OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kirk of Calder

Kirk of Calder is a medieval church in Mid Calder, West Lothian. It is listed as a Category A building by Historic Environment Scotland. The church is of Ashlar stone in a Gothic style. The present Kirk dates from 1541 but was built on the site of an earlier 12th century church.

## History

The church was originally intended to be far larger. It was begun in 1541 by Peter Sandilands, laird of the adjacent Calder House, but only the choir from the original design was built by the time his nephew Sir John Sandilands "completed" the project in 1545. The west section of nave and entrance is absent. The belfry and transept was built in 1863 on the correct north-south axis, but the entrance is uniquely located in a small door at the re-entrant angle between the south transept and the choir.
The church was certainly operational by the time of the Reformation in 1560. The parish was originally called "Calder Comitis" but in 1646 was split into Mid Calder and West Calder. The separate parish of East Calder was originally called "Calder Clere" at this time. All were under the Presbytery of Linlithgow until 1884, when it became part of the Presbytery of Edinburgh.
The manse to the east is generally known as "Brewery House". This appears to be a humorous reference to the defection of Rev Mackenzie, for whom the house was probably built/rebuilt c.1680, to the brewing trade.
Inside the church, there is a carved wooden pew dated 1595. The interior includes a stained glass memorial window (1895 by Hardman)) to James Young FRS ("Paraffin Young").
Significant conservation work was undertaken in the early 1990s.

## Current status

The church remains an operational community church with weekly services.

## Ministers

* John Spotiswood 1560 to 1583
* John Spottiswoode 1583 to 1604
* Robert Gilmour 1604 to 1616
* John Tennent 1617 to 1638
* George Dunbar 1638 to 1641
* Hew Kennedy 1643 to 1660 linked to several witchcraft trials
* John Colvill 1663 to 1671
* John Somerville 1672 to 1674
* Norman Mackenzie 1675 to 1687 abandoned his duties to be a brewer in Edinburgh
* Hew Kennedy 1687 briefy
* William Burnett 1687 to 1696
* John Lookup 1698 to 1758 minister for 60 years
* James Watson 1759 to 1772
* James Dobie 1773 to 1792
* James Wilson 1792 to 1794
* John Sommers 1795 to 1842
* William Walker 1843 to 1882
* Matthew Gardner 1883 to 1893
* David John Moir Porteous 1894 to 1907
* William Weir Clerk 1907 to 1949
* David Rosie 1949 to 1981
* John M Povey 1981 to 2021.

## Notable graves

* Peter McLagan MP (1823-1900)
# Seminormal subgroup

In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup $A$ of a group $G$ is termed seminormal if there is a subgroup $B$ such that $AB=G$, and for any proper subgroup $C$ of $B$, $AC$ is a proper subgroup of $G$.
This definition of seminormal subgroups is due to Xiang Ying Su.
Every normal subgroup is seminormal. For finite groups, every quasinormal subgroup is seminormal.
# Semantics (disambiguation)

Semantics is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning in language.
Semantics may also refer to:
* Semantics (computer science), the mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages
* Semantics of logic, the study of the interpretations of formal and natural languages
* Semantics (psychology), the study of meaning within psychology

## Books

* Semantics (Lyons book), book by Sir John Lyons
* Semantics (Saeed book), book by John I. Saeed
* Semantics: the Study of Meaning, book by Geoffrey Leech
# Kobebe Taitai

Kobebe Taitai is an I-Kiribati politician, Minister for Health and Medical Services, from 2016 to 2018, then Ministry of Internal Affairs, from 2018 to 2020. He was elected for Tabiteuea North at the 2016 Kiribati general elections. He lost his seat at the 2020 Kiribati parliamentary election. He is a member of Boutokaan te Koaua.
Hon. Taitai studied engineering in Brisbane. He is licensed aircraft maintenance engineer and was Chief Engineer for Air Kiribati Ltd for six years.
Hon. Taitai was elected vice-president of the Kiribati National Olympic Committee in March 2015. He represents the sport of Powerlifting.
# Kobela

Kobela may refer to:
* Kobéla, town and sub-prefecture in Nzérékoré Prefecture, Nzérékoré Region, Guinea
* Kobela, Estonia, settlement in Antsla Parish, Võru County, Estonia
* Calleagris kobela, butterfly of the family Hesperiidae, also known as Mrs Raven flat and Mrs Raven skipper
# Klas Torstensson

Klas Torstensson (born 16 January 1951) is a Swedish-Dutch composer.

## Career

Torstensson was born in Nässjö, and studied composition Ingesunds Musikhögskola, musicology at Göteborgs universitet and electronic music at the Institute for Sonology.
Torstensson’s compositions are performed by orchestras, ensembles and soloists worldwide and presented on most major European new music festivals: Huddersfield, Ultima (Oslo), Steirischer Herbst (Graz), Wien Modern, Stockholm New Music, Nordic Music Days (Reykjavik/Malmö/Berlin), Gaudeamus (Amsterdam), Warsaw, Gaida (Vilnius), Festival van Vlaanderen (Belgium), Holland Festival (Amsterdam), GAS (Gothenburg), NYYD (Tallinn) and Darmstadt.
He was also featured composer at festivals such as Stockholm New Music 1999 (together with Mauricio Kagel and György Kurtág), Time of Music 2001, (Viitasaari, Finland), Montréal-Nouvelles-Musiques 2003 and Sacrum Profanum 2009 (Kraków).
During Spring 2009 Klas Torstensson was "composer-in-focus" with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra.
City Imprints, a new composition for large symphony orchestra, was commissioned from Torstensson by the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra in 2021 to celebrate the city's 400th anniversary. The premiere, along with the celebrations, was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Selected discography

* The Expedition – Netherlands Radio Philharmonic; Peter Eötvös, conductor; Charlotte Riedijk, soprano; Göran Eliasson, tenor; Olle Persson and Mats Persson, baritone
* Self-portrait with percussion, Diptych Intermezzo & Epilogue – Asko Ensemble; Peppie Wiersma, percussion; Hans Leenders, conductor; Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra; Charlotte Riedijk, soprano; Alan Gilbert, conductor
* In grosser Sehnsucht, song cycle – Charlotte Riedijk, soprano; Osiris Trio (Ellen Corver, piano; Peter Brunt, violin; Larissa Groeneveld, cello)
* Stick on Stick, Urban Solo, Urban Songs – Charlotte Riedijk, soprano & synthesizer; Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra; ASKO Ensemble, Zoltán Peskó and Stephan Asbury, conductors
* Licks & Brains I & II, Solo for bass saxophone – Leo van Oostrom, bass saxophone; Netherlands Saxophone Quartet (Leo van Oostrom, Ed Bogaard, Adri van Velsen and Alex de Leeuw); Klas Torstensson and David Porcelijn, conductors
* The last diary – Palle Fuhr Jørgensen, narrator; ASKO Ensemble & Schönberg Ensemble; Reinbert de Leeuw, conductor
* Koorde – Pianoduo Cees van Zeeland and Gerard Bouwhuis
* Järn – Orkest De Volharding 1972-1992 Trajecten; Cees van Zeeland, conductor
* Redskap – Malmö Percussion Ensemble; Klas Torstensson, conductor
* Spåra – Hoketus; Klas Torstensson, conductor

## Awards

* 1991 Matthijs Vermeulen Award
* 1999 Stora Christ Johnson-priset
* 2009 Swedish Association of Music Publishers – "Årets konstmusikpris - större ensemble/opera", for the orchestral work Polarhavet
# Senator Davenport

Senator Davenport may refer to:
* Ashley Davenport (1794–1874), New York State Senate
* Frank Davenport (1912–1995), New Jersey State Senate
* Franklin Davenport (1755–1832), New Jersey State Senate
* Frederick M. Davenport (1866–1956), New York State Senate
* Gail Davenport (born 1949), Georgia State Senate
* Ira Davenport (politician) (1841–1904), New York State Senate
* John Davenport (Ohio politician) (1788–1855), Ohio State Senate
* Stephen Davenport (1924–2011), Massachusetts State Senate
* William N. Davenport (1856–1933), Massachusetts State Senate
# Senator Daly

Senator Daly may refer to:
* Bernard Daly (1858–1920), Oregon State Senate
* James Daly (New York City) (1844–1892), New York State Senate
* John B. Daly (New York politician) (1929–1999), New York State Senate
* William Davis Daly (1851–1900), New Jersey State Senate
# Sellwood Park

Sellwood Park is a city park of about 17 acres (6.9 ha) in southeast Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon.

## Description and history

Located at Southeast Seventh Avenue and Miller Street, the park includes courts for tennis and basketball; fields for soccer, baseball, softball, and football; picnic areas; a horseshoe pit; a playground; paved and unpaved paths, and restrooms. The Springwater Corridor trail runs north–south along the west side of the park between it and Sellwood Riverfront Park and Oaks Amusement Park. Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge is just north of Sellwood Park.

## Activities

Sellwood Park offers a number of activities such as a playground, soccer, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis courts and pickleball courts.
# Digala

Digala is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Direct manipulation animation

Direct manipulation animation is one of the many forms of stop motion, but certainly blurring the distinction between stop motion and regular flat (drawing or "cel") animation.
Direct manipulation is a simplified variation of graphic animation which involves the frame-by-frame altering (erasing or adding to) a single drawing or graphic image, while taking a frame of film or video as each small change is made, as close as the stop motion process gets to simply animating a series of drawings, but without actually changing to completely separate drawings or graphics for each frame of film, a more traditional process that most people associate with the generic "animation' term.
Examples of direct-manipulation-animation are parts of J. Stuart Blackton's 1906 Humorous Phases of Funny Faces the chalk animation opening sequence of Will Vinton's Dinosaur (1980), and parts of Mike Jittlov's 1977 short film, Animato.
# Kazan (manga)

Kazan (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Gaku Miyao. It was serialized in Shōnen Gahosha's seinen manga magazines Young King OURs (1997 to 2000) and OURs Lite (2000 to 2001), with its chapters collected in seven tankōbon volumes.

## Publication

Written and illustrated by Gaku Miyao, Kazan was serialized in Shōnen Gahosha's seinen manga magazine Young King OURs from the May 1997 to the July 2000 issues. The series was later transferred to OURs Lite, where it ran from the September 2000 to the August 2001 issues. Shōnen Gahosha collected its chapters in seven tankōbon volumes, released from September 1997 to June 2001.
The manga was published in English by ComicsOne in a left-to-right orientation, firstly as an Adobe ebook before being released in a print graphic novel format. The seven volumes were released in print from June 2001 to August 2002.
# Davenport Murchison Ranges

Davenport Murchison Ranges is an interim Australian bioregion located in the Northern Territory. It has an area of 5,805,108 hectares (14,344,730 acres). The bioregion is part of the larger Great Sandy-Tanami desert ecoregion.

## Subregions

Davenport Murchison Ranges is made up of three subregions:
* Ashburton Range (DMR01) – 1,218,621 hectares (3,011,280 acres)
* Davenport (DMR02) – 1,589,590 hectares (3,928,000 acres)
* Barkly (DMR03) – 2,996,897 hectares (7,405,490 acres)

## Protected areas

Less than 5% of the bioregion is in protected areas, the largest of which is Iytwelepenty / Davenport Range National Park in the Barkly subregion.
# Koupéla

Koupéla is a city in Burkina Faso, lying east of Ouagadougou (137 km or 85 mi) and west of Fada-Ngourma (82 km or 51 mi) in an area settled by the Mossi people. It is known for its pottery and sculptures; these were made from natural clays found in the area. In 1900 Koupéla became the site of the first Catholic mission in Burkina Faso. Today it is the seat of an archdiocese, and contains a cathedral.
# Altaria

Altaria may refer to:
* Altaria (Pokémon), a fictional species of Pokémon
* Altaria (Renfe Operadora service), a Spanish rail line
* Altaria (band), a Finnish musical group
# Agata Flori

Agata Flori (born 1938) is an Italian former film actress. She starred in several spaghetti westerns during the 1960s and 1970s. She was married to the producer Dario Sabatello.

## Selected filmography

* Seven Guns for the MacGregors (1966)
* Up the MacGregors! (1967)
* O.K. Connery (1967)
* How to Kill 400 Duponts (1967)
* One Dollar Too Many (1968)
* The Nephews of Zorro (1968)
* They Call Me Hallelujah (1971)
* Return of Halleluja (1972)
* Pasqualino Cammarata, Frigate Captain (1974)
# Sex and Violence

Sex and Violence may refer to:
In music:
* Sex and Violence (album), a 1992 album by Boogie Down Productions
* "Sex & Violence", a song by The Exploited from the 1981 album Punks Not Dead
* "Sex and Violence", a song by the Scissor Sisters from their 2010 album Night Work
* "Sex and Violence", a song by the thrash metal band Carnivore from the album Retaliation.
In film and television:
* The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence, a television special that served as a pilot episode for The Muppet Show
* "Sex and Violence" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
* "Sex and Violence," a Monty Python's Flying Circus episode
* "Sex and Violence," the fifth episode of Men Behaving Badly
* "Sex and Violence," an unscreened episode of Doomwatch
* Sex and Violence, a film written and directed by John Zibell
* "Gender Education", an episode of The Goodies also known as "Sex and Violence"
* Sex & Violence (TV series), by Thom Fitzgerald
In comics:
See also:
* Gender and violence
* Sexual violence
* Sex & Violins, a 1995 album by Rednex
# Direct lending

Direct lending is a form of corporate debt provision in which lenders other than banks make loans to companies without intermediaries such as an investment bank, a broker or a private equity firm. In direct lending, the borrowers are usually smaller or mid-sized companies, also called mid-market or small and medium enterprises, rather than large, publicly listed companies. Lenders are generally asset management or private debt fund manager firms. Direct lending funds use leverage, but generally less than banks or collateralized debt obligation funds (CDO/CLO).
Private Debt primarily focuses on investing at the top of the capital structure, primarily in senior, secured first lien debt. Investing at or near the top of the capital structure reduces risk relative to equity. Direct Lending includes Senior Debt and Unitranche Debt. Quarterly interest payments drives a constant cash flow stream throughout the deal life. Because the total AUM of both Private Equity and Private Credit exhibited strong growth from 2013-2023, the proportion of Private Credit has remained relatively steady for the past decade. The assets under management (AUM) in Private Credit has grown by almost 4 times over the past decade. Private Credit metrics are proxied by Direct Lending which has exhibited strong performance through economic cycles. CalPERS references a Direct Lending benchmark as represented by the Cliffwater Direct Lending Index having market size of $263 billion as of December 2022.
The market has grown in importance since around 2009 in response to banks reducing their lending activities to companies after the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The need for direct lending has been put at €100 billion in Europe alone between 2013 and 2015. However, other sources report that in 2014 asset managers are struggling to find enough direct lending opportunities to invest in.
Asset managers cite the higher returns available from direct lending strategies as a main reason that people should invest in direct lending. US pension funds are among the investors who are reported to have made allocations to direct lending strategies, especially in Europe. Several European governments have taken initiatives to boost direct lending to smaller companies since the 2007–2008 financial crisis. For example, in 2012, the UK government introduced a scheme to lend £700 million of public money to smaller companies in partnership with asset managers.
2018 U.S. data shows performance returns for private credit funds equal or better than leveraged-loan, high-yield and BDC indexes. Direct lending funds have relatively low beta with positive alpha when benchmarked to leveraged loan/high yield indices. Low correlation is observed between direct lending funds with leveraged loan/high yield indices.
A large number of asset management firms have started funds to invest in direct lending, and several US firms have targeted European direct lending since around the start of 2013.
# Kashimura

Kashimura (written: 樫村 or 橿村, lit. "oak village") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kanichi Kashimura (樫村 寛一, 1913–1943), Imperial Japanese Navy officer
* Katsufusa Kashimura (樫村 勝房, born 1942), Japanese sprint canoeist
# Davenport Municipal Airport

Davenport Municipal Airport may refer to:
* Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa) in Davenport, Iowa, United States (FAA/IATA: DVN)
* Davenport Municipal Airport (Washington) in Davenport, Washington, United States (FAA: 68S)
# Kannivadi, Tiruppur

Kannivadi is a panchayat town in Tiruppur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was a part of the Erode District in the past. It is bordered between Karur district and Dharapuram town.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Kannivadi had a population of 4249. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kannivadi has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 49%. In Kannivadi, 7% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Dorothy Cridland

Dorothy May Cridland (15 February 1903 - 25 May 1987) was a mechanical engineer, who worked for Leyland Motors and the Institute of Mechanical Engineers over her career. She was president of the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1964.

## Career

After leaving school, Cridland joined Leyland Motors as a junior technical assistant in the 1930s. During her early years at Leyland she studied a number of technical courses at various institutions. She rose up through the company to become the Deputy Regional Manager for the Southern Region and left in 1955.
Between 1955 and 1963 she was a technical editor for the Institute of Mechanical Engineers.

## Memberships

Cridland joined the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1943, and became an associate member in 1948. Cridland became the president of the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1964, succeeding Cicely Thompson, before Thompson returned to the role in 1965. She later became an honorary member of WES in 1977.
Cridland was also one of the early women to be admitted to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in 1951.
# Kostajnica, Doboj

Kostajnica (Cyrillic: Костајница) is a village in the municipality of Doboj, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Notable people

* Borislav Paravac (born 1943), politician and former Bosnian president
* Željko Komšić's mother Danica Stanić (1941–1992) hails from Kostajnica
# Scord of Brouster

The Scord of Brouster is one of the earliest Neolithic farm sites in Shetland, Scotland. It has been dated to 2220 BC with a time window of 80 years on either side. It comprises three houses, several fields surrounded by walls, and a cairn. A sign by the Scord of Brouster states that the climate of Shetland became wetter towards 1500 BC, and that peat forming near the fields eventually forced the farmers to permanently abandon the site. The site was excavated by Alasdair Whittle in the late 1970s, because he wanted investigate on early agricultural settlement in Britain in a remote part of the country, unspoilt by modern development.

## Site

The Scord of Brouster has three oval-shaped houses. The first house is oriented so that its long axis is parallel to the northwest–southeast axis, and it is around 13 metres (43 ft) long and 10 metres (34 ft) wide. It has an entrance at its southeastern end and six recesses. The second house is around 11 metres (35 ft) long and 8.2 metres (27 ft) wide. It is more kidney-shaped than the first house, and it has only two recesses rather than six, of which one, 2 metres (6.6 ft) long, may be a sleeping area. Like the second house, the third house is around 11 metres (35 ft) long and 8.2 metres (27 ft) wide.

## Artefacts

In all, nearly ten thousand pieces of quartz were found at the Scord of Brouster. 5688 stone artefacts were found in house one, 3772 stone artefacts were found in house two, and only 227 stone artefacts were found in house three. Of the 227 items found in house three, 225 are merely quartz flakes and chips. These pieces were found in what appears to be three phases: prior to the construction of the buildings, during active use, and during abandonment.

### House one

Before this house was built, most of the artefacts were scattered across the southern portion of the building's area. After the construction of the house, the centre of the building had far fewer quartz artefacts. Instead, the artefacts were concentrated in places inside the house beside the walls. In the final phase, most stone pieces were found by the walls of the house.

### House two

Both prior to construction and during its use, the artefacts were mostly concentrated on the western side and near the central fireplace. The eastern side had very few artefacts, and a recess in the northeast corner had even fewer, which led the archaeologists to believe that it may have been a sleeping area. After abandonment, the artefacts were scattered relatively evenly across the entire area.
The second house contained only about three-fourths the number of tool artefacts that the first house did. However, they had nearly identical percentages of types of tools found. For example, house one contained 91 scrapers compared to the 69 found in house two, but that corresponds to 75% of the artefacts found in house one and 77% of the artefacts found in house two.

### House three

Relatively few artefacts were found in the third house, so there was no real way for the researchers to discover any concentrations of artefacts.
# Delta D2

The Delta D2 is an Australian diesel-powered helicopter, under development by Delta Helicopters of Tanah Merah, Queensland. The aircraft was publicly introduced in 2009 and is intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction.
By January 2013, the Delta Helicopters website was no longer available on the internet and it is likely the company has gone out of business.

## Design and development

The D2 features a single three-bladed main rotor, a two-seats-in side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit with a windshield, skid-type landing gear and a four-cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, turbocharged 180 hp (134 kW) DeltaHawk DH180 diesel engine made by DeltaHawk Engines, Inc.
The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing and covered in a composite fairing. Further details about the design have not been released.

## Specifications (D2)

Data from Bayerl
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Powerplant: 1 × DeltaHawk DH180 four-cylinder, air-cooled, four stroke turbocharged diesel engine, 130 kW (180 hp)
# Shingle Run

Shingle Run may refer to:
* Shingle Run (Huntington Creek), in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
* Shingle Run (West Branch Run), in Columbia County, Pennsylvania
* Shingle Run (Dark Shade Creek) in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
* Shingle Run (Bear Creek) im Lycoming County, Pennsylvania