OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RD1

RD1 or 0140+326 RD1 is a distant galaxy, it once held the title of most distant galaxy known. RD1 was discovered in March 1998, and is at z = 5.34, and was the first object found to exceed redshift 5. It bested the previous recordholders, a pair of galaxies at z=4.92 lensed by the galaxy cluster CL 1358+62 (CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2). It was the most distant object known to mankind for a few months in 1998, until BR1202-0725 LAE was discovered at z = 5.64.

## Distance measurements

The "distance" of a far away galaxy depends on the chosen distance measurement. With a redshift of 5.34, light from this galaxy is estimated to have taken around 12.5 billion years to reach us. But since this galaxy is receding from Earth, the present comoving distance is estimated to be around 26 billion light-years.
# Swetland Publishing Company

Swetland Publishing Company, was founded in 1904 by Horace Monroe Swetland (1853–1924), an American entrepreneur who founded several publishing houses. Swetland Publishing Company owned The American Architect.

## Swetland's Architectural Journal

The American Architect and Building News (AABN) was a periodical on architecture and building published in the US during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
* 1876 — The American Architect and Building News began publication.
* 1909 — AABN changed name to the American Architect (AA).
* 1921 — AA changed its name again to The American Architect and Architectural Review (AAAR), for a serial it absorbed.
* 1925 — AAAR changed its name back to The American Architect.
* 1938 — American Architect ceased publication because it was absorbed into the Architectural Record.

## Swetland publications mentioned in Wikipedia

* Alfred Dwight Foster Hamlin; Charles B.J. Snyder (1910). Modern School Houses; a series of authoritative articles on planning, sanitation, heating and ventilation (PDF). The Swetland Publishing Co.
# USS LST-316

USS LST-316 was one of 390 tank landing ships (LSTs) built for the United States Navy during World War II.
LST-316 was laid down on 15 October 1942 at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York; launched on 28 January 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Pearl Magdalene Frick; and commissioned on 3 February 1943.

## Service history

During World War II, LST-316 was assigned to the European theater and participated in the Sicilian occupation (July 1943), Salerno landings (September 1943), and Invasion of Normandy (June 1944).
Upon her return to the United States, she was decommissioned on 24 May 1945 for conversion to landing craft repair ship USS Cerberus (ARL-43) at New York Navy Yard. The conversion was canceled 12 September 1945 and the ship reverted to LST-316; she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 March 1946. On 23 December 1946 she was sold to James Hughes, Inc. of New York, New York for conversion to merchant service.
LST-316 earned three battle stars for World War II service.
# Süd-Afrikanischer Volkskalender

The Süd-Afrikanischer Volks-Kalender ( English: South African [German] Peoples Year Book) was a series of Almanacs published by Hermann Michaelis (born in Rendsburg, Germany 1855, died Johannesburg, South Africa 1913.) between 1887 and 1913. The almanacs contain information on the German community in South Africa at the time and have been described as a rich resource for historians and genealogists.
The almanac was originally authored by G.W. Wagener, pastor of the St Martini German Evangelical Lutheran Church.
The original aim of the almanac was to help new German immigrants acclimatize to South Africa and gave advice on how to adapt to the Southern Hemisphere seasons. The almanacs were originally published by Hermann Michaelis Publishers and German Book dealers based in Cape Town. From 1912 Herman Michaelis authored the almanacs himself from his publishing company which had relocated to Johannesburg
At least 4 editions were published:
There were plans for a 1914 edition but this never materialised. Possible reasons for the discontinuation of the almanac include the death of Hermann Michaelis (died by cyanide poisoning on 18.11.1913) and the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
The almanac was succeeded by the Afrikanischer Heimatkalender (English: "African Home Calender") which was published from 1930-2009 by the Federal Council of Churches of the German Federation of Churches in South and Southwest Africa.
# Western Naval Base (Ukraine)

Western Naval Base is the current main naval base of the Armed Forces of Ukraine located in Odesa along the northwest coast of the Black Sea. It is one of two active naval bases of the Ukrainian Navy along with the Azov Naval Base in Berdyansk. Until 2014, Ukraine also operated the Southern Naval Base and Main Naval Base in Sevastopol.
The Western Naval Base was formerly a base of the Soviet Navy.

## Units

* 1st Guard and Patrol Division, A2951
* 22nd Separate Radio and Engineering company, A2408
* 28th Naval Auxiliary Division, A4414
* 30th Separate Surface Ship Division, A0937
* 31st Supply Ships Division

## Commanders

* Ukrainian Dmytro Stepanovych (1994—2002)
* Khachaturov Karen Yervandovych (2003—2012)
* Ihor Petrovych Zaitsev (2012—2013)
* Kinzersky Yevhen Eduardovych (2013—2015)
* Doskato Oleksii Olehovych (2015—2018)
# Spinnaker Island (Lake Burley Griffin)

Spinnaker Island, within Lake Burley Griffin, is located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. In total there are six islands in the lake, but only three are named.
Spinnaker Island and Springbank Island are both located in the West Basin of the lake. The West Basin extends from the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge to Black Mountain Peninsula.
In 2010, invasive exotic vegetation were found on the island, requiring a controlled burn-off for their removal and to reduce the presence of weeds.
# Viviane Okoula

Viviane Okoula is a Congolese handball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Tóngzigōng

Tóngzigōng (童子功) is a form of qigong exercise stressing flexibility. This art form is part of the curriculum of Shaolin Kung Fu. It is very rare to find masters, however, this is one of the basics that is learned at the Shaolin Temple, and is learned very early. Tongzigong must be practiced regularly before the body has matured, for the skill to reach its highest levels. It is often referred to as the Childish Skills. The skill becomes harder to master, once the bones are set.
# Weisstein

Weisstein (German for "white stone") can refer to:

## People

* Eric W. Weisstein (born 1969), American encyclopedist
* Naomi Weisstein (1939–2015), American cognitive psychologist, neuroscientist, author, and professor

## Places

* Paide, Estonia
* Bilyi Kamin, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
* Weisstein, Waldenburg
# Raby Mere

Raby Mere is a hamlet on the Wirral Peninsula, England. Adjacent to the Green Belt, woodland and open countryside, it is known for its mere, a lake that has been used for leisure purposes for many years. The hamlet of Raby is located two miles (three kilometres) west.
Since local government reorganisation on 1 April 1974, Raby Mere has been situated administratively within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral. It is in the Clatterbridge Ward in the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South. At the time of the 2011 Census, Raby Mere, with its small residential area of exclusively detached homes, had a total population of 750.

## Geography

Raby Mere is in the south-eastern part of the Wirral Peninsula, approximately 13 km (8 mi) south-southeast of the Irish Sea at Wallasey, about 7.5 km (4+3⁄4 mi) east of the Dee Estuary at Gayton and about 3.5 km (2+1⁄4 mi) west of the River Mersey at Eastham. The mere is at an elevation of around 24 m (79 ft) above sea level.
vteNeighbouring places :
Clatterbridge
Spital
Bromborough
Thornton Hough Raby
Raby Mere
Bromborough
Little Neston
Willaston
Bromborough :

## Community

The parish churches are All Saints Church, Thornton Hough and St George's Church, Thornton Hough. The local primary school is Thornton Hough Primary.

## Transport
### Road

The M53 motorway runs along the western side of Raby Mere. The nearest access point is at Junction 4 of the motorway, about two kilometres (1+1⁄4 mi) north.

### Bus

The hamlet is served by the Number 84 bus that runs Mondays to Saturdays every two hours during the day from Heswall to Raby Mere via Clatterbridge, Spital and Bromborough run by Avon Buses.
# Motor disorder

Motor disorders are disorders of the nervous system that cause abnormal and involuntary movements. They can result from damage to the motor system.
Motor disorders are defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) – published in 2013 to replace the fourth text revision (DSM-IV-TR) – as a new sub-category of neurodevelopmental disorders. The DSM-5 motor disorders include developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome.

## Signs and symptoms

Motor disorders are malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body. These disorders can cause lack of intended movement or an excess of involuntary movement. Symptoms of motor disorders include tremors, jerks, twitches, spasms, contractions, or gait problems.
Tremor is the uncontrollable shaking of an arm or a leg. Twitches or jerks of body parts may occur due to a startling sound or unexpected, sudden pain. Spasms and contractions are temporary abnormal resting positions of hands or feet. Spasms are temporary while contractions could be permanent. Gait problems are problems with the way one walks or runs. This can mean an unsteady pace or dragging of the feet along with other possible irregularities.

## Causes

Pathological changes of certain areas of the brain are the main causes of most motor disorders. Causes of motor disorders by genetic mutation usually affect the cerebrum. The way humans move requires many parts of the brain to work together to perform a complex process. The brain must send signals to the muscles instructing them to perform a certain action. There are constant signals being sent to and from the brain and the muscles that regulate the details of the movement such as speed and direction, so when a certain part of the brain malfunctions, the signals can be incorrect or uncontrollable causing involuntary or uncontrollable actions or movements.
# USS Ulysses

USS Ulysses may refer to:
* SS Ulysses (Panama Collier No. 1), a United States Navy-designed collier built under U.S. Navy supervision for the Panama Canal Company in 1914; never commissioned in the United States Navy; converted to a tanker in 1930; renamed San Blas in 1942; burned and sank at La Plata in 1944
* USS Ulysses (ARB-9), an LST-542-class tank landing ship built in 1944; converted to a battle damage repair ship; decommissioned in 1946; transferred to West Germany in 1961; final fate unknown
# Südangeln

Südangeln is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Böklund.
The Amt Südangeln consists of the following municipalities:
| Böklund Brodersby-Goltoft Havetoft Idstedt Klappholz Neuberend Nübel Schaalby | Stolk Struxdorf Süderfahrenstedt Taarstedt Tolk Twedt Uelsby |
54°36′00″N 9°34′01″E﻿ / ﻿54.600°N 9.567°E﻿ / 54.600; 9.567
* This Schleswig-Flensburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Rachel Beck

Rachel Beck (born November 19, 1983) is a singer-songwriter from Stratford, Prince Edward Island, Canada. She released her self-titled debut record March 2, 2018. Her lead single 'Reckless Heart' reached #1 on the CBC Music Top 20 Chart and earned Beck a SOCAN #1 Award. In addition, her record garnered eight nominations at the 2019 Music PEI Awards and two nominations at the 2019 East Coast Music Awards. Beck was awarded the Music PEI Rising Star Recording of the Year and Pop Recording of the Year.
# Spilonota albicana

Spilonota albicana, the white fruit moth, larger apple fruit moth or eye-spotted bud moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Tianjin, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu), Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) and Russia (Transbaikalia, Russian Far East). It has been accidentally introduced in the Netherlands.
The wingspan is 13–15 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-May to June and from mid-July to the end of August in two generations per year.
The larvae feed on Malus pumila, Malus sieboldii, Malus mandshurica, Malus pallasiana, Photinia glabra, Pyrus species, Armeniaca vulgaris, Amygdalus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, Cerasus pseudocerasus, Cerasus tomentosa, Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus dahurica, Crataegus maximowiczii, Sorbus amurensis, Larix leptolepis, Larix gmelini and Corylus heterophylla.
# Priocera

Priocera is a genus of checkered beetles in the family Cleridae. There are about seven described species in Priocera.

## Species

These seven species belong to the genus Priocera:
* Priocera apicalis Thomson, 1860$^g$
* Priocera aurosignata
* Priocera castanea (Newman, 1838)$^{icgb}$
* Priocera catalinae Cazier, 1939$^{icg}$
* Priocera chiricahuae Knull, 1939$^{icgb}$
* Priocera pusilla Kirby, 1826$^{icg}$
* Priocera quadrigibbosa Thomson, 1860$^g$
* Priocera spinosa (Fabricius, 1801)$^g$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# UB6

UB6 may refer to:
* UB6, a postcode district in the UB postcode area
* SM UB-6, World War I German submarine
* UB6, a grade of stainless steel, also known by other designations as grade 904L or 1.4539
# Nicholas Howe

Nicholas Howe (February 17, 1953 – September 27, 2006) was an American scholar of Old English literature and culture, whose Migration and Mythmaking in Anglo-Saxon England (1989) was an important contribution to the study of Old English literature and historiography.

## Biography

Howe was born in Princeton, New Jersey, on February 17, 1953, a child of academic parents: his father, Irving Howe (1920–1993), was a celebrated literary critic, historian of Jewish immigrants to America and a prominent American socialist; his mother, Thalia Phillies, was a classicist and academic. Howe received a B.A. in English from York University (1974) and a PhD in English from Yale University (1978). His dissertation, The Latin Encyclopedia Tradition and Old English Poetry, was the basis for The Old English Catalogue Poems: A Study in Poetic Form (1985). He taught at Rutgers University (1978–85), then at the University of Oklahoma (until 1991), and then at Ohio State University where he led the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1995–2002). In 2002 he moved to California, to the University of California, Berkeley. He died of leukemia on September 27, 2006.

## Scholarship and influence

Howe's Migration and Mythmaking, first published in 1989 and reprinted in 2001, was a study of Anglo-Saxon culture and literature. Howe argued that the Anglo-Saxons, descendants of peoples who had traveled from continental Europe to settle Britain and then returned to Europe to convert their pagan forebears (Howe discusses Wilfrid, Saint Willibrord, and Saint Boniface, in connection with such poems as Beowulf and Exodus), were very conscious of their return to Europe and saw themselves as an integral part of and parallel to "the Israelite and Hebrew migration in biblical history". The book "influenced a generation of scholars".
In addition to his scholarship of Old English (and he was fond of discussing and publishing on parallels between Old English and modern culture and literature), Howe had an interest in geography and in American landscape and culture (including "theme parks, fast-food America, and construction cranes"), and published a number of (academic) articles in that field. His Across an Inland Sea: Writing in Place from Buffalo to Berlin is a memoir of recollections and travel writing.

## Selected works

* The Old English Catalogue Poems: A Study in Poetic Form (1985)
* Migration and Mythmaking in Anglo-Saxon England (1989)
* Across an Inland Sea: Writing in Place from Buffalo to Berlin (2003)
* Home and Homelessness in the Medieval and Renaissance World (U of Notre Dame P, 2004)
* Writing the Map of Anglo-Saxon England: Essays in Cultural Geography (Yale UP, 2007)
* Howe, Nicholas (2012). "Who's Afraid of Translating Beowulf?". In Schulman, Jana K. & Szarmach, Paul E. (eds.). Beowulf at Kalamazoo: Essays on Translation and Performance. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 31–49. ISBN 978-1-58044-152-0.

## Honors

Howe held a Guggenheim Fellowship (2002–2003) and was elected a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America in 2005.
# Vasa recta (kidney)

The vasa recta of the kidney, (vasa recta renis) are the straight arterioles, and the straight venules of the kidney, – a series of blood vessels in the blood supply of the kidney that enter the medulla as the straight arterioles, and leave the medulla to ascend to the cortex as the straight venules. (Latin: vās, "vessel"; rēctus, "straight"). They lie parallel to the loop of Henle.
These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla). They enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. Whereas the peritubular capillaries surround the cortical parts of the tubules, the vasa recta go into the medulla and are closer to the loop of Henle, and leave to ascend to the cortex.
Terminations of the vasa recta form the straight venules, branches from the plexuses at the apices of the medullary pyramids. They run outward in a straight course between the tubes of the medullary substance and join the interlobular veins to form venous arcades. These in turn unite and form veins which pass along the sides of the renal pyramids. The descending vasa recta have a non-fenestrated endothelium that contains a facilitated transport for urea; the ascending vasa recta have, on the other hand, a fenestrated endothelium.

## Structure
### Microanatomy

On a histological slide, the straight arterioles can be distinguished from the tubules of the loop of Henle by the presence of blood.

## Function

Each straight arteriole has a hairpin turn in the medulla and carries blood at a very slow rate – two factors crucial in the maintenance of countercurrent exchange that prevent washout of the concentration gradients established in the renal medulla.
The maintenance of this concentration gradient is one of the components responsible for the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine.
On the descending portion of the vasa recta, sodium, chloride and urea are reabsorbed into the blood, while water is secreted. On the ascending portion, sodium chloride and urea are secreted into the interstitium, while water is reabsorbed.

## Clinical significance

The slow blood flow in the straight arterioles makes them a likely location of thrombosis from thrombophilia, or tissue loss due to red blood cell sickling in sickle cell disease. Ischemia that results may lead to renal papillary necrosis.

## Nomenclature

According to Terminologia Anatomica, the term "vasa recta renis" is an alternate name for "arteriolae rectae renis", and a separate term, venulae rectae renis, is used to identify the venous portion.
However, other sources consider "vasa recta" to refer to both the arterial and venous portions.
The term vasa recta is also used for the intestines – vasa recta (intestines) (in the ileum and jejunum)
# Svojnovo

Svojnovo is a village in the municipality of Paraćin, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1,386 people.
# T&T Survival Kit

T&T Survival Kit is a 1981 role-playing game supplement published by Flying Buffalo for Tunnels & Trolls.

## Contents

T&T Survival Kit is a plastic 3-ring notebook that folds out so that it can also be used as a gamemaster's screen.

## Reception

Forrest Johnson reviewed T&T Survival Kit in The Space Gamer No. 43. Pulsipher commented that "A high quality product [...] I predict will see use in a lot of games, besides the one for which it was intended."
# What Are Records?

What Are Records? (or W.A.R.?) is an independent record label located in Boulder, Colorado. Founded in New York City in 1991 by owner Rob Gordon, former director of A&R at EMI, the company moved to Boulder in 1994.
W.A.R.? has released over 100 records by Frank Black (of The Pixies), Bill Burr, Stephen Lynch, The Samples, Maceo Parker, Melissa Ferrick, and Whitest Kids U' Know.

## History

What Are Records? was founded in Gordon's New York City loft in 1991. From the beginning, it fostered a direct-to-stores and direct-to-consumers distribution strategy Friend of Gordon and The Samples then-manager, Ted Guggenheim, urged W.A.R.? to sign The Samples and they soon were among the first signings to the label. Other early acts included comedian Stephen Lynch, funk saxophone legend Maceo Parker (known for having played in James Brown’s band), former Squeeze frontman Glen Tilbrook, Grammy and Tony-nominated composer and piano man David Yazbek, singer-songwriter David Wilcox, and singer-songwriter Melissa Ferrick.
Gordon relocated the company to Boulder in 1991 and has been operating out of the offices designed by architect Charles Haertling ever since.

## Current artists

* Stephen Lynch
* The Whitest Kids U' Know
* Trace Bundy

## Catalog artists

* Bill Burr
* Between The Lines
* Cycomotogoat
* Daniel MacKenzie
* David Wilcox
* Everything
* Fancey
* Felicia Michaels
* Figurine
* Flickerstick
* Frank Black
* Glenn Tilbrook
* Hazard
* House of Large Sizes
* The Innocence Mission
* Jeep
* Joseph Brenna
* Le Concorde
* Lir
* Lloyd Cole
* Luce
* Maceo Parker
* Melissa Ferrick
* Munly
* The Ocean Blue
* The Poppy Family
* Primitive Radio Gods
* The Radiators
* Sally Taylor
* The Samples
* Sean Kelly
* Stuart Matthewman
* Sungha Jung
* The Swayback
* 24-7 Spyz
* Tim Finn
* Tony Furtado
* Ugly Americans
# Priocera castanea

Priocera castanea is a species of checkered beetle in the family Cleridae. It is found in North America.
# Türkmən, Goychay

40°36′N 47°46′E﻿ / ﻿40.600°N 47.767°E﻿ / 40.600; 47.767
Türkmən (also, Turkman) is a village in the Goychay Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Kürdəmiş.
# Quasiperiodic tiling

A quasiperiodic tiling is a tiling of the plane that exhibits local periodicity under some transformations: every finite subset of its tiles reappears infinitely often throughout the tiling, but there is no nontrivial way of superimposing the whole tiling onto itself so that all tiles overlap perfectly.
# Nicholas Hoyt

Nicholas Hoyt (also Nicholas Hayts or Nicholas Hoit) (May 7, 1620 – ?) was a British deputy of the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut from Norwalk in the session of October 1673.
Hoyt was the son of Simon Haite and Deborah Stowers. He emigrated to America, arriving on September 6, 1628, with his father and brother, Walter Hoyt, at the age of eight.
By 1630, the family is recorded as being settled in Dorcester, Massachusetts., but later relocated to Scituate, and by 1640, to Windsor, Connecticut.
# Radical 101

Radical 101 or radical use (用部) meaning "use" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 5 strokes.
In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 10 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

## Evolution

* Oracle bone script character
* Bronze script character
* Large seal script character
* Small seal script character

## Derived characters

| Strokes | Characters |
| +0 | 用 甩 |
| +1 | 甪 |
| +2 | 甫 甬 |
| +4 | 甭 甮 |
| +7 | 甯 (=寧 -> 宀) |

## Sinogram

The radical is also used as an independent Chinese character. It is one of the kyōiku kanji or kanji taught in elementary school in Japan. It is a second grade kanji.
# Sybra continentalis

Sybra continentalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1942.