OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Orbit trap

In mathematics, an orbit trap is a method of colouring fractal images based upon how close an iterative function, used to create the fractal, approaches a geometric shape, called a "trap". Typical traps are points, lines, circles, flower shapes and even raster images. Orbit traps are typically used to colour two dimensional fractals representing the complex plane.

## Examples
### Point based

A point-based orbit trap colours a point based upon how close a function's orbit comes to a single point, typically the origin.

### Line based

A line-based orbit trap colours a point based upon how close a function's orbit comes to one or more lines, typically vertical or horizontal (x=a or y=a lines). Pickover stalks are an example of a line based orbit trap which use two lines.

## Algorithm

Orbit traps are typically used with the class of two-dimensional fractals based on an iterative function. A program that creates such a fractal colours each pixel, which represent discrete points in the complex plane, based upon the behaviour of those points when they pass through a function a set number of times.
The best known example of this kind of fractal is the Mandelbrot set, which is based upon the function z$_{n+1}$ = z$_n$$^2$ + c. The most common way of colouring Mandelbrot images is by taking the number of iterations required to reach a certain bailout value and then assigning that value a colour. This is called the escape time algorithm.
A program that colours the Mandelbrot set using a point-based orbit trap will assign each pixel with a “distance” variable, that will typically be very high when first assigned:
As the program passes the complex value through the iterative function it will check the distance between each point in the orbit and the trap point. The value of the distance variable will be the shortest distance found during the iteration:
# Orthogonius sulawesicus

Orthogonius sulawesicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2003.
# Organ Supply Industries

Organ Supply Industries, Incorporated is a pipe organ parts manufacturer founded in 1924 as the Organ Supply Corporation in Erie, Pennsylvania. With over 46,000 square feet (4,300 m$^2$) of manufacturing floor, it is the largest organ parts supplier in North America.

## History

Organ Supply Industries has its origins in two organ builders whom Erie investors encouraged to move their operations to Erie in the late 19th century. They include the Burdett Reed Organ Company, of Chicago, a reed organ manufacturer whose operation was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871; and the A. B. Felgemaker Organ Company, originally of Buffalo, New York. The Tellers-Kent Organ Company, sprang from two Felgemaker employees in 1906.
A. B. Felgemaker sent Anton Gottfried and his colleague Henry Kugel from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Erie, where they set up shop in the Felgemaker plant. The A. Gottfried Organ Company relocated to its own Erie facilities in 1905. Gottfried and Kugel had previously worked for the Haskell Company, a prominent organ manufacturer in Philadelphia. Fred Durst, of Hinners Organ Company of Pekin, Illinois, joined as superintendent of A. Gottfried Organ Company in 1917. Harry Auch and John Hallas, of the Haskell Company, came to Erie in 1920 to join Gottfried, Kugel, and Kugel's son Harry Kugel in the formation of a metal organ pipe manufacturer called National Organ Supply. Durst and Henry Kugel's sons Harry and Ruben Kugel formed Organ Supply Corporation in 1924. The pipe manufacturing company was purchased by Organ Supply Corporation in 1958. Fred Gluck purchased the Organ Supply Corporation in the early 1970s and merged it with Durst and Company to form Durst Organ Supply Company, Incorporated. The name was changed to Organ Supply Industries, Incorporated in 1978.
# Oromocto (1813 ship)

Oromocto was launched at Oromocto, New Brunswick in 1813. She then traded between England and the Caribbean. She started trading between England and India but in 1820 she became leaky on her way back to England from India, put into Maranham, and was condemned there in 1821.

## Career

Oromocto sailed to England and was re-registered at Liverpool on 28 January 1814. She appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1815 with Campbell, master, Ritchie & Co., owners, and trade London–Yucatán.
On 18 and 19 October 1816 a hurricane hit Port-au-Prince. All the vessels in the harbour, except Orocamoto, were driven on shore or upset.
In 1813 the British East India Company (EIC) had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a license from the EIC.
On 18 October 1818, while Oromocto, Strickland, master, was in Table Bay, she broke free of her cables and ran afoul of Emma, carrying away her fore yard. On 23 October Oromocto sailed for Bombay.
In the first week of April 1819, Oromocto arrived at St Helena with a detachment of troops from the 22nd Regiment of Foot, who were replacing the 66th Regiment of Foot in their role of guarding Napoleon. On the 19th she sailed for England with a detachment of 400 men from the 66th.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| 1819 | R.Strickland | T.Luccock | Liverpool–Bombay | LR; repairs 1817 |
| 1821 | R.Strickland | Finlay | Liverpool–Bombay | LR; repairs 1818 |

## Fate

On 5 January 1820 Oromocto, Strickland, master, sailed for Bombay.
Oromocto sailed for England via Rio de Janeiro. On 26 December 1820 she stopped at Maranham, Brazil, leaking badly. She was expected to have to discharge her cargo. The next report was that her cargo had been almost entirely landed and appeared in good order, except for the lowest tier of sugars. However, the source of the leak had not yet been determined. She was condemned on 1 February, not being worth the cost of repairs. She was sold for breaking up on 9 February 1821.

## Citations

* 1 2 Library and Archives Canada Item: 54627: OROMOCTO.
* 1 2 Hackman (2001), p. 302.
* ↑ LR (1815), Seq.№O179.
* ↑ Lloyd's List (LL) 10 December 1816, №5133/
* ↑ Hackman (2001), p. 247.
* ↑ LL 2 January 1818, №5242.
* ↑ Chaplin (1919), pp. 29 & 33.
* ↑ LR (1821), "Licensed India Ships".
* ↑ LL 16 March 1821, №5576.
* ↑ LL 20 March 1821, №5577.
* ↑ LL 3 April 1821, №5580.
# Oswald Tschirtner

Oswald Tschirtner (1920 in Perchtoldsdorf, Lower Austria – 20 May 2007) was an artist from Austria who had schizophrenia. He was known by the "pseudonym" of O.T.

## Life

Oswald Tschirtner was raised by an aunt and uncle in Vienna, and being very religious, attended a seminary school from the age of ten. He intended to become a priest, but was drafted into the German army in 1937. He fought at Stalingrad, and subsequently spent time in a prison camp in southern France. After the war, he was stricken by periods of religious fervor and violent episodes, and was sent to a psychiatric institute in 1947.
In 1957, he was sent to the Klosterneuburg Hospital near Vienna, and it was there that he began to draw, albeit reluctantly, under the supervision of Leo Navratil and other hospital staff. He displayed a unique approach to his works through his selective use of line and detail. His figures, particularly in his drawings from the 1980s onwards, are extremely reductive, and he arrives at the essential essence of portrayal through the conveyance of a minimal amount of visual detail.
Tschirtner lived at the Haus der Künstler (House of Artists) since its opening in 1981. Located on the grounds of the Klosterneuburg Hospital in Maria-Gugging, Austria, this is a domicile where patients who show significant artistic talent live very independently and focus on their creative work.

## Solo exhibitions

* 1980 Museum Moderner Kunst Wien

## Books

* illustration in "Bebende Herzen im Leibe der Hunde", München 1979
# Osa, Norway

Osa is a small village in the municipality of Ulvik in Vestland county, Norway. The village lies at the end of the Osa Fjord, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeast of the village of Ulvik. The village sits at the confluence of the two rivers: Austdøla and Norddøla, which then join together for about 500 metres (1,600 ft) before emptying into the fjord. Historically, this place was the connection between the Hardanger district and Hallingskeid (up on the Hardangervidda plateau.
# Otterbein

Otterbein may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Philip William Otterbein (1726-1813), German-American clergyman, founder of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ
* Keith F. Otterbein, anthropologist
* Thomas Otterbein, retired US Navy captain

## Places

As a place name in the United States, at times indicating settlers that came from the United Brethren tradition:
* Otterbein, Indiana
* Otterbein, Ohio
* Otterbein, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood in South Baltimore, next to Federal Hill

## Other uses

* Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio
* Ottenbreit
# Oscar Páez Garcete

Oscar Páez Garcete (1 September 1937 – March 29, 2016) was a Roman Catholic bishop.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1961, Páez Garcete was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro, Paraguay, in 1978. He was then named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alto Paraná in 1998 and served as bishop until 2000.
# Osminia fenusaeformis

Osminia fenusaeformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found on Crete and from Asia Minor to Iran and to the Levant.
The larvae possibly feed on Rumex species.
# Ouled Si Slimane District

Ouled Si Slimane District is a district of Batna Province, Algeria.

## Municipalities

* Ouled Si Slimane
* Lemsane
* Taxlent
* This article about a location in Batna Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
35°28′N 5°28′E﻿ / ﻿35.467°N 5.467°E﻿ / 35.467; 5.467
# Otoni de Paula

Otoni Moura de Paula Júnior (born 22 November 1976) is a Brazilian politician and pastor. He has spent his political career representing Rio de Janeiro, having served as federal deputy representative since 2019.

## Personal life

He is the son of politician and social worker Otoni de Paula Pai. De Paula is also the nephew of the evangelical singer Ozéias de Paula who was part of the gospel duo Otoniel & Ozie, composed of him and Feliciano Amaral. He, his father, and his uncle are all pastors and singers of the Assembleias de Deus church.

## Political career

From 2017 to 2019 de Paula served as a Vereador or councilman for the city of Rio de Janeiro. In June 2018 he led an impeachment attempt on mayor Marcelo Crivella. Although both evangelical politicians with socially conservative views, de Paula claimed that Crivella was privileging the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and trying to convert Rio de Janeiro to that denomination.
In the 2018 election de Paula was in the top ten most voted candidate in the state of Rio de Janeiro, being elected to the federal chamber of deputies. His father also ran in the elections under the banner of the Solidariedade party, but was not elected.
In July 2019 de Paula announced that he was running as a candidate for the PSC in the 2020 Rio de Janeiro mayoral election.
He's being investigated at the case of "Hate Office", and spent public money to finance fake news.
# Overboard & Down

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork Media | 8.1/10 |
Overboard & Down is the fifth EP by indie band Okkervil River, released for their 2006 Australian tour. It is a mix of new material, an old song recorded live, and a Big Star cover ("O, Dana").
# Out of the Fog

Out of the Fog may refer to:
* Out of the Fog (1919 film), lost film starring Alla Nazimova
* Out of the Fog (1941 film), film noir featuring John Garfield and Ida Lupino based on Irwin Shaw's 1939 play The Gentle People
* Out of the Fog (1962 film), a British film by Montgomery Tully about an ex-con accused of a series of murders (called Fog for a Killer in the USA)
* Out of the Fog, a talk show on Rogers TV in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
# Ottawa Wolves

The Ottawa Wolves are a rugby union football club for men and women in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The men's side of the club is predominantly made up of gay men, but both sides of the team are inclusive of anyone who wishes to join regardless of sexual orientation.

## History

The Ottawa Wolves RFC was founded in 2008 by Carl Pilon and Jay Smidt, both Hero award recipients, with the mission to promote and encourage participation in rugby among those who have traditionally been under-represented in the game, with an emphasis on gay men.
The club played its first game in October 2008 at the inaugural Dirty Rugger Tournament, where they tied the Muddy York 5-5.
The following year, the Ottawa Wolves joined both the Ontario Rugby Union and the International Gay Rugby Association and Board (IGR), and played their first season as the only team in the EORU Men's Division II developmental league. In a 7-game season against teams in Men's Division I, the Ottawa Wolves finished with 513 points against, and 0 points for. The Ottawa Wolves' first league try, scored by Danny Donnini, came in their 2009 playoff game against the Barrhaven Scottish III.
The team's first victory came on August 1, 2009, against the Muddy York in Montreal. Shortly afterward, the club followed that victory with their second against the Ottawa Senators RFC.
In 2010, the team participated in a rugby match with the Muddy York during Pride Week. The historic match was played on the main lawn of Parliament on August 28, 2010.
Expanding on the success of the men's side as a community fixture, the Wolves' women's side commenced its inaugural season in the spring of 2013.
As a gay-identified team, The Ottawa Wolves have participated in Capital Pride since 2008.

## Involvement in IGR

On July 23, 2009, The Ottawa Wolves RFC became a member club of International Gay Rugby (IGR); they joined the Vancouver Rogues and the Toronto Muddy York RFC as Canada's third IGR club.
The IGR sanctions the biennial Mark Kendall Bingham Memorial Tournament, known casually by the name of its principal trophy, The Bingham Cup. In 2010, The Ottawa Wolves participated in the 5th Bingham Cup in Minneapolis, USA, losing the 3rd division final to the Seattle Quake RFC. At the 6th Bingham Cup in Manchester, UK, The Ottawa Wolves claimed the Hoagland Tribute Cup in a hard-fought match against the Bristol Bisons, winning with the prize with a final score of 5–0. In August 2014, The Wolves brought a full men's side and a partial women's side to the 7th Bingham Cup in Sydney, Australia. The Wolves lost in the Division 3 final to the Philadelphia Gryphons, having arrived at the final undefeated. The tournament was witnessed by more than 6000 spectators including Australia's Governor General, Sir Peter Cosgrove, and ARU CEO, Bill Pulver.

## Club Presidents

2008 - Carl Pilon 2009 - Carl Pilon 2010 - Carl Pilon 2011 - John Festarini 2012 - John Festarini 2013 - Dave Rose 2014 - Jerome Hamoline 2015 - Sylvain Roussell 2016 - Miguel Olivier 2017 - Nadine Elle 2022 - Emilie Létourneau
# Outerbridge Horsey (diplomat)

Outerbridge Horsey VI (October 1, 1910 – August 18, 1983) was a United States diplomat who served as First Secretary Consul at Rome (1947–1955), Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) in Tokyo (1956–1958), DCM in Rome (1959–1963), and U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1963–1966).
Born in New York, Horsey was educated at Downside School in Somerset, England, Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Horsey died of cancer at the Georgetown University Hospital, in Washington, D.C.
# Outbursts (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Antiquiet | |
| NU.nl | |
Outbursts is the fifth studio album by Turin Brakes, the first to appear on their new label, Cooking Vinyl. It was released on 1 March 2010. The first single is "Sea Change".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Olly Knights and Gale Paridjanian

## Personnel

* Rob Allum – drums
* Eddy Myer – double bass
* Phil Marten – synth strings
* Tim Baxter – string arrangement
* Danny Keane – cello
* Oli Langford – violin/viola
* Barny Barnicott – mixing
* Frank Arkwright – mastering

## Charts

Chart performance for Outbursts :
| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 64 |
# PDL BioPharma

PDL BioPharma (known as Protein Design Labs prior to 2006) is a publicly traded American holding company that since 2008 manages patents and other intellectual property that had been generated by the company. In 2008 in response to shareholder pressure, PDL spun out its active development programs to a company called Facet Biotech that it capitalized with $400 million.
Protein Design Labs, founded in 1986 by cell biologist Laurence J. Korn and mathematician Cary Queen, was a pioneer in humanizing monoclonal antibodies. Its humanization technology was used in several monoclonal antibody drugs under licensing and collaboration agreements; such products included trastuzumab (Herceptin), bevacizumab (Avastin), and palivizumab (Synagis). It held its initial public offering in 1992 and by 1994 it had 13 compounds in its pipeline, and had partnered its lead product, the humanized monoclonal antibody daclizumab, with Roche under a license that called for a 15% royalty. Daclizumab became the first humanized monoclonal antibody approved for human use in 1997. PDL made another public offering in 2000, at the peak of the biotech IPO window that ran from 1998 to 2001. In 2003 it settled litigation with Genentech over royalty payments owed to PDL under their license agreement; annual royalties were anticipated at that time to be around $90M per year. These are the kinds of intellectual property and license agreements that PDL manages on behalf of its shareholders since 2008; in 2007 those royalty payments were around $220 million.
One of the development programs that PDL had transferred to Facet was the use of daclizumab in indications it had never licensed to Roche, including multiple sclerosis. Facet partnered that development program with Biogen Idec which attempted a hostile buy out of Facet for $350M in 2009; Facet rejected that offer and was purchased by Abbvie for $450 million in cash the next year. The FDA approved daclizumab for multiple sclerosis in 2016 under the trade name Zinbryta.
PDL Biopharma has filed for a liquidation under Delaware Law that was effective January 7 2021. The liquidation plan was approved by shareholders in October 2020.
# Outcome measure

An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily clinical trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment. Measures can often be quantified using effect sizes. Outcomes measures can be patient-reported, or gathered through laboratory tests such as blood work, urine samples etc. or through medical examination. Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population).
Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). Secondary or tertiary outcomes are outcome measures which are added after the design of the study is finalized, for example when data has already been collected. A study can have multiple primary outcome measures.
Outcome measures can be divided into clinical endpoints and surrogate endpoints where the former is directly related to what the goal of the intervention, and the latter are indirectly related.

## Relevance

Outcome measures used in trials should consider relevance to the target of the study. In clinical trials such measures of direct importance for an individual may be survival, quality of life, morbidity, suffering, functional impairment or changes in symptoms.
Outcome measures can be divided into clinical endpoints which are directly relevant to the target and surrogate endpoints (also called "proxy measures"), which are indirectly related. Death from cardiovascular disease is an example of a clinical endpoint, whereas measurements of blood pressure, which is not normally associated with any symptoms, is a surrogate endpoint. Other examples of surrogate endpoints are blood lipoproteins and bone density.
Composite measures or combined measures are common in clinical research. The rationale is that combining different outcome measures gives greater statistical power. For example, the composite measure "Killed or Seriously Injured" is often used in studies of road safety. While deaths are easier to count and are an outcome of undisputed importance, they are also much fewer than the number seriously injured; many of the "seriously injured" will not have experienced a major life event. However, composite measures should be used with care, particularly when surrogate endpoints are included. A statistically significant effect of a composite measure can often be explained solely by effects of a surrogate endpoint or a variable that is less relevant. It is also possible that composite measures may mask negative treatment effects of truly important outcomes, such as death or cardiovascular events.
# Runar Collander

Paul Runar Collander (1 May 1894 Vyborg – 25 May 1973 Helsinki) was a Finnish botanist. He was an adjunct professor of plant physiology at the University of Helsinki from 1935 to 1939, and professor of botany from 1939 to 1961. He gained international acclaim for his research on the effect of molecular size and solubility ratios on the ability of substances to penetrate the cell membrane. He presented the "lipoid filter theory" of permeability and further developed it. Collander also wrote several works on the history of botany.

## Selected works

* Collander, Runar (1965). The History of Botany in Finland, 1828–1918. The History of Learning and Science in Finland, 1828–1918. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica [Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters]. pp. 1–159.
# Ruth Baldwin

Ruth Baldwin may refer to:
* Ruth Bowyer (1761–1788), English convict sent to Australia, also known as Ruth Baldwin
* Ruth Ann Baldwin (1886–?), American silent film writer and director
* Ruth Baldwin (socialite) (1905–1937), American-born English socialite
* Ruth Standish Baldwin (1865–1934), co-founder of the National Urban League
* Ruth M. Baldwin, book collector who founded the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature
# Rutte cabinet

Rutte cabinet may refer to:
* First Rutte cabinet, a Dutch minority cabinet (2010–2012)
* Second Rutte cabinet, a Dutch majority cabinet (2012–2017)
* Third Rutte cabinet, a Dutch majority cabinet (2017-2021)
* Fourth Rutte cabinet, a Dutch majority cabinet (2022-2024)
# Rutter

Rutter may refer to:
* Rutter (name), a surname of English origin
* Rutter (nautical), a mariner's handbook of sailing directions
* Rutter, Ontario, Canada
* Rutter Group, a publisher of materials for lawyers and judges in the U.S.
* Operation Rutter, code name for the Dieppe Raid in 1942
* Rutter's, an American convenience store chain
# Ostrołęka, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Ostrołęka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Samborzec, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Samborzec, 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 82 km (51 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.