OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vala State

Vala State or Vallabhipura was a non-salute princely state in India during the British Raj until 1948. The centre was the city of Vallabhi. The last ruler of the state signed the state's accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.

## History

Vala (Vallabhipura) princely state was founded in 1740 by Thakore Sahib Akherajji of nearby Bhavnagar (also in Gohelwar prant; later a salute state under a Maharaja), a Gohil Rajput of the Suryavanshi clan, for his twin brother Visaji, who became the first Thakore. It was one of the many states in Saurashtra, mostly petty states. It comprised 40 villages, covering 492 Square Kilometers km$^2$. In 1921 it had a population of 11,386 (13.285 in 1903–4). Its state revenue was 225,000 Rupees (in 1903–4, mainly from land; later 341,773 Rupees), and it paid 9,202 Rupees tribute to the Gaekwar Baroda State and to Junagadh State.
It was a native state of British India in charge of the colonial (originally Eastern -) Kathiawar Agency of the Bombay Presidency., later merged into the Western India States Agency.
It ceased to exist by accession to freshly independent India's then state Saurashtra (now part of Gujarat) on 15 February 1948. The privy purse was fixed at 520,000 Rupees.
# VNBG

VNBG may refer to:
* Bajhang Airport (ICAO airport code)
* von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory
# Uška

Uška was a medieval župa (small administrative division) of Serbia in modern-day southeastern Serbia. It encompassed the territories around the Nišava and Vlasina rivers east of Glbočica (modern-day Leskovac).
* This Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# VSF

VSF may refer to:
* Victorian Soccer Federation
* Video Services Forum
* Virginia Science Festival
# Vallières-sur-Fier

Vallières-sur-Fier (French pronunciation:, literally Vallières on Fier) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2019 and consist of the communes of Vallières and Val-de-Fier.
# Vara Municipality

Vara Municipality (Vara kommun) is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Vara.
The present municipality consists of 25 original local government entities (as of 1863). Between 1974 and 1982 the territory of present Essunga Municipality was also included.

## Districts

* Bitterna
* Edsvära
* Eling
* Fyrunga
* Hällum
* Jung
* Kvänum
* Larv
* Laske-Vedum
* Levene
* Long
* Längjum
* Naum
* Norra Vånga
* Ryda
* Skarstad
* Slädene
* Sparlösa
* Södra Kedum
* Södra Lundby
* Tråvad
* Vara
* Önum
* Öttum

## Demographics

This is a demographic table based on Vara Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.
In total there were 16,140 residents, including 12,219 Swedish citizens of voting age. 38.2% voted for the left coalition and 61.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.
| Location | Residents | Citizen adults | Left vote | Right vote | Employed | Swedish parents | Foreign heritage | Income SEK | Degree |
| Location | | | % | % | | | | | |
| Arentorp | 1,697 | 1,301 | 38.5 | 60.2 | 83 | 92 | 8 | 25,551 | 28 |
| Kvänum | 2,311 | 1,618 | 36.3 | 63.0 | 75 | 81 | 19 | 22,541 | 23 |
| Larv | 1,360 | 1,045 | 32.7 | 65.9 | 84 | 89 | 11 | 25,014 | 29 |
| Levene | 1,742 | 1,368 | 38.7 | 61.0 | 83 | 89 | 11 | 24,336 | 31 |
| Skarstad | 1,775 | 1,341 | 32.9 | 66.3 | 82 | 87 | 13 | 24,772 | 25 |
| Vara C | 1,451 | 1,160 | 39.4 | 59.6 | 77 | 80 | 20 | 21,099 | 23 |
| Vara V | 1,724 | 1,371 | 40.0 | 59.3 | 86 | 93 | 7 | 27,457 | 36 |
| Vara Ö | 1,973 | 1,440 | 44.6 | 54.8 | 74 | 77 | 23 | 23,520 | 28 |
| Vedum | 2,107 | 1,575 | 40.1 | 59.2 | 79 | 86 | 14 | 24,560 | 22 |
| Source: SVT ||||||||||
# Varduva

Varduva is a river in northwestern Lithuania. Its length is 90.3 kilometres (56.1 mi). It is a left tributary of Venta; their confluence is on the Lithuania–Latvia border. Its origins and upper reaches are located within the Žemaitija National Park. Its largest tributary is Sruoja. Larger settlements situated near Varduva include Žemaičių Kalvarija, Seda, Renavas, Ukrinai. Varduva has five small hydroelectric power plants: Kulšėnai, Ukrinai, Vadagiai, Juodeikiai, Renavas. The largest of these plants in Juodeikiai produced 2.99 GWh of electricity in 2010.
# Vareid

Vareid is a village in Flakstad Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the island of Flakstadøya in the Lofoten archipelago. The village of Napp lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east on the same island.
# Vasily Struve

Vasily Struve may refer to:
* Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Baltic German astronomer and geodesist
* Vasily Struve (historian), Soviet orientalist
# Van Laer

Van Laer is a surname. Earlier spellings include Van Laar and Van Leer. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexander Theobald Van Laer (1857–1920), American painter
* Arnold Johan Ferdinand Van Laer (1869–1955), Archivist, translator, editor, and historian of Dutch-language documents from New Netherland
* Pieter van Laer (1599 – c. 1642), Dutch Golden Age painter
* Roeland van Laer (1598 – after 1635), Dutch Golden Age painter
* Wannes Van Laer (born 1985), Belgian sailor
# Velvet Chain

Velvet Chain is a bi-coastal alternative rock band whose sound features a mixture of trip hop, rock, and pop, with a jazz/funk flavor. (The band has sometimes been known to refer to their work as "space-jazz" or "moody groove music" - which is also the title of one of their albums.)
Velvet Chain was formed in 1993 by Jeff Stacy (legal name “Jeffrey Calamusa”) (formerly of “Heat Your Shack” and “Tunnelmental”) and Erika Amato, the creative core of the band.
They found mainstream attention after they appeared on an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, ("Never Kill A Boy On The First Date") and later had a song included in the show's soundtrack.
Their music has also been used on other TV shows, including HBO's Sex and the City, MTV's Road Rules, CBS's Beverly Hills, 90210 and ABC's Big Shots.
The band last played live in 2007. Core founding members Jeff Stacy (Jeffrey Calamusa) and Erika Amato were working on a new album before Jeff's untimely death in August 2020. Erika is continuing to work on the album and plans to release it at a later date.

## Discography

* Groovy Side (1996), out of print
* Warm (CD-5) (September, 1997), out of print
* Warm (full length) (December, 1997)
* Frenchie Vinyl (1998), out of print
* The Buffy EP (1999)
* Moody Groove Music (2000)
* Velvet Chain Live at the Temple Bar (2000)
* The Velvet Chain Custom Album (2001), this album allows the buyer to pick the tracks, artwork and title of the album. There are also several preset choices available.
* Asteroid Belt (2003)
* Space Patrol (EP) (2004)

## Members

Current members
* Erika Amato - lead vocals
Former members
* Jeff Stacy - bass guitarist
* Brian Reardon - guitar
* Marc Antonio - keyboards
* Dan Wistrom - guitar
* Brett Chassen - drums
* Jeff Mince - drums and electronics
* Tom Calzini - guitar
* Sarah Josephs - keyboards
* Craig Van Sant - drums
* Andre de Channes - guitar
* Jay Stolmack - woodwinds
Additional musicians
* A large number of collaborators have also been involved with the various albums. See specific albums articles for more details.
# Vanessa abyssinica

Vanessa abyssinica, the Abyssinian admiral, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of montane forests.
The larvae feed on Urtica massaica and Obetia pinnatifida.
This species was traditionally considered to be a member of the genus Antanartia but was recently found to be a member of the V. atalanta species group.

## Subspecies

* Vanessa abyssinica abyssinica — Ethiopia
* Vanessa abyssinica jacksoni Howarth, 1966 — highlands of Kenya, northern Tanzania
* Vanessa abyssinica vansomereni Howarth, 1966 — western Uganda, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo: east to Kivu and Ituri
# Velocity of Sound

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 64/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Blender | |
| Pitchfork Media | 6.4/10 |
| PopMatters | (favorable) |
| Robert Christgau | A− |
| Rolling Stone | |
Velocity of Sound is the fifth studio album by The Apples in Stereo, released in October 2002. The American release has an orange album cover, while the European version is green and the Japanese version is blue. The bonus track is also different for each version.
The album is somewhat louder and more aggressive than the band's four previous studio albums with more emphasis on electric instruments (such as the distorted sounds of an electric guitar) than acoustic. The album was recorded between January 2 - June 6, 2002 at Pet Sounds Recording Studio in Denver, Colorado on 8-track and 16-track tape machines as well as an electronic computer.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Robert Schneider except where noted.
* "Please" – 2:29
* "Rainfall" (lyrics by Robert Schneider, music by Hilarie Sidney) – 2:44
* "That's Something I Do" – 2:28
* "Do You Understand?" – 3:22
* "Where We Meet" – 2:52
* "Yore Days" (Eric Allen) – 2:03
* "Better Days" – 2:29
* "I Want" (Hilarie Sidney) – 2:03
* "Mystery" – 3:10
* "Baroque" – 3:21

### Bonus tracks

American release
* "She's Telling Lies (Bryce's Mix)" – 1:51
European release
* "She's Telling Lies (Robert's Mix)" – 1:42
Japanese release
* "Other" – 2:19

## Personnel
### The Apples in Stereo

* Eric Allen - bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on track 6
* John Hill - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Robert Schneider - lead and backing vocals, lead guitar, synthesizer, percussion
* Hilarie Sidney - drums, percussion, backing vocals, lead vocals on tracks 2 and 8

### Additional

* Chris McDuffie - organ, backing vocals
* Dan Efram - percussion, repercussion
* Bryce Goggin - percussion

### Production

* Robert Schneider - production, mixing (tracks 5, 6, 7 and 9)
* The Apples in Stereo, Jim McIntyre - engineering
* Bryce Goggin - mixing (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11)
* Emily Lazar - mastering
* Dan Efram - package concept and design
# Veljko Mandić

Veljko Mandić (10 October 1924 – 19 November 1988) was a Montenegrin actor. He appeared in more than fifty films from 1955 to 1988.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1987 | Days to Remember | Alter Ivo |
| 1984 | Unseen Wonder | Zeljo's father |
| 1982 | The Marathon Family | Rajković's brother |
| 1980 | Petria's Wreath | Kamenče |
| 1979 | The Man to Destroy | Crnogorac (Montenegrin) |
| 1976 | The Peaks of Zelengora | Veljko |
| 1975 | The Day That Shook the World | ? |
| 1974 | Death and the Dervish | Kara Zaim |
# Velké Přítočno

Velké Přítočno is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.

## Geography

Velké Přítočno is located about 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Kladno and 16 km (10 mi) west of Prague. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Prague Plateau. The highest point is at 430 m (1,410 ft) above sea level.
Velké Přítočno is reported as the site with the lowest annual precipitation in the Czech Republic. In 1933 the annual total precipitation was 247 mm.

## History

The first written mention of Velké Přítočno is from 1354.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 461 | — |
| 1880 | 590 | +28.0% |
| 1890 | 622 | +5.4% |
| 1900 | 780 | +25.4% |
| 1910 | 859 | +10.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 886 | +3.1% |
| 1930 | 977 | +10.3% |
| 1950 | 722 | −26.1% |
| 1961 | 916 | +26.9% |
| 1970 | 843 | −8.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 730 | −13.4% |
| 1991 | 665 | −8.9% |
| 2001 | 769 | +15.6% |
| 2011 | 909 | +18.2% |
| 2021 | 997 | +9.7% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The I/61 road, which connects the D6 and D7 motorways via Kladno, passes through Velké Přítočno.

## Sights

There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality.

## Notable people

* Jaroslav Burgr (1906–1986), footballer
# Velké Žernoseky

Velké Žernoseky is a municipality and village in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

## Geography

Velké Žernoseky is located about 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Litoměřice and 14 km (9 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem. It lies in the Central Bohemian Uplands. The highest point is the hill Strážiště at 362 metres (1,188 ft) above sea level. The municipality is situated on the right bank of the Elbe River.

## History

The first written mention of Velké Žernoseky is in the foundation deed of the Litoměřice Chapter from 1218.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 457 | — |
| 1880 | 439 | −3.9% |
| 1890 | 421 | −4.1% |
| 1900 | 481 | +14.3% |
| 1910 | 633 | +31.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 601 | −5.1% |
| 1930 | 705 | +17.3% |
| 1950 | 581 | −17.6% |
| 1961 | 642 | +10.5% |
| 1970 | 581 | −9.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 546 | −6.0% |
| 1991 | 442 | −19.0% |
| 2001 | 472 | +6.8% |
| 2011 | 473 | +0.2% |
| 2021 | 480 | +1.5% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

Since the 12th century, Velké Žernoseky is known for viticulture. It belongs to the Litoměřická wine sub-region and is one of the northernmost wine-growing places in Europe.

## Transport

Velké Žernoseky is located on the railway line Ústí nad Labem–Lysá nad Labem.

## Sights

The Church of Saint Nicholas was built in the Gothic style in the 14th century and rebuilt in the 16th century.
Velké Žernoseky Castle is a simple Baroque castle in the centre of the village, built in the 17th century on the site of the former fortress. Today it is used as a winery and for accommodation.
# Velvetleaf

Velvetleaf (or "velvet leaf", etc.) is a common name used for plants with soft-haired leaves:
* Abutilon theophrasti native to southern Asia
* Cissampelos pareira, native to tropical America
* Malva arborea, native to Europe
* Limnocharis flava, native to tropical America and introduced to southeast Asia
# Verona Conway

Verona Margaret Conway (13 January 1910 – 19 December 1986) was a British plant ecologist and Unitarian minister. She undertook international recognised research on the palaeoecology of the Pennines and the ecology of Cladium mariscus.

## Early life and education

Conway was born on 13 January 1910 in Didsbury, Manchester. Her father held the chair of Latin at the University of Manchester. Margaret Mary Hall, her mother, studied Classics at Newnham College. Conway went to school in Manchester, before studying Natural Sciences at the University of Cambridge, with a Part II in botany. After completing her undergraduate degree, she was awarded the Yarrow Research Scholarship at Girton College from 1933 to 1936. Her doctoral supervisor was Harry Godwin. She was awarded her PhD in 1937, with a dissertation entitled Studies in the autecology of Cladium mariscus R.Br. Her work was published in New Phytologist.

## Scientific career

From 1936 to 1939, Conway was a demonstrator and assistant lecturer in botany at Westfield College. From 1939 to 1941, during the Blitz, she was a volunteer ambulance driver in London.
She then obtained a position in the Botany Department at the University of Sheffield, where she investigated the bogs on the nearby Hallam Moors. She spent a year abroad studying the bogs of central Minnesota with funding from the American Association of University Women. After two more years at Sheffield University, she obtained a position at the Nature Conservancy. In 1955, she was appointed director of Merlewood Research Station.
Conway was described as one of plant ecology's "ablest and most clear-thinking workers." She was noted as a teacher, and taught the leading ecologist Derek Ratcliffe.
In 1982 she was elected as an Honorary Member of the British Ecological Society.

## Later career

Conway left science in 1961, and became a Unitarian Church minister in Lancaster. She retired in 1973. Conway died on 19 December 1986.

## Selected publications

* Conway, Verona M. 1936. Studies in the autecology of Cladium mariscus R. Br. I. Structure and development. The New Phytologist 35.3: 177–204.
* Godwin, H. C. V. M., and Verona M. Conway. 1939. The ecology of a raised bog near Tregaron, Cardiganshire. The Journal of Ecology: 313–359.
* Conway, Verona M. 1948. Von Post's work on climatic rhythms. The New Phytologist 47.2: 220–237.
# Verona Grove

Verona Grove was an American pop punk band from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. The band is signed to Pat's Record Company, a subsidiary of Universal Records. Members include singer/guitarist Tony Anders, bass guitar/background singer Charlie Wilhelm, and drummer Josh Helm. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry Awards nominated Verona Grove for their 2009 artist of the year, and it won the 2009 Rock Artist of the Year.

## History

The band formed as high school students in Fond du Lac in early 2000. In 2003, the band beat around 100 bands to win the "Big Gig Competition" hosted on Summerfest.com, which led to a set opening for Sum 41 at Summerfest 2003. The band released their first album "Half Tanked" in 2003, after they were students at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. They recorded a track at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin. The track was sent by the studio's engineer to record labels which led to the group getting signed in early 2006 to Pat's Record Company in Hollywood. The trio moved to Hollywood and recorded the album The Story Thought Over with production from Jamie Arentzen of American Hi-Fi. The album was released in August 2007.

## Discography
### Albums

* "Half Tanked" (June 2003)
* "From the Tablet to the Towers" (2005 EP)
* "The Story Thought Over" (August 2007)
* "Away From Expected EP (October 2009)"

### Singles

* "Goodbye Surrender"
* "Revolution" (2008)
* "Las Vegas Nights (2009)"
The song "Revolution" was picked up by area radio station WIXX. It was the radio station's first song by a local band to hit on their nightly "Top 9 at 9" request show. The band performed the song live on the night that it hit #1 video.

## Concerts / Tours

The group has opened for Plain White Tees and the Goo Goo Dolls, which led to two brief appearances on E! Entertainment. They toured the West Coast of the United States to support "The Story Thought Over" with a 39-date "Joy Ride" tour. The group has played at Summerfest for several years.
# Veronica gentianoides

Veronica gentianoides, the gentian speedwell, is a species of flowering perennial plant in the family Plantaginaceae found in the Middle East, from Turkey to Iran.

## Description

Veronica gentianoides grows from spreading above-ground rhizomes, eventually forming a mat of glossy green leaves, grouped into rosettes. Individual leaves are more or less elliptical in shape and 2–8 cm (0.8–3.1 in) long. It flowers in early summer, producing narrow erect spikes (racemes) up to 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tall, with blue flowers which are 10–16 mm (0.4–0.6 in) across. The species is very variable. Flowers can be from almost white to deep blue; plants growing at high altitudes are considerably shorter, possibly only 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall, with smaller leaves.
The species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran, where it grows in damp, relatively open habitats, including forests, grassland and alpine areas up to 3,600 m (11,800 ft).

## Cultivation

It is grown in temperate climates as an ornamental plant, particularly by alpine gardeners. Some cultivars are available, including 'Nana' (which may just be a smaller high altitude form), 'Variegata' which has leaves marked with white, and 'Tissington White', which has very pale flowers.
# Vasya (crater)

Vasya is a tiny crater on the Moon. It is near the site where Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 1 landed in November 1970, in the Mare Imbrium region. Its diameter is 0.1 km. The name Vasya does not refer to a specific person; it is a Russian male name, a diminutive form of Vasily.
* Nikolya is one of twelve named craters near the landing site, located in the northwest of Mare Imbrium
* LRO image of Nikolya and Vasya craters
* Another LRO image of Nikolya and Vasya craters
# Vertraut den neuen Wegen

"Vertraut den neuen Wegen" (literally: Trust the new ways) is a Christian hymn in German. It was written by Klaus-Peter Hertzsch as occasional poetry for a wedding in East Germany in 1989, shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall. The text is focused on new ways and trust in God. It is sung to the 1529 melody of "Lob Gott getrost mit Singen". The hymn is part of the current Protestant hymnal, and of other hymnals.

## History

The text of "Vertraut den neuen Wegen" was written in 1989 by Klaus-Peter Hertzsch, a Protestant professor of theology, as occasional poetry for the wedding of his god-daughter. The song in three stanzas was combined with the 1529 melody of "Lob Gott getrost mit Singen". Written during the last months before the fall of the Berlin Wall, the text captures a sense of a new beginning, based on trust in God who guided on difficult ways in the past. The song, written the night before the wedding and copied for the guests, was performed during the ceremony at the Annenkirche in Eisenach on 4 August 1989. The guests, including some from the West, took the song back home, and used it in their parishes.
After the Wende, it was repeated in a service concluding the Jenaer Friedensdekade (Jena decade of peace). The author also gave the song to his friend, Jürgen Henkys, for his 60th birthday. Henkys was a member of the commission for the then new Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch. Although the selection was already done, Henkys presented his gift, arguing that not enough songs focus on new ways, full of trust. The song was accepted, and appeared in 1993 as EG 395. It also appeared in regional sections of the Catholic Gotteslob and in the Gesangbuch der Evangelisch-methodistischen Kirche [de]. It became one of the popular new hymns.
# Stefano Brecciaroli

Stefano Brecciaroli (born 17 November 1974 in Rome, Italy) is an Italian Olympic eventing rider. He competed at four Summer Olympics (in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016). He best finished 5th in team eventing at the 2008 Olympics. Meanwhile, his current best individual Olympic placement is 19th position from 2012.
Brecciaroli participated at three World Equestrian Games (in 2002, 2010 and 2018) and at four European Eventing Championships (in 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2011). He won a team silver at the 2009 European Championships held in Fontainebleau, France. At the 2011 European Eventing Championship he finished 5th in the individual and 6th in the team competition.