OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ahmadiyya in Sweden

Ahmadiyya, called Ahmadis is a community under the leadership of the caliph in London. The earliest history of the Community in the country begins in 1956, during the Second Caliphate, when Kamal Yousuf was appointed as the head of the mission in Sweden. However it was not until 1970 that the Community was first officially registered. Today, there are two purpose-built mosques, one of which is the oldest in the country, and also a number of other centers, representing an estimated average of 1600 Ahmadis in the country.

## History

The earliest history of the Community in Sweden goes back to the year 1956, when during the Second Caliphate, Kamal Yousuf was directed by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi Muslim judge based at the International Court of Justice in The Hague, to open an Ahmadiyya mission in Scandinavia. Kamal Yousuf was appointed as the head of the movement in Sweden. Yousuf arrived in Gothenburg on June 14, 1956, before shortly moving to Stockholm.
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Sweden was first officially registered in 1970.
The Community has legal permission to perform religious marriages in the country since 1981.

### Early activities

Starting in 1958, the Community published a religious magazine Activ Islam, "Active Islam", edited by an early convert Gunnar H. Eriksson, who adopted the name Saif-ul-Islam Mahmud. The publication was discontinued in 1972 and was revived in 1979. In 1986, the magazine began to be published from Denmark, featuring articles in Danish and other Scandinavian languages as well.
A Swedish convert, Christina Gustavsson, who took the name Qanita Sadiqa, translated the Quran in Swedish in 1988, whose publication, coincided with the Ahmadiyya centenary celebrations.

### Journeys by caliphs

The first caliph to visit Sweden was Mirza Nasir Ahmad. He first visited Sweden in 1973, and then again in 1975 to lay the foundation stone of the Nasir Mosque in Gothenburg, on September 27. The mosque was inaugurated a year later on August 17, 1976 by the same caliph. The caliph visited Stockholm in 1978 and then for the final time visited the country in 1980. The fourth caliph, Mirza Tahir Ahmad visited the country in 1982, to open an Ahmadiyya mission in Malmö, and then once again in 1986.

## Demographics

There are approximately 1600 Ahmadi Muslims in Sweden. The majority of the residents are immigrants from Pakistan. However, there are also a small number of Arabs, Africans and Swedish converts. There are four Imams in the country, located in various parts of the country.

## Places of worship

There are two purpose built mosques in the country. The Nasir Mosque, opened in 1976, in Gothenburg is the oldest in the country, and is also the location of the national headquarters of the Community. The Mahmoodmoskén was opened in May 2016. There are Ahmadiyya centers is Stockholm and Luleå, in which future mosques have been planned. From 2016, Pakistan-born Rizwan Ahmad Afzal who was previously an imam in Luleå, is the imam of the Mahmood Mosque.
# Shahamad Khan

Shahamad Khan VC (1 July 1879 – 28 July 1947) was a subject of the British Empire and one of the first people from the Indian Subcontinent to receive the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Military career

A Punjabi Muslim Rajput from District Rawalpindi in the then British India, he was 36 years old, and a Naik in the 89th Punjabis, British Indian Army (now 1st Battalion the Baloch Regiment, Pakistan Army) during the First World War. He served first on the Western Front from May to December 1915 and then on the Tigris Front in Mesopotamia, when the following deed took place, for which he was awarded the VC:
   "Shahamad Khan was in charge of a machine-gun section 150 yards from the enemy's position, covering a gap in the New Line at Beit Ayeesa, Mesopotamia on 12th/13 April 1916. After all his men, apart from two belt-fillers, had become casualties, Shamahad Khan, working the gun single-handed, repelled three counter-attacks. Under extremely heavy fire, he continued to hold the gap, whilst it was being made secure, for three hours. When his gun was disabled by enemy fire, he and the two belt-fillers continued to hold the ground with their rifles until they were ordered to retire. Along with the three men who were sent to his assistance, he brought back to his own lines, his gun, ammunition and a severely wounded man. Eventually he returned to remove all remaining arms and equipment, except for two shovels. But for his action, the line would undoubtedly have been penetrated by the enemy."
He later achieved the rank of Subedar. He is buried in his ancestral village of Takhti, Pakistan.
# Koasek Abenaki Tribe

The Koasek Abenaki Tribe is a state-recognized tribe in Vermont, who claim descent from Abenaki people.
They are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. Vermont does not have any federally recognized Native American tribes.
This organization should not be confused with the Ko'asek (Co'wasuck) Traditional Band of the Sovereign Abenaki Nation, an unrecognized tribe based in New Hampshire, or the many other groups who use the term Cowasuck.

## Name

The term Koasek is an Abenaki language term that translates as "young pine tree." Another version of the word, Cowasuck, was applied to a brook that was a tributary to the Sudbury River in Massachusetts.

## State-recognition

Vermont recognized the Koasek Abenaki Tribe as in 2012. The other state-recognized tribes in Vermont are the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation, Elnu Abenaki Tribe, and the Mississquoi Abenaki Tribe.

## Heritage

The Koasek Abenaki Tribe are one of four state-recognized tribes in Vermont. They had 60 members in 2016.
St. Mary's University associate professor Darryl Leroux's genealogical and historical research found that the members of this and the other three state-recognized tribes in Vermont were composed primarily of "French descendants who have used long-ago ancestry in New France to shift into an 'Abenaki' identity."
In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 18th century.

## Activities

They participate in Abenaki Heritage Weekend, held at the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum in Vergennes, Vermont.

## Property tax

Vermont H.556, "An act relating to exempting property owned by Vermont-recognized Native American tribes from property tax," passed on April 20, 2022.

## Notable members

* Billy Kidd, former alpine ski racer
# Shire of Carnamah

The Shire of Carnamah is a local government area located in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 310 kilometres (193 mi) north of Perth, the state capital, and about 181 kilometres (112 mi) south of the city of Geraldton. The Shire covers an area of 2,876 square kilometres (1,110 sq mi) and its seat of government is the town of Carnamah.

## History

The Carnamah Road District was formed out of land previously managed by the Irwin and Mingenew Road Boards on 24 August 1923. On 1 July 1961, it became a Shire under the Local Government Act 1960. On 19 April 1962, it lost three-fifths of its area when the Shire of Coorow was created.
The Shire of Carnamah has seven elected Councillors. Councillors are elected by residents of the Shire and represent the whole Shire.
The President and Deputy President are elected by the Councillors after every election.
Elections are held in October every two years and half of the Council is due for re-election.

## Towns and localities

The towns and localities of the Shire of Carnamah with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
| Locality | Population | Area | Map |
| Carnamah | 407 (SAL 2021) | 1,464.2 km$^2$ (565.3 sq mi) | |
| Eneabba | 142 (SAL 2021) | 1,407.6 km$^2$ (543.5 sq mi) | |

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1933 | 1,373 | — |
| 1947 | 1,025 | −2.07% |
| 1954 | 1,741 | +7.86% |
| 1961 | 1,701 | −0.33% |
| 1966 | 996 | −10.15% |
| 1971 | 925 | −1.47% |
| 1976 | 1,411 | +8.81% |
| 1981 | 1,245 | −2.47% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1986 | 1,418 | +2.64% |
| 1991 | 1,148 | −4.14% |
| 1996 | 1,039 | −1.98% |
| 2001 | 850 | −3.94% |
| 2006 | 749 | −2.50% |
| 2011 | 546 | −6.13% |
| 2016 | 548 | +0.07% |
| 2021 | 552 | +0.15% |

## Heritage-listed places

As of 2023, 70 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Carnamah, of which one is on the State Register of Heritage Places, the Macpherson Homestead. The homestead, which was State Heritage-listed in April 1995, dates back to 1870.
# Dick James (disambiguation)

Dick James may refer to:
* Dick James (1920–1986), British music publisher and singer
* Dick James (American football) (1934–2000), American football player
* Dick James (civil servant), UK citizen who was Director General of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency
# Grodzisk

Grodzisk may refer to any of the following places:
* Grodzisk, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
* Grodzisk, Mińsk County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk, Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Grodzisk, Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Grodzisk, Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
# Aedes circumluteolus

Aedes circumluteolus is a species of mosquito that is found throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is often found in tropical coastal lowlands and Bushveld savanna.

## Life cycle

Studies of Aedes circumluteolus in the floodplains of northern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa found that the species' population density reached its highest levels after the plains were inundated by the Pongola and Maputo Rivers, and that changes in the population density were influenced much more by river flooding than local rainfall. During dry months, males of the species mostly disappear while females persist at very low levels; blood-feeding and ovarian development occur throughout the year, with antelope as the preferred host in this area. In settled areas, the females have been noted to feed on humans, oxen, goats and dogs. Immature stages of Aedes circumluteolus may be found in shallow temporary pools, and the species overwinters mainly in the form of drought-resistant eggs.
The eggs of Aedes circumluteolus are rhomboidal, with the ventral surface appearing more curved than the dorsal surface. The chorionic cells of the egg are irregularly shaped but retain a uniform structure over the whole surface. The eggs' micropylar apparatus is unusual in that the disk may be covered with a dense mat of fine filamentous strands connected to small, sharp, irregular papillae.

## Medical importance

This species of mosquito is the primary vector for Spondweni virus, a virus related to Zika virus which can lead to an infection known as Spondweni fever. In addition, Aedes circumluteolus also vectors pathogens such as Lebombo virus, Wesselsbron virus, Kedougou virus, Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus, and Rift Valley fever virus.
# Dana Chipman

Lieutenant General Dana Kyle Chipman, USA (born September 23, 1958) is a retired American military lawyer who served from 2009 to 2013 as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army.

## Early life

Chipman was born in Inglewood, California and graduated from H. L. Bourgeois High School in Gray, Louisiana. He then attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, earning a Bachelor of Science degree and commissioning as an infantry officer in 1980. He later earned a Juris Doctor degree from Stanford Law School in 1986. He also holds a Master of Laws degree from the Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School and a Master of Science degree in Strategic Studies from the United States Army War College.

## Career

Chipman's first assignment was with 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Carson, Colorado, where he served as a Platoon Leader and Company Executive Officer until 1983. Upon completion of the Army's Funded Legal Education Program, he was assigned as a Legal Assistance and Claims Attorney, and as a Trial Counsel with the 3d Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Schweinfurt, Germany. In 1991, he was assigned to the U.S. Army Litigation Division in Washington, D.C., as a Litigation Attorney and Senior Litigation Attorney. He later served as the Detachment Judge Advocate, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment – Delta (Airborne) at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
He was next assigned as the Deputy Staff Judge Advocate, U.S. Army Infantry Center and Fort Benning, Georgia. In 1999, he returned to Fort Bragg to serve as Legal Advisor, Joint Special Operations Command. In 2001 and 2002, he deployed as the legal advisor to a Joint Special Operations Task Force for Operation Enduring Freedom. He served as the Staff Judge Advocate, U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, and then as Staff Judge Advocate, U.S. Central Command. He also served as the Commander and Commandant of The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School in Charlottesville, Virginia. On October 1, 2009, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and began serving as the 38th Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army. Chipman completed the Infantry Officer Basic Course, the Judge Advocate Officer Basic and Graduate Courses, the Army Command and General Staff College, and the Army War College.
Chipman's awards include the Defense Superior Service Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters, the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star Medal, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters, the Army Commendation Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, and the Army Achievement Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters. He is also entitled to wear the Expert Infantryman Badge and the Parachutist Badge.
In August 2014, it was announced that Chipman will serve as the chief counsel for the Republican members of the United States House Select Committee on Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi.

## Personal life

Chipman is married with three children.
# Cox's

Cox's was a department store in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With a four-story flagship store in the downtown business district of McKeesport, Pennsylvania, Cox's had seven retail stores in shopping malls throughout the Pittsburgh area.

## History

Cox's was the successor to a small seamstress shop established in 1884 by Mary Ann Cox in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. By the 1950s, the operation had grown so much that Robert Cox, grandson of Mary Ann, purchased the White Opera house at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Walnut Street in the downtown business district of McKeesport and demolished it to build a flagship department store. The modern four-story department store, built in the International Style, opened in 1955. A large concrete medallion of William Shakespeare that had served as a centerpiece of the opera house was retained and displayed on the lower level of the department store.
During the 1970s, there were seven additional locations in shopping malls throughout the Pittsburgh area. The flagship store was expanded. However, by the early 1980s, an economic recession in the Pittsburgh area had resulted in an unemployment rate of 22.8 percent. On November 2, 1982, the company filed for bankruptcy. After sitting vacant for over a decade, the flagship store in McKeesport was demolished in 1994.
# Scott Interrante

Scott Arbuthnot (born August 4, 1961) is an American magician who specializes in escape-artist feats and grand illusions.
He is a third-generation magician. At 17, Scott answered an audition posting for the movie Ragtime and got the job to re-create Houdini's stunt of escaping from a straitjacket while dangling upside-down over the streets of New York City. He was a protégé of one of world's foremost escapists, James Randi, and joined him for his first world tour, celebrating his 18th birthday in Sydney, Australia. While in Australia, Interrante appeared with James Randi in the film Explorer and assisted in public paranormal challenges in an effort to give away US$100,000 to anyone who could produce such pre-determined paranormal events under fair and supervised conditions. Interrante has won awards from the Society of American Magicians, the International Brotherhood of Magicians and the International Magicians Society.
# Ahmadiyya in Syria

Ahmadiyya is an Islamic religious movement in Syria under the spiritual leadership of the caliph in London.
The history of the movement in Syria begins in the 1920s, when the second caliph of the Community, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad visited Damascus, as part of his tour of Europe and the Middle East. From Palestine, he traveled to Damascus by train where he is reported to have attracted publicity as well as some opposition. He discussed the claims of the founder of the Community, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, with leading scholars, and other intellectual figures from Damascus.
Following his journey to the Middle East, the caliph appointed Sayyid Zayn al'Abidin Waliullah Shah and Jalal al-Din Shams to be sent for a mission in Damascus. Arriving in 1925, the two missionaries, who were also companions of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, were amongst the first missionaries dispatched to the Middle East. Along with Maulvi Abu'l-'Ata Jalandhari, who arrived for a mission in Jerusalem, the three missionaries spent their time spreading Ahmadi teachings in major towns and cities across the Middle East, including Haifa, Beirut and Cairo. Shah himself was able to obtain a position of lectureship at the "Sultania College" in Damascus for period of time before his return to Qadian, the then international headquarters of the Ahmadiyya movement. Following his return, Shams was left alone in Damascus at the instruction of the caliph. Opposition to Shams' efforts began to surface soon after Shah's return. While he was refused services at local stores, local newspapers expressed their resentment through the publications of satirical cartoons that mocked his efforts. By 1927, he was stabbed by a local resident in Damascus. In order to maintain public order, the reigning French authorities desired for him to leave Syria. However, following the instructions of the caliph, Shams continued to stay in Syria, until as a recourse, the French authorities decided to expel Shams themselves in January 1928.
With Shams departure ended the Ahmadiyya missionary efforts in Syria for a number of decades.
# Dhir

Dhir is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 333 houses and the population of 1852 of which 974 are males while 878 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of the village is 72.48%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 242 which is 13.07% of total population of the village, and child sex ratio is approximately 876 higher than the state average of 846.
# Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester

53°28′24.07″N 2°14′6.65″W﻿ / ﻿53.4733528°N 2.2351806°W﻿ / 53.4733528; -2.2351806
The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering (or "MACE") at the University of Manchester was formed from three departments in the 2004 merger between the Victoria University of Manchester (VUM) and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). The merged departments were the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering which was joint between both universities, the Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Manufacturing Engineering at UMIST and the Manchester School of Engineering at VUM.

## History

Each of the former departments had long histories of excellence in engineering including James Prescott Joule's part in the foundation of what was to become UMIST, Joseph Whitworth's contribution to founding both institutions and Osborne Reynolds's study of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics in the 1890s.
The Whitworth Engineering Laboratories of Owens College were opened in 1886. In 1909 they were replaced by larger laboratories on Coupland Street and Bridgeford Street (a building now used for the School of Music and Drama). These in their turn were replaced in the 1960s by the Simon Engineering Building in Brunswick Street, finished in mid-1962. The school became a department as part of a faculty-wide change in 2019.

## Present day

As of 2018 the School has over 100 academics, over 1000 undergraduate students, 400 taught full-time and part-time postgraduate students and 200 postgraduate research students. The range of research topics studied by the students covers many areas of engineering, and includes theoretical and computational research, experimental studies, systems, design and management. Staff expertise encompasses a wide range of topics including aerospace, manufacturing and laser processing, extreme loading and design, structural engineering, fire engineering, process industries, nano-engineering, energy, environment and climate change, management of projects and nuclear graphite technology.
As of 2018 the Head of School is Alice Larkin, Prof of Climate Science & Energy Policy.
The wide range of degree courses offered by the School are supported by extensive computational and experimental facilities such as the largest tilting flume in the world, built in conjunction with the Mason Centre for Environmental Flows and a £6 million upgrade of the George Begg Building which was also recently completed.

## Professors of Engineering in Owens College and the Victoria University of Manchester

These were:
* 1868-1905: Osborne Reynolds
* 1905-08: S. Dunkerley
* 1908-19: J. E. Petavel
* 1920-49: A. H. Gibson
* 1945-46: D. R. Hartree, Professor of Engineering Physics
* 1950-unknown : J. L. Matheson

## Professors of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University of Manchester (UMIST)

These were:
* 1905-13: J. T, Nicholson
* 1914-17: A, B, Field
* 1917-26: G. G. Stoney
* 1926-39: Dempster Smith
* 1940-unknown : H. Wright Baker
# Diodorus of Alexandria

Diodorus of Alexandria or Diodorus Alexandrinus was a gnomonicist, astronomer and a pupil of Posidonius.

## Writings

He wrote the first discourse on the principles of the sundial, known as Analemma. a commentary on this having later been written by Pappus of Alexandria, that is no longer extant. A small number of sentences having survived the centuries and attributed to him are known; these comment on: the differences between astronomy and natural science, the word meanings for cosmos and star, the nature of stars and the Milky Way. He was known to Eudoros. A few surviving passages might come from a commentary on Aratus. In his dealings with astronomy he was known to Marinus in his commentary on Euclid's Data containing quotes of Diodorus's opinions on the meaning of a term.