OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spherification

Spherification is a culinary process that employs sodium alginate and either calcium chloride or calcium glucate lactate to shape a liquid into squishy spheres which visually and texturally resemble roe. The technique was documented by Unilever in the 1950s and brought to the modernist cuisine by the creative team at El Bulli under the direction of chefs Ferran Adrià and Albert Adrià.

## Preparation

There are two main methods for creating such spheres, which differ based on the calcium content of the liquid product to be spherified.

### Basic spherification

For flavored liquids (such as fruit juices) containing no calcium, the liquid is thoroughly mixed with a small quantity of powdered sodium alginate, then dripped into a bowl filled with a cold solution of calcium chloride, or other soluble calcium salt.
Similarly to how water dropped into a quantity of oil forms a bubble of water in the oil, each drop of the alginated liquid tends to form into a small sphere in the calcium solution. During a reaction time of a few seconds to a few minutes, the calcium solution causes the outer layer of each alginated liquid sphere to form a thin, flexible skin. The resulting "popping boba" or artificial "caviar" balls are rinsed then in water and saved for later use in food or beverages.

### Reverse spherification

Reverse spherification, for use with substances that contain calcium (e.g. milk) or have high acid/alcohol content, requires dripping the substance (containing calcium lactate or calcium lactate gluconate) into a bath of alginate and distilled water.
A more recent technique is frozen reverse spherification, which involves pre-freezing spheres containing calcium lactate gluconate and then submerging them in the sodium alginate bath.
Basic and reverse spherification methods give much the same result: a sphere of liquid held by a thin gel membrane, texturally similar to roe. However, with the basic method the membrane will continue to thicken until eventually the whole ball is jelly, and so should be used immediately. The reverse spherification method gives far more stable results and can be stored for many hours.
# Şahinbey, Oğuzeli

Şahinbey, historically and still informally called Körkün, is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Oğuzeli, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,181 (2022). The village is inhabited by Turkmens of various tribal affiliations, including the Barak tribe as well as Abdals of the Kara Hacılar tribe.
# Nagapattinam (disambiguation)

Nagapattinam (formerly Negapatam) is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Nagapattinam may also refer to:
* Nagapattinam district, a coastal district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India
* Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency), a Lok Sabha constituency in Tamil Nadu
* Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency), a state assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu
* Nagapattinam division, a revenue division of Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India
* Nagapattinam taluk, a taluk of Nagapattinam district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
* Nagapattinam block, a revenue block in the Nagapattinam taluk of Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India
# Lovrijenac

Fort Lovrijenac or St. Lawrence Fortress, Italian Fortezza di San Lorenzo, often called "Dubrovnik's Gibraltar", is a fortress and theater outside the western wall of the city of Dubrovnik in Croatia, 37 metres (121 ft) above sea level. Famous for its plays and importance in resisting Venetian rule, it overshadows the two entrances to the city, from the sea, and by land. Early in the 11th century, the Venetians attempted to build a fort on the same spot where Fort Lovrijenac currently stands. If they had succeeded, they would have kept Dubrovnik under their power, but the people of the city beat them to it. The "Chronicles of Ragusa" reveal how the fort was built within just three months and from then on constantly reconstructed. When the Venetian ships arrived, full of materials for the construction of the fort, they were told to return to Venice. The Croatian leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series takes place in Lovrijenac.

## Construction Date

Chronologists date the fort to 1018 or 1038. However first records of the forts existence are from 1301 when the council voted on the Commander of the Fort.

## Layout of the fort

Lovrijenac has a triangular shape with three terraces. The thickness of the walls facing the outside reach 12 metres (39 ft) whereas the section of the walls facing the inside, the actual city, are only 60 centimetres (24 in) thick. Two drawbridges lead to the fort and above the gate, there is an inscription Non Bene Pro Toto Libertas Venditur Auro (It is not good that liberty is sold for gold).

## In culture

Lovrijenac's use as a stage was a recent addition to the history of the fort, and the performance of Shakespeare's Hamlet has become the symbol of Dubrovnik Summer Festival.
A production of A Midsummer Nights Dream was performed here as part of Midsummer Scene in the summer of 2017 and 2018. The TV series Knightfall, an historical fiction drama about the Knights Templar started filming during the last week of June 2017 around the fort and the bay of Pile, these scenes were meant to depict the Siege of Acre (1291).
# Ottermere, Ontario

Ottermere is an unincorporated place and community in Unorganized Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada.
Ottermere railway station is in the community. The station is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line, between Malachi to the west and Wade to the east, and is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.
| Preceding station | Via Rail | Via Rail | Via Rail | Following station |
| Malachitoward Vancouver | | The Canadian | | Minakitoward Toronto |
| Former services |||||
| Preceding station | Canadian National Railway | Canadian National Railway | Canadian National Railway | Following station |
| Malachitoward Vancouver | | Main Line | | Wadetoward Montreal |
# Silentvalleya

Silentvalleya is a genus of Indian plants in the grass family.

## Species

* Silentvalleya chandwadensis Gosavi, B.R. Pawar & S.R. Yadav - near Chandwad in Maharashtra
* Silentvalleya nairii V.J.Nair, Sreek., Vajr. & Bhargavan - Lakshadweep, Kerala
# The Sword Stained with Royal Blood (film)

The Sword Stained with Royal Blood is a 1993 Hong Kong wuxia film based on Louis Cha's novel Sword Stained with Royal Blood. The film was written, produced and directed by Cheung Hoi-ching and stars Yuen Biao, Sharla Cheung, Danny Lee, Ng Man-tat and Anita Yuen

## Cast

    Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.
* Yuen Biao as Constable Yuen Sing-chi
* Sharla Cheung as Ah-kau / Princess Cheung-ping
* Danny Lee as Ha Suet-yee
* Ng Man-tat as Kwai Sun-shu
* Anita Yuen as Ho Tit-sau
* Elsie Yeh as Wan Ching-ching
* Elizabeth Lee as Wan Yee
* Elvis Tsui as First Master Wan
* Barry Sze as Master Wu Hark
* Wu Ma as Suen Chung-sau
* Lung Fong as Second Master Wan
* Tai Bo as Fourth Master Wan
* Pauline Wong as Ho Hong-yeuk
* Helen Ma as Kwai Yee-neung
* Melvin Wong as Third Master Wan
* Peter Chan as Fifth Master Wan
* Ng Yuen-chun as Tsai Wan-ngo
* Yuen Fai
# Neill Malloy

Neill Molloy was an Anglican priest in Ireland in the seventeenth century.
Molloy was born in King's County, Ireland (now Offaly) and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained in 1617 and became the incumbent at Fercall. He was Precentor of Kildare Cathedral from 1633 to 1639; and Archdeacon of Clonmacnoise from 1638 to 1639.
# Nowa Wieś, Opatów County

Nowa Wieś is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojciechowice, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Wojciechowice, 8 km (5 mi) east of Opatów, and 64 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
# Sphingobacterium faecium

Sphingobacterium faecium is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the feces of the cattle Bos sprunigenius taurus.
# Şahinağa, Yüreğir

Şahinağa is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Yüreğir, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 166 (2022).
# Rude (disambiguation)

Rude may refer to: Stacey

## People

* Rude (surname)
* Rude Osolnik (1915–2001), American woodturner
* Big Rude Jake (1963–2022; also known as Mr. Rude), Canadian jazz musician

### Fictional characters

* Rude, a member of the fictional "Turks" in the video game Final Fantasy VII and the film Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children; see Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series#Rude
* Mr. Rude, a Mr. Men character; see List of Mr. Men#Mr. Rude

## Places

* Rude, Croatia, a village near Samobor
* Rüde, a village and a former municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

## Others

* Rude Records, an independent record label
* "Rude" (song), a song by the Canadian group Magic!
* Rude (film), a 1995 Canadian film by Clément Virgo
* NOAAS Rude (S 590), originally USC&GS Rude, a survey ship in service in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1967 to 1970 and in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 1970 to 2008
# Lovčić

Lovčić is a village in municipality of Brodski Stupnik in the central part of Brod-Posavina County.

## Demographics

* v
# Sileoni

Sileoni is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Sileoni (born 1952), Argentine educator and politician
* Monica Sileoni (born 1999), Finnish artistic gymnast
# Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum

Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum (or Lorentz pendulum) is a simple pendulum, but subjected to a slowly varying frequency due to an external action (frequency is varied by varying the pendulum length), named after Lord Rayleigh and Hendrik Lorentz. This problem formed the basis for the concept of adiabatic invariants in mechanics. On account of the slow variation of frequency, it is shown that the ratio of average energy to frequency is constant.

## History

The pendulum problem was first formulated by Lord Rayleigh in 1902, although some mathematical aspects have been discussed before by Léon Lecornu in 1895 and Charles Bossut in 1778. Unaware of Rayleigh's work, at the first Solvay conference in 1911, Hendrik Lorentz proposed a question, How does a simple pendulum behave when the length of the suspending thread is gradually shortened?, in order to clarify the quantum theory at that time. To that Albert Einstein responded the next day by saying that both energy and frequency of the quantum pendulum changes such that their ratio is constant, so that the pendulum is in the same quantum state as the initial state. These two separate works formed the basis for the concept of adiabatic invariant, which found applications in various fields and old quantum theory. In 1958, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar took interest in the problem and studied it so that a renewed interest in the problem was set, subsequently to be studied by many other researchers like John Edensor Littlewood etc.

## Mathematical description

The equation of the simple harmonic motion with frequency $\omega$ for the displacement $x(t)$ is given by ${\ddot {x}}+\omega ^{2}x=0.$
If the frequency is constant, the solution is simply given by $x=A\cos(\omega t+\phi )$. But if the frequency is allowed to vary slowly with time $\omega =\omega (t)$, or precisely, if the characteristic time scale for the frequency variation is much smaller than the time period of oscillation, i.e., $\left|{\frac {1}{\omega }}{\frac {d\omega }{dt}}\right|\ll \omega ,$ then it can be shown that ${\frac {\bar {E}}{\omega }}={\text{constant}},$ where ${\bar {E}}$ is the average energy averaged over an oscillation. Since the frequency is changing with time due to external action, conservation of energy no longer holds and the energy over a single oscillation is not constant. During an oscillation, the frequency changes (however slowly), so does its energy. Therefore, to describe the system, one defines the average energy per unit mass for a given potential $V(x;\omega )$ as follows ${\bar {E}}={\frac {\displaystyle \oint dt\left[{\tfrac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {x}}\right)^{2}+V(x(t);\omega (t))\right]}{\displaystyle \oint dt}}$ where the closed integral denotes that it is taken over a complete oscillation. Defined this way, it can be seen that the averaging is done, weighting each element of the orbit by the fraction of time that the pendulum spends in that element. For simple harmonic oscillator, it reduces to ${\bar {E}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}A^{2}\omega ^{2}$ where both the amplitude and frequency are now functions of time.
# Sagardighi (Cooch Behar, India)

Sagardighi or Sagar Dighi is a lake in Cooch Behar, India, boasting a diverse array of migratory birds.
It is enveloped by significant administrative landmarks, such as the District Magistrates Office and the Administrative Building of North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC) to the West. To the South, notable structures include the Office of the Superintendent of Police, and Municipality Office Building. On the East, one can find the Office of DLRO, State Bank of India's Cooch Behar Main Branch, and various other establishments. Heading North, there are the RTO Office, Foreigner's Registration Office, District Court, and a large number of residential buildings.
# North Twin Island (Wisconsin)

North Twin Island is one of the Apostle Islands in northern Wisconsin, in Lake Superior, and is part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
# Spring Branch Butter Factory Site

The Spring Branch Butter Factory Site is an archaeological site located in the vicinity of Manchester, Iowa, United States. John Stewart built the first commercial creamery in the state of Iowa at this location in 1872. He won the gold medal for the best butter at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Because of this, he made technological and managerial changes to his operation that transformed commercial butter making in the state. Stewart became the founding president of the Northern Iowa Butter and Cheese Association, which was headquartered in Manchester. As markets on the East Coast expanded "creamery grade" butter was shipped regularly between northeast Iowa and New York City. By 1889, commercial creameries had taken the place of the farm-based dairy in Iowa. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
# Əminli

Əminli (also, Eminli, Aminli, and Emenny) is a village and municipality in the Masally Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 923. The municipality consists of the villages of Əminli and Şəhriyar.
# Nagayama

Nagayama may refer to:

## People

* Nagayama Eita (born 1982), Japanese actor from Tokyo
* Kazuya Nagayama (born 1982), Japanese football player
* Kozo Nagayama (born 1956), Japanese television and film director
* Kunio Nagayama (born 1970), former Japanese football player
* Norio Nagayama (1949–1997), Japanese spree killer and novelist
* Osamu Nagayama (born 1947), Japanese CEO of Chugai Pharmaceutical and Chairman of Sony Corporation
* Takashi Nagayama (born 1978), Japanese actor
* Nagayama Takeshirō (永山 武四郎, 1837–1904), Japanese government minister
* Yōko Nagayama (born 1968), Japanese enka singer, former J-pop singer, and actress

## Stations

* Kita-Nagayama Station
* Minami-Nagayama Station
* Nagayama Station (Aichi)
* Nagayama Station (Hokkaido)
* Nagayama Station (Tokyo)
# Loyal to Familia

Loyal to Familia is a Danish street gang.

## Origins

Loyal to Familia was established in Nørrebro in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2013. In the summer of 2017, the gang had a membership of 225.

## Prohibition

In August 2017, the Minister of Justice Søren Pape Poulsen asked the Rigspolitiet and the Attorney General to consider whether there is a basis for dissolution by judgment.
On September 1, 2021, the Danish Supreme Court ruled that Loyal to Familia was unconstitutional because it lacked a legal purpose, and ordered it dissolved. The case was unusual in that it was the first time since 1924 that the Supreme Court had ordered an association dissolved.
# Silla University

Silla University (Korean: 신라대학교) is a private university located in the second largest city of Busan, South Korea. To encourage international careers, collaborations and exchanges, Silla University maintains strong international links with 175 universities in 28 countries.

## Notable people

* Kim Chae-yeon, actress
# Otterpool Quarry

Otterpool Quarry is a 10.2-hectare (25-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Hythe in Kent. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.
This quarry exposes rocks dating to the Cretaceous period, and shows the contact between the Hythe and Sandgate beds. It is very rich in fossil ammonites, with species which can be correlated elsewhere.
The site is private land with no public access. The quarry has been filled in and no geology is visible.
# List of things named after King Abdullah II

This is a list of places, buildings, roads and other things named for King Abdullah II. It is divided by category, though each item's location is noted in the entry.

## Institutions

* King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (now Jordan Design and Development Bureau)

## Buildings

* King Abdullah II Stadium
# The Suntones

The Suntones were a barbershop quartet from Miami, Florida, USA, and the 1961 SPEBSQSA international champions. At the time it won gold, the quartet featured Gene Cokeroft as tenor, Bob Franklin as lead, Harlan Wilson as baritone, and Bill Cain as bass.
The Suntones are notable among the barbershop community because they were one of the first quartets to perform show tunes and make use of hand-held microphones.

## History

After winning the 1961 SPEBSQSA championship, the Suntones became more active touring, performing and recording. In 1966, Jackie Gleason moved his popular TV variety show to Miami and hired the Suntones to sing both as a barbershop quartet and as backing singers.
In addition to barbershop standards, the Suntones introduced many contemporary songs into their performances including medleys of songs from Broadway musicals (West Side Story, Fiddler on the Roof, The Sound of Music, etc.) arranged by Walter Latzko.
In 1979, Bob Franklin left the group, and Drayton Justus became the new lead singer. The group's "final" performance was in early 1985 in Montclair, New Jersey, during a special tribute to arranger Walter Latzko. Bill Cain died in 2004, but Franklin later returned to join Cokeroft, Harlan Wilson, and Todd Wilson (Harlan's son) on bass for limited performances.
# Sainte-Aulde

Sainte-Aulde (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## Demographics

Inhabitants of Sainte-Aulde are called Saintaldais (male) or Saintaldaise (female).
# Nouel

Nouel is a French surname, it may refer to:
* Adolfo Alejandro Nouel (1862–1937), archbishop, educator and politician
* Gide Loyrette Nouel, independent French law firm based in Paris
* Maimón, Monseñor Nouel, town in the Monseñor Nouel province of the Dominican Republic
* Monseñor Nouel Province, province of the Dominican Republic
# Żurek (surname)

Żurek is a Polish family name. The name is spelled the same as the diminutive of żur, cold rye soup. As in the film pl:Żurek (film) 2003.
* Bartosz Żurek (born 1993), Polish footballer
* Jan Żurek (born 1956), Polish football manager
* Karol Żurek (born 1949), Polish ice hockey player
* Krystyna Ambros-Żurek (born 1961), Polish rower
* Michał Żurek (born 1988), Polish volleyball player
* Wojciech H. Żurek (born 1951), Polish physicist

## In the Polish-language wikipedia

* pl:Lesław Żurek (born 1979) Polish author
* Stanisław Żurek (1926-1996), Polish artist
* Stanisław Żurek, Polish pilot
# Louie Roberts

Mary Louise Roberts OBE (17 February 1886 – 27 May 1968) was a New Zealand masseuse, physiotherapist and mountaineer. She was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1886. She was New Zealand's most celebrated physiotherapist (before the coining of that name) and was for more the twenty years the principal of Dunedin Hospital school of massage, the only such training facility in New Zealand. In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours, Roberts was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
# Silver Badge Party

The Silver Badge Party was an unofficial political movement which existed in the United Kingdom during and immediately after the First World War. The Party consisted of several groups representing the political interests of former service personnel. It took its name from the Silver War Badge (SWB) that was issued to servicemen who had been invalided out of the forces.

## History

First to be formed was the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers (NADSS), established following a meeting in Blackburn in September 1916 and initially linked to the labour and trade union movement. In April 1917, the Asquith Liberal MP James Myles Hogge sponsored a meeting at the National Liberal Club over the Military Service (Review of Exceptions) Bill, which proposed to reclassify those invalided out of the army to identify those who might be recalled to service. This meeting led to the formation of the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers (NFDSS).
The NFDSS decided to fight by-elections to put its message across. In the Liverpool Abercromby byelection in June 1917, the NFDSS candidate polled a quarter of the vote. In the 1918 general election its National Executive approved five candidates, and local branches sponsored 25 more, considered Independent NFDSS candidates. In three Leeds constituencies, the candidates were nominated jointly by the NFDSS, the NADSS and the Comrades of the Great War. None of the candidates were elected although many polled substantial votes. In addition, the NADSS sponsored a candidate, Robert Hewitt Barker, in Sowerby in unusual circumstances, in which he inherited the position of unofficial Conservative Party candidate and won.
The groups were politically diverse. Hogge was a left-wing Liberal, and most of the NFDSS were similarly left wing: among the NFDSS candidates was Ernest Thurtle, who later became a Labour Party MP. Henry Hamilton Beamish was a member of both the Vigilante Society and the NFDSS. In the 1918 general election he was one of the candidates sponsored by the NFDSS branches but not approved by the NFDSS National Executive, again in Clapham.
Following the election, none of the groups continued in active party politics. Hogge resigned as President of the NFDSS in January 1919. Following pressure from Douglas Haig, the NFDSS lifted its ban on officers being members in June 1919 and the three groups together with the Officers' Association began merger talks. At a Unity conference on 14–15 May 1921, they merged to form The Royal British Legion.
# Oued Taria

Oued Taria is a town and commune in Mascara Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 13,916.
# List of things named after Lev Landau

Lev Landau (1908 – 1968), Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics, is the eponym of the topics in physics listed below.

## Physics

* Darrieus–Landau instability
* Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory
* Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation
* Ginzburg–Landau theory
* Guderley–Landau–Stanyukovich problem
* Landau damping
* Landau derivative
* Landau diamagnetism
* Landau distribution
* Landau's Fermi-liquid theory
* Landau gauge
* Landau kinetic equation
* Landau's phase transition theory
* Landau pole
* Landau potential
* Landau principle
* Landau quantization or Landau levels
* Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence
* Landau-Levich problem
* Landau–Lifshitz model
* Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor
* Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
* Landau–Lifshitz aeroacoustic equation
* Landau–Peierls instability
* Landau–Placzek ratio
* Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect
* Landau-Raychaudhuri equation
* Landau-Squire jet
* Landau–Yang theorem
* Landau–Zener formula
* Stuart-Landau equation

## Astronomy

Two celestial objects are named in his honour:
* the minor planet 2142 Landau.
* the lunar crater Landau.

## Other

* Film project DAU
* Korets-Landau leaflet
* Landau Gold Medal
* Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics