OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Distal myopathy

Distal myopathy is a group of rare genetic disorders that cause muscle damage and weakness, predominantly in the hands and/or feet. Mutation of many different genes can be causative. Many types involve dysferlin.

## Signs and symptoms

All of the different types affect different regions of the extremities and can show up as early as 5 years of age to as late as 50 years old. Distal myopathy has slow progress therefore the patient may not know that they have it until they are in their late 40s or 50s.
Miyoshi myopathy affects the posterior muscles of the lower leg, more so than the anterior muscles of the lower leg.

## Cause

The cause of this myopathy is very hard to determine because it can be a mutation in any of at least eight genes and not all are known yet. These mutations can be inherited from one parent, autosomal dominant, or from both parents, autosomal recessive. There are eight known types of distal myopathy.

### Types

Classic distal muscular dystrophies :
| Type | Eponym | Inheritance | OMIM | Gene | Locus | Gene also implicated in: |
| Late adult-onset type 1 | Welander | AD | 604454 | TIA1 | 2p13 | |
| Late adult-onset type 2a - Finnish (tibial) | Udd | AD | 600334 | TTN | 2q31.2 | |
| Late adult-onset type 2b | Markesbery–Griggs | AD | | ZASP | 10q23.2 | |
| Early adult-onset type 1 | Nonaka | AR | 605820 | GNE | 9p13.3 | |
| Early adult-onset type 2 | Miyoshi | AR | 254130 | DYSF | 2p13.3-p13.1 | limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B. |
| Distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset (DMAT) | | AR | 606768 | DYSF | 2p13.3-p13.1 | DMAT can be considered a variant of Miyoshi. |
| Early adult-onset type 3 | Laing (Gower) | AD | 160500 | MYH7 | 14q11.2 | |
| AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive |||||||
Myofibrillar myopathies classifiable as distal myopathy :
| Type | Inheritance |
| Desmin — adult onset (MFM1) Hereditary inclusion-body myositis type 1 | AD |
| αB-crystallin — early - mid adult (MFM2) | AD |
| ZASP— late adult (MFM4) | AD |
| Scapuloperoneal | AD |
| MFM = myofibrillary myopathy; AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive |||||||
Other distal muscular dystrophies :
| Type | Eponym | Inheritance | OMIM | Gene | Locus | Gene also implicated in: |
| Distal myopathy with vocal cord and pharyngeal weakness | | AD | 606070 | MATR3 | 5q31 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 21 (ALS21). One study suggests that all cases are ALS, justifying reclassification. |

## Diagnosis

In terms of diagnosis, Vocal cord and pharyngeal distal myopathy should be assessed via serum CK levels, as well as muscle biopsy of the individual suspected of being afflicted with this condition

## Management

As of 2011, no disease modifying treatments are known. Foot drop can be managed with ankle-foot orthoses or surgical tendon transfer, in which the tibialis posterior muscle is repurposed to function as a tibialis anterior muscle. In select types of distal myopathy, evaluation of the heart may be indicated. Scoliosis and contractures can be surgically managed. In 2024 a drug to treat distal myopathy was approved in Japan.
# Alexander Mitscherlich

Alexander Mitscherlich may refer to:
* Alexander Mitscherlich (chemist) (1836–1918), German chemist
* Alexander Mitscherlich (psychologist) (1908–1982), German psychoanalyst
# Sharwa language

Sharwa (also known as Tchevi, Sherwin, Sarwaye) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Cameroon in Far North Province. There are signs of language shift to Fulfulde.
Sharwa speakers (5,100) are also called Tchévi, which is their largest town, in the southern part of Bourrha commune (Mayo-Tsanaga district, Far North Region). Sharwa is also spoken in the Northern Region, in Mayo-Louti department (Mayo-Oulo commune). They are mostly assimilated with the Gude.
# Dinenympha

Dinenympha is a genus of Excavata.
It includes the species Dinenympha exilis.

## Species

List of Dinenympha species.
* D. aculeata Georgevitch 1951
* D. aviformis Georgevitch 1951
* D. exilis Koidzumi 1921
* D. fimbriata Kirby 1924
* D. gracilis Leidy 1877
* D. leidyi Koidzumi 1921
* D. mukundai Mukherjee & Maiti 1989
* D. nobilis Koidzumi 1921
* D. parva Koidzumi 1921
* D. porteri Koidzumi 1921
* D. rayi Mukherjee & Maiti 1989
* D. rugosa Koidzumi 1921
# Alert Stack

Alert Stack is an outlying island of New Zealand. It is a part of the Snares Islands, lying southwest of North East Island. There is an estimated five pairs of nesting Antarctic tern as of 2018.
# Discovery of North-West Passage Act 1744

The Discovery of North-West Passage Act 1744 (18 Geo. 2. c. 17) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1745 and repealed in 1818. It offered a public reward for the successful discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The preamble to the Act stated the expected economic benefits of the discovery of the passage, and that it would be "a great encouragement to adventurers" to offer a prize. The allocated sum was £20,000, to be paid to the owners of the first ships to successfully make such a passage.
The Act established a group of commissioners to determine the validity of any claims, and restricted the scope of the Act to only apply to British subjects. It further required all British subjects to provide help and assistance to the explorers when required.
The Act was repealed by section 9 of the Discovery of Longitude at Sea, etc. Act 1818.
# Alice Goldfinger

Alice Goldfinger is an American rabbi who has made national news due to the brain injury which she suffered in a fall in 2009. This injury, known as traumatic brain injury, destroyed her short-term memory. Goldfinger had been working as a rabbi at Congregation Bet Ha’am in Maine for a decade, but had to leave due to her injury. In 2011, however, she led parts of the Kabbalat Shabbat service at the Orthodox synagogue Shaarey Tphiloh at the invitation of its rabbi Akiva Herzfeld, despite the fact that women are not traditionally allowed to lead prayers in Orthodox Judaism. In 2013 Goldfinger nominated Akiva Herzfeld as one of "America’s Most Inspiring Rabbis," listed by The Jewish Daily Forward.
Goldfinger is also known for establishing a soup kitchen at Congregation Sherith Israel in San Francisco.
# Senator Thatcher

Senator Thatcher may refer to:
* Daniel Thatcher (fl. 2010s), Utah State Senate
* Kim Thatcher (born 1964), Oregon State Senate
# Alfred Johansson

Alfred Johansson may refer to:
* Alfred Johansson (diver)
* Alfred Johansson (football manager)
# Dark Star (cave)

Dark Star is the name of a cave system located in the Boysuntov Range in Uzbekistan, some 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the capital Tashkent, near the village of Boysun.
It has seven entrances. The first cave entrances were discovered by Russians in 1984, but it was not until 1990 when British cavers began to explore it. It is named after the 1974 film of the same name. As of March 2017, it has been explored by eight different expeditions, with over 17 kilometres (11 mi) of passageways discovered, with an estimated depth of over 900 metres (3,000 ft).
Nearby is another cave system, Festivalnaya; it is suspected the two are connected.
It is believed to be the longest cave in Uzbekistan.
# Karkat Waterfall

Karkat Waterfall is situated in the Karkatgarh Village, Kaimur Range in the Kaimur district of the Indian state of Bihar on Karmanasa River. It is a natural habitat of the crocodile at waterfall and the Government of Bihar is developing it as crocodile conservation reserve and eco-tourism spot.

## History

The Karkatgarh Waterfall was a crocodile hunting place for Mughal rulers and British officials who also came to enjoy the beautiful floral and fauna around the place. British officials constructed a dak bungalow with a view on the 300 feet wide and 100 feet high waterfall. British officials Henry Ramsay mentioned it as the finest fall surrounded by beautiful sceneries. The fall is now part of the Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary established in 1979 and the hunting of crocodiles and other animals is now prohibited.

## Crocodile Conservation Reserve

The Government of Bihar has initiated to turn this place into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve. The initiative came after at least 75 crocodiles were spotted in Karmanasa River at Karkatgarh waterfall showing it up as a natural habitat for the reptiles of the particular kind. In 2016 the Government of Bihar has sanctioned RS 3 lakh as seed money for preliminary study. As per the studied by crocodile expert from all over the India has sent the plan proposal to centre for its funding. The union ministert of forests environment has sanctioned RS 3 lakh in 2018 for expert assessment data collection and preparing a micro plan for the project. The Wildlife institute of India has hired researchers for data collection behaviour study and assessment. As per plan Natural condition would be created for crocodiles in two test ponds where female reptiles would be kept for laying their eggs and rearing their young ones.
# Dayton Ice Bandits

The Dayton Ice Bandits were a minor professional Colonial Hockey League team that played from 1996 to 1997 in Dayton, Ohio.
The franchise was originally the St. Thomas Wildcats in St. Thomas, Ontario, one of the original franchises in the Colonial Hockey League (CoHL). The team eventually moved from St. Thomas to neighboring London, Ontario, which was a market ten times bigger than St. Thomas. The team still struggled to draw fans, and the franchise suspended operations. The team sat out the 1995–96 season, but relocated to Hara Arena in Dayton for the 1996–97 season to replace the Dayton Bombers of the East Coast Hockey League, which had moved to the larger Nutter Center across town. The team was coached by Dan Belisle, former head coach of the Indianapolis Jr. Ice (North American Hockey League) and Jacksonville Bullets (Southern Hockey League). The club still did not draw well, finished last in the league standings, and suspended operations after only one season in Dayton. There was interest in buying the franchise and relocating the team to Utica, New York, in 1997 following the relocation of the Utica Blizzard and the franchise then moved again to become the Mohawk Valley Prowlers in 1998.
# De Kroonduif

De Kroonduif, a former subsidiary of Dutch airline KLM, was the national carrier of Netherlands New Guinea between 1955 and 1963. The name 'kroonduif' is the Dutch term for the crowned pigeon endemic to New Guinea, which was assumed as the logo of the company.

## History

On 14 July 1955, the company Nederlands Nieuw Guinea Luchtvaart Maatschappij (NNGLM) was established as a subsidiary of Dutch airline KLM, to provide air services within the Dutch territory of Netherlands New Guinea. This new airline, operating under the name of De Kroonduif, was based at Biak, and operated several routes throughout the territory with two de Havilland Canada Beavers.
Later the fleet was also supplemented with Douglas DC-3 Dakotas and Twin Pioneers.
As Dutch New Guinea was being incorporated into Indonesian territory on 1 January 1963, the operations of De Kroonduif were absorbed by Indonesian airline Garuda Indonesia, which shortly afterwards assigned them to Merpati Nusantara Airlines, a company that since 1978 was fully owned by Garuda.

## Destinations

According to the De Kroonduif timetable dated 1 December 1958, at the time the following destinations were served:
* Biak, Ajamaroe, Fak Fak, Hollandia, Kaimana, Kebar, Kokonao, Manawi, Manokwari, Merauke, Napan, Noemfoer, Ransiki, Sorong, Steenkool, Tanahmerah, Teminaboean, Wasior, Wisselmeren
# Sleepy Hollow, Saskatchewan

Sleepy Hollow is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sleepy Hollow had a population of 29 living in 11 of its 26 total private dwellings, a change of 61.1% from its 2016 population of 18. With a land area of 0.04 km$^2$ (0.015 sq mi), it had a population density of 725.0/km$^2$ (1,877.7/sq mi) in 2021.
# Senator Thomas

Senator Thomas may refer to:

## Members of the United States Senate

* Charles S. Thomas (1849–1934), U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1913 to 1921
* Craig L. Thomas (1933–2007), U.S. Senator from Wyoming from 1995 to 2007
* Elbert D. Thomas (1883–1953), U.S. Senator from Utah from 1933 until 1951
* Elmer Thomas (1876–1965), U.S. Senator from Oklahoma from 1927 to 1951
* Jesse B. Thomas (1777–1853), U.S Senator from Illinois from 1818 to 1829
* John Thomas (Idaho politician) (1874–1945), U.S. Senator from Idaho from 1928 to 1933 and from 1940 to 1945

## United States state senate members

* Buzz Thomas (born 1969), Michigan State Senate
* Cecil Thomas (politician) (born 1952), Ohio State Senate
* Charles Thomas (Delaware governor) (1790–1848), Delaware State Senate
* Christopher Thomas (1818–1879), Virginia State Senate
* David L. Thomas (born 1949), South Carolina State Senate
* Dorsey B. Thomas (1823–1897), Tennessee State Senate
* Douglas Thomas (Maine politician) (fl. 2010s), Maine State Senate
* Edward B. Thomas (1848–1929), New York State Senate
* Fred Thomas (Montana politician) (born 1958), Montana State Senate
* Henry F. Thomas (1843–1912), Michigan State Senate
* James Thomas (Governor of Maryland) (1785–1845), Maryland State Senate
* Joe Thomas (Alaska politician) (born 1948), Alaska State Senate
* John E. Thomas (politician) (1829–1910), Wisconsin State Senate
* Kevin Thomas (politician) (fl. 2010s), New York State Senate
* Lowell Thomas Jr. (1923–2016), Alaska State Senate
* Nadine Thomas (born 1952), Georgia State Senate
* Ormsby B. Thomas (1832–1904), Wisconsin State Senate
* Pat Thomas (politician) (1933–2000), Florida State Senate
* Ralph W. Thomas (1862–1920), New York State Senate
* Reggie Thomas (born 1953), Kentucky State Senate
* Regina Thomas (fl. 1990s–2000s), Georgia State Senate
* Richard Thomas (Pennsylvania politician) (1744–1832), Pennsylvania State Senate
* Scott Thomas (district attorney) (born 1966), North Carolina State Senate
* William Holland Thomas (1805–1893), North Carolina State Senate
* William Reuben Thomas (1866–1943), Florida State Senate
* William W. Thomas Jr. (1839–1927), Maine State Senate
# Massilia lutea

Massilia lutea is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped, motile bacterium with a peritrichous flagellum from the genus Massilia and family Oxalobacteraceae.

## Etymology

The specific name lutea comes from the Latin lutea which means golden yellow, because of the color of its colonies.
# Shauna Ramdyhan

Shauna Ramdyhan (born 1989 in Georgetown, Guyana) is a Guyanese model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Guyana 2015 and represented her country at Miss Universe 2015 in Las Vegas, United States.

## Personal life

Ramdehan lives in Georgetown, Guyana and works as a Foreign Services Officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 16 November 2015 Ramdyhan was crowned Miss Universe Guyana 2015. As Miss Guyana, Ramdyhan competed at Miss Universe 2015, representing Guyana.
# Dark Star (soundtrack)

Dark Star is a soundtrack by John Carpenter for the 1974 film of the same name. While recorded in 1973, it wasn't released by Citadel until 1980, after the 1979 re-release of the film and the success of Carpenter's 1978 film Halloween. A limited expanded edition was released in 2016 through We Release Whatever The Fuck We Want Records.
# Cuao River

Cuao River is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin.
# Alaba culliereti

Alaba culliereti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Litiopidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 4.3 mm.
(Original description in French) The shell is thin, subpellucid, elongated, and turriculate. The apex is acuminate The shell consists of 13 convex whorls. It features a well-marked suture. The four embryonic whorls are adorned with fine, undulating longitudinal ribs, while the next three whorls are smooth. The last six whorls are crossed by seven narrow, shallow furrows on the penultimate whorl. The furrows at the base of the body whorl are slightly more pronounced. Under higher magnification, very fine growth lines can be distinguished.
The varices are rounded, protruding, irregularly arranged, and number between three and five across the entire whorl, displaying the same striations as the rest of the shell. The aperture is rounded, with the columella slightly arched and twisted at the base, and a smooth basal edge without a siphonal canal or notch. The outer lip is simple, sharp, and regularly rounded. The shell exhibits a horny fawn coloration, with opaque white varices and indistinct fawn flames. The operculum is thin, horny and paucispiral.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Senegal and the Cape Verde.
# Drupadia cineas

Drupadia cineas is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Henley Grose-Smith in 1889. It is endemic to Borneo.
# Senheng Electric

Senheng Electric (KL) Sdn Bhd is the largest consumer electronics retail chain store in Malaysia, with over 100 stores nationally. The company sells a range of products including refrigerators, washing machines, televisions, and smartphones, from brands including Samsung, Sharp, and Panasonic.

## History

Founded by Lim Kim Heng, Senheng opened its first store in 1 September 1989 with only half-a-store setup located in Pandan Jaya, Kuala Lumpur.
In 1995, the company launched a franchise program that was later discontinued. It was due to lack of management system and the brand “Senheng” wasn't strong enough to make it work at that point of time, thus the franchise program to be put on hold.
On 12 January 1996, Senheng started its nationwide expansion initiative by opening its first outstation outlet in Negeri Sembilan, and then followed by Malacca. Not long after, Senheng set up more outlets across Malaysia and opened its first outlet in Vietnam.
A new franchise program was relaunched in 2001.
In 2002, the company announced a fixed-price policy, ending price-bargaining with customers. The company also began a customer loyalty program and its own credit card.
In 2003, Senheng developed a new retail brand, senQ Digital Station, which focuses on high end and premium electrical and electronic products, and is only located in malls to cater to those with higher purchasing power. The average size of a senQ Digital Station was 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m$^2$), 10 times the size of a Senheng outlet.
The first senQ Digital Station outlet was opened in South City Plaza near Seri Kembangan on 5 December 2003.
Customers can purchase their products from Senheng's website and choose to self-collect or pick up at any of their desired or nearest Senheng or senQ outlets.
# David Wright Allison

David Wright Allison (1826 in Adolphustown, Upper Canada – May 15, 1906) was a Canadian politician, farmer, manufacturer, and speculator. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal in an 1883 by-election representing the riding of Lennox. He was later elected to Lennox as a Liberal in 1891. He also ran for election as an independent for Lennox in the elections of 1882, by-election of 1885, 1887 and by-election of 1892.
# Echinocereus fasciculatus

Echinocereus fasciculatus, commonly known as pinkflower hedgehog cactus, is a clumping cactus (Cactaceae) with brilliant magenta flowers and long spines found in the Sonoran Desert.$^{:90}$

## Description

Echinocereus fasciculatus forms loose groups consisting of five to 20 shoots. The green cylindrical to elongated shoots are 16 to 45 centimeters long and have a diameter of 4 to 7.5 centimeters. The shoot surface is not completely covered by the spines. There are eight to 18 ribs that are not clearly tuberculated. The two to four straight, light-colored central spines have a darker tip and are 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters long. One of them stands out. The eleven to 13 spreading, straight, whitish or grayish marginal spines are 1.2 to 2 centimeters long.
The broadly funnel-shaped flowers are magenta to reddish purple. They appear in the upper half of the shoots, are 5 to 6.2 centimeters long and reach the same diameter. The spherical, fleshy, initially green fruits later turn red.

## Distribution

Echinocereus fasciculatus is distributed in the United States in the states of New Mexico and Arizona and in the neighboring Mexican state of Sonora.

## Taxonomy

The first description as Mammillaria fasciculata by Benjamin Daydon Jackson was published in 1895. The epithet fasciculatus comes from Latin, means 'densely packed together' and refers to the cluster-forming reed-like shoots of the species. Wolfgang Blum and Michael Lange introduced the species as a subspecies to the species Echinocereus engelmannii in 1998. Nomenclature synonyms are Cactus fasciculatus (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) Kuntze (1891, nom. illegal ICBN article 53.1), Neomammillaria fasciculata (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) Britton & Rose (1923), Echinocereus engelmannii subsp. fasciculatus (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) W.Blum & Mich.Lange (1998) and Echinocereus fendleri var. fasciculatus (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) N.P.Taylor (1985).
# Koura

Koura may refer to:
* Koura District, or El-Koura, a district in North Lebanon
* Koura, Yemen [ar], a village in Lawdar District of the Abyan Governorate, Yemen
* New Zealand freshwater crayfish known as koura, see Paranephrops
* Koura (administrative division), administrative term used by Muslims to refer to regions that were under Roman rule
# Dinosaurs (song)

"Dinosaurs" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter, Ruby Fields. It was released in September 2018 as the lead single from Field's second extended play Permanent Hermit. It was certified gold in Australia in 2020.
At the APRA Music Awards of 2020, the song was nominated for Most Performed Rock Work of the Year.

## Reception

Sose Fuamoli from Triple J said "Heart on sleeve, weaving depth in through a simple arrangement that lands with one helluva emotional punch, Ruby has continued to operate in an indie rock space listeners of her music will be familiar but when that explosion of sound hits at the 03:04 mark, she truly shines under the spotlight."
Simon Clark from the AU Review call the song "stunning" saying "[it's] really beautiful stuff – understated initially, with a focus on Fields' vocals and lyrics, before a cathartic explosion of sound in the closing minute. There's a tinge of melancholy to the record, but it's never dour or overbearing, instead there is an emotional vulnerability to Fields' delivery that is endearing and reflects an ever increasing maturity to her songwriting."

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Dare to Be Different

Dare to Be Different may refer to:
* Dare to Be Different (album), a 1990 album by Tommy Emmanuel
* Dare to Be Different (organisation), a nonprofit organisation