OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scenic Hill Tunnel

Scenic Hill Tunnel (Chinese: 觀景山隧道) is a road tunnel located on the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, in Scenic Hill, Chek Lap Kok, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The west exit of the tunnel is near the Ngong Ping 360 Airport Island Angle Station and the fuel storage centre. It runs through Scenic Hill and along the current Airport Road and under the MTR Airport Express lines, and passes through the new reclamation areas, connecting the Hong Kong road sections and the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge port.

## About

The plan for the tunnel started in 2011 and began construction on 31 May 2012. The cost of the tunnel was 88.8 billion Hong Kong dollars.
The contractor for the tunnel was China State Construction Engineering.
The tunnel was opened on 24 October 2018, along with the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. It is the only tunnel in Hong Kong that drives on the right, and is also the widest tunnel with the most lanes in Hong Kong, having seven lanes (three eastbound and four southbound).
Although using the Scenic View Tunnel is not charged, its charge is included in the toll fees by using the bridge.
# Schiffers

Schiffers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andrzej Boleslaw Schiffers, Polish businessman
* Emanuel Schiffers (1850–1904), Russian chess player and chess writer
* Marie-Hélène Schiffers, Belgian racing cyclist
# Schalkholz

Schalkholz is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

## History

* Schalkholz Passage Grave
# Schwank (disambiguation)

Schwank is a German surname.
Schwank may also refer to:
* 21738 Schwank, a main-belt asteroid
* Schwank (comedy), short satirical tale, verse or play, in German literature
* Schwank, fictional character in 1887 burlesque Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim
# Schistura huongensis

Schistura huongensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the most speciose genus of the stone loach family Nemacheilidae, Schistura. It has been recorded from the drainage basins of the Perfume River and Cam Lo in central Vietnam. It can be found in the slack water upstream of riffles in medium-sized mountain rivers and streams with a fast current.
# Schnuffels Weihnachtslied

Schnuffels Weihnachtslied (Schnuffel's Christmas song) is the fourth hit single released by Schnuffel, on 12 December 2008, by Sony BMG Germany (Sony BMG). The song debuted and peaked in Germany at No. 23 and is the 9th track of the album Winterwunderland. "ZEILT productions" was the producer of the 3D animation as seen in the official music video.

## Track listing

* "Schnuffels Weihnachtslied" – 2:45
* "Zuckersternchen" – 3:28

### International editions

* 2008: Christmas song (English version) (by Snuggle)
* 2008: Canção de Natal (Portuguese version) (by Orelhinhas)
* 2008: ¡Llegó la Navidad! (Spanish version) (by Snufi)
* 2008: Vive Noël (French version) (by Lapin Câlin)
* 2008: La Canzone di Natale (Italian version) (by Kikolo)
* 2010: Χριστουγεννιάτικο τραγούδι (Greek version) (by Σνούφελ το λαγουδάκι / Snoufel to lagoudaki / Snoufel the bunny)
* 2013: Canção de Natal (Brazilian version) (by Coelhinho Schnuffel)

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| Austrian Singles Chart | 33 |
| German Singles Chart | 23 |
# Schönbrunn (Fichtelgebirge)

Schönbrunn (German pronunciation: ) is a village in the heart of the Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria, Germany. Since 1975 it is part of the town Wunsiedel. It has about 1,400 inhabitants, including the village Furthammer. It was founded around 1200 as a small settlement near a castle. The oldest surviving building is the church, built around 1200. Schönbrunn has a number of small businesses and less than 10 farms.
In 2007 Schönbrunn won the gold medal in a beauty contest "Unser Dorf hat Zukunft - Unser Dorf soll schöner werden" for villages in Bavaria.
# Schönbrunn im Steigerwald

Schönbrunn im Steigerwald ((German pronunciation: ); officially: Schönbrunn i.Steigerwald) is a community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Burgebrach.

## Constituent communities

Schönbrunn’s main and namesake centre is the biggest of its Ortsteile with a population of 916. The community furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:
* Frenshof 174
* Fröschhof 10
* Grub 129
* Halbersdorf 91
* Niederndorf 82
* Oberneuses 83
* Steinsdorf 329
* Zettmannsdorf 199
    as of: 31 December 2004
The community also has 5 traditional rural land units, known in German as Gemarkungen, named Grub, Halbersdorf, Schönbrunn im Steigerwald, Steinsdorf and Zettmannsdorf, the same names as 5 of the constituent communities (it is traditional for a Gemarkung to be named after a town or village lying nearby).

## History

The Bamberg bishop Berthold von Leiningen (1257–1285) acquired the castle and the village of Schönbrunn in 1280. The Amt established here was bit by bit slowly incorporated into the Amt of Burgebrach between the early 16th and mid-18th century. As part of the territories of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg it passed with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, today’s community came into being under the Gemeindeedikt (“Community Edict”) of 1818.

### Population development

Within municipal limits, 1,793 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 1,732 in 1987 and 1,887 in 2000. On 30 June 2007, 1,932 inhabitants were counted. Over the next two and a half years, the population shrank slightly and on 31 December 2006 it was 1,902.

## Politics

The mayor is Dirk Friesen (CSU).

### Community council

The community council is made up of x members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds:
* CSU: 5
* BBL (Bürgerblock): 4
* CWG (Christliche Wählergemeinschaft): 2
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €621,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €98,000.

## Economy and infrastructure

According to official statistics, there were 157 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses, and in trade and transport none. In other areas, 39 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 696 such workers worked from home. In processing businesses there were eight businesses, and in construction six. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 56 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 118 ha, of which 982 ha was cropland and 199 ha was meadowland.

## Education

In 1999, the following institutions existed in Schönbrunn im Steigerwald:
* one kindergarten with 75 places and 72 children
* one elementary school with 10 teachers and 175 pupils
# Scholarly method

The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about their subjects of expertise as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It comprises the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is peer reviewed through various methods. The scholarly method includes the subcategories of the scientific method, with which scientists bolster their claims, and the historical method, with which historians verify their claims.

## Methods

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians research primary sources and other evidence, and then write history. The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology. History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work require external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis.
The empirical method is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a hypothesis or derive a conclusion in science. It is part of the scientific method, but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is often contrasted with the precision of experiments, where data emerges from the systematic manipulation of variables. The experimental method investigates causal relationships among variables. An experiment is a cornerstone of the empirical approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both natural sciences and social sciences. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate theoretical assumptions.
The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
# Schizovalva adelosema

Schizovalva adelosema is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1960. It is found in South Africa.
# Schoonmaker Point

Schoonmaker Point is a low-lying landform jutting into San Francisco Bay at Sausalito, California. This area was created by dredge spoils from Richardson Bay during local Marin Shipyards shipbuilding activity during World War II. Schoonmaker Point is situated approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km) south of the Sausalito/Marin City interchange of U.S. Highway 101 immediately north of Bridgeway Boulevard. The Schoonmaker Point Marina is located here, along with a 2.3-acre (9,300 m$^2$) sand beach.. From Schoonmaker Point there are views of Mount Tamalpais and the San Francisco downtown skyline.
Schoonmaker Point is a readily usable put-in point for kayaks accessing San Francisco Bay. Nearby is situated the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model, a scale model of the San Francisco Bay, capable of simulating the bay hydrology.
A review of historic aerial photography applicable to Schoonmaker Point was conducted by Earth Metrics, evaluating three stereo photograph pairs; the photographs were flown in 1952, 1965, and 1974 by the U.S. Government and are archived by the U.S. Geological Survey. Analysis of the aerial photos showed that, in 1952, the size of Schoonmaker Point was smaller and the site vicinity on Schoonmaker Point was less developed. Schoonmaker Point Marina had not been constructed at this time, and the Bounty Building did not exist at this time. A small parcel to the immediate west of the Schoonmaker Point parking lot had three small structures on it. The buildings presently occupied by Interbay Lumber Hardware to the west of the subject site existed at this time. Clipper Yacht Harbor to the north of Schoonmaker Point had only two piers at this time.
In 1965 the Schoonmaker Point peninsula had been extended to the north and east to its present size and Schoonmaker Point Marina has begun operations in this expanded area. Clipper Yacht Harbor has been expanded by several piers.
All surface runoff and groundwater from Schoonmaker Point drain toward the northeast to San Francisco Bay.
# Scobicia bidentata

Scobicia bidentata is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. It is found in North America.
# Scobicia arizonica

Scobicia arizonica is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. It is found in North America.
# Scopula orientalis

Scopula orientalis is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Sergei Alphéraky in 1876. It is found in Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey and Korea.
# Scholengemeenschap Bonaire

Scholengemeenschap Bonaire (SGB) is a secondary school in Bonaire with multiple campuses in the capital Kralendijk; one for Liseo Boneriano Bovenbouw, and another for Liseo Boneriano Onderbouw, VMBO Vakcollege, and SLP - Pro.
Scholengemeenschap Bonaire serves as Bonaire's secondary school, for ages 12–18. It is a Dutch-medium school. As of 2018 it has over 1,500 students including those of Dutch Caribbean, European Dutch, and other origins.
# Scopula benitaria

Scopula benitaria is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913. It is found in North America, including New Mexico and Texas.
The wingspan is 12–14 millimetres (0.47–0.55 in).
# Schlosspark, Brühl

The Schlosspark (Palace park) is the park of Schloss Augustusburg, a Baroque palace in Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The garden was first designed in Baroque style by Dominique Girard, and established in 1728. It was partly changed to English landscape style during the 19th century. In the 1930s, the original design was restored. It is now a public park. The complete ensemble of palaces and gardens is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

A large formal symmetrical parterre garden was established south of the palace. It was designed by Dominique Girard, a pupil of André Le Nôtre, who came to Brühl in 1727. His 1728 design, titled "garten-dessein", has been preserved in the schloss. South of the building, a symmetry "embroidery" parterre was structured by two pools with fountains on each side, and another large pool, the Mirror Pool, with fountains at the end, separating the parterre from the surrounding forest section.
Commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia, Peter Joseph Lenné changed the forest sections around the parterre to an English landscape garden, beginning in 1842. He also created a connection lined with linden trees to Schloss Falkenlust. In the 1930s, the Baroque parterre was restored according to the preserved original plans. The work was performed from 1933 to 1935, supervised by Georg Potente [de]. Further restoration and partly new design was performed after World War II, and especially from 1983.
Because of its careful restoration to the historic plans, the Schlosspark is regarded as one of few authentic examples of Baroque French garden architecture of the 18th century in Europe, and a historic monument of international importance. It is part of the Straße der Gartenkunst zwischen Rhein und Maas [de] (road of garden art between Rhein and Maas). The park has been a nature preserve of North Rhine-Westphalia since 1954. In 1984, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl.
# Schools Camanachd Association

The Schools Camanachd Association (SCA) was the governing body for the sport of shinty at school level in Scotland. It was affiliated to the Camanachd Association but was an independent body. The SCA disbanded in 2015, with the Camanachd Association taking on responsibility for their competitions and remit.

## History

The Association was founded in 1937 to provide a competitive structure for schools in the sport.
In recent years the association has changed the format of some of its trophies and the MacBean Cup is no longer the Blue Riband event for whole school competition but has been reduced to an U13 9 a-side tournament.
There is also a South of Scotland Schools Camanachd Association which has emerged in recent years.
There is at present no SCA competition for pupils over the age of 16. This is major omission. The MacBean Cup was formerly the cup for whole school competition. The Sorley MacLean Quaich between Portree High School and Plockton High School is one competition that tries to fill the gap. The Homecoming Scottish Schools Challenge Shield was also created to fill this gap and is also not run by the SCA.
The Women's Camanachd Association also has started to run a regular schools competition which is not run under SCA jurisdiction due to differences in eligibility rules.
The SCA launched a website in November 2010 as well as increasing the combined roll total for schools to allow more combined teams to enter - one of the major criticisms of the Association.
The SCA disbanded in 2015 due to a lack of volunteers, with the Camanachd Association taking on responsibility for their competitions and remit.

## Primary School Competition

* MacKay Cup (National Primary School Championship)
* Tulloch Cup (National Primary School League Championship)

## Secondary School Competition

* MacBean Cup (National Under 13, 9-a-Side Championship)
* MacPherson Cup (National Under 14 Championship)
* Wade Cup (National Under 16 Championship)
* Donella Crawford Cup (Secondary girls sixes)
# Scholander pressure bomb

A pressure bomb, pressure chamber, or Scholander bomb is an instrument that can measure the approximate water potential of plant tissues. A leaf and petiole or stem segment is placed inside a sealed chamber. Pressurized gas (normally compressed nitrogen) is slowly added to the chamber. As the pressure increases, at some point the liquid contents of the sample will be forced out of the xylem and will be visible at the cut end of the stem or petiole. The pressure that is required to do so is equal and opposite to the water potential of the sample (Ψ$_{leaf}$ or Ψ$_{total}$). Pressure bombs are field portable and mechanically simple, which make them the predominant method for water potential measurements in the fields of plant physiology and ecophysiology.

## Measurements

Several water potential variables can be determined using the pressure bomb analysis. The most common of which are predawn leaf water potential and midday leaf water potential. Measurements conducted on plants predawn are considered a good representation of the total water status of plant. As no transpiration through stomata should be occurring at night, the plant's water potentials should be in equilibrium across the entire plant and be similar to the water potential of the soil around the roots. Midday leaf water potential is less commonly used as it is more variable and does not correlate well with other physiological measurements of water status. However, midday water potentials can be used to determine times of peak water stress or diurnal changes in plant water status. Additional variables and methods that involve pressure bombs for analysis include: stem conductance, xylem embolisms, and vulnerability curves.

## Pressure-volume Curves

A more advance method that uses the pressure bomb in plant physiology is pressure-volume curves analysis or p-v curve. Through this method one measures the changes in leaf or stem water potential and relative water content to isolate the underlying components of total leaf or stem water potential. While the measurements can be time intensive, variable such as solute potential (Ψ$_s$), turgor loss point (Ψ$_{tlp}$), apoplastic water content and symplastic water content can all be determined using this method. The general protocol for measuring p-v curves involves repeated measure of water potential and mass in succession. As water is forced out of the sample with each measurement in the pressure bomb the mass is also reduced. Tracking these changes over many measurement should show a precipitous drop and then a steady linear decline after an inflection point.
# ScholarChip

ScholarChip is a company that produces multifunctional ID cards and services for contactless campus environments. Its cards are NFC-enabled and can be used to take attendance, monitor entry and exit, make payments, and monitor student activity. Dr. Maged Atiya founded ScholarChip in 2000. The company is headquartered in Hicksville, Town of Oyster Bay, New York and has additional offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, and Baltimore.

## History

Dr. Maged Atiya founded ScholarChip in 2000. He now serves as the company's CTO and CEO.
In March 2012, ScholarChip released its first School Safety and Operations platform compatible with NFC-enabled mobile phones. The NFC technology makes it possible for the ScholarChip's ID cards to exchange data with smartphones through a contactless swipe or tap. Students can use the cards to check in when they enter their school or sign into class, just by tapping their card against an NFC-enabled phone or kiosk. Previously, these cards could only be read at permanent kiosks equipped with OMNIKEY RFID readers.
Also in 2012, ScholarChip partnered with the Philadelphia public transportation system to launch a transit payment system for students. The initiative will let students pay their transit fare via their contactless ID cards. Schools will also be able to reduce truancy by tracking student IDs with NFC and mobile apps. The system creates a real-time interface between the ID cards, the school attendance platform, and the contactless public transport readers. In 2013, ScholarChip partnered with Fairfax County Public Schools to manage visitor databases to screen for registered sex offenders. In February 2014, ScholarChip announced a partnership with Baltimore County Public Schools to provide smart ID cards for its staff and students.
In 2014, ScholarChip partnered Shuttle Computer Group to monitor student and staff school attendance. In 2016, the company formed a partnership with Zebra Technologies and ARMET Group, to create the Affordable Smart Card ID Initiative which subsidizes prices for school districts implementing smart ID cards.

## Product

ScholarChip offers a one-card solution for contactless campuses. Schools can also pick and choose services based on individual needs. For example, the Westbury School District in Long Island, New York uses the ScholarChip system to take school attendance for its 4,600 students.

## Awards and recognition

In 2012, ScholarChip was a finalist for the “Emerging Technology Solution” award from EdTech Digest. The site highlighted ScholarChip's aesthetic and modern app design and its comprehensive services.
# Scotch Bonnet Ridge

Scotch Bonnet Ridge is a geologic ridge that crosses the Canada-United States border, in Lake Ontario, south of Prince Edward County. Scotch Bonnet Island and Nicholson Island lie off the shore of Prince Edward County.
The ridge is composed of glacio-lacustrine clay and till.