OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Beilby Avery

Sir William Beilby Avery, 1st Baronet (26 April 1854 – 28 October 1908) was a British philatelist who was entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921 as one of the fathers of philately. His grandfather was the elder brother in W. & T. Avery, weighing machine makers of Birmingham and until he retired Sir William managed a great expansion of that business.

## Baronetcy

Avery, member of a long-established dynasty of scale makers and third son of William Henry Avery (1812-1874) of Edgbaston, was created a baronet in 1905. He married twice, firstly to the daughter of Mr. Francis Bell, of London, from which marriage he had a son, William Eric Thomas Avery, who succeeded to his title, and secondly to a daughter of M. Pierre Crets, of Paris. He resided in Birmingham but of late maintained a house, Oakley Court, at Bray, Windsor, and a house in town in Portland Place, where he died.

## W & T Avery

When a mercer and draper, Sir William's grandfather, William Avery who died in 1843 inherited from within his and his wife's family a long established weighing machine business which had begun in the early 18th century with the manufacture of steelyards. With his brother, Thomas who died in 1824, William Avery continued the business under their own names, W & T Avery.
In 1843 two of William's sons took over the business: Sir William's father, William Henry Avery and his younger brother Thomas Avery. Thomas withdrew his capital from the business in 1866 and devoted his energies to improving poor local government. Management of the scale manufacturing business devolved on William Henry and his son (Sir) William Beilby Avery. Father and son proved good managers and the business prospered sending its products throughout the world. From the start of the 21st century it has been known as Avery Weigh-Tronix.
In 1895 W & T Avery purchased the historic Soho Foundry and that site remains the centre of Avery's business.
Its own advertisements describe it as one of the world's leading suppliers of weighing scales, systems and equipment.
Sir William was a director of United Rhodesian Goldfields and of several important British companies.
Uncle Thomas Avery (1813-1894) was three times Mayor of Birmingham.

## Philately

Avery acquired the Bullock collection of Australia, which included many fine Sydney Views, and collections of West Indies and Western Australia from Charles Phillips. He also owned a unique large unused block of the Swiss Double Geneva and had fine holdings of Moldavia and Nevis. With extensive buying in England and Europe, Avery built one of the finest collections of his day. The London stamp dealer W. H. Peckitt, bought Avery's collection in 1909 for £24,500.
Avery's most important pieces were unused one penny and two pence Post Office Mauritius stamps which he acquired in 1893.
In organised philately, Avery was President of the Birmingham Philatelic Society.

## Birmingham University

He was a life governor of Birmingham University.
# ZNF346

Zinc finger protein 346 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF346 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleolar, zinc finger protein that preferentially binds to double-stranded (ds) RNA or RNA/DNA hybrids, rather than DNA alone. Mutational studies indicate that the zinc finger domains are not only essential for dsRNA binding, but are also required for its nucleolar localization. The encoded protein may be involved in cell growth and survival.
# Xu Yingkui

First-rank court official Xu Yingkui (Chinese: 許應騤; Wade–Giles: Hsu Ying-k'uei, 1830–1903), courtesy names Jun'an (筠庵) and Changde (昌德), was a 19th-century Qing dynasty politician who served as Viceroy of Min-Zhe, Governor of Fuzhou and General of Fujian from 1898 to 1903. He was one of the two Chinese representatives who signed the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, the other being Li Hongzhang. During Kang Youwei's Hundred Days' Reform, Xu opposed the reform and personally filed a complaint against Kang's conduct and political orientations.

## Family

Xu was born in a prestigious gentry family from Guangzhou, Guangdong province, historically Panyu county of Guangzhou prefecture. His grandfather Xu Baiting was a salt trader who acquired the status of gentry with the grace of the Jiaqing Emperor. His uncle Xu Xiangguang supported and financed Hong Kong's military resistance against the British empire as well as the construction of Kowloon Walled City.

## Viceroy of Min-Zhe

During the Boxer Rebellion, Xu was the viceroy of Minzhe. Xu, along with Li Hongzhang, viceroy of Liangguang, Liu Kunyi, viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, viceroy of Huguang, Sheng Xuanhuai, director of the Court of Judicature and Revision, and Yuan Shikai, governor of Shandong, signed the Mutual Protection of Southeast China agreement, openly defying the proclamation of war declared by the imperial court in Beijing against Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, with the aim of preserving peace in their provinces.
As a viceroy, Xu Yingkui was aware of the weaknesses of China when it faces the outer world. He accepted the suggestion of an American diplomat and established the Gulangyu International Settlement. Under the circumstances of a potential Japanese occupation of the island of Gulangyu, Xu started negotiations with the British who were interested in the military value of Gulangyu. To counterbalance the Japanese, Xu was willing to yield the island as an international public settlement. The British government wanted complete separation of the island from Chinese administration, whereas China hoped to maintain nominal sovereignty of the island. The disagreement was eventually taken to the viceroy. Xu waived the sovereignty conditionally, obliging every country which partook in the settlement to provide military protection for the city of Xiamen. The Qing imperial court reviewed his proposal and deleted the article concerning Xiamen, fearing it would open the gates of Xiamen to the foreign powers. On 10 January 1902, the constitution of Gulangyu International Settlement was signed by China, Japan, Britain, the U.S., Germany, France, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden and Norway.
After his retirement, Xu intended to construct a large and luxurious private garden in Guangzhou but died before the plan was carried out.
# Ri Song-jin

Ri Song-jin (born 11 August 1989) is a Korean handball player for the Korean national team.
He represented Korea at the 2019 World Men's Handball Championship.
# Xallas

O Xallas is a comarca in the Galician Province of A Coruña. The overall population of this local region is 16,343 (2005).

## Municipalities

* Mazaricos
* Santa Comba
42°59′00″N 8°54′00″W﻿ / ﻿42.9833°N 8.9°W﻿ / 42.9833; -8.9
# Rhodes Footbridge

The Rhodes Footbridge is an ancient Greek arch bridge in the city of Rhodes, Greece. Dating to the 4th century BC or early Hellenistic period, the modest structure represents the oldest known Greek bridge with a voussoir arch.

## Construction and location

The Rhodes Footbridge was unearthed in 1966−67 close to the eastern harbour of the city of Rhodes, the Akandia Bay. There, an artificial channel of 2.15 m depth ran parallel to the ancient city walls, separated by an 11 m wide street running in between. The sidewalls of the conduit were made of at least four layers of poros stone blocks, the same material also employed for the arch.
Nearly at its midpoint, the canal is crossed by an 8 m broad arch of wedge-shaped stones which served as a footbridge. The curved opening has a single span of 2.8 m, identical to the width of the canal. Its surprisingly low rise, in the order of 1 to 3−4, gives it the appearance of a segmental or even multi-centered arch, of which it is the only known example in Greek architecture.
While it has been argued that the footbridge remained the only vault bridge in the Greek world, there is—debatable—evidence of at least three more Greek true arch bridges of pre-Roman date.
# Rich-Heape Films

Rich-Heape Films, Inc. was founded in 1994 to inform, educate and encourage awareness of native peoples, and to preserve the history and culture of the American Indian.
The company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It specializes in film, video, high definition, and multimedia production from initial concept to final product. The American Indian Chamber of Commerce recognized Rich-Heape Films as Business of the Year in 1999 and 2003 and, most recently, American Indian Advocate of the Year 2006.
Rich-Heape Films is managed by Steven R. Heape, a Cherokee Indian, and Chip Richie, a second-generation filmmaker.
# Xymenopsis buccineus

Xymenopsis buccineus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 38 mm.

## Distribution

This antarctic marine species occurs off the South Orkney Islands and in the Strait of Magellan; it is also found in the East China Sea.
# Richard Corbet (disambiguation)

Richard Corbet (1582–1635) was an English bishop and poet.
Richard Corbet may also refer to:
* Richard Corbet (knight) [de] (1451–1493), English knight
* Richard Corbet (MP for Lynn) (1524–1560 or later), MP for Lynn
* Richard Corbet (died 1566), MP for Shropshire
* Richard Corbet (died 1606), MP for Shropshire
* Sir Richard Corbet, 2nd Baronet (1640–1683), MP for Shrewsbury
* Sir Richard Corbet, 4th Baronet (1696–1774), of the Corbet baronets, MP for Shrewsbury
# Richard J. Stillman II

Richard J. Stillman II is a professor of public administration at the University of Colorado at Denver.
Stillman was born on June 17, 1943, in San Antonio, Texas, to Richard J. Stillman I. After completing a bachelor of arts degree at Harvard University in 1966, Stillman received his Ph.D. from the Maxwell School, Syracuse University. He taught at California State University, Bakersfield and George Mason University before joining the faculty of the University of Colorado at Denver in 1992.
Stillman edited Public Administration Review, a premier journal focused on public affairs between 2006 and 2011.

## Publications

The American Bureaucracy, 3rd ed., Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 0-534-61420-5, 2003.
Basic Documents of American Public Administration since 1950.
2004, Preliminary thoughts on reading American governance symbolically: Or modern U.S. statecraft as reform-craft, Public Integrity
2003, Twenty-First Century United States Governance: Statecraft as Reform Craft ad the Peculiar Governing Paradox it Perpetuates. Public Administration
1998, Creating the American state: the moral reformers and the modern administrative world they made
1997, American vs. European public administration: does public administration make the modern state, or does the state make public administration?, Public Administration Review
1996, The American bureaucracy: the core of modern government
1996, Public administration, concepts and cases
1991, Preface to Public Administration: A Search for Themes and Direction
1990, The Peculiar "Stateless" Origins of American Public Administration and the Consequences for Government Today, Public Administration Review
1987, The Constitutional Bicentennial, and the Centennial of the American Administrative State, Public Administration Review
# Rhus lanceolata

Rhus lanceolata, the prairie sumac, is a species of plant native to the south-western United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico), and northern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas).
Rhus lanceolata is a shrub or small tree up to 9 m (30 feet) tall, reproducing by means of underground rhizomes. Leaves are pinnately compound with 13-17 lanceolate leaflets and a winged rachis. Leaflets are entire (untoothed) or with small teeth, green and shiny above but whitish and pubescent below. Flowers are born in a panicle up to 14 cm (5.6 inches) tall. Flowers are white to greenish. Fruits are lens-shaped, about 6 mm (0.25 inches) across, dark red and hairy.

## Uses

Birds eat the fruit during the winter, and deer forage the foliage. The tannin-containing leaves have been used to tan leather.
# Richard Alfred Hunter

Richard Alfred Hunter FRCP (11 November 1923 – 25 November 1981) was a British physician of German origin, and president of the History of Medicine Society of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1972 to 1973. He was a psychiatrist, historian and book collector. With his mother, Dr Ida Macalpine, also a psychiatrist, he wrote Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535 to 1860, Oxford University Press, 1963, using title pages from books in his collection to illustrate this first full chronicle of British psychiatry. Each book is accompanied by an essay describing its place in medical and social history. It remains a unique and important source for the history and bibliography of psychiatry in Britain before 1860.
# Xylouris

Xylouris, Xilouris is a Greek surname Ξυλούρης. Notable people with the surname include:
* Giorgos Xylouris (born 1965), Greek musician
* Nikos Xylouris (1936–1980), Greek composer
* Nikos Xylouris (swimmer) (born 1982), Greek swimmer
# Richard Buxton

Richard Buxton may refer to:
* Richard Buxton (botanist) (1786–1865), British botanist
* Richard Buxton (judge) (born 1938), former British judge
# Richard Brinsley Sheridan (politician)

Richard Brinsley Sheridan (bapt. 26 May 1806 – 2 May 1888) was an English Whig politician.

## Early life

He was born in London, the eldest son of Thomas Sheridan, colonial treasurer in the Cape of Good Hope, and the novelist Caroline Henrietta Callander of Craig forth and the grandson of his namesake, the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan. His maternal grandfather was Sir James Campbell. After his father died in 1817, his mother moved to London with her seven children.

## Career

He served as High Sheriff of Dorset in 1838. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Shaftesbury from 1845 to 1852 and for Dorchester from 1852 until he retired in 1868 and also Deputy Lieutenant for Dorset. He was a Liberal in favour of extending the right to vote.

## Personal life

He eloped with and subsequently married Marcia Maria Grant, the daughter of Gen. Sir John Colquhoun Grant on 18 May 1835. Together, they were the parents of three daughters and six sons:
* Edith Marcia Caroline Sheridan (1836–1876), who married Francis John Thynne, son of Lord John Thynne.
* Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1838–1868), who died unmarried.
* Francis John Rogers Sheridan (1842–1877), who died unmarried.
* Helena Charlotte Sheridan (1845–1893), who died unmarried.
* Algernon Thomas Brinsley Sheridan (1845–1931), who married Mary Lothrop Motley, daughter of John Lothrop Motley.
* Charles William Frederick Sheridan (1847–1896), who died unmarried.
* Thomas Constantine Henry Kier Sheridan (1851–1931), who died unmarried.
* James Colquhoun Grant Sheridan (1857–1865), who died young.
* Florence Sarah Wilhelmine Sheridan (d. 1909), who married Augustus Bampfylde, 2nd Baron Poltimore.
Sheridan died on 2 May 1888.
# Xylota lovetti

Xylota lovetti is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.
# Richard Lindley (author)

Richard C. Lindley (born 1949) is a British philosopher.

## Life

Richard Lindley was born in Manchester in 1949. He studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics at Lincoln College, Oxford.
Lindley was a founder member of the Society for Applied Philosophy, and a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Bradford.

## Works

* The philosophy of mind: a bibliography. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, 1977.
* What Philosophy Does. London: Open Books, 1978. ISBN 0729101371
* Autonomy (Issues in Political Theory). Palgrave Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0333367936
* (with Jeremy Holmes) The Values of Psychotherapy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Studies in Bioethics. With a foreword by R. D. Hinshelwood.
# Xanthoparmelia semiviridis

Xanthoparmelia semiviridis, also known as resurrection lichen is a foliose lichen species in the family Parmeliaceae. Its common name comes from the reaction of a dry sample to moisture. In its dry state it appears like curled-up dry leaf litter on the ground, but after rainfall the lichen will quickly recover, unfurl and become darker in colour. It is found in semi-arid areas across southern Australia and the South Island of New Zealand. The species is in decline in New Zealand because of the loss of habitat resulting from the establishment of dairy farms and vineyards in former indigenous habitat, and the deterioration of existing habitat caused by invasive species such as hawkweeds.

## Taxonomy

It was first formally described as a new species in 1863 by Ferdinand von Mueller and given the name Parmeliopsis semiviridis, based on a specimen collected by Robert Brown from Table Mountain, Australia. It was moved in 1879 to the genus Chondropsis by James Crombie, before being placed in Xanthoparmelia in a 2004 revision of the genus based on DNA. Its specific epithet, "semiviridis", is from the Latin semi (half or partially) and viridis (green).

## Description

X. semiviridis is a rare exception amongst Xanthoparmelia species in that it grows unattached to any substrate. The thalli have no rhizines to anchor its lower surface. In dry conditions, it rolls up into a ball that can be up to 30 millimetres (1.2 in) in diameter, and can be blown about in the wind. When it becomes wet, the ball unrolls and changes to a foliose form with dichotomous branches, and becomes darker in colour. Although it rarely fruits, specimens with mature and immature fruits are occasionally seen.

## Distribution

X. semiviridis is found in regions across the south of Australia from Western Australia to New South Wales, in semi-arid areas where there is some winter rainfall. It is also found in the South Island of New Zealand, in the Molesworth area (Marlborough region), the Balmoral and Mackenzie Country area of Canterbury, and also in Central Otago.

## Conservation status

X. semiviridis is classified as "At Risk - Declining" by the New Zealand Department of Conservation. The species is in decline in New Zealand because of the loss of habitat resulting from the establishment of dairy farms and vineyards in former indigenous habitat, and the deterioration of existing habitat caused by invasive species such as hawkweeds (Pilosella spp.).
# Xanthoparmelia scabrosa

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa, jocularly known as sexy footpath lichen or sexy pavement lichen, is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It tolerates a very wide range of substrata, predominantly rock but also tree bark, roofing tiles, glass, and in wetter areas bitumen paths and roads.

## Taxonomy and naming

The lichen was first formally described under the name Parmelia scabrosa in 1847 by botanist Thomas Taylor. The type was collected by botanist James Drummond near Swan River in Western Australia. It became known as a species of Xanthoparmelia in 1974 when Mason Hale promoted that subgenus of Parmelia to generic status.
The lichen was dubbed 'sexy footpath lichen' in a talk for the Auckland Botanical Society by Allison Knight. The name was popularised by Peter de Lange as 'sexy pavement lichen'.

## Description

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa has a thallus that is foliose (leafy in appearance). The upper surface is yellow-green, while the lower surface is pale to dark brown.

## Habitat and range

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa is common in Australia and New Zealand, also occurring on Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Argentina, South Africa and Japan. In New Zealand it grows abundantly on roads and footpaths, ordinarily an inhospitable environment for lichens.

## Chemistry

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa appears to tolerate the high levels of heavy metals present in asphalt by accumulating these in the thallus. It can also accumulate high levels of calcium. These abilities may make it useful for phytoremediation.

## Medical use

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa has been marketed as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, but many scientists do not recommend this use. While the lichen contains a PDE5 inhibitor, which may inhibit an enzyme responsible for impotence, the same substance may itself be toxic. The lichen is also high in toxic heavy metals.
# Richard Breton

Richard Breton (1524 - 1571) was a French publisher of illustrated books in collaboration with François Desprez.

## Biography

Breton, the son of Guillaume Le Breton, was a publisher and book illustrator and bookbinder at the French court for Catherine de' Medici. For his printer's mark he used an allegorical figure of Charity holding a Sacred Heart, with a crown, a sceptre, a mitre, and a hoe symbolizing labour. He collaborated with Philippe Danfrie, adopting Danfrie's musical type in his publications. Breton and his partner Francois Desprez bought Danfrie's dies and type in 1559.
Breton produced the costume book, Recueil de la diversité des Habits qui sont des present en usaige tant es Pays D'Europe, Asie, Afrique, et isles sauvages, (Paris 1562) with 121 woodcuts, and a dedication to Henry of Navarre by his colleague François Desprez. The first edition was printed in Civilité type, a special italic typeface used for children's books. Two subsequent editions in Breton's lifetime employed roman type.
Breton published the pseudo-Rabelaisian Les songes drolatiques de Pantagruel, (Paris 1565), which featured 224 fanciful grotesque figures, and was also a collaboration with François Desprez. Four illustrations from the Songes were used on a Scottish Renaissance painted ceiling at Prestongrange, in 1581. Nicolas Elphinstone gave James VI a copy, and another was in the library of Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney who died in 1593.
At a time when the sale of Calvinist literature was permitted in France, Breton was active in promoting Protestant literature. Richard married Jeanne Warnier, they had a daughters Jeanne and Anne, and a son Thomas. Richard's sister Nicole Breton married René Guillon, a teacher of ancient languages at the University of Paris.

## François Desprez

The preface or letter of dedication for Breton's Recueil des Habits (1562) was signed by 'François De Serpz.' In this text, François claimed to have authored the book, and followed drawings of costumes made by others, including 'Roberval, sea-captain of the King.' Desprez, like Breton, was a Parisian bookseller and publisher. Some illustrations issued by him, including those of the Recueil des Effigies des Roys de France (1567), are of lesser quality than the Songes or the Recueil des Habits.. The exact roles of Breton and Desprez in the production of their illustrated book collaborations are unclear.
Desprez is also known as a designer and maker of embroidery for purses, as a 'Maistre Boursier.' He published a map of La Rochelle, and was recorded working in Paris between 1556 and 1580.
# Xenentodon

Xenentodon is a genus of needlefishes native to Asia. It is one of ten genera in the family Belonidae.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
* Xenentodon cancila (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Freshwater Garfish)
* Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker, 1854)
# Xenesis

Xenesis is a 2004 techno-thriller by Beat Glogger, a Swiss science journalist, published by Rowohlt Verlag. The book builds around a theme of livestock that are genetically modified for xenotransplantation, as a remedy for human organ donor shortages. A film adaptation may be in progress.
The title combines the Greek words "xenos" ("alien") and "genesis" ("beginning" or "creation").

## Awards

The book was awarded the Media Prix in 2005 by the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences and was nominated for the 2006 Descartes Prize by the European Commission.