OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests

The Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests ecoregion (WWF ID: IM0138) covers a small area on the border between northeastern Thailand and Laos, in the transition zone between the drier Khorat Plateau to the south and the wetter Annamite Range and Luang Prabang Range mountains to the north. Much of the ecoregion has been converted to agriculture along the floodplain of the middle course of the Mekong River.

## Location and description

The ecoregion follows the floodplain of the Mekong River for 350 km along the border between Thailand and Laos. Vientiane, the capital city of Laos, is near the western edge of the region. The river through this region cuts through a number of low mountain ridges that reach to 800 meters, although the majority of the ecoregion is on the river plain averaging 200 meters.

## Climate

The climate of the ecoregion is Tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification (Aw)). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year (all months being greater than 18 °C (64 °F) average temperature), and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, but more than (100-(average/25) mm. This climate is mid-way between a tropical rainforest and a tropical savannah. The dry month usually at or right after the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. Precipitation in this ecoregion has averaged 1,629 mm/year in recent years.

## Flora and fauna

About 42% is given over to agriculture, about 50% is closed or open forest, and the remainder is urbanized, scrub, or water. Most of the forest is semi-evergreen deciduous trees, characterized by Lagerstroemia angustifolia (a species of myrtle tree), Afzelia xylocarpa, Xylia xylocarpa (a hardwood with bright yellow flowers), Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (another deciduous tree with yellow flowers), and the Burma padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus).
Within the forests of this ecoregion, the dry evergreen portion contain more species of mammals than the deciduous forest which produces less suitable food. Mammal species include the endangered Pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) and the endangered wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). There are also sites of high biodiversity along the banks of the Mekong River, with extensive habitat of shifting sand bars and exposed bedrock. A popular cover in these riverine habitats is willow-leaved water croton (Homonoia riparia) which grows in wet soils near the river.

## Protected areas

2.35% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include:
* Phou Khao Khouay National Park, a mixture of river plain and mountainous territory 40 km northeast of Vientiane, Laos.
* Phou Pha Nang National Protected Area in Laos
* Phu Kao–Phu Phan Kham National Park, a mountainous region in Thailand south of Vientiane.
* Phu Langka National Park in Thailand
* Phu Wua Wildife Sanctuary in Thailand
# Novoplectron

Novoplectron is a monotypic genus of cave wētā in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to the Chatham Islands. Cave wētā are nocturnal, wingless crickets that occupy humid habitats. Novoplectron wētā generally live under stones and in burrows of seabirds, such as broad-billed prions, mutton birds and storm petrels.

## Distribution & Taxonomy

The genus Novoplectron have only been recorded on the Chatham Islands (a group of offshore islands of New Zealand). These wētā exist alongside Talitropsis crassicruris, another New Zealand endemic species, on Mangere, Pitt, Rangatira and The Sisters islands. However, there is an absence of Novoplectron wētā on the Chatham main island. (See distribution map https://wetageta.massey.ac.nz/Text%20files/NOVOPLECTRON2014.html).
Several wētā specimens from the genus Pleioplectron were collected from the Chatham Islands in 1958. After examining them, Richards discovered that the Chatham Island endemic species Pleioplectron serratum Hutton, 1904 displayed five major morphological differences that were not found in other species of the genus Pleioplectron. It was determined that this species did not belong to any genus of Rhaphidophoridae that had been previously recognised. This led to a new genus, Novoplectron Richards, 1958, being described, and the Chatham Island species was reassigned as Novoplectron serratum (Hutton, 1904). This Chatham Island Rhaphidophoridae is sister to the Bounty Island species Ischyroplectron isolatum.

## Morphology

Wētā of the genus Novoplectron have stocky bodies that can be up to 26 millimetres long and are thinly covered with short setae. They have very long, tapering antennae, which are about three times the length of their body. Some sections of their thin legs are armed with variable numbers of spines. The subgenital plate of females tends to be broad and short with a wide distal margin. While males tend to have a short triangular subgenital plate that has a long abrupt taper and curved at the apex.

## Diet

Cave wētās are predominantly scavengers that feed on animal and plant material found within the caves they inhabit. Although, they will forage in the surrounding area if food becomes scarce inside the cave. The diet of Novoplectron mainly consists of dead seabirds. However, they have also been known to eat other types of animal and plant material.

## Species

* Novoplectron serratum Hutton, 1904
# Novopokrovka

Novopokrovka may refer to:
* Novopokrovka, Russia, name of several inhabited localities in Russia
* Novopokrovka, Kyrgyzstan, a village in Chüy Region, Kyrgyzstan
* Novopokrovka, Ukraine, name of several inhabited localities in Ukraine
# Nuclear Politics in America

Nuclear Politics in America is a 1997 book by Robert J. Duffy. According to Duffy, the "promise and peril of nuclear power have been a preoccupation of the modern age", who was then an assistant professor of political science at Rider University.
The book discusses the controversy over radioactive waste disposal, licensing procedures relating to the Atomic Energy Act, and the effects of deregulation of electric utilities. By analysing policy frameworks and describing the process by which regulatory change occurs, Nuclear Politics in America offers a perspective on policymaking in America.
# Nut shell filter

A nut shell filter is a device to remove oil from water. In the oil and gas industry, the term walnut shell filter is common since black walnuts are most often used. Typically nut shell filters are designed for loadings under 100 mg/L oil and 100 mg/L suspended solids and operate with 90–95% removal efficiency. High oil and solids loadings reduce run times between backwashes and results in reduced effluent quality.

## Design

A bed of nut shell media is contained in a vessel. Vessels are typically vertical, but may also be horizontal. Particles are captured as flow penetrates through the media bed. Although it is possible to use other medias for this purpose, walnut and pecan shells are most commonly used since they have several desirable properties making them well suited for oil removal. First, nut shells are hard with a high modulus of elasticity, resulting in a low attrition rate and minimal media replacement, typically <5% per year. Nut shells also have an equal affinity for water and oil, allowing oil to be adsorbed during normal operation, but also enable oil removed from the bed during agitation allowing for media reuse. During normal operation, water typically flows down through the media bed where oil is coalesced and attracted to the nut shells and accumulates in the interstitial spaces between the media. Typical nut shell media is 12/20 (0.8 to 1.7 mm) and 12/16 mesh (1.2 to 1.7 mm). Although not designed for solids removal, an added benefit is that solids accumulate in the bed. As solids are collected, the differential pressure across the bed increases.
Periodical backwashes are initiated to regenerate the media. Typically, backwash is triggered by one of the following:
* Differential pressure
* Timer (often 24 hours)
* Operator initiated (often due to exceeding limit for effluent quality)
Backwash occurs through mechanical agitation such as
* Backwash through draft tube
* Backwash through external media scrubber
* Mechanical mixer
If backwash is not sufficient, oil can cause media to agglomerate, known as mudballing.
Typical flux of nut shell filters is 7 to 27 gpm/ft$^2$. Commercial vessels are sized to accommodate the flow rate of water and range up to 14 feet in diameter. For continuous operation, multiple vessels are frequently used so flow can continue to be treated while backwash occurs in one vessel. For large flows, several vessels may be used. Unlike some oil / water separators, no chemicals are required for oil removal in nut shell filters.

## Uses

Nut shell filters were designed to separate crude oil from oilfield produced water in the 1970s, which remains the principal use. Nut shell filters can be used onshore and offshore, but are more common onshore where the treatment requirements are typically more stringent and footprint is not limited. Nut shell filters are used for tertiary treatment following primary and secondary treatment which removes the bulk of the oil and suspended solids. Typically, effluent is reinjected for reuse or disposal or discharged to a surface body of water.

## Categories

* Media filter
# Nuta (name)

Nuta, Nuța or Nuță may refer to
* Nudie Cohn (born Nuta Kotlyarenko; 1902–1984), Ukrainian-born American tailor
* Nuța Olaru (born 1970), Romanian American long-distance runner
* Petre Nuță (1928–?), Romanian cyclist
# Notopogon macrosolen

The Longsnout Bellowfish (Notopogon macrosolen) is a species of fish from the family Macroramphosidae. It is found in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean, from southern Namibia to Saldanha Bay in South Africa. It lives at depths from 200 to 500 metres (660 to 1,640 ft). It grows to a maximum length of 33 centimetres (13 in).
# Nowy Józefów

Nowy Józefów (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budziszewice, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Budziszewice, 19 km (12 mi) north of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 36 km (22 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.
# Nowy Kamień, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Nowy Kamień (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dwikozy, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Sokołów Małopolski, 36 km (22 mi) south of Stalowa Wola, and 36 km (22 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Nude in a Black Armchair

Nude in a Black Armchair (French: Nu au Fauteuil Noir) is an oil on canvas painting by Pablo Picasso. Painted on 9 March 1932, a time at which Picasso lived in Boisgeloup outside Paris, it is the first and largest of a series of paintings Picasso completed that year of his mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter. The painting was purchased by Les Wexner at Christie's auction in 1999 for the value of $45.1 million.

## Background

Picasso met Walter in 1927, while he was married to the Russian ballerina Olga Khokhlova. Their first meeting occurred outside the Galeries Lafayette in Paris, when Picasso stopped Walter in the street and asked to paint her portrait. Picasso was 45 years of age, but Walter, who was aged just 17, was impressed. In 2011, John Richardson, Picasso's biographer related this event. "She was at the Galeries Lafayette that day to buy a col Claudine—a Peter Pan collar—and matching cuffs. 'You have an interesting face,' Picasso told her. 'I would like to do a portrait of you. I am Picasso.' The name meant nothing to Marie-Thérèse, but the fact that an artist found her beautiful thrilled her." This was the beginning of a long-term affair that remained a secret until 1958.

## Description

This painting presents a nude female reclining on a black chair. In the background, the light of the sun can be seen shining through a window, which is partially obscured by a leafy indoor plant. The image is an expression of the artist's love for his model, which is evident in the use of fluid lines and the balance of colours. The painting is a portrait of Marie-Thérèse Walter, aged 22, who had been Picasso's mistress for the past five years.
The art critic Richard Lacayo noted the influence of Henri Matisse in this painting, commenting that Picasso "borrowed Matisse's voluptuous curves as a sign for pleasure and his use of black to intensify pink."

## Significance and legacy

Tate Modern exhibitions director Achim Borchardt-Hume emphasised that Picasso's relationships with his wife and his mistress had direct influence on his artwork. He said, "You can’t talk about Picasso without talking about his wife and his lover."
Picasso's 1932 portraits of Walter have been described as the "undisputed highlight" of Picasso's "year of wonders".

## Reception

Former Museum of Modern Art curator William Rubin deemed it a "squishy sexual toy," and other critics have described a theme of fecundity being mutually displayed by both the female figure and the plant.

## Auction

On 9 November 1999, the painting was bought by Les Wexner, founder of Limited Brands and patron of the Wexner Center for the Arts, in Columbus, Ohio, for $45.1 million at Christie's auction in New York.
# Nádasd

Nádasd is a village in Vas county, Hungary.
# Nuclear Implosions

Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System is a 2008 book by Daniel Pope, a history professor at the University of Oregon, which traces the history of the Washington Public Power Supply System, a public agency which undertook to build five large nuclear power plants, one of the most ambitious U.S. construction projects in the 1970s.
By 1983, cost overruns and delays, along with a slowing of electricity demand growth, led to cancellation of two plants and a construction halt on two others. Moreover, the agency defaulted on $2.25 billion of municipal bonds, which is still the largest municipal bond default in U.S. history. The court case that followed took nearly a decade to resolve.
# Nulhegan River

The Nulhegan River is a 15.1-mile-long (24.3 km) tributary of the Connecticut River in Essex County, Vermont.

## Course

The main stem of the river rises at the outlet of Nulhegan Pond in the eastern part of the town of Brighton, Vermont, and flows east into the town of Ferdinand. Near the eastern border of Ferdinand, the North Branch of the Nulhegan enters from the north. The main stem continues east into the northern corner of the town of Brunswick, then turns southeast upon entering the town of Bloomfield for its final descent to the Connecticut River at Bloomfield village, across from the village of North Stratford, New Hampshire. The East Branch of the Nulhegan enters from the north 2 miles (3 km) northwest of Bloomfield village.
Vermont Route 105 follows the Nulhegan River from source to mouth. The river is part of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail that extends from the Adirondack Mountains to Fort Kent, Maine.
The North Branch of the Nulhegan rises at the mouth of Unknown Pond in the unincorporated area of Averys Gore, Vermont, at an elevation of 2,326 feet (709 m) in a saddle between Middle Mountain to the north and Bluff Mountain to the south. The North Branch flows southeast through the west part of Lewis and the eastern corner of Brighton before entering the main Nulhegan River in the east part of the town of Ferdinand, just east of the location known as Wenlock. The total length of the North Branch is 14.4 miles (23.2 km).
The East Branch rises in the center of the town of Averill and flows briefly north and west before turning south and southeast for the majority of its course. It passes through the eastern corner of the town of Lewis, then enters the town of Bloomfield, where it joins the main stem 2.3 miles (3.7 km) upstream from the Connecticut River. The total length of the East Branch is 16.5 miles (26.6 km).
# Oak Grove, Wood County, Texas

Oak Grove is an unincorporated community in Wood County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, Oak Grove had a population of 74 in 2000.

## Geography

Oak Grove is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Roads 14 and 2088, 7 mi (11 km) east of Quitman in north-central Wood County.

## Education

Today, the community is served by the Quitman Independent School District.
# Oak Grove (Church Hill, Mississippi)

Oak Grove is a historic building and estate in Church Hill, Jefferson County, Mississippi, United States.

## Location

It is located at number 13582 on the Highway 533 in Church Hill, Mississippi.

## Overview

Oak Grove was created by James G. Wood as a residence for his daughter Jane (Wood) Payne and her husband James Payne. By 1860 Jane C. Payne owned 33 slaves in Jefferson County. It was built in 1828. The architectural style is at once Greek Revival and Federal.
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 22, 1979.
# Nup End

Nup End may refer to:
* Nup End, Buckinghamshire, England
* Nup End, Hertfordshire, a United Kingdom location
# Oberea quianga

Oberea quianga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1915. It is known from the Philippines.
# Nuwaidrat

Nuwaidrat (Arabic: النويدرات) is a village located in Bahrain, close to Sitra; it was formerly part of the Sitra Municipality.

## History
### 1990s uprising

During the 1990s Bahraini uprising, a policeman named Ibrahim al-Saeedi was killed in Eker after being surrounded by a trio of armed anti-government vandals and then killed by one of the three men, a Nuwaidrat resident named Isa Qambar. Qambar was executed on March 26, 1996. A memorial for Qambar was held in the village on March 26, 2008. Also present was Ali Salman, the leader of the then largest political party in Bahrain, Al Wefaq, which has since been dissolved.

### 2011 protests

On February 14, 2011, police used tear gas against rioters in the village; they were participating in country-wide protests. The marchers were demanding the release of those detained during earlier protests.
On the evening of September 30 2015, security forces discovered a large bomb-making factory in Nuwaidrat and arrested a number of suspects allegedly linked to Iran's Revolutionary Guards. The next day, October 1, Bahrain recalls its ambassador to Iran and asked the Iranian acting charge d’affaires to leave the kingdom within 72 hours after he was declared persona non-grata. Bahrain's decision to recall its ambassador comes "in light of continued Iranian meddling in the affairs of the kingdom of Bahrain ... in order to create sectarian strife and to impose hegemony and control.
# Ocean Club Cruises

Ocean Club Cruises was a cruise line that operated for a short period of time in Florida from Port Canaveral. The line offered inexpensive cruises sailed from May 2003 until December 2003 when it filed for bankruptcy and never reopened. The cruise line itself was based in Cape Canaveral, Florida and operated with one ship, the Mirage I. The ship operated 2-night cruises to Grand Bahama Island and 3-night cruises to Grand Bahama Island and to either Nassau, Bahamas or Key West. The ship was allegedly plagued by negative customer reaction since it began operations.
# OPEX

The acronym OPEX may refer to:
* Operating expense
* Operational excellence
* OPEX (corporation)
* OPEX (Stock Exchange)
# OPEX (Stock Exchange)

OPEX is a Portuguese financial services company headquartered in Lisbon that consults clients regarding mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, and general operations. The firm launched an over-the-counter exchange known as PEX (abbreviation of "Prime Exchange") in 2003 to provide a trading environment for the securities of small and mid-cap Portuguese companies.

## History

In 2002, three former representatives of the Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto (now Euronext Lisbon), Álvaro Dâmaso, António Nogueira Leite and Luís Rodrigues (the latter being the company's president), announced that they would be creating a firm known as OPEX (short for Organização e Promoção de Mercado -- "Market Organization and Promotion"). OPEX strove to create a new stock exchange in Portugal known as PEX that would run alongside Euronext Lisbon as an alternate means of raising capital, hoping to launch in October of the same year. Though promptly registered with the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, the exchange would not be directly regulated, and much of the rules would be up to the determination of OPEX. PEX was eventually launched in 2003 with a focus on small-cap businesses and the use of an "online component" purported to increase transaction speeds according to the company's president.
In 2005, OPEX announced the creation of a subsidiary clearing house called PEXsettle to assist in the operations of PEX with plans to expand to other exchanges. In 2007, PEX became a Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF). The company also assisted in the assembly of the technological platforms of the Angola Debt and Stock Exchange in 2015.
Currently, the market is making valiant attempts to survive and attract enough liquidity. Its perseverance seems to have paid off with trading volumes showing a rising trend in the past one year.
# Oak Point-Bartibog Bridge

Oak Point-Bartibog Bridge (/ˈbɑːrtɪboʊɡ/ BAR-tih-bohg) was a local service district in New Brunswick, Canada. The name is sometimes spelled Bartibogue Bridge.

## History

Two noted landmarks are the MacDonald Farm Provincial Historic Site, an 18th-century stone farmhouse built by Colonel Alexander MacDonald, an early pioneer in the Miramichi area. It is now a Provincial Historic Site. A second is St Peter and St Paul's Church at Moody's Point, one of the earliest churches in the area, serving Scotch Catholics of the surrounding districts.
# Obbligato (album)

Obbligato is the third album by American jazz drummer Tom Rainey, which was recorded in 2013 and released by Intakt Records. He leads a quintet with the same lineup as the collective LARK quartet (Rainey on drums, Ralph Alessi on trumpet, Ingrid Laubrock on sax and Kris Davis on piano), expanded by Drew Gress on bass. The album features a selection of standards, most of them taken from the Great American Songbook.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Down Beat | |
The Down Beat review by Peter Margasak says that "The most satisfying quality of the session is hearing the band members expertly blend together, suggesting the agile and empathic lines of West Coast jazz applied to fuzzy melodic shapes."
The All About Jazz review by Troy Collins states "Though unconstrained by formal concerns, the musicians always maintain some key aspects of the underlying structure of each piece, be it melody, harmony or rhythm. Such awareness of the tradition enriches the depth of their interpretations, making Obbligato one of the most persuasive modern recordings of established standards in some time."
In a review for JazzTimes, Lloyd Sachs notes that "While the melodies are sometimes minimized, sometimes disguised, they always illuminate the core of the tunes."

## Track listing

* "Just in Time" (Jule Styne) – 3:10
* "In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) – 6:16
* "Long Ago and Far Away" (Jerome Kern) – 5:13
* "Reflections" (Thelonious Monk) – 5:21
* "Secret Love" (Sammy Fain) – 3:25
* "Prelude to a Kiss" (Duke Ellington) – 7:56
* "Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern) – 6:10
* "If I Should Lose You" (Ralph Rainger) – 4:58
* "You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene de Paul) – 6:59
* "Just in Time Again" (Jule Styne) – 2:36

## Personnel

* Ralph Alessi – trumpet
* Ingrid Laubrock – sax
* Kris Davis – piano
* Drew Gress – bass
* Tom Rainey – drums