# Low-voltage electron microscope

A Low-voltage electron microscope (LVEM) is an electron microscope which operates at accelerating voltages of a few kiloelectronvolts (keV) or less. Traditional electron microscopes use accelerating voltages in the range of 10-1000 keV.
Low voltage imaging in transmitted electrons is possible in many new scanning electron detectors.
A low cost alternative is a dedicated tabletop low voltage transmission electron microscope. While its architecture is very similar to a conventional transmission electron microscope, it has a few key differences that enable it to take advantage of a 5 keV electron source, but trading off many advantages of higher voltage operations, including higher resolution, the possibility of X-ray microanalysis and EELS, etc. Recently a new low voltage transmission electron microscope has been introduced that operates at variable voltage ranges between 6–25 kV.

## Advantages
### Higher contrast

A substantial decrease in electron energy allows for a significant improvement of contrast of light elements. The comparison images below show that decreasing the acceleration voltage from 80 kV to 5 kV significantly enhances the contrast of test samples. The improved contrast is a direct result of increased electron scattering associated with a reduced accelerating voltage.
LVEM brings an enhancement of imaging contrast nearly twenty times higher than for 100 kV. This is very promising for biological specimens which are composed of light elements and do not exhibit sufficient contrast in classical TEMs.
Further, a relatively low mean free path (15 nm) for organic samples at 5 kV means that for samples with constant thickness, high contrast will be obtained from small variations in density. For example, for 5% contrast in the LVEM bright field image, we only need a difference in density between the phases of 0.07 g/cm$^3$. This means that the usual need to stain polymers for enhanced contrast in the TEM (typically done with osmium or ruthenium tetroxide) may not be necessary with the low voltage electron microscopy technique.
* Low voltage (5 kV) image showing higher contrast
* Conventional TEM (80 kV) image

### Stain not required

The improved contrast allows for the significant reduction, or elimination, of the heavy metal negative staining step for TEM imaging of light elements (H, C, N, O, S, P). While staining is beneficial for experiments aimed at high resolution structure determination, it is highly undesirable in certain protein sample preparations, because it could destabilize the protein sample due to its acid pH and relatively high heavy metal concentration. The addition of stain to sectioned samples such as biological materials or polymers can also introduce imaging artifacts.
LVEM experiments carried out on an extracted membrane protein sample that was analyzed with and without the staining procedure show a marked improvement in the appearance of the sample when standard staining is omitted. Results show that LVEM could be even more useful than conventional EM for this particular application because it avoids the potentially disrupting staining step, thus providing an undisturbed image of the protein's aggregation state.
Additionally, The ability to eliminate the staining step could aid to improve safety in the lab, as common heavy metal stains, such as uranyl acetate do have associated health risks.

### Resolution

The first low-voltage electron microscopes were capable of spatial resolutions of about 2.5 nm in TEM, 2.0 nm in STEM, and 3.0 nm in SEM modes. The SEM resolution has been improved to ~1.2 nm at 800 eV by 2010, while a 0.14 nm TEM resolution at 15 keV has been reported in 2016.

## Limitations

Currently available low voltage microscopes are only able to obtain resolutions of 1–3 nanometers (nm). While this is well beyond resolutions possible from optical (light) microscopes, they are not yet able to compete with the atomic resolution obtainable from conventional (higher voltage) electron microscopes.
Low voltage limits the maximum thickness of samples which can be studied in the TEM or STEM mode. Whereas it is about 50–90 nm in conventional TEM, it decreases to around 20–65 nm for LVEM at 5 kV. However, thicknesses of the order of 20 nm or less are required to attain the maximal resolution in the TEM and STEM modes 5 kV. These thickness are sometimes achievable with the use of an ultramicrotome.
in 2015 these limitations were overcome with a 25 kV low voltage electron microscope that can produce high quality results with thin sectioned samples up to around 100 nm+.