OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polk Township, Crawford County, Ohio

Polk Township is one of the sixteen townships of Crawford County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,974.

## Geography

Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Jefferson Township - north
* Jackson Township - northeast
* Sandusky Township, Richland County - east
* North Bloomfield Township, Morrow County - southeast
* Washington Township, Morrow County - southwest
* Whetstone Township - west
The city of Galion is located in central Polk Township.

## Name and history

Polk Township was named for President James K. Polk.
It is the only Polk Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Polk Township, Atchison County, Missouri

Polk Township is one of eleven townships in Atchison County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 226.
Polk Township was established in 1845, and named after President James K. Polk.

## Geography

Polk Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. It contains six cemeteries: High Creek, Linden, St. John's Lutheran, Grange Hall, Noblitt-gibson, and Steiner.
The streams of McElroy Creek, High Creek, West High Creek, and Hall Branch run through this township.
# Trzaski

Trzaski may refer to the following places:
* Trzaski, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Trzaski, Łomża County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Trzaski, Wysokie Mazowieckie County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Trzaski, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Trzaski, Żuromin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Trzaski, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Trzaski, Gryfino County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
* Trzaski, Łobez County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# Poincaré sphere

Poincaré sphere may refer to:
* Poincaré sphere (optics), a graphical tool for visualizing different types of polarized light
** Bloch sphere, a related tool for representing states of a two-level quantum mechanical system
* Poincaré homology sphere, in mathematics, an example of a homology sphere
# Tsaghkunk

Tsaghkunk or Tsaghkunk’ or Tsakhkunk or Tzaghkunk or Tsaghkunq may refer to:
* Tsaghkunk, Armavir, Armenia
* Tsaghkunk, Gegharkunik, Armenia
# Tsarnaev

Tsarnaev is a surname from Chechnya. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (born 1993), Kyrgyz-born terrorist who perpetrated the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013, brother of Tamerlan
* Tamerlan Tsarnaev (1986–2013), Russian-born terrorist who perpetrated the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013, brother of Dzhokar
# Polygrammopsis

Polygrammopsis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1960. Its only species, Polygrammopsis forsteri, described in the same paper, is found in Ecuador.
# Tuili, Burkina Faso

Tuili, Burkina Faso is a town in the Kombissiri Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 2,621.
# Tuilla

Tuilla (Spanish) or Tiuya (Asturian) is a small parish and former mining village in the municipality of Langreo, Asturias, North Spain. It is located to the southeast of the center of the city of Oviedo, near La Felguera-Langreo, and had a population of 1,491 in 2009. In the past (19th century and part of the 20th century) Tuilla was a significant in the mining industry, with the coal mines of El Terrerón, Mosquitera and La Braña.
The village is well known for its football club, CD Tuilla, and for being the place of birth of the international footballer David Villa and where the priest soldier Gaspar García Laviana was moved during his childhood.
# Tscherniak-Einhorn reaction

The Tscherniak-Einhorn reaction is an organic chemistry name reaction initiated in 1901 by Joseph Tscherniak. It involves the condensation of N- hydroxymethylphthalimide with varied aromatic compounds. This process was later expanded upon in 1905 by Alfred Einhorn to include the condensation of N- hydroxymethylchloroacetamide and benzoic or cinnamic acid.

## Overview of reaction

This reaction entails an acid-catalyzed Electrophilic aromatic substitution amidoalkylation, utilizing an N-hydroxymethylamide or N-hydroxymethylimide, which are also known as the Tscherniak-Einhorn reagents. The reaction is catalyzed by potent acids such as 85-100% sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or trifluoroacetic acid.
N-hydroxymethylamides may be prepared by the condensation of corresponding amides with an aqueous formaldehyde solution in dioxane, in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

## Reaction mechanism

In the first step, the N-hydroxymethylamide is subject to acid protonation. Post water elimination, a mesomerically stabilized cation forms. This reacts with the aromatic compound in line with an electrophilic aromatic substitution process.

## Applications

The Tscherniak-Einhorn reaction is used to synthesize some alkaloid derivatives.

## Literature

* Harold E. Zaugg, Ann M. Kotre, Jean E. Fraser (January 1969), "Tscherniac-Einhorn reaction. I. Equilibria in solutions of N-(hydroxymethyl)phthalimide in strong sulfuric acid", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 11–13, doi:10.1021/jo00838a004{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Harold E. Zaugg, Robert W. DeNet, Jean E. Fraser, Ann M. Kotre (January 1969), "Tscherniac-Einhorn reaction. II. Kinetics and mechanism", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 14–18, doi:10.1021/jo00838a005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Tscherning

Tscherning is a German surname. It may refer to:
* Andreas Tscherning (1611–1659), German poet
* Anton Frederik Tscherning (1795-1874), a Danish army officer who became a politician
* Eleonora Tscherning (1817–1890), Danish painter
* Henny Tscherning (1853–1932), Danish nurse and trade unionist
* Marius Tscherning (1854–1939), Danish ophthalmologist
* Willy Tscherning (1917–2012), German Oberfeldwebel during World War II
# Polish anarchy

Polish anarchy can refer to:
* Anarchism in Poland
* the inefficient government of the late 17th / early 18th century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see Golden Liberty, liberum veto)
# Turbonilla obliquata

Turbonilla obliquata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The length of the hyaline shell measures 3 mm. The teleoconch contains nine convex whorls with about 14 oblique small ribs and much wider, smooth interspaces.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations:
* European waters (ERMS scope): France, Spain, Portugal
* Mediterranean Sea: Greece
* Atlantic Ocean: the Azores.
# Poraiyahat

Poraiyahat is a town in the Poraiyahat community division block in the Godda district of Jharkhand, India.

## Geography
### Location

Poraiyahat is a town located on the north-east border of Bihar and Jharkhand.
Poraiyahat has an area of 487 hectares (1,200 acres).

### Overview

The Rajmahal hills run from the bank of the Ganges in the extreme north to the south into the Dumka district. The entire area is mostly rural, with only small pockets of urbanisation.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Poraiyahat had a total population of 6,319, of which 3,296 (52%) were males and 3,023 (48%) were females. 876 people were in the age range 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Poraiyahat was 4,106 (75.44% of the population over six years).

## Transport

The Deoghar-Godda-Pirpainti NH 133 passes through Poraiyahat, and connects to the Farakka-Arwal NH 33 at Pirpainti.
The 30 km Hansdiha-Godda rail, part of the Eastern Railway, passes through Poraiyahat.
# Pomijača

Pomijača is a village in the municipality of Loznica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 201 people.
# Turacin

Turacin is a naturally occurring red pigment that is 6% copper complexed to uroporphyrin III. Arthur Herbert Church discovered turacin in 1869.
It is found only in the bird family Musophagidae, the turacos. Other birds derive their red coloration from carotenoids (bright and orange-reds) or phaeomelanins (rusty and brownish-reds).
It is often assumed that this coloration will wash out when the birds are bathing or after heavy rains, but this is true only if the water used for bathing happens to be very alkaline.
The copper(II) uroporphyrin III pigment in turaco feathers was studied using electron spin resonance by Jack Peisach first with Blumberg and later with Mims.
# Poplar Spring

Poplar Spring is a spring in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States.
Poplar Spring was named for a single poplar tree which stood above this spring.
# Poplar Springs, Georgia

Poplar Springs is an unincorporated community in Catoosa County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## Etymology

This community took its name from Poplar Spring.
# Polypodium amorphum

Polypodium amorphum is a species of fern with the common name irregular polypody, which grows near the northwest coast of North America.

## Description

Polypodium amorphum grows from a creeping rhizome, usually creeping along rock crevices. The rhizome has light brown scales that darken with age. The leaves arise singly from the rhizome (not forming a centralized tuft) and are up to 30 cm but usually much shorter. The petiole is slender, to 1.5 mm diam. Leaf blades are oblong to rarely deltate, up to 4 cm wide, somewhat leathery. The rachis is sparsely scaly to glabrous. Pinnule margins are entire to crenulate, with the apex rounded to broadly acute. The leaflets are usually shorter and more rounded than other Polypodium ferns that share its range. Sori are usually apparent from the top of the leaflets as bump-like protrusions. On the leaf underside, sori are midway between pinnule margin and midrib to nearly marginal, less than 3 mm in diameter, circular when immature. Sporangiasters with abundant glands are present nestled among the sporangia in spring and early summer, but are very small and can be seen only with close inspection with magnification. Polypodium amorphum differs from the similar Polypodium hesperium in having leaves that persist for two years and in the presence of sporangiasters.

## Range

This fern is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, ranging from southern British Columbia to northern Oregon. It grows in the Olympics and on both sides of the Cascade crest, but on the drier (east) side only in damper spots at high elevation.

## Habitat

Polypodium amorphum grows mostly in moist rock crevices in mountains up to the subalpine zone.
# Populus suaveolens

Populus suaveolens, called the Mongolian poplar, Korean poplar and Japanese poplar, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Populus, native to all of northern Asia, the Korean peninsula, the Kurils, and northern Japan. It is a tree reaching 30 m.

## Forms

The following form is currently accepted:
* Populus suaveolens f. baicalensis (Kom.) I.V.Belyaeva & Kovt.
# Pompogne Solar Park

The Pompogne Solar Park is a 40 MW solar farm in France. It has about 175,000 photovoltaics panels made by REC Solar.
# Tunhitiyawa

Tunhitiyawa is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Poritiphilus

Poritiphilus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-endospore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Flavobacteriaceae with one known species (Poritiphilus flavus). Poritiphilus flavus has been isolated from the coral Porites lutea.
# Ponte del Paradiso

The Ponte del Paradiso is a bridge located in Venice, Italy. Crossing the Rio del Mondo Novo, the bridge is almost entirely constructed out of Istrian stone bricks while the steps are paved with Trachyte. It is located within Castello, the largest of the Venetian sestieres. The bridge is known for the unique arch on its southern side serving as an entrance to the Calle del Paradiso, an alley famous for its wooden overhanging eaves.

## The Name

According to Nuova encyclopedia Italiana: "[its] called because the patrician Paradiso family owned some houses in the area". Instead, the historian Tassini mentions the "patrician Paradiso family" but also remembers that it did not appear to own buildings in the area. Sources such as ASVE(1937), Sanudo(1970) and Bellavitis cite the birth of another rich Paradiso family in this city, now descended from Jewish converts such as Marco Paradiso and his son Francesco Paradiso (Jacob Meshulam and Saloman Meshulam).

## Arco del Paradiso

Above the bridge's southern doorway lies the Arco del Paradiso, also referred to as The Madonna Arch, is a carefully sculptured Gothic-style arch depicting a Madonna at whose feet rests a friar and a couple on the canal side and inward side respectively. To either side are the arms of the Mocenigo and Foscari families, likely commemorating a marriage between the two in 1491.
The arch was previously in poor condition until a restoration project led by UNESCO lasting from 1993 until 1994.
# Porolithon

Porolithon is a genus of coralline red algae. although more species have been recently proposed. The Porolithon are the primary reef building algae. When coral reefs reach sea level, many corals break under the high energy impact of the waves, while coralline red algae, primarily Porolithon, continuing building and cementing the reef structure.

## Taxonomy

Porolithon was a member of the family Corallinaceae until 2018 when it was moved into a new family Porolithaceae. The genus currently comprises 24 species, although more have been recently proposed based on genomic analyses.
The type species of this genus, Porolithon onkodes, was originally described in 1897 as Lithothamnion onkodes by Franz Heydrich, but subsequently moved to Porolithon in 1909.

## Species

Accepted species in the genus are:
* Porolithon aequinoctiale (Foslie) Foslie
* Porolithon antillarum (Foslie & M.Howe) Foslie & M.Howe
* Porolithon castellum E.Y.Dawson
* Porolithon colliculosum Masaki
* Porolithon imitatum R.A.Townsend & G.W.Saunders
* Porolithon improcerum (Foslie & M.Howe) M.Howe
* Porolithon maneveldtii R.A.Townsend & Huisman
* Porolithon marshallense W.R.Taylor
* Porolithon oligocarpum (Foslie) W.H.Adey
* Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie
* Porolithon penroseae R.A.Townsend & P.W.Gabrielson
* Porolithon praetextatum (Foslie) Foslie
* Porolithon sandvicense (Foslie) Foslie
* Porolithon sonorense E.Y.Dawson
# Twannberg meteorite

The Twannberg meteorite is a hexahedrite iron meteorite. It is the only meteorite of the IIG group found in Europe and the largest meteorite ever found in Switzerland.

## Discovery and naming

The first fragment (15.91 kilograms (35.1 lb)) was found on 9 May 1984 in a barley field near Twann, after it had been ploughed (Twannberg I). Two additional fragments were found in an unnatural setting. One fragment (II) was found in 2000 in an attic in Twann and another (III) in 2005 in the Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, in a collection received from the Museum Schwab in Biel where it had been labeled as hematite around 1930. Twannberg IV, V and VI were found in the creek Twannbach.
The meteorite is named after Twannberg (from German: Twann mountain), a mountain that lies north of Twann.
The find location is a glacial till deposit. This paired with minerals found in the oxidized surface of the meteorite are an indicator that the meteorite fell on the Rhone glacier and was transported by it to Twann during the Würm ice age and then deposited there.

## Mineralogy

The meteorite is composed of meteoric iron and schreibersite. The meteoric iron has 5.1% Nickel, and is all in the form of kamacite. The preatmospheric mass was estimated to be at least 11,000 kilograms (24,000 lb). The surface of the meteorite is covered in an oxidation layer.

## Classification

The meteorite is classified as a member of group IIG.
# Turanköy, Kestel

Turanköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kestel, Bursa Province in Turkey. Its population is 385 (2022). The village is populated largely by Bosniaks.
# Porter Old Meetinghouse

The Porter Old Meetinghouse is a historic meeting house on Old Meetinghouse Road in Porter, Maine, United States. Built in 1818-24, it is a well-preserved example of a meeting house in rural Maine, serving as a center of local religious and civic activities. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## Description and history

The meetinghouse is a wood frame structure, 2-1/2 stories in height, with a side gable roof and a granite foundation. It is 44.5 feet (13.6 m) wide and about 36.5 feet (11.1 m) deep, with four bays on each side. The main facade first floor has doorways in the outer bays and windows on the inner bays, with sash windows in all of the remaining bays. There are also two smaller sash windows in the gable ends. The walls are clapboarded, and the roof is corrugated metal. The two doorways, each reached by granite steps, are flanked by pilasters and topped by four-light transom windows, with an entablature above.
The interior is essentially a single large chamber with a gallery on three sides. The walls are plaster, much of it original, with trowel marks visible. The main floor is populated with original box pews. The pulpit is not original, having been reconstructed from plans made by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1969, using parts from the original.
Main construction of the meetinghouse was completed in 1818-19, although it was not completely finished until 1824. The original congregation was a Freewill Baptist organization led by Reverend Jeremiah Bullock, and were known locally as "Bullockites". The building has also been used for municipal functions. It is presently owned by the Town of Porter.
# Two and a half cent coin (Netherlands)

The Two and a half cent coin was struck in the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1818 and 1942. All coins were minted in Utrecht.

## Dimensions and weight

| Dimensions | 2+1⁄2 cents 1877–1941 | 2+1⁄2 cents 1941–1942 |
| Mass | 4 g | 2 g |
| Diameter | 23.69 mm (1877–1898) 23.5 mm (1903–1906) 23 mm (1912–1941) | 20 mm |
| Thickness | 1.1 mm (1903–1906) 1 mm (1912–1941) | ? mm |
| Metal | Bronze | Zinc |

## Versions

| Monarch | Mint | Material | Obverse | Reverse | Edge | Minting years |
| William III | Utrecht | Bronze | Crowned lion with sword and quiver | Value between two bonded orange branches | Reeded with no edge lettering | 1877, 1880, 1881, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1890 |
| Wilhelmina | Utrecht | Bronze | Crowned lion with sword and quiver (bigger mint master mark) | Value between two bonded orange branches | Reeded with no edge lettering | 1894, 1898 |
| Wilhelmina | Utrecht | Bronze | Crowned lion with sword and quiver (smaller mint and mint master mark) | Value between two bonded orange branches | Reeded with no edge lettering | 1903–1906 |
| Wilhelmina | Utrecht | Bronze | Crowned lion with sword and quiver (different crown and bigger lettering) | Value between two bonded orange branches (different orange branches and bigger lettering) | Reeded with no edge lettering | 1912–1916, 1918, 1919, 1929, 1941 |
| German occupation coin | Utrecht | Zinc | Frisian owl board | Value with four waves and two cereal ears | Smooth with no edge lettering | 1941, 1942 |

## Gallery

* Obverse 2+1⁄2 cent, 1941.
* Reverse 2+1⁄2 cent, 1941.
* 2+1⁄2 cents 1858 minted for the Dutch East Indies.
# Porth Nanven

50°07′01″N 5°42′04″W﻿ / ﻿50.117°N 5.701°W﻿ / 50.117; -5.701
Porth Nanven (grid reference SW355307; most well known as Cot Valley and occasionally known as Penanwell) is a beach in the far west of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located half-a-mile west of the town of St Just.
The beach is at the seaward end of the Cot Valley and is part of the Aire Point To Carrick Du Site of Special Scientific Interest.
Porth Nanven has sometimes been referred to as 'Dinosaur Egg Beach' in the media because of a remarkable deposit of ovoid boulders covering the beach and foreshore. These boulders come in all sizes, from hen's egg to a metre or more in length, and have proved so tempting as souvenirs that they are now legally protected by the National Trust which owns the beach.
Many visitors assume that these weirdly shaped boulders are the work of the sea, which they are, but the sea of 120,000 years ago. Sea levels have changed several times since then and are now much lower, causing the ancient beach to be suspended in the cliff above the present level. Stand on the beach and look back towards the cliff, and you will see a wall of the rounded rocks waiting to break away and join those on the beach today.
Work was completed in December 2005 on diverting and treating the sewage which used to be deposited offshore here; it is now safe to swim in the cove.
Porth Nanven featured as one of the 10 Best Beaches in the UK
# Pospíchal

Pospíchal (feminine Pospíchalová) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bohuslav Pospíchal, Czech slalom canoer
* Eduard Pospichal (1838–1905), Austrian botanist
* Tomáš Pospíchal (1936–2003), Czech footballer
# Twickenham, Oregon

Twickenham is an unincorporated community in Wheeler County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located along the John Day River between Service Creek and Mitchell, Oregon. A bridge at Twickenham carries North Twickenham Road over the river.
The locality was originally named Contention after a quarrel between two of its prominent residents. The Contention post office opened in 1886. A daughter of one of the residents involved in the quarrel suggested that the name Twickenham, after the London suburb in England, would be more dignified than Contention. As it happened, the Contention post office closed in 1895, and a Twickenham post office opened in 1896 in the same general vicinity. It closed in 1917, and mail to Twickenham thereafter has been sent via Fossil, about 20 miles (32 km) to the north.
After formation of Wheeler County in 1899, Twickenham was suggested as a possible county seat. A county-wide election held in 1900 produced 436 votes for Fossil, 267 for Twickenham, and 82 for Spray. At the time, Twickenham had a store, hotel, blacksmith shop, and a ferry across the river.