OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subindependence

In probability theory and statistics, subindependence is a weak form of independence.
Two random variables X and Y are said to be subindependent if the characteristic function of their sum is equal to the product of their marginal characteristic functions. Symbolically:
    $\varphi _{X+Y}(t)=\varphi _{X}(t)\cdot \varphi _{Y}(t).\,$
This is a weakening of the concept of independence of random variables, i.e. if two random variables are independent then they are subindependent, but not conversely. If two random variables are subindependent, and if their covariance exists, then they are uncorrelated.
Subindependence has some peculiar properties: for example, there exist random variables X and Y that are subindependent, but X and αY are not subindependent when α ≠ 1 and therefore X and Y are not independent.
One instance of subindependence is when a random variable X is Cauchy with location 0 and scale s and another random variable Y=X, the antithesis of independence. Then X+Y is also Cauchy but with scale 2s. The characteristic function of either X or Y in t is then exp(-s·|t|), and the characteristic function of X+Y is exp(-2s·|t|)=exp(-s·|t|)$^2$.
# Studio 4 (disambiguation)

Studio 4 was an acting and filmmaking school in New York and Los Angeles from 2014 to 2017.
Studio 4 may also refer to:
* Studio 4 in the Flagey Building, a large recording studio and concert hall in Brussels, Belgium
* Studio 4 (TV series), BBC drama series that aired in 1962
* Studio 4 Recording, a recording studio owned by Will Yip
# Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station

Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station, a National Historic Site of Canada found atop Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park, commemorates Canada's participation in the International Geophysical Year, during 1957 to 1958. Canada constructed nine sites to study cosmic rays, but this site in particular was the most important due to its higher elevation. The National Research Council constructed a laboratory at the site in the winter of 1956–57. The building was not visible from the Banff townsite as a condition of its construction.
The station was run by Dr. B. G. Wilson with the help of two assistants and was equipped with a standard IGY neutron monitor. The national research council maintained its operation until 1960 when the University of Calgary took over its operations and Dr. Wilson found a permanent position there. An improved NM64 neutron monitor was installed in 1963 but the IGY monitor continued to operate until 1972. The station ceased operations in 1978 and the building was dismantled in 1981. In 1982 it was designated as a National Historic Site. A plaque now marks the spot of the station's location.
# Sulphur Glacier

Sulphur Glacier is located in Shoshone National Forest, in the U.S. state of Wyoming on the east of the Sunlight Peak in the Absaroka Range. The glacier sits at an elevation of between 11,000 and 10,400 ft (3,400 and 3,200 m). Sulphur Glacier is also within the North Absaroka Wilderness.
# Sudden Sky

Sudden Sky is the fourth studio album by American metalcore band Crown the Empire. It was released on July 19, 2019 through Rise Records and was produced by Drew Fulk. It is the band's first album not to feature vocalist Dave Escamilla since their EP Limitless, who departed from the group in January 2017. It is also the last album to feature the band's drummer Brent Taddie before he left the band in January 2022.

## Background

On June 27, 2019, Rise Records' YouTube channel released a video titled, "Crown The Empire - The Making of the 'Sudden Sky' Album Cover." The cover was designed through three-dimensional full-body scans of all the band members, which bassist Hayden Tree described as "making [themselves] seem like an art installation in a 3D, futuristic manner." In the aforementioned video, guitarist Brandon Hoover explained that each member's poses were direct depictions of the emotions they felt throughout the course of making the album:
   "Andy [Rockhold] (vocalist, center left)'s always been the one to laugh through all the bullshit, but on the inside he's fighting a lot of demons. [Hayden] Tree (bassist, center right) is always moving forward 'cause he's afraid to stand still. [Brent] Taddie (drummer, far right) has always been very passive and reluctant to change. For me (far left), this album felt like free-falling; I had no idea whether we were gonna land on our feet or crash and burn."
Tree also explained in the video that the album cover's message also ties directly into the album's title:
   "The meaning of the album, Sudden Sky, is the whole entire idea of, 'one moment you're here, and the next moment, you're gone.' That also means for people to become more vulnerable, to open themselves up and be who you are, show your bad sides, and that's what we're doing here with our album cover."
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Dead Press! | 7/10 |
| Distorted Sound | 6/10 |
| New Noise | |
| Sputnikmusic | |

## Track listing
### Notes

* "What I Am" is stylized in all lower case, whereas track 4 has the word "Blurry" stylized in all caps and "Out of Place" in all lower case.

## Personnel
### Crown the Empire

* Andrew Rockhold – lead vocals, keyboards, programming, unclean vocals on "20/20" and "Sudden Sky"
* Brandon Hoover – guitars
* Hayden Tree – bass, unclean vocals
* Brent Taddie – drums, percussion

### Additional personnel

* Drew Fulk – production
* Justin Deblieck – composition on "20/20" and "Under the Skin"

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 23 |
| US Billboard 200 | 190 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 8 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) | 15 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) | 13 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 37 |
# Douglas Knapp

Douglas Knapp (August 5, 1949 – February 3, 2020) was an American cinematographer and camera operator. His film credits include The All-American Girl, Dark Star, Assault on Precinct 13, and The First Nudie Musical.

## Life and career

Douglas Knapp was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma on August 5, 1949. Growing up in Calgary, Alberta, he attended Western Canada High School. In 1972, he graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts, where he attended with John Carpenter.
Knapp served as the cinematographer on Dark Star and Assault on Precinct 13, both of which were directed by Carpenter. He also served as the camera operator on Carpenter's Escape from New York, Tim Burton's Frankenweenie and Beetlejuice, as well as Back to School, Coming to America, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, and Driving Miss Daisy. In 1994, he received the President's Award from the Society of Camera Operators.
He taught cinematography at the Los Angeles Film School and West Los Angeles College.
After a battle with pancreatic cancer, he died at the age of 70 at his home in Burbank, California on February 3, 2020.

## Filmography
### Feature films

* The All-American Girl (1973)
* Dark Star (1974)
* Assault on Precinct 13 (1976)
* The First Nudie Musical (1976)

### Short films

* Peege (1973)

### Television series

* Star Trek: Voyager (1996–1997)
* Star Trek: Enterprise (2005)

### Videos

* Star Trek: Of Gods and Men (2007)
# Tunullersuaq

Tunullersuaq is a mountain of Greenland. It is located in the Upernavik Archipelago.
* This article related to a mountain, mountain range, or peak in Greenland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Varessia

Varessia (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Chailleuse. Its population was 33 in 2018.
# Thomas Plesters

Thomas Plesters is a Belgian former rower from Gent near Brussels. He was stroke of the winning Thames Challenge Cup eight in 2001. After Oscar de Somville of the Royal Club Nautique de Gand in the early nineteenth century, he was the most important Belgian (stroke) of that club in the late 20th and early 21st century.

## Achievements

Henley Royal Regatta Thames Challenge Cup Gold
# Van Johnson (racing driver)

Van Dale Johnson (February 4, 1927 – July 19, 1959) was an American racing driver. Born in Greeley, Colorado, Johnson grew up in Anaheim, California where he attended schools. Before heading east to further his racing career, Johnson raced jalopies and midgets on Southern California tracks, most notably Culver City Speedway, though he is also known to have competed at Carrell Speedway as well.
Johnson competed in the United States Auto Club National Championship from 1956 to 1959, making six starts. He also failed to qualify or crashed in practice in eleven more race attempts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1958 and 1959. He captured his first and only race win in his sixth race start in June 1959 at the famed Langhorne Speedway.
A month later in his next race, Johnson was killed in a third-lap crash in a Non-Championship race at Williams Grove Speedway where his car was either rammed from the side by that of Joe Barzda or the wheels of their cars became entangled. Barzda's car had suffered a reported stuck throttle when entering the third turn and, after making contact, flipped over just as Johnson's. While Barzda escaped with minor injuries, Johnson died of a skull fracture and other injuries or a broken neck.
Johnson's Vargo Special was the same racer in which Dick Linder had perished a few months earlier and in which Hugh Randall would be killed three years later.
At the time of his death Johnson was reported to be a resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and a former resident of Anaheim, California, Bally, Pennsylvania, where he had moved about three years before his death, and Norristown, Pennsylvania.

## Complete USAC Championship Car results

| Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Pos | Points |
| 1956 | INDY | MIL | LAN | DAR | ATL | SPR | MIL | DUQ DNQ | SYR DNQ | ISF DNP | SAC | PHX 18 | | - | 0 |
| 1957 | INDY | LAN 10 | MIL | DET DNQ | ATL | SPR 16 | MIL DNQ | DUQ | SYR 15 | ISF DNQ | TRE DNQ | SAC | PHX | 35th | 30 |
| 1958 | TRE | INDY DNQ | MIL | LAN | ATL | SPR DNQ | MIL | DUQ | SYR | ISF | TRE | SAC | PHX | - | 0 |
| 1959 | DAY | TRE 10 | INDY DNQ | MIL | LAN 1 | SPR | MIL | DUQ | SYR | ISF | TRE | SAC | PHX | 26th | 230 |
# Muslim Literary Society

The Muslim Literary Society was founded in 1916 and was based in Notting Hill, West London, with Koranic translator Abdullah Yusuf Ali as its president.
It is not to be confused with the American Muslim Literary Society or the Bengali Muslim Literary Society.
On 29 November 1917, the poet and novelist Marmaduke Pickthall, best known for his translation of the Koran, dramatically declared his conversion to Islam after delivering a talk on 'Islam and Progress' to the Society. There are no references to the Society after 1917.
# V. Subramanya Pillai

V. Subramanya Pillai was an Indian lawyer and administrator who served as the Diwan of the Cochin Kingdom from 1893 to 1897.

## As Diwan

Subramanya Pillai is credited with introducing the Indian Stamp Law in the Cochin Kingdom. He also reformed the Jail and Salt departments, opened sanitary boards and reorganized the Medical Department.
# Racine Township, Mower County, Minnesota

Racine Township is a township in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 445 at the time of the 2000 census. The largest town in the township is Racine with a population of 442 as of the 2010 census.. All other area in the township is unincorporated.

## History

Racine Township was organized in 1858. The old village of Hamilton was once located about two miles southeast of the town of Racine in the northeast corner of section 1 (the east half of the village was in Fillmore County).

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.9 square miles (93.0 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 445 people, 165 households and 128 families residing in the township. The population density was 12.4 per square mile (4.8/km$^2$). There were 175 housing units at an average density of 4.9/sq mi (1.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.88% White, 0.22% African American, 0.22% Asian, and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.
There were 165 households, of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 17.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.07.
25.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.4 males.
The median household income was $54,231 and the median family income was $55,833. Males had a median income of $34,375 and females $27,813. The per capita income was $23,320. About 0.7% of families and 1.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Cemeteries

* Salem Cemetery is located two miles southwest of Racine. Its oldest known burial dates to 1865.
* St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Cemetery is located in the southwest corner of the southeast quadrant of section 18 of the township. Its oldest known burial dates to 1876.
* There is also an unnamed, deserted cemetery located in the southeast corner of the southwest quadrant of section 23 of the township. It was in use from 1859 to 1874.
# Vasantrao Naik Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad

Vasantrao Naik Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad, is an undergraduate and postgraduate, coeducational college situated in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. It was established in the year 1972. The college is affiliated with Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University.

## Departments
### Science

* Physics
* Mathematics
* Chemistry
* Botany
* Zoology
* Computer Science

### Arts and Commerce

* Marathi
* English
* Hindi
* History
* Politics
* Public Administration
* Psychology
* Sociology
* Physical Education
* Commerce

## Notable faculty

Sukhadeo Thorat

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# Rabindra Pratap Shah

Hon. Rabindra Pratap Shah (born 27 June 1957) was, as of 2012, Inspector General of Nepal Police of the Nepal Police. On 2 June 2011, he assumed the duties of the chief of Nepal Police, after succeeding Ramesh Chand Thakuri. Shah was born in Maidi in the Dhading District, and graduated from Tribhuvan University with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration.
Shah joined the Nepalese police service on 1 September 1982, as an Inspector of Police. Later he served sequentially as In-Charge of six District Police Offices and three Zonal Police Offices. He was promoted to the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police in 2006 and served as the Director of the Training Directorate as well as Chief of a Regional Police Office.
As of 2014, Former police chief Rabindra Pratap Shah is now a Constituent Assembly (CA) member representing the UCPN (Maoist) party.
# Vatuka of Anuradhapura

Vatuka was King of Anuradhapura in the 1st century BC, who ruled in the year 47 BC. He succeeded Siva I as King of Anuradhapura. Vatuka was succeeded by Darubhatika Tissa after being poisoned by Anula after a period of one year and two months of ruling.
# Veaceslav Rogac

Veaceslav Rogac (born 30 March 1971) is a Moldovan professional football manager and former footballer. Since June 2015 he is the head coach of Moldavian football club FC Zaria Bălți.
# Vavray-le-Petit

Vavray-le-Petit (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Rachid El-Haddak

Rachid El-Haddak (born 11 December 1973) is a Moroccan boxer. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
# Rafael Ramos

Rafael Ramos may refer to:
* Rafael Ramos (boxer) (born 1965), Puerto Rican boxer
* Rafael Ramos (cyclist) (1911–1985), Spanish cyclist
* Rafael Ramos (footballer) (born 1995), Portuguese footballer
* Rafael Ramos (police officer) (1974–2014), one of the two officers killed in the 2014 killings of NYPD officers
* Rafael Coello Ramos (1877–1967), Honduran composer
# Raffael Schuster-Woldan

Raffael Hans Ulrich Schuster-Woldan (7 January 1870, Striegau - 13 December 1951, Garmisch-Partenkirchen) was a German painter and art professor; associated with the Munich Secession.

## Life and work

He was the youngest of three children born to Heinrich Schuster [de], a Court Councilor, and his wife Clara née Seifart. In 1887, he left the local gymnasium without graduating, and followed his older brother, Georg [de] to Munich, where they took lessons at the private art school operated by Frank Kirchbach. In 1889, he accompanied Kirchbach on visits to Frankfurt and Paris. As an addition to his studies, he visited the workshops of other artists. He was also influenced by the Rembrandt etchings he saw at the Münchner Kupferstichkabinett. During this time, he adopted the pseudonym "Woldan", from his father, who had used it to publish a volume of poetry.
After completing his studies, he settled in Dinkelsbühl, but soon moved to Rothenburg, where he began working en plein aire. Feeling the need for improvement, he went to Munich, where he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts to study nature painting with Gabriel von Hackl. He took his first study trip to Italy in 1891; experimenting with religious motifs in his landscapes. While in Florence, he became a member of the German-founded Art History Institute.
His first major showing was at the Glaspalast in 1893, where he was nominated for a gold medal. Three years later, he was awarded one there. He also won a gold medal at the Saint Louis Exposition of 1897. At the suggestion of the art historian, Wolfgang von Oettingen [de], he entered a competition to select an artist for ceiling paintings at the Reichstag building. He was one of three selected. Much of the work was done in Munich; creating canvases that would be set into the ceiling. In 1904, he moved to Berlin to see his commission through to its completion and dedication, which took place in 1911, and he would live there until 1941. He was appointed a Professor of Composition at the Prussian Academy of Art shortly after the dedication; a position he held until 1920. He was named a full member of the academy in 1914.
Following the rise of the Nazis, his older, sometimes mythological styles found favor with the party's supporters, and he was commissioned to do several female portraits. These included Winifred Wagner, Cosima Wagner and Emmy Göring. He was awarded the Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft in 1940, and his works were featured at the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung of 1941. Hitler bought one for 60,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. Shortly after, he moved to the safety of a remote location in Bavaria where he died, ten years later.
# Raczyce

Raczyce may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Raczyce, Jawor County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Raczyce, Ząbkowice Śląskie County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Raczyce, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Raczyce, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
# Raczkowski

Raczkowski (feminine: Raczkowska; plural: Raczkowscy) is a Polish noble surname associated with the Raczkowski coat of arms, a variation of the Nałęcz coat of arms and several other coats of arms. It corresponds to the Lithuanian surname Račkauskas, Ukrainian, and Russian surname Rachkovsky.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Andrew Raczkowski (born 1968), American politician
* Bogdan Raczkowski (1888– 1939), Polish engineer
* Damian Raczkowski (born 1975), Polish politician
* Krzysztof Raczkowski (1970-2005), Polish drummer
* Paweł Raczkowski (born 1983), Polish football referee
* Władysław Raczkowski (1893-1959), Polish conductor and composer
# Pageant Place

Pageant Place is an American reality television series that follows Miss Universe Organization pageant winners Miss Universe Riyo Mori, Miss USA Rachel Smith and Miss Teen USA 2006 Katie Blair, (who was later replaced by her successor Miss Teen USA 2007 Hilary Cruz) as they live together in an apartment in New York City. They are guided by Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner, in a chaperonal role.
MTV received high ratings for the premiere of the show on October 10, 2007. There were plans to continue with the show in 2008 when Dayana Mendoza, the new Miss Universe, Crystle Stewart, Miss USA, and Stevi Perry, Miss Teen USA winners that had been crowned, something that never materialized.
The show also features the song "Beauty Queen Killer" by young artist JoJo. The theme song "It's Alright" was written and produced by Evan Taubenfeld, from Sire Records, and Mike Castonguay.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| 1 | "After the Fall" | October 10, 2007 (2007-10-10) |
| Riyo moves in with Katie and Rachel but there's a surprise as former Miss USA Tara will be joining them for another year. |||
| 2 | "Reign of Tara" | October 17, 2007 (2007-10-17) |
| Former Miss USA Tara Conner comes back which makes it awkward at Pageant Place as Katie and her haven't talked since their falling out. |||
| 3 | "There is No 'I' in Teen" | October 24, 2007 (2007-10-24) |
| As the hectic lives of the beauty queens march on Katie's immaturity and lack of responsibility starts to affect her job and her relationship with the other girls. |||
| 4 | "Kiss and (Put on Some) Makeup" | October 31, 2007 (2007-10-31) |
| After talking about what it's like to live with Katie, Rachel and Tara start to form a friendship and later Katie and Tara finally clear things up between them. |||
| 5 | "Ta Ta to Miss Teen" | November 7, 2007 (2007-11-07) |
| As she prepares to crown Miss Teen USA 2007, Katie has to deal with saying goodbye to the girls, while juggling her relationship with Josh. |||
| 6 | "One Teen Leads To Another" | November 14, 2007 (2007-11-14) |
| Katie Blair hands over her crown to Miss Teen Colorado, Hilary Cruz, but Miss South Carolina's infamous answer keeps stealing the spotlight from Hilary. |||
| 7 | "Maybe I Should Give Her My Sash" | November 21, 2007 (2007-11-21) |
| It's non-stop action as the girls pose for an ad campaign and roadtrip to Vegas for the MTV Video Music Awards, where (former Miss Teen USA) Katie makes a surprise visit. |||
| 8 | "On Their Own 2 Feet" | November 28, 2007 (2007-11-28) |
| In the apartment, Rachel, Hilary and Riyo are enjoying a lazy afternoon and comment on how happy they are it is just the three of them, unaware that Katie and Josh have returned to New York and are about to stop by for a surprise. |||
# Tulsi (name)

Tulsi is a name.

## List of people with the given name

* Acharya Tulsi (Jain monk) (1914–1997), Indian religious leader
* Tulsi Agarwal (born 1959), Indian politician
* Tulsi Bai Holkar (1788–1817), Indian queen
* Tulsi Chakraborty (1899–1961), Indian actor and comedian
* Tulsi Gabbard (born 1981), American politician
* Tulsi Ghimire (born 1959)
* Tulsi Giri (1926–2018), Nepali politician and the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1975 to 1977
* Tulsi Gowda, Indian environmentalist
* Tulsi Kumar (born 1986), Indian actress
* Tulsi Lahiri (1897–1959), Bengali actor
* Tulsi Ram (born 1944), Indian politician
* Tulsi Ram Khelwan, Fijian political leader
* Tulsi Ram Sharma, Fijian lawyer and trade unionist
* Tulsi Ramsay (1944–2018), Indian film director
* Tulsi Silawat (born 1954), Indian politician
* Tulsi Singh Yadav (died 2015), Indian politician

## List of people with the middle name

* Sandeep Tulsi Yadav, Indian Greco-Roman wrestler

## List of people with the surname

* Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi, Indian Poet & Bollywood Lyricist
* K. T. S. Tulsi (born 1947), Indian politician
* Kashinath Shastri Appa Tulsi, Indian musician and scholar
* Tathagat Avatar Tulsi (born 1987), Indian physician