OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme

The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) is the mechanism used by the UK Department of Health to ensure that the NHS has access to good quality branded medicines at reasonable prices. It involves a non-contractual agreement between the UK Department of Health and The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI). The scheme applies to all branded, licensed medicines available on the NHS. The purpose of the scheme is to achieve a balance between reasonable prices for the NHS and a fair return for the pharmaceutical industry.
The current PPRS scheme, using a value-based pricing mechanism, came into effect on 1 January 2014, to run for no less than five years. It replaced an earlier scheme running from 2009 to 2013.
In December 2014 Hoffmann-La Roche successfully appealed against a decision of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence appraisal committee in respect of Kadcyla on the basis that it should have considered that under the scheme, the industry had agreed to cap growth in the drugs bill to 0–1.9% a year for the next five years. Roche said this had "fundamentally changed" the nature of how NICE should consider cost effectiveness.
On 23 August 2017, the UK Government launched a consultation relating to the PPRS, following legislation that was recently passed.

## Purpose and objectives

As the primary buyer of medicines in the UK, the Department of Health has an interest in ensuring medicines are available at reasonable prices. However it is also important that pharmaceutical companies, represented by the ABPI, are able to maintain sufficient levels of profit and competitiveness to enable them to invest in sustained research and development. The 2009 PPRS agreement outlines its primary objectives as to:
* Deliver value for money
* Encourage innovation
* Promote access and uptake for new medicines
* Provide stability, sustainability and predictability

## Patient access schemes

The 2009 PPRS agreement allows for patient access schemes. These allow for the provision of a drug which would not otherwise be supported by NICE and available on the NHS due to insufficient evidence of its cost-effectiveness. Patient access schemes can be either financially based or outcome-based. Financially based schemes are where the company does not alter the list price of the drug but offers discounts or rebates linked to numbers or types of patients treated, response of patients treated, or the number of doses required. Or, alternatively, the company may alter the list price. Outcome-based schemes take place when a company agrees to a later increase in price, or a rebate, once the value of the drug has been proven. Alternatively risk-sharing agreements can be put in place whereby outcomes are measured and price adjustments take place accordingly.
# Phil Hansen

Phil Hansen may refer to:
* Phil Hansen (artist) (born 1979), American artist
* Phil Hansen (American football) (born 1968), retired player of American football and Republican candidate for State Senate in Minnesota in 2012
* Phil L. Hansen (1923–1992), Attorney General of Utah
# Phil Hanson

Phil Hanson may refer to:
* Phil Hanson (politician) (born 1932), American politician from Arizona
* Phil Hanson (racing driver) (born 1999), British racing driver
* Philip Hanson (civil servant) (1871–1955), British civil servant
# Unfinished Revolution (Christy Moore album)

Unfinished Revolution is a 1987 Irish folk music album by Christy Moore. The album was released the same year as the Remembrance Day bombing in Enniskillen, an event Moore described as changing his viewpoint on Irish Republicanism. The album title refers to Moore's long-time support of Irish unification.

## Track listing

* "Biko Drum" (Wally Page)
* "Natives" (Paul Doran)
* "Metropolitan Avenue" (Noel Brazil)
* "Unfinished Revolution" (Peter Cadle)
* "The Other Side" (Christy Moore)
* "Messenger Boy" (Christie Hennessy)
* "On the Bridge" (Christy Moore)
* "Suffocate" (Noel Brazil)
* "Derby Day" (Music: Paul Doran)
* "Dr. Vibes" (Declan Sinnott)
* "A Pair of Brown Eyes" (Shane MacGowan)
# Pfandherr

In German nobility, a Pfandherr (Pledge Lord) was a creditor, mostly of the lower nobility (Niederer Adel), who lent money to a noble higher in the feudal hierarchy, and as security received the usage of a territory belonging to the debtor, which was then known as a Pfandherrschaft (pledge lordship). The use usually included all the rights and revenues of the owner, such as taxes, duties, forest exploitation, hunting and fishing rights, etc. The pledged territory remained the possession of the original owner and could be redeemed by termination of the pledge contract and refund of the borrowed money, usually with interest. Since the socially superior debtor feudal lord or prince was much more powerful, it also happened that, for lack of money, only part of the deposit was repaid or the debt was settled in installments.
# Philippines and the Asian Development Bank

The Philippines is one of the first countries that joined the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1966. According to the ADB, the Philippines has heavily relied on the ADB for development assistance, borrowing a total of $19.3 billion in the last decade. The Philippines has been commended by the ADB for being a fast-growing economy despite increasing inflation and a plummeting global economy. The ADB also deemed the country one of its "special" partners; it is the location of their headquarters. The IMF considered it one of 24 emerging countries.

## ADB projects in the Philippines

Since its founding, the ADB has been heavily involved in the modernization and development initiatives in the Philippines.

### Agriculture

In 1968 an ADB project aimed to improve the country's irrigation system, mostly in rural areas. It was believed to improve many aspects of rural economies by providing access to education and healthcare.

### Transportation

After discovering that the Philippines' transportation system was in poor condition, the ADB proposed the EDSA Greenways Project, to improve commuter facilities for safer, more efficient and comfortable pedestrian travel. The ADB deemed all water, air, and land transportation in the Philippines outdated; most of the day, roads become impassable and congested due to the lack of other effective transportation infrastructures/methods. The ADB is also reviving and building railways to connect provinces and provide access to and from the cities.

### Education

The ADB created a program called Facilitating Youth School-to-Work Transition Program. This program facilitates job training for out-of-school, at-risk, and less fortunate youth. In the long run, this project aims to maintain the economic growth in the country.

### Governance reform

The ADB's current Local Governance Reform Program was created in order to provide quality service to local communities, and also promote the establishment of new businesses in different areas in the country.

### Emergency assistance

In helping to restore order after the 2017 urban war between the Philippine Armed Forces and ISIL, the ADB provided the Philippines emergency assistance in the form of loans and grants. This monetary assistance covers the reconstruction and recovery of Marawi, its transportation system, health system, and the restoration of the province's livelihood and education.
# Unicenter

Unicenter may refer to:
* CA Unicenter, a software suite
* Unicenter (shopping), a large mall and entertainment complex in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina
# Unicell

Unicell or Unicel may refer to:
* Unicel, an American brand of mobile-phone service
* Unicell Limited, a Canadian company that worked with Purolator on a prototype electric vehicle
* Unicell, a mobile network operator in Maine acquired by Powertel in 1993
# Philip Dawson

Sir Philip Dawson (6 October 1866 – 24 September 1938) was a British electrical engineer, volunteer soldier (lieutenant-colonel), Conservative politician and MP.

## Life

Following education at Ghent and Liège Universities, Dawson became a member of the Institutes of Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineers. He became a partner in the firm of Kincaid, Waller, Manville and Dawson, consulting engineers. He worked on dock developments and electrical supply and traction projects throughout the British Empire, on the continent of Europe and in South America. He was engaged in the electrification of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, and was awarded the George Stephenson Medal by the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Gold Medal by the Institute of Transport. Dawson developed an ability to converse in French, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Russian.
In 1902 Dawson moved to Sydenham, South London. He received a commission in the Volunteer Force, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and becoming commanding officer of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal West Kent Regiment.
During the First World War Dawson worked for the Ministry of Munitions, and was a member of the Water Power Resources Committee of the Board of Trade. In 1919 he was made a chevalier of the Belgian Order of Leopold for technical services rendered during the war, and in the 1920 Birthday Honours was knighted by George V for his work with the Disposal and Liquidation Commission.
He became involved in Conservative politics, and was elected to the London County Council as a member of the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party, representing Lewisham West in 1919.
In 1921, Sir Edward Coates, the sitting Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewisham West, died suddenly. Dawson was elected as Conservative MP at the ensuing by-election. He held the seat at successive elections until his death in September 1938. He was described as being on the "right centre" of the Conservative Party. In 1935 his opposition to the Government of India Act nearly led to break with the party. Dawson was an admirer of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, and in April 1938 he became chairman of the newly formed Anglo-Italian Parliamentary Committee.
In June 1927 Dawson operating from St. Stephen's House, Victoria Embankment, Westminster, S.W.1., prepared a report, addressed to Sir Felix J. C. Pole, General Manager, Great Western Railway, Paddington Station, W.2. entitled Electrification of the Main Line Taunton to Penzance and Branches West of Taunton.
In September 1938 he attended the Inter-Parliamentary Business Congress in Warsaw. On his journey home he was taken ill with a heart complaint, and died in a Berlin nursing home on 24 September, aged 71.
# United Shipping & Trading Company

United Shipping & Trading Company (USTC) is a family-owned global group of companies headquartered in Middelfart, Denmark. USTC holds a portfolio of activities that includes oil & energy, shipping & logistics, ship owning, risk management, car activities, IT, sustainable energy, and environment & recycling. The USTC Group is represented by more than 140 own offices in 40 countries and has more than 4,000 employees (2022). The largest company in the group is Bunker Holding, the world's leading company in bunker trading and the parent company of several autonomous bunker fuel companies around the world. Other USTC companies are SDK FREJA, Uni-Tankers, Selected Car Group, Unit IT and CM Biomass, among others.
USTC Group holds a turnover of 118.5 billion DKK and an equity of 4.3 billion DKK (2021/22). The group is owned by Torben Østergaard-Nielsen and his two daughters, Nina Østergaard Borris and Mia Østergaard Rechnitzer (the first financial step in the planned succession process was implemented in June 2020).

## History

United Shipping & Trading Company was founded as Julius Mortensen Shipping in Fredericia in 1876. In 1974, the company acquired the local shipbroker H. Sommer in Middelfart. In 1978, Torben Østergaard-Nielsen, was appointed as new Managing Director of H. Sommer's Eftf. Shipping ApS and under his leadership the company diversified into bunker trading.
In 1981, Østergaard-Nielsen embarked on a process which has led to the transfer of bunker activities to independent subsidiaries around the world, now the backbone of Bunker Holding A/S.
In 1998, Torben Østergaard-Nielsen became sole owner of the USTC Group.
In 2013, USTC moved to its present head office, a fully restored turbine hall at Turbinevej in Middelfart.
In 2020, Torben Østergaard-Nielsen's two daughters became co-owners of the group. Nina Østergaard Borris and Mia Østergaard Rechnitzer each received a 1/3 of the ownership of Selfinvest, the USTC Group's parent company.
In 2022, a change in leadership took place, as Nina Østergaard Borris takes over as CEO of the USTC Group after her father, Mia Østergaard Rechnitzer assumes the role as Chief Governance Officer, and Torben Østergaard-Nielsen steps up as working Chairman of the Board of the USTC Group.

## Business units

* Bunker Holding A/S – the largest company in the group with 66 offices in 34 countries (2022)
* Uni-Tankers A/S – founded in 1989 and since 1995 operating in its current form
* SDK FREJA A/S – the group's shipping and logistics unit with roots that can be traced back to 1876
* Unit IT A/S – founded in 2003 as Outforce and merged with MindZet and it-Craft in 2019 as Unit IT
* Global Risk Management – founded in 2004
* CM Biomass Partners A/S – sustainable energy, founded in 2009. USTC became majority owner in September 2021
# Universe 1

Universe 1 may refer to:
* Universe 1 (Carr anthology), a 1971 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Terry Carr
* Universe 1 (Silverberg anthology), a 1990 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Robert Silverberg and Karen Haber
# Teldenia argeta

Teldenia argeta is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Wilkinson in 1967. It is found in the Philippines and possibly also on Buru.
# Pieter de Villiers

Pieter de Villiers may refer to:
* Pieter de Villiers (athlete) (born 1982)
* Pieter de Villiers (rugby union) (born 1972)
* Peter de Villiers, South African rugby coach
# Sougy

Sougy (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France.
# Solaris Valletta

Solaris Valletta is a commercial name for the Solaris Urbino 11,001 bus. The bus was produced by the Polish company Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań in two versions, as a suburban or intercity public transportation bus. A total of four units were built.

## History

The first version of the low-entry Solaris Valletta bus model was produced in late 2002 and early 2003 for ATP (Assocjazzjoni Transport Pubbliku) in Ħamrun and to be used in the capital city of Malta. The company only built 3 units, and all were adapted for right-hand drive (RHD) in Malta. They use Iveco NEF F4AE0681B engines which qualify for Euro III with a cylinder capacity of 5.9 dm$^3$ and a maximum power of 176 kW (240 hp), as an option, there was the DAF PF 183C engine with a maximum power of 183 kW (250 hp), the transmission was a three-speed Voith Diwa 851.3 automatic gearbox. The engine is mounted at the rear along the axle of the bus, and the power is transmitted to the rear axle by ZF A-132. The front suspension uses the ZF RL 85A. The bus is made out of stainless steel.
# Unfair contract terms

Unfair contract terms may refer to:
* The European Union's Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993
* Unfair terms in English contract law
# The Green Marker Scare

The Green Marker Scare is a 2012 horror film from the Irish director Graham Jones that is animated by children. It premiered in November 2012 on YouTube.

## Plot summary

A young Irish girl detective named Noreen comes across Satanic ritual abuse taking place in the small country town where she lives.

## Production

The film was animated by children from Cork, Limerick and Tipperary. Every child had to draw a different character or environment. The children did know that they were part of a horror film's production, and the rest of the film's content was not shown to them. Jones was afraid at first to have children animate the film and he wanted it to "be like a moving children’s picture". Despite being animated by children, the film is not aimed at them.
Jones made a twist to the girl detective genre, saying, "But instead of giving her harmless art burglars to deal with, throw her the worst thing imaginable and watch her mind grapple with it. The penny still hasn’t dropped about Ritual Abuse in the 21st century and that made it interesting for a naive cartoon character to stumble across."
It premiered in November 2012 on YouTube. Jones wanted the film to be released online in its entirety in order for people to be able to share it with others and to not have outside commercial interests. The director stated that he does not create films for money and does not want them to be controlled by outside influences.

## Reception

A review on Horrornews says, "The Green Marker Scare may not be for everyone, and for different reasons. I can’t stress enough that the subject matter is not for children and could be disturbing to some adults. Others may just find the whole thing ridiculous and the animation style hard to watch. But I have to admit that once it got going, the film is fairly engaging." The film was reviewed by Hot Press.
# Wuba, Ghana

Wuba is a community in Kumbungu District in the Northern Region of Ghana.
# Scout Scar

Scout Scar, also called Underbarrow Scar, is a hill in the English Lake District, west of Kendal, Cumbria and above the village of Underbarrow. It reaches 771 feet (235 m). Scout Scar is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright's book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland, but the summit he describes is a lower summit at 764 feet (233 m), 270m south of the highest point. Wainwright's anticlockwise recommended route also includes Cunswick Scar at 679 feet (207 m). The higher summit of Scout Scar has a topographic prominence of 109m and is thus classified as a HuMP, a hill with a prominence of at least 100m.
Scout Scar and Cunswick Scar are both formed of Carboniferous Limestone and dip gently towards the east with a steep western scarp slope.
At the lower, southern, summit there is a shelter, locally known as "The Mushroom". It was built in 1912 as a memorial to King George V, and restored in 1969 and again in 2003. The structure includes a toposcope indicating the Central Fells and other landmarks.

## Accessible route

There is a car park in an old limestone quarry not far from the summit of Scout Scar. The Lake District National Park Authority includes a walk on Scout Scar in its "Miles without stiles" project for accessible routes, and describes it as "A short, steep walk to one of the best views across the entire southern lakes". This route, accessible for "robust pushchairs", leads from the car park to a viewpoint below the top of the scar.

## Protection

Scout and Cunswick Scars have been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for their flora and fauna. In 2005 they were included in a multi-site Special Area of Conservation, Morecambe Bay Pavements, which includes other limestone outcrops in Cumbria and Lancashire.
# Piyale Pasha (disambiguation)

Piyale Pasha (c. 1515-1578) was an Ottoman admiral
Piyale Paşa or Piyale Pasha may also refer to:
* Piyale Paşa, Güzelyurt, town in Northern Cyprus
* HMS Meteor (G73), renamed Piyale Paşa after sale to Turkish navy in 1959
* USS Fiske (DD-842), renamed Piyale Paşa after sale to Turkish navy in 1980
# Tremplin de Bretaye

Tremplin de Bretaye was a K80 ski jumping hill located at Villars-sur-Ollon in Switzerland, opened in 1932. Owned by SC Villars, with three official world records set all in one week.

## History

On 10 January 1932, super modern hill, then one of the greatest in the world, was officially opened allowing jumps between 70 and 90 metres. It was constructed by Adolf Badrutt, swiss world record holder.
On 19 February 1933, Norwegian Sigmund Ruud set the first official world record on this hill at 84 metres (276 feet). Only two days later he improved the world record at 86 metres (282 feet).
On 26 February 1933, Henri Ruchet from Switzerland, set the third and the last official world record on this hill within one week, at 87 metres (285 feet).

## Ski jumping world records

| No. | Date | Name | Country | Metres | Feet |
| #32 | 19 February 1933 | Sigmund Ruud | Norway | 84 | 276 |
| #33 | 21 February 1933 | Sigmund Ruud | Norway | 86 | 282 |
| #34 | 26 February 1933 | Henri Ruchet | Switzerland | 87 | 285 |
# Trevor Sykes

Trevor William Sykes (born 14 September 1937) is an Australian finance journalist who until his retirement in 2005 wrote the Pierpont column in the Australian Financial Review.
He also wrote a number of books on prominent Australian corporate collapses and goings on.
# Pinery

Pinery may refer to:
* Pinery Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada
* Pineapple pit, sometimes referred to as a pinery
* Pinery Station in Texas
* Pinery, South Australia, a locality between Mallala and Balaklava
# Pioneer Christian Academy

Pioneer Christian Academy in Tennessee was a college preparatory school in Whites Creek, Tennessee. It was a non-denominational Christian school. In 2006, it had 220 students from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade. The school closed in 2009.

## History

Pioneer Christian Academy was founded in 1969 by Dr. J. Frank Bruce.32 acres (13 ha) of land was soon donated in the Whites Creek area. Dr. Bruce was instrumental in the founding of many other local Christian schools in the state of Tennessee.
In 1972, the IRS revoked the school's tax exempt status because the school failed to document that it had a racially non-discriminatory admissions policy.
In 1980, Rosemark Academy was forced to cancel a football game at Pioneer Christian Academy because Pioneer Christian administrators felt that the Rosemark Academy cheerleader's uniforms were too revealing.

## Campus

In 2014, the former campus was sold to Jonathan Edwards Classical Academy.

## Athletics

The Pioneer Christian Academy Buffaloes athletic teams competed in the Tennessee Athletic Association of Christian Schools. The Middle Tennessee region of the TAACS is the Middle Tennessee Christian Athletic Association, or the MTCAA.

### State championships

* Varsity Volleyball State Champions(9): 1979, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992.
* Varsity Football State Champions(5): 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980.
* Varsity Boys Basketball State Champions(9): 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1990, 2007.
* Varsity Girls Basketball State Champions(3): 1978, 1980, 1981.
* Varsity Baseball State Champions(2): 1977, 1978.

### MTCAA Varsity Conference Championships

* Varsity Volleyball(11): 1979, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002.
* Varsity Soccer(5): 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1995.
* Varsity Girls Basketball(5): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990.
* Varsity Boys Basketball(13): 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2007.

### MTCAA Varsity Tournament Champions

* Varsity Volleyball(6): 1983, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2002.
* Varsity Girls Basketball(6): 1976, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1993.
* Varsity Boys Basketball(9): 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2000, 2007.

## Notable alumni

* Eddie Gossage, Texas Motor Speedway president and track promoter
# Trevena

Trevena may refer to:
* Trevena, Cornwall, a village in the UK more widely known as Tintagel
* Trevena Inc, a biotechnology company in Pennsylvania, USA

## List of people with the surname

* Claire Trevena, Canadian government minister
* John Trevena, pseudonym used by the Canadian writer Ernest George Henham
* Leo Trevena, Australian rugby league footballer and coach