# Shutruk-Nakhunte

Shutruk-Nakhunte (sometimes Nahhunte) was king of Elam from about 1184 to 1155 BC (middle chronology), and the second king of the Shutrukid Dynasty.
Elam amassed an empire that included most of Mesopotamia and western Iran. Under his command, Elam defeated the Kassites and established the short-lived Elamite Empire, conquered within about 40 years by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, in 1120 BC.
Šutruk-Nakhunte was married to the daughter of a Kassite king named Meli-Šipak.

## Invasion of Babylonia

Šutruk-Nakhunte invaded Mesopotamia and was able to carry off many monuments from Babylon, such as the Stele of Naram-Sin. His invasion of Babylon likely had to do with the overthrow of the royal Kassite family into whom the Elamites had intermarried for decades. The overthrow of Shutruk-Nakhunte's father-in-law Meli-Shipak II, who lost the throne to Zababa-shuma-iddin, would have given enough justification to Shutruk-Nakhunte to attack Babylon. The cause of Meli-Shipak II's death is unknown, but even if he had died of natural causes, the fact that Zababa-shuma-iddin was elected king would still explain Shutruk-Nakhunte's aggressive attack, since he was a relative of Meli-Shipak II.

## Inscription on the Naram-Sin victory stele

Shutruk-Nahhunte is known by an inscription that he added to the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, itself dated about one millennium earlier to circa 2250 BC. His inscription appears on the top right corner of the stele, on the depiction of a mountainous cone, and was written in Elamite by Shutruk-Nahhunte himself:
   "I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."

## In popular culture

Shutruk-Nakhunte gained a small public exposition in Ethan Canin's short story "The Palace Thief", and its adaptation in the 2002 film The Emperor's Club, in which one of the key elements is a plaque describing the exploits of Shutruk-Nakhunte, described as a once famous egomaniacal conqueror virtually unknown today.
The plaque hanging on the wall of the film reads:
'I am Shutruk Nahunte, King of Anshand and Susa, Sovereign of the land of Elam. By the command of Inshushinak I destroyed Sippar, Took the Stele of Niran-Sin, and brought it back to Elam, where I erected it as an offering to my god, Inshushhinak.' — Shutruk-Nahunte, 1158 B.C.’

## Sources

* 1 2 Potts, Daniel T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. 233–234
* ↑ Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (2). University of Chicago Press: 111–119. doi:10.1086/504986. S2CID 162371671.
* ↑ "Elam". Britannica. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
* ↑ Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (2). University of Chicago Press: 118. doi:10.1086/504986. S2CID 162371671.
* 1 2 Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230.
* ↑ "How Will History Remember You? (The Emperors Club)". 11 April 2014 – via www.youtube.com.
* D.T. Potts: The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, 232-237
| Preceded byKhallutush-Inshushinak | King of Elam 1184–1155 BC | Succeeded byKutir-Nahhunte III |
vteRulers of the Ancient Near East :
Territories/ datesEgyptCanaanEblaMariKish/ AssurAkshak/ AkkadUrukAdabUmma LagashUrElam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep$^♀$ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith$^♀$ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynasty Jushur, Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynasty Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku Iltasadum
Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids) Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim
Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi) Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun
Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba$^♀$
Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal
A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
Ush Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)
Shushun- tarana Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun)
Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynasty Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
Ukush
Lugalanda Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynasty Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
Second Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um
Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...) Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites) Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)
Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu$^♀$
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar $^m$DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut$^♀$ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten$^♀$ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite Empire Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret$^♀$
Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat$^♀$ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty) Tiglath-Pileser$^†$ Shalmaneser$^†$ Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon$^†$ Sennacherib$^†$ Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi$^†$ Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon$^†$ Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II$^♀$ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis$^♀$ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator$^♀$ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra$^♀$ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter$^♀$ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III$^♀$ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV$^♀$ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III$^♀$ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V$^♀$ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena$^♀$ Berenice IV Epiphanea$^♀$ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator$^♀$ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV$^♀$
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra$^♀$ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia$^♀$ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran$^♀$ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht$^♀$ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
↑ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
↑ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
↑ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
↑ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
↑ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
1 2 3 Per Sumerian King List
↑ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4. :
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