OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cysteine metabolism

Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine. The pathways of different amino acids and other metabolites interweave and overlap to creating complex systems.

## Human cysteine metabolism

In human cysteine metabolism, L-cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below. L-Cysteine is also consumed in pantothenate/coenzyme A biosynthesis.
L-Cysteine consumption pathways :
| Enzyme | → | Products | Cofactor/Additional Reactant |
| cysteine dioxygenase | → | cysteine sulfinic acid | iron |
| serine racemase | → | D-cysteine | pyridoxal phosphate |
| cysteine lyase | → | L-cysteate/hydrogen sulfide | pyridoxal phosphate/sulfite |
| cystathionine γ-lyase | → | pyruvate/NH$_3$/H$_2$S | pyridoxal phosphate |
| cysteine—tRNA ligase | → | L-cysteinyl-tRNA$^{Cys}$ | |
| cystine reductase | → | L-cystine/NADH and H+ | NAD+ |
| cysteine transaminase | → | 3-mercapto-pyruvate/L-glutamate | pyridoxal phosphate/alpha-ketoglutaric acid |
| glutamate–cysteine ligase | → | γ-glutamyl cysteine/ADP and P$_i$ | ATP |
L-Cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below, L-cysteine is also a product of glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.
L-cysteine production pathways :
| Reactants | → | Enzyme | Cofactors | Notes |
| O-acetyl-L-serine/hydrogen sulfide | → | cysteine synthase | pyridoxal phosphate | not present in humans |
| L-cystine/2 glutathione | → | glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase | | |
| cystathionine | → | cystathionine γ-lyase | pyridoxal phosphate | |
| 3-mercapto-pyruvate | → | cysteine transaminase | pyridoxal phosphate | |
# Alberto Loddo

Alberto Loddo (born 5 January 1979, in Cagliari) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer.

## Palmares
### 2001

    1st Trofeo Franco Balestra
    1st Gran Premio della Liberazione

### 2002

    1st Stage 4 Tour of Qatar

### 2003

    1st Overall Tour of Qatar
       1st Points classification
       1st Young rider classification
       1st Stage 1
    1st Stage 2 Volta ao Algarve

### 2004

    4th Wachovia Classic

### 2006

    Vuelta Ciclista Por Un Chile Lider
       1st Points classification
       1st Stages 4, 7, 8a & 10
    Circuit Cycliste de la Sarthe
       1st Points classification
       1st Stage 3
    1st Stage 4 Vuelta al Táchira

### 2007

    Tour de Langkawi
       1st Points classification
       1st Stages 1, 4, 5, 6 & 10
    1st Stage 1 Vuelta al Táchira
    1st Stage 1 Vuelta Ciclista a la Rioja
    1st Stage 2 Vuelta a Asturias

### 2008

    1st Stage 5 Tour de Langkawi
    1st Stage 1 Settimana Ciclista Lombarda (TTT)
    8th Overall Tour of Qatar
       1st Stage 4

### 2009

    Vuelta a Venezuela
       1st Stages 1 & 2

### 2010

    Tour de San Luis
       1st Stages 3 & 7
    1st Stage 5 Giro di Sardegna
# Shankarlal Shastri

Shankarlal Gangashankar Shastri (2 May 1902 – 1 June 1946) was a Gujarati literary critic and short-story writer. He was an elder brother of Hariprasad Shastri and a grandson of Vrajlal Shastri.

## Biography

Shastri was born into a Sathodara Nagar Brahmin family on 2 May 1902 at Chunel, a village near Nadiad in Bombay Presidency, British India. He was the second son of Gangashankar Shastri, a physician and ritualist. His younger brother Hariprasad Shastri was also a Gujarati writer, historian and indologist.
Shastri completed his primary education in Malataj and his secondary education in Sojitra. After passing his matriculation in 1919, he joined Gujarat College, from which he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1923 and Master of Arts in 1925 with Sanskrit and Gujarati subjects. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1929.
Shastri started his career as a teacher at the government high school of Nadiad and then moved to The Proprietary High School, Ahmedabad, where he taught for four years. After intermittently practising as a lawyer, he was appointed a professor of Sanskrit and Gujarati in 1932 at Bahauddin College, Junagadh, where he taught for fourteen years.
He died on 1 June 1946.

## Works

Shastri wrote Sahityane Ovarethi (1938) in two volumes; volume one presents observations and assessments of some prominent Gujarati writers and volume two contains articles on medieval and modern writers. He also wrote Sahityadrashtane (1941) in two volumes; the first volume one explains general literary topics and the second presents a study of Gujarati writers from Premanand to Janmashankar Buch 'Lalit'.
Panadani (1941) is a collection of short stories. Shastri edited and published his grandfather Vrajlal Shastri's unpublished book Rasaganga in 1934.
# Allium unifolium

Allium unifolium, the one-leaf onion or American garlic, is a North American species of wild onion. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges of California, Oregon, and Baja California. It grows on clay soils including serpentine, at elevations up to 1100 m.
Allium unifolium, despite its name, usually has 2–3 flat leaves up to 50 cm long. Bulbs, though, are usually solitary, egg-shaped, up to 2 cm long, often formed at the end of rhizomes spreading out from the parent plant. Scapes are round in cross-section, up to 80 cm tall. Flowers are up to 15 mm across; tepals usually pink but occasionally white; anthers yellow or purple.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
# DasBoot

DasBoot is a software utility that was produced by SubRosaSoft.com Inc. before the company permanently closed in 2020. It allows the user to create a bootable Mac OS X USB device for Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier. It is a freeware product. This live USB device can be used for diagnostic, repair, and recovery of Mac OS X systems.
It won a Macworld UK Editor's Choice 5 star award.

## Creating a DasBoot device

Creating a DasBoot device requires a few steps. In addition to the DasBoot application, the user needs a bootable CD or DVD and a FireWire or USB flash drive. Only Intel-powered Apple computers support booting via USB. USB and FireWire hard drives may also be used.
DasBoot only works with versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.6.
Bootable Mac OS X CD/DVDs are included with programs such as Drive Genius, DiskWarrior, FileSalvage, CopyCatX, and other software utilities. The bootable DVD used for the Mac OS X installer disc cannot be used as it lacks libraries required to create a bootable device.
By default, the following applications are installed on DasBoot devices:
* Preview
* Console
* Disk Utility
* System Profiler
* Terminal
If they are also present in the user's Applications folder, the following applications are automatically included:
* SubRosaSoft.com Inc.'s FileSalvage
* SubRosaSoft.com Inc.'s CopyCatX
* Prosoft Engineering's Drive Genius
* Prosoft Engineering's Data Rescue
* Alsoft's DiskWarrior
* MacForensicsLab Inc.'s MacForensicsLab
Users can add additional applications to their DasBoot device by dragging and dropping the desired application into the Applications area of the DasBoot application. Users can also select and deselect included applications by simply clicking on their icon within the Applications section.
Once the user has selected the device they'd like to make bootable, selected the bootable disk to copy the required libraries and information from, and chosen the programs to include on the DasBoot device, clicking a single button starts the process of building the required information and copying it to the device.
To boot the system from the DasBoot device, the user starts their Mac with the 'Option' (sometimes called 'Alt') key held down. This will display a startup screen that allows them to select which bootable device they would like to start the system from. They then select the DasBoot device and the system will start up as normal. A DasBoot interface will appear once the system boots and allow the user to select the installed application(s) they would like to run.
The release of version 2.0 added support for Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard along with support for newer Intel Macs and some performance enhancements and bug fixes.
# Kıraçgülü, Nizip

Kıraçgülü is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nizip, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Turkmens of the Barak tribe and had a population of 56 in 2022.
# Albert (motorcycle)

Albert motorcycles were manufactured in Germany between 1922 and 1924. They featured 183cc two-stroke engines.
# Ain't Nobody a Stranger to Me

Ain't Nobody a Stranger to Me is a 2007 picture book by Ann Grifalconi and illustrator Jerry Pinkney about an old man telling his granddaughter of he and his young family's journey to freedom with assistance from the Underground Railroad.

## Reception

School Library Journal (SLJ), in a review of Ain't Nobody a Stranger to Me, wrote "While this is not the author's or illustrator's strongest effort, educators in schools and churches will find uses for the Good Samaritan lessons presented throughout." Publishers Weekly called it a "resonant, moving story" and concluded "An inspired collaboration."
Ain't Nobody a Stranger to Me has also been reviewed by The Horn Book Magazine, Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, Black Issues Book Review, and The Reading Teacher.

## Awards

* 2007 The Society of School Librarians International Language Arts - Picture Books Award - honor
* 2008 Horace Mann Upstanders Award - honor
* 2010 AGHE Book Award for Best Children’s Literature on Aging: Elementary Reader - winner
# Salomo Abraham Taroç

Salomo Abraham Taroç (Hebrew: שלמה אברהם בן יצחק טארוש) was a 14th century Sephardic Jewish physician and money lender.

## Biography

He was born in early 1301 in Girona, Catalonia. His father, Isaac Taroç, was a wealthy landowner and representative of Gironan Jewry, as well as the son of Vidal Taroç. During his early years, Salomo studied medicine in Vic, later returning to Girona, where he married Dolca Bonjuà, a member of the prominent Bonjuà family of bailiffs and court officials. Her father Maimó ibn Mahir Bonjuà, was a wealthy judge in Vic, with ancestral ties to Girona. The couple subsequently moved to Barcelona, where Salomo amassed great wealth through property rental and money lending to Christian aristocrats, becoming one of the wealthiest Jews in Girona. Around this time, Salomo also established himself as a leading physician in Girona, possibly even serving as a physician for members of the Crown of Aragon. Salomo moved again to Verges, where he likely passed away around 1380. He had two sons, Abraham David Taroç and Isaac Baro Taroç.
# Scheduled monuments in Kent

There are 689 scheduled monuments in the county of Kent, England. These protected sites date in some cases from the Neolithic period, and include barrows, artillery forts, ruined abbeys, castles, and Iron Age hill forts. In the United Kingdom, the scheduling of monuments was first initiated to ensure the preservation of "nationally important" archaeological sites and historic buildings. Protection is given to scheduled monuments under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

## Notable scheduled monuments in Kent

This is a partial list of scheduled monuments in Kent.
| Name | Location | Date | Notes |
| Canterbury Castle | 51°16′32″N 1°04′29″E﻿ / ﻿51.275686°N 1.074618°E﻿ / 51.275686; 1.074618 | 11th century | One of the three original royal castles of Kent, all built soon after the Battle of Hastings. |
| Chestnuts Long Barrow | 51°18′28″N 0°22′10″E﻿ / ﻿51.30778°N 0.36944°E﻿ / 51.30778; 0.36944 | Early Neolithic era | Chambered long barrow. Belongs to the group of burial tombs known as the Medway Megaliths. |
| Coldrum Long Barrow | 51°19′18″N 0°22′22″E﻿ / ﻿51.3216°N 0.3728°E﻿ / 51.3216; 0.3728 | Early Neolithic era | Also known as the "Coldrum Stones". Belongs to the group of burial tombs known as the Medway Megaliths. |
| Dover Castle | 51°07′47″N 1°19′17″E﻿ / ﻿51.1297°N 1.3214°E﻿ / 51.1297; 1.3214 | 11th century | One of the three original royal castles of Kent. Considered the most significant defensive castle in the history of England. |
| Eynsford Castle | 51°22′14″N 0°12′48″E﻿ / ﻿51.370556°N 0.213333°E﻿ / 51.370556; 0.213333 | 11th century AD | Ruined medieval fortification. An early Norman castle. |
| Greyfriars, Canterbury | 51°16′44″N 1°04′37″E﻿ / ﻿51.2789712°N 1.0768211°E﻿ / 51.2789712; 1.0768211 | Early 13th century | The first Franciscan friary in England. |
| Lower Mill, Woodchurch | 51°5′0″N 0°46′22″E﻿ / ﻿51.08333°N 0.77278°E﻿ / 51.08333; 0.77278 | 1820 | A surviving early 19th century smock mill, which is a type of windmill that takes its name from its similarity to smocks worn by farmers during that era. |
| Oldbury Camp | 51°17′N 0°16′E﻿ / ﻿51.28°N 0.26°E﻿ / 51.28; 0.26 | 1st century BC | The largest Iron Age hill fort in south-eastern England. |
| Richborough Castle | 51°17′38″N 1°19′55″E﻿ / ﻿51.294°N 1.332°E﻿ / 51.294; 1.332 | 1st century AD | Roman Saxon Shore fort. |
| Rochester Castle | 51°23′24″N 0°30′05″E﻿ / ﻿51.3899935°N 0.5014843°E﻿ / 51.3899935; 0.5014843 | 1087–1089 AD | One of the three original royal castles of Kent. The 12th-century keep is one of the best preserved in England or France. |
| St Augustine's Abbey | 51°16′44.0″N 1°5′13.5″E﻿ / ﻿51.278889°N 1.087083°E﻿ / 51.278889; 1.087083 | 598 AD | Benedictine monastery founded by St Augustine. Originally dedicated to St Peter and St Paul. Renamed after Augustine's death. |
| St Mary's Church, Eastwell | 51°11′24″N 0°52′28″E﻿ / ﻿51.1900°N 0.8745°E﻿ / 51.1900; 0.8745 | 15th century | Ruined parish church. It is also a designated Grade II listed building. |
| Upnor Castle | 51°24′25″N 0°31′38″E﻿ / ﻿51.406907°N 0.527114°E﻿ / 51.406907; 0.527114 | 1559–1567 | Rare example of an Elizabethan artillery fort. |
# Sex, Culture, and Myth

Sex, Culture, and Myth is a 1962 anthropological book by the Polish scholar Bronisław Malinowski, published posthumously and collecting a number of his essays, articles and other minor writings, published in the earlier years.
# Allothereua

Allothereua is a genus of scutigeromorph centipedes containing 9 species ranging from Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Nepal) to the Philippines to Australia, where at least six species are found. A 2009 study of scutigeromorph phylogeny found Allothereua to be polyphyletic; some species were more closely related to Parascutigera.

## Species

* Allothereua bidenticulata Verhoeff, 1925 - Australia
* Allothereua caeruleata Verhoeff, 1925 - Australia
* Allothereua incola Verhoeff, 1925 - Australia
* Allothereua kirgisorum Lignau, 1929 - Kazakhstan
* Allothereua lesueurii (Lucas, 1840) - Australia
* Allothereua maculata (Newport, 1844) - Australia
* Allothereua manila Chamberlin, 1944 - Philippines
* Allothereua serrulata Verhoeff, 1925 - Australia
* Allothereua wilsonae Dobroruka, 1979 - Nepal
# Distance (F.T. Island song)

"Distance" is a song by South Korean rock band F.T. Island. It is their sixth single under Warner Music Japan and ninth single overall in Japan. The song was written by Kenn Kato, Song Seunghyun and Lee Jaejin, and composed by Corin. It was released on November 30, 2011, in three editions: a Standard Edition, and Limited Edition Types A and B. The single debuted at number four on the Oricon weekly chart and at number eight on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. It went on to sell over 44,500 copies in Japan.

## Composition

"Distance" was written by Kenn Kato, Song Seunghyun and Lee Jaejin, and composed by Corin. "Life" and "Venus" were written by Lee Jaejin and Kenn Kato; the former was composed by Choi Jong-hoon, the latter by Lee Jaejin .

## Release and promotion

"Distance" was released on November 30, 2011, in three editions: a Standard Edition, a Limited Edition Type A which included footage from the band's Tour 2011 Summer Final "Messenger" at the Nippon Budokan, the music video for "Distance" and a special feature, and a Limited Edition Type B that included five covers, each designed by one band member.
In November, "Distance" was used as the theme song for the Japanese music program Happy Music.

## Chart performance

"Distance" debuted at number four on the weekly Oricon chart, selling 39,120 copies in its first week. The following week, "Distance" fell to number 39, selling 3,377 copies in its second week. It fell to number 46 and sold 2,055 copies in its third week. "Distance" went on to sale over 44,500 copies in Japan. On the issue dated December 12, 2011, the song debuted at number eight on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. On the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) Digital Track Chart, the song debuted at number 33.

## Chart history

| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| Billboard Japan Hot 100 | 8 |
| Oricon Weekly Chart | 4 |
| RIAJ Digital Track Chart | 33 |
# Kıratlı, Nizip

Kıratlı, historically Kertişe, is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nizip, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 233 in 2022.
# Maurice Post

Maurice Post was an American football coach. He was the head football coach at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He held that position for the 1906 season. His coaching record at Kalamazoo was 1–3–1.
# Sibel Kolçak

Sibel Kolçak (born January 3, 1990) is a Turkish female FIFA-listed football referee. She is a teacher from profession and lives in Zonguldak, Turkey.

## Early years

Sibel Kolçak was born in Zonguldak, Turkey on January 3, 1990. She studied Sports Administration at Sakarya University, and returned after graduation to her hometown Zonguldak.

## Referee career
### Domestic

She began her referee career in 2007 in her hometown, and officially debuted as an assistant referee debuting on March 1, 2008. She officiated her first match in the capacity of a referee on November 7, 2009, at a match of the Coca-Cola Academy U-14 League. Kolçak's first referee role in a Women*s Regional League match took place on January 8, 2011. In 2013, she was appointed referee in the men*s A2 League and Women's Second League, and finally on December 22, 2013, she was promoted to officiate a Women's First League match.
As of end 205, Kolçak was in charge of various referee roles in 76 games at different domestic leagues.

### International

In November 2015, Kolçak was nominated by the Turkish Football Federation a FIFA listed official for international matches in 2016.
# Dendrobium hasseltii

Dendrobium hasseltii, commonly known as the Hasselt's dendrobium or spinach orchid, is a species of orchid. It is native to Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia.
# Malanta, Guinea

Malanta is a town and sub-prefecture in the Gaoual Prefecture in the Boké Region of north-western Guinea. As of 2014 it had a population of 14,300 people.
# Aechmea strobilacea

Aechmea strobilacea is a plant species in the genus Aechmea. This species is native to Ecuador, Peru and Panama.
# David Drury (fencer)

Daubeney Drue Drury (14 March 1888 – 18 April 1946) was a British fencer. He competed in the team épée event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Dexter Calling...

Dexter Calling... is an album by American jazz saxophonist Dexter Gordon recorded in 1961 and released on the Blue Note label in 1962. "Soul Sister", "I Want More" and "Ernie's Tune" were written for the Los Angeles production of the play The Connection by Jack Gelber in 1960. Dexter Calling was Gordon's second album for Blue Note, and was recorded three days after Doin' Allright, his first album for the label.

## Reception

The Billboard Reviewer called the album "solid jazz wax" and noted that it featured "some fine blowing by the tenor saxist".
The Allmusic review by Michael G. Nastos awarded the album 4 stars stating "Dexter Gordon's second recording for the Blue Note label is a solidly swinging affair, yet constantly full of surprises... The excellent band, solid musicianship, and memorable music on every track make this one of the more essential recordings of Gordon's career".
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |

## Track listing

All compositions by Dexter Gordon except as indicated
* "Soul Sister" - 7:45
* "Modal Mood" (Kenny Drew) - 5:23
* "I Want More" - 5:20
* "The End of a Love Affair" (Edward Redding) - 6:53
* "Clear the Dex" (Kenny Drew) - 4:54
* "Ernie's Tune" - 4:16
* "Smile" (Charlie Chaplin) - 3:23
* "Landslide" - 5:15 Bonus track on CD reissue
The bonus track does not appear on the Blue Note 2015 remastered digital media release.

## Personnel

* Dexter Gordon - tenor saxophone
* Kenny Drew - piano
* Paul Chambers - bass
* Philly Joe Jones - drums
# Alley-oop (skateboarding)

An Alley-oop is an air ollie in which the skateboarder's body moves sideways in the opposite direction to that in which they are rotating. The motion is used to land into lipslides.
It is not known who invented the alley-oop, but nevertheless this trick played a pivotal role in skateboarding's transition from a niche hobby to a mainstream sport.
# Kürsəngi

Kürsəngi (Kursangi, Gursangya) is a village and municipality in the Salyan District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 4000.
# Mbongeleni Zondi

Inkosi (Zulu Chief) Mbongeleni Zondi (1969 – January 22, 2009) was a Zulu chief, regent and great-grandson of Inkosi Bambatha kaMancinza, who led a Zulu rebellion against British rule in 1906. He was also a close ally of African National Congress President Jacob Zuma and a cultural patron of the ANC leadership in KwaZulu-Natal.
At 7:00 AM on January 22, 2009, Zondi was shot dead on Stimela Avenue in Durban’s Umlazi township. At the time, he lived in Msinga in the Midlands, and was visiting his sister in Umlazi. Four men arrived in an SUV; two of them opened fire on Zondi using AK-47s. At least 50 cartridges were found by eThekwini police. Three men suspected of the shooting were killed by police in separate incidents in September 2009. The fourth was arrested and went on trial in March 2010.
In his address at Zondi's funeral, held at Engome near Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal Premier Sibusiso Ndebele said:
   (W)e have lost a transformational leader, an Inkosi who put his people first, and saw government as a strategic partner in the development of his area. We say farewell to this friend of peace, democracy and development.
# David Dows

David Dows III (August 12, 1885 – August 13, 1966) was an American politician from New York who served in South Carolina Republican politics. He served as Chair of the South Carolina Republican Party from 1956 to 1958.

## Early life

Dows was born on August 12, 1885, in Irvington, New York, the son of David Dows II and Jane Strahan. He attended Yale University where he graduated in 1908. He served in World War I with the rank of Captain on the Western Front.

## Political career

Dows began his political career in local New York, where he served as Sheriff of Nassau County and a member of the New York Racing Commission. In South Carolina, he was a Republican Candidate for Congress in 1952. He served as a delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention, and responsible for patronage during the Eisenhower administration. He was elected chair of the South Carolina Republican Party on March 28, 1956 and served until he resigned on March 26, 1958.

## Personal life

Throughout his life, he was an avid sports enthusiast. He died on August 13, 1966, in Hot Springs, Virginia, a day after his 81st birthday due to a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Emily Weller Schweizer, daughter, and three stepchildren. His son was killed in a plane accident on November 25, 1964. He is interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in New York.
# Ahmed Sadiq

Ahmed Sadiq (born 7 July 1979) is a Nigerian boxer who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for Nigeria. There he was outscored in the first round of the Lightweight (60 kg) division by Cuba's eventual winner Mario César Kindelán Mesa. One year earlier, he won the gold medal in his weight division at the All-Africa Games in Abuja, Nigeria.