OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Piotroski

Joseph D. Piotroski is the Robert K. Jaedicke Professor of Accounting at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, and a senior fellow at the Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research (ABFER). Prior to joining Stanford in 2007, Piotroski was at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business (1999–2007).
Piotroski specializes in financial reporting, and is well known in the investing industry for a 2000 paper, entitled Value Investing: The Use of Historical Financial Statement Information to Separate Winners from Losers. In the piece, Piotroski laid out a way (Piotroski F-score) to buy and short stocks using several accounting-based criteria. His back-testing showed that the method would have produced returns above the broader market averages over a two-decade period.
Piotroski was a member of the Editorial Advisory Boards of The Accounting Review, the Journal of Accounting Research, and the Journal of Accounting and Economics. He currently serves on the editorial advisory boards of the Review of Accounting Studies, and Journal of Business Finance & Accounting. His research has been cited in publications such as Bloomberg BusinessWeek, SmartMoney Magazine, and Investor's Business Daily.

## Education and early career

Piotroski earned a B.S. in accounting from the University of Illinois in 1989. He became a certified public accountant in the state of Illinois that same year. From 1989 to 1992, he was a tax associate at Coopers & Lybrand.
Piotroski earned an M.B.A. in finance from Indiana University in 1994 and earned his Ph.D. in accounting from the University of Michigan in 1999. In 2000, his dissertation won the American Accounting Association Best Dissertation Award, Financial Reporting Section.

## Value investing research

Piotroski received widespread publicity within the investment community for his 2000 paper, Value Investing: The Use of Historical Financial Statement Information to Separate Winners from Losers, which appeared in the Journal of Accounting Research (Vol. 38, Supplement: Studies on Accounting Information and the Economics of the Firm).
The paper examined whether a simple accounting-based fundamental analysis stock selection strategy, when applied to a broad portfolio of high book-to-market firms, could impact returns for investors. He began by limiting his search to firms whose book/market ratios (the inverse of the price/book ratio) were in the top 20% of the market. He then ran those firms through an array of tests involving their balance sheets and income statements, using such metrics as the return on assets rate, current ratio, change in gross margin, and change in asset turnover. The Piotroski F-score is a 9-point valuation metric derived on this research.
Through back-testing, Piotroski found that buying the top stocks in the market according to his methodology and shorting those that got the worst scores would have resulted in 23% annualized gains from 1976 through 1996, more than double the S&P 500 broad market index return. His findings were made available to a wider audience via SmartMoney magazine and Bloomberg BusinessWeek.
# Coccinia pwaniensis

Coccinia pwaniensis is an East African species of Coccinia that was first described in 2010.

## Description

Perennial, dioecious climber. Shoot length up to 3 m. Young shoots are glabrous and green and later make a grey to reddish-grey bark. Leaves are alternate with 0.6 to 4.1 cm long petiole, lamina 2–10 × 2.7–11.4 cm, shallowly to profoundly 3-lobate (rarely 5-lobate). Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina and petiole with sparse hairs that appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. Probracts 2–3 mm long.
Flowers in male plants in long many-flowered racemes, in female plants solitary. Calyx with 5 very acute ("subulate"), 2.5–3.5 mm long lobes. Corolla 1.7–2.6 cm long, pale yellowish-orange. Stamens in male flowers 3, combined to a single column. Anthers sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short cylindrical, 6.2–8.0 cm long and 1.8–2.3 cm in diameter. Seeds 6.5–7.0 × 4.0–4.5 × ca. 1.5 mm (L/W/H), symmetrically obovate, face lenticular.

## Distribution

Coccinia pwaniensis occurs along the margins of northern East African coastal forests in SE Kenya, E and NE Tanzania.

## Etymology

The epithet is derived from the Swahili word for "coast", referring to the distribution of the species.

## Hybridization

The species is known to produce sterile hybrids with Coccinia grandis in the wild.
# Coccinia intermedia

Coccinia intermedia is a species of Coccinia which was first described in 2011 by Norbert Holstein.

## Description

Perennial, diclinous climber; shoot length unknown, but likely several meters. Shoots lignify with whitish bark and up to 1 cm diam. Fresh shoots green, glabrous, older shoots with clear to white pustules. Petioles 2.8–10.8 cm, glabrous, when older with clear to white pustules. Leaves 6–15 × 7–18 cm, shallowly to profoundly 5-lobate, more or less auriculate. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, glabrous, often with small dark glands near the leaf base. Tendrils simple or bifid. Probracts up to 2.5 mm long, glabrous, apex rounded. Male flowers in few-flowered racemes, likely sometimes accompanied by a single flower. Common peduncle up to 1 cm, pedicels in racemose flowers 2–4 mm, glabrous. Bracts up to 1.5 mm long, round to obovoid. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 1.5 mm long, lineal to narrow triangulate, erect with slightly recurved tips. Corolla campanulate, 1.6 cm long, pale reddish-yellow to yellow, lobes 0.7 cm long. Anthers sinuate, in a globose head. Pollen unknown. Female flowers 1–3 clustered (strongly reduced raceme). Pedicels 0.6–1.2 cm, glabrous. Perianth like in males. Ovary fusiform, glabrous. Stigma and staminodes unknown. Fruit 4.5 × 2.5 cm, elliptical to oblong, smooth. Unripe green with pale green longitudinal mottling. Ripe orange?, more likely becoming red via orange ripening stage. Fruit with waxy cover. Size of mature seeds unknown (≥ 5.5 × 3.5 × 1.3 mm), symmetrical (to slightly asymmetrical), face flat.

## Distribution

NE Ivory Coast, SE Ghana (likely also in the north), S Togo (likely also in the north), NW Benin. Based on the current collections, Coccinia intermedia is likely to occur in the Dahomey Gap region and the Isoberlinia woodlands of West Africa.

## Ecology

Wooded grasslands (semi-humid savanna), woodlands, dry forests, and along rivers. Flowering specimens have been collected during May, August, and October, which in each site was during or shortly after the rainy season.

## Etymology

The epithet refers to the species' status as the only Coccinia from West Africa that occurs in habitats intermediate between semi-arid and humid conditions. Morphologically, Coccinia intermedia combines characters also found in the other four West African species although not in this combination.
# Co-partnership housing movement

Housing co-partnership was a social movement that developed alongside the garden city movement in Britain between 1900 and 1914 and which financed and built most of the suburbs and villages associated with that movement. It was also a unique form of tenure combining features of a tenant co-operative and a limited dividend company.
The idea of co-operative housing can be traced back to early 19th Century figures, notably Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. Providing housing was one of the key objectives of the Rochdale Pioneers, an early British co-op whose principles were associated with the rapid growth of the co-operative movement in the second half of the 19th century. However, it was not until 1901 that the first successful wave of co-partnerships was set up at Brentham in Ealing in west London. Its leading figure was Henry Harvey Vivian.
The connections between the garden city and co-operative movements go back to the 1870s and 1880s when Ebenezer Howard was moving in radical circles which included utopian community builders and land reformers. But the practical link came in 1901 when London lawyer and chairman of the Labour Association, Ralph Neville, was persuaded by Howard to become chair of the Garden City Association (GCA). Neville introduced Howard to a group of wealthy and influential people who had already invested in the Ealing project. By 1903, this group was ready to invest in the Letchworth project. Two years later the link was sealed when Vivian brought in GCA architects Unwin and Parker to work on the Ealing project.
# Coenogamete

A coenogamete is a multi-nucleate gamete (a gamete with more than one nucleus). Fusion of coengametes creates coenocytes.
They exist amongst members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) under kingdom Animalia and division Zygomycota of kingdom Fungi.
# Acraea bonasia

Acraea bonasia, the bonasia acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae which is native to the African tropics and subtropics.

## Range

It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Ethiopia.

## Description

A. bonasia is nearly allied both to Acraea alicia and to Acraea sotikensis and all three probably belong to one species. From alicia, which Eltringham regards only as a form of bonasia, it differs in having the base of cellule 2 of the forewing black and from sotikensis it seems to me only to differ in having the light longitudinal stripe at the median of the forewing above completely united with the hindmarginal spot. On this ground I also refer praeponina Stgr. to sotikensis.
* bonasia F. (56 b). Markings of the upper surface yellow-red; the black dots on the underside of the hindwing at least in the cell and cellule 7 connected by red spots or streaks; the marginal band on the underside of the hindwing with light streaks or lines at the veins. The female either only differs from the male in having light marginal spots on the upperside of the hindwing or (ab. cynthius Drury) has the light markings of the upper surface light yellowish. A common and widely distributed species. Sierra Leone to the Congo, Toro and German East Africa.
* female ab. siabona Suff. differs in the yellow subapical band of the forewing and the broader, more variegated marginal band on the underside of the hindwing. Togo.
* banka Eltr. differs in having the marginal bands of the under surface pure black without stripes and the black dots on the hindwing beneath united into a subbasal band. Abyssinia.
* Larva bluish white with more or less developed dark longitudinal lines; the spines on segments 1 to 3 and 11 to 13 blackish, the rest light.

## Biology

The habitat consists of forests.
Adult males mud-puddle and visit patches of urine and animal excrement.
The larvae feed on Clappertonia ficifolia, Triumfetta macrophilla, Triumfetta ruwenzorensis, Triumfetta brachyceras, Triumfetta and Hibiscus species.

## Subspecies

* Acraea bonasia bonasia — Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda (west), Rwanda, Burundi, western Kenya, north-western Tanzania, north-eastern Zambia
* Acraea bonasia banka Eltringham, 1912 — Ethiopia: highlands

## Taxonomy

Acraea bonasia is the nominate member of the Acraea bonasia species group see Acraea.
Classification of Acraea by Henning, Henning & Williams, Pierre. J. & Bernaud
* Hyalites (group bonasia) Henning, 1993
* Acraea (Actinote) (subgroup bonasia) Pierre & Bernaud, 2013
* Telchinia (Telchinia) Henning & Williams, 2010
* Acraea (Actinote) groupe serena sub group bonasia Pierre & Bernaud, 2014
# Cop out

Cop out or cop-out may refer to:

## Film and television

* Cop Out (2010 film), a comedy film directed by Kevin Smith
* Cop-Out, a film by Lawrence L. Simeone, produced by Kimberley Casey
* Cop-Out, the US title for the 1967 UK film Stranger in the House
* "Cop-Out", a 1998 episode of Martial Law

## Music

* "Cop Out", a song on the 1969 film Naked Angels
* "Cop Out", a song by Peter Hope and Richard H. Kirk on the 1994 album Black Box – Wax Trax! Records: The First 13 Years
* Copout, a 1990s punk band made up of members who later went on to His Hero Is Gone
* "Cop Out", a song on the 2001 album Caught Off Guard by Much the Same
* "Cop Out", a song on the 2000 album Shorter, Faster, Louder by Kid Dynamite

## Other

* Cop-Out (play), a 1969 Broadway by John Guare
* Cop Out, a 1969 book by Ellery Queen
* Cop Out, a 1999 biography about the rugby 1981 Springbok Tour by Glenn Wood
# Scotoleon longipalpis

Scotoleon longipalpis is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# Maietta

Maietta is a genus of crane fly in the family Limoniidae.

## Distribution

Chile.

## Species

* M. squamigera Alexander, 1929
* M. trimedia Alexander, 1967
# Saint-Jean-de-Marsacq

Saint-Jean-de-Marsacq (French pronunciation:; Gascon: Sent Joan de Marsac or, according to the etymology, Sent Joan de Marçac) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# List of tallest buildings in Monaco

The following is a list of the tallest buildings in Monaco.
# Academic grading in Switzerland

In Switzerland, the 6-point grading scale is usually applied, where 1 represents the lowest possible grade, and 6 represents the highest possible grade. (Percentages represent the minimum needed for the grade to be achieved).
* 6 (Excellent; best possible grade; exceptional performance, 95%)
* 5.5 (Very good, 90%)
* 5 (Good, 80%)
* 4.5 (Satisfactory, 75%)
* 4 (Sufficient, 65%)
* 3.5 (Insufficient, 55%)
* 3 (Poor, 45%)
* 2.5 (Very poor, 35%)
* 2 (Very poor) (25%)
* 1.5 (Very poor, 15%)
* 1 (Very poor, 0%)
Grade averages between 5.5 and 6 are very hard to get. An average of 6 is nearly impossible.

## Exams

Quarter steps are usually used in exams to indicate grades between integer grades: e.g., 5.25. Sometimes, finer grained systems are used with steps of one-tenth. This is often the case in exams in which the grade is a linear function of the number of achieved points (Grade = achieved_point/max_points*5 + 1).

## Certificates

Certificate grades are either rounded to integers or half-integers. After having rounded the individual grades, a weighted mean is used to calculate the overall result. The weight of a grade is normally proportional to the number of hours the according subject was taught per week. To pass a year, this overall result needs to be sufficient. Sometimes further conditions need to be fulfilled, such as a maximum allowed number of grades below four. At university level, classes can often be repeated individually in case of an insufficient grade, so not the whole year or semester needs to be repeated.
In a typical exam, the average result will be somewhat above 4 with a variance between 0.5 and 1. This of course varies depending on the kind of exam, the tested class, the school level, the region, the teacher and other factors.

## Cantonal differences

Since education is in the responsibility of the cantons (except for the federal universities), grading notations may differ depending on the region. In some regions, + and − are used to indicate marks below or above an integer. Sometimes the − is used to indicate a better grade if it stands after the grade and a lower grade if it stands before the grade (in which case − is a symbol for "bis", e.g. 'to', rather than 'minus'), for example −5 (4.75) is lower than 5 which is lower than 5− (5.25) in that system. In some regions, decimal grades are used: 5.5, 4.5, etc.

## Universities

At university level, in some cases, Latin expressions are used. The Latin grades for a passed final exam in law at the University of Zurich, for example, are "summa cum laude" (excellent), "magna cum laude" (very good), "cum laude" (good) and "rite" (sufficient).
# Jovan Trifunovski

Jovan Trifunovski (Vrutok, 23 September 1914 — Belgrade, 1 February 1997) was a Serbian geographer and anthropologist.

## Biography

Trifunovski was born in 1914. in the village of Vrutok near Gostivar in a peasant family. He finished primary school in his native village and then highschool in Skopje and Tetovo. He enrolled the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje in 1935 where he graduated cum laude in 1939. He next went to serve in the army, during which time he worked in the Military Geographical Institute in Belgrade. He left the army with a rank of a lieutenant. From November 1940 to March 1941 he worked as an assistant professor at the Institute for Geography of the Philosophical Faculty in Skopje.
Trifunovski participated in the April War. From 1941 to 1945 he was an assistant professor at Belgrade Institute for Geography.
In 1946 he was transferred back to the Philosophical Faculty in Skopje. He got his PhD in 1950 and two years later he became a university lecturer. He worked as a professor in Belgrade and Skopje. Trifunovski spent his life working on anthropogeographical studies. He published a number of books and articles on the subject in the most eminent Yugoslav scientific publications such as the Srpski etnografski zbornik, Glasnik SANU etc.
He often publicly proclaimed that he is a Serb and in the same time criticized the pressure on Serbs in Macedonia to change their ethnic substance. He summed up his views in his 1997 book Macedonisation of South Serbia. He died in 1997. in Belgrade.

## Select bibliography

* Kumanovsko-preševska Crna Gora, Belgrade 1952.
* Kumanovska oblast, Skopje 1974.
* Seoska naselja Skopske kotline, Skopje 1974.
# Jovan Valenta

Jovan Valenta (1826 – 7 June 1887) was a doctor of medicine and surgeon in Smederevo and Belgrade, manager of a hospital in Palilula, and part-time professor of hygiene. He was also one of the early founders of the Serbian Medical Society.
Valenta was born in Prague (then part of Austria-Hungary). He attended both primary and secondary school in his native city before graduating from medical school in 1849, going on to work as a doctor in a local hospital. Three years later he moved to the Principality of Serbia, where he stopped using the Czech name "Jan" and adopted the Serbian name "Jovan". He was a district doctor first in Smederevo, then in Rudnik District (Jagodina) and finally in Valjevo. In 1865 Valenta was appointed head of the First City Hospital in Belgrade, remaining in this position until 1874, when he took a part time professorship in hygiene at the First Belgrade Gymnasium.
In 1862 Valenta became a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Two years later he was appointed a full member of the Serbian Learned Society (Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics), and the next year he became a corresponding member of the Czech Medical Society. In 1868, Valenta joined Dr. Achim Medovich and other colleagues in seeking to establish the Serbian Medical Society, finally succeeding in 1872; only five of the 15 doctors at the founding meeting were Serbs. He was also one of the four founding fathers of the Belgrade Czech Association, the Češka Beseda, established in 1869.
He was a delegate from Serbia to the III International Congress of Doctors in Vienna, held in 1873, and was twice elected to the Serbian parliament. He published the book The Science of Health in 1864, which was followed by Hygiene - The Science of Health (1877) and Separate Hygiene - Dietetics (1881).
Valenta went to Pirot in December 1882, by order of King Milan Obrenović, where he worked as a district doctor and also as the director of the hospital until his retirement in 1886. He died suddenly a year later while staying at a health resort in Banat, in today's Romania.
# José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez

José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez (1940-2 September 2013) was a politician and lawyer from Costa Rica who served as Second Vice President of Costa Rica and Minister of Economy, Industry and Commerce of Costa Rica. He died from pancreatic cancer.
# Louder than Words

Louder Than Words or Louder than Words may refer to:
* Louder Than Words (album), a 1996 album by Lionel Richie
* Louder Than Words (EP), an EP by Kate Voegele
* "Louder than Words" (Pink Floyd song)
* "Louder than Words" (David Guetta and Afrojack song)
* Louder Than Words (film), a 2013 film starring David Duchovny
* Louder than Words, distributor of the 9/11 conspiracy theory film series Loose Change
* Louder Than Words, a song from the musical Tick, Tick...Boom! and its film adaptation.
# Alathyria profuga

Alathyria profuga is a species of freshwater river mussel, a bivalve mollusk in the family Hyriidae. This species occurs in coastal rivers in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The type specimen was collected from the Hunter River.
# Colombard

Colombard (also known as French Colombard in North America) is a white French wine grape variety that may be the offspring of Chenin blanc and Gouais blanc. This makes the grape the sibling of the Armagnac Meslier-Saint-François and the nearly extinct Cognac grape Balzac blanc.
In France, it was traditionally grown in the Charentes and Gascony for distilling into Cognac and Armagnac respectively. Today it is still among the permitted white grape varieties in Bordeaux wine, and in Gascony for Vins de Pays Côtes de Gascogne and the white Floc de Gascogne. aperitif drink. The wine is known for its distinctive flavours of Guava.
Old vine grapes are crushed by some northern Californian producers and made into a fruity white wine of interesting character in both dry and sweet versions. This grape is mainly grown in California to provide backbone, due to its natural acidic character, for white "jug wine" blends. Additionally, it is widely grown in South Africa, where it is known as Colombar, and to a lesser extent in Australia and Israel.

## Synonyms

Colombard is also known under the synonyms Bardero, Blanc Emery, Blanquette, Bon blanc, Chabrier vert, Charbrier vert, Colombar, Colombard bijeli, Colombeau, Colombie, Colombier, Coulombier, Cubzadais, Donne rousse, Donne verte, French Colombard, Gros Blanc Doux, Gros Blanc Roux, Guenille, Kolombar, Martin Cot, Pied Tendre, Quene Tendre, Quene vert, Queue Tendre, Queue verte, and West's White Prolific.
# Coleophora sibirica

Coleophora sibirica is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Russia (Minusinsk, Baikal).
# Coleophora singreni

Coleophora singreni is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in southern Russia, Turkestan and Uzbekistan.
The larvae feed on Astragalus and Ammodendron species. Larvae can be found at the beginning of June and (after diapause) from April to the beginning of May.
# Journal of Consumer Policy

The Journal of Consumer Policy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering legal and regulatory issues related to consumer behaviour. It was established in 1977 as the Zeitschrift für Verbraucherpolitik and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editors-in-chief are Alan Mathios (Cornell University), Hans-W. Micklitz (European University Institute), Lucia Reisch (University of Cambridge), John Thøgersen (Aarhus School of Business, and Christian Twigg-Flesner (University of Warwick). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Inspec, EconLit, ProQuest databases, AGRICOLA, EBSCO databases, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, and Research Papers in Economics.
# Alauddin Patti

Alauddin Patti is a village in Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Its population is about 7000.
The nearest railway station is Azamgarh, and the nearest airport is Varanasi (100 km).
The nearest town is Bilariyaganj.
The nearest police station is Bilariyaganj.
The post office is Bilariyaganj.
There is one primary school and one higher secondary school.
The main industry in this village is farming.
The majority of young and average people have migrated to different parts of India and abroad for jobs.