OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Operation Dropshot

Operation Dropshot was the United States Department of Defense code name for a contingency plan for a possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies in order to counter the anticipated Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia expected to begin about 1957. The plan was prepared in 1949 during the early stages of the Cold War and declassified during 1977. Although the scenario included the use of nuclear weapons, they were not expected to play a decisive role.
At the time, the US nuclear arsenal was limited in size, based mostly in the United States, and depended on bombers for delivery. Dropshot included mission profiles that would have used 300 nuclear bombs and 29,000 high-explosive bombs on 200 targets in 100 cities and towns to wipe out 85 percent of the Soviet Union's industrial potential in a single stroke. Between 75 and 100 of the 300 nuclear weapons were targeted to destroy Soviet combat aircraft on the ground.
The scenario was devised prior to the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles and included the note that the plan would be invalidated if rocketry became a cheap and effective means of delivering nuclear weapons. The documents were later declassified and published as Dropshot: The American Plan for World War III Against the Soviet Union in 1957. Never approved, Dropshot was withdrawn in February 1951 and superseded by Reaper, a plan that anticipated a war in 1954.
# San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards 2013

12th SFFCC Awards
December 15, 2013
Best Picture:
12 Years a Slave
The 12th San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in film for 2013, were given on 15 December 2013.

## Winners

* Best Picture:
** 12 Years a Slave
* Best Director:
** Alfonso Cuarón – Gravity
* Best Original Screenplay:
** American Hustle – David O. Russell and Eric Warren Singer
* Best Adapted Screenplay:
** 12 Years a Slave – John Ridley
* Best Actor:
** Chiwetel Ejiofor – 12 Years a Slave
* Best Actress:
** Cate Blanchett – Blue Jasmine
* Best Supporting Actor:
** James Franco – Spring Breakers
* Best Supporting Actress:
** Jennifer Lawrence – American Hustle
* Best Animated Feature:
** Frozen
* Best Foreign Language Film:
** Blue Is the Warmest Colour • France
* Best Documentary:
** The Act of Killing
* Best Cinematography:
** Gravity – Emmanuel Lubezki
* Best Film Editing:
** Gravity – Alfonso Cuarón and Mark Sanger
* Best Production Design:
** Gravity – Andy Nicholson
* Marlon Riggs Award (for courage & vision in the Bay Area film community):
** Ryan Coogler – Fruitvale Station
* Special Citation (for under-appreciated independent cinema):
** Computer Chess
# This Is How We Do It (disambiguation)

"This Is How We Do It" is a 1995 song by Montell Jordan.
This Is How We Do It may also refer to:
* This Is How We Do It (album), by Montell Jordan
* "This Is How We Do It" (Grey's Anatomy), a 2011 episode
# Sarah Southern

Sarah Southern (born 1980, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England) is a British businesswoman and former Conservative Party official and aide to Prime Minister David Cameron. In 2012, she became embroiled in a so-called "Cash for Access" controversy after undercover journalists from The Sunday Times filmed the Conservative co-treasurer Peter Cruddas apparently offering access to the Prime Minister and his Chancellor George Osborne for £250,000. Southern is alleged to have introduced the journalists to Cruddas, while boasting to friends she had made "a tidy sum" by introducing people to the Prime Minister.

## Career

Southern briefly attended South Africa's Stellenbosch University before reading Politics and International Relations at the UK's University of Reading, completing the degree in 2001. Following her graduation she took a job at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs where she was employed as a press officer, but left the post seven months later to work for the Conservative Party. Initially she was the national organiser of the party's youth movement, Conservative Future, but went on from this to hold a number of positions over the next several years. Later roles within the Conservative Party include project manager for oversees voluntary project, Secretary-General of the International Young Democrat Union and senior event manager. She was appointed to the latter post in December 2009 and during the year she held the position claims to have become a close and trusted aide to Party leader David Cameron. During the 2010 general election campaign she was a member of the party's media strategy team.
In November 2010, following the announcement of a forthcoming referendum on the issue of whether or not to introduce the alternative voting system in the United Kingdom, Southern was appointed operations director of No to AV, the campaign to oppose the idea. Following the conclusion of that in May 2011, Southern established her own business, Sarah Southern Consulting, in June 2011.
On 24 March 2012, The Sunday Times released a video undercover reporters from the newspaper had secretly filmed Conservative Party co-treasurer Peter Cruddas allegedly offering them access to Prime Minister David Cameron and Chancellor George Osborne for £250,000. Southern is alleged to have introduced the reporters to Cruddas, and in the video described herself as a political aide. Cruddas resigned shortly after the video's release.
# Told You So (Nathan Evans song)

"Told You So" is a song by British singer Nathan Evans. Following on from "Wellerman", two versions of the song, including a remix by British songwriter and producer Digital Farm Animals, were released for digital download and streaming by Polydor and UMG on 25 June 2021, alongside accompanying music videos.

## Music video

The accompanying official video was directed by Michael Baldwin and was released on 25 June 2021, along with the release of the song. In the official video, Evans appears in Seaford, East Sussex, Newhaven, Edinburgh, Brighton, Haywards Heath, Crawley, City of London, West Wickham and Crystal Palace, London.

## Credits and personnel

* Buzz Killer – producer, bass, drum programming, guitar, mandolin, background vocalist
* Digital Farm Animals – producer, studio personnel, remixer, associated performer, music production
* Nathan Evans – associated performer, vocals, background vocalist, composer lyricist
* Alan Jukes – associated performer, background vocalist, composer lyricist
* Luke Taylor – associated performer, background vocalist
* Stephen Jukes – associated performer, background vocalist, composer lyricist
* Jamie McGrory – studio personnel
* Geoff Swan – studio personnel, mixer
* Niko Battistini – studio personnel, assistant mixer
* Mike Hillier – studio personnel, mastering engineer
* Ross Hamilton – composer lyricist
* Nick Gale – associated performer, bass, mandolin, composer lyricist

## Charts

Chart performance for "Told You So" :
| Chart (2021) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 23 |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 22 |
| Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) | 9 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for "Told You So" :
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Version | Label(s) | Ref. |
| Various | 25 June 2021 | Digital downloadstreaming | Original | PolydorUniversal Music Group | |
| Various | 25 June 2021 | Digital downloadstreaming | Digital Farm Animals remix | PolydorUniversal Music Group | |
# Rebecca Waldecker

Rebecca Anne Hedwig Waldecker (born 1979) is a German mathematician specializing in group theory. She is professor for algebra at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.

## Education and career

Waldecker is originally from Aachen. She earned her doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) at the University of Kiel in 2007, under the supervision of Helmut Bender [de], and in 2014 completed her habilitation at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.
After postdoctoral research as a Leverhulme Fellow at the University of Birmingham, Waldecker joined Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg as a junior professor in 2009. She became professor for algebra in 2015.

## Books

Waldecker is the author of the book Isolated Involutions in Finite Groups (Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 2013), developed from her doctoral dissertation.
With Lasse Rempe-Gillen, she is the coauthor of Primzahltests für Einsteiger: Zahlentheorie, Algorithmik, Kryptographie (Vieweg+Teubner, 2009; 2nd ed., Springer, 2016), a book on primality tests that was translated into English as Primality Testing for Beginners (Student Mathematical Library 70, American Mathematical Society, 2014).
She became a coauthor to the 2012 textbook Elementare Algebra und Zahlentheorie of Gernot Stroth [de], in its second edition (Mathematik Kompakt, Springer, 2019).
# Rouleaux

Rouleaux (singular is rouleau) are stacks or aggregations of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of the unique discoid shape of the cells in vertebrates. The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other; thus forming a rouleau. They occur when the plasma protein concentration is high, and, because of them, the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is also increased. This is a nonspecific indicator of the presence of disease.
Conditions that cause rouleaux formation include infections, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, inflammatory and connective tissue disorders, and cancers. It also occurs in diabetes mellitus and is one of the causative factors for microvascular occlusion in diabetic retinopathy.
So, the presence of rouleaux can also be a cause of disease because it will restrict the flow of blood throughout the body because capillaries can only accept free-flowing singular and independent red blood cells.
The aggregations, also known as "clumping," may also form as an allergic reaction to certain antibiotics and not necessarily because of the disease.
Acute-phase proteins, particularly fibrinogen, interact with sialic acid on the surface of RBCs to facilitate the formation of rouleaux. An increase in the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume, as seen in the setting of polycythemia and hypovolemia, decreases rouleaux formation and decreases sedimentation. Rouleaux formation is retarded by albumin proteins.
Rouleaux formations are also adopted by spermatozoa as a means of cooperation between genetically similar gametocytes so as to improve reproductive success through enhanced motility and, therefore, fertilization capacity—e.g., the guinea pig.

## Kinetics of Linear Rouleaux Formation

According to Smoluchowski aggregation, the kinetics of colloids is based on the assumption that each particle is surrounded by a "sphere influence". Single spherical particles which undergo Brownian motion collide and sticking of particles happens. As aggregation proceeds, the average diffusion constant of the aggregate population decreases. The aggregation of red blood cells progresses in the same manner except that cells are biconcave rather than spherical.
# Théâtre municipal de Tunis

The Théâtre municipal de Tunis (engl. Municipal Theatre of Tunis) in Tunisia, Built in the Art Nouveau style on Avenue Jules-Ferry (now Avenue Habib-Bourguiba), was first opened on November 20, 1902 and currently showcases opera, ballet, symphonic concerts and dramas featuring numerous Tunisian, Arab and international actors. It was then called the Municipal Casino of Tunis.
# Robert Atkinson

Robert Atkinson may refer to:
* Robert Atkinson (architect) (1883–1952), English Art Deco architect
* Robert Atkinson (businessman) (1916–2015), British businessman and Royal Navy officer
* Robert Atkinson (footballer, born 1998), English professional footballer
* Robert Atkinson (MP), Member of Parliament for Appleby
* Robert Atkinson (philologist) (1839–1908), English scholar
* Robert D. Atkinson (born 1954), American economist
* Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (1898–1982), British astronomer
* R. Frank Atkinson (1869–1923), British architect
* Robert Jones Atkinson (1820–1871), American politician from the state of Ohio
* Robert P. Atkinson (1927–2012), bishop in the Episcopal Church
* Rob Atkinson (born 1987), English professional footballer
* Rob Atkinson (surgeon) (born 1947), Australian orthopaedic surgeon
* Bob Atkinson (footballer, born 1913) (1913–2006), Australian rules footballer
* Bob Atkinson (footballer, born 1930) (1930–2017), Australian rules footballer
* Bob Atkinson (police officer), Commissioner of the Queensland Police Service
* J. Robert Atkinson (1887–1964), founder of the Universal Braille Press in 1919
# Robert Dale (explorer)

Lieutenant Robert Dale (1810 – 20 July 1853) was the first European explorer to cross the Darling Range in Western Australia.
Robert Dale was born in Winchester, England in November 1810, son of Major Thurston Dale and Helen Matthews. Through the influence of his great-uncle General William Dyott, on 25 October 1827, he was appointed an ensign in the British Army's 63rd Regiment of Foot. In February 1829 Dale embarked for the Swan River Colony on HMS Sulphur as part of a detachment of troops commanded by Captain Frederick Chidley Irwin, arriving 6 June 1829. On arrival at the colony, he was seconded as an assistant to Surveyor General John Septimus Roe, whose Survey Department was suffering under an extreme workload. Dale spent four years with the Survey Department, surveying, clearing roads, and exploring. He was the first European to cross the Darling Range, where he discovered the fertile Avon Valley and explored the future locations of Northam, Toodyay, York and Beverley. He was also the first European to see and describe the numbat.
In November 1832 Dale purchased a vacated lieutenancy, but the following year returned to England. He took with him the smoked head of Yagan, a Noongar Aboriginal who had been ambushed and killed by a young settler. He remained on leave until he sold his commission in 1835. The sale of his commission, along with £500 inherited from his grandfather, who had died in January 1835, enabled Dale to set himself up as a timber merchant in Liverpool in November 1835. He became involved in promoting the use of the Western Australian timber jarrah. He died of tuberculosis in Bath on 20 July 1853.
Mount Dale, one of the highest points in the Darling Range, to the south of Mundaring Weir, is named after him. The Dale River, a tributary of the Avon River, is also named after him, as is Ensign Dale Place in Northam, Western Australia.
The Panoramic View of King George's Sound, Part of the Colony of Swan River, a 2.7-metre-long (9 ft) hand-colored aquatint panorama of Albany after sketches by Dale, was published in 1834 by Robert Havell.
# Robert Miles (disambiguation)

Robert Miles (1969–2017) was a Swiss-Italian record producer, composer, musician and DJ.
Robert Miles is also the name of:
* Robert Miles (sociologist), British scholar and former professor of sociology.
* Rob Miles (born 1957), British academic and computer scientist.
* Robert Miles (cricketer) (1846–1930), English amateur cricketer.
* Robert Miles (judge), judge of the High Court of England and Wales.
* Robert Miles (rugby league) (born 1976), former Australian professional rugby league player.
* Robert E. Miles (1925–1992), white-supremacist leader from Michigan.
# Robert J. Fisher

Robert Joseph "Bob" Fisher (born August 26, 1954) is an American businessman who is the current chairman of Gap Inc. and has been a director since 1990; he was previously chairman of the board (2004–2007) and interim chief executive officer. The son of Gap Inc. co-founders Donald Fisher and Doris F. Fisher, he has been involved with the company as a board member or employee for over 30 years.

## Early life and education

Fisher was born to a Jewish family, is the son of Doris Feigenbaum Fisher and Donald Fisher, the co-founders of Gap, Inc. He has two brothers: William S. Fisher and John J. Fisher. Fisher attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Princeton University, where he received a bachelor's degree. He is also a graduate of the Stanford University School of Business, from which he earned a Master of Business Administration.

## Career

Fisher's professional history with the company began when he became a Gap store manager in 1980. Following that, Fisher went to work at the company's corporate headquarters, where his roles increased in responsibility, with hands-on experience as a merchant and executive.
In 1989, Fisher was named president of Banana Republic. In 1990, he became a member of the Board of Directors of Gap Inc., and in 1992, he was named an executive vice president of Gap Inc. From 1993 to 1995, he served as chief financial officer of Gap Inc., at which time he was promoted to chief operating officer of the company. In 1997, he was named president of Gap brand, overseeing the adult, babyGap and GapKids businesses. In 2004, he was chairman of the board of directors.
In November 2019, Fisher replaced Art Peck of Gap Inc, as interim chief executive officer.

## Philanthropy

He is chair of the board of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

## Environmental work

He is on the board of trustees for Conservation International as a member of the executive committee. He was on the board of the Natural Resources Defense Council for more than 20 years, and is on the organization's honorary board of trustees.
In 2009, he was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as the only public member of the Strategic Growth Council, Fisher was appointed by Governor Jerry Brown in 2014 as vice chair.

## Political donations

In 2019, it was revealed that Fisher had donated $1 million to a dark money group in opposition to Barack Obama two months prior to the 2012 presidential election.
Over the past decades, he also has contributed to many Democratic candidates and environmental campaigns.

## Personal life

He is married to Elizabeth S. Fisher and they have three children. They live in San Francisco.
# Robert Cashner

Robert C. Cashner is an American ichthyologist and retired academic administrator.
He was the first to describe the Stippled studfish (Fundulus bifax) and the bluefin stoneroller (Campostoma pauciradii).
Cashner was a faculty member at the University of New Orleans for many years. He was dean of UNO's graduate school from 1996 to 2008 and vice chancellor for research from 2001 to 2008. He was elected as president of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in 1997.

## Taxon described by him

* See Category:Taxa named by Robert Cashner

## Selected publications

* Robert C. Cashner; Royal D. Suttkus (1977). "Ambloplites constellatus, a New Species of Rock Bass from the Ozark Upland of Arkansas and Missouri with a Review of Western Rock Bass Populations" (PDF). The American Midland Naturalist. 98 (1): 147–161. doi:10.2307/2424721. JSTOR 2424721.</ref>
* Burr, Brooks M.; Cashner, Robert C. (1983). "Campostoma pauciradii, a new Cyprinid fish from southeastern United States, with a review of related forms". Copeia. 1983 (1): 101–116. doi:10.2307/1444703. JSTOR 1444703.</ref>
* Cashner, R.C., J.S. Rogers and J.M. Grady 1988 Fundulus bifax, a new species of the subgenus Xenisma from the Tallapoosa and Coosa river systems of Alabama and Georgia. Copeia (3):674-683.
* Bart, H. L., M. F. Cashner, and K. R. Piller. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of the North American cyprinid subgenus hydropholax. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59:725-735.
* Cashner, Robert C.; Burr, Brooks M.; Rogers, James S. (February 27, 1989). "Geographic Variation of the Mud Sunfish, Acantharchus pomotis (Family Centrarchidae)". Copeia. 1989 (1): 129–141. doi:10.2307/1445614. JSTOR 1445614.
* Warren, Melvin L.; Burr, Brooks M.; Walsh, Stephen J.; Bart, Henry L.; Cashner, Robert C.; Etnier, David A.; Freeman, Byron J.; Kuhajda, Bernard R.; Mayden, Richard L.; Robison, Henry W.; Ross, Stephen T.; Starnes, Wayne C. (2000). "Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status of the Native Freshwater Fishes of the Southern United States". Fisheries. 25 (10): 7–31. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0007:DDACSO>2.0.CO;2.
# Robert McCaw

Robert Gadsden McCaw (December 28, 1821 – November 24, 1870) was an American politician and slaveholder. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 51st Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.

## Biography

McCaw studied at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville before later holding approximately 135 slaves in York County, South Carolina.
McCaw served in the South Carolina House of Representatives and two terms in the South Carolina Senate. In 1864, McCaw was elected lieutenant governor, and he held the office until May 1865. After the Confederacy's defeat in the Civil War, South Carolina's governor, Andrew Gordon Magrath, was arrested and removed from office. McCaw did not succeed Magrath as governor because the United States government dissolved the state government of South Carolina, placing the state under the administration of the Second Military District.
# Robert Verrue

Robert Verrue (14 November 1947 – 26 September 2012) was an official of the European Commission. He has served as Director-General of the Directorate-General for Employment (from 2008), Director-General for Taxation & Customs Union (2002–2008) and Director-General for Information Society (1996–2002).
After receiving a degree in business management in 1968, he attended the College of Europe (international economics) 1968–1969. He has a Master in Business Administration from INSEAD, where he studied 1970–1971. He joined the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission as a junior economist in 1973. He served as director at the Directorate-General for Industrial Affairs and Internal Market 1988–1993 and Deputy Director General at the Directorate-General for External Affairs 1993–1995, responsible for relations with Central European Countries and CIS Republics.
# Robert Ogden

Robert Ogden may refer to:
* Robert Curtis Ogden (1836–1913), American businessman
* Robert Morris Ogden (1877–1959), American psychologist and academic
* Robert N. Ogden Jr. (1839–1905), American lawyer, soldier, and politician
* Robert Ogden (New Jersey politician) (1716–1765), speaker of the New Jersey assembly and delegate to the Stamp Act Congress