OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Proahaetulla

Proahaetulla is a monotypic genus of vine snake in the family Colubridae. It contains only one species, the keeled vine snake (Proahaetulla antiqua), which is endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Its natural habitat is montane rainforests of southern Western Ghats.

## Discovery

The species was first discovered in 2011, when an individual was found in the Agasthyamalai Hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It was initially thought to be a new species of Ahaetulla, as it looked very similar to the species Ahaetulla dispar. However, genetic analyses found it to be deeply divergent from any member in the genus Ahaetulla, so it was classified in its own genus. Both the genus and species were ultimately described in 2019.

## Etymology

The genus name Proahaetulla indicates the early divergence from Ahaetulla. The species name antiqua is Latin for "antique" or "old", referencing the relatively old evolutionary divergence of the taxon.

## Taxonomy

Proahaetulla is considered to be the sister taxon to the genus Ahaetulla, which it diverged from an estimated 26.57 million years ago, during the mid-Oligocene. Due to its age, Proahaetulla may be one of the oldest monotypic lineages of snakes to still persist in the Western Ghats. Proahaetulla is also the first deeply divergent snake genus to be described from the Western Ghats in over a century; numerous Indian snake species have had new genera created to reclassify them from the genera they were originally classified in, but Proahaetulla is completely new, possibly having never been encountered by science prior to its description as a new genus and species.
Proahaetulla belongs to the vine snake subfamily Ahaetuliinae, and its relationships to many of the other species within Ahaetuliinae can be shown in the cladogram below, with possibly paraphyletic species noted:

## Description

Proahaetulla antiqua is bright green, with a lighter green or creamish yellow belly, and a creamish yellow ventral stripe. The holotype had a total body length of 111.3 cm (43.8 in), with a very slender and partially laterally compressed body. It has a fine-pointed snout and near-binocular vision, with horizontally elliptical pupils in its eyes. It is very similar in appearance to Ahaetulla dispar.

## Distribution and habitat

It is a diurnal and arboreal species found in the high elevation rainforests of the far south of the Western Ghats.
# Princess Latifa (disambiguation)

Princess Latifa is an Emirati sheikha and a member of the Dubai ruling family.
Princess Latifa may also refer to:
# Principal direction

A principal direction can refer to one of the following:
* Principal directions (geometry) - In differential geometry, one of the directions of principal curvature.
* Principal directions - a term used in gear nomenclature.
* In stress analysis, a set of axes where the normal stress vector is maximized. See Stress (mechanics)
# Proficiency

Proficiency may refer to:
* Language proficiency, the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language
* Expertise
* Skill, the learned capacity to carry out predetermined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both
* Uncertainty coefficient, an information-theoretic measure of nominal association
# Pristothrips

Pristothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

## Species

* Pristothrips aaptus
* Pristothrips albipunctatus
* Pristothrips pollostus
# Priory Park, Haringey

Priory Park is a 6.5-hectare public park in Hornsey, in the London Borough of Haringey. It is located between Priory Road and Middle Lane, approximately 0.5 km north of Crouch End Broadway. The park is protected as a Fields in Trust Queen Elizabeth II Field. It has won multiple Green Flag Awards since 2003, and has an active community group.
The park contains a small wildlife pond hosting a sculpture called “the drop”, as well as a fountain made from Lamorna stone which was installed in 1909. This originally stood in St Paul's Cathedral churchyard.

## History

The park was created in two sections. Two parcels of land at the eastern and southern ends were purchased in 1891 by the Borough of Hornsey at the instigation of Henry Reader Williams and opened in 1896 as the Middle Lane Pleasure Grounds. In 1926 the western section was added after the acquisition of a piece of land known as Lewcock's Field. During World War 1 this had been requisitioned by the council for allotments. After the war an initial plan for the council to develop the field for housing was dropped on grounds of cost, and an expanded park was renamed Priory Park.
# Prorophora albidogilvella

Prorophora albidogilvella is a species of snout moth. It is found in China (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu) and Mongolia.
The wingspan is 15–18 mm.
# Protein–protein interaction screening

Protein–protein interaction screening refers to the identification of Protein–protein interaction with high-throughput screening methods such as computer- and/or robot-assisted plate reading, flow cytometry analyzing.
The interactions between proteins are central to virtually every process in a living cell. Information about these interactions improves understanding of diseases and can provide the basis for new therapeutic approaches.

## Methods to screen protein–protein interactions

Though there are many methods to detect protein–protein interactions, the majority of these methods—such as co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and dual polarisation interferometry—are not screening approaches.

## Ex vivo or in vivo methods

Methods that screen protein–protein interactions in the living cells.
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a technique for observing the interactions of proteins. Combining it with other new techniques, dual expression recombinase based (DERB) methods can enable the screening of protein–protein interactions and their modulators.
The yeast two-hybrid screen investigates the interaction between artificial fusion proteins inside the nucleus of yeast. This approach can identify the binding partners of a protein without bias. However, the method has a notoriously high false-positive rate, which makes it necessary to verify the identified interactions by co-immunoprecipitation.

## In-vitro methods

The tandem affinity purification (TAP) method allows the high-throughput identification of proteins interactions. In contrast with the Y2H approach, the accuracy of the method can be compared to those of small-scale experiments (Collins et al., 2007) and the interactions are detected within the correct cellular environment as by co-immunoprecipitation. However, the TAP tag method requires two successive steps of protein purification, and thus can not readily detect transient protein–protein interactions. Recent genome-wide TAP experiments were performed by Krogan et al., 2006, and Gavin et al., 2006, providing updated protein interaction data for yeast organisms.
Chemical crosslinking is often used to "fix" protein interactions in place before trying to isolate/identify interacting proteins. Common crosslinkers for this application include the non-cleavable [NHS-ester] crosslinker, [bis-sulfosuccinimidyl suberate] (BS3); a cleavable version of BS3, [dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)](DTSSP); and the [imidoester] crosslinker [dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate] (DTBP) that is popular for fixing interactions in ChIP assays.
# Providence Gas Company Purifier House

The Providence Gas Company Purifier House (Imperial Warehouse Company; City Tire Company) is a historic building at 200 Allens Avenue (corner of Public Street) in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a large four-story steel-and-concrete structure, built in 1900 by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, early in the era of steel frame construction. It was used for the gasification of coal until about 1940, when it was purchased by the City Tire Company, which occupied it until 2000. The building has been rehabilitated and converted for a variety of other uses.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.
# Protea coronata

Protea coronata is an erect shrub usually growing 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, but known to reach 5 m (16 ft). It produces an apple-green flower head and lanceolate leaves, turning purple-green around the flowerhead. Its stems are hairy. It flowers between April and September. The plant grows in dense stands on heavy clay soils in the Western Cape, South Africa, as well as the van Stadens region of the Eastern Cape.
# Protea cryophila

Protea cryophila, the snowball sugarbush, snow protea, or snowball protea, is a flowering shrub of the genus Protea. The plant is endemic to the Cederberg.
The shrub is dense, wooded and grows 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter and blooms from January to April. Fire destroys the plant but the seeds survive. The seed is stored in a cap, released after a long period and spread through the wind. The plant is unisexual. Pollination occurs through the action of rodents. The plant grows on sandstone soil on rock moldings at heights of 1,750–1,900 m (5,740–6,230 ft)
# Progressive discipline

Progressive discipline is a system of discipline where the penalties increase upon repeat occurrences.
This term is often used in an employment or human resources context where rather than terminating employees for first or minor infractions, there is a system of escalating responses intended to correct the negative behavior rather than to punish the employee.
In an employment context, the concept of just cause is usually at the root of progressive discipline practices. Just cause is a principle in collective bargaining contracts that forces employers to prove their grievances against employees.

## History

Progressive discipline evolved out of labor disputes and collective bargaining practices. Prior to the widespread implementation of 'Just Cause' clauses in union contracts, it was not uncommon to see onerous hidden requirements of employment for workers. Among the most famous is Ford's insistence on investigating the personal lives of his employees and issuing terminations for those whose personal life he deemed unseemly.

## Process

The typical stages of progressive discipline in a workplace are:
* Counseling or a verbal warning;
* A written warning;
* Suspension or demotion; and
* Termination.
The stage chosen for a particular infraction will depend on a variety of factors that include the severity of the infraction, the previous work history of the employee and how the choice will affect others in the organization.
Also inherent in progressive discipline is regression to previous stages once enough time passes.
# Prugiasco

Prugiasco is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta and Ponto Valentino to form a new and larger municipality Acquarossa.
* This Ticino location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
46°28′N 8°55′E﻿ / ﻿46.467°N 8.917°E﻿ / 46.467; 8.917
# Pruett Carter

Pruett Carter (9 February 1891 – 1 December 1955) was an American illustrator who taught at the Grand Central School of Art and the Chouinard Art Institute. He illustrated national magazines, and was art director for Atlanta Journal and Good Housekeeping. Carter was inducted into the Society of Illustrator's Hall of Fame in 1988.

## Early life and education

Carter was born in 1891 in Missouri. He grew up in Wyoming on an Indian Reservation. He graduated from the Los Angeles High School, then studied art at the Art Students League of Los Angeles. After completing his education in California, Carter studied in New York under Robert Henri. His and Rex Slinkard's works were exhibited at the League in 1910. A critic for the Los Angeles Times stated, "For the present, instructors of the ASL of LA are pupils of Robert Henri of NY - and you know what that means! You know, at once, that they are strictly up-to-date in their artistic ideas, that they are the most modern of the moderns, and that they are smashing academic traditions with every vigorous stroke of charcoal stick or paintbrush."

## Career

Carter taught illustration at the Grand Central School of Art in New York City, with N. C. Wyeth and Harvey Dunn. His students included Lawrence Nelson Wilbur and Perle Fine. He also taught at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles, and was head of the Illustration department.
His illustrations appeared in Life, Good Housekeeping, McCall's , Ladies' Home Journal, The American Magazine, and Woman's Home Companion. He was art director at Atlanta Journal and Good Housekeeping. Carter was an adept illustrator at the magazine publishing industry, including women's magazines, and anticipated and adjusted his approach as the market changed. Initially, Carter made Impressionist works, like that of Walter Biggs. He stated, "The illustrator's first function is a problem of composition, of pattern, of design - including the rich contrast of the illustration itself with the type matter and headlines of the story... the illustrator may be likened to the director of a motion picture...He must live the part of each actor. He must do the scenery, design the costumes, and handle the lighting effects." He had adapted a modern style that focused on decoration and page design by the 1950s. He exhibited his works in California.
In 1988, Carter was inducted into the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

Carter married a woman named Theresa, and about 1920 they had a son named Deal. He and his family lived on the East Coast of the United States until about 1930, when they moved to California. They were living in Studio City, Los Angeles in the mid-1950s. About December 1, 1955, Carter killed his wife and his son, who had been handicapped from birth, while they were sleeping, and then killed himself. Carter had been emotionally upset about selling the family house and an upcoming move to Carrollton, Georgia. His body was found with a .45 revolver in his son's bedroom.
# Pseudomonas entomophila

Pseudomonas entomophila is a strain of bacterium that lives in the soil and can infect insects. It is closely related to Pseudomonas putida.
# Protection (poker)

Protection in poker is a bet made with a strong but vulnerable hand, such as top pair when straight or flush draws are possible. The bet forces opponents with draws to either call with insufficient pot odds, or to fold, both of which are profitable for the betting player. By contrast, if he failed to protect his hand, another player could draw out on him at no cost, meaning he gets no value from his made hand.
A protection play differs from a bluff in that the bluff can win only when the opponent folds, while protection bet is made with a hand that is likely to win a showdown, but isn't strong enough for slow playing.
The importance of protection increases when there are multiple opponents. For example, if a hand is currently the best, but each of four opponents has a 1-in-6 chance of drawing an out, the four opponents combined become the favorite to win, even though each one is individually an underdog. With a protection bet, some or all of them may fold, leaving fewer opponents and a better chance of winning.
The term protection is also often heard in the context of an all-in player (see poker table stakes rules). A bet by an opponent serves to protect the all-in player by reducing the number of opponents the all-in player must beat. To deliberately make such a bet solely to protect another player's hand constitutes collusion.
A player may also be said to "protect" his or her cards by placing an object like a specialty chip or miniature figure upon them. This prevents the player from having his cards accidentally collected by the dealer or being fouled by other players' discards.
# Protein subfamily

Protein subfamily is a level of protein classification, based on their close evolutionary relationship. It is below the larger levels of protein superfamily and protein family.
Proteins typically share greater sequence and function similarities with other subfamily members than they do with members of their wider family. For example, in the Structural Classification of Proteins database classification system, members of a subfamily share the same interaction interfaces and interaction partners. These are stricter criteria than for a family, where members have similar structures, but may be more distantly related and so have different interfaces. Subfamilies are assigned by a variety of methods, including sequence similarity, motifs linked to function, or phylogenetic clade. There is no exact and consistent distinction between a subfamily and a family. The same group of proteins may sometimes be described as a family or a subfamily, depending on the context.
# Prunus arborea

Prunus arborea is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.

## Varieties

Six varieties are recognized:
* Prunus arborea var. alticola Kalkman – Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumatra
* Prunus arborea var. arborea – Malesia and New Guinea
* Prunus arborea var. densa (King) Kalkman – Peninsular Malaysia and New Guinea
* Prunus arborea var. montana (Hook.f.) Kalkman – Eastern Himalayas and Indochina to southern China
* Prunus arborea var. robusta (Koord. & Valeton) Kalkman – Java and Lesser Sunda Islands
* Prunus arborea var. stipulacea (King) Kalkman – Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Vietnam
# Pseudeutreta

Pseudeutreta is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

* Pseudeutreta adspersa (Wiedemann, 1830)
* Pseudeutreta anteapicalis Hendel, 1914
* Pseudeutreta baccharidis (Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910)
* Pseudeutreta falcigera (Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910)
* Pseudeutreta ilonae (Aczél, 1953)
* Pseudeutreta ligularis Bates, 1933
* Pseudeutreta lunulata (Macquart, 1851)
* Pseudeutreta nobilis (Aczél, 1953)
* Pseudeutreta orfilai (Aczél, 1953)
* Pseudeutreta paragranum Hering, 1942
* Pseudeutreta quadrigutta (Walker, 1853)
# Pseudeutreta anteapicalis

Pseudeutreta anteapicalis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Pseudeutreta of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil.
# Pseudopostega velifera

Pseudopostega velifera is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1920. It is known from Maharashtra, India.
# Pseudacanthocera

Pseudacanthocera is a genus of horse flies in the family Tabanidae.

## Species

* Pseudacanthocera brevicorne Enderlein, 1925
* Pseudacanthocera fraterna Kröber, 1930
* Pseudacanthocera paralellifrons Kröber, 1929
* Pseudacanthocera sylveirii (Macquart, 1838)
# Pseudodaphnella tincta

Pseudodaphnella tincta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 4 mm and 12 mm.
The longitudinal ribs of the white shell are strong, with revolving riblets reticulating them and with deep interstices. The sinus is broad.
The small, solid shell has a fusiform shape. It is white with a series of brown spots below the suture on alternate ribs, and a brown band on the base. The sculpture consists of numerous longitudinal ribs slightly narrower than their intervals, and about 13 in number on the body whorl. These are crossed by spiral cords, narrower than their intervals, of which there are 6 on the body whorl, followed by a costate space, as though a cord had been omitted, and then 4 more beaded, oblique cords on the narrow, lower part of the whorl. The apex is broken off with 4½ whorls remainingt The body whorl shows a thick varix behind the outer lip. The aperture is narrow with two low teeth within the outer lip. The anal sinus is deep and rounded. (described as Clathurella centrosa)

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Southwest Pacific and off Japan, the Philippines and Queensland, Australia.
# Pterocarya stenoptera

Pterocarya stenoptera, the Chinese wingnut (Chinese: 楓楊; pinyin: fēngyáng), is a small-winged wingnut tree of the Juglandaceae family. It is originally from Southeast China.

## Description

Pterocarya stenoptera is quite similar to P. fraxinifolia. The major difference lies in the shape of the wings on the fruit: reminiscent of the wings of the common fly, they are connected to the two sides of the walnut shaped fruit, which is about the size of a chickpea. The wings lie in two different planes.
The fruits develop in the summer on 25 cm long catkins, hanging from the distinctly differently textured green foliage. The fruiting catkins are frequently considered desirable from a landscaping perspective.
The foliage is dense, though it can be thinned by pruning. The alternate deciduous leaves are pinnately compound, bearing odd numbers of elliptic-oblong pinnately-veined leaflets with serrate margins. The bark on the trunk is similar to P. fraxinifolia, but is smoother.
The tree grows rapidly under optimal conditions, easily reaching 70 feet with substantial spreading branches. One tree in Raleigh grew to 25 feet in only six years, with a trunk diameter of fourteen inches. Trunk diameters as large as eight feet have been reported. The USDA rates this tree as being appropriate in zones 6B - 11.

## Distribution and habitat

Forests on mountain slopes or riverbanks; near sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea.

## Ecology

Pterocarya stenoptera propagates readily from seed that has received approximately three months of cold moist stratification. Germination is epigeal and typically requires a little more than ten days. The first true (pinnately compound) leaves appear after the seedling reaches a height of ~6 cm. The young seedlings do well under half-shade and a temperature of ~18 °C (64 °F).
Pterocarya stenoptera can also be propagated by cuttings.

## Uses

Used in East Asian classical garden design.
# Pterocarya hupehensis

Pterocarya hupehensis is a tree in the Juglandaceae family native to China. It grows on moist streambanks at 700 to 2,000 m (2,300 to 6,600 ft) elevation—mostly in North Guizhou, West Hubei (Changyang Xian), South Shaanxi, West Sichuan.
# Pugal Sillathur

Pugal Sillathur is a village in the Orathanadu taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Pugal Sillathur had a total population of 598 with 304 males and 294 females. The sex ratio was 967. The literacy rate was 36.26.
# Pterolophia prosoploides

Pterolophia prosoploides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1961.