OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Drummer boy of Tacuarí

Pedro Ríos (1798–1811), better known as the Tambor de Tacuarí (Drummer boy of Tacuarí in English) was a boy soldier who participated as a drummer in Manuel Belgrano's expedition to Paraguay (1810–11). He was killed in action while encouraging the troops at the battle of Tacuarí, where he also assisted a blinded officer. The drummer of Tacuarí became an iconic figure of the Argentine War of Independence.

## Early life

Ríos was born in Yaguareté-Corá (today known as Concepcion, in Corrientes Province), the son of an aging rural teacher. On 25 November 1810, Belgrano's troops arrived in Yaguareté-Corá. Ríos, then a 12-year old boy, offered his services to Belgrano, who denied the request. It was after the intervention of Ríos father, Antonio, that the general accepted the boy in the ranks of his army. He was assigned to the company of Mayor Celestino Vidal, a blinded officer, in order to become Vidal's guide.

## Expedition to Paraguay

The first time that Ríos saw action in Paraguay was during the battle of Paraguarí, in January 1811, where Belgrano's troops were routed. The boy Ríos was in charge of the artillery wagons and also help the wounded in the field hospital, but later in the engagement he guided the march of the soldiers as a drummer, ignoring the risks of being exposed to enemy fire in the first line of battle.
In the battle of Tacuarí, on 9 March 1811, Ríos assisted his blinded mayor, leading in the meantime the company's troops with his drumbeat. He was eventually hit by two bullets in the chest and fell. Mayor Vidal, feeling that the drummer was wounded, attempted to save him, but to no avail. Vidal claimed that he owed his own life to Ríos, who received the shots that were actually aimed to him.

## Iconic figure of Argentine independence

In his late years, Manuel Belgrano recalled the death of the Drummer of Tacuarí as one of his most poignant memories. In 1912, Argentina's National Council of Education established that the drummer must be remembered in the anniversary of the battle in all elementary schools as an example of gallantry and self-denial. A 1909 poem composed by Rafael Obligado commemorates the drummer boy's deeds. There are monuments to the drummer both at the Colegio Militar de la Nación and at his native city of Concepción.

### Revisionism

Historian Daniel Balmaceda put in question the very existence of the drummer boy, arguing that the children is not present in the battle reports and that the first mention to the drummer of Tacuarí is found 45 years after the Paraguayan campaign, and depicted shortly after in a painting with a 50-year-old blind man; however, Vidal was nearly 21 years old when the battle took place.
# Delivery of the Franciscan Rule

Delivery of the Franciscan Rule is a painting by the Italian early Renaissance artist Colantonio, dating from 1445 and housed in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples.

## History

Colantonio operated in Naples from around 1440 to 1460, under king René of Anjou (1438–1442), an admirer of Flemish, Burgundian and Provençal art, and under Alfonso V of Aragon, who was connected to Aragon, where art was in turn inspired by Flemish models.
The diversity of these two influences is visible in the two panels executed by Colantonio for the Franciscan church of San Lorenzo Maggiore, which were painted in two different moments and were later completed by Antonello da Messina with smaller side panels of blessed Franciscans. The general theme of the altarpiece was the celebration of the Franciscan thought, of which St. Jerome, according to the theories of St. Bernardino of Siena, had been one of the main influences.

## Description

The scene depicts, above a gilt background, a slender St. Francis of Assisi who, in the center, consigns the Franciscan Rule to his brothers, who are kneeling around him. The men at the left, with Fra Leone receiving the book, and the women at the right, including St. Claire. At the top are two symmetrical flying birds, which hold two cartouches.
The work shows that Colantonio, at the time of its realization, was already acquainted of the novelties brought from Aragon at Alfonso's court. This is visible in details such as the steep, nearly vertical pavement, the characters' feature, the holed aureolas, the rigid and geometrical folds of the clothes. The other panel, depicting St. Jerome in His Study, despite being one or two years earlier, is still more influenced by the early Netherlandish painting in favour at the Angevine court, with painters such as Barthélemy d'Eyck.

## Sources

* De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte, volume 2. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0.
# Dicks (surname)

Dicks is a surname of the English West Midlands, Scotland, and Wales. It ranks 6,404 in frequency in the United States, out of 88,799.
Some notable individuals with the surname Dicks include:
* Alan Dicks (born 1934), retired English footballer and manager
* Arthur Frederick Dicks (1935–1994), Australian actor and theater designer
* David Dicks (born 1978), Australian sailor
* Jeanie Dicks (1893–1980) British engineer who led permanent electrification of Winchester Cathedral in 1934.
* John Dicks (actor) (born 1947), English film and television actor
* Julian Dicks (born 1968), British footballer and manager
* Norman D. Dicks (born 1940), U.S. Representative for Washington's 6th district
* Paul Dicks (born 1950), Canadian lawyer and former politician in Newfoundland
* Peter Dicks (born 1942), English investment manager and venture capitalist
* Pete Dicks (born 1953), Radio presenter of ‘BeatlesandBeyond’ Radio programme, and others
* Philip Dicks (born 1962), former English cricketer
* Terrance Dicks (1935–2019), English writer
* Terry Dicks (1937–2020), British Conservative Party politician
# Erdős–Dushnik–Miller theorem

In the mathematical theory of infinite graphs, the Erdős–Dushnik–Miller theorem is a form of Ramsey's theorem stating that every infinite graph contains either a countably infinite independent set, or a clique with the same cardinality as the whole graph.
The theorem was first published by Ben Dushnik and E. W. Miller (1941), in both the form stated above and an equivalent complementary form: every infinite graph contains either a countably infinite clique or an independent set with equal cardinality to the whole graph. In their paper, they credited Paul Erdős with assistance in its proof. They applied these results to the comparability graphs of partially ordered sets to show that each partial order contains either a countably infinite antichain or a chain of cardinality equal to the whole order, and that each partial order contains either a countably infinite chain or an antichain of cardinality equal to the whole order.
The same theorem can also be stated as a result in set theory, using the arrow notation of Erdős & Rado (1956), as $\kappa \rightarrow (\kappa ,\aleph _{0})^{2}$. This means that, for every set $S$ of cardinality $\kappa$, and every partition of the ordered pairs of elements of $S$ into two subsets $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$, there exists either a subset $S_{1}\subset S$ of cardinality $\kappa$ or a subset $S_{2}\subset S$ of cardinality $\aleph _{0}$, such that all pairs of elements of $S_{i}$ belong to $P_{i}$. Here, $P_{1}$ can be interpreted as the edges of a graph having $S$ as its vertex set, in which $S_{1}$ (if it exists) is a clique of cardinality $\kappa$, and $S_{2}$ (if it exists) is a countably infinite independent set.
If $S$ is taken to be the cardinal number $\kappa$ itself, the theorem can be formulated in terms of ordinal numbers with the notation $\kappa \rightarrow (\kappa ,\omega )^{2}$, meaning that $S_{2}$ (when it exists) has order type $\omega$. For uncountable regular cardinals $\kappa$ (and some other cardinals) this can be strengthened to $\kappa \rightarrow (\kappa ,\omega +1)^{2}$; however, it is consistent that this strengthening does not hold for the cardinality of the continuum.
The Erdős–Dushnik–Miller theorem has been called the first "unbalanced" generalization of Ramsey's theorem, and Paul Erdős's first significant result in set theory.
# SciTech (magazine)

SciTechDaily is a popular science website, containing sections on space, physics, biology, technology and chemistry. It was founded in 1998 by Vicki Hyde, originally as Sci Tech Daily Review, a companion site to Arts & Letters Daily. It became popular as a news aggregation site for science and technology content, featuring curated links with brief summaries to third-party sites such as NOVA: Science in the news; magazines such as The Discovery Channel, Scientific American, Popular Science; niche sites such as The Apothecary's Drawer, Brain.com, and the Glossary of Mathematical Mistakes; as well as international newspapers.
Since 2011, SciTechDaily has changed its format to publish articles directly on its site, rather than providing a daily digest of links. According to the publisher, its content is republished on sites such as Yahoo!News, Ars Technica, and Futurism, and many others.

## History

SciTech Daily Review was launched in 1998, as a companion site to Arts & Letters Daily, with the encouragement of Denis Dutton. Managing editor Hyde, a member of The Skeptics Society, worked on the website with a business partner out of Christchurch, New Zealand, during her spare time as a mother. In December 1998, an article in The New York Times characterized Sci Tech Daily Review and Arts & Letters Daily as "portholes" rather than portals, because they offered "narrower windows" to view an "expansive sea of on-line information".In 2002, SciTech Daily Review was selected as one of five final nominations in the Science Category for a Webby Award.
In April 2011, SciTech Daily recovered from a six-week hiatus, following the Christchurch earthquake in February. Later that year, the website transitioned to new management and overhauled its format and design to publish articles directly rather than providing links and digests. As of May 2022, it is estimated that SciTech has 8.7 million monthly readers, and is a top 30 science and education website by traffic worldwide.

## Reviews

In November 1999, a review of popular science websites in the Independent rated Sci Tech Daily as "the best science news site" at the time, with the caveat that it had a "perfunctory design"; the article described it as a links page that "culled the best science features, news stories and book reviews from dozens of science magazines, journals and newspapers."
A June 2000 review in Design News described www.scitechdaily.com as "a potpourri of links and information" with "news from around the world, a comprehensive listing of technology publications, plus a nice choice of a variety of 'techie' sites". A 2002 review in Industrial Engineer: IE found the content "riveting", covering topics such as the half-life of a teaspoon; why emotions and rational thought are similar; and why drug companies won't fund certain studies.
An in-depth review which appeared in Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries in 2015 noted that "SciTechDaily appears to edit sources more heavily for readability and publishes fewer articles overall and so may be preferred by those who find ScienceDaily overwhelming".
# Shire of Barrabool

The Shire of Barrabool was a local government area about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of 575.18 square kilometres (222.1 sq mi), and existed from 1853 until 1994.

## History

Barrabool was incorporated as the second road district in the colony on 28 December 1853, and became a shire on 13 June 1865. On 31 May 1927, it annexed parts of the Shire of Winchelsea. Its shire offices were located on Grossmans Road, near the Surf Coast Highway in Torquay, although almost all of Torquay was within the City of South Barwon.
On 18 May 1993, parts of the shire were annexed to the newly created City of Greater Geelong, under then Premier Jeff Kennett. On 9 March 1994, the Shire of Barrabool was abolished, and along with the remainder of the City of South Barwon and parts of the Shire of Winchelsea, was merged into the newly created Surf Coast Shire.

## Wards

The Shire of Barrabool was divided into three ridings on 26 February 1958, each of which elected three councillors:
* Jan Juc Riding
* Coast Riding
* Moriac Riding

## Towns and localities

* Aireys Inlet
* Anglesea
* Barrabool
* Bellbrae
* Buckley
* Ceres
* Eastern View
* Fairhaven
* Freshwater Creek
* Gnarwarre
* Jan Juc
* Modewarre
* Moriac
* Mount Moriac
* Paraparap
* Torquay* (shared with the City of South Barwon)
* Wandana Heights
* Waurn Ponds
* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1954 | 1,917 |
| 1958 | 2,740* |
| 1961 | 2,344 |
| 1966 | 2,903 |
| 1971 | 3,471 |
| 1976 | 4,821 |
| 1981 | 5,723 |
| 1986 | 7,185 |
| 1991 | 9,904 |
* Estimate in 1958 Victorian Year Book.
# Donatelli

Donatelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with this name include:
* Augie Donatelli (1914–1990), American baseball umpire
* Carmine Crocco (1830–1905), also known as Carmine Crocco Donatelli, Italian brigand
* Clark Donatelli (born 1965), American ice hockey player and coach
* Denise Donatelli (born 1950), American jazz singer
* Eden Donatelli (born 1970), Canadian short track speed skater and coach
* Fanny Salvini-Donatelli (c. 1815 – 1891), Italian operatic soprano
* Franco Donatelli (1924–1995), Italian comic book artist
* Frank Donatelli (born 1949), American political operative
* Gary Donatelli (born 1951), American television soap opera director
* Raquel Donatelli, American reality television performer
* Susanna Donatelli (born 1960), Italian computer scientist
* Tony Donatelli (born 1984), American soccer player
# All Ages: The Boston Hardcore Film

All Ages: The Boston Hardcore Film, a Gallery East Production in association with Stone Films/NYC, is a documentary directed by Drew Stone, which had its world premier at the Independent Film Festival of Boston on April 27, 2012. The film features interviews, archival footage and the music of Boston’s early hardcore bands including Deep Wound, DYS, Gang Green, Impact Unit, Jerry's Kids, Negative FX, SS Decontrol, The Freeze and The F.U.'s. Also featured in the film are interviews with renowned author Michael Patrick MacDonald ("Easter Rising", "All Souls"), Actress Christine Elise McCarthy, Advertising Executive Jonathan Anastas, Thrasher Magazine Editor Jake Phelps, "American Hardcore" Director Paul Rachman, "Blowing Smoke with Twisted Rico Podcast" host Steev Riccardo, and Newbury Comics owner Michael Dreese. All Ages has been released on DVD with numerous extras and director's commentary.

## Plot

The film explores the early Boston Hardcore music scene from the years 1981 through 1984 and delves deep into the social and communal aspects of that era; the community, culture, straight-edge and DIY (‘do it yourself’) ethic of the time. There are over fifty interviews, never before seen live footage, rare photographs, and dramatizations.
Driven by a blazing soundtrack of classic first generation hardcore including SS Decontrol, Gang Green, Jerry's Kids, The F.U.'s, etc., All Ages examines this vibrant period of American youth culture and its rich and productive history.

## Production

The film was shot and edited over a three-year period, with many of the posters and photos resulting from a Facebook campaign to gather archival imagery coupled with scanning parties at the West End Museum. The majority of the personal interviews were shot at Suffolk University. Included in the film are over 120 images of Boston punk rock photographer Phil In Phlash whose photography appeared on the cover of Boston's first two hardcore LPs This Is Boston, Not L.A. and The Kids Will Have Their Say.

## Soundtrack

1. How Much Art - SS Decontrol 2. More Than Fashion - DYS 3. I Don’t Belong - Jerry's Kids 4. Time Bomb - The Freeze 5. We Don’t Need It - Jerry's Kids 6. Not Normal - SS Decontrol 7. Complain - Impact Unit 8. Is This My World? - Jerry's Kids 9. F.U. - F.U.'s 10. My Friend The Pit - Impact Unit 11. More Than Fashion - DYS 12. This Is Boston Not LA - The Freeze 13. Stand Proud - DYS 14. Have Fun - Gang Green 15. Slam - Decadence 16. Now Or Never - The Freeze 17. Sick of Fun - Deep Wound 18. Snob - Gang Green 19. Straight Jacket - Jerry's Kids 20. Night Stalker - Impact Unit 21. Hazardous Waste - Negative FX 22. Young Fast Iranians - F.U.'s 23. Trouble If You Hide - The Freeze 24. Brotherhood - DYS 25. My Machine Gun - Jerry's Kids
# All Fun and Games Until Somebody Loses an Eye

All Fun and Games Until Somebody Loses an Eye is the ninth novel by Scottish writer Chris Brookmyre published in 2005.

## Plot summary

Jane Fleming, a 46-year-old housewife and grandmother, lives a quiet life in suburban East Kilbride. All that changes when her son, Ross, who works in the arms industry, is forced into hiding when his latest research attracts unwanted attention. Aided by the mysterious Bett, Jane must confront drug dealers, assassins and ruthless arms dealers in order to save her son.

## Awards

All Fun And Games Until Somebody Loses an Eye was the winner of the seventh Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction in 2006.
It was nominated for the 2007 Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award.
# Al Volante

Al Volante is a monthly automobile magazine based in Milan, Italy. It has been in circulation since 1999.

## History and profile

Al Volante was established in 1999. The magazine is published by Unimedia on a monthly basis. The headquarters of the magazine is in Milan. It features articles on the estimations about second-hand cars as well as on auto reviews, road tests and price lists. Although its main focus is on automobiles, the magazine also covers articles related to motorcycles.

## Circulation

From September 2003 to August 2004 the circulation of Al Volante was 736,012 copies. In 2004 the magazine sold 720,000 copies. Between February 2006 and January 2007 its circulation was 566,800 copies. The magazine was the best-selling automobile magazine in Italy in 2007 with a circulation of 543,551 copies. In 2010 its circulation was 437,791 copies.
# Eresinopsides bamptoni

Eresinopsides bamptoni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in south-eastern Tanzania. The habitat consists of lowland forests.
Adults have been recorded on wing in February and March.
# Dicks Arm

Dicks Arm is a bay in Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska, in the United States. The inlet is located on Cross Sound.
It was named in 1901 by a member of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
# Kuraishi

Kuraishi (written: 倉石) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Isao Kuraishi (倉石 功, born 1944), Japanese actor
* Osamu Kuraishi (倉石 平, born 1956), Japanese basketball coach

## Other people

* Jassim Karim Kuraishi (born 1938), Iraqi sprinter
* Monjur Kader Kuraishi, Bangladeshi politician
* KPY Kuraishi, Indian actor
# Alex Taylor (British Army officer)

Major General Alexander Taylor CB, (born 30 August 1970) is a senior British Army officer. He served as Director, Army Legal Services Branch until 1st January 2024.
Taylor was educated at Hurstpierpoint College and Durham University (BSc), followed by Cambridge University (LLM). Before joining the military he was a solicitor with City of London firm Wilde Sapte.
# Edward Payson Terhune

Edward Payson Terhune (November 22, 1830 – May 25, 1907) was an American theologian and author.
He was born on November 22, 1830, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Quoting from Appleton's Cyclopaedia:
   He was graduated at Rutgers in 1850, and, after the completion of his theological studies at New Brunswick seminary in 1854, was ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian church in Virginia, becoming pastor of the congregation at Charlotte Court-House (now Smithville). In 1859 he removed to Newark, N. J., and took charge of the 1st Reformed church. He was the American chaplain at Rome, Italy, in 1876-7, returned to the United States in 1878, and was pastor of a Congregational church in Springfield, Mass., from 1879 till 1884, when he took charge of a Reformed church in Brooklyn, N. Y.
He married Mary Virginia Hawes in 1856.
They had six children, three dying in infancy: the survivors were Christine Terhune Herrick, Albert Payson Terhune, and Virginia Terhune Van de Water. He died on May 25, 1907.

## Publications

* The Fallacy of Christian Science (King, 1890)
* The Lower James: A Sketch of Certain Colonial Plantations (privately published, 1907)
* Sermons, Vol. 1 (Biblio, 1927)
# Dhuleli language

Dhuleli is a West Himalayish language of Nepal. It is closely related to Byangsi. Dhuleli has been documented by Regmi & Prasain (2017), who reported 347 speakers as of 2017.
Dhuleli is spoken in the four villages of Dhuli, Jagera, Balaundi, and Niuna in Kanda Gaunpalika, Bajhang District, Nepal.
# Alexander Picton Brereton

Alexander Picton Brereton VC (13 November 1892 – 10 January 1976) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

He was the son of a Manitoba farmer, Cloudesley Picton Brereton and Annie Frazer Black. He married Mary Isabel McPhee on 17 Jun 1925 and had three children. He was a barber. Brereton joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force in January 1916.

## Action

Brereton was 25 years old, and an acting corporal in the 8th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 9 August 1918 east of Amiens, France, during an attack when a line of hostile machine-guns opened fire suddenly on his platoon which was in an exposed position with no cover. Corporal Brereton realised that unless something was done, his platoon would be annihilated. On his own initiative he at once sprang forward alone and, reaching one of the enemy machine-gun posts, shot the operator of the gun and bayoneted the next one who attempted to operate it, whereupon nine others surrendered. His action inspired the platoon to charge and capture the five remaining posts.

## Further information

He later achieved the rank of Company Quartermaster Sergeant during World War II. He is at buried at Elnora Cemetery, Elnora, Alberta, Canada. Brereton's medals are on display at the Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Imperial War Museum in London.
# Andrew Crawford (neuroscientist)

Andrew Charles Crawford (born 1949) FRS is a British neuroscientist. He is a professor at the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience of the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity College.

## Education

Crawford was educated at King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys in Birmingham and Downing College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1970. He moved to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and was awarded his PhD in 1974.

## Research

Crawford is known for his studies of the mechanism of hearing in vertebrates. In 1976, he and Robert Fettiplace developed a method of recording the electrical responses of hair cells in the isolated cochlea of reptiles. He has also published a series of important papers on neuromuscular transmission in frogs and crabs.

## Awards and honours

Crawford was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1990.
# Scouting and Guiding in Sierra Leone

The Scout and Guide movement in Sierra Leone is served by:
* The Sierra Leone Girl Guides Association, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
* Sierra Leone Scouts Association, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
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