OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Verrucaria rosula

Verrucaria rosula is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in freshwater habitats in Europe, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by lichenologist Alan Orange. The type specimen was collected by the author from Cwm Dringarth, Brecon Beacons (Brecknockshire), where it was found growing on an unshaded rock in a flush. The lichen has a grey-green to brown thallus that is 40–200 μm thick. New thallus growth is initiated by tiny, roughly spherical or polyhedral granules that increase in size to eventually form somewhat circular, rosette-like patches; the species epithet rosula refers to this type of growth. Verrucaria rosula has been recorded in Wales, southwest England, Scotland, and France, where it occurs on damp siliceous rocks and stones near streams or on flushed ground. Lichens that associate with V. rosula include Ionaspis lacustris, Thelidium pluvium, Verrucaria cernaensis, V. hydrophila, V. sublobulata and V. margacea.
# Verrucaria simplex

Verrucaria simplex is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in Europe and Asia, it was described as new to science in 1988 by lichenologist Patrick McCarthy. The type specimen was collected by Brian Coppins from Morpeth, Northumberland; there, it was found growing on a fragment of mortar-cement lying on the floor of a woodland. The lichen was later reported from the Czech Republic, and Korea.

## Description

The dark brown, crust-like thallus of Verrucaria simplex is epilithic, meaning it grows on the surface of its substrate. It is 50–90 μm thick and lacks a prothallus. When the lichen is wet, it becomes greenish, pulp-like and translucent, described as resembling "film-like crusts of green algae". The photobiont partner of the lichen is a green alga with more or less spherical cells that measure 4–8 μm in diameter. The fruiting structure of the lichen is in the form of perithecia, 0.10 to 0.13 mm in diameter, that are either partially immersed in the thallus surface, or on the surface of the thallus. The asci contains eight ascospores and have dimensions of 18–30 by 10–12 μm. Ascospores are simple (i.e. without any septa), hyaline, and ellipsoid, typically measuring about 8.5 by 4.5 μm.
# Raphidia

Raphidia is a genus of snakefly, mainly found in Europe.

## Species

The following are included in BioLib.cz:

### subgenus Aserbeidshanoraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968

* Raphidia nuchensis H. Aspöck et al., 1968

### subgenus Nigroraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968

* Raphidia friederikae H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967
* Raphidia palaeformis H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1964

### subgenus Raphidia Linnaeus, 1758

* Raphidia alcoholica H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1970
* Raphidia ambigua H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1964
* Raphidia ariadne H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1964
* Raphidia beieri H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1964
* Raphidia euxina Navás, 1915
* Raphidia grusinica H. Aspöck et al., 1968
* Raphidia huettingeri H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1970
* Raphidia kimminsi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1964
* Raphidia ligurica (Albarda, 1891)
* Raphidia mysia H. Aspöck et al., 1991
* Raphidia ophiopsis Linnaeus, 1758
* Raphidia peterressli H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1973
* Raphidia ulrikae H. Aspöck, 1964

### subgenus not placed

* Raphidia armeniaca Hagen, 1867
* Raphidia bavarica Hagen, 1867
* Raphidia communis Retzius, 1783
* Raphidia duomilia Yang, 1998
* Raphidia immaculata Donovan, 1800
* Raphidia mongolica Navás, 1915
* Raphidia taurica Hagen, 1867

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Raphidia". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
* ↑ BioLib.cz: genus Raphidia Linnaeus, 1758 (retrieved 5 September 2021)
# Vicques, Calvados

Vicques (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
# Vicsek fractal

In mathematics the Vicsek fractal, also known as Vicsek snowflake or box fractal, is a fractal arising from a construction similar to that of the Sierpiński carpet, proposed by Tamás Vicsek. It has applications including as compact antennas, particularly in cellular phones.
Box fractal also refers to various iterated fractals created by a square or rectangular grid with various boxes removed or absent and, at each iteration, those present and/or those absent have the previous image scaled down and drawn within them. The Sierpinski triangle may be approximated by a 2 × 2 box fractal with one corner removed. The Sierpinski carpet is a 3 × 3 box fractal with the middle square removed.

## Construction

The basic square is decomposed into nine smaller squares in the 3-by-3 grid. The four squares at the corners and the middle square are left, the other squares being removed. The process is repeated recursively for each of the five remaining subsquares. The Vicsek fractal is the set obtained at the limit of this procedure. The Hausdorff dimension of this fractal is $\textstyle {\frac {\log(5)}{\log(3)}}$ ≈ 1.46497.
An alternative construction (shown below in the left image) is to remove the four corner squares and leave the middle square and the squares above, below, left and right of it. The two constructions produce identical limiting curves, but one is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to the other.
* Self-similarities I — removing corner squares.
* Self-similarities II — keeping corner squares.4

## Properties

The Vicsek fractal has the surprising property that it has zero area yet an infinite perimeter, due to its non-integer dimension. At each iteration, four squares are removed for every five retained, meaning that at iteration n the area is $\textstyle {({\frac {5}{9}})^{n}}$ (assuming an initial square of side length 1). When n approached infinity, the area approaches zero. The perimeter however is $\textstyle {4({\frac {5}{3}})^{n}}$, because each side is divided into three parts and the center one is replaced with three sides, yielding an increase of three to five. The perimeter approaches infinity as n increases.
The boundary of the Vicsek fractal is the Type 1 quadratic Koch curve.

## Analogues in higher dimensions

There is a three-dimensional analogue of the Vicsek fractal. It is constructed by subdividing each cube into 27 smaller ones, and removing all but the "center cross", the central cube and the six cubes touching the center of each face. Its Hausdorff dimension is $\textstyle {\frac {\log(7)}{\log(3)}}$ ≈ 1.7712.
Similarly to the two-dimensional Vicsek fractal, this figure has zero volume. Each iteration retains 7 cubes for every 27, resulting in a volume of $\textstyle {({\frac {7}{27}})^{n}}$ at iteration n, which approaches zero as n approaches infinity.
There exist an infinite number of cross sections which yield the two-dimensional Vicsek fractal.
# Victoria Bonaparte

The Victoria Bonaparte, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, comprising 7,301,242 hectares (18,041,760 acres).
The bioregion draws its name from the Victoria River and the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.
# Randolph Hodgson

The Rev. Randolph Llewelyn Hodgson (24 January 1870 – 6 December 1952) was an English Anglican vicar and writer, who contributed for more than 20 years to The Cricketer magazine under the pen-name of A Country Vicar.

## Early life

Hodgson was born in Playford, Suffolk, where his father Christopher was a clergyman, but the family moved to Yorkshire, where he spent most of his childhood. He went to Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1890, and graduated BA in 1895. A good rugby player, he was prevented from obtaining his Blue by a leg injury he suffered while playing rugby soon after he arrived at Cambridge. The injury virtually crippled him throughout his undergraduate years and continued to affect him for the remainder of his life.
After graduating, Hodgson spent the next five years in Austria-Hungary as English tutor to Franz Joseph, son of the Prince of Thurn and Taxis. In order to dispel some of the ignorance the English had about the region, he wrote two books on his travels there, which were copiously illustrated by Princess Marie of Thurn and Taxis (1855–1934).
In 1902 Hodgson co-wrote, with Florence Darnley, the wife of the English Test cricket captain Ivo Bligh, a romantic novel titled Elma Trevor. In the novel, which is set partly in Austria, the eponymous heroine, "loved by one man ... marrie[s] another, and in the end discovers that she is made for a third".

## Clergyman and cricket writer

Hodgson was ordained in 1906 and served first as curate to his father, who at the time was the rector at Campsea Ashe in Suffolk. He played a few times as a lower-order batsman for Suffolk County Cricket Club in the Minor Counties Championship between 1904 and 1907, and served as club secretary around the same time. He continued to play club cricket for many years.
Hodgson later served several parishes for short periods as curate: Ashill in Norfolk, New Milton in Hampshire, St Paul's in South Hampstead, and St Katherine Coleman in the City of London. He became Vicar of South Baddesley, Hampshire, in 1917 and remained there until he retired in 1946. In October 1910, while serving at New Milton, he married Nora Marsh in Brighton, Sussex.
Hodgson began writing as "A Country Vicar" in The Cricketer in the January 1924 issue and continued until 1948. He wrote his reminiscences of the cricket he had played and watched at village, club and county level, and the cricket he had watched at first-class and Test level, often in the company of Nora, who was knowledgeable about cricket and enthusiastic. He collected these reminiscences into three books.
Hodgson died at St Columba's Hospital in Hampstead in December 1952. Nora survived him.

## Books

* Wanderings through Unknown Austria 1896
* On Plain and Peak: Sporting and Other Sketches of Bohemia and Tyrol 1898
* Elma Trevor 1902 (with Florence Darnley)
* Cricket Memories 1930 (as "A Country Vicar")
* Second Innings 1933 (as "A Country Vicar")
* The Happy Cricketer 1946 (as "A Country Vicar")
# Viale della canzone

Viale della canzone is a 1965 Italian "musicarello" film directed and written by Tullio Piacentini.

## Cast

* Marisa Solinas
* Bobby Solo
* Roby Ferrante
* Edoardo Vianello
* Peppino Di Capri
* Los Marcellos Ferial
* Ricky Gianco
* Sacha Distel
* Roberto Murolo
* Pino Donaggio
* Marino Marini
* Nico Fidenco
* Mario Zelinotti
* Nicola Di Bari
* Jimmy Fontana
* Vanna Brosio
# Vidovci

Vidovci is a village in Požega-Slavonia County, Croatia. The village is administered as a part of the City of Požega. According to the 2011 national census of 2011, the population of the village is 1,582. It is connected by the D38 state road.

## Sources

* ↑ Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia. Wikidata Q119585703.
* ↑ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
* This Požega-Slavonia County geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
* e
# Vexillum palauense

Vexillum palauense is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Palau Islands.
# Randy West

Randy West may refer to:
* Randy West (actor) (1947–2024), American pornographic actor and director
* Randy West (photographer) (born 1960), American photographer
# Vierling

Vierling may refer to:

## People

* Vierling C. Kersey, California State Superintendent of Public Instruction in the 1930s
* Alfred Vierling (born 1949), Dutch politician and activist
* Christine Nordhagen-Vierling (born 1971), Canadian wrestler
* Georg Vierling, German musician and composer (1820–1901)
* Johann Gottfried Vierling, German organist and composer (1750–1813)
* Matt Vierling (born 1996), American baseball player
* Oskar Vierling (1904–1986), German physicist and inventor of the Elektrochord
* Wilhelm Johannes Vierling (1889–1956), mayor of German city of Leipzig in 1945

## Other

* Vierling (firearm) (German for "quadruplet"), a combination gun with four barrels
# Victory Parts

Victory Parts is the second album by Scottish indie rock band AC Acoustics. The album was widely acclaimed in the music press and displays an evolution of the band's sound from The Jesus and Mary Chain-derived noiseniks to wall-of-sound rock.

## Track listing

* Hand Passes Empty
* Stunt Girl
* Ex Quartermaster
* Admirals All
* Hammerhead
* Kill Zane
* Fast
* Continuity Freak
* High Divers
* Absent Luck Liner
* I Messiah Am Jailer
* Can't See Anything (Red Not Yellow)
# Victor Della-Vos

Victor Karlovich Della-Vos (1829 – 1890) was a Russian educationalist and proponent of manual training.
Della-Vos graduated from Moscow University in 1853 with a degree in physical and mathematical sciences and soon embarked on his teaching career. In 1858, he went to Paris to study machine tool manufacture. After also visiting London where he studied agricultural machinery he returned to Russia in 1864 to take up the post of professor of mechanics at the Petrovsky Academy. By 1868, he was appointed director of the Moscow Imperial Technical Academy. He became widely known for his combination of both theoretical and practical approaches to education.
Following his participation in the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876, his approach was taken up by John Runkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Calvin Woodward of Washington University in St. Louis. This combination of tool and job analysis provided a basis of what would eventually become Taylorism.
# Rauher Kulm (Lower Bavaria)

Rauher Kulm is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany.
48°56′53″N 12°53′56″E﻿ / ﻿48.94806°N 12.89889°E﻿ / 48.94806; 12.89889
* This Bavaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ray Bousen

William Raymond James Bousen (13 January 1911 – 28 May 2002) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Biography

Bousen was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, the son of Sydney Herbert Bousen and his wife Annie Louisa (née Stayte). He was educated at Toowoomba North State School before attending the Toowoomba Technical College. He worked for the Queensland Railways all his life in a variety of jobs.
On 29 April 1933 he married Doris Evelyn Hooper and together had two daughters. He died at Coolum in May 2002.

## Public life

Bousen, representing the Labor, was the member for Toowoomba West in the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 1969 until 1972. Toowoomba West was abolished and from 1972 until his defeat in 1974 he represented Toowoomba North.
# Vietnamese frigate Dinh Tien Hoang

Vietnam People's Navy Ship 011–Đinh Tiên Hoàng is the first Gepard-class frigate (Gepard 3.9 type) in the Vietnam People's Navy (VPN). The VPN contracted the Zelenodolsk shipyard in Russia to build the ship.

## Design and description

Đinh Tiên Hoàng (Ship 011) is designed to perform search tasks, track and destroy floating target ships, air defense, anti-submarine (limited), escort, and patrol territorial waters and special areas with economic rights. The ship can enter combat independently or in squadrons, and is equipped with stealth technology, to present a minimum presence on enemy radar screens.
Vietnam and Russia signed a contract on 12 May 2006 worth US$350 million to build two Gepard-class frigates designed by the Institute ZPKB in Zelenodolsk.
At the request of the Vietnam People's Navy the ship known as Project 11661 was completely redesigned to become Gepard 3.9. The redesigned ships include stealth technology and the most advanced weapons available from Russia today, including air defense systems, Palma Close-in weapon system AK-630, Kh-35 anti-ship missiles, and Kamov Ka-27 helicopters. The anti-submarine technology includes the RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher. These two ships are the latest generation of the Gepard class produced at the Zelenodolsk plant. It took two years to build the prototypes under Project 11661.

## Construction and career

Đinh Tiên Hoàng was launched on 12 December 2010. The ship is named after Đinh Tiên Hoàng, the first Vietnamese emperor following the defeat of the Twelve Warlords. He was the founder of the short-lived Đinh dynasty and a significant figure in the establishment of Vietnamese political unity in the tenth century.
Đinh Tiên Hoàng visited Indonesia from 12 to 15 November, Brunei from 19 to 21 November and the Philippines from 24 to 26 November 2014.
Đinh Tiên Hoàng engaged in an exchange with Singapore's naval force from 23 to 26 January 2016 and participated in the International Fleet Review 2016 in early February.
# Vietnamese frigate Ly Thai To

Vietnam People's Navy Ship 012–Lý Thái Tổ is a Gepard-class frigate (Gepard 3.9 type) in the Vietnam People's Navy. She was built by the Zelenodolsk shipyard in Russia under signed contract to the Vietnamese Navy.

## Design and description

Lý Thái Tổ is designed to perform searches, track and destroy floating target ships, air defense, anti-submarine (limited), escort, and patrol territorial waters and special areas with economic rights. Lý Thái Tổ can enter combat independently or in squadrons, and is equipped with stealth technology, to present a minimum presence on enemy radar screens.
Vietnam and Russia signed a contract worth US$350 million to build two Gepard-class frigates designed by the Institute ZPKB in Zelenodolsk.
According to the manufacturer, Lý Thái Tổ's interior has been modified to increase crew comfort, improved compared to Đinh Tiên Hoàng – the previous Gepard 3.9 in Vietnam People's Navy. She has more convenient maintenance and operation, improved seaworthiness, higher maneuverability, and is better able to handle a range of situations.

## Construction and career

Lý Thái Tổ, launched on 16 March 2011, was named after Lý Thái Tổ, the Đại Việt emperor and founder of the Lý dynasty, who reigned from 1009 AD to 1028 AD.
Lý Thái Tổ visited Indonesia from 12 to 15 November, Brunei from 19 to 21 November and the Philippines from 24 to 26 November 2014.
# Ray Murphy

Ray Murphy may refer to:
* Ray Murphy (footballer) (born 1935), Australian rules footballer
* Ray Murphy (coach) (fl. 1970s), American football coach
* Ray Murphy Jr. (1946–2010), American collegiate wrestler
* Ray Murphy (Neighbours), fictional character on Australian soap opera Neighbours
# Raorchestes indigo

Roarchestes indigo is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to India. It has been observed high in the mountains in scrub tree habitats. This frog has been observed between 1400 and 1700 meters above sea level.
This frog lives on the forest floor among the leaf litter. It has not been observed in grasslands. Scientists believe, but have not confirmed, that this frog breeds through direct development, like other frogs in Raorchestes.
Scientists classify this frog as vulnerable to extinction because it has only been seen in one place: Kudremukh National Park. They also cite climate change as a threat, given that it could make the frog's habitat too dry.
Scientists believe the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis could kill this frog through the disease chytridiomycosis.

## Original publication

* Vijayakumar SP; Dinesh KP; Prabhu MV; Shanker K (2014). "Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raochestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats escarpment". Zootaxa. 3893: 451–488.
# Raorchestes hassanensis

Raorchestes hassanensis, the Hassan bush frog or Dutta's bubble-nest frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to India, including the Western Ghats.
Scientists once believed this population to be part of Raorchestes flaviventris but a reassessment was published in 2015.
This frog lives in evergreen and shola forests and has also been observed on coffee and tea plantations. It seems to tolerate some level of habitat disturbance but not an entirely open canopy.
Scientists classify this frog as near threatened because its moderate range faces only moderate threat and because the frog shows some ability to live in altered habitats. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can infect other frogs in Raorchestes, so the fungal disease chytridiomycosis may pose some threat as well.
# Raven Rocks, West Virginia

Raven Rocks is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County within U.S. state of West Virginia. It lies on Springfield Pike (West Virginia Secondary Route 3) between the communities of Springfield and Millesons Mill.
# Raque

Raque is a surname.

## People

People with this surname include:
* Julie Raque Adams (born 1969), U.S. politician
* Madison Raque, basketball player on the 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18 UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball teams
* Norb Raque (fl. 1950s), basketball coach; see List of Bellarmine Knights men's basketball head coaches
* Senerisi Raque, rugby player for Fiji at the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens squads

## Characters

* Paul de Raque, a fictional character, the main character of the videogame Knights of the Temple: Infernal Crusade
# Vilappil

Vilappil is a village in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics

At the 2001 census of India, Vilappil had a population of 34,079 with 16,740 males and 17,339 females.
# Son of Drum Suite

Son of Drum Suite is an album by Al Cohn and His Orchestra recorded in 1960 for the RCA Victor label. The album is a sequel to Manny Albam and Ernie Wilkins, The Drum Suite (RCA Victor, 1956).

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated "The music on this LP (long overdue to be reissued on CD) holds one's interest throughout, with Al Cohn's writing being particularly inventive".

## Track listing

All compositions by Al Cohn.
* "First Movement: Son of a Drum" – 4:25
* "Second Movement: Brushmanship" – 5:03
* "Third Movement: Dr. Skin and Mr. Hide" – 3:55
* "Fourth Movement: Five Drums in Four-Four Time" – 5:19
* "Fifth Movement: Drums Loco" – 4:54
* "Sixth Movement: Drum Smoke" – 5:42

## Personnel

* Al Cohn – conductor
* Bernie Glow, Jimmy Maxwell, Clark Terry, Nick Travis – trumpet
* Urbie Green, Dick Hixson, Frank Rehak – trombone
* Bob Brookmeyer – valve trombone
* John Barrows, Jim Buffington – French horn
* Ed Caine, Gene Quill – alto saxophone
* Romeo Penque, Zoot Sims – tenor saxophone
* Sol Schlinger – baritone saxophone
* Hank Jones – piano
* Mundell Lowe – guitar
* Buddy Clark, George Duvivier – bass
* Jimmy Cobb, Louis Hayes (tracks 1–3), Gus Johnson (tracks 4–6), Don Lamond, Mel Lewis, Charlie Persip – drums
# Torikeskus (Jyväskylä shopping centre)

Torikeskus is a shopping centre in the centre of Jyväskylä, Finland. The stores in Torikeskus are mainly concentrated on beauty care, healthcare and fashion, and the shopping centre also includes numerous restaurants. There are about forty different business in total in the shopping centre.
Torikeskus was built in 1988, and it is located in the block surrounded by the streets Väinönkatu, Kauppakatu and Yliopistokatu. The same block includes the shopping centre Tawast and Hoviraitti. The other shopping centres of Jyväskylä - Forum, Jyväskeskus and Sokos are located around Torikeskus. The shopping centres form the centre of Jyväskylä and the Kompassiaukio environment.
# P18 (band)

P18 is an electro-Latino music band formed with former Mano Negra members Daniel Jamet, Philippe Teboul and Thomas Darnal.

## Albums

* Electropica – 2002
* Urban Cuban – 1999
* P18 ¡ Los Mejores ! – 1999

## Festivals

* Eurockéennes (1999)
* Couleur Café (1999, 2002)
* Caribana Festival (Switzerland) (2000)