OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Laband

Paul Laband (24 May 1838 – 23 March 1918) was a German jurist and the German Empire's leading scholar of constitutional law.

## Life and work

Laband was born into a Jewish family and converted to Christianity in 1857. He studied law at Breslau, Heidelberg and Berlin, and obtained his habilitation in Heidelberg in 1861. He was called to teach at Königsberg in 1864, and at Strasbourg in 1872, where he taught until his retirement. The Imperial government appointed him as councillor of state of Alsace-Lorraine in 1879 and as a member of that state's legislature in 1911. He was a signatory of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three that supported Germany's entry into World War I.
Laband's writings on constitutional law are characterized by a formalist approach focused on terminology and logic, disregarding other rules of statutory interpretation such as historical, philosophical, political or teleological considerations. In a 1870 paper on Prussian budget law, he established the distinction made in German legal scholarship between laws in the formal sense and laws in the material sense. Laband was also influential as the editor of several leading law reviews and as the author of the textbook Staatsrecht des deutschen Reiches, which appeared in five editions until 1914.

## Works

* Beiträge zur Kunde des Schwabenspiegels. Berlin 1861
* Das Magdeburg-Breslauer systematische Schöffenrecht. Berlin 1863
* Jura Prutenorum. Königsberg 1866
* Magdeburger Rechtsquellen. Königsberg 1869
* Die vermögensrechtlichen Klagen nach den sächsischen Rechtsquellen des Mittelalters. Königsberg 1869
* Das Budgetrecht nach den Bestimmungen der preußischen Verfassungsurkunde. Berlin 1871
* Das Finanzrecht des Deutschen Reichs. In: Hirths: Annalen. 1873
* Das Staatsrecht des Deutschen Reichs. 3 volumes. Laupp, Tübingen 1876–1882
* Die Wandlungen der deutschen Reichsverfassung. Dresden 1895 (digitized)
* Der Streit über die Thronfolge im Fürstentum Lippe. Berlin 1896 (digitized)
* Staatsrechtliche Vorlesungen. Vorlesungen zur Geschichte des Staatsdenkens, zur Staatstheorie und Verfassungsgeschichte und zum deutschen Staatsrecht des 19. Jahrhunderts, gehalten an der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität Straßburg 1872–1918. Ed. by Bernd Schlüter. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-428-11219-9.
# Paul Benzaquin

Paul Benzaquin (died February 13, 2013) was a 20th-century American broadcaster in the city of Boston, a pioneer of talk radio. He was inducted into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2007.
Benzaquin was born and raised in Quincy, Massachusetts. His father was a grain merchant, his civic-minded mother a founder of the local chapter of the League of Women Voters. After high school, he attended a seminary in Bangor, Maine, for a year. He served with the 37th Infantry Division during World War II on Bougainville and in the Philippines, and was awarded the Bronze Star.
Benzaquin then embarked on a journalism career in 1948 at the Boston Globe. He wrote the 1959 nonfiction bestseller Holocaust! about the Cocoanut Grove fire which uncovered malfeasance on the part of the nightclub's employees. Shortly after that he moved to radio broadcasting, starting in September 1960 at WEEI, where he soon afterward announced Logan Airport's first air disaster, the October 1960 crash of a Lockheed Electra. He later worked at most of Boston's big news stations: WHDH, WBZ and WRKO, also writing a column for the Boston Herald Traveler from 1964 to 1969. He was one of the first radio broadcasters to be suspended, in 1968, for uttering a profanity on the air. He spent a year at Chicago station WLS-TV, but returned to Boston in 1971.
   He had a kind of imperial presence that inspired respect, even awe, and yet he could be warm and genial. And what a voice.
In the 1970s, as an outspoken feminist, Mr. Benzaquin became interested in early childhood development and produced a long-running series for WEEI called "Being a Baby". The broadcasts featured his reporting on a group of babies from Marshfield, Massachusetts, and also featured experts such as Harvard psychologist Burton White. He later hosted a late-night television talk show on WBZ-TV. He announced his retirement in 1989, but then returned to work at WRKO from 1992 to 1996.
In 1983, he was sued by a Massachusetts State Trooper for defamation following a traffic stop, which Benzaquin then described on the air. He won the suit when the judge ruled that Benzaquin's characterization of the officer, using various derogatory terms such as "absolute barbarian", "reprehensible" and "merciless", constituted mere vulgar abuse and hyperbole, and therefore First Amendment protected speech.
Benzaquin, a longtime resident of Marshfield, was married to Barbara J. Benzaquin for more than 25 years. This ended in divorce, and he later married the former Grace Abrams. He had two sons and a daughter.

## Works

* Benzaquin, Paul (1959). Holocaust!. Holt. ISBN 978-0828311601. (Later editions were titled Fire in Boston's Coconut Grove or Fire in Boston's Coconut Grove – Holocaust! and were published by Pan (1962) and Branden Press (1967))
# Paul Bentley (speedway rider)

Paul Bentley (born 18 January 1968) is a former speedway rider from England.

## Speedway career

Bentley rode in the top two tiers of British Speedway from 1987 to 2005, riding for various clubs.
In 1994, he won the British League Division Two Riders Championship, held on 17 September at Brandon Stadium. In 1999 he rode his first spell at Glasgow Tigers and suffered a broken ankle and internal injuries in crash during May 1999.
He stayed in Scotland riding for Berwick Bandits in 2000 before returning for second spell at Hull Vikings. In 2002, after riding for Berwick again he was part of the Berwick four that won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, which was held on 21 July 2002, at Brandon Stadium.
He finished his career with Glasgow from 2004 to 2005.
# Paul E. Stein

Lieutenant General Paul Eugene Stein (August 30, 1944 – January 10, 2002) was the thirteenth Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy.

## Education

Stein was born in 1944 in Monroe, Louisiana. He graduated from Eastern High School in Lansing, Michigan.
He was the starting quarterback for the Air Force Falcons football team and graduated from the United States Air Force Academy with a B.S. degree in political science in 1966. Following graduation, Stein remained at the academy to begin his career as an assistant coach for the Falcons.
In addition to the Air Force Academy's education, Stein also earned an M.A. degree in business administration from Florida State University in 1973 and graduated from the Air Command and Staff College in 1979, a national security management course in 1981, the Air War College in 1986 and the Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security at Harvard University in 1993.

## Military career

Stein has served in a variety of staff positions, including deputy chief of staff for personnel, chief of staff of Tactical Air Command and commander, Keesler Technical Training Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi. Before assuming his duties as Superintendent of the Air Force Academy, he was the Air Force director of legislative liaison in Washington, D.C.
Roughly six years after his retirement, and one year after his death, General Stein's tenure as Superintendent was scrutinized in light of the Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal. Stein's actions and leadership of the Academy were reviewed closely in the Fowler Report, the Air Force Working Group Report, and the Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Harassment & Violence at the Military Service Academies.
General Stein retired from active duty on September 1, 1997. He died on January 10, 2002, from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

## Awards and decorations

* Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
* Legion of Merit with one oak leaf cluster.
* Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters.
* Air Force Commendation Medal with one oak leaf cluster.
* National Defense Service Medal with service star.
# Paul Theodor Range

Paul Theodor Range (1 May 1879 in Lübeck – 29 August 1952 in Lübeck) was a German geologist and naturalist.
He studied natural sciences at the universities of Würzburg and Leipzig, receiving his doctorate in 1903. From 1906 to 1914 he worked as a government geologist in German South-West Africa, and afterwards performed scientific studies in the Sinai Peninsula. From 1921 he gave lectures in geology at the University of Berlin, becoming an associate professor in 1934. In 1936, he was named president of the Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft.
Range is commemorated in the scientific name of the Namib sand gecko (Pachydactylus rangei), which was described as a species new to science by herpetologist Lars Gabriel Andersson in 1908.

## Published works

* Das Diluvialgebiet von Lübeck und seine Dryastone : nebst einer vergleichenden Besprechung der Glazialpflanzen führenden Ablagerungen überhaupt, 1903 – The diluvial area of Lübeck and its dryastone.
* Geologische Übersichtskarte des deutschen Namalandes, 1912 – Geological overview map of German Namaqualand.
* Beiträge und Ergänzungen zur Landeskunde des deutschen Namalandes, 1914 – Contributions and supplements to the geography of German Namaqualand.
* Ergebnisse von bohrungen in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika, 1915 – Results from drilling in German South-West Africa.
* Die flora der Isthmuswuste, 1921 – Flora of the isthmus desert.
* Die küstenebene Palästinas. Mit geologischer übersichtskarte im maszstab 1:250000, 1922 – The coastal plain of Palestine; with a geological outline map (scale: 1:250000).
* Begleitworte zur geologischen Karte der Isthmuswüste, 1922 – Accompaniments to the geological map of the isthmus desert.
* Die isthmuswüste und Palästina, 1926 – The isthmus desert and Palestine.
# Paul Pogge

Paul Friedrich Johann Moritz Pogge (24 December 1838 – 16 March 1884) was a German explorer in the African continent.
Pogge was born in Groß Roge, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He studied law in Berlin, Munich and Heidelberg, where he obtained his doctorate. In 1865/66, he took his first journey to South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal) as a big game hunter.
He undertook two expeditions in Central Africa into the southern Congo Basin, the first between 1874 and 1876 and the second between 1880 and 1884. On the first expedition he was accompanied by naturalist Alexander von Homeyer, and funded by the Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung Aequatorial-Afrikas. On his second journey he was accompanied by Hermann Wissmann, a trip in which the two explorers reached the site of Nyangwe on the Lualaba River. On the expedition they became the first Europeans to come in contact with members of the Batwa.
He died in Luanda.
In 1894, botanist Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke published Poggea, a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Achariaceae and named after Paul Pogge.

## Publications associated with Pogge

* Im reiche des Muata Jamwo. Tagebuch meiner im auftrage der Deustsche gesellschaft zur erforschung aequatorial-Afrika's in die Lunda-staaten unternommenen reise, 1880 - In the realm of the Muata Jamwo; diary on travels in the Luanda states.
* Pogge and Wissmann's route from the Kasai to Nyangwe, 1881-2 : from Lieut. Wissmann's original sketches. Royal Geographical Society, 1883.
* Durchquerung Afrikas T. 1. Unter deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika von West nach Ost : Von 1880-1883 / ausgef. von Paul Pogge; Hermann von Wissmann, Berlin Globus Verlag, 1922 - Across Africa, volume 1. Under the German flag across Africa from west to east.
# Threads (Battlefield Band album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
Threads is the nineteenth album by Battlefield Band and their thirteenth studio album, released in 1995 on the Temple Records label.

## Track listing

* "In and out of the Harbour/The Top Tier/Sleepy Maggie/Molly Rankin" – 3:37
* "The Arran Convict" – 4:26
* "Snow on the Hills/Xesus and Felisa" – 3:17
* "Tramps and Hawkers" – 5:47
* "My Home Town/Kalabakan" – 3:43
* "The Weary Whaling Ground" – 4:10
* "Miss Kate Rusby" – 3:57
* "The Same Old Story" – 4:45
* "Simon Thoumire's Jig/Shake a Leg/Ríl Gan Ainm" – 3:56
* "MacPherson's Lament" – 5:23
* "Tam Bain's Lum/The Price of the Pig/Isabelle Blackley" – 4:52
* "The Indian Lass" – 4:52

## Personnel
### Battlefield Band

* Alan Reid
* Iain MacDonald
* Alistair Russel
* John McCusker

## Sources and links

* Threads at AllMusic
# Three Bears Lake

Three Bears Lake is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. The lake is adjacent to the Continental Divide and .5 miles (0.80 km) northwest of Marias Pass.
# Thomas V. Chema

Thomas V. Chema, better known as Tom Chema, is an American academic administrator and attorney. Chema served as the 21st President of Hiram College from 2004 to 2013. Prior to becoming president of Hiram, Chema spent more than 30 years in business, government, and law.

## Early life and education

A native of East Liverpool, Ohio, Chema earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Notre Dame and Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School.

## Career

He began his career with the Cleveland-based law firm of Arter & Hadden in 1971 and became a partner in 1979. He took a leave of absence in 1983 to serve as Executive Director of the Ohio Lottery. In 1985, became Chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio.
Chema also serves in a number of national higher education associations including the Council of Independent Colleges, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, the Annapolis Group, and with Ohio-based organizations such as the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Ohio, the North Coast Athletic Conference, and the Ohio Foundation of Independent Colleges.
In 1990, he was appointed executive director of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex and was responsible for overseeing the public-private partnership that led to the financing and construction of Progressive Field and Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in Cleveland. He then resumed his law practice and in recent years has consulted across the country on sports and entertainment-related economic development projects as President of Gateway Consultants Group.
Chema is recognized as an expert on energy and telecommunications economics and regulation, infrastructure planning, and developing public-private partnerships. He has published numerous articles on these topics and frequently lectures throughout the country, including assignments at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
# Paul Viljoen

Rear Admiral Paul Viljoen is a retired South African Navy officer, who served as Chief of Naval Operations before his retirement.
Then Commodore Viljoen was appointed Flag Officer Commanding NAVCOM East in December 1989 and promoted to rear admiral. He was appointed Chief of Naval Operations after NAVCOM East was dis-established.
He retired on 31 December 1992.
# Thuya Garden

Thuya Garden is a semi-formal herbaceous garden, in the style of Gertrude Jekyll, located at 15 Thuya Drive, Northeast Harbor, Maine. It is open daily from May through October.
The garden is located on the grounds of Thuya Lodge, built between 1912 and 1916 for Boston landscape architect Joseph Henry Curtis. At that time, today's garden was an orchard. After Curtis' death in 1928, Thuya Lodge and its grounds were placed in a trust directed by his friend Charles K. Savage, an heir of the nearby Asticou Inn and creator of the Asticou Azalea Garden. Today's greatly expanded garden was originally conceived in 1933 by Savage, and built from 1956 to 1961 with plants from Beatrix Farrand's Reef Point Garden in Bar Harbor when that estate was dismantled in 1956, and with financial help from John D. Rockefeller Jr. It opened to the public in 1962.
The garden is laid out as a narrow lawn axis with cross-axes, edged by a rustic pavilion to its north and a shallow reflecting pool to the south. Flower beds contain about half perennials and half annuals, with plantings of rhododendrons and mountain laurels.
# Thomson Park

Thomson Park may refer to:
* Thomson Memorial Park, a park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
* Thomson Nature Park, a nature park in Singapore
* Thomson Park (Fiji), a sports stadium in Fiji
# Üner Tan

Uner Tan (Turkish: Üner Tan) (1 May 1937 – 6 February 2022) was a Turkish neuroscientist and evolutionary biologist. He is best known for his discovery and study of the human quadrupedal condition he named the Uner Tan syndrome. He taught at Çukurova University until his retirement in 2004 and had previously taught at several other institutions.

## Biography

Tan was born in Ünye, Turkey. He graduated from secondary school in Çorum and started college at Ege University, at the Faculty of Medicine, in 1956. He continued at Göttingen University and graduated from there and the Max-Planck Institute in 1966. He returned to Turkey at 1969 and worked at Hacettepe University in Ankara, and Atatürk University in Erzurum, Black Sea Technical University in Trabzon and Çukurova University in Adana. Tan retired in 2004, and died in February 2022, at the age of 84.

## Uner Tan syndrome

According to Tan, persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with "primitive" speech and severe mental retardation; he postulated that this is an example of backward evolution. He proposed the syndrome after studying the Ulas family of rural southern Turkey, five of whom have these symptoms. The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours. After his study of the Ulas family, Tan went on to diagnose Uner Tan syndrome in several other families.
Neuroscientist and evolutionary psychologist Roger Keynes, psychologist Nicholas Humphrey and medical scientist John Skoyles have argued that the gait of these individuals is due to two rare phenomena coming together, not atavism. First, instead of initially crawling as infants on their knees, they started off learning to move around with a "bear crawl" on their feet. Second, due to their congenital brain impairment, they found balancing on two legs difficult. Because of this, their motor development was channeled into turning their bear crawl into a substitute for bipedalism.
In the BBC documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours, Nicholas Humphrey refers to Uner Tan's "devolutionary" description of the Ulas family as "scientifically irresponsible."
# Đá Bạc

Đá Bạc is a commune (xã) and village in Châu Đức District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.
10°35′39″N 107°16′42″E﻿ / ﻿10.59417°N 107.27833°E﻿ / 10.59417; 107.27833
* This article about a location in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# The Gordons (album)

The Gordons is an album by New Zealand band The Gordons released in 1981.

## Track listing

Side A
* Spik And Span
* Right On Time
* Coalminers Song
Side B
* Sometimes
* I Just Can't Stop
* Growing Up
* Laughing Now

## Personnel

* Brent McLaughlin (drums)
* Alister Parker (guitar, vocals)
* John Halvorsen (guitar, vocals)
# Ponta do Queimado

Ponta do Queimado is a headland on the island of Terceira in the Azores. Ponta do Queimado marks the westernmost point of the island.
The headland and surrounding area includes a lighthouse, a pool suitable for bathing, coves, and a viewpoint for seeing whales.
# Trinchesia thelmae

Trinchesia thelmae is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trinchesiidae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Australia.
# Polideportivo Municipal José Antonio Gasca

Polideportivo Municipal José Antonio Gasca is an indoor arena located in San Sebastián, Spain. It is primarily used for basketball and the home stadium of Askatuak SBT, San Sebastián Gipuzkoa BC and CD Ibaeta.
The arena holds 2,500 people.
Formerly known as Polideportivo de Anoeta, it was renamed after José Antonio Gasca on February 25, 1992.
# Čenkov u Bechyně

Čenkov u Bechyně is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 60 inhabitants.
Čenkov u Bechyně lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) north of České Budějovice and 95 km (59 mi) south of Prague.
# Īhāia Te Kirikūmara

Īhāia Te Kirikūmara (died 1873) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Āti Awa iwi. He was born in Taranaki, New Zealand.
# Īhām

Īhām (ایهام) in Persian, Urdu, Kurdish and Arabic poetry is a literary device in which an author uses a word, or an arrangement of words, that can be read in several ways. Each of the meanings may be logically sound, equally true and intended.

## Definitions

In the 12th century, Rashid al-Din Vatvat defined īhām as follows: "Īhām in Persian means to create doubt. This is a literary device, also called takhyīl [to make one suppose and fancy], whereby a writer (dabīr), in prose, or a poet, in verse, employs a word with two different meanings, one direct and immediate (qarīb) and the other remote and strange (gharīb), in such a manner that the listener, as soon as he hears that word, thinks of its direct meaning while in actuality the remote meaning is intended."
Amir Khusrow (1253–1325 CE) introduced the notion that any of the several meanings of a word, or phrase, might be equally true and intended, creating a multilayered text. Discerning the various layers of meanings would be a challenge to the reader, who has to focus on and keep turning over the passage in his mind, applying his erudition and imagination to perceive alternative meanings.
Another idea associated with īhām is that a verse may function as a mirror of the reader's condition, as expressed by the 14th-century author Shaykh Maneri: "A verse by itself has no fixed meaning. It is the reader/listener who picks up an idea consistent with the subjective condition of his mind." The 15th-century poet Fawhr-e Din Nizami considered īhām an essential element of any good work of poetry: "A poem that doesn't have dual-meaning words, such a poem does not attract anyone at all—a poem without words of two senses."
Īhām is an important stylistic device in Sufi literature, perfected by writers such as Hafez (1325/1326–1389/1390 CE). Nalî is an example of another poet who has used īhām widely in his poetry. Applications of this "art of ambiguity" or "amphibology" include texts that can be read as descriptions of earthly or divine love.
Haleh Pourafzal and Roger Montgomery, writing in Haféz: Teachings of the Philosopher of Love (1998), discuss īhām in terms of "biluminosity", simultaneous illumination from two directions, describing it as "a technique of comparison involving wordplay, sound association, and double entendre, keeping the reader in doubt as to the 'right' meaning of the word. Biluminosity removes the burden of choice and invites the reader to enter a more empowering dimension of īhām that embraces the quality of amphibians [...]—beings capable of living equally well in two radically different environments. As a result, the reader is freed from the obsession to find the 'right answer' through speculation and instead can concentrate on enjoying nuances and being awed by how the slightest shift in perception creates a new meaning. [...] From the perspective of Haféz as the composer of poetry, biluminosity allows two different points of view to shed light upon each other."
# Şirinbəyli

Şirinbəyli (formerly Tverskoye, Oktyabrabad) is a village and municipality in the Saatly Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 4,056.
# Železná

Železná may refer to:
* Železná (Beroun District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic
* Železná Breznica, a municipality and village of the Zvolen District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia
* Železná Ruda, a town in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic