OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Welfare cost of inflation

In macroeconomics, the welfare cost of inflation comprises the changes in social welfare caused by inflation.
The traditional approach, developed by Bailey (1956) and Friedman (1969), treats real money balances as a consumption good and inflation as a tax on real balances. This approach measures the welfare cost by computing the appropriate area under the money demand curve. Fischer (1981) and Lucas (1981), find the cost of inflation to be low. Fischer computes the deadweight loss generated by an increase in inflation from zero to 10 percent as just 0.3 percent of GDP using the monetary base as the definition of money. Lucas places the cost of a 10 percent inflation at 0.45 percent of GDP using M1 as the measure of money. Lucas (2000) revised his estimate upward, to slightly less than 1 percent of GDP. Ireland (2009) extends this line of analysis to study the recent behavior of U.S. money demand.
Structural models are a recent alternative to econometric estimates of the triangle under an estimated money demand curve. Cooley and Hansen (1989) calibrate a cash-in-advance version of a business cycle model. They find that the welfare cost of 10 percent inflation is about 0.4 percent of GNP.
Craig and Rocheteau (2008) argue that a search-theoretic framework is necessary for appropriately measuring the welfare cost of inflation. Lagos and Wright (2005) model monetary exchange and provide estimates for the annual cost of 10 percent inflation to be between 3 and 4 percent of GDP.
# Mollahəsənli

Mollahəsənli or Mollagasanli or Molla-Gasanly may refer to:
* Mollahəsənli, Dashkasan, Azerbaijan
* Molla Həsənli, Jabrayil, Azerbaijan
* Mollahəsənli, Masally, Azerbaijan
# Minimum polynomial extrapolation

In mathematics, minimum polynomial extrapolation is a sequence transformation used for convergence acceleration of vector sequences, due to Cabay and Jackson.
While Aitken's method is the most famous, it often fails for vector sequences. An effective method for vector sequences is the minimum polynomial extrapolation. It is usually phrased in terms of the fixed point iteration:
    $x_{k+1}=f(x_{k}).$
Given iterates $x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{k}$ in $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$, one constructs the $n\times (k-1)$ matrix $U=(x_{2}-x_{1},x_{3}-x_{2},...,x_{k}-x_{k-1})$ whose columns are the $k-1$ differences. Then, one computes the vector $c=-U^{+}(x_{k+1}-x_{k})$ where $U^{+}$ denotes the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of $U$. The number 1 is then appended to the end of $c$, and the extrapolated limit is
    $s={Xc \over \sum _{i=1}^{k}c_{i}},$
where $X=(x_{2},x_{3},...,x_{k+1})$ is the matrix whose columns are the $k$ iterates starting at 2.
The following 4 line MATLAB code segment implements the MPE algorithm:
# No One Stands Alone

No One Stands Alone may refer to:
* No One Stands Alone (Blue Murder album), 2002
* No One Stands Alone (Don Gibson album), 1958
# Härmä tsässon

Härma tsässon is a small wooden Seto St. Michael's chapel in Härmä village in Estonia.

## General information

Tsässon was built with the help of the initiator Margus Timmo and the people from the neighbouring villages.
# Pelageya (disambiguation)

Pelageya Sergeyevna Khanova (born 1986) is а Russian singer.
Pelageya may also refer to:
* Pelageya Danilova (1918–2001), Russian artistic gymnast
* Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina (1899–1999), Soviet applied mathematician
* Pelageya Shajn or Shayn (1894–1956), Soviet–Russian astronomer
# Paramecyna x-signatum

Paramecyna x-signatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1910. It can be found in South Africa, Kenya, Angola and Namibia.
# Lecchi in Chianti

Lecchi in Chianti is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Gaiole in Chianti, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 111.
# The Horse Is Dead

The Horse Is Dead is a live album by English punk rock band Anti-Nowhere League, released in 1996.
The album was later re-released as disc one of the two disc double album So What?: Early Demos and Live Abuse, as well as the 1999 complete re-release Live: So What?

## Track listing

* "So What"
* "Pig Iron"
* "For You"
* "Crime"
* "Working for the Company"
* "Animal"
* "Nowhere Man"
* "I Hate People"
* "Let's Break the Law"
* "Noddy"
* "Snowman"
* "Ballad of J.J. Decay"
* "Wreck-a-Nowhere"
* "Runaway"
* "We're the League"
# Miles City Waterworks Building and Pumping Plant Park

The Miles City Waterworks Building and Pumping Plant Park is a National Registered Historic Place located in Miles City, Montana. It served as waterworks for Miles City from 1911 to 1974, and was added to the Register on September 26, 1979.

## WaterWorks Art Museum

The building is currently being used as the WaterWorks Art Museum, formerly known as the Custer County Art and Heritage Center.
The museum features exhibitions of regional and national art and changing exhibitions drawn from its permanent collections. The collections include photos of area Native Americans, immigrant settlers and city builders prior to the 1950s, and a contemporary collection of regional art from the mid-1900s through the present. Art classes and outreach programs are offered for children and adults.
# Surugadai University

Surugadai University (駿河台大学, Surugadai daigaku) is a private university in Hannō, Saitama, Japan, established in 1987. Aiming to produce people who can contribute to today's internationalized, information-oriented society, the university places emphasis on thorough small-class teaching, foreign language education, acquisition of rich computer skills, and preparation for certifying examinations.

## History

Surugadai University was founded by Haruyuki Yamazaki (山崎春之) (1926-2010). His father, Toshiharu Yamazaki (山崎寿春), was one of the early Japanese students studying abroad in the Meiji period. He was accomplished as a Harvard- and Yale-trained scholar of English literature and a professor of Meiji University. Toshiharu successfully established a cram school, Sundai Preparatory School for high school students and had a lifelong dream of establishing an American-style liberal arts college in Japan.
Taking over the cram school and following his father's wishes, Haruyuki established Surugadai University as a college of law in 1987.
Since then, the college has evolved into a university of five undergraduate faculties and four graduate schools.

## Campus

Surugadai University occupies a 200-acre (0.81 km$^2$) campus, with over 12 buildings, including the Kougi-Tou (講義棟) (Lecture building); Dai-Ni Kougi-Tou (第二講義棟) (Lecture building No. 2); Seminar Tou (ゼミナール棟) (Seminar building); Honbu Kanri-Tou (本部管理棟) (Administrative center building); the Media Center (library); the Frontier Towers dormitories; the Haruyuki Yamazaki memorial sports gymnasium.

## Undergraduate

Surugadai University has five undergraduate faculties: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Media and Information Resources, Faculty of Contemporary Cultures, and Faculty of Psychology.
# Katsuki

Katsuki (written: 香月 or 勝生) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kiyoshi Katsuki (香月 清司, 1881–1950), Japanese general
* Masako Katsuki (勝生 真沙子), Japanese voice actress
* Ryoji Katsuki (香月 良仁, born 1984), Japanese baseball player
* Ryota Katsuki (香月 良太, born 1982), Japanese baseball player
Fictional characters:
* Tsubasa Katsuki (勝木 翼), a character in the manga series Comic Girls
* Yuri Katsuki (勝生 勇利), protagonist of the anime series Yuri on Ice
* Katsuki Bakugo (爆豪 勝己), a character in the manga series My Hero Academia
Katsuki (written: 勝己, 勝記, 克己, 克紀, 克貴 or 克樹) is also a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Katsuki Akagawa (赤川 克紀, born 1990), Japanese baseball player
* Katsuki Hagiwara (萩原 克己, born 1949), Japanese music critic
* Katsuki Ishihara (石原 勝記, born 1939), Japanese swimmer
* Katsuki Matayoshi (又吉 克樹, born 1990), Japanese baseball player
* Katsuki Umezu (梅津 克貴, born 1999), Japanese footballer
* Katsuki Yamazaki (山崎 勝己, born 1982), Japanese baseball player
# Minimum rank of a graph

In mathematics, the minimum rank is a graph parameter $\operatorname {mr} (G)$ for a graph G. It was motivated by the Colin de Verdière graph invariant.

## Definition

The adjacency matrix of an undirected graph is a symmetric matrix whose rows and columns both correspond to the vertices of the graph. Its elements are all 0 or 1, and the element in row i and column j is nonzero whenever vertex i is adjacent to vertex j in the graph. More generally, a generalized adjacency matrix is any symmetric matrix of real numbers with the same pattern of nonzeros off the diagonal (the diagonal elements may be any real numbers). The minimum rank of $G$ is defined as the smallest rank of any generalized adjacency matrix of the graph; it is denoted by $\operatorname {mr} (G)$.

## Properties

Here are some elementary properties.
* The minimum rank of a graph is always at most equal to n − 1, where n is the number of vertices in the graph.
* For every induced subgraph H of a given graph G, the minimum rank of H is at most equal to the minimum rank of G.
* If a graph is disconnected, then its minimum rank is the sum of the minimum ranks of its connected components.
* The minimum rank is a graph invariant: isomorphic graphs necessarily have the same minimum rank.

## Characterization of known graph families

Several families of graphs may be characterized in terms of their minimum ranks.
* For $n\geq 2$, the complete graph K$_n$ on n vertices has minimum rank one. The only graphs that are connected and have minimum rank one are the complete graphs.
* A path graph P$_n$ on n vertices has minimum rank n − 1. The only n-vertex graphs with minimum rank n − 1 are the path graphs.
* A cycle graph C$_n$ on n vertices has minimum rank n − 2.
* Let $G$ be a 2-connected graph. Then $\operatorname {mr} (G)=|G|-2$ if and only if $G$ is a linear 2-tree.
* A graph $G$ has $\operatorname {mr} (G)\leq 2$ if and only if the complement of $G$ is of the form $(K_{s_{1}}\cup K_{s_{2}}\cup K_{p_{1},q_{1}}\cup \cdots \cup K_{p_{k},q_{k}})\vee K_{r}$ for appropriate nonnegative integers $k,s_{1},s_{2},p_{1},q_{1},\ldots ,p_{k},q_{k},r$ with $p_{i}+q_{i}>0$ for all $i=1,\ldots ,k$.
# Saurida undosquamis

Saurida undosquamis, the brushtooth lizardfish, large-scale grinner or largescale saury, is a type of lizardfish, a demersal species that occurs in the Eastern Indian Ocean, Malay Peninsula, northern Java, Arafura Sea, Louisiade Archipelago, southern Philippines and northern Australia,. Reports of its occurrence in the Red Sea region and introduction to the Mediterranean are questionable,.
# Sansikhara

Sansikhara is a census town in Dhanbad CD block in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Geography
### Location

Sansikhara is located at 23°44′36″N 86°19′21″E﻿ / ﻿23.7432°N 86.3226°E﻿ / 23.7432; 86.3226. Sansikhara is not marked in Google maps. It is marked on the map of Dhanbad-cum-Kenduadih-cum-Jagta CD block on page no. 126 of District Census Handbook, Dhanbad.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

### Overview

The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines. The Damodar River, the most important river of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, flows along the southern border. A major part of the area shown in the map is part of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, an urban area. The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The western part of the region shown in the map is covered by Dhanbad (community development block). 57% of the population of Dhanbad CD block reside in rural areas and 43% reside in urban areas, The east-central part of the region shown in the map is covered by Baliapur (community development block). 86% of the population of Baliapur CD block reside in rural areas and 14% reside in urban areas. The places in the CD block areas are marked mostly as census towns. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Pootkee Balihari Area, Lodna Area and Eastern Jharia Area. The Moonidih sector of Western Jharia Area also operates in the region.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Sansikhara had a total population of 4,570 of which 2,453 (54%) were males and 2,117 (46%) were females. Population below 6 years was 428 The total number of literates in Sansikhara was 3,352 (81.62% of the population over 6 years).

## Infrastructure

Sansikhara has an area of 0.69 km$^2$. It is 15 km from the district headquarters Dhanbad. There is a railway station at Karkendra 3 km away. Buses are available at Putki 2 km away. It has 10 km roads and open drains. The two major sources of protected water supply are tap water from both treated and untreated sources. There are 892 domestic electric connections. Amongst the medical facilities, it has 3 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities, it has 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. General degree college is at Dhanbad. Amongst the recreational facilities it has a stadium. It has got the branch of 1 nationalised bank.

## Transport

Sansikhara is off National Highway 18 (old number NH 32) (locally popular as Dhanbad-Bokaro Road).
There is a station at Karkend nearby on the Gomoh-Adra line.

## Education

Baludih Public School is located at Sansikhara.
# Pedro Ordóñez y Flórez

Pedro Ordóñez y Flórez (1560–1614) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada (1610–1614).

## Biography

Pedro Ordóñez y Flórez was born in Brozas, Spain in 1560. On 19 Apr 1610, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada. On 21 Dec 1611, he was consecrated bishop by Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero, Archbishop of Lima. He served as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada until his death on 11 Jun 1614.
# Parornix compressa

Parornix compressa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Afghanistan and Pakistan.
# Leave It Alone (The Forester Sisters song)

"Leave It Alone" is a song written by Radney Foster and Bill Lloyd, and recorded by American country music group The Forester Sisters. It was released in November 1989 as the second single from their Greatest Hits compilation album. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1989–1990) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 6 |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 7 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1990) | Position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 61 |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 56 |
# The Loveliest Thing on Earth

The Loveliest Thing on Earth (Swedish: Det vackraste på jorden) is a 1947 Swedish drama film directed by and starring Anders Henrikson and also featuring Marianne Löfgren, Per Oscarsson and Inger Juel. It was shot at the Sundbyberg Studios of Europa Film in Stockholm and on location in the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Max Linder.

## Cast

* Anders Henrikson as Georg Isakson
* Marianne Löfgren as Greta Isakson
* Per Oscarsson as Tomas Isakson
* Erik Hell as Bengt Kahlman
* Inger Juel as Karin Kahlman
* Stig Järrel as Tobacconist Frithiof
* Irma Christenson as Tilda
* Ann Westerlund as Elsa
* Kenne Fant as Göran Thome
# Millbrook, Greater Manchester

Millbrook is a village near Stalybridge, northwest England. It is part of the Stalybridge South ward of Tameside metropolitan borough. It also played a huge part of the industrial revolution, as the name suggests, several cotton mills once existed, in and around the village, Bottomleys mill was in one of the first ever steam driven mills.
Millbrook suffered from the Storm Angus, 21 Nov 2016 when 3 inches (7.6 cm) of rain fell on Tameside in five hours.

## History

Like most of Stalybridge, Millbrook lies within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire. Having previously been part of the Staley Local Board, it was included in the municipal borough of Stalybridge in 1881. The whole borough became part of the administrative county of Cheshire in 1888. Since 1974 Stalybridge has been in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.
# Suriya-Mal Movement

The Suriya-Mal Movement was formed in the British colony of Ceylon to sell Suriya flowers on Poppy Day for the benefit of Sri Lankan ex-servicemen. The movement became anti-imperialist in character, and was also involved in relief work during the Malaria epidemic of 1934–1935.

## Beginnings

In protest against the proceeds of poppy sales on Armistice Day (11 November) being used to support British ex-servicemen instead of Sri Lankans, a Sri Lankan named Aelian Perera started to sell Suriya flowers on the same day, the proceeds of which were devoted to help Sri Lankan veterans.
In 1933, a British schoolteacher, Doreen Young wrote an article called The Battle of the Flowers, which was published in the Ceylon Daily News and detailed what Young thought was the absurdity of forcing Sri Lankan schoolchildren to purchase poppies to help British ex-servicemen at the expense of those from Sri Lanka, which led her to be vilified by her compatriots.
The South Colombo Youth League then became involved in the Suriya Mal Movement and revived it on a new anti-imperialist and anti-war basis. Annually, until the Second World War, young men and women sold Suriya flowers on the streets on Armistice Day in competition with the poppy sellers. The purchasers of the Suriya Mal were generally from the poorer sections of society and the funds collected were not large. But the movement provided a rallying point for the anti-imperialist minded youth of the time. An attempt was made by the British colonial government to curb the movement's effectiveness, by means of legislation, in the form the 'Street Collection Regulation Ordinance'.
Doreen Young was elected as first President of the Suriya Mal Movement at a meeting held at the residence of Wilmot Perera in Horana. Terence de Zilva and Robin Ratnam were elected Joint Secretaries, and Roy de Mel was elected as Treasurer.

## Malaria Epidemic and floods

There had been a drought in 1934 which caused a shortage of rice, estimated at 3 million bushels. From October onwards there were floods, followed by a malaria epidemic in 1934–35, during which 1,000,000 people were affected and at least 125,000 died. The Suriya-Mal Movement was honed by volunteer work among the poor during the Malaria Epidemic and the floods. The volunteers found that there was widespread malnutrition, which was aggravated by the shortage of rice, and which reduced resistance to the disease. They helped fight the malnutrition by making pills of Marmite yeast extract. N.M. Perera became known as Parippu Mahathmaya ('Mr. Dhal') because of the lentils he distributed as dry rations to the people affected in those days.
# Kazumba, Tanganyika

For other places with the same name, see Kazumba.
Kazumba is a location in the Tanganyika province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Transport

This town lies on the railway line to Lake Tanganyika.
# Mirbelia rhagodioides

Mirbelia rhagodioides is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland areas of Western Australia. It is an erect, prickly shrub with clustered linear or narrowly elliptic leaves and yellow and red flowers.

## Description

Mirbelia rhagodioides is an erect, prickly shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) and has its branches and young leaves covered with woolly hairs. Its leaves are mostly clustered, linear or narrowly elliptic, 3–9 mm (0.12–0.35 in) long and 0.5–0.75 mm (0.020–0.030 in) long with the edges rolled under. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils on a pedicel 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long with tiny bracts and bracteoles but that fall off as the flowers open. The sepals are 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and joined at the base, the upper two lobes forming a notched "lip". The standard petal is broadly kidney-shaped, 5.5–7.0 mm (0.22–0.28 in) long, 5.0–7.5 mm (0.20–0.30 in) wide and yellow with a dark red base. The wings are 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long and mostly yellow and the keel 4.5–5.5 mm (0.18–0.22 in) long and dark red. Flowering occurs from June to August and the fruit is a broadly egg-shaped, ribbed pod about 6 mm (0.24 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Mirbelia rhagodioides was first formally described in 1987 by Michael Crisp and Joan M. Taylor in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens from specimens collected near Laverton in 1931. The specific epithet (rhagodioides) means "Rhagodia-like".

## Distribution and habitat

This mirbelia grows in shrubland on rocky hills and outcrops in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Murchison and Yalgoo bioregions of inland Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Mirbelia rhagodioides is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
# Sauracanthorhynchus

Sauracanthorhynchus is a genus of thorny-headed worms. It is the only genus in the family Sauracanthorhynchidae in the order Echinorhynchida. It contains a single species Sauracanthorhynchus sphenomorphicola. It was found the intestines of the skink Sphenomorphus granulatus. The host is found from the Huon Peninsula to Milne Bay Province, and the adjacent D'Entrecasteaux Islands of Fergusson, and Normamby. The reported range of the parasite is restricted to Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. The genus is named after the order of its host, and the species is named after the genus of its host.
# Sara udon

Sara udon (皿うどん), literally "plate noodles", is a dish native to Nagasaki prefecture, Japan. Despite the name, it is not a kind of udon.
The dish consists of a base of noodles, and a topping of fried cabbage, bean sprouts and other vegetables, as well as squid, prawns, pork, kamaboko etc. There are two main varieties of noodles, thinner crispy noodles fried in oil (called pari pari, bari bari, or bari men); as a result this variation is reminiscent of Cantonese-style chow mein. Another variation uses thicker Chinese noodles (called chanpon noodles).
The style and thickness of noodles varies between restaurants. Many restaurants outside Nagasaki prefecture serve only thin noodles, which has led to the common misconception that the dish is only ever served with thin noodles.
If many people are eating together, it is customary for everyone to take their portion from a single large central dish.
There are food delivery services (demae) that specialise in sara udon for parties or offices that are working overtime.
Sara udon is sometimes served in school meals at grade schools in Nagasaki prefecture.

## Gallery

* Served with thick noodles in Nagasaki
* Sara-udon (Gyoza no Ohsho)
* 'Sara-udon from Ringer Hut
# St. Jones

St. Jones may refer to:
* St. Jones River, a river flowing to Delaware Bay in central Delaware, United States
* St. Jones Within, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
# Paraswammerdamia conspersella

Paraswammerdamia conspersella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in northern Europe, Ukraine, France and Switzerland. It was recently reported from Canada (Québec).
The wingspan is 11–14 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.
The larvae feed on Empetrum nigrum. Mining larvae can be found in autumn.
# Leachianone-G 2''-dimethylallyltransferase

Leachianone-G 2''-dimethylallyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.71, LG 2''-dimethylallyltransferase, leachianone G 2''-dimethylallyltransferase, LGDT) is an enzyme with systematic name dimethylallyl-diphosphate:leachianone-G 2''-dimethylallyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
    dimethylallyl diphosphate + leachianone G $\rightleftharpoons$ diphosphate + sophoraflavanone G
This membrane-bound enzyme is located in the plastids and requires Mg$^{2+}$ for activity.