OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Copenhagen convention (bridge)

The Copenhagen convention in the game of contract bridge is a conventional overcall which shows a two-suited hand. It was first devised by Mr. John Trelde and Mr. Gert Lenk, both of Copenhagen, Denmark. While it is rarely used in North America (where Michaels cuebids are most popular), it is fairly popular in Europe, especially Denmark.
The requirement for a bid in the Copenhagen convention is a two-suited hand with at least five cards in each suit and typically an opening hand. Point count requirements vary, but it is commonly agreed that an overcall using this convention is constructive and should be made on hands that hold the prospect of winning the auction. When made on very weak hands, the chances are the opponents will win the auction and will have been warned about the unbalanced holding, leading to games that would not have been bid otherwise. Given that a bid using the Copenhagen convention is forcing for one round, most partnerships apply no upper limit to its high card strength.
To use the convention, when the opponents make a one level opening, you make one of three bids. To show the bottom two unbid suits, bid 2 NT. To show the top and bottom unbid suits, bid 3♣. To show the top two unbid suits, bid 3♦. If the opponents have bid two suits, both at the one level, then the only overcall is 2 NT, which shows the two unbid suits.
As opposed to Michaels cuebids, the 3♣ and 3♦ jump overcalls aren't available as natural bids. Bids at the two level (barring 2 NT) are natural. The Copenhagen convention is more precise in terms of uniquely defining the specific suits denoted than standard Michaels cuebids. However, the lowest level the hand can be played at is the three level, and rarely will a nine card trump suit fit be found. This goes against the Law of Total Tricks, which states the three level should have at least a nine card fit. The Ghestem convention and its variants have similar advantages but also allow some fits to be found at the two level by using a cuebid at the 2 level rather than 3♦.
# Daniel Whitfield

Daniel Whitfield (born c. 1821, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.
Born in about 1821 in Newark, New Jersey, Whitfield was still living in that city when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a quartermaster and gun captain on the USS Lackawanna. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he "courageously carried out his duties" as Lackawanna engaged the CSS Tennessee at close range, including waiting until his ship came alongside Tennessee and then firing his gun (by use of a lock-string) into the Confederate ironclad. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.
Whitfield's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   Serving as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Lackawanna during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the rebel ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, August 5, 1864. Acting as captain of a gun, Whitfield coolly stood by his gun, holding on to the lock string and waited alongside the rebel ram Tennessee until able to fire the shot that entered her port. Whitfield courageously carried out his duties during the prolonged action which resulted in the capture of the prize ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of Fort Morgan.
# Abeille

Abeille may refer to:

## Ships

* HMS Abeille (1796), a ship of the Royal Navy
* Abeille Bourbon, a high sea tow vessel
* Abeille Flandre, a high sea tug of the French navy
* Abeille Liberté, a salvage tug
* Abeille Provence, a salvage tug, later the Ryan Leet
* ST Abeille No 7, a tug, originally the Empire Helen
* ST Abeille No 8, a tug, originally the Empire Simon
* ST Abeille No 22, a tug, originally the Empire Alfred
* ST Abeille No 23, a tug, originally the Empire Sprite

## People

* Abeille de Perrin (1843–1910), full name Elzéar Emmanuel Arène Abeille de Perrin, French entomologist
* Scipion Abeille (died 1697), French physician
* Gaspard Abeille (1648–1718), French poet
* Pierre-César Abeille (1674 – after 1733), French composer
* Guy Abeille, French economist
* Jacques Abeille (1942–2022), French writer
* Louis Paul Abeille (1719–1807), French economist
* Ludwig Abeille (1761–1838), German pianist and composer
* Rafael Nieto Abeillé, Puerto Rican lawyer

## Other uses

* SNCAC NC.2001 Abeille, French 1940s helicopter
* Abeille (local currency), a local currency of Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
* Abeilles FC, Congolese football club
# Aegista aubryana

Aegista aubryana is a species of air-breathing land snails, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod in the family Camaenidae.

## Description

The diameter of the shell attains 21 mm.
The shell is widely umbilicated. It is thin, obliquely striate and brownish white. The suture is impressed. The shell contains seven whorls. These are slightly convex above. The periphery is obtusely angulated, deflected in front and more convex on the base. The white peristome is thin and reflected.

## Distribution

This species occurs in China: province Guizhou.
# Aderman

Aderman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ernest Aderman (1894–1968), New Zealand politician
* Sven Åderman, Swedish inventor and military officer
# Abraham Mendis Gunasekera

Gate Mudaliyar Abraham Mendis Gunasekera (1869–1931) was a leading literary figure in Ceylon. He had served as an Interpreter Mudaliyar to the Registrar General of Ceylon. Gunasekera produced a Sinhalese grammar as well as Sinhalese-English and English-Sinhalese dictionaries. He is the grandfather of the famous Sri Lankan construction engineer U.N. Gunasekera.
# Dariusz Wolny (swimmer)

Dariusz Wolny (born 21 March 1960) is a Polish swimmer. He competed in the men's 400 metre individual medley at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Chatan Yarakuu Shanku – The Karate Tournament

Chatan Yarakuu Shanku - The Karate Tournament (チャタンヤラクーシャンク - THE KARATE TOURNAMENT), sometimes simply referred to either as Chatan Yarakuu Shanku (チャタンヤラクーシャンク), or The Karate Tournament, is a 1992 karate-based fighting arcade game developed and published by Mitchell Corporation. It was released exclusively as an arcade game on December 1, 1992.
# Abu Zayd al-Dabusi

Abū Zayd al-Dabūsī; he is Abd Allāh, or Ubaid Allāh ibn Umar ibn ‘Īsa al-Dabūsi al-Bukhārī Hanafī al-Qadī (عبد الله أو عبيد الله بن عمر بن عيسى الدّبوسي البخاري الحنفي القاضي); a founding jurist and most eminent scholar of the Hanafī school in the eleventh century. His reputation for learning was proverbial. He established the science of dialectics supporting his analysis and argument on examples extracted from scripture. He composed several taalīkas. Among his writings were Asrār ('Mysteries') and the Takwīm lil Adilla (‘system of demonstrations’). Ad-Dabūsi died in the city of Bukhara in 430 AH / 1038–9.
The name Dabūsi derives from the town Dabūsiya, which lies between Bukhāra and Samarkand, and from where a number of scholars hailed.

## Sources

Kitāb Wafayāt al-Ayān (وفيات الأعيان) by Ibn Khallikān (ابن خلكان); vol.II, p. 28
Al-Bidayah wa’l-Nihāyat (البداية والنهاية) by Ibn Kathīr (ابن كثير) vol.12, p. 46
Shuḍrāt al-ḍahab (شذرات الذهب) by Ibn al-‘Amād al-Hanbali (ابن العماد) vol.3, p. 245
Al-Fawā’id al-Baḥīa (الفوائد البهية) by Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (لكنوي) p. 109
# Graph entropy

In information theory, the graph entropy is a measure of the information rate achievable by communicating symbols over a channel in which certain pairs of values may be confused. This measure, first introduced by Körner in the 1970s, has since also proven itself useful in other settings, including combinatorics.

## Definition

Let $G=(V,E)$ be an undirected graph. The graph entropy of $G$, denoted $H(G)$ is defined as
       $H(G)=\min _{X,Y}I(X;Y)$
where $X$ is chosen uniformly from $V$, $Y$ ranges over independent sets of G, the joint distribution of $X$ and $Y$ is such that $X\in Y$ with probability one, and $I(X;Y)$ is the mutual information of $X$ and $Y$.
That is, if we let ${\mathcal {I}}$ denote the independent vertex sets in $G$, we wish to find the joint distribution $X,Y$ on $V\times {\mathcal {I}}$ with the lowest mutual information such that (i) the marginal distribution of the first term is uniform and (ii) in samples from the distribution, the second term contains the first term almost surely. The mutual information of $X$ and $Y$ is then called the entropy of $G$.

## Properties

* Monotonicity. If $G_{1}$ is a subgraph of $G_{2}$ on the same vertex set, then $H(G_{1})\leq H(G_{2})$.
* Subadditivity. Given two graphs $G_{1}=(V,E_{1})$ and $G_{2}=(V,E_{2})$ on the same set of vertices, the graph union $G_{1}\cup G_{2}=(V,E_{1}\cup E_{2})$ satisfies $H(G_{1}\cup G_{2})\leq H(G_{1})+H(G_{2})$.
* Arithmetic mean of disjoint unions. Let $G_{1},G_{2},\cdots ,G_{k}$ be a sequence of graphs on disjoint sets of vertices, with $n_{1},n_{2},\cdots ,n_{k}$ vertices, respectively. Then $H(G_{1}\cup G_{2}\cup \cdots G_{k})={\tfrac {1}{\sum _{i=1}^{k}n_{i}}}\sum _{i=1}^{k}{n_{i}H(G_{i})}$.
Additionally, simple formulas exist for certain families classes of graphs.
* Complete balanced k-partite graphs have entropy $\log _{2}k$. In particular,
** Edge-less graphs have entropy $0$.
** Complete graphs on $n$ vertices have entropy $\log _{2}n$.
** Complete balanced bipartite graphs have entropy $1$.
* Complete bipartite graphs with $n$ vertices in one partition and $m$ in the other have entropy $H\left({\frac {n}{m+n}}\right)$, where $H$ is the binary entropy function.

## Example

Here, we use properties of graph entropy to provide a simple proof that a complete graph $G$ on $n$ vertices cannot be expressed as the union of fewer than $\log _{2}n$ bipartite graphs.
Proof By monotonicity, no bipartite graph can have graph entropy greater than that of a complete bipartite graph, which is bounded by $1$. Thus, by sub-additivity, the union of $k$ bipartite graphs cannot have entropy greater than $k$. Now let $G=(V,E)$ be a complete graph on $n$ vertices. By the properties listed above, $H(G)=\log _{2}n$. Therefore, the union of fewer than $\log _{2}n$ bipartite graphs cannot have the same entropy as $G$, so $G$ cannot be expressed as such a union. $\blacksquare$

## General References

* Matthias Dehmer; Frank Emmert-Streib; Zengqiang Chen; Xueliang Li; Yongtang Shi (25 July 2016). Mathematical Foundations and Applications of Graph Entropy. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-69325-2.
# Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg

Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg (1256–1315) was the ruling Count of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg from 1290 until his death. He was the third son of Gerhard I and Elisabeth of Mecklenburg and was married to Helen of Saxe-Lauenburg, daughter of John I, Duke of Saxony.

## Reign

When Gerhard I died in 1290, his sons divided the inheritance. Adolph VI received Holstein-Pinneberg and the ancestral County of Schaumburg. Adolph is considered the founder of the younger Schauenburg line; his brothers founded the Holstein-Plön and Holstein-Rendsburg lines.
In 1298, he granted a charter to the city of Gehrden. In 1302, he began construction of the water castle at Bückeburg to defend the main trade route. The castle was named after a castle in the Obernkirchen area; the name was first mentioned in a document in 1304.

## Seal

His seal (see picture) reads: S(IGILLUM)*ADOLPHI*COMITIS*SCHOWE(N)BORCH "Seal of Adolph, Count of Schauenburg"

## Footnotes

* ↑ List of the Counts of Schaumburg
* ↑ Entry at deutsche-biografie.de
* ↑ Website for the 700th anniversary of the town
* ↑ "About Bückeburg castle". Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
Adolphus of Schauenburg, aka Adolphus VI the ElderHouse of SchauenburgBorn: 1256 Died: 1315 :
| Preceded byGerhard I | Count of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schauenburg 1290-1315 | Succeeded byAdolph VII |
* This article about a German count is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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* e
# Chel family

The Chels, Cheles, or Che'els (From Yucatec Che'el Staff / rod of justice or Chel arch sky / rainbow )(in Maya glyphs) were the ruling family of the Maya Kuchkabal of Ah Kin Chel.
The Chels originally hailed from Mayapan, one of the three capitals of the League of Mayapan, where they were traditionally priests and nobles.
Mo-Chel was the first ruler of Ah Kin Chel. He was originally a nobleman, the son-in-law of one of the principal priests at Mayapan. Another priest Ah Xupan Nauat married his daughter Namox Chel to Mo.
Mo-Chel is said to have foreseen the destruction of the League of Mayapan in 1441 and he fled with some followers to Tecoh near Izamal, where he established an independent state which he named Ah Kin (high priest, literally is from the sun) Chel (from his last name; this was a naming tradition used by many Kuchkabals).
The Chel family remained in rule until the end of Ah Kin Chel. Namux Chel was the last ruler of Ah Kin Chel, and was in power in 1527 when Francisco de Montejo visited. To avoid conflict he allowed the Spaniards passage through his territory.
# Chela (singer)

Chela (born Chelsea Wheatley) is a Filipino-Australian singer and songwriter who has released a number of singles.

## Biography

Originally from Fremantle, Western Australia, she relocated to Melbourne, Victoria with her family at the age of 15, and currently resides in Los Angeles.
Chela began producing music at age 12 on Logic software, and played bass guitar in punk bands throughout her teenage years. She directs her own music videos, and writes and produces most of her own songs, as well as writes for other artists. In 2014 she teamed up with Styalz Fuego to write "Closure" for Owl Eyes, the first single off her debut album "Nightswim", which reached No. 28 in the Australian Albums Chart.
In 2015 Chela was formally recognised by Spotify via their Spotlight Artists. Pulse Radio listed her as one of ten electronic crossover acts "to watch out for" in 2015, and Bit Candy described her as recording "seriously catchy, stand-out music that sets her apart from the sea of electro-pop acts that have been popping up this year".
Chela first gained international attention releasing singles "Romanticise" (featured in the trailer to Sleeping With Other People) and "Zero" on French taste-maker label Kitsuné. It was followed by the single "Plastic Gun". She has also collaborated with several music groups, including Goldroom on his summer-anthem "Fifteen", Clubfeet on their highly-rotated single "Heartbreak", and queer pop-punk cult hero Seth Bogart on his debut self-titled solo album alongside Kathleen Hanna and Tavi Gevinson.
On September 14, 2017, Chela returned with a new single "Bad Habit" by premiering the self-directed video on NPR.
Chela collaborated with Gus Dapperton on the track "My Say So" from his 2020 album Orca. The only song on Dapperton's Orca which features another artist, Chela performs solos during the bridge and "guides the background vocals."
# Gravitcornutia zonata

Gravitcornutia zonata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
# Gravitcornutia umbrosa

Gravitcornutia umbrosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil in the states of Santa Catarina and São Paulo.
# Adolfo Álvarez-Buylla

Adolfo Álvarez-Buylla Lozana (28 February 1897 – 1945) was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender for Athletic Madrid, Racing de Madrid and Zaragoza CD. He is the younger of three brothers, Benito, Plácido and Vicente, with the latter two also being footballers.

## Early life

Buylla was born in Asturias as the son of (Adolfo A. Buylla, professor of Political Economy and president of the Ateneo de Madrid, and of Carmen Lozana de la Concha. Buylla and his family used to spend the summers in Salinas, where it is known that he and his brothers played football matches with the team from the town of Castrillón.

## Playing career
### Club career

Buylla enjoyed his youth playing football, which at the time was a relatively unknown sport in Asturias, being a part of the very first teams in Ávila, such as Sport Club Avilesino, with whom he played between 1914 and 1918, a period that he combined with his participation in several teams in the Spanish capital.
All of the Buylla brothers played for Madrid FC, with each spending three years in the capital due to their legal university studies, and due to their family having settled there. Buylla began his football career in Madrid with Athletic Madrid in 1914, at the age of 17, playing with them for three years until he signed for Racing de Madrid in 1917, helping them win the 1918–19 Centro Championship.
While his older brothers held several important positions in the Spanish government, such as that of consuls and ministers, Adolfo decided instead on the position of military lawyer. His access to a legal-military career took him to Zaragoza, where he settled and where he was even one of the promoters of the Stadium in said town. He went on to play for the city's club Zaragoza CD until 1927, when he retired at the age of 30.

### International career

As a Racing player, Buylla was eligible to play for the Madrid national team, being called-up by them for the 1917 Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. He started in two games as Madrid won their first-ever title in the competition, but this almost did not happen as initially Buylla was not even in the radar of the dirigents to be called up for the Madrid team, but because the tournament coincided with the 1917 Copa del Rey Final between Madrid FC and Arenas, which prevented them from having the best players of Madrid FC, thus the "second options" (mainly players of Athletic Madrid and Racing de Madrid) got a chance to prove their worth at the tournament, and they did exactly that by winning what the "first options" had failed to.

## Later life and death

In 1936, Buylla was Spanish consul in Marseille. After the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile. In 1944, he arrived in Mexico from Colombia. Buylla died the following year, at the age of 48.

## Honours
### Club

Racing de Madrid
* Centro Championship
** Winners (1): 1918–19

### International
#### Madrid XI

* Prince of Asturias Cup:
** Champions (1): 1917
# Above the Clouds

Above the Clouds is a 1933 American pre-Code crime film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Robert Armstrong, Richard Cromwell and Dorothy Wilson. It was produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures.

## Cast

* Robert Armstrong as Scoop Adams
* Richard Cromwell as Dick Robinson
* Dorothy Wilson as Connie
* Edmund Breese as Crusty
* Morgan Wallace as Chandler
* Dorothy Revier as Dolly
* Bessie Barriscale as Mother
* Geneva Mitchell as Mabel
* Luis Alberni as Speakeasy Owner
# Grandin, New Jersey

Grandin is an unincorporated community located along the border of Franklin and Union townships in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States.
The Bethlehem United Presbyterian Church, also known as the Grandin Church, is a contributing property of the Rockhill Agricultural Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Norfolk Southern Railway's Lehigh Line (formerly the mainline of the Lehigh Valley Railroad), runs through the community.
# Dark Wanton

Dark Wanton is a 1948 thriller novel by the British writer Peter Cheyney. It was published in the United States under the alternative title Case of the Dark Wanton

## Synopsis

In London's West End, two lists of Nazi agents and collaborators, wanted by the Allies for their war crimes, go missing. Intelligence chief Peter Everard Quayle chooses to use agents accustomed to operating behind enemy lines to recover them.
# Chautauqua Pavilion

Chautauqua Pavilion may refer to:
* Chautauqua Pavilion (Riverton, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fremont County, Iowa
* Chautauqua Pavilion (Hastings, Nebraska), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Nebraska
# Abiegos

Abiegos is one of nine Parroquias in the municipality Ponga in the autonomous Region Asturia in Spain. The 34 residents (2007) live in a village close to the Nature Park Ponga. The administrative centre of the municipality San Juan de Beleño is 5.5 km away.

## Sights

* Hórreo de los Beyos
* Church „Iglesia de San Lorenzo“ in Abiegos
* Chapel „Capilla de San Antonio“
* Chapel „Capilla de la Merreguera“
* Hermitage „Ermita de Arcenorio“

## Villages and hamlets in Parroquia

* Abiegos - 34 residents 2007 43°11′41″N 5°11′8″W﻿ / ﻿43.19472°N 5.18556°W﻿ / 43.19472; -5.18556﻿ (Abiegos)
# Abreha and Atsbeha

Abreha and Atsbeha were brothers and Aksumite rulers who were said to have adopted Christianity in the 4th-century, although this claim is dubious. The story of Abreha and Atsbeha is lifted from that of the historical personages King Ezana and his brother Saizana. Stuart Munro-Hay has also speculated that the myth may have emerged from a confusion with two other religious Aksumite figures: Kaleb of Axum, whose throne name was Ella Atsbeha, and Abraha, an Aksumite general who promoted Christianity in Yemen.
According to tradition, Abreha and Atsbeha succeeded Ella Allada to the Aksumite throne. The missionary Frumentius, who had been captured during Ella Allada's reign, converted the brothers to Christianity following which the rest of the kingdom eventually converted. It is claimed they founded 44 churches.
# AeroPuma

Aeropuma, S.A., also known as AeroPuma, was a Salvadoran airline that commenced operations in 1985. The airline operated for around 12 years before it went defunct in 1997.