OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Allen curve

In communication theory, the Allen curve is a graphical representation that reveals the exponential drop in frequency of communication between engineers as the distance between them increases. It was discovered by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Thomas J. Allen in the late 1970s.
A related and highly significant finding of Allen's was his identification of the key role of information gatekeepers. Often such interlocutors were poorly recognized by management and yet conveyed vital concepts from just the right people to just the right other people in the organization.

## Discovery

During the late 1970s, Allen undertook a project to determine how the distance between engineers’ offices affects the frequency of technical communication between them. The result of that research produced what is now known as the Allen Curve, revealing a strong negative correlation between physical distance and the frequency of communication between work stations. The finding also revealed the critical distance of 50 meters for weekly technical communication.
This finding was originally documented in Allen’s book, Managing the Flow of Technology.

## Recent development

With the fast advancement of internet and sharp drop of telecommunication cost, some wonder about the application of the Allen Curve in today's corporate environment. In 2007, Allen examined this question and the effects of frequency still holds true, citing a 1986 study of email and his own 1989 study of frequency of communication between "sites of a geographically dispersed computer manufacturer". He says
    "For example, rather than finding that the probability of telephone communication increases with distance, as face-to-face probability decays, our data show a decay in the use of all communication media with distance (following a "near-field" rise)." [p. 58]
He further explains
    "We do not keep separate sets of people, some of whom we communicate with by one medium and some by another. The more often we see someone face-to-face, the more likely it is that we will also telephone that person or communicate by another medium." [p. 58]

## Significance

With the wide acknowledgment of importance of communication to innovation, the Allen Curve is frequently taught and cited in management literature about innovation.
In the business world, this principle has had a very strong influence in many areas, such as commercial architecture designs (See for example the Decker Engineering Building in New York, the Steelcase Corporate Development Center in Michigan, the BMW Research Center in Munich, and the Volkswagen assembly and delivery center in Dresden), and project management.
# Shirageyama Kofun

The Shirageyama Kofun (白米山古墳) is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Ushirono neighborhood of the town of Yosano, Kyoto in the Kansai region of Japan. The tumulus which was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2002.

## Overview

The Shirageyama Kofun is located on a small hill with a relative elevation of about 20 meters from the plain, overlooking the middle reaches of the Noda River, which flows into Miyazu Bay, (where Ama-no-Hashidate is located) at the base of the Tango Peninsula in northern Kyoto Prefecture. The Ebisuyama Kofun and Tsukuriyama Kofun are located about 1.5 kilometers to the north. The Shirageyama Kofun is a zenpō-kōen-fun (前方後円墳), which is shaped like a keyhole, having one square end and one circular end, when viewed from above. The tumulus was known since the early twentieth century and was surveyed several times. In 1987, it was designated as a Kyoto Prefectural Historic Site. Due to planned construction work on a bypass for Japan National Route 176 further surveys for the purposes of conserving the site were conducted from 1996 to 1998. The tumulus has an overall length of 90 meters and is orientated to the north. The surface was covered in fukiishi (some of which remains in situ), but trace of haniwa has been found. The burial chamber is a pit-type stone chamber; however, there are also two earthen graves, and one wooden coffin direct burial in the center of the posterior circular portion of the mound. Details of these tombs are uncertain, as a complete archaeological excavation has not taken place. The tumulus is estimated to date from the middle of the early Kofun period, or early 4th century, based on the earthenware found, which makes it one of the oldest on the Sea of Japan coast.

### Total length

    90 meters:

### Anterior rectangular portion

    32 meters wide x 5 meters high, 2-tier

### Posterior circular portion

    54 meter diameter x 7.5 meters high, 2-tiers
# Alex Stepanovich

Aleksandar Stepanovich (/stɛˈpɑːnoʊvɪtʃ/ steh-PAHN-o-vitch; born September 25, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes. Stepanovich has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals, Atlanta Falcons, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

## Early life

In 2000, Stepanovich graduated from Berea High School in Berea, Ohio. A gifted athlete who's drive made Stepanovich one of the best offensive lineman in the country during his junior and senior years, he made numerous All-American teams along with being well decorated with numerous awards as a high school football player. He was also an accomplished wrestler in high school, winning the heavyweight state championship in 2000 and runner-up in 1999. He was a nationally ranked wrestler throughout high school, with multiple MVP's in national and state tournaments, along with two Pioneer Conference MVP's. He was also known for his generosity to helping the youth in his area. Stepanovich's legacy will be forever etched in Ohio with multiple Life Achievement awards for sports and giving back to his community. In Oct. 2023 the Ohio Chapter of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame inducted Stepanovich into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater, Oklahoma as its unanimous selection as its "Outstanding American".

## College career

Well respected amongst his teammates, known for his work ethic and toughness, regarded as one of the top centers in college football during 2001 and 2002 at The Ohio State University, he shifted to guard in his senior campaign and started 26 games during his college football career and was an All-Big Ten and All-American performer. A four-year lettermen while at OSU, his career culminated with a Buckeye tree being planted in his honor in Buckeye Grove joining all other first-team All-Americans at OSU.

## Professional career
### Arizona Cardinals

The Cardinals selected him in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft and Stepanovich moved into the starting lineup. He started every game for the Cardinals in 2004 without missing a single offensive snap and made several All-Rookie teams, along with being the first rookie center in franchise history to start all 16 games. He continued as a starter for much of 2005 and 2006 before going on injured reserve.
The Cardinals elected not to tender him an offer for 2007, making him an unrestricted free agent.

### Cincinnati Bengals

In March, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Stepanovich to a one-year deal for 2007. He played in all 16 games and started 5.

### Atlanta Falcons

On March 10, 2008, Stepanovich was signed by the Atlanta Falcons to a three-year deal. He was released on June 17, 2009.

### Pittsburgh Steelers

Stepanovich signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers on August 10, 2009. He was waived on August 31. Injuries forced his time in Pittsburgh and career short.
# Silicon Dreams Studio

Silicon Dreams Studio Limited was a British video game developer based in Adderbury, England.

## History

Silicon Dreams Studio was founded by Geoff Brown in March 1994 as the in-house development team for video game publisher U.S. Gold, also founded by Brown, and became part of the CentreGold umbrella. In April 1996, the entirety of CentreGold (including Silicon Dreams) was acquired by Eidos Interactive for £17.6 million. However, in December 1996, Brown re-acquired a 75% share in the Silicon Dreams label for at least £500,000, and merged it into a new, legally incorporated entity, Silicon Dreams Studio, which became a subsidiary of Geoff Brown Holdings (later renamed Kaboom Studios). In August 2003, Kaboom Studios, facing financial difficulties, closed down sister studio, Attention to Detail, which led media to expect similar to happen to Silicon Dreams Studio. Silicon Dreams Studio entered liquidation on 3 September 2003, laying off all of its 55 employees and cancelling the in-development Urban Freestyle Soccer. A successor to the company, Gusto Games, made up from eleven former Silicon Dreams Studio staff, was announced in October 2003. Gusto Games went on to finish work on Urban Freestyle Soccer, which was released in December 2003.

## Games developed

| Year | Title | Platform(s) |
| 1996 | Olympic Soccer: Atlanta 1996 | 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn |
| 1996 | Olympic Games: Atlanta 1996 | 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, MS-DOS, PlayStation |
| 1997 | Soccer '97 | PlayStation |
| 1998 | Chill | PlayStation |
| 1998 | World League Soccer '98 | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, Sega Saturn |
| 1998 | Michael Owen's World League Soccer '99 | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation |
| 1999 | UEFA Champions League Season 1998/99 | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation |
| 1999 | Sega Worldwide Soccer 2000 | Dreamcast |
| 2000 | UEFA Champions League Season 1999/2000 | PlayStation |
| 2000 | Sega Worldwide Soccer 2000: Euro Edition | Dreamcast |
| 2000 | Dogs of War | Microsoft Windows |
| 2000 | Michael Owen's WLS 2000 | Nintendo 64 |
| 2000 | UEFA Dream Soccer | Dreamcast |
| 2000 | UEFA Champions League Season 2000/2001 | PlayStation |
| 2001 | Lego Island 2: The Brickster's Revenge | Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation |
| 2002 | UEFA Champions League Season 2001/2002 | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 |
| 2002 | Football Mania | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 |
| 2002 | Island Xtreme Stunts | Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 |
# Devitt

Devitt is a patronymic surname of Irish origin.

## Overview

"Devitt" may be related to the Welsh surname "Davies" as both are Celtic surnames that are generally accepted to mean "son of David", as well as "Davies" potentially stemming from the name of the Irish Déisi dynasty who settled in Wales and western England during the Early Middle Ages, though no theory has been definitively proven for either name.

## Notable people with the surname

* Amy. J Devitt (born1955), American academic
* Don Devitt (1921–2008), Australian politician
* Edward Devitt (1911–1992), U.S. Representative and District Judge
* Edward I. Devitt (1840–1920), Canadian-American priest
* Fergal Devitt (born 1981), Irish professional wrestler better known as Finn Bálor
* James Devitt (politician) (1929–1989), American politician
* Jamie Devitt (born 1990), Irish footballer
* John Devitt (born 1937), Australian swimmer and Olympic gold medalist
* John Henry Devitt (1851–1940), Canadian politician
* John R. Devitt (1917–2000), American politician
* Michael Devitt (born 1938), Australian philosopher

## Other uses

* Devitt baronets (1839–1947), a British baronetcy created for people with the surname
* Devitt and Moore (1836–1891), a British shipping company formed by Thomas Henry Devitt and Joseph Moore
# Derjuginella

Derjuginella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Species

There is only one known species to exist within this genus of gastropods, the only species within the genus Derjuginella is:
* Derjuginella rufofasciata (E.A. Smith, 1875)
# Deuteronomy (disambiguation)

Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Christian Old Testament and of the Jewish Torah.
Deuteronomy may also refer to:
* Dewey Duck, full name Deuteronomy Duck in Quack Pack
* Deuteronomy (band), an American psychedelic power pop band
* Old Deuteronomy, a character in T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
# Heirs of the body

In English law, heirs of the body is the principle that certain types of property pass to a descendant of the original holder, recipient or grantee according to a fixed order of kinship. Upon the death of the grantee, a designated inheritance such as a parcel of land, a peerage, or a monarchy, passes automatically to that living, legitimate, natural descendant of the grantee who is most senior in descent according to primogeniture, males being preferred, however, over their sisters regardless of relative age; and thereafter the property continues to pass to subsequent descendants of the grantee, according to the same formula, upon the death of each subsequent heir.
Baronies created by writ of summons to Parliament usually descend to heirs of the body of the grantee, and may thus be inherited by females. By the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707, the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland descends to heirs of the body of the Electress Sophia of Hanover who are not Catholics or married to Catholics, subject to subsequent modification by Parliament (e.g. His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 and the Succession to the Crown Act 2013).
In property law, a conveyance by the owner O "To A and heirs of the body", without more, creates a fee tail for the grantee (A) with a reversion in the grantor (O) should the natural, lawful descendants of the grantee all die out. Each person who inherits according to this formula is considered an heir at law of the grantee. Since the inheritance may not pass to someone who is not a natural, lawful descendant of the grantee, the heir is necessarily also "of the body" of the grantee. Collateral kin, who share some or all of the grantee's ancestry, but do not directly descend from the grantee, may not inherit. When there are no more heirs of the body, the terms of the original grant are expired, and the property becomes extinct (e.g. peerage), or some other criterion for allocating the property to a new possessor must be applied. If the original grant stipulated an alternative formula for succession upon exhaustion of heirs, that formula is immediately applicable. Thus, if a peerage is granted to "heirs of the body of John Smith, failing which, to heirs general", the title would pass to a descendant of John Smith's sibling when all of John Smith's descendants die out.
Thus property settled upon someone and the heirs of their body—whether male, female, or generally—will pass to children, grandchildren and so on, but not to nephews of the grantee, his or her sisters, uncles and their descendants. Nor will a limitation in a grant to someone's "heirs" carry the property to collateral heirs in England, since the law presumes that "heirs of the body" are meant though a grant to the grantee and his heirs male will.
There are other kinds of formulae for inheritance than heirs of the body, such as heirs male, heirs of the line, heirs portioners, heirs general, etc.
# Dinur

Dinur is a Hebrew language surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ben-Zion Dinur (1883-1973), Zionist activist, educator, historian, and Israeli politician
* Yehiel Dinur (1909–2001), Jewish writer
* Irit Dinur, Israeli mathematician
# E. William Brackett House

The E. William Brackett House, located in Yakima, Washington, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Originally located on 80 acres (32 ha) of orchards and farmland, the building is currently on a three-quarter acre lot, the remainder of the property having been subdivided mostly for single family homes. The interior is composed of 6,000 sq ft (560 m$^2$) of living space symmetrically arranged around a central entry hall.

## Historical background

The home was built in 1917 for E. William Brackett, a prominent local citizen who was a pioneer of irrigation in the Yakima valley. Born in Sharon, Massachusetts, in 1869, he travelled to Washington State with his widowed father in 1890. He served as the founding President of the Natchez-Cowyche Ditch Company (precursor to today's Naches-Cowiche Canal Company) for three years from 1894 until 1897. He travelled to Egypt in the 1920s and returned with drawings of that nation's irrigation system that he shared with the Teiton-Naches project. Brackett was also involved in the civic development of Yakima, founding the Nob Hill Grange and eventually donating 18 acres (7.3 ha) to the City of Yakima for the creation of Franklin Park. Brackett remained in the home until his death in 1950; his wife lived there until her death in 1972.

## Architect

W.H.H. Weatherwax was a prominent local architect best known for the design of the Yakima Armory. He listed the Brackett house as among his most important residential works.
# Donax hanleyanus

Donax hanleyanus, common name the wedge clam (in Argentina and Uruguay known as: berberecho; in Brazil (at least in Rio de Janeiro state) known as: sarnambi), is a marine bivalve mollusk species in the family Donacidae, the bean clams or wedge shells. It is widely distributed throughout the sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast of South America, from Brazil to Argentina.
# Edward J. McGivern

Edward J. McGivern (November 29, 1871 – April 6, 1929) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Boston, McGivern attended grammar school. In 1889, he became a plasterer, and he soon joined the Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association. In 1908, he was elected as a business agent of his local union. He soon won election as vice-president of the union, then in 1912 became the union's president.
McGivern suffered from rheumatism for many years. In 1929, he attended the conference of the Workers' Education Bureau of America, during which he died suddenly.
# Devisthan, Myagdi

Devisthan, Myagdi is a village development committee in Myagdi District in the Dhaulagiri Zone of western-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3225 people living in 618 individual households.
# Derocephalus

Derocephalus is a genus of cactus flies in the family Neriidae.

## Distribution

Australia.

## Species

* Derocephalus angusticollis Enderlein, 1922
# Diamonds & Daggerz

Diamonds & Daggerz is a 2004 remix album by industrial music group My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult. It contains both new and classic songs extensively reworked and remixed into one continuous mix. Several of the tracks are mash-up remixes of multiple songs.

## Personnel

* Engineer [Engineered by] – Skye d'Angelo
* Featuring [Directed by] – Groovie Mann
* Featuring [Starring] – Avaluciuos Whyte, Groovie Mann, Jacky Blacque, Jasmine Night, Kitty Killdare, Lois Blue, Lydia Lunch, Marcie, Rhonda Bond, Sekret DeZyre, Shawn Christopher, Sinderella Pussie, Viva Nova
* Mastered by – Collin Jordan
* Mixed by – Enzo X. Santiago
* Producer [Produced by] – Buzz McCoy
* Written by – Buzz McCoy

## Samples

The back cover of the album reads "* this album contains previously released Thrill Kill Kult samples". The following is a list of the samples:
* "Mz Disco" samples "Mindcage".
* "Out 4 the Kill" samples "A Continental Touch".
* "Mondo Fever" samples "Golden Strip", "Portrait of the Damned", and "The International Sin Set".
* "Flesh Star" samples "Disko Fleshpot" and "Starmartyr".
* "Young Tongue" samples "A Girl Doesn't Get Killed by a Make-Believe Lover... 'Cuz It's Hot", "Disko Fleshpot", "Flesh Playhouse", and "Kooler Than Jesus".
* "Evil Lover" samples "...And This Is What the Devil Does!", "Mystery Babylon", "Sexy Sucker", and "Universal Blackness".
* "Dope Kult" samples "...And This Is What the Devil Does!", "A Daisy Chain 4 Satan", "After the Flesh", "Easy Girl", "Ride the Mindway", and "The Days of Swine and Roses".
# Heat edema

Heat edema is a cutaneous condition characterized by dependent edema from vasodilatory pooling. Heat causes the blood vessels to expand (dilate), so body fluid moves into the hands or legs by gravity.
The balance of salt in the body is also a risk factor for heat edema. If salt loss is less than normal, the increased salt level draws fluid into the hands and legs.
Older adults have an increased risk of heat edema, especially if they have other medical conditions that affect their circulation.
People visiting hot climates from colder climates may also have an increased risk of heat edema.
# Se Armo la Moña en Carnaval

Se Armo la Moña en Carnaval (The Party is Started in Carnival) is the twenty first studio album by Colombian musician singer-songwriter Joe Arroyo, released by Discos Fuentes on May 10, 2005. The album is innovative for Arroyo's music, because the song "Reggaeson Son Son" is a Reggaeton and alludes to the Carnival of Barranquilla.
# Alpine Ice Arena

Alpine Ice Arena is an arena and recreational sport facility in Louisville, Kentucky, operating since 1961. It features ice for hockey, figure skating, and open skating.
# Dinosaurs II

Dinosaurs II is a themed anthology of science fiction short works edited by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois. It was first published in paperback by Ace Books in December 1995. It was reissued as an ebook by Baen Books in March 2013.
The book collects eleven novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with a preface by the editors.
The first dinosaur-themed anthology in the series, Dinosaurs!, was published in 1990.

## Contents

* "Preface" (Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois)
* "The Big Splash" (L. Sprague de Camp)
* "Just Like Old Times" (Robert J. Sawyer)
* "The Virgin and the Dinosaur" (R. Garcia y Robertson)
* "The Odd Old Bird" (Avram Davidson)
* "Bernie" (Ian McDowell)
* "Small Deer" (Clifford D. Simak)
* "Dinosaur Pliés" (R. V. Branham)
* "Day of the Hunters" (Isaac Asimov)
* "Herding with the Hadrosaurs" (Michael Bishop)
* "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny" (R. Garcia y Robertson)
* "Trembling Earth" (Allen Steele)
# E. William Gollings

Elling William Gollings (17 March 1878 – 16 April 1932) was an American painter who was born in Pierce City, Idaho. His works are displayed in American institutions such as the Gilcrease Museum in Oklahoma, the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming, and the National Museum of Wildlife Art.
# Don Wayne

Don Wayne (May 30, 1933 – July 19, 2019) was an American designer and consultant who has developed illusions for some of the world's most famous magicians. He also created and marketed smaller illusions used by many professional performers. He was the owner of the company Don Wayne Magic Inc., which did work for television, theater, theme parks and concert touring productions.
Wayne was named by MAGIC Magazine as one of the "most influential people in magic in the past 100 years". He has received a multitude of industry and peer awards, including The Academy of Magical Arts "Creative Fellowship", International Magicians Society "Magic Illusion Designer and Inventor of the Decade", and an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects".

## Famous clients

Don Wayne was David Copperfield's principal magic creator and illusion director for over 18 years, which included 17 television specials and over 800 weeks of international touring.
In conjunction with Jim Steinmeyer he developed a vanishing jet plane illusion performed by Mark Kalin and Jinger at the Reno Hilton in February 2001, which was described at the time as the largest stage illusion in the world. Wayne’s other clients have included Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Cher, Siegfried & Roy, Andre Kole, Criss Angel, Mark Wilson, Curtis Adams, Hans Klok, Dirk Arthur, Rick Thomas, Melinda Saxe, Steve Wyrick, Murray SawChuck, Luis de Matos, Jason Byrne, Florian Zimmer and Robert Gallup.