OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# P. Karthikeyan

P. Karthikeyan is an Indian politician who is a Member of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected from Vellore as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate in 2021.

## Electoral performance

2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Vellore :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | DMK | P. Karthikeyan | 84,299 | 47.24% | −4.29 |
| | AIADMK | S. R. K. Appu | 75,118 | 42.09% | +5.86 |
| | NTK | N. Poonkundran | 8,530 | 4.78% | +3.82 |
| | MNM | G. Vikram Chakravarthy | 7,243 | 4.06% | New |
| | NOTA | NOTA | 1,441 | 0.81% | −0.59 |
| | Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi | R. Naresh Kumar | 928 | 0.52% | New |
| Margin of victory | Margin of victory | Margin of victory | 9,181 | 5.14% | −10.16% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 178,458 | 70.52% | 1.93% |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 324 | 0.18% | |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 253,049 | | |
| | DMK hold | DMK hold | Swing | -4.29% | |
2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Vellore :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | DMK | P. Karthikeyan | 88,264 | 51.53% | New |
| | AIADMK | Harun Rasheed | 62,054 | 36.23% | −14.59 |
| | BJP | S. Elangovan | 5,212 | 3.04% | −0.04 |
| | PMK | D. Lakshmi Narayanan | 5,185 | 3.03% | New |
| | VCK | A. R. Abdur Rahman | 2,590 | 1.51% | New |
| | NOTA | NOTA | 2,400 | 1.40% | New |
| | NTK | A. Manigandan | 1,639 | 0.96% | New |
| | SDPI | Shaik Meeran | 1,100 | 0.64% | New |
| Margin of victory | Margin of victory | Margin of victory | 26,210 | 15.30% | 4.52% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 171,279 | 68.59% | −5.00% |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 249,715 | | |
| | DMK gain from AIADMK | DMK gain from AIADMK | Swing | 0.71% | |
# Tong Pass

Tongguan or Tong Pass, was a former mountain pass and fortress located south of the confluence of the Wei and Yellow Rivers, in today's Tongguan County, Shaanxi, China. It was an important chokepoint, protecting Xi'an and the surrounding Guanzhong region from the North China Plain. Tong Pass was built in 196 AD by the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han dynasty. The fortress was the seat of Tongguan County, but was demolished in the 1950s to make way for the Sanmenxia Dam and reservoir.

## History

Chinese civilization first grew up along the Wei, Luo, and Yellow River valleys of the Loess Plateau before expanding out into the "barbarians regions. The state of Qin fortified the Hangu Pass to the east of Tongguan as its eastern border and it continued to protect the Chinese heartland from outside attack during the Qin and Han dynasties. During the Eastern Han that succeeded Wang Mang's short-lived "Xin dynasty", the guards at Hangu reversed themselves and protected Luoyang in the plains from attacks coming from the west. From the time of the AD 211 Battle of Tongguan, however, Tongguan replaced the Hangu Pass as the principal strategic post between the Guanzhong area and the North China Plain. Under the Tang, the fall of Tongguan to An Lushan's rebels led directly to their capture of the capital Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi).
* Site of ruins of Tong Pass (Han)
* Old photo
* The Tong Pass in 1941
* Modern recreation of the fortress' western gate
# Red Snow (disambiguation)

Red Snow or red snow may refer to:
* Red Snow, a British thermonuclear weapon (1958-1972)
* "Red Snow" (The Twilight Zone), a 1986 television episode which starred George Dzundza and Victoria Tennant
* Red snow, a type of snow algae
* Watermelon snow, reddish snow caused by above type of snow algae
* 30 Days of Night: Red Snow, a prequel to the comic 30 Days of Night
* redsn0w, the jailbreak of the second generation version of the iPod Touch by the popular iPhone Dev Team
* Red Snow, a manga novel by Susumu Katsumata
* Red Snow (1952 film), American film starring Guy Madison and Philip Ahn
* Red Snow (2003 film), Chinese film by Zhang Jianya
* Red Snow (2019 film), Canadian film by Marie Clements
* Red Snow (2021 film), American film starring Vernon Wells
# Salah Eddin Zaimeche Al-Djazair

Salah Eddin Zaimeche Al-Djazairi, commonly referred to as Dr. Salah Zaimeche or S. E. Al-Djazairi, is an academic and author specializing in the history of civilization, science, and Islam.

## Career and research

Zaimeche is currently an independent researcher and writer. Zaimeche was previously a researcher in the Department of Geography at the University of Manchester, and before that, a lecturer and researcher at the University of Constantine in Algeria for ten years. Zaimeche has also worked at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
Zaimeche has been published in many academic journals, on topics including environmental degradation and North Africa. Zaimeche is a contributor to encyclopedias including Encyclopædia Britannica. Zaimeche is the author of six books, all of them about the history of Islam.
Journals that Zaimeche has been published in include Middle Eastern Studies, The Journal of North African Studies, and The Geographical Journal, among others.

## Published books

* The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation (Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Manchester, 2005)
* The Golden Age and Decline of Islamic Civilisation (Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Manchester, 2006)
* A Short History of Islam (The Institute of Islamic History; Manchester, 2006)
* The Crusades (The Institute of Islamic History; Manchester, 2007)
* The Myth of Muslim Barbarism and its Aims (Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Manchester, 2007)
* The History of Islam (MSBN Books, 2015)
* The Great Turks (MSBN Books, 2015)
* The Long War (MSBN Books, 2015)
* Decisive Victories: Gallipoli, Skarya, Dumlupinar (MSBN Books, 2015)
* The Golden Age and Decline of Islamic Civilisation (MSBN Books, 2015)
* The Crusades, new Edition in 2 volumes (MSBN Books, 2015)
* Libya War of Independence (1911–1932) (MSBN Books, 2015)
* Barbary Pirates: Myths, Lies, Propaganda (MSBN Books, 2015)
* Muslim Decisive Victories (MSBN Books, 2015)
* French Invasion – Algerian Resistance (MSBN Books, 2015)
* Great Muslim Army Commanders (MSBN Books, 2016)
* The First Caliphs (MSBN Books, 2016)
* The Myths of Islamic Barbarism And Its Aims (MSBN Books, 2016)
* The West, Islam, Barbarism, and Civilisation (MSBN Books, 2018)
* Our Civilisation (MSBN Books, 2019)
* Islam in China (MSBN Books, 2019)
* The Destruction of the Environment in/of the Muslim World (MSBN Books, 2019)
* French Colonisation of Algeria: 1830–1962 — Lies, Myths and Historians (MSBN Books, 2022)
* Algerian War of Liberation 1954–1962 — Wilaya 2, El Milia Region, by Some Participants (MSBN Books, 2023)
* Algerian War of Liberation 1954–1962 — Myths and Lies (MSBN Books, 2024)
* The Destruction of the Environment in/of the Muslim World, new Edition (MSBN Books, 2024)
* The Ottomans: Their Rise, Accomplishments, Decline, And Their Historians (MSBN Books, 2024)
# Nussenzweig

Nussenzweig or Nussenzveig is a surname in the German language. Notable people with the surname include:

## Nussenzweig

* Michel C. Nussenzweig (born 1955), American biologist
* Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig (1928–2018), Austrian-Brazilian immunologist

## Nussenzveig

* Helena J. Nussenzveig Lopes, Brazilian mathematician
* Herch Moysés Nussenzveig (1933–2022), Brazilian physicist
# Spring back

Spring back may refer to:
* Spring Back Compensation, a method to compensate the spring back effect of metal while bending
* Bending, a forming process
* Bending (metalworking), a forming process, article specialized for metalworking
# Čemernica, Fojnica

Čemernica is a village in the municipality of Fojnica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 161.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 157 | 97.5% |
| other/undeclared | 4 | 2.5% |
| Total | 161 | 100% |
# Naida McCullough

Naida Portia McCullough (c. 1901 – September 19, 1989) was an American educator, pianist, and composer based in Los Angeles.

## Early life

Naida McCullough was born in Colorado, the younger daughter of George A. McCullough and Georgia A. McCullough. She was raised in Denver, where she began as a performer and learned to play the church organ, and graduated from Los Angeles High School in the winter class of 1917.
She and her elder sister, Yolande McCullough (1898-1964), taught music classes together as young women. Yolande married Leonard Stovall, a doctor in World War I who worked on tuberculosis prevention after the war.

## College activities

McCullough was described in 1921 as "the first colored girl to graduate from the music department of the University of Southern California". She was the first African American woman to receive a Pi Kappa Lambda Key (Music). McCullough was a founding member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority chapter at USC, and she helped to found the chapter at UCLA in 1925, and was a founding member of the west coast graduate chapter, in 1927.
She was president of the Los Angeles graduate chapter in the 1940s, succeeded by Audrey Boswell Jones in 1945. She performed at the national gatherings of the sorority in Philadelphia in 1925, and in 1932 in Los Angeles.
As a student, McCullough was also active in the Junior Branch of the NAACP's Los Angeles chapter. As a leader of that organization in 1925, she worked on a production of W. E. B. Du Bois's pageant, The Star of Ethiopia at the Hollywood Bowl, then led a boycott of the same production, when it was taken over by more established theatre professionals.

## Career

McCullough played gave concerts, including her own compositions in the program of piano music. "Genius is the only fitting description of this remarkably talented young woman", according to a 1936 report, remarking especially on her own works, "Hawaiian Rain Shower" and "E Flat Sonata", and her rendition of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's "I'm Troubled in Mind". She joined the Los Angeles Musicians Association in 1931. She accompanied singers Florence Cole Talbert and Lillian Evanti. In 1937 she visited Hawaii to give performances and study at the University of Hawaii.
In 1940, she and singer Tomiko Kanazawa gave a concert together at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre, to benefit a tuberculosis rest home in Duarte, California.
McCullough also taught kindergarten in Los Angeles, and worked with principal Bessie Burke at the Holmes Avenue School. She sometimes gave lectures on Hawaii to community groups, after her studies there. Because she was a member of the board of the Musicians' Congress, her name came up in a state Senate report on "un-American activities in California".

## Personal life

Naida P. McCullough eloped with realtor Fitzhugh L. Banks in January 1940; they divorced a few months later. Naida McCullough died in 1989, believed to be aged 88 years.
# Love in a Four Letter World

Love in a Four Letter World is a Canadian softcore pornographic film, directed by John Sone and released in 1970. The film stars Michael Kane and Helen Whyte as Harry and Vera Haven, a wealthy couple whose lives are turned upside down when a group of hippies move into a commune in the house next door, drawing first their daughter Susan (Candy Greene), and then Helen herself, into their bohemian free love philosophy.
The cast also includes André Lawrence, Pierre Létourneau, Cayle Chernin and Monique Mercure.
The film was shot in the Crescent Street neighbourhood of Montreal. Producer Arthur Veronka claimed that "outside of Isabel or any Paul Almond production, Love in a Four Letter World is the first English-Canadian film that doesn't have that National Film Board-CBC look."
The film was entered in competition at the 22nd Canadian Film Awards in 1970, although Cinepix Film Properties, the film's studio, subsequently withdrew it and Here and Now (L'Initiation) from the competition after an article in Time implied that the Canadian Film Award jury was unsympathetic to the films' sexual content.

## Production

Shooting was done in Montreal and finished by 5 December 1969. The Canadian Film Development Corporation invested $79,491 into the production.

## Release

The film premiered in Montreal on 13 August 1970, and was theatrically released on 14 August.

## Reception

The film received mixed reaction from critics. Martin Knelman of The Globe and Mail panned it, writing that "people smile over drinks and comment politely about the photography or the humor, but really there's no saving grace about Love in a Four Letter World. Even technically, it's dreadfully amateurish, and as for humor the word is in this case a euphemism for the hideous smirking that infests a movie when those involved aren't sure whether they can get away with playing the material straight or whether it would be better to try passing it off as camp," while Marilyn Beker of the Montreal Gazette wrote that it "is not a bad movie. In fact it is the kind of movie that tries too hard to be good and is constantly foiled. The sets are all polished and modern but the aging conceptualizers tried their hardest to figure out what the inside of a 'hippie pad' would look like and came out with a kind of Better Homes and Gardens version of how poor-but-arty people should live."
# Silverwater, New South Wales (Lake Macquarie)

Silverwater is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie in New South Wales, Australia, and is located on a peninsula east of the town of Morisset on the western side of Lake Macquarie. The Aboriginal people, in this area, the Awabakal, were the first people of this land.
# P. Karunakaran

P. Karunakaran (born 20 April 1945) is an Indian communist politician and a member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Kasargod constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) political party. He was elected to Lok Sabha for the first time in 2004 general election. He won the second term in 2009 Lok Sabha election. He got 385,522 votes against 321,095 of the Congress(I) candidate. He was the leader of the Lok Sabha for CPI(M) in the 16th Loksabha.
His wife Laila, is daughter of the communist leader A. K. Gopalan and Susheela Gopalan. He holds an M.A degree from Kerala University.

## Books Published

* Memories of Vietnam
* Indian Politics - Inside and Outside Parliament
* Suppression and Resistance
* Indian Politics - Outside and Inside Parliament (Second Part)
* Olimangaroormakal
# John Stapylton

Sir John Stapylton, 3rd Baronet (c. 1683 – 24 October 1733), of Myton in Yorkshire, was an English landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1705 to 1708.
Stapylton was the eldest son of Sir Brian Stapylton, MP and his wife Anne Kaye, daughter of Sir John Kaye, 2nd Baronet. He matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford on 12 June 1702, aged 18. In or before 1706, he married Mary Sandys, daughter of Francis Sandys of Scorby.
At the 1705 English general election, Stapylton was returned as Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge, which his father had represented for twelve of the previous fifteen years. He served only three years as MP before being once more supplanted by his father at the 1708 British general election. He was defeated when he stood at Boroughbridge at a by-election in 1718. Following his father's death on 23 November 1727, he succeeded to the baronetcy. He was going to be adopted as Tory candidate for Yorkshire for the 1734 general election. However, on the way to the meeting he was killed by a fall from his horse on 24 October 1733 and his son was selected to replace him.
Stapylton had a number of children, including:
* Sir Miles Stapylton, 4th Baronet (c. 1708–1752), whose only child was a daughter
* Sir Brian Stapylton, 5th Baronet (c. 1712–1772), who died unmarried
* Sir John Stapylton, 6th Baronet (c. 1718–1785), who died unmarried
* Sir Martin Stapylton, 7th Baronet (c. 1723–1801), to whose son the baronetcy eventually passed
* Anne Stapylton
also Francis, Henry, Robert and Christopher, Mary, Elizabeth, Diana and Penelope. Each of his four eldest sons succeeded to the baronetcy in turn.
# The Whisky Distilleries of the United Kingdom

The Whisky Distilleries of the United Kingdom is a book originally published in 1887. It was the result of a two-year tour of Scotland, Ireland and England by Alfred Barnard, in which he visited 162 whisky distilleries.
# Saint Lucia at the Olympics

Saint Lucia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1996, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games.
Julien Alfred won the nation's first and only medals to date in 2024, earning both a gold in the women's 100 metres with a new national record (10.72s), and a silver in the women's 200 metres. It was the first time since 2004 that the 100m winner was not an athlete from Jamaica.
The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was created in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games

| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| 1996 Atlanta | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| 2000 Sydney | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2004 Athens | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2008 Beijing | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2012 London | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2016 Rio de Janeiro | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2020 Tokyo | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2024 Paris | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 55 |
| 2028 Los Angeles | future event | future event | future event | future event | future event | future event |
| 2032 Brisbane | future event | future event | future event | future event | future event | future event |
| Total | Total | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 111 |

## List of medalists

| Medal | Name | Games | Sport | Event |
| Gold | Julien Alfred | 2024 Paris | Athletics | Women's 100 metres |
| Silver | Julien Alfred | 2024 Paris | Athletics | Women's 200 metres |
# Nussey baronets

The Nussey Baronetcy, of Rushwood Hall in the County of York, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 22 July 1909 for Thomas Nussey, Liberal Member of Parliament for Pontefract from 1893 to 1910. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1971.

## Nussey baronets, of Rushwood Hall (1909)

* Sir Thomas Willans Nussey, 1st Baronet (1868–1947)
* Sir Thomas Moore Nussey, 2nd Baronet (1898–1971)
# Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs

Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69 (2013), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court in which a unanimous Court held that federal court abstention under the Younger v. Harris doctrine is not in order simply because a pending state-court proceeding involves the same subject matter. The case involved a dispute between Sprint Corporation and Windstream Communications.

## Background

Sprint Corporation had paid Windstream Communications for certain long-distance calls from Sprint customers to Windstream customers in Iowa. In 2009, Sprint withheld payment for Voice over IP (VoIP) calls after concluding that the Telecommunications Act of 1996 pre-empted intrastate regulation of VoIP traffic. Windstream then threatened to block all calls to and from Sprint customers.
In January 2010, Sprint filed a complaint with the Iowa Utilities Board (IUB) requesting a declaration that it was proper to withhold VoIP access charges. Though Sprint settled the dispute with Windstream and withdrew the complaint, the board continued the proceeding so that it could decide the underlying issue of VoIP classification under federal law.
In February 2011, the IUB issued an order with its own interpretation of VoIP’s classification under federal law along with a determination that Sprint was liable to Windstream for the access charges. Sprint then filed suit against the board in both federal district court (seeking a declaration that the Telecommunications Act preempted the board's decision and seeking an injunction against enforcement) and state court (reiterating the preemption argument, and asserting state law and procedural due process claims).
The federal district court dismissed the case because of the pending state suit and ruled that the Younger abstention applied. On appeal, the Eighth Circuit affirmed the abstention, vacated the dismissal, and remanded the case to the district court and ordered it enter a stay during the pendency of the state-court proceedings.

## Supreme Court

Justice Ginsburg delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
In Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts are required to abstain from hearing any civil rights tort claims brought by a person who is currently being prosecuted for a matter arising from that claim (the Younger abstention). The Court also recognized three exceptions to this abstention: 1) where the prosecution is in bad faith; 2) where the prosecution is part of some pattern of harassment against an individual; 3) or where the law being enforced is utterly and irredeemably unconstitutional.
The Court ruled that none of the three exemptions to the Younger abstention apply in this case. Federal courts "are obliged to decide cases within the scope of federal jurisdiction" and "[a]bstention is not in order simply because a pending state-court proceeding involves the same subject matter."
After the decision, the Eighth Circuit vacated its earlier opinion, reversed the district court, and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings.
# Čemerno

Čemerno (Serbian Cyrillic: Чемерно) is a mountain in western Serbia, near the town of Ivanjica. Its highest peak Smrdljuč has an elevation of 1,579 m (5,180 ft) above sea level.

## Geography

From the south, mountain plato Čemerno is limited by the valley of the river Studenica, and from the north by the valleys of the rivers Dubočica and Borošnica. Mountain plato extends in the northwest-southeast direction for some 12 kilometers and in it far southeast end it turns southwards. Mountain slopes are carved by tributaries of the rivers Ibar and Studenica. The mountain highest peak is Smrdljuč (1579 m), other peaks are: Goleš (1348 m), Gvozdac (1456 m), Rudo brdo (1454 m), Gusarica (1535 m), Tičije brdo (1430 m).
Remarkably scenic parts of the mountain plato are the spring areas northeast of high point Gusarica (1535 m) in the area of the village of Bresnik where the ridge of the mountain Čemerno is significantly narrowed. In this areas under the peaks, there are many springs, the most important of which are: Kadina voda, below the summit of Gvozdac (1456 m), and Zmajevac spring , between Smrdljuč (1579 m) and Rudo brdo (1454 m) summits. The most accessible and well known spring is located at 700 m above sea level in Odmenje [sr] village - the famous Sava water, widely known for its healing properties.
Most of the mountain is covered with mixed forest, but in some parts of the ridge there are small or large grassland pastures with cattle huts.
A road leads through the western parts of the mountain, which then descends in the north to the villages of Tolišnica, in the upper part of the Borošnica basin, to the area of the village of Savovo (Ponore hamlet), and to Maglič, in the Ibar valley. There are many more cattle huts on the south side of Čemerno and they rise high along the mountain sides above the houses of the villages of Savovo and Đakovo.
# Rufius Magnus Faustus Avienus

Rufius Magnus Faustus Avienus was a politician of the Western Roman Empire. He was appointed consul for 502 with Flavius Probus as his colleague.
His father was Anicius Probus Faustus, who was the leading supporter of Pope Symmachus in the Laurentian schism, and his brother was Ennodius Messala, one of the consuls for 506. Avienus was later Praetorian prefect of Italy (527–528).
# Ludvík Vébr

Ludvík Vébr (born 20 April 1960) is a Czech rower who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Ludvík Vébr is also associate professor (docent) at Czech Technical University in Prague. He is expert in the road engineering.
He was born in Prague.
In 1976 he was the coxswain of the Czechoslovak boat which won the bronze medal in the coxed pairs event.