OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stephen Pepper

Stephen C. Pepper (April 29, 1891 – May 1, 1972) was an American pragmatism philosopher, the Mills Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley. He may be best known for World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence (1942) but was also a respected authority on aesthetics, philosophy of art, and ethics.
Stephen Coburn Pepper received his bachelor's degree (1913) and his doctorate in philosophy from Harvard University (1916). He trained under Ralph Barton Perry, a noted critical realist. He taught primarily at the University of California at Berkeley, from 1919 to 1958.

## Works
### World hypotheses

Pepper may be best known for World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence (1942), in which he presented four relatively adequate world hypotheses (or world views or conceptual systems) in terms of their root metaphors: formism (similarity), mechanism (machine), contextualism (historical act), and organicism (living system). He also developed contextualism into a world hypothesis, focusing on the criterion of beauty as an "aesthetic quality", which he conceptualized as the immediately felt wholeness of a social context that precede subject-object dualism. One of the thinkers he influenced was Thomas Kuhn, who joined as a junior faculty member at Berkeley during his tenure. Scholars have made comparisons between Pepper's world hypotheses and the Kuhnian paradigms.

### Aesthetics

Pepper was also a respected authority on aesthetics, philosophy of art, and ethics, publishing a dozen books and more than a hundred articles. At the University of California he served as chair of the art department and, subsequently, as chair of the philosophy department. Pepper was the Mills Professor of Philosophy, an endowed chair. At the university, he was noted for opposing the functional and aesthetic deterioration of the institution due to the construction of new buildings.
# Torbert

Torbert may refer to:

## People
### Surname

* Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert (1833–1880), American general and diplomat
* Beth Torbert (born 1971), Canadian singer known by her stage name Bif Naked
* C. C. Torbert Jr. (1929–2018), American jurist
* Dave Torbert (1948–1982), American musician
* Horace G. Torbert Jr. (1911–2008), American diplomat
* Jason Torbert (born 1975), American musician
* Kelvin Torbert (born 1983), American former basketball player
* Ronald Torbert, American football official

### Given name

* Torbert Macdonald (1917–1976), American politician

## Other uses

* Torbert (mango), a mango cultivar
* Torbert, Louisiana
* Mount Torbert, Alaska
* Torbert Escarpment, Antarctica
# Propebela scalaris

Propebela scalaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 11 mm and 27 mm.
The shell is elongate. The spire is longer than the aperture. The spiral striation is closer, and more uniform than in Propebela rugidata. The apex is rounded acuminate; on the first whorl, only faint spiral ribs (2–3) are visible.
# Tramandaí

Tramandaí is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
# Punjab Boundary Force

The Punjab Boundary Force was an ad hoc military force to restore law and order during the communal carnages of the partition of India in the Punjab. The force was based on the 4th Indian Division and commanded by Maj Gen T.W. Rees. The force was unable to execute its task successfully and it was disbanded so that the newly formed dominion armies of India and Pakistan could take charge of the situation.

## Composition

The Force had approximately 15 Indian and 10 Pakistani battalions, and comprised 5th Indian Infantry Brigade, 11th Indian Infantry Brigade of the division and three additional brigades, namely the 14 Parachute Brigade (which became part of the Pakistan Army), 43rd Indian Infantry Brigade (Lorried) (ex 1 Armoured Division), and 114th Indian Infantry Brigade. The 50th Parachute Brigade and 77th Parachute Brigade (both formerly with 2nd Airborne Division), as well as the 123rd Indian Infantry Brigade, were attached to the Force.

## Formation and disbandment

The Boundary Force was established on July 17, 1947, with its headquarters at Lahore. It became operational on August 1, 1947, but was disbanded on September 1 because of its ineffectiveness in controlling the riots breaking out in consequence of Partition.
Maj Gen Rees was provided Brig D.S. Brar and Brig M. Ayub Khan (who later became field marshal and President of Pakistan) from India and Pakistan respectively as "Military Advisors". He was later provided Brig K.S. Thimayya (India) and Brig Nazir Ahmed (Pakistan) as "Alternate Military Advisors". However, Gen Rees refused to heed advice from his advisors, which led to his being criticised; he rebuked Thimayya that he was not going to take advice from him being ten years his senior.$^{:106–107}$ In addition, Rees was criticised by politicians from both sides.$^{:372}$
In the 25 August meeting of the Joint Defence Council at Lahore, Gen Rees stated that the Boundary Force was fatigued and their mood explosive. The British officers, he said, had done their best and the situation was beyond salvation. He further recommended that the two dominions now take responsibility for the security of refugees on their respective sides of the border.$^{:109}$ After Rees handed over, Major General K. S. Thimayya reportedly took over command of the Boundary Force.
# Sohagpur (Shahdol)

Sohagpur is a Town and Tehsil in Shahdol District of Madhya Pradesh. It is one of 4 Tehsils of Shahdol district. There are 318 villages in Sohagpur Tehsil. Rewa State Gazetteer refers to a tradition which connects Sohagpur with King Virata of the epic Mahabharata.

## Demographics

According to census 2011, information the sub-district code of Sohagpur Block (CD) is 03691. Total area of Sohagpur tehsil is 1,976 km² including 1,892.23 km² rural area and 83.85 km² urban area. Sohagpur tehsil has a population of 4,86,930 peoples, out of which urban population is 1,76,169 while rural population is 3,10,761. Sohagpur tehsil has a population density of 246.4 inhabitants per square kilometre. There are about 1,11,421 houses in the sub-district, including 36,678 urban houses and 74,743 rural houses.
When it comes to literacy, 60.80% population of sohagpur tehsil is literate, out of which 67.83% males and 53.53% females are literate. There are about 318 villages in sohagpur tehsil.

## Geography

Sohagpur is located at 23°19′02″N 81°21′06″E﻿ / ﻿23.3173°N 81.3518°E﻿ / 23.3173; 81.3518. It has an average elevation of 508 metres (1669 feet). Son is the local river.

## Tourism

Banganga Mela was started by the then Rewa Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1895. Since then, the traditions of the fair are continuing in Banganga. The purpose of the fair is to make an indelible impression in the courtyard of the Virat Temple, built in a thousand years before, it signifies donation and virtue.The reconciliation and enthusiasm of people in the fair remained a witness to the nature of the tribals who love the old customs. When the fair was inaugurated, it was kept for three days. Which is now filling up for 5 days.
Virateshwar temple is a Shiv mandir that has an old statue of Lord Shiva.

## Transport

Shahdol is accessible via the Indian highway and rail networks, with regular bus service connecting it to Indore (via Katni), Sagar, and Bhopal.
The nearest airport is 143 km away in Jabalpur.
# Play by ear

Play by ear may refer to:
* Improvisation, the act of inventing all or part of a process as it is performed.
* Learning music by ear, learning how to play a musical piece purely by listening to a rendition of the piece alone, without the aid of printed material
# Sterphus panamensis

Sterphus panamensis is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Panama.
# Gillis d'Hondecoeter

Gillis Claesz. de Hondecoeter or d'Hondecoeter (c. 1575–1580 – buried 17 October 1638) was a Dutch painter, working in a Flemish style, painting landscapes, trees, fowl and birds. Later on d'Hondecoeter painted in a more Dutch, realistic style. Gillis was the father of Gijsbert d'Hondecoeter and grandfather of the more successful Melchior d'Hondecoeter and Jan Weenix. His daughter Josijntje married Jan Baptist Weenix.

## Life

Gillis d'Hondecoeter was born in Antwerp, the son of Nicolaes Jansz d'Hondecoeter, a painter who fled from Antwerp to Delft, after the Spanish occupied the city in 1585. Gillis married in 1602 Maaijke Gijbrechts in Delft, while working in Utrecht. The couple had six children, before they moved to Amsterdam in 1615, where another three children were baptized. His brother was a surgeon in that city.
In 1622 his wife died. Six years later he married the young and (probably) beautiful Anna Spierinx, who first had refused his son Gijsbert, according to Arnold Houbraken. The couple lived on Singel and had one child together. Hondecoeter died in Amsterdam.

## Works

Gillis, his son Gijsbert, working in Utrecht and both his grandchildren specialized in fowl and birds, using probably a small gallow, as was mentioned in the inventory of his grandson Melchior de Hondecoeter. Gillis painted Flemish, hilly, fantasy landscapes, most of the time in connection with a biblical scene. It is said he was influenced by Roelant Savery, a Flemish painter who also moved in Amsterdam. The figures on one of his paintings he left to his colleague, David Vinckboons.
# Prothalamion

Prothalamion, the commonly used name of Prothalamion; or, A Spousall Verse in Honour of the Double Marriage of Ladie Elizabeth and Ladie Katherine Somerset, is a poem by Edmund Spenser (1552–1599), one of the important poets of the Tudor period in England. Published in 1596, it is a nuptial song that he composed that year on the occasion of the twin marriage of the daughters of Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, Elizabeth Somerset and Katherine Somerset, to Sir Henry Guildford and William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre respectively.

## Meeting the maidens

Prothalamion is written in the conventional form of a marriage song. The poem begins with a description of the River Thames where Spenser finds two beautiful maidens. The poet proceeds to praise them and wishing them all the blessings for their marriages. The poem begins with a fine description of the day when on which he is writing the poem:
   Calm was the day and through the trembling air The sweet breathing Zephyrus did softly play.
The poet is standing near the Thames River and finds a group of nymphs with baskets collecting flowers for the new brides. The poet tells us that they are happily making the bridal crowns for Elizabeth and Katherine.

## Depiction of Leda and the Swan myth

He goes on his poem describing two swans at the Thames, relating it to the myth of Jove and Leda. According to the myth, Jove falls in love with Leda and comes to court her in the guise of a beautiful swan. The poet feels that the Thames has done justice to his nuptial song by "flowing softly" according to his request: "Sweet Thames run softly till I end my song".

## Connection to the Epithalamion

The poem is often grouped with Spenser's poem about his own marriage, the Epithalamion.

## Adaptations

American-born British poet T. S. Eliot quotes the line "Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song" in his 1922 poem The Waste Land. English composer George Dyson (1883–1964) set words from Prothalamion to music in his 1954 cantata Sweet Thames Run Softly.
# National Child Award

The National Child Award is the most notable among the activities of Bangladesh Shishu Academy. This contest has been held since 1978. Competition was held in two groups of 62 topics in literature, culture and sports. In the upazila level, the first place in the district has participated in the national level after crossing the district level and the zonal level. In this competition, about 3 lakh children participate in the opportunity to develop their talents every year. The goal of this competition is to explore the latent talents and talents of children from the grassroots level.
# Trader

Trader may refer to:
* Merchant, retailer or one who attempts to generally buy wholesale and sell later at a profit
* The owner of a trading post, where manufactured goods were exchanged with native peoples for furs and hides.
* Trader (finance), someone who buys and sells financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, etc.
* Trader Classified Media, classified advertisement company
* Trader Media East, largest classified advertising company in Central and Eastern Europe
* Trader (comics), the name of two separate fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe
* "The Trader", a song by The Beach Boys from their album Holland
* A merchant vessel, a boat or ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This excludes pleasure craft that do not carry passengers for hire and warships
* Grumman C-1 Trader, a piston, carrier born cargo plane.

## Traders

* One of the brands under Shangri-La Hotels
* Traders (video game), a DOS video game published in 1991
* Traders (TV series) (1996–2000), Canadian drama on Global Television Network
# Paolo Bisi

Paolo Bisi (born September 27, 1964, in Piacenza, Italy), is an Italian comic book artist, mostly known for his work on "Mister No", "Zagor" and "Lazarus Ledd" series.
He won the national Italian competition for young comics artist "Pierrlamibichi" in Prato, in 1981. After getting his degree at the Art Institute of Parma, he worked between 1987 and 1993 as a storyboard and layout artist, as well as illustrator for children books, for numerous clients in Milan.
He returned to comics in 1992, with "La Casa dei Fantasmi", a story he created with writer Marcello Toninelli, published in Dark Magazine (Granata Press). He then worked with writer Ade Capone on "Requiem" (Intrepido and Liberty publishers, 1995) and two "Lazarus Ledd" stories (Star Comics).
In 1996, Bisi joined the regular staff of Sergio Bonelli Editore, drawing series "Mister No" and "Zagor". He also made three-part series "Manson" with Cédric Rassat for the French publisher Glénat, about serial killer Charles Manson (2008-2010).
# Vellar cupola

A vellar cupola is a small domed structure or cupola on a larger roof or dome, squared off so that it rests on four corners, as if it was an inflated sail. The squared sections are usually glazed. The corners are pendentive forms.
# Total Control (EP)

Total Control is the first mini-album by Australian indie pop singer-songwriter Missy Higgins, released on 4 March 2022.
As per the press release, Total Control has "themes of exploitation and female empowerment" and its songs were inspired by musical fragments for certain scenes of ABC TV's political drama, Total Control.
The album was co-produced by Higgins's friend Brendon Love, one of the Teskey Brothers. Higgins called the mini-album "about taking control as a woman", "taking back what's yours", the "right to write your own story" and about "finding strength through your love for your family, and your connections to your history".
At the 2022 ARIA Music Awards, the release was nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album.

## Charts

Chart performance for Total Control :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 3 |
# Prothalotia chlorites

Prothalotia chlorites is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 7 mm, its diameter 6 mm. The imperforate shell has an obliquely pyramidal shape. Its color is yellowish-green without spots. The whorls are entirely flat and are transversely sulcate-striate, marginate. Each whorl has 5 elevated transverse lines. The angle of the body whorl is rounded. The base of the shell is slightly convex and contains numerous transverse lines, mostly punctate. The suture is profound. The aperture is subquadrangular. The lip is smooth within. The columella is pretty vertical.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off Western Australia.
# Trader (comics)

Trader, in comics, may refer to:
* One of the Elders of the Universe, a group of ancient beings in Marvel Comics
* One of the Chicago Morlocks, a group of mutants in Marvel Comics
# Thirteen Blue Magic Lane

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Thirteen Blue Magic Lane is the third album by American soul group Blue Magic, produced by Norman Harris and Ron "Have Mercy" Kersey and released in 1975 on the Atco label.

## History

The album was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia and features Sigma's famous house band MFSB. Thirteen Blue Magic Lane is the third of Blue Magic's highly regarded triumvirate of classic Philadelphia soul albums of 1974-1975, admired for its mixture of equally strong ballads and uptempo tracks. "Chasing Rainbows" and "The Loneliest House on the Block" are ballads in the style for which the group had become known, while tracks such as "We're on the Right Track" are seen as being at what was at the time the cutting edge in the development of disco music out of established soul music forms. "What's Come Over Me" is a remake of a track from the group's first album Blue Magic, featuring vocalist Margie Joseph.

## Personnel
### Blue Magic

* Vernon Sawyer, Wendell Sawyer, Richard Pratt, Ted Mills, Keith Beaton – vocals

### Musicians

* Bobby Eli, Norman Harris, Roland Chambers – guitars
* Ron Kersey, Cotton Kent, Dexter Wansel, Ted Mills – keyboards
* Vincent Montana Jr. – vibraphone
* Ronald Baker, Michael Foreman, Rusty Jackmon, Larry LaBes – bass
* Earl Young, Charles Collins, – drums
* Larry Washington, Robert Cupit, Bunny Harris – percussion
* Don Renaldo and his Strings and Horns – strings & horns accompaniment

## Production

* Norman Harris, Ron "Have Mercy" Kersey – producers, arrangement
* Alan Rubens, Steven Bernstein, Bruce Gable – executive producers
* Carl Paruolo, Kenny Present, Jay Mark – recording engineers
* Dirk Devlin, Mike Huchinson, James Gallagher – assistant engineers
* Nimitr Sarikananda, Wayne Wilfong – mastering
* Richard Rome – arrangement
* Ted "Wizard" Mills – rhythm arrangement

## Charts

| Chart (1975) | Peak |
| U.S. Billboard Top LPs | 50 |
| U.S. Billboard Top Soul LPs | 9 |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak |
| Year | Single | US R&B |
| 1975 | "Chasing Rainbows" | 17 |
| 1975 | "What's Come Over Me" (with Margie Joseph) | 11 |
# Pselaphelia

Pselaphelia is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae first described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1904.

## Species

* Pselaphelia antelata Darge, 2003
* Pselaphelia arenivaga Darge, 2003
* Pselaphelia aurata Bouyer, 1992
* Pselaphelia dentifera (Maassen & Weyding, 1885)
* Pselaphelia flavivitta (Walker, 1862)
* Pselaphelia gemmifera (Butler, 1878)
* Pselaphelia hurumai Darge, 2003
* Pselaphelia laclosi Darge, 2002
* Pselaphelia mariaetheresae Darge, 2002
* Pselaphelia neglecta Darge, 2003
* Pselaphelia noellae Bouyer, 2008
* Pselaphelia oremansi Darge, 2008
* Pselaphelia vandenberghei Bouyer, 1992
* Pselaphelia vingerhoedti Bouyer, 2008
# Upper Peirce Reservoir

Upper Peirce Reservoir (Chinese: 贝雅士蓄水池上段) is Singapore's fourth reservoir. The 6-hectare Upper Peirce Reservoir Park overlooks the Upper Peirce Reservoir.

## History

Originally known as the Kallang River Reservoir, Singapore's second reservoir was impounded across the lower reaches of the Kalang River in 1910. In 1922, it was renamed Peirce Reservoir in commendation of the services of Robert Peirce, who was the municipal engineer of Singapore from 1901 to 1916.
In late 1960s, due to increasing demand for water and the need to increase the capacity of Peirce Reservoir, a higher dam was constructed upstream of the existing dam at Peirce Reservoir in 1970.
In 1975, a major water supply project to develop new water resources was undertaken to support Singapore's rapid housing and industrialisation programmes. A dam was constructed at the upper reaches of the Peirce Reservoir, forming the Upper and Lower Peirce Reservoirs.
Upper Peirce Reservoir was officially opened by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 27 February 1977. The fourth and largest reservoir of Singapore has a capacity of 27.8 million m$^3$ of water over 304 hectares of water surface.

## Upper Peirce Reservoir Park

Upper Peirce Reservoir Park is a 5 hectares park beside the reservoir. Adding to its local scenery is the surrounding secondary forest which was protected as a water catchment area when the reservoir was built.
# Panayapilly

Panayapilly is a village in Ernakulam district near Fort Kochi in the Indian state of Kerala.
# Steve Vibert Pouchie

Steve Vibert Pouchie was a Bronx Latin Jazz vibraphonist born on January 18, 1954. He died on August 28, 2015.
After graduating from Bard College in 1976 Pouchie worked as a teacher in the Bronx at Walton High School until 2004.
Pouchie was awarded the New York Post "Liberty Medal" presented to him by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg for his works as an outstanding innovative musical educator.
Despite his educational demands, Pouchie formed a Latin Jazz ensemble to promote that form of music. He played and opened for Tito Puente, Charlie Palmieri, Jimmy Sabater, Dave Valentin and Bobby Sanabria.
Pouchie also produced and directed the Latin Jazz television show "Latin Jazz Alive and Kickin" for many years. In 2002 Pouchie released his first CD "Vibe Mania" and in 2015 he released his final CD, titled "North by Northwest" which included Grammy nominated Wilson "Chembo" Corniel on congas and percussion.
On December 18, 2013 Steve Pouchie held a Merry Christmas Book Party celebration for Grant Harper Reid's biography Rhythm For Sale about Leonard Harper (producer) held at Don Coqui shortcut to Puerto Rico on Latin Jazz Wednesday's.
On August 13, 2015, Steve Pouchie's Latin Jazz Ensemble performed their last "Hotel Beach Concert" at The Claridge Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The concert was in connection with Atlantic City's Chicken Bone Beach Historical Society.
Pouchie died shortly after and was buried on September 4, 2015 at the Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx.
# Track gauge in Europe

Track gauge :
By transport mode :
Rapid transit
Tram
Miniature
Scale model :
By size (list) :
Change of gauge :
Bogie exchange
Break of gauge
Dual gauge
Conversion
list
Variable gauge :
By location :
North America
South America
Europe
Australia :
Most railways in Europe use the standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). Some countries use broad gauge, of which there are three types. Narrow gauges are also in use.

## Broad gauge

* Russian and 5 ft gauge
** 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in): former Soviet Union states
** 1,524 mm (5 ft): Finland and Estonia
    (The difference is within tolerance limits, so it is possible to exchange trains between 1520 mm and 1524 mm networks without changes to the wheelsets, however sometimes issues like stuck rolling stock might occur.)
* Irish gauge
** 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in): Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
* Iberian gauge
** 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in): Portugal and Spain

## High-speed rail

Apart from Russia and Finland, all high-speed rail in Europe uses standard-gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)) tracks.