
| 1. | Tape 8: Worm Holes | 1:04 |
| 2. | Reset (Melt Mix) / Seb Komor | 4:42 |
| 3. | Prozac Nation (Tim Skold Mix) | 6:10 |
| 4. | Tape 4: Test Subject Phase 1 | 0:41 |
| 5. | She's Lost Control | 5:00 |
| 6. | Ready Or Not (hairlip smacker mix) / The Revolting Cocks | 4:52 |
| 7. | Last Daze (Burning Electro Mix) / Combichrist | 4:27 |
| 8. | Hang Up (Cracknation Mix) / DJ? Acucrack | 5:28 |
| 9. | Tape 23: Pharmaceutical Analysis | 1:45 |
| 10. | Policy of Hypocrisy (Philthy Download Mix) | 4:47 |
| 11. | Last Daze (XP8 Mix) | 4:28 |
| 12. | Territorial Pissings | 2:26 |
| 13. | Reset (Baal Mix) | 4:48 |
| 14. | Flick The Stitch (KMFDM Mix) | 4:12 |
| 15. | Last Daze (Led Manville Mix) | 5:15 |
| 16. | Tape 18: Status Report #3 | 0:42 |
| 17. | Welcome To The Future | 5:07 |
| 18. | Reset (16 Volt Mix) | 4:51 |
| 19. | Last Daze (Funland mix) / The Birthday Massacre | 3:48 |
| 20. | Fighting for Voltage (LSD mix) / Chris Peterson + Jeremy Inkel | 5:03 |
# Thiophosphoryl iodide

Thiophosphoryl iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula PSI$_3$.

## Preparation

Thiophosphoryl iodide can be prepared by reacting phosphorus triiodide with sulfur in carbon disulfide at 10–15 °C in the dark for several days.
Attempts to synthesise PSI$_3$ by the reaction of lithium iodide with thiophosphoryl bromide lead to the mixed thiophosphoryl halides PSBr$_2$I and PSBrI$_2$ instead.
# Soubré Department

Soubré Department is a department of Nawa Region in Bas-Sassandra District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 587,441 and its seat is the settlement of Soubré. The sub-prefectures of the department are Grand-Zattry, Liliyo, Okrouyo, and Soubré.

## History

Soubré Department was created in 1980 as a split-off from Sassandra Department. Using current boundaries as a reference, from 1980 to 2013 the department occupied the same territory as Nawa Region, with the exception of Guéyo Department.
In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Soubré Department was included in Bas-Sassandra Region.
In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Soubré Department became part of Nawa Region in Bas-Sassandra District.
In 2012, four sub-prefectures were split from Soubré Department to create Buyo Department and Méagui Department.
# Spulerina virgulata

Spulerina virgulata is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Honshū island of Japan.
The wingspan is 7–9 mm.
The larvae feed on Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis. They mine the stem of their host plant.
# Spectacled salamander

The spectacled salamander (Salamandrina terdigitata) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae.
This species is found only in the southern Apennine Range in Italy in humid valleys and shady, overgrown hillsides at altitudes between 200 and 1,200 m; to the north it borders the range of its sister species S. perspicillata. It is considered an important indicator species of environmental health.
It has four toes on the hind feet rather than the five normally found in other salamanders and newts. It has a warty, brownish-black back, and a rather ribbed appearance on its flanks, with a creamy white, V-shaped mark between the eyes. The underside is covered in black and white markings, with pinkish-red underside to legs and tail.
The spectacled salamander is most often found near streams, in dense vegetation, under leaf litter, dead wood, or stones. It is nocturnal and terrestrial. When threatened, it raises its tail and legs (unkenreflex), displaying its red underside as a deterrent. Similar warning displays (aposematism) are shown by newts, the Apennine yellow-bellied toad and the spotted salamander. Mating takes place on land in spring. Clutches contain about 30-50 eggs and the larvae take 2-3 mo to develop. The spectacled salamander female enters water only to lay eggs, while the male, once metamorphosis has taken place, avoids water altogether.
The IUCN Red List follows Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating Salamandrina perspicillata from S. terdigitata.
# Tong Zhe

Tong Zhe (Chinese: 童哲, born 8 May 1987) is a Chinese educator known as the founder of One-Man University, an online learning platform with over 140,000 enrolled students as of 2015

## Degree disputes

There have been disputes about Tong's misleading advertising about his degrees. Tong has used ambiguous words such as "undergraduate study at PKU, master's study at ENS" ("北大本，高师硕") to mislead his audience to believe that he had gained a B.S. degree at Peking University and a master's degree at ENS Paris. Forced by the large waves of criticism about this conduct, Tong then posted a blog to clarify his degree situation.
# Triplophysa kullmanni

Triplophysa kullmanni is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Triplophysa. It is endemic to Afghanistan.
# Volleyball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament

Volleyball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place at the Toa Payoh Sports Hall in Singapore.

## Preliminary round
### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SW | SL | SR | SPW | SPL | SPR |
| 1 | Peru | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 0 | MAX | 150 | 95 | 1.579 |
| 2 | Japan | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 | 134 | 109 | 1.229 |
| 3 | Singapore | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 | 70 | 150 | 0.467 |
| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Total |
| 21 Aug | Singapore | 0–3 | Peru | 11–25 | 13–25 | 12–25 | 36–75 |
| 22 Aug | Singapore | 0–3 | Japan | 9–25 | 16–25 | 9–25 | 34–75 |
| 23 Aug | Peru | 3–0 | Japan | 25–22 | 25–19 | 25–18 | 75–59 |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SW | SL | SR | SPW | SPL | SPR |
| 1 | United States | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 3.000 | 173 | 163 | 1.061 |
| 2 | Belgium | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1.667 | 178 | 131 | 1.359 |
| 3 | Egypt | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 | 93 | 150 | 0.620 |
| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| 21 Aug | Belgium | 3–0 | Egypt | 25–11 | 25–12 | 25–10 | | | 75–33 |
| 22 Aug | Belgium | 2–3 | United States | 22–25 | 25–15 | 20–25 | 25–18 | 11–15 | 103–98 |
| 23 Aug | Egypt | 0–3 | United States | 18–25 | 19–25 | 23–25 | | | 60–75 |

## Semi-finals

| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| 24 Aug | Peru | 1–3 | Belgium | 19–25 | 25–19 | 21–25 | 22–25 | | 87–94 |
| 24 Aug | United States | 3–0 | Japan | 25–20 | 25–23 | 25–23 | | | 75–66 |

## 5th-place match

| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| 25 Aug | Singapore | 1–3 | Egypt | 25–20 | 18–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | | 81–95 |

## Bronze-medal match

| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| 25 Aug | Peru | 3–1 | Japan | 22–25 | 30–28 | 25–11 | 25–17 | | 102–81 |

## Final

| Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| 26 Aug | Belgium | 3–1 | United States | 17–25 | 25–20 | 25–18 | 25–12 | | 92–75 |

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Belgium (BEL)Laurine Klinkenberg Laura Heyrman Delfien Brugman Elien Ruysschaert Ilka Van de Vyver (c) Lore Van den Vonder Sophie Van Nimmen (L) Mira Juwet Karolien Vleugels Tara Lauwers Lotte Penders Valerie El Houssine Head coach: Julien Van de Vyver | United States (USA)Samantha Cash (c) Crystal Graff Micha Hancock Natalie Hayes Christina Higgins Madison Kamp Elizabeth McMahon Katie Mitchell Tiffany Morales (L) Olivia Okoro Taylor Simpson Laura Teknipp Head coach: Rod Wilde | Peru (PER)Cary Vasquez Brenda Daniela Uribe Grecia Herrada María de Fátima Acosta (L) Vivian Baella Alexandra Muñoz Lisset Sosa Katerinne Olemar Raffaella Camet Diana Gonzales Clarivett Yllescas (c) Sandra Chumacero Head coach: Natalia Málaga |
# Susheel Parashar

Susheel Parashar is a veteran Indian actor, known for his work in the Hindi television industry and in Bollywood. His films include Jaal: The Trap; Dushmani; Neal N Nikki; and Hulla. He works mostly in mainstream television serials like Bani – Ishq Da Kalma and is appearing in Balaji Telefilms's supernatural horror fiction TV show Kavach... MahaShivratri

## Television

* Jaane Anjaane
* Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak? as Prabhat Pradhan
* 7RCR as Ambalal Khosti, RSS Pracharak
* Bani – Ishq Da Kalma
* Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev as Sage Pitamber
* Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein
* Satrangi Sasural
* Khushiyan
* Shanti
* Hum Sab Ek Hain in Episode 17 as Baba Hariyali (1998)
* Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai (2007) as Dr. Darr aka masoom sir
* Kavach... MahaShivratri (2019) as Veerendar Patwardhan
* Gud Se Meetha Ishq as Mr. Khurana (2022)
* Pishachini as Ayodhya Singh Rajput (2022)

## Filmography

* Jamun
* Swaha (2010)
* Hulla (2008)
* Chain Kulii Ki Main Kulii (2007) - Bholu Dada
* Neal N Nikki (2005) - Gyaniji
* Jaal: The Trap (2003)
* Dushmani: A Violent Love Story (1996)
* Raghuveer (1995)
* Jogger's Park
# Soucek Ravine

Soucek Ravine (66°23′S 110°27′E﻿ / ﻿66.383°S 110.450°E﻿ / -66.383; 110.450) is a small ravine to the west of Penney Ravine, Ardery Island, in the Windmill Islands. Discovered in 1960 by a biological field party from Wilkes Station. Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) after Dr. Zdenek Soucek, medical officer at Wilkes in 1960 and 1962.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Soucek Ravine". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This Wilkes Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Spulerina marmarodes

Spulerina marmarodes is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa.
# Sparganothis umbrana

Sparganothis umbrana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae first described by William Barnes and August Busck in 1920. It is found in North America, including Alberta, Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Jersey, New York, Newfoundland, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Quebec, Saskatchewan, South Carolina and Vermont.
The wingspan is 18–19 mm.
The larvae been recorded feeding on Euphorbia esula.
# Pholcus ponticus

Pholcus ponticus is a species of cellar spider found from Bulgaria to China.
# Trichothyrium

Trichothyrium is a genus of fungi in the Trichothyriaceae family.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;
* Trichothyrium alpestre Theiss. (1914)
* Trichothyrium asterolibertiae Deighton (1960)
* Trichothyrium asterophorum (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. (1908)
* Trichothyrium atroviolaceum (Henn.) Höhn. (1914)
* Trichothyrium austriacum Petr. (1940)
* Trichothyrium caruaruense Bat. & H. Maia (1957)
* Trichothyrium collapsum (Earle) Theiss. (1918)
* Trichothyrium consors Rehm ex Theiss. (1910)
* Trichothyrium densa (Racib.) H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde (2011)
* Trichothyrium dubiosum (E. Bommer & M. Rousseau) Theiss. (1914)
* Trichothyrium iquitosense Theiss. (1919)
* Trichothyrium jungermannioides Racib. (1909)
* Trichothyrium lomatophorum Ellis & Everh. ex Seaver & Chardón (1926)
* Trichothyrium mirabilis (Rehm) Höhn. (1914)
* Trichothyrium modestum Bat. & H. Maia (1957)
* Trichothyrium oleaceae Gonz. Frag. & Cif. (1926)
* Trichothyrium orbiculare Syd. & P. Syd. (1913)
* Trichothyrium peristomale (Höhn.) H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde (2011)
* Trichothyrium reptans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes (1953)
* Trichothyrium robustum Doidge (1924)
* Trichothyrium sarciniferum Speg. (1889)
* Trichothyrium serratum Speg. (1889)
* Trichothyrium sexsporum Starbäck (1904)
* Trichothyrium spinulosum (Speg.) Höhn. (1914)
* Trichothyrium ulei (Henn.) Höhn. (1914)
Former species;
* T. alpestre f. pini-pumilionis Siemaszko (1925) = Trichothyrium alpestre, Trichothyriaceae
* T. asterophorum var. singulatum Bat. & H. Maia (1957) = Trichothyrium asterophorum, Trichothyriaceae
* T. chilense Speg. (1910) = Trichopeltina chilensis, Trichopeltinaceae
* T. densum Racib. (1909) = Trichothyrium densa, Trichothyriaceae
* T. dryadis (Rehm) Rehm (1909) = Stomiopeltis dryadis, Micropeltidaceae
* T. elegans Doidge (1924) = Trichothyrina elegans, Microthyriaceae
* T. epimyces (Sacc., E. Bommer & M. Rousseau) Theiss. (1917) = Microthyrium epimyces, Microthyriaceae
* T. hansfordii S. Hughes (1953) = Hansfordiella meliolae, Microthyriaceae
* T. notatum (Bat. & H. Maia) Arx (1962) = Trichothyriomyces notatus, Microthyriaceae
* T. pinophyllum (Höhn.) Petr. (1941) = Microthyrium pinophyllum, Microthyriaceae
* T. ugandense (Hansf.) S. Hughes (1953) = Trichothyrina ugandensis, Microthyriaceae
# Reinhold Grönvall

Reinhold Grönvall (1 May 1851, Pori - 3 March 1916) was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1910 until his death in 1916, representing the Finnish Party.
# They Say

They Say may refer to:
* "They Say" (jazz standard), a 1938 song recorded by Teddy Wilson, Artie Shaw, and others
* "They Say It's Wonderful", a 1946 song by Irving Berlin from the musical Annie Get Your Gun
* "They Say" (Scars on Broadway song), a 2008 song by the band Scars on Broadway
# Breakout Nations

Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the next Economic Miracles is a 2012 book written by Ruchir Sharma. The book discusses his views on emerging markets and his travel through these countries. Sales of the book has broken records and it has become an international best seller. Breakout Nations has received extensive global media coverage, including The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal.
# Springfield, New Brunswick

Springfield, New Brunswick may refer to:
* Springfield, Carleton County, New Brunswick
* Springfield, Kings County, New Brunswick
* Springfield, York County, New Brunswick
* Springfield Parish, New Brunswick, a parish in Kings County
# Thomas Yorke

Thomas Yorke or York may refer to:
* Thomas Yorke (1658–1716), English politician
* Thomas Yorke (1688–1768), English businessman and MP for Richmond, Yorkshire
* Thomas Jones Yorke (1801–1882), American politician
* Thom Yorke (born 1968), English musician
* Tom Yorke, rugby league player
* Thomas York (Australian politician) (1850–1910), New South Wales politician
# Spencer Township, DeKalb County, Indiana

Spencer Township is one of fifteen townships in DeKalb County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,198, down from 1,233 at the 2010 census. It contained 452 housing units.

## History

The Spencerville Covered Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 18.01 square miles (46.6 km$^2$), of which 17.95 square miles (46.5 km$^2$) (or 99.67%) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km$^2$) (or 0.39%) is water.

### Unincorporated towns

* Spencerville

### Adjacent townships

* Concord Township (north)
* Newville Township (east)
* Scipio Township, Allen County (southeast)
* Springfield Township, Allen County (south)
* Cedar Creek Township, Allen County (southwest)
* Jackson Township (west)

### Major highways

* Indiana State Road 1
* Indiana State Road 101

### Cemeteries

The township contains two cemeteries: Riverside and White City.
# Pholcophora americana

Pholcophora americana is a species of cellar spider in the family Pholcidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.
# Tropical (EP)

Tropical is an EP by Shit and Shine, released on 14 October 2014 by Gangsigns.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Shit and Shine

## Personnel

Adapted from the Tropical liner notes.

### Shit and Shine

* Craig Clouse – vocals, instruments

### Production and additional personnel

* Andrew Smith – cover art

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United Kingdom | 2014 | Gangsigns | LP | GS005 |
# Reinhold Hedberg

August Reinhold Hedberg (7 January 1862, Petalax - 28 February 1922) was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1909 and again from 1917 to 1919, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP). He was the son of Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg and the younger brother of John Hedberg.
# South Lake Sports Center

South Lake Sports Center (Chinese: 自贡南湖体育中心) is a multi-purpose stadium in Zigong, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 20,000 spectators. It was opened on August 9, 2010. It was used as the main venue for the 2010 Sichuan Provincial Games.
# Sprint 95

The Sprint 95 is a French sailboat that was designed by Joubert Nivelt Design as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1989. The boat's nomenclature indicates its approximate metric length overall in decimetres.

## Production

The design was built by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France, with 90 boats completed between 1989 and 1997, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Sprint 95 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars. The hull has a raked stem, a walk-through reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel or optional shoal draft keel. It displaces 4,950 lb (2,245 kg) and carries 1,764 lb (800 kg) of ballast.
The boat has a draft of 5.91 ft (1.80 m) with the standard keel and 4.27 ft (1.30 m) with the optional shoal draft keel.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 1GM10 diesel engine of 10 hp (7 kW) for docking and manoeuvring. The fuel tank holds 8 U.S. gallons (30 L; 6.7 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 13 U.S. gallons (49 L; 11 imp gal). It has a hull speed of 7.03 kn (13.02 km/h).
# Thoracocarpus

Thoracocarpus is a genus of plants first described as a genus in 1958. It contains only one known species, Thoracocarpus bissectus a hemiepiphytic vine. It is native to Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, and South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador).
# Aerotur-KZ Airlines

Aerotur-KZ Airlines was an airline based in Taraz, Kazakhstan, which operated charter flights out of Taraz Airport, using a fleet of two Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft.

## History

Aerotur-KZ was founded in 2006. On 1 April 2009, its airline license was revoked, shortly before the airline was added to the List of air carriers banned in the European Union due to the poor maintenance standards in Kazakhstan.

## Fleet

Aerotur-KZ operated 2 Tupolev Tu-154s between 2006 and 2009.
# Sphaeniscus

Sphaeniscus is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

* Sphaeniscus atilius (Walker, 1849)
* Sphaeniscus binoculatus (Bezzi, 1928)
* Sphaeniscus filiolus (Loew, 1869)
* Sphaeniscus lindbergi Hering, 1958
* Sphaeniscus melanotrichotus Hering, 1956
* Sphaeniscus quadrincisus (Wiedemann, 1824)
* Sphaeniscus sexmaculatus (Macquart, 1843)
* Sphaeniscus trifasciatus Korneyev & Dirlbek, 2000
# Pholcus nagasakiensis

Pholcus nagasakiensis is a species of cellar spider in the genus Pholcus. It is found in Japan.
# Tropical (vehicles)

Tropical (successor to Alfa) is a Greek manufacturer involved in machinery and vehicle development and production. Its history is characteristic of a company which has made significant efforts to evolve in a country that effectively forbids production of locally developed passenger cars.

## History

Alfa was founded in 1976, originally producing vehicle bodies, but it soon ventured into vehicle design and development (it customers included ELBO, for which it developed both bus models and production technology). In 1986 it announced its plans to produce a 4-seat city car it had designed; however, the difficulties for obtaining production permit and, possibly, the poor prospects of the car in the Greek market, cancelled its further development. Instead, Alfa focused on the production of a variety of bus types, as well as air-conditioning and refrigeration units for commercial vehicles.
The company went out of business due to the crisis in the bus market in Greece (after imports of used buses were allowed), but it was re-founded as Tropical in 1991. Its main activity switched to design and production of air-conditioning and refrigeration units for commercial vehicles and trains (with significant exports), as well as body and specialized vehicle manufacture. A new chapter in its history opened in 1995, though, when it entered the field of power based on renewable energy sources.

## Hydrogen-powered engines and vehicles

Since the late 1990s, Tropical has invested heavily in research and development of a wide variety of hydrogen-powered generators, appliances and vehicles. A number of hydrogen-powered vehicles have been introduced since 2005, including 2- and 4-seat city cars, light trucks, buses, scooters, forklifts and ATV’s (the vehicles are only assembled by the company and are also available with "conventional" electric engines). Two hydrogen-powered city cars have even been exported, to Portugal and South Korea. In November 2007 it introduced the first hydrogen refueling plant powered by wind generators (developed in collaboration with Greek research institutes), while in January 2008 it was one of three Greek companies to receive an award for innovation by Bill Gates. A new city car was introduced in 2008 (strongly resembling the Smart Fortwo), while latest research projects include the "zero-accident electric car" designed with the aim to provide complete safety to its passengers.

## Micro combined heat and power

In 2013 Tropical entered the European micro combined heat and power market with its 5kW system.