OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Visconti of Pisa and Sardinia

The Visconti of Pisa and Sardinia were an Italian noble dynasty of the Middle Ages. They achieved prominence first in Pisa, then in Sardinia, where they became rulers of Gallura.

## History

The first Visconti of note in Pisa was Alberto, who bore the title patrician. Alberto's son, Eldizio, bore the titles patrician and consul from 1184 to 1185. It was Eldizio's sons, Lamberto and Ubaldo I, who brought the family to the height of its influence in Pisa and Sardinia. Both of them carried the title of patrician and each served a term as podestà.
In 1212, various factions (pro- and anti-Visconti) clashed for control over Pisa. In mid-January 1213, William I of Cagliari led a coalition of anti-Visconti forces to victory in battle near Massa over the combined forces of Lucca and the Visconti under Ubaldo. Afterward, Pisa divided power between four rectores, one of which was a Visconti. The Visconti of Sardinia continued to take a part in Pisan politics to the end of the century, but their influence there was greatly diminished after 1213.
In Sardinia, Eldizio had married a daughter of Torchitorio III of Cagliari, who became the mother of Lamberto and Ubaldo. In 1207, Lamberto married Elena, the heiress of Barisone II of Gallura, thus securing control over the northeastern corner of Sardinia with his capital at Civita. In 1215, he and Ubaldo established their hegemony over the Giudicato of Cagliari in the south of the island as well. Through advantageous marriages, Lamberto's son, Ubaldo II, secured power in Logudoro for a time. By mid century, Pisan authority was unopposed in Sardinia, thanks to intermarriages between the Visconti family and the other great families of Pisa (Gherardeschi and Capraia) and Sardinia (Lacon and Bas-Serra).

## Visconti rulers of Gallura

* Lambert (1207–1225)
* Ubaldo (1225–1238)
* John (1238–1275)
* Nino (1275–1296) – his wife Beatrice d'Este (d. 15 September 1334) married secondly on 24 June 1300 to Galeazzo I Visconti (1277–1328), Lord of Milan
* Joanna (1296–1308), stepsister of Azzone Visconti of the Milan line
# Virtual (horse)

Virtual (foaled 10 May 2005) is a thoroughbred racehorse who won the Lockinge Stakes at Newbury in 2009.
Virtual is a bay horse who was sired by Pivotal out of Virtuous. He was bred and owned by Cheveley Park Stud and trained by John Gosden at Newmarket, Suffolk. He ran fourteen times in a career that lasted from September 2007 to October 2009 and won five times. He gained his most important win in the 2009 Lockinge Stakes when he beat Alexandros by a nose, ridden by Jimmy Fortune.
# Villamayor de Treviño

Villamayor de Treviño is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 99 inhabitants.
# Villamayor de Monjardín

Villamayor de Monjardín (very exceptionally in Basque: Deio) is a town and municipality located in the province and the autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
The ruins of the castle of San Esteban de Deyo sit on the hill above the town.
# Prairie Meteorite Network

The Prairie Meteorite Network was a system of sixteen camera stations in Midwestern United States, run by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1964 to 1975. The network used surplus aerocameras with 6.3–12 inch focal length wide angle metrogon lenses that covered a format of 9 x 18 inches on aero roll film. During ten years of network activity only one meteorite fall was recorded, the Lost City meteorite in 1970.
# Pratapa icetoides

Pratapa icetoides, the blue royal, is a species of blue butterfly (Lycaenidae) found in the Indomalayan realm.

## Range

The butterfly occurs in India from Assam, the Khasi Hills, eastwards and across to north and south Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Nias.

## Subspecies

* P. i. icetoides North India, Burma, North Thailand, Assam, Burma
* P. i. cretheus (de Nicéville, 1895) Sumatra, W.Java
* P. i. carmentalis (de Nicéville, [1893]) Khasia Hills
* P. i. yasa (Fruhstorfer, 1912) Nias
* P. i. ecphanathus (Fruhstorfer, 1912) East Java
* P. i. calculis Druce, 1895 South Thailand, Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, Borneo
* P. i. marikit Schröder & Treadaway, 1986 Philippines, Palawan

## Taxonomy

The butterfly was previously classified as Camena icetoides and Ancema icetoides.

## Status

William Harry Evans in 1932 and Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth in 1957 both describe the species as not being rare.

## Description

The butterfly has a wingspan of 30 to 32 mm.
The male white-banded royal above is a shining bright blue up to base of 4 in the forewing. On the hindwing is a mid-costal white patch. The male has a large but inconspicuous brand on the upperside of the hindwing. The female is a pale dull powdery blue with a broad black border on both wings. The underside is pale brown with no bars end cell. The forewing has an outwardly white-edged discal line curved inwards.
# Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Vivi is a village in the Bas-Congo province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite the provincial capital of Matadi.
It was found in 1879 by Henry Morton Stanley. It served as the first capital of the Congo Free State from July, 1885 to May 1, 1886, when the capital was relocated to Boma.
# Viticoideae

Viticoideae is one of seven subfamilies in the sage family, Lamiaceae.

## Genera

This subfamily contains the following 10 genera:
* Cornutia L.
* Gmelina L.
* Paravitex Fletcher
* Petitia Jacq.
* Pseudocarpidium Millsp.
* Premna L.
* Teijsmanniodendron Koorders
* Tsoongia Merrill
* Viticipremna H.J.Lam
* Vitex L.
# Viviennea griseonitens

Viviennea griseonitens is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Peru.
# Powercor Australia

Powercor Australia is an Australian electricity distribution company that operates throughout western Victoria, and the western suburbs of Melbourne.
The company owns and maintains power lines, substations and street lights and also manages the largest electricity distribution network in Victoria.
Powercor is 51% owned by the Cheung Kong Holdings and 49% by Spark Infrastructure which also own Citipower, which maintains the city of Melbourne's CBD network, and SA Power Networks, which maintains the South Australian network.

## Network statistics

As of September 2011:
* Total line length: 84,026 km
* Area covered: 150,000 km$^2$
* Customers: 730,273
* Zone substations 70
* Zone substation transformers (66 kV to 22 kV): 137
* Distribution transformers (22 kV to 240 V): 81,553
* Poles: 535,941
* 31,865 customers supplied via single-wire earth return rural grid
* Wires underground: 10.6%
* 86% classified as 'rural'
* Network availability: 99.96%
# Precis andremiaja

Precis andremiaja is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forest margins and anthropogenic environments. J. andremiaja is said by Mr. Cowan to be "common in houses on warm days".
# Virtual knot

In knot theory, a virtual knot is a generalization of knots in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R$^3$, to knots in thickened surfaces $\Sigma \times [0,1]$ modulo an equivalence relation called stabilization/destabilization. Here $\Sigma$ is required to be closed and oriented. Virtual knots were first introduced by Kauffman (1999).

## Overview

In the theory of classical knots, knots can be considered equivalence classes of knot diagrams under the Reidemeister moves. Likewise a virtual knot can be considered an equivalence of virtual knot diagrams that are equivalent under generalized Reidemeister moves. Virtual knots allow for the existence of, for example, knots whose Gauss codes which could not exist in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. A virtual knot diagram is a 4-valent planar graph, but each vertex is now allowed to be a classical crossing or a new type called virtual. The generalized moves show how to manipulate such diagrams to obtain an equivalent diagram; one move called the semi-virtual move involves both classical and virtual crossings, but all the other moves involve only one variety of crossing.
A classical knot can also be considered an equivalence class of Gauss diagrams under certain moves coming from the Reidemeister moves. Not all Gauss diagrams are realizable as knot diagrams, but by considering all equivalence classes of Gauss diagrams we obtain virtual knots.
A classical knot can be considered an ambient isotopy class of embeddings of the circle into a thickened 2-sphere. This can be generalized by considering such classes of embeddings into thickened higher-genus surfaces. This is not quite what we want since adding a handle to a (thick) surface will create a higher-genus embedding of the original knot. The adding of a handle is called stabilization and the reverse process destabilization. Thus a virtual knot can be considered an ambient isotopy class of embeddings of the circle into thickened surfaces with the equivalence given by (de)stabilization.
Some basic theorems relating classical and virtual knots:
* If two classical knots are equivalent as virtual knots, they are equivalent as classical knots.
* There is an algorithm to determine if a virtual knot is classical.
* There is an algorithm to determine if two virtual knots are equivalent.
There is a relation among the following.
* Virtual equivalence of virtual 1-knot diagrams, which is a set of virtual 1-knots.
* Welded equivalence of virtual 1-knot diagrams
* Rotational welded equivalence of virtual 1-knot diagrams
* Fiberwise equivalence of virtual 1-knot diagrams
# Virtual limited liability company

This article is part of a series on :
Corporate law :
By jurisdiction
Anguilla
Australia
BVI
Canada
Cayman Islands
India
South Africa
UK
United States
Vietnam
European Union
France
Germany :
General corporate forms
Company
Conglomerate
Cooperative
Corporation
Holding company
Joint-stock
Partnership
General
Limited
Limited liability
Private limited
Shell corporation
Shelf corporation
Sole proprietorship :
Corporate forms by jurisdiction
European Union
Societas (SE)
Societas cooperativa (SCE)
Societas privata (SPE)
Societas unius personae (SUP)
Economic interest grouping (EEIG)
UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) (CIO)
Scottish charitable incorporated organisation (SCIO)
Community interest company (CIC)
Industrial and provident society (IPS)
Limited company (Ltd.)
by guarantee
by shares
proprietary
public
Unlimited company
United States
Benefit corporation
C corporation
Limited liability company (LLC)
Low-profit LLC
Series LLC
Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)
S corporation
Delaware corporation / statutory trust
Massachusetts business trust
Nevada corporation
Others
Aktiebolag (AB)
Aktiengesellschaft (AG)
Ansvarlig selskap (ANS)
Aktieselskab (A/S)
Aksjeselskap (AS)
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH)
Kabushiki gaisha (K.K.)
Naamloze vennootschap (N.V.)
Osakeyhtiö (Oy)
S.A.
Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)
more... :
Doctrines
Business judgment rule
Corporate governance
De facto and estoppel corporations
Internal affairs doctrine
Limited liability
Tag-along right
Drag-along right
Piercing the corporate veil
Rochdale Principles
Ultra vires :
Related areas
Beneficial ownership
Civil procedure
Contract
Corporate registers
Registered agent :
Company portal
Law portal :
vte :
A virtual limited liability company (VLLC) is a type of legal entity that does not require a physical presence or in-person board meetings. The company type was first legalised in Vermont, USA in 2008 and in 2010 the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative began drafting legislation based on the Vermont law which would allow virtual companies in Iceland.
The project, which was started by MP Birgitta Jónsdóttir (chairman), information activist Smári McCarthy and others was later succeeded by the International Modern Media Institute and is currently ongoing.
# Vitoria-Gasteiz railway station

Vitoria-Gasteiz railway station is the main railway station in the Basque capital city of Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain.

## Services

Vitoria-Gasteiz railway station is one of the main stops on the Madrid–Hendaye railway. Half a dozen trains each day link the city with Madrid, using Alvia trains on the AVE infrastructure to reach Madrid in 3 hours 43 minutes. There are also connections to Paris, Barcelona, Lisbon and Bordeaux. There is a complete lack of rail services to Andalusia and no direct rail link with Bilbao.
| Preceding station | Renfe Operadora | Following station |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Madrid Chamartín | Alvia | Alsasuatowards Hendaye |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards A Coruña | Alvia | Pamplonatowards Barcelona Sants |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Vigo-Guixar | Alvia | Pamplonatowards Barcelona Sants |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Gijón | Alvia | Pamplonatowards Barcelona Sants |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Santa Apolónia | TrenhotelSurexpreso | San Sebastiántowards Hendaye |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards A Coruña | Intercity | Alsasuatowards Hendaye |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Madrid Chamartín | Intercity | Alegría de Álavatowards Irun |
| Miranda de Ebrotowards Madrid Chamartín | Intercity | Terminus |
| Terminus | Intercity | Pamplonatowards Barcelona Sants |
| Nanclares-Langraiztowards Valladolid-Campo Grande | Media Distancia21 | Terminus |
| Nanclares-Langraiztowards Miranda de Ebro | Media Distancia25 | Alegría de Álavatowards Irun |
| Terminus | Media Distancia26 | Alegría-Dulantzitowards Zaragoza-Delicias |

## Future

The Basque Y high-speed rail network is planned to connect Vitoria-Gasteiz with the French border, San Sebastián and Bilbao within 35 minutes. However, work on this project has been slow and there is no date for its inaugural run. As part of these works, Vitoria-Gasteiz station will be rebuilt underground.
# Prefectural museum

A prefectural museum is a museum that specializes in collections local to a prefecture of Japan.
Prefectural museums emerged in postwar Japan, and since these institutions are of recent origin their collections tend not to contain older Japan arts, with primarily Meiji era, 20th-century, and contemporary art. Most prefectural museums feature collections of arts, culture, and history with a strong emphasis on their native prefecture, but can exhibit works and collections from outside of the prefecture alongside the native collections, usually contemporary art from cultural centers such as Tokyo and exotic art from outside Japan. For example, the Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum specializing in art related to the city of Nagasaki also houses a collection of paintings from Spain belonging to a Japanese collector.
Prefectural museums tend to be large and some are more distinguished for their own architecture than for the collections they hold. Noted architect Kunio Maekawa designed both the Kumamoto Prefectural Art Museum in Kumamoto as well as the Saitama Prefectural Museum at Ōmiya Ward, Saitama.

## List of prefectural museums

Examples of prefectural museums include:
* Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum
* Aomori Prefectural Museum
* Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum
* Fukui Prefectural Museum of Cultural History
* Fukuoka Prefectural Museum of Art
* Fukushima Prefectural Museum of Art
* Hiroshima Prefectural Art Museum
* Hiroshima Prefectural Museum of History
* Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art
* Ibaraki Prefectural Museum of History
* Ishikawa Prefectural History Museum
* Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art
* Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Traditional Arts and Crafts
* Kōchi Prefectural Museum of Art
* Kōchi Prefectural Museum of History
* Kumamoto Prefectural Ancient Burial Mound Museum
* Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art
* Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum
* Miyazaki Prefectural Museum of Nature and History
* Ōita Prefectural Museum of History
* Okayama Prefectural Museum
* Okayama Prefectural Museum of Art
* Okinawa Prefectural Museum
* Osaka Prefectural Chikatsu Asuka Museum
* Reimeikan, Kagoshima Prefectural Center for Historical Material
* Saga Prefectural Museum
* Saga Prefectural Nagoya Castle Museum
* Saitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds
* Tochigi Prefectural Museum
* Tochigi Prefectural Museum of Fine Arts
* Tokushima Prefectural Museum
* Tottori Prefectural Museum
* Wakayama Prefectural Museum
* Yamagata Prefectural Museum
* Yamaguchi Prefectural Museum
* Yamaguchi Prefectural Museum of Art
# Prefecture, Milan

The Prefecture, Milan (Italian: Palazzo della Prefettura di Milano, transl.  Palace of the Prefecture of Milan), also known as Palazzo Diotti, is a historic neoclassical building which has been the location of the office of the Prefect of Milan since 1859. The building is situated at 31, Corso Monforte in the city.

## History

The original building was constructed in the early 16th century for the Humiliati, a religious order originating in Lombardy. In 1616, after that order was suppressed by the pope, the building passed to another religious order, the Somaschi Fathers. In 1782 it was purchased by a wealthy lawyer, Giovanni Battista Diotti who spent twenty years extensively re-building it. Diotti, an amateur architect, designed much of the building helped by Giuseppe Piermarini and later Pietro Gilardoni (it).
However, financial difficulties forced Diotti to sell the building in 1803 to the short-lived Napoleonic Italian Republic, passing to Napoleon’s Kingdom of Italy when it was created in 1805. The building was used as the Ministry of the Interior for the new kingdom. After the Napoleonic period, the building became a centre of government of the Austrian-ruled Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1815 to 1859. In 1817, further work on the facade was carried out under the direction of Gilardoni. In 1849, it became the seat of the Austrian Lieutenant (or Governor) of Lombardy. Following Italian unification, it was chosen, in 1859, as the seat of the Prefecture of Milan in the new Kingdom of Italy, the Prefect being the representative of the national government at provincial level. Since then, it has remained as the seat of the Prefect of the former Province of Milan, and from 2015, its successor, the Metropolitan City of Milan.
Benito Mussolini resided in the Prefecture at the end of World War II, using it, from 18 to 25 April 1945, as his government’s last headquarters prior to the Allied victory. After the war, in 1947, it was seized and occupied for a short period by communists protesting at the removal of the left-wing Prefect of Milan, Ettore Troilo. The protest failed, however.
The building was owned by the Province of Milan, and, subsequently, the Metropolitan City of Milan, but rented to the Prefecture. In 2017, it was reported that it was to be sold by the Metropolitan City for 38m euros to a real estate fund, established and owned by the Ministry of Finance, to assist Milan’s budget problems.

## Description

Built in the neoclassical style, the imposing front of the Prefecture consists of two wings and a central section, which is set back. At the centre is a doric order peristyle which supports a balcony. The facade of the ground floor is composed of finely dressed ashlar. On the first floor there are windows decorated with lintels surmounted by triangular gables, while on the second floor the windows are decorated with simple stone frames. The interior contains frescoes by Andrea Appiani and additional decorations by the theatrical designer Clemente Isacchi.
# Prefectural road

Prefectural roads (都道府県道, todōfukendō, singular depending on the type of prefecture: todō, dōdō, fudō or kendō) in Japan are roads usually planned, numbered and maintained by the government of the respective prefecture (-to, -dō, -fu or -ken), independent of other prefectures – as opposed to national roads (kokudō), which in legal terms include national expressways (kōsoku jidōsha kokudō), and municipal roads ([ku]shichōsondō). Where a national or prefectural road runs through the territory of a designated major city, the city government assumes part of the responsibility for these roads. By length, 10.7 % of public roads in Japan were prefectural roads as of 2011; by usage, they carried more than 30% of all traffic volume on public roads as of 2007.
Prefectural roads are marked with a blue hexagon, with the number centered. Most usually end at another prefectural road, or national route, or occasionally at or very close to a Japan Railway station.
Numbers are used only once in each prefecture, regardless of where the road begins or ends. If a prefectural road crosses into another prefecture, its number is not necessarily reused by the prefecture it crosses into, but many prefectural roads running through multiple prefectures are coordinated to share a number. For example, the "Fuchū-Sagamihara Line" (fuchuu-sagamihara-sen, 府中相模原線), which connects Fuchū City in Tokyo and Sagamihara City in Kanagawa Prefecture, starts as Tokyo Prefectural Road 20 but ends as Kanagawa Prefectural Road 525, while the "Sano-Koga line" (sano-koga-sen, 佐野古河線), which connects Sano City in Tochigi Prefecture and Koga City in Ibaraki Prefecture, is continually designated as Prefectural Road 9 in all four prefectures it runs through, namely Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama and Ibaraki.
Some prefectural roads will also at times run for a short distance concurrent with a national route, but it is more common to see this with other prefectural roads.
Numbers used for national routes that run through a prefecture are often duplicated by prefectural routes but a national route and a prefectural route bearing the same number rarely if ever meet or cross each other.
# Vizcaínos

Vizcaínos is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 57 inhabitants.
# Praenumeration

Praenumeration (German: Pränumeration) was an early form of the subscription business model. It was a common business practice in the 18th century book trade in Germany. The publisher offered to sell a book that was planned but had not yet been printed, usually at a discount, so as to cover their costs in advance. The business practice was particularly common with magazines, helping to determine in advance how many subscribers there would be.
For example, when Johann Heinrich Zedler decided to issue a collection of works of Martin Luther he advertised that the book would be for sale through praenumeration at the Leipzig Easter Fair in 1728, with the first volume to be available at the following Michaelmas Fair in early October. When the eleventh and final volume was issued in 1733, Zedler found himself in difficulty. He had been using praenumeration payments for the future volumes to pay the bills for previous volumes, and now the last bills were due with no future payments to cover them.