OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Al-Quds rocket

The al-Quds 101 Rocket is a homemade artillery rocket made and used by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad for use in attacks against Israel. The al-Quds 101 is most likely similar to the Qassam rocket series used by Hamas.
On February 11, 2006, Islamic Jihad spokesman Abu Hamza reported that the newly developed al-Quds 2 had a length of 2.3 meters and were capable of striking Ashkelon, Israel, from the Gaza Strip.
Islamic Jihad has recently released a video showing the development of a much larger Quds-4 rocket. These rockets cannot be fired precisely to target specific military objectives in or near civilian areas. Human Rights Watch issued an analysis, stating, that "such weapons are therefore indiscriminate when used against targets in population centers. The absence of Israeli military forces in the areas where rockets hit, as well as statements by leaders of Palestinian armed groups that population centers were being targeted, indicate that the armed groups deliberately attacked Israeli civilians and civilian objects." Indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets are illegal under international law.
# Lobelia cleistogamoides

Lobelia cleistogamoides is a small herbaceous plant in the family Campanulaceae native to Western Australia, and first described in 2007 by Neville Walsh and David Albrecht.
The herb is found scattered through the Wheatbelt, Mid West and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia.
# Christian Alliance Cheng Wing Gee College

Christian Alliance Cheng Wing Gee College (abbreviated as CACWGC or CWGC) is an Evangelical Christian Secondary School located next to Tai Wai station, in Hong Kong. It is affiliated with the Kowloon Tong Church of the Chinese Christian and Missionary Alliance.

## History

It was established in 1984 by Kowloon Tong Church of the Chinese Christian and Missionary Alliance [zh] (KTAC).
Starting from 2016, subjects provided during fourth year include chemistry, physics, biology, geography, economics, information technology, BAFS, Chinese history, M2 and design and technology (DAT)
# SEA Native Peptide Ligation

Protein chemical synthesis by native peptide ligation of unprotected peptide segments is an interesting complement and potential alternative to the use of living systems for producing proteins. The synthesis of proteins requires efficient native peptide ligation methods, which enable the chemoselective formation of a native peptide bond in aqueous solution between unprotected peptide segments. The most frequently used technique for synthesizing proteins is Native chemical ligation (NCL). However, alternatives are emerging, one of which is SEA Native Peptide Ligation.

## Overview

The SEA group belongs to the N,S-acyl shift systems because its reactivity is dictated by the intramolecular nucleophilic addition of one SEA thiol group on the C-terminal carbonyl group of the peptide segment. This results in the migration of the peptide chain from the nitrogen to the sulfur. The overall process of SEA native peptide ligation involves first an N,S-acyl shift for in in situ formation of a peptide thioester, and later on, after thiol-thioester exchange, an S,N-acyl shift for formation of the peptide bond.

## Description of the reaction

SEA is an abbreviation of bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido (Scheme 1). SEA ligation involves the reaction of a peptide featuring a C-terminal bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido group with a Cys peptide. This reaction proceeds probably through the formation of a transient thioester intermediate, obtained by intramolecular attack of one SEA thiol on the peptide C-terminal carbonyl group as shown in Scheme 1. Then, the thioester undergoes a series of thiol-thioester exchanges, including with exogeneous thiols present in the ligation mixture such as mercaptophenyl acetic acid (MPAA). Exchange with the cysteine thiol group of the second peptide segment results in a transient thioester intermediate, which as for Native Chemical Ligation, rearranges by intramolecular S,N-acyl shift migration into a native peptide bond.

## Publication

The first peer reviewed publication describing SEA native peptide ligation was published in Organic Letters by Melnyk, O. et al. (Ollivier, N.; Dheur, J.; Mhidia, R.; Blanpain, A.; Melnyk, O., Bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amino native peptide ligation. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, (22), 5238–41; Publication Date (Web): October 21, 2010.
A few weeks later, the same reaction was published in the same journal by Liu, C. F (Hou, W.; Zhang, X.; Li, F.; Liu, C. F., Peptidyl N,N-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-amides as Thioester Precursors for Native Chemical Ligation. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 386–389; Publication Date (Web): December 22, 2010).

## SEA on/off concept

SEA $^{on/off}$ concept exploits the redox properties of SEA group.
Oxidation of SEA $^{on}$ results in a cyclic disulfide called SEA $^{off}$, which is a self-protected form of SEA $^{on}$. SEA $^{off}$ and SEA $^{on}$ can be easily interconverted by reduction/oxidation as shown in Scheme 2.
# Amblyseius crowleyi

Amblyseius crowleyi is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# Cochylis campuloclinium

Cochylis campuloclinium is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Argentina.
The larvae feed on Campuloclinium macrocephalum.
# Robert Cecil (Old Sarum MP)

Robert Cecil (died August 1657) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1653.
Cecil was the son of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. He was admitted at St John's College, Cambridge in October 1634.
In November 1640, Cecil was elected Member of Parliament for Old Sarum in the Long Parliament. Though not excluded in 1648 he was not recorded as sitting after Pride's Purge.
# Saint-Martin-de-Commune

Saint-Martin-de-Commune (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Chinese gunboat Hyson

Hyson (Chinese: 海生; pinyin: Hǎishēng; Wade–Giles: Haisheng) is an early gunboat of the Qing dynasty.

## History

Hyson was an armed paddle steamer of the Ever Victorious Army. She was an amphibious vessel, as her wheels allowed her to move across creek beds too shallow for her to float on.
She was originally commanded by an American named Davidson, and later by Charles George Gordon. In 1863, carrying around 350 men and some field artillery, she took part in the retaking of Quinsan.
She was purchased in April or May 1865 by Shanghai daotai Ding Richang on orders from Li Hongzhang. In July or August 1865, she was transferred to the Shanghai's Pirate Suppression Bureau, and performed patrol duties near Shanghai.
Hyson was eventually transferred to the Qing customs and renamed Ching Po (Chinese: 靜波; pinyin: Jìngbō; lit. 'Quiet Waves'). She was sold in 1877.

## Citations

* 1 2 Mossman 1893, p. 305.
* 1 2 3 Wilson 1868, p. 134.
* ↑ Urban 2005, p. 153.
* 1 2 Chen 2013, p. 4.
# Josef Kuchař

Josef Kuchař (2 April 1901 – 13 March 1986) was a Czech footballer. He played in one match for the Czechoslovakia national football team in 1924.
# David Wimleitner

David Wimleitner (born 21 January 1976) is a former Austrian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He has had two spells as caretaker manager of FC Blau-Weiß Linz.
# Loro Piana (surname)

Loro Piana is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Pier Luigi Loro Piana (born 1951), Italian billionaire businessman
* Pietro Loro Piana (1883 – 1941), Italian engineer and entrepreneur
* Walter Loro Piana, former Italian racing driver
# Coherent addition

Coherent addition (or coherent combining) of lasers is a method of power scaling. It allows increasing the output power and brightness of single-transversal mode laser.
Usually, the term coherent addition applies to fiber lasers. As the ability of pumping and/or cooling of a single laser is saturated, several similar lasers can be forced to oscillate in phase with a common coupler. The first nonlinear theory of the coherent addition of laser sets had been developed by Nikolay Basov with co-workers in 1965. For Nd:YAG laser set beam combination had been realized by means of SBS phase conjugating mirror. The coherent addition was demonstrated in power scaling of Raman lasers.

## Limits of coherent addition

The addition of lasers reduces the number of longitudinal modes in the output beam; the more lasers are combined, the smaller is the number of longitudinal modes in the output. The simple estimates show that the number of output modes reduces exponentially with the number of lasers combined. Of order of eight lasers can be combined in such a way. The future increase of number of combined lasers requires the exponential growth of the spectral bandwidth of gain and/or length of partial lasers. The same conclusion can be made also on the base of more detailed simulations. Practically, the combination of more than ten lasers with a passive combining arrangement appears to be difficult. However, active coherent combining of lasers has the potential to scale to very large numbers of channels.

## Nonlinear coherent addition of lasers

Nonlinear interactions of light waves are used widely to synchronize the laser beams in multichannel optical systems. Self-adjusting of phases may be robustly achievable in binary-tree array of beam-splitters and degenerate four-wave mixing Kerr Phase conjugation in Chirped pulse amplification extreme light facilities. This phase-conjugating Michelson interferometer increases the brightness as $N^{2}$, where $N$ is the number of phase-locked channels.

## Talbot coherent addition

Constructive interference due to Talbot self-imaging forces the lasers in the array to transverse mode locking. The Fresnel number $F$ of the one-dimensional $N-$ element laser array phase-locked by Talbot cavity is given by $F=N^{2}.$ For the two-dimensional $N^{2}-$ element laser array phase-locked by Talbot cavity Fresnel number $F$ scales as $F=N^{2}$ as well. Talbot phase-locking techniques are applicable to thin disk diode-pumped solid-state laser arrays.

## Field applications of beam combination

Laser beam combination of a dozens fiber laser via multispectral technique at 50 kW output power level had been implemented in Dragonfire (weapon) laser system with promising deployment at onboard future Royal Navy warships, British Army armoured vehicles and fighter aircraft of the Royal Air Force, including the BAE Systems Tempest.
* List of laser articles
# Al & Leon

Al & Leon were a prominent American Lindy Hop and jazz dance duo. The two members were Al Minns and Leon James. They were most famous for their film and stage performances in the 1930s and 1940s both on their own, and as part of the Harlem-based Whitey's Lindy Hoppers. They appeared in the Marx Brothers film A Day at the Races. They also appeared on US television programs in the 1950s and 1960s, highlighting the jazz dances they and their cohorts helped to pioneer at the Savoy Ballroom in New York, as well as working throughout their lives to promote the dances to new generations.

## Filmography

* Jazz Dance (1954)
* TV appearance: The DuPont Show of the Week: Chicago and All That Jazz (1961)
# Rosa 'American Beauty'

Rosa 'American Beauty' is a deep pink to crimson rose cultivar, bred by Henri Lédéchaux in France in 1875, and was originally named 'Madame Ferdinand Jamin'.

## Description

The hybrid perpetual has cup-shaped flowers with a brilliant crimson colour and up to 50 petals, situated on long stiff stems. The buds are thick and globular and open to strongly scented, hybrid tea-like flowers with a diameter of 11 cm. They appear in flushes over a long period, but according to the RHS Encyclopedia of Roses, only sparingly.
The height of the upright, vigorous shrub ranges between 90 and 200 centimetres (3.0 and 6.6 ft) at an average width of 90 to 125 centimetres (2.95 to 4.10 ft). 'American Beauty' has prickly shoots, dark green foliage and is winter hardy up to −29 °C (USDA zone 5), but is susceptible to the fungi diseases mildew, rust and black spot. It is well suited as cut flower, and can be grown in greenhouses, in containers or as garden rose, planted solitary or in groups.

## History

In 1875, it was brought to the United States by George Valentine Nash. It was introduced as a new rose cultivar named 'American Beauty' by Bancroft and Field Bros in 1886, but quite soon identified as 'Madame Ferdinand Jamin'. In 1888, Bassett & Washburn first introduced the rose to other florists for purchase. It became a famous greenhouse variety and was the best selling rose cultivar in the United States until the 1920s. Due to its high price per stem (at least two dollars per stem right from its launch in 1886) and its popularity, the cultivar was called the million-dollar rose. Its popularity remained focused on the United States, while it is only rarely cultivated in other countries.

## Symbol

The flower is commemorated in the Joseph Lamb ragtime composition "American Beauty Rag".
In a pastiche Ziegfeld-style number, "The Flower Garden Of My Heart" in the 1940 Rodgers & Hart Broadway musical Pal Joey, one of the six 'flower' girls appears as the American Beauty Rose.
The song "American Beauty Rose" was written in 1950 and popularized by Frank Sinatra.
In the musical "Funny Girl", protagonist Fanny Brice humorously refers to herself as an "American beauty rose / with an American beauty nose / and ten American beauty toes" in the song "I'm the Greatest Star."
In Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 an aged Italian hurls an American Beauty rose at Major de Coverly, wounding him in the eye.
The flower is a recurring motif in the Oscar-winning 1999 film American Beauty.
It was also featured on the cover of the Grateful Dead album American Beauty.
'American Beauty' is the official flower of the District of Columbia. It was further adopted as the formal symbol of the upscale Lord & Taylor store chain in 1943, and as the official flower of several fraternities and sororities (Sigma Phi Delta fraternity, Mu Beta Psi fraternity, Phi Sigma Sigma sorority, Tau Beta Sigma sorority, Beta Beta Beta, a coed academic fraternity for biology majors, and Alpha Rho Omega sorority).
# Rosa 'Baroness Rothschild'

Rosa 'Baroness Rothchild' is a pink Hybrid Perpetual rose cultivar, bred by Jean Pernet in 1868 and introduced in Australia by St. Kilda Nurseries in 1873 as 'Baroness Rothschild'.

## Description

'Baroness Rothschild' is a tall, bushy Hybrid Perpetual rose, 4 to 6 ft (1.2–1.8 m) in height, with a 3 to 4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) spread. The flowers are double (17–25 petals) and have a cupped, globular bloom form. Bloom color is medium-pink, lighter pink at the edges and dark pink in the center. Petals have a glossy shine that is fairly unique. The plant is typically late to flower. Flowers are carried singly on long stems or in small clusters of 2–3. Bloom size is very large, 4 to 6 in (100 to 150 mm), on average. 'Baroness Rothschild' has a moderate, tea fragrance and large, grey-green leaves. The plant is susceptible to mildew. 'Baroness Rothschild' will occasionally re-bloom later in the season.

## History
### Jean Pernet

Jean Claude Pernet (1832-1896) was a French nurseryman and rose breeder from Lyon. He is best known for developing Hybrid Perpetual and Bourbon rose varieties, including 'Baroness Rothchild' (1868), 'Louis Gimard' (1877), 'Merveille de Lyon (1882), and 'Triomphe des Noisettes' (1887). His father, Claude Pernet, and son Joseph Pernet-Ducher were also prominent nursery owners and rose breeders in Lyon.
Pernet and his son, Joseph, worked together in the 1880s to develop a bright yellow, repeat flowering Hybrid perpetual. Light yellow and buff colored Tea roses and Noisettes were the only yellow shades available in the late 19th century. Their breeding process involved the use of controlled pollination, a method not commonly used at the time. After Jean Pernet's death in 1896, Pernet-Ducher continued their work and later introduced 'Soleil d'Or' in 1900. 'Soleil d'Or' initiated a new class of tea roses known as Pernetiana roses and is considered the ancestor of the modern Hybrid tea rose.

### 'Baroness Rothchild'

Pernet developed 'Baroness Rothschild' from a seedling of the medium pink Hybrid Perpetual, 'Souvenir de la Reine d'Angleterre' (Cochet, 1855). The rose cultivar was originally named, 'Baronne Adolphe de Rothschild', after a wealthy banker's wife. The rose was introduced in Australia by George Brunning of St. Kilda Nurseries in 1873 as 'Baroness Rothschild'. The cultivar was used to develop three child plants.

## Child plants

* 'Baronne Nathaniel de Rothschild', (Pernet, 1881)
* 'Debutante', (Walsh, 1901)
* 'Mabel Morrison', sport, (Discovered by Joseph Broughton, 1878)
# Cocoon (Chara album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Rolling Stone Japan | |
Cocoon (繭, Cocoon) is the 15th (16th overall) studio album by Chara, which was released on October 31, 2012. Cocoon was released in two versions: a limited edition CD+DVD version as well as a regular CD Only version.
The album was preceded by three singles: "Alterna Girlfriend", "Planet" and."Chouchou Musubi". "Planet" was used as the Sony "BRAVIA" commercial song and "Chouchou MusubI" was used as the theme song for the animated movie Fuse: Teppo Musume no Torimonocho.

## Singles

| Date | Title | Peak position | Weeks | Sales |
| June 6, 2012 | "Alterna Girlfriend" | 102 (Oricon) | 1 | |
| August 1, 2012 | "Planet" | 105 (Oricon) | 1 | |
| October 17, 2012 | "Chouchou Musubi" | 87 (Oricon) | 2 | 918 |

## Japan sales rankings

| Release | Chart | Peak position | First week sales | Sales total |
| October 31, 2012 | Oricon Daily Albums Chart | 10 | | |
| October 31, 2012 | Oricon Weekly Albums Chart | 20 | 3,902 | 6,039 |
# Coat of arms of North Dakota

The coat of arms of North Dakota was created for use by the state government and National Guard units. An image of the coat of arms is seen on the flag of the governor of North Dakota and a short discussion of its use can be found at the North Dakota state government website.

## Heraldic description

Section 54-41-01 of the North Dakota Century Code specifies the design (blazon) of the coat of arms thus;
    Device: On an Indian arrowhead point to base Or a bend vert charged with three mullets of the first, in base a fleur-de-lis of the second.
    Crest: On a wreath Or and azure, a sheaf of three arrows argent armed and flighted gules behind a stringed bow fessways Or with grip of the second (gules).
    Motto: Strength from the soil.

## Allusions

The allusions made in the arms are laid down in section 54-41-02 NDCC:
    The colors of yellow gold and green are indicative of the great agricultural state of North Dakota and has particular reference to ripening grain and the abundant grazing areas. The Indian arrowhead forms the shield of the coat of arms and symbolizes the "Sioux State." The three stars denote the trinity of government; legislative, executive, and judicial. Each star in the bend is given the heraldic value of thirteen which signifies the thirteen original colonies of the United States, and the cumulative numerical value of the three stars indicates that North Dakota was the thirty-ninth state admitted to the Union. The stars also allude to the history of the territory under three foreign flags. Three stars are borne upon the coat of arms of Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition and also on the coat of arms of Lord Selkirk, head of the first permanent settlement in this state. The fleur-de-lis alludes to La Vérendrye, a North American French explorer who was the first known white man to visit the territory of this state. The blue and gold wreath in the crest reflects the history of the territory as part of the Louisiana purchase. The crest which shall constitute the military crest of the state of North Dakota is a motif taken from the state seal and to the Sioux Indian tribes signifies mighty warriors.

## Limits of use

Section 54-41-03 limits use of the symbol to the following:
* The governor of North Dakota
* The North Dakota National Guard
* Departments and agencies of the state of North Dakota
* North Dakota veterans organizations
* Officially recognized North Dakota educational institutions, systems, or divisions thereof
* Recognized North Dakota "patriotic organizations".

## Other uses

* The North Dakota Army National Guard uses the crest of the coat of arms as their shoulder sleeve insignia. NDNG shoulder insignia

## Gallery

* Coat of arms of the Earl of Selkirk
* Flag of New France
# José de Abreu (politician)

José Masci de Abreu (8 December 1944 – 3 June 2022) was a Brazilian politician. A member of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party and later Podemos, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1995 to 2003.
He died in São Paulo on 3 June 2022, at the age of 77.
# Code 5 (band)

Code 5 was a Swiss boy band. They enjoyed moderate success in Switzerland with the top-ten hit "Love Is Your Game" and in Canada with their rendition of Carol Medina's song "And the Song Goes (Doo Dit)".

## History
### 1997: Formation and first single

Code 5 was formed by Artist Records manager Stephan Brunner. The members were chosen from a group of 300 people that attended the casting advertised in the Blick newspaper. The band was officially introduced on a press conference in late March 1997, and their first single "Love Is Your Game" debuted on the Swiss singles chart two months later at #9, and maintained the spot for two weeks, becoming their most successful release. The follow-up single, "Hold Me Now", was not as popular and after four weeks on the chart it peaked at #42.
On August 27th 1997 Code 5 performed as an opening act for the Backstreet Boys on their Live in Concert Tour stop in Winterthur.
Damian Meier, who acted both as the lead singer and vocal coach for the band, left the band in November to pursue a solo career, and had been replaced with Canadian Jason Meloche. He debuted with Code 5 on their "I'll Be There For You" single and appeared in the music video. The third single reached No. 27 on Swiss Hitparade.

### 1998: Album release and breakup

In March 1998 the band left for Canada to record songs for their debut album "Premium". Their fourth single, "And The Song Goes (Doo Dit)", debuted on Canadian RPM Weekly Chart in early May at #97, and reached #24 in mid-August. It turned out to be their last single - despite massive support from the tabloid press, sponsors backed out from the project due to poor sales and negative comments from other media outlets, leaving both the record company (Stephan Brunner allegedly invested 500.000 Swiss francs in the band) and group members with financial problems. Amidst growing tensions, Meloche and Marasco left Code 5 in October. By the time "Premium" album was released, the group was disbanded. While Damian Meier is still a performing artist, other group members pursued other interests.

## Members

* Damian Meier (March 1997-November 1997)
* Jason Meloche (November 1997-October 1998)
* Erkan "EJ" Yaggi (1997-1998)
* Michel Bognar (1997-1998)
* Igor Marasco (1997-1998)
* Bernhard "Beny" Attinger (1997-1998)

## Discography
### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | Peak positions | Peak positions | Peak positions |
| Year | Single | SWI | SWI | CAN | CAN |
| 1997 | "Love Is Your Game" | 9 | 9 | — | — |
| 1997 | "Hold Me Now" | 42 | 42 | — | — |
| 1997 | "I'll Be There For You" | 27 | 27 | — | — |
| 1998 | "And The Song Goes (Doo Dit)" | — | — | 24 | 24 |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. ||||||

### Albums

| Year | Title | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position | Chart Position |
| Year | Title | SWI |
| 1998 | Premium | — |