# Thangmi language

Thangmi, also called Thāmī, Thangmi Kham, Thangmi Wakhe, and Thani, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in central-eastern Nepal and northeastern India by the Thami people. The Thami refer to their language as Thangmi Kham or Thangmi Wakhe while the rest of Nepal refers to it as Thāmī. The majority of these speakers, however, live in Nepal in their traditional homeland of Dolakhā District. In India, the Thami population is concentrated mostly in Darjeeling. The Thangmi language is written using the Devanagari script. Thangmi has been extensively documented by Mark Turin.

## Distribution

Thangmi is spoken in Bagmati Province, mainly in the region of Dolakha; villages on Sailung Khola (The northern panhandle of the Ramechhap District; mainly in Gokulganga); eastern regions of Sindhupalchowk District; and by some elders among the population who migrated to the cities in the Kathmandu Valley.
Very few ethnic Thami outside Dolakha and Sindhupalcok districts speak Thangmi.

## Classification

The Thangmi language seems to have many similarities with other languages in Nepal. For example, Barām, Kiranti and Newar. Studies from Konow (1909), Shafer (1966), Stein (1970), Toba (1990), van Driem (1992) and Turin demonstrate that Thangmi is closely related to the Rai and Newar languages.

## Grammar

| Thangmi | English | Pronoun |
| gai | I | first person singular |
| ni | we | first person plural |
| naɳ | you | second person singular |
| niɳ | you | second person plural |
| to | he, she, it | third person singular |
| tobaɳ | they | third person plural |

## Dialects
### Dolakhā vs. Sindhupālchok

Thangmi consists of two dialects, Dolakhā (East) and Sindhupālchok (West). They differ in terms of phonology, nominal, and verbal morphology and in lexicon. The majority of the Thangmi speaking population use the Dolakhā dialect while only a handful speak in Sindhupālcok. The Dolakhā dialect offers a more complete verbal agreement system while the Sindhupālcok dialect has a more complex nominal morphology.
Kinship :
| English | Dolakhā | Sindhupālchok |
| younger brother | hu | calaca hu |
| younger sister | humi | camaica hu |
| father's eldest brother | jekhapa | jhya?apa |
| father's younger brother | ucyapa | pacyu |
| father's eldest sister | nini | jhya?ama |
| father's younger sister | nini | nini |
| mother's eldest brother | palam | palam |
| mother's younger brother | malam | mou |
| mother's eldest sister | jekhama | jhya?ama |
| mother's younger sister | macyu | phus?ama |

## Thangmi songs

The Thami population are people who are rich in cultural and traditions. Their language is a large part of who they are and they portray this in their cultural, mostly in music. The Nepal Tham Society (NTS) produced a handful of Thangmi songs that were recorded in 2007. The lyrics were written by Singh Bahadur Thami, Devendra Thami and Lok Bahadur Thami. Here are some examples:

## Comparative vocabulary

The following 210-word list of five Thami dialects is from Regmi, et al. (2014). The dialects covered are:
* Babre VDC, Dolakha District
* Lapilang VDC, Dolakha District
* Suspa Kshamavati VDC, Dolakha District
* Daduwa VDC, Ramechhap District
* Chokati VDC, Sindhupalchok District
Baram words from Kansakar (2010) are also provided for comparison.
| Gloss | Babre | Lapilang | Suspa Kshamavati | Daduwa | Chokati | Baram |
| body | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | jiu | aŋ (IA loan) |
| head | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kəpu |
| hair | cimyɑŋ | cimeŋ | cimeŋ | mus | mus | sjam |
| face | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | mik |
| eye | mese | mese | mesek | mese | mese | mik |
| ear | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulŋɑ | kuna |
| nose | ciŋɑ | ciŋyɑ | ciŋɑ | cĩyɑ̃ | ciyɑ̃ | cina |
| mouth | uɡo | uɡo | uɡo | ogo | ogo | anam |
| teeth | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | swa |
| tongue | cile | cile | cile | cile | cile | ce le |
| breast | cucu | cyucyu | cucu | nunu | cucu | nənu |
| belly | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bʌŋɡʌl | bʌŋɡɑl | ujaŋ |
| arm/hand | lɑʔ | lɑʔ | lɑk | lɑ | lɑ | hit |
| elbow | uru | ɽuŋ | uru | uru | kuino | kuina (IA loan) |
| palm | oilyɑ | lɑʔ | lɑk | pɑti | lɑ | lapʈa |
| finger | cʰumpi | cʰumpi | cumpi | cyukuri | cukuri | əŋla (IA loan) |
| fingernail | pin | pin | pin | pin | pin | luŋdziŋ |
| leg | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | lɑi | undzik |
| skin | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | chala (IA loan) |
| bone | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃyɑ | koʃyɑ | haɖ (IA loan) |
| heart | loŋse | loŋse | loŋsek | loŋse | loŋse | muʈu (IA loan) |
| blood | cɑi | cɑi | cɑi | cʌi | cʌi | cihui |
| urine | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | ci |
| feces | kuɽi | kuɽi | kiɽi | kuɽi | kili | ku |
| village | rɑɽe | dese | dese | dese | dese | hannuŋ (IA loan) |
| house | nem | nem | nem | nem | nem | nam |
| roof | cʰɑnɑ | cʰɑnɑ | pɑli | pɑli | cʰɑnɑ | chano |
| door | kʰɑɽoŋ | kʰɑɽuŋ | kʰɑɽo | kʰʌɽu | kʰɑɽu | ɖhoka (IA loan) |
| firewood | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | siŋ |
| broom | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | astuŋ |
| mortar | yɑmbɑʔ | lokmɑŋ | lokmɑŋ | ʈim | luŋ | siləuʈo (IA loan) |
| pestle | ulum | lok | ulum | ulum | loɦoro | lohoro |
| hammer | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰoke | ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | hətəuɖo (IA loan) |
| knife | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | kɑrdɑ | cʌkku | ukhmen |
| axe | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑʔpɑ | rɑpɑ | kəm |
| rope | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | ɖɑmlɑ | ɖori (IA loan) |
| thread | dʰɑɡo | sɑle | benɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | dʰɑgo | ləkthun |
| needle | ɦili | ɦili | yuli | yuli | ɦuli | pənuŋ |
| cloth | myuŋ | miŋmyɑŋ | myuŋ | myũ | myuŋ | mu |
| ring | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | ʌŋɡuliŋ | ʌũʈʰi | əŋʈhi (IA loan) |
| sun | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni |
| moon | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlɑʔuni | cʌlɑuni | cəlauni |
| sky | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡe | sʌrɡe | ʌkɑs | akas (IA loan) |
| star | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | tara (IA loan) |
| rain | pɑŋku | pɑŋkuyusɑ | jʰʌriuɑn | ʃyɑrde | jʰɑri | aŋmət |
| water | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pʌŋku | pɑŋku | awa |
| river | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | gudul |
| cloud | dʰummɑ | kʰɑʃu | kʰɑsu | dʰummɑ | dʰumpɑ | a mu |
| lightning | mirlisidu | sʌrɡyɑtowɑn | mirliksɑ | miklik | gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ | – |
| rainbow | indreni | indreni | indreni | lʌrkuni | indreni | indreni (IA loan) |
| wind | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | asi |
| stone | ɽiŋ | ɽiŋ | liŋ | ɽiŋ | lyuŋ | kumba |
| path | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | uŋma |
| sand | pʰɑʃeɽiŋ | kʰreʔduɽiŋ | jɑŋkʰɑ | syɑŋɖo | bʌluwɑ | balwa (IA loan) |
| fire | me | me | me | me | me | mui |
| smoke | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑcʰɑ | dʰuwɑ̃tʰɑn | isku |
| ash | tɑrbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | tɑbrɑ | maju |
| mud | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nəsa |
| dust | pʰɑʃe | pʰɑsse | dʰule | buʃi | dʰulo | dhulo |
| gold | sun | loŋ | luŋ | ɡoɦo | sun | sun (IA loan) |
| tree | doŋbo | duŋbo | dombo | pole | ruk | sjaŋma |
| leaf | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | su |
| root | pole | pole | nɑrɑ | dɑrɑ | jɑrɑ | dzəra |
| thorn | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | achu |
| flower | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | phul (IA loan) |
| fruit | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | kʌntʰʌmʌl | pʰɑlpʰul | phalphul (IA loan) |
| mango | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | ɑmcur | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | əmba (IA loan) |
| banana | muĩ | mui | muĩ | muĩ | mui | umse |
| wheat (husked) | jɑʔcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | jɑkso | jɑcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | gəu |
| barley | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | dzəu |
| rice (husked) | jɑke | jɑki | jɑke | meke | jɑke | hadza |
| potato | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | koi | alu (IA loan) |
| eggplant | bɑnʈɑ | bɑnʈɑ | bʰenʈɑ | bʌnʈɑ | bʰẽɽi | bhənʈa (IA loan) |
| groundnut | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bədam (IA loan) |
| chili | mɑrci | mʌrci | mɑrci | ɑso | kʰorsɑni | asok |
| turmeric | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | besɑr | besɑr | besar (IA loan) |
| garlic | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌmbo | lʌsun | ləsun (IA loan) |
| onion | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pjadz (IA loan) |
| cauliflower | reŋkopi | reŋkopi | kopi | kɑuli | kɑuli | kauli (IA loan) |
| tomato | bɑnʈɑ | ɡyɑmbɑlɑ | ɡɑmbʌl | bʌnʈɑ | golbʰẽɽɑ | golbhẽɖa (IA loan) |
| cabbage | ɑjɑkopi | ɑjɑkopi | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bənda (IA loan) |
| oil | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | asa |
| salt | cʰyɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cha |
| meat | cici | cici | cici | ɑcʰin | cici | ku sja |
| fat (of meat) | cʰeu | cʰou | cʰeu | cʰo | cʰyʌu | kucho |
| fish | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nəŋa |
| chicken | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | hocca |
| egg | om | ɑɦum | ɑɦum | ɑum | ɑum | ohom |
| cow | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | sja |
| buffalo | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃyɑ | miʃyɑ | bhəisi (IA loan) |
| milk | olon | olon | olʌn | nunu | nunu | nənu |
| horns | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | ujuŋ |
| tail | lime | lime | limek | leme | lime | pitik |
| goat | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | culi | culi | mi chja |
| dog | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | a kja |
| snake | rul | rul | rul | rul | rul | pəi hu |
| monkey | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | yu | yu | pəi huk |
| mosquito | ʈinini | ʈinini | ʈinini | lʌkʰʌʈoʈo | lɑmkʰuʈʈe | lamkhuʈʈe (IA loan) |
| ant | ʈiko | ʈiku | ʈiku | cukku | cuku | anap |
| spider | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | jrɑmpʰɑl | jʌrɑmpɑl | dzənna |
| name | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | u men |
| man | mi | mi | mi | mi | mi | bal |
| woman | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | mama |
| child | ɦocɑ | ucɑ | ɦucɑ | ɦuccɑ | ɦucɑ | uca |
| father | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | papa |
| mother | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ama (IA loan) |
| older brother | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | dadze (IA loan) |
| younger brother | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ale |
| older sister | tete | tete | tete | tete | tete | didi (IA loan) |
| younger sister | ɦumi | ɦomi | ɦumi | ɦumi | ɦu | abi |
| son | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | ucuwa |
| daughter | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | ucuməi |
| husband | lɑwɑ | ʈʰoɽe | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | ukəi |
| wife | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | uməi |
| boy | ʃɑrɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑɦucɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑ | papaca |
| girl | ʃɑrmɑ | ʃɑrmɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | ʃyɑrmi | cɑmɑi | mamaca |
| day | unise | unise | unise | ʃyɑŋ | unise | unis |
| night | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑe | cyɑe | cyɑ | rat (IA loan) |
| morning | bʌcinʈe | bʌcinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bɑʃe | hamdzaŋ |
| noon | unise | unise | unise | unise | unise | diuso (IA loan) |
| evening | ŋyoɽiŋ | ŋyoɽi | ŋyʌɽiŋ | nyõɽi | cyɑtʰɑn | hole |
| yesterday | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | minja |
| today | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | təja |
| tomorrow | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʰe | bɑʃe | bʰʌĩse | hogei |
| week | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | loʔʃyɑŋ | sɑtɑdin | həpta (IA loan) |
| month | mʌinɑ | mʌinɑ | mʌɦine | sumcpʃyɑŋ | mʌinɑ | məina (IA loan) |
| year | kɑle | kɑle | kɑle | dɑrɑ | bʌrsʌ | bərsə (IA loan) |
| old | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | cəŋpa |
| new | nɑke | nɑke | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | kawoi |
| good | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | kʌstɑ | ɑprɑ | kisen |
| bad | mɑʔɑprɑ | mɑʔɑprɑ | ɦijebɑ | mɑjɑdu | mɑʔɑprɑ | məsen |
| wet | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | bʰijɑiŋɑn | kjasun |
| dry | ɡɑŋdu | mɑpʰodu | pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ | gʌŋdu | mɑbʰijɑi | sukhkha (IA loan) |
| long | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | alok |
| short | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰikɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ikuri |
| hot | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | kewon |
| cold | ʈilɑ | ʈilɑ | ɑjik | iji | cilɑŋɑn | kjasun |
| right | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | dɑɦine | daine (IA loan) |
| left | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | debre | debre (IA loan) |
| near | kʰer | kʰer | kʰerte | kʰereŋ | cʰeute | igin |
| far | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ɑlɑmtʰɑ | kalok |
| big | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jʰokɑ | alam |
| small | ucyɑ | ucyɑ | ucɑcɑ | ucyɑncɑ | ecenɑ | ikine |
| heavy | ɡʌruŋ | ɡʌruŋ | ɡɑnunidu | gʌrum | ɡʌruŋ | gegruŋ (IA loan) |
| light | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | pʰinpʰincɑ | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | həlka (IA loan) |
| above | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyobbi | khuŋ |
| below | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑnɑi | nɑbi | hjaŋ |
| white | ubo | ubo | ubo | ubo | obo | gjabo |
| black | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | ciliŋ |
| red | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | keret | phəija |
| one | di | di | di | di | de | de |
| two | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis |
| three | sum | sum | sum | sum | sum | som |
| four | oli | oli | oli | oli | wɑli | car (IA loan) |
| five | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑ̃lɑ | hwɑlŋɑ | pãc (IA loan) |
| six | mɑt | mɑt | mɑt | mʌt | mɑt | chə (IA loan) |
| seven | rɑ | rɑ | ro | lo | ɽo | sat (IA loan) |
| eight | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | aʈh (IA loan) |
| nine | kit | kit | kyut | kit | kit | nəu |
| ten | dicip | dicip | dicip | dicip | dʰicip | dəs |
| eleven | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dʰicipde | egharə |
| twelve | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dʰicipnis | barə |
| twenty | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdʰicip | bis |
| one hundred | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dʰicipdʰicip | de səe (IA loan) |
| who | su | su | su | su | su | su |
| what | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | hai |
| where | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kuni |
| when | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ | kəile |
| how many | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑ̃lĩ | ɦɑi | kwa |
| which | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kun |
| this | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | jo |
| that | to | to | to | dʰɑ | to | tjo |
| these | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kʌpʌliŋ | kɑbɑli | jibaŋ |
| those | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topʌliŋ | tobɑŋ | ubaŋ |
| same | to | to | to | to | to | ui |
| different | bʰindʌi | bʰindʌi | beɡɑle | toŋɑkɑ | pʰʌrʌk | phərək (IA loan) |
| whole | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səbəi (IA loan) |
| broken | kwɑdu | kwɑʔdu | kwɑɡdu | ʈʰemɑn | cʰyomdu | kipak |
| few | ucʰincɑ | ucʰincɑ | ucʰin | ucʰincɑ | icʰini | jurse |
| many | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | dherəi (IA loan) |
| all | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səpəi (IA loan) |
| eat | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cago |
| bite | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceksɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | aŋakko |
| hungry | krɑisɑ | krɑisɑ | kʌrɑisɑ | krʌisɑ | isɑkɑrɑinɑn | hego |
| drink | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tuncʰɑ | tuncʰɑ | sjaŋgo |
| thirsty | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑsɑ | lɑkɑŋsɑ | lɑkɑinɑn | əs kago |
| sleep | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | nago |
| lie | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisɑ | bliŋsɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | ləllumgo |
| sit | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoksɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | hukko |
| give | piʔsɑ | piʔsɑ | pisɑ | piʔsɑ | piccʰɑ | pigo |
| burn | cieʔsɑ | jousɑ | jyoksɑ | joʔsɑ | jyʌusɑ | cimakko |
| die | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sigo |
| kill | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sʌtcʰɑ | sɑccʰɑ | sat ko |
| fly | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | ublego |
| walk | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | dzjogo |
| run | droʔsɑ | droʔsɑ | droksɑ | droʔsɑ | dorʌsɑ | gəbango |
| go | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | jago |
| come | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | təigo |
| speak | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijɑŋsɑ | khəlago |
| hear/listen | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nago |
| look | yoʔsɑ | yoʔsɑ | yosɑ | jyɑpsɑ | jyɑpsɑ | ni go |
| I | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡʌi | ɡɑi | ŋa |
| you (informal) | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ |
| you (formal) | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋkʰe | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ |
| he | to | to | to | to | to | u (IA loan) |
| she | to | to | to | to | to | u |
| we (inclusive) | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru |
| we (exclusive) | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru |
| you (plural) | niŋpɑli | niŋpɑli | niŋ | nʌŋpɑliŋ | nʌŋpɑli | tibaŋ |
| they | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topɑliŋ | topɑliŋ | ubaŋ |