OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Non-linear preferential attachment

In network science, preferential attachment means that nodes of a network tend to connect to those nodes which have more links. If the network is growing and new nodes tend to connect to existing ones with linear probability in the degree of the existing nodes then preferential attachment leads to a scale-free network. If this probability is sub-linear then the network’s degree distribution is stretched exponential and hubs are much smaller than in a scale-free network. If this probability is super-linear then almost all nodes are connected to a few hubs. According to Kunegis, Blattner, and Moser several online networks follow a non-linear preferential attachment model. Communication networks and online contact networks are sub-linear while interaction networks are super-linear. The co-author network among scientists also shows the signs of sub-linear preferential attachment.

## Types of preferential attachment

For simplicity it can be assumed that the probability with which a new node connects to an existing one follows a power function of the existing nodes’ degree k:
    $\pi (k)\sim k^{\alpha }\,$
where α > 0. This is a good approximation for a lot of real networks such as the Internet, the citation network or the actor network. If α = 1 then the preferential attachment is linear. If α < 1 then it is sub-linear while if α > 1 then it is super-linear.
In measuring preferential attachment from real networks, the above log-linearity functional form k$^α$ can be relaxed to a free form function, i.e. π(k) can be measured for each k without any assumptions on the functional form of π(k). This is believed to be more flexible, and allows the discovery of non-log-linearity of preferential attachment in real networks.

## Sub-linear preferential attachment

In this case the new nodes still tend to connect to the nodes with higher degree but this effect is smaller than in the case of linear preferential attachment. There are less hubs and their size is also smaller than in a scale-free network. The size of the largest component logarithmically depends on the number of nodes:
    $k_{\max }\sim (\log n)^{1/(1-\alpha )}$
so it is smaller than the polynomial dependence.

## Super-linear preferential attachment

If α > 1 then a few nodes tend to connect to every other node in the network. For α > 2 this process happens more extremely, the number of connections between other nodes is still finite in the limit when n goes to infinity. So the degree of the largest hub is proportional to the system size:
    $k_{\max }\sim n.\,$
# Norm Stoneburgh

Norman Joseph Stoneburgh (March 31, 1935 – October 24, 2019) was an all-star center who played thirteen seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Toronto Argonauts.
After playing in the Toronto Argonauts farm system, Stoneburgh joined the big team in 1955 and played his entire 13-year career with them as a center. Stoneburgh first made CFL east all-star in 1958. Although he fractured a leg in 1959 and did not play a single game, he came back strong with CFL east all-star nominations in 1960 and 1961. He suffered another serious setback in the 1962 pre-season by being hit with a golf ball in the eye. Nevertheless, he played in 10 games. For the next 5 years, the football veteran played all 14 games of the regular season 4 times and became a CFL all-star in 1965.
Following his retirement he volunteered his time at Evangel Hall in Toronto, Ontario. He died on October 24, 2019, at age 84.
# Noon, Rajasthan

Noon (Village ID 89305) is a village in Jalor district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The village is surrounded by four rivers. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 3946 living in 688 households. Its main agriculture product is jeera growing. A temple dedicated to the Hindu deity, Shiva is located there. Noon is the only village in Jalore with an aeroplane runway.
# North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert

The North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1011) covers a long stretch of mostly treeless alpine terrain across the northern edge of the Tibet Plateau. A variety of cold, dry habitats are found, including alpine meadows, steppe, desert, and cushion plant floral areas.

## Location

In the northwest, the ecoregion begins at the east edge of the Pamir Mountains, then covers the Kunlun Mountains in the north and the high plateau south to the Karakoram Mountains. From there it follows the Kunlun from west to east across the northern edge of the Tibet Plateau, on the south rim of the arid Tarim Basin. Elevations, higher in the northwest, are mostly above 5,000 meters, and the soils are often salty and barren. The region is dry, cold, and very remote. Permafrost lies under much of the territory. Much of the eastern extension is within the Altun Shan National Nature Reserve.

## Climate

The climate of the ecoregion is Tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ET), a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 °C (32 °F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F). Precipitation in much of the region is under 50 mm/year. Winds are strong and persistent.

## Flora and fauna

The harsh environment supports only specialized plants and animals capable of managing the cold, dry climate. There are very limited stands of Asian spruce (Picea schrenkiana) and juniper shrubs on low, north-facing slopes where they can capture moisture or snow melt. Along riverbeds there are a few plants such as a salt-tolerant form of tamarisk (Myricaria), a woody plant the exists mostly underground. Some slopes below 5,300 meters support a high cold steppe community that features sedges (Carex), purple feathergrass (Stipa purpurea), falcate crazyweed (locoweed) (Oxytropis falcata).
One mammal endemic to the region is the endangered Koslov's pika (Ochotona koslowi). The Koslov's pika is a burrowing lagomorph that lives in dense family communities. The species had been identified in 1884 on the basis of two specimens, then 'lost' for over 100 years until scientists discovered some isolated communities in the Kunlun Mountains.

## Conservation

A 2017 estimate of the region approximated 239,046 square kilometers are included in protected areas, including Chang Tang Nature Reserve, the world's third largest nature preserve; Sanjiangyuan; and Altun Shan National Nature Reserve. The Hoh Xil region in western Qinghai province was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
# Norrström

Norrström is one of the shortest rivers in Europe in central Stockholm. It connects Lake Mälaren with the Baltic Sea. It runs from Riddarfjärden, north of Gamla stan, to Stockholms ström (the western part of Saltsjön). Two islands lie within it, Strömsborg and Helgeandsholmen. It is one of two natural waterways between Mälaren and the Baltic sea, the other being Söderström south of Gamla stan. Norrström is crossed by Centralbron and the adjacent pedestrian bridge, Vasabron, Riksbron north of Helgeandsholmen which continues into Riksgatan and Stallbron south of the island, Norrbro crossing Helgeandsholmen, and Strömbron.
While the majority of the river flows north of Helgeandsholmen, a small controlled portion known as the Stallkanalen [sv] runs south of the island, between it and Gamla stan.
As the water level of Mälaren is usually higher than that of the Baltic, the current normally runs from west to east. Norrström is not navigable for traffic between Mälaren and the Baltic, though whitewater kayakers often use it for training. A great number of fish species can be caught there, among them sea trout and salmon, which makes Norrström a popular destination for sport fishers.
# North Channel Sentinel

The North Channel Sentinel was a weekly community newspaper serving the Channelview, Galena Park, Jacinto City, North Shore, and Sheldon communities in east and northeast Harris County. It was owned by ASP Westward LP, The Sentinel started as a family-owned newspaper and was once owned by media mogul Rupert Murdoch.
# Northam Warren

Northam Warren (May 15, 1878, in Grand Rapids Michigan – May 14, 1962) created the formula for Cutex Cuticle Remover.

## Early life

Warren was the son of parents Leroy Warren [1838-?], a Congregational clergyman, educated at Oberlin College, and Fannie Louise Warren (née Wadsworth) [1846-1885]. The couple were married in 1863. Northam was one of seven children (Wadsworth, Emma, Clara, Henrietta, Elizabeth, Northam and Theodore) two of whom (Emma and Clara) died in infancy.
The Warren family moved to Lawrence, Kansas in 1898 and Northam went to the University of Kansas where he studied to be a chemist. He then went to work for Parke, Davis & Company in Chicago but came to New York in 1907 to work in their import and export department.
Northam married Edna Louise O'Brien [1882-1960], a woman small in stature and mother of his three children (Agnes, Louise and Northam Jr.). Using finance provided by his wife, Northam left Parke, Davis & Co. and started his own business as a drug broker in 1910 operating from one small room at 9 West Broadway, New York.

## Cutex

Northam created the formula for Cutex Cuticle Remover, registered it in 1911, and sold it through his Special Products Company. When Cutex proved successful he added other manicure preparations and built up the Cutex line. In 1915, the financial basis this new enterprise was secured by the establishment of the Northam Warren Corporation in New York with a capital of $85,000.
Financial success allowed Northam to build a country estate on the bay at Brown's River point in 1923. The family summered there enjoying a shared passion for boating until moving to a new residence built in Garden City. The Brown's River point estate was sold 1937.
Northam Warren Jr. [1914-2002] joined the firm when the company moved its headquarters to Stamford, Connecticut in 1939-1940 and when Cutex was sold to Chesebrough-Pond's in 1961 he took a management role with the new owners.
Edna developed severe arthritis and was bedridden when she died in 1960. Northam Warren Snr. died on May 14, 1962, after a short illness.
# Normandale Park

Normandale Park is a 13.69-acre (5.54 ha) public park in Portland, Oregon's Rose City Park neighborhood, in the United States. The park was acquired in 1940, shortly after the closure of Normandale elementary school on the same site. The park was still under development as of 1947. The park's existence, as well as that of Laurelhurst Park, was cited in an announced plan to reduce the size of a nearby playground. In 2010 one of the city's earliest dog parks dedicated to dogs under 25 pounds (or frail or elderly) was established at Normandale.

## Erv Lind Stadium

The park is the site of Erv Lind Stadium, a softball and baseball facility named for Erwin "Erv" Lind in 1964. Lind coached the Erv Lind Florists, a women's fast-pitch softball team based at Normandale Park, from 1937 until his death in 1964; the team won the ASA Softball national tournament twice, in 1944 and again in 1964, along with many state and regional championships. In their 28 years the Florists never had a losing season, and the team retained Lind's name for several years following his death. The stadium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2024 under its original name, Normandale Field.

## Normandale school

The Normandale elementary school that previously occupied the land was closed in the 1935-36 school year. One of its buildings, described as "portable," was moved to Jefferson High School in 1935.
In 1930 Cora E. Felt, a Portland schoolteacher of more than three decades, resigned following accusations from at least 26 parents of her having imposed extreme corporal punishment on her students. Principal Kate E. Young was also implicated, though she may not have faced specific repercussions.
# Nostepinne

The nostepinne, also known as a nostepinde or nøstepinde, is a tool used in the fiber arts to wind yarn, often yarn that has been hand spun, into a ball for easily knitting, crocheting, or weaving from. In its simplest form, it is a dowel, generally between 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) long and most frequently made of wood, around which yarn can be wound. Decoratively and ornately carved nostepinnes are common. The top of the nostepinne sometimes incorporates a notch or a groove which allows one end of the yarn to be held secure while the rest is wound into a ball.
The ball of yarn formed by a nostepinne is a "center pull" ball, allowing the knitter to remove the working yarn from the center of the ball rather than the outside. This keeps the yarn from rolling around the surface the yarn is sitting on and provides a more consistent tension. These center-pull balls are called "cakes" because of their short, cylindrical shape.
# Novick

Novick is a surname originating from Belarus which translates to "a newcomer to a place". The name has Czech and Slovakian origin as well. The Novick last name is most common in the United States, Israel and Argentina.

## People

* Edgardo Novick (born 1956), Uruguayan businessman and politician
* Hernán Novick (born 1988), Uruguayan footballer
* Irv Novick (1916–2004), American comic book artist
* Jill Novick (born 1966), American actress
* Kimberly A. Novick, American environmental scientist
* Lynn Novick (born 1962), American director and producer of documentary films
* Marcel Novick (born 1983), Uruguayan footballer
* Mason Novick (born 1974), American film producer and talent manager
* Melvin R. Novick (1932–1986), American statistician
* Peter Novick (1934–2012), American historian
* Steve Novick (born 1963), American politician

## Characters

* Mike Novick, a character on the television series 24
# Notoacmea elongata

Notoacmea elongata is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae, one of the families of true limpets.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 6.35 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in New Zealand.
# Nothing Has Changed (disambiguation)

Nothing Has Changed is a 2014 compilation album by David Bowie.
Nothing Has Changed may also refer to:
* "Nothing Has Changed", 1978 song by Shirley
* "Nothing Has Changed", 1991 song by Galliano
* "Nothing Has Changed", 1999 song by Digital Underground from The Lost Files
* "Nothing Has Changed", 2008 song by Paperdoll from Ballad Nerd Pop
* Nothing Has Changed, 1975 poetry collection by Kenneth Patchen
* Nothing Has Changed, 1981 poetry collection by Rosmarie Waldrop
# Nothing Human Left

Nothing Human Left is a 2011 novel by the Irish writer Simon Ashe-Browne. It won the Dundee International Book Prize, the largest monetary British prize for first novels, in 2011, and was published by Cargo Publishing. It is a psychological thriller based primarily in a Dublin state school.
# Robert Comyn

Robert Comyn may refer to:
* Robert Comyn (died 1306), Scottish nobleman
* Robert Comyn (priest) (1672–1727), English priest
* Robert Buckley Comyn (1792–1853), British judge
# Robert Comyn (priest)

Robert Comyn (1672-1727) was an English priest in the first half of the 18th century.
Comyn was born in East Ilsley and educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He migrated to University of Cambridge in 1693. Comyn held livings at Wigmore, Brampton Bryan, Pontesbury and Presteign. He was Archdeacon of Shropshire from 1713 to 1726.
# Robert Rucker

Robert Rucker may refer to:
* Robert D. Rucker (born 1952), justice on the Indiana Supreme Court
* Robert M. Rucker (born 1967), American jazz drummer, music teacher and composer
* Robert Malcolm Rucker (1932–2001), American impressionistic artist
# Noyen-sur-Sarthe

Noyen-sur-Sarthe (French pronunciation:, literally Noyen on Sarthe, before 1962: Noyen) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
# Notopleuron

The notopleuron (plural notopleura) is a region on an insect thorax. Notopleura are useful in characterizing species, particularly, though not uniquely, in the Order Diptera (the "true flies"). The notopleuron is a thoracic pleurite (a sclerite on the pleuron) situated at the end of the transverse suture of Diptera.
Apart from in the Diptera, visible notopleural structures occur in the beetle suborder Adephaga and in certain Hemiptera, but this list is not exhaustive.
# Notonomus peronii

Notonomus peronii is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Castelnau in 1867.
# Notonomus obscurus

Notonomus obscurus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Moore in 1963.
# White-tailed rat

The white-tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus) also known as the white-tailed mouse, is the only member of the subfamily Mystromyinae in the family Nesomyidae. This species is sometimes placed in the subfamily Cricetinae due to similarities in appearance between the white-tailed rat and hamsters, but molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the two groups are not closely related. The subfamily Mystromyinae is sometimes placed within the family Muridae along with all other subfamilies of muroids.
The white-tailed rat is restricted to shrubby areas and grasslands of South Africa and Lesotho. This is an uncommon species, and populations are thought to be declining because of conversion of scrubland to pasture. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as being an "endangered species".

## Description

The white-tailed rat is a fairly large species with a head-and-body length of 163 mm (6.4 in) for males and 144 mm (5.7 in) for females, with a short tail of about 60 mm (2.4 in). The fur is soft, woolly and dense. The head is broad, and the face is mostly grey, with pale spots above the eye and behind the ear in some individuals. The whiskers are long and the ear is rounded and dark-coloured. The upper parts of head and body are greyish-brown flecked with buff; each hair has a grey base and shaft, and a buff or blackish tip. The underparts are whitish-grey, each individual hair having a grey base and shaft and a cream or whitish tip. The tail is colourless and is clad in short white fur. The fore feet have four digits and the hind feet five. The upper surfaces of the fore feet have white hair, as do the sides and upper surfaces of the hind feet.

## Distribution and habitat

The white-tailed rat is endemic to South Africa and Lesotho where it is found in grasslands and shrubby areas. It tends to inhabit burrows of meerkats and cracks in the soil during the day and venture out at night. It eats vegetable matter such as seeds and has been known to take insects. The stomach has a ruminant-like digestive action and there are bacteria in the hind gut that ferment the food. Unlike hamsters, white-tailed rats do not have cheek pouches.
# What About Us (Jodeci song)

"What About Us" is a song by American R&B group Jodeci recorded for their second album Diary of a Mad Band (1993). The song was released as the third and final single for the album in August 1994.
A "Swing Mob" remix of the song featured additional production by Timbaland and introduced former Swing Mob member Magoo.

## Track listings
### US Promo Vinyl and 12"

* "What About Us" (Radio) - 4:25
* "What About Us" (Album Extended) - 4:38
* "What About Us" (Album Instrumental) - 4:38
* "What About Us" (Acapella) - 4:38
* "What About Us" (Jeep Mix) - 4:40

### US Vinyl and 12"

* "What About Us" (Album Version) - 5:20
* "What About Us" (Swing Mob) - 4:36 (feat. Magoo)
* "What About Us" (Mr. Dalvin Version) - 4:26 (feat. Mr. Dalvin)

## Personnel

Information taken from Discogs.
* production: DeVante Swing
* remixing: DeVante Swing, Mr. Dalvin, Timbaland
* Joel "JoJo" Hailey - Lead and Background vocals
* Cedric "K-Ci" Hailey - Background vocals
* DeVante Swing - Background vocals
* Mr. Dalvin - Background vocals
# Robert Shulman

Robert Shulman or Schulman may refer to:
* Robert G. Shulman (born 1924), American biophysicist
* Robert Shulman (serial killer) (1954–2006), American serial killer
* Robert Schulman (journalist) (1917–2008), American journalist, co-founder of the Louisville Eccentric Observer
* E. Robert Schulman, pen name of American astronomer and science humorist Eric Schulman
# Robert Paris Taylor

Robert Paris Taylor (c 1741–1792) was a British administrator and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1774.
Taylor was the son of Peter Taylor of Burcott, Somerset and his wife Jane Holt. Through his father's connections, he was appointed to a position in the paymaster's office and in 1759 became Deputy Paymaster in Germany. He returned with a large fortune.
In 1765 Taylor was recommended as a candidate for Ilchester because he could sustain the expense, but he did not get the seat. He was High Sheriff of Somerset in 1765–6. At the 1768 general election he was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed. He did not stand in 1774.
Taylor succeeded his father in 1777 but by then he appears to have been in serious financial difficulties. He was embroiled in litigation with the trustees of Lord Holland's estate over the accounts of the paymaster's office. He was imprisoned for debt in Fleet prison where he passed the last twelve years of his life. He died 7 Aug. 1792.
# Robert Sandberg

Robert Neil Sandberg, known professionally as R. N. Sandberg, is an American playwright and was a lecturer in the Princeton University Lewis Center for the Arts and Department of English. from 1995 to 2022.
A graduate of Upper Darby High School, Sandberg received his B.A. from Princeton University in 1970 and his M.F.A. from the Yale School of Drama at Yale University in 1977.
Sandberg's plays have been performed in Australia, Canada, England, Japan, Panama, and South Korea as well as throughout the U.S. Theatres that have presented his work include The Barrow Group, Barter Theatre, Dallas Children’s Theatre, Fulton Opera House, George Street Playhouse, Idaho Shakespeare Festival, Indiana Rep, Intiman Theatre, Kennedy Center, Kitchen Dog, La Mama, Merrimack Repertory Theater, New Jersey Rep, New York Music Theatre Festival, New York State Theatre Institute, Open Eye, Passage Theatre Company, Providence Black Rep, Provincetown Playhouse, Seattle Rep, Stage One: Louisville’s Children Theatre, Stages Repertory Theatre and Yale Cabaret.
Sandberg has won several awards for his work. Can’t Believe It won a 2005 Bonderman National Playwriting award. The Trials of the Massachusetts Servants won the American Repertory Theatre’s 2006 Discovering Justice contest. A selection from In Between appeared in Best Stage Scenes 2006. Two monologues from Roundelay are in 2013 The Best Men's Stage Monologues. The Judgment of Bett was included in the volume Kennedy Center New Vision/New Voices: 25 years/25 Plays. His plays are published by Dramatic Publishing and Playscripts, Inc. and include Anne of Green Gables, Convivencia, Done, Frankenstein, Good-bye Dolly, In Between, Jarpteetza/The Firebird, A Little Princess, Martina: Lost and Found, The Moonstone, The Odyssey, and Sara Crewe.
Before joining the Princeton faculty in 1995, he was the Chair of the Theater Department at Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, Washington.
# Wawn

Wawn or WAWN may refer to:

## People

* Andrew Wawn (born 1944), British literary scholar
* John Wawn (1801–1859), British politician
* Roy Wawn (188o–1966), Australian rules footballer

## Radio station

* WAWN (FM), radio station (89.5 FM) in Franklin, Pennsylvania, United States