OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# On the bit

The phrases "on the bit", "behind the bit" and "above the bit" are equestrian terms used to describe a horse's posture relative to the reins and the bridle bit. A position on the bit is submissive to the rider's rein aids, given through the bit. When a horse is behind the bit, the head is tucked too far down and rearward. If above the bit, then the head is too high. Some horses will avoid contact with the bit, rather than correctly accepting it, and come "behind the bit". This may occur either due to evasion by the horse (so it does not have to listen to the rider) or because the rider is using the bit too strongly or physically trying to pull the horse on the bit. It is a very common fault if the rider "see-saws" on the reins.

## Technique

Being on the bit requires the horse to engage the hips and raise the back, which it cannot do when its head is pulled rearward. The neck is connected to the shoulders, and impeding the shoulders prevents extension of the forehand. This will cause the horse to hollow its back. A horse is properly placed, on the bit, by creating impulsion (pushing power) from the rider's driving aids, and then containing this forward energy in the hands, via the reins and bit. Impulsion causes the horse to engage its hind end, lift its back, and finally (when it becomes submissive and accepts contact with the bit, without resistance) results in the horse flexing at the poll, maintaining an elastic contact that is equal on both sides of the bit.
# Shigeo

Shigeo (written: 樹央, 茂雄, 茂生, 茂男, 茂夫, 成雄, 成男, 重雄, 重男, 重夫, 繁雄, 繁男, 晟郎, 殖生 or 滋雄) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Shigeo Anzai (安斎 重男, born 1939), Japanese photographer
* Shigeo Arai (新井 茂雄, 1916–1944), Japanese swimmer
* Shigeo Fukuda (福田 繁雄, 1932–2009), Japanese sculptor and graphic designer
* Shigeo Fukushima (福島 滋雄, born 1943), Japanese swimmer
* Shigeo Gochō (牛腸 茂雄, 1946–1983), Japanese photographer
* Shigeo Hayashi (林 重男, 1918–2002), Japanese photographer
* Shigeo Hirose (広瀬 茂男, born 1947), Japanese inventor and academic
* Shigeo Itoh (伊藤 繁雄, born 1945), Japanese table tennis player
* Shigeo Kishibe (岸辺 成雄, 1912–2005), Japanese musicologist
* Shigeo Kitamura (北村 茂男, born 1945), Japanese politician
* Shigeo Kobayashi (小林 成男, born 1970), Japanese actor
* Shigeo Kurata (倉田 重夫), Japanese botanist
* Shigeo Maruyama (丸山 茂雄, born 1941), Japanese businessman
* Shigeo Maruyama (丸山 茂夫), Japanese engineer
* Matsunobori Shigeo (松登 晟郎, 1924-1986), Japanese sumo wrestler
* Shigeo Nagashima (長嶋 茂雄, born 1936), Japanese baseball player and manager
* Shigeo Nakagawa (中川 重雄, born 1910), Japanese swimmer
* Shigeo Nakajima (中島 成雄, born 1954), Japanese boxer
* Shigeo Nakata (中田 茂男, born 1945), Japanese sport wrestler
* Shigeo Ogata (緒方 茂生, born 1968), Japanese footballer
* Shigeo Okumura (奥村 茂雄, born 1972), Japanese professional wrestler
* Shigeo Omae (大前 繁雄, born 1942), Japanese politician
* Shigeo Onoue (尾上 恵生, born 1976), Japanese footballer
* Shigeo Sasaki (佐々木 重夫, 1912–1987), Japanese mathematician
* Shigeo Satomura (里村 茂夫, 1919–1960), Japanese physicist
* Shigeo Sawairi (沢入 重雄, born 1963), Japanese footballer and manager
* Shigeo Shingo (新郷 重夫, 1909–1990), Japanese engineer
* Shigeo Sugimoto (杉本 茂雄, 1926–2002), Japanese footballer
* Shigeo Sugiura (杉浦 重雄, 1917–1988), Japanese swimmer
* Shigeo Takahashi (高橋 茂雄, born 1976), Japanese owarai tarento
* Shigeo Takaya (高谷 茂男, born 1937), Japanese mayor
* Shigeo Takii (滝井 繁男, born 1936), Japanese judge
* Shigeo Tokuda (徳田 重男, born 1934), Japanese AV actor
* Shigeo Tomita (富田 樹央, born 1982), Japanese actor
* Shigeo Yaegashi (八重樫 茂生, 1933–2011), Japanese footballer and manager
* Shigeo Yanagida (柳田 殖生, born 1982), Japanese baseball player
# Shigetaka Katsuhisa

Shigetaka Katsuhisa (勝久重隆, Katsuhisa Shigetaka, born 4 September 1911, date of death unknown) was a Japanese water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Onyx (Ava Inferi album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Onyx is the fourth studio album of gothic/doom metal band, Ava Inferi. It was released on Season of Mist in 2011.

## Description

The album was mixed and mastered by Dan Swanö.
“The onyx stone has been attributed with many meanings over the ages”, states guitarist and composer Rune Eriksen.
“An ancient tale relates how a crooked cupid cut the fingernails of the sleeping Venus. Coming from a goddess these were transformed into the gem known on earth as onyx. An amusing and inspiring tale, yet we aimed for the metaphysical properties of this peculiar stone as it is believed to increase happiness, intuition and developing one’s instincts. In magical lore it has a darker side as well. An imprisoned demon spreads terror and nightmares to the ones within the gems reach at night and it might cause clairvoyance for its bearer. All these attributes concern our new album both on its lyrical side as well as inspiring our music.”

## Track listing

* "Onyx" – 4:49
* "The Living End" – 6:49
* "A Portal" – 4:56
* "((Ghostlights))" – 6:57
* "Majesty" – 5:56
* "The Heathen Island" – 9:19
* "By Candlelight and Mirrors" – 5:48
* "Venice in Fog" – 5:59

## Personnel

* Carmen Susana Simões — vocals
* Rune Eriksen - electric and clean guitars, effects, vocals in "The Living End"
* André Sobral - guitar
* Joana Messias - bass
* João Samora - drums, percussion
# Sholaga language

The Sholaga (Soliga) language is a Dravidian language related to Kannada and Tamil, spoken by the Soliga people.

## Other names

Sholaga language, is also known as Kadu Sholigar, Sholiga, Sholigar, Solaga, Solega, Soliga, Soligar, Solanayakkans, Sholanayika.

## Phonology

The tables present the vowel and the consonant phonemes of Sholaga.

### Vowels

| | Front | Front | Central | Central | Central | Central | Back | Back |
| | short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long |
| High | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | ʉ | ʉː | u | uː |
| Mid | e | eː | ə | əː | ɵ | ɵː | o | oː |
| Low | | | a | aː | | | | |
Zvelebil had listed centralized <ä, ǟ> in the phonology. The real quality distinguishing <ä, ǟ> and <a, ā> isn't clear.
* There are phonemic nasal vowels.

### Consonants

Consonants :
| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal/ Pst.alv | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | | ŋ | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ʃ | k | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s | | | | h |
| Approximant | Approximant | ʋ | l | ɭ | j | | |
| Rhotic | Rhotic | | ɾ⠀r | ɽ | | | |
* /s/ in free variation with [ʃ].

## Classification

Sholaga is classified as a Dravidian language, more specifically South Dravidian. Dravidian languages are split into five main categories by the name of Southern, South Central, Central, North and Unclassified. Sholaga falls into the Southern category which is then split into the three categories: Tamil-Kannada, Macro-Tulu, and unclassified. Sholaga falls into the Tamil-Kannada category.

## Words

| English | Sholaga |
| tiger | dodinayi |
| elephant | coquedana |
| elephant with huge tusks | coquedonga |
| female elephant with growing tusks | coreyani |
| deer | Maan |
| Sambar deer | kadave |
| Chital | saraga |
| Moss Deer | koore |
| muntjac | tadu-koori |
| Area with boulders and rarely any rain | udugaru |
| An evergreen forest | Patchai kadu |
# Ontoko Combined School

Ontoko Combined School is a school in the Omusati Region in northern Namibia. It is situated 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Epalela and 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Outapi. The school lies within an area occupied by marginalised communities, particularly Ovahimba, Ovahumbi, Ovazemba, Ovandongona, and Ovangambwe. School patron is Niilo Taapopi, former CEO of the City of Windhoek.
# Open Places

Open Places is a 1917 American silent Western film directed by W. S. Van Dyke and starring Jack Gardner, Carl Stockdale and Ruth King.

## Cast

* Jack Gardner as Constable Calhoun
* Carl Stockdale as Dan Clark
* Ruth King as Mollie Andrews
# Open Path Collective

Open Path Collective is a nonprofit network of psychotherapy professionals who offer discounted services to members. Providers offer both in person and telemedicine services. Rates are offered at a significant discount to prevailing local prices for mental health services. The collective was started by Paul Fugelsang in 2013.
Membership is reserved for people who make less than $100,000 per year, and who cannot find providers through their insurance plan. To become a member, clients are asked to self certify that they are financially eligible, and cannot find appropriate care through their insurance. Clients also pay a one-time $65 fee to become a lifetime member. If their financial situation changes, members are expected to reevaluate the fee structure with their therapist. Couples who use the service are only charged one membership fee when they use couples therapy.
The network includes, licensed professional counselors, interns, and pre-licensed professionals; all of which offer their services at different prices. There is no cost for therapists to list their name in the directory.
# Onkraj Meže

Onkraj Meže (pronounced) is a dispersed settlement in the hills above the right bank of the Meža River in the Municipality of Mežica in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia.
# Shinchi Shell Mound - Tenagamyō Jinja Site

Shinchi Shell Midden - Tenagamyō Jinja Site (新地貝塚附手長明神社跡, Shinchi kaizuka tsuketari Tenagamyō Jinja ato) is an archaeological site containing a Jōmon period shell midden located in what is now part of the town of Shinchi, Fukushima in the southern Tōhoku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1930.

## Overview

During the early to middle Jōmon period (approximately 4000 to 2500 BC), sea levels were five to six meters higher than at present, and the ambient temperature was also 2 deg C higher. During this period, the Tōhoku region was inhabited by the Jōmon people, many of whom lived in coastal settlements. The middens associated with such settlements contain bone, botanical material, mollusc shells, sherds, lithics, and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with the now-vanished inhabitants, and these features, provide a useful source into the diets and habits of Jōmon society.
Most of these middens are found along the Pacific coast of Japan, and the rocky ria coast from Iwate through northern Fukushima Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period. The site is located in a rural area near the Pacific Ocean. The midden has been known since at least the Edo Period. Sakuma Yoshikazu, a local scholar, described it a journal listing the holdings of the Date clan. compiled at the order of the 4th daimyō of Sendai Domain, Date Tsunamura. Per this account, a small Shinto shrine near this midden was dedicated to the kami of Mount Kare, a 430-meter mountain to the west of town. A giant, the "Tenaga Myojin" lived on the mountain and had very long arms - so long that it could reach the ocean to pick up shellfish (its favorite food), whose shells it would deposit on what became the Shinchi Shell Midden.
The shell midden attracted attention from archaeologists in the Meiji period and initial excavations were conducted in 1890 and in 1924 by Tokyo Imperial University. In addition to the expected shells and animal and fish bones, the midden was found to contain a unique design of pottery with ruffled decoration which was dubbed "Shichi-style pottery". The shell midden dates from approximately 4000 years ago. The Shinto shrine disappeared around 1887, but its foundations were discovered.
The site has a stone marker and explanatory signboard. It is located about 30 minutes on foot from Shinchi Station on the JR East Joban Line.
# Operating certificate

Operating certificate is a category of license issued by a government agency allowing an individual or company to provide a controlled type of service. These certificates are generally issued for a limited time period. Certificates can have intrinsic value and in some cases can be sold.
The term can be used to describe the document issued to operate any of the following:
* Airline; (known as an Air Operator's Certificate) the authority to operate an airline
* Airport; in the United States, the authority to operate an airport
* Adult care facility; generally issued by a local authority
* Transportation company; generally issued by a local authority
# Openlaw

Openlaw is a project at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School aimed at releasing case arguments under a copyleft license, in order to encourage public suggestions for improvement.
Berkman lawyers specialise in cyberlaw—hacking, copyright, encryption and so on—and the centre has strong ties with the EFF and the open source software community. In 1998 faculty member Lawrence Lessig, now at Stanford Law School, was asked by online publisher Eldritch Press to mount a legal challenge to US copyright law. Eldritch takes books whose copyright has expired and publishes them on the Web, but legislation called the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act extended copyright from 50 to 70 years after the author's death, cutting off its supply of new material. Lessig invited law students at Harvard and elsewhere to help craft legal arguments challenging the new law on an online forum, which evolved into Openlaw.
Normal law firms write arguments the way commercial software companies write code. Lawyers discuss a case behind closed doors, and although their final product is released in court, the discussions or "source code" that produced it remain secret. In contrast, Openlaw crafts its arguments in public and releases them under a copyleft license. "We deliberately used free software as a model," said Wendy Seltzer, who took over Openlaw when Lessig moved to Stanford. Around 50 legal scholars worked on Eldritch's case, and Openlaw has taken other cases, too.
"The gains are much the same as for software," Seltzer says. "Hundreds of people scrutinise the 'code' for bugs, and make suggestions how to fix it. And people will take underdeveloped parts of the argument, work on them, then patch them in." Armed with arguments crafted in this way, Openlaw took Eldritch's case—deemed unwinnable at the outset—right through the system to the Supreme Court. The case, Eldred v. Ashcroft, lost in 2003.
Among the drawbacks to this approach: the arguments are made in public from the start, so Openlaw can't spring a surprise in court. Nor can it take on cases where confidentiality is important. But where there's a strong public interest element, open sourcing has big advantages. Citizens' rights groups, for example, have taken parts of Openlaw's legal arguments and used them elsewhere. "People use them on letters to Congress, or put them on flyers," Seltzer says.
# Opening theory

Opening theory may refer to:
* Backgammon opening theory
* Chess opening theory
* Go opening theory
# Shone (surname)

Shone is a surname.
Those bearing it include:
* Gwen Alston (née Shone) (1907–1993) British aerodynamicist and educationalist known for work on spinning tunnels and aircraft flight-testing during World War II, and involvement in flight education.
* John D. Shone (fl. 1960s), American physician, eponym of Shone's syndrome
* William Shone (British Army officer) (1850–1938), British general
* William Shone (footballer) (1857–?), Welsh international footballer
* John Shone (1935), British clergyman, dean of the United Diocese of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane from 1982 to 1989
* Thomas Shone (1784-1868), British, 1820 Settler in South Africa
* Tom Shone (fl. 1990s), British writer
* Richard Shone (1949), British art historian
* Samuel Shone (1820-1901), Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh from 1884 to 1897
* Lowri Shone (1996), English ballerina
* Tom Shone, American film critic and writer
* George Shone (1922-2009), English footballer
* Danny Shone (born 1899), English association footballer who played as a striker for Liverpool F.C.
* Tristan Shone, musician
* Sir Terence Shone KCMG (1894-1965) British diplomat who served as the United Kingdom's Minister to Syria and Lebanon from 1944
# Shire of Waranga

The Shire of Waranga was a local government area about 165 kilometres (103 mi) north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of 1,644.19 square kilometres (634.8 sq mi), and existed from 1863 until 1994.

## History

Waranga was incorporated as a road district on 1 June 1863, and became a shire on 30 October 1865.
A large area was annexed to the Shire of Echuca on 10 October 1879, which later became known as the Shire of Deakin. The Shire of Rodney was severed and incorporated on 19 March 1886. On 16 May 1956, another loss of area occurred, when the Shire of Goulburn annexed some land in Waranga's southeast.
On 18 November 1994, the Shire of Waranga was abolished, and along with the City of Echuca, the Town of Kyabram, the Shires of Deakin and Rochester and some neighbouring districts, was merged into the newly created Shire of Campaspe. The Murchison district was transferred to the newly created City of Greater Shepparton.

## Wards

Waranga was divided into four ridings on 5 May 1971, each of which elected three councillors:
* North Riding
* South Riding
* East Riding
* West Riding

## Towns and localities

* Colbinabbin
* Corop
* Mathiesons
* Murchison
* Rushworth*
* Toolleen
* Whroo
* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1954 | 4,655 |
| 1958 | 4,690* |
| 1961 | 4,528 |
| 1966 | 4,502 |
| 1971 | 4,333 |
| 1976 | 4,187 |
| 1981 | 4,187 |
| 1986 | 4,196 |
| 1991 | 4,396 |
* Estimate in the 1958 Victorian Year Book.
# Shire of Waroona

The Shire of Waroona is a local government area in the Peel region of Western Australia between Mandurah and Harvey and about 110 kilometres (68 miles) south of Perth, the state capital. The Shire covers an area of about 835 km$^2$ (322 sq mi) and its seat of government is the town of Waroona.

## History

The Drakesbrook Road District was established on 29 April 1898, seceding from the larger Murray Road District. The road district maintained the Drakesbrook name for some years after the town itself was renamed, but on 1 July 1961 it was declared a shire as the Shire of Waroona following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.

## Wards

The shire no longer has wards, it is made up of eight councillors who represent the whole of the Shire.

## Towns and localities

The towns and localities of the Shire of Waroona with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
| Suburb | Population | Area |
| Hamel | 286 (SAL 2021) | 22.3 km$^2$ (8.6 sq mi) |
| Lake Clifton | 759 (SAL 2021) | 79.5 km$^2$ (30.7 sq mi) |
| Nanga Brook | 0 (SAL 2016) | 262.2 km$^2$ (101.2 sq mi) |
| Preston Beach | 268 (SAL 2021) | 72.2 km$^2$ (27.9 sq mi) |
| Wagerup | 52 (SAL 2021) | 154.9 km$^2$ (59.8 sq mi) |
| Waroona | 2,868 (SAL 2021) | 241.2 km$^2$ (93.1 sq mi) |

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1911 | 867 | — |
| 1921 | 1,005 | +1.49% |
| 1933 | 1,519 | +3.50% |
| 1947 | 1,636 | +0.53% |
| 1954 | 1,934 | +2.42% |
| 1961 | 1,793 | −1.08% |
| 1966 | 1,829 | +0.40% |
| 1971 | 1,969 | +1.49% |
| 1976 | 1,895 | −0.76% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1981 | 2,434 | +5.13% |
| 1986 | 2,488 | +0.44% |
| 1991 | 3,033 | +4.04% |
| 1996 | 3,262 | +1.47% |
| 2001 | 3,258 | −0.02% |
| 2006 | 3,450 | +1.15% |
| 2011 | 3,582 | +0.75% |
| 2016 | 4,148 | +2.98% |
| 2021 | 4,234 | +0.41% |

## Heritage-listed places

As of 2023, 38 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Waroona, of which four are on the State Register of Heritage Places.
# Only Lovers Left Alive (novel)

Only Lovers Left Alive is a 1964 dystopian fiction novel by Dave Wallis. It describes a near-future society in which all adults have committed suicide and teenagers are able to run wild. With its theme of youth in charge and out of control, the book hit a chord with the emerging counter-culture, and a film adaptation starring the Rolling Stones and directed by Nicholas Ray was planned in the mid-1960s.

## Publication

Wallis was an English writer working as a supply teacher, with two previous novels, and he was in his late 40s when it came out. After being rejected by his previous publisher Heinemann, Only Lovers Left Alive was published by Anthony Blond with a print run of 10,000 copies, high for a comparatively unknown author. US paperback rights were sold for US$25,000.

## Plot

All adults have committed suicide, and teenagers are left to their own devices. Gangs war with each other, while more sensible teens try to establish a new society.

## Response

The Observer praised the novel's first half for linking the teenagers' destructiveness to the violence of present-day society, but found it tended towards an adventure novel full of cliche and sensationalism. Kirkus said "characters are perfectly banal and the author's imagination pedestrian". The New York Times called the book's premise "irresistible".

## Cultural influence

The novel gained a cultural importance, being viewed as a symbol of the rising power of teenagers in popular culture. It was banned by Irish censors in 1966.
It was considered as a possible film project for the Rolling Stones in the mid-1960s, with Nicholas Ray possibly to direct in 1966. Ray's involvement only lasted a few weeks of trans-Atlantic travel and press conferences. According to Billboard, Andrew Loog Oldham and Allen Klein were to produce, and the band would have received US$1 million.
The novel inspired the Kids Rule O.K. story in the British IPC Magazines comic Action. Like Only Lovers Left Alive, Kids Rule O.K. depicted a dystopian world where most adults had died and gangs of teenagers roamed the cities. Kids Rule O.K. provoked a public outcry and led to Action being suspended by its publishers. When Action reappeared, the Kids Rule O.K. story had been removed from the publication.
The novel lent its title to the 1981 album by The Wanderers, a new wave act featuring Stiv Bators and Dave Tregunna (both later of The Lords of the New Church), a The (International) Noise Conspiracy song, and a 2006 song by English band The Long Blondes. The Pet Shop Boys' 1993 song "Dreaming of the Queen" also references the novel's title, as does the 1976 Horslips song "Sword of Light". Marco Pirroni of Adam and the Ants named a record label after the book. It is also reported as having been a favorite book of Doors singer Jim Morrison. A 2013 film directed by Jim Jarmusch appropriates the same title, but is not an adaptation of the Wallis novel. KMFDM's 2017 album, Hell Yeah, features a song, "Only Lovers", that mentions the title of the book in its chorus.