OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subordination (finance)

Subordination in banking and finance refers to the order of priorities in claims for ownership or interest in various assets.

## United States law
### Subordination of debt

Subordination is the process by which a creditor is placed in a lower priority for the collection of its debt from its debtor's assets than the priority the creditor previously had, In common parlance, the debt is said to be subordinated but in reality, it is the right of the creditor to collect the debt that has been reduced in priority. The priority of right to collect the debt is important when a debtor owes more than one creditor but has assets of insufficient value to pay them all in full at the time of a default. Except in bankruptcy proceedings, the creditor with the first priority for collection will generally have the first claim on the debtor's assets for its debt and the creditors whose rights are subordinate will thus have fewer assets to satisfy their claims. Subordination can take place by operation of law or by agreement among the creditors.

### Subordination of security priority

Subordination is also an issue in the priority of security interests in the ownership of property. For example, in real estate, mortgages and other liens on the title to secure the payment or repayment of money usually take their priority from the time they attach to the title. The purpose of this ordering of priority is to determine, in a foreclosure resulting from a default, who gets paid first with the sale proceeds from the foreclosure proceeding. Earlier mortgages or other liens are often subordinated by their holders to later ones in order to accomplish agreed-upon ends. An example is for the holder of a mortgage on undeveloped land to subordinate that mortgage to a later construction loan mortgage. The motivation is either the belief that improvement of the land will benefit the first lender or that the first mortgage requires that it be subordinated to a future construction loan.
The subordination percentage of a security is the percentage of the total capital which is subordinate to the security in question. Thus, the security will not suffer any losses until after that percentage of capital has been lost.

#### Dealer subordinable debt

In the automotive financing industry, many dealerships are allowed to designate personal loans which are payable to the ownership as subordinable debt. The finance institution and dealership may come to an agreement which allows this debt to stay within the confines of the financial statement and concurrently improve the dealership financial position from a liquidity perspective.

### Equitable subordination

Bankruptcy courts in the United States have the power and authority to subordinate prior claims on the assets of a bankrupt debtor to the claims of junior claimants based on principles of equity. This is a remedy called "equitable subordination." The basis for subordination is usually the inequitable conduct of the prior claimant with respect to junior claimants. Equitable subordination can be used to subordinate both secured and unsecured claims.
# Juari River

The Juari River is a river of Tocantins state in central Brazil. The Juari is part of the Tocantins basin and a tributary of the Araguaia River.
# Nematolepis ovatifolia

Nematolepis ovatifolia, is a small shrub with rusty coloured scales on the stems, smooth, glossy leaves and white flowers in small clusters in summer. It is endemic to New South Wales.

## Description

Nematolepis ovatifolia is a small, dense shrub with more or less angled to terete stems covered in light rust coloured scales and sparsely dotted with warty glands. The leaves are wide egg-shaped to broadly elliptic, 0.9–1.2 cm (0.35–0.47 in) long, 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) wide, margins mostly flat, upper surface dotted with glands, underside silvery scales. The inflorescences are a small, tight cluster of 1-3 white flowers, petals about 4 mm (0.16 in) long, pink in bud, dotted with glands, individual flowers and cluster stems thick, flattened and together 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. The bracts oblong to egg-shaped, 1–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) long, sepals almost upright, triangular shape and 2 mm (0.079 in) long. The dry, erect' seed capsule is more or less square, about 3 mm (0.12 in) long with a short rounded point. Flowering occurs in summer.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1855 and gave it the name Phebalium ovatifolium and the description published in Definitions of rare or hitherto undescribed Australian plants. In 1998, Paul G. Wilson changed the name to Nematolepis ovatifolia in the journal Nuytsia.

## Distribution and habitat

Nematolepis ovatifolia grows in low woodland on granite ridges in the alpine regions of the Kosciuszko National Park.
# Maoping Township, Hunan

Maoping Township (simplified Chinese: 茅坪乡; traditional Chinese: 茅坪鄉; pinyin: Máopíng Xiāng) is a township under the administration of Longshan County, Hunan, China. As of 2018, it has 12 villages under its administration.
# Thomas Salmon (musicologist)

Thomas Salmon (1648–1706) was an English cleric and writer on music.

## Life

Thomas Salmon was the son of Thomas Salmon of Hackney. He entered Trinity College, Oxford, on 8 April 1664, and graduated B.A. 1667, and M.A. 1670. At the university he mainly studied mathematics; Matthew Locke says that Salmon applied to him for instruction in musical composition. Locke disclaimed competence, referring Salmon to the Compendium of Practical Musick by Christopher Simpson, and suggested John Birchensha as a teacher.
In 1673 Salmon obtained the living of Meppershall in Bedfordshire, He was also rector of the Church of St Katherine in Ickleford, Hertfordshire.
Salmon gave, in July 1705, a lecture to the Royal Society on just intonation with illustrative performances by the brothers Frederick and Christian Steffkin, on viols, and Gasperini. On 4 December he wrote to Sir Hans Sloane concerning Greek enharmonic music. Further correspondence sought a patron for musical experimentation.
Salmon died at Meppershall, and was buried in the church on 1 August 1706.

## Works

Salmon in 1672 published an Essay to the Advancement of Musick proposing the disuse of the Guidonian hand and its nomenclature, and the substitution of the plain first seven letters of the alphabet. Salmon proposed the modern octave system, which William Bathe had already recommended. Salmon also added a proposal to give up the tablature then used for the lute, and in all music to substitute for the clefs the letters B, M, T (bass, mean, treble), each stave having G on the lowest line.
There followed an acrimonous controversy. Salmon appealed to Locke and the lutenist Theodore Steffkins, for support; Locke answered by publishing Observations upon a late Essay, in which Salmon's proposals are attacked. Salmon retorted in a Vindication; with this was printed a tract by an unidentified "N. E.", dated from Norwich. Locke's answer, The Present Practice of Music Vindicated, supported by tracts by John Phillips and John Playford. The dismissive treatment of Salmon resorted to obscenity. Salmon in 1688 issued a work on temperament, entitled A Proposal to perform Music in Perfect and Mathematical Proportions, to which John Wallis contributed.
Salmon's other publications were:
* In 1701, advocacy in favour of education and universal parochial schools.
* A New Historical Account of St. George for England; and the Origin of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1704); against Peter Heylyn.
* Historical Collections of Great Britain (1706).

## Family

Salmon married Katherine, daughter of John Bradshaw the regicide; Nathanael Salmon and Thomas Salmon were their sons.
# Roger Harris

Roger Harris may refer to:
* Roger Harris (baseball), American baseball player
* Roger Harris (cricketer) (born 1933), former New Zealand cricketer
* Roger Harris (politician), former Canadian politician
* Sir Roger Harris, 6th Baronet (1601–1685), of the Harris baronets
* Sir Robert Harris, 7th Baronet (1612–1693), of the Harris baronets
# Sarawan

Sarawan (Balochi: سراوان) was a division of the former princely state of Kalat in Baluchistan, Pakistan, with an area 4,339 square miles (11,240 km$^2$). To the north were Quetta, Pishin, Bolan Pass and Sibi District. On the south was the division of Jhalawan. The main mountain ranges are Nagau, Bhaur, Zamuri hills, Bangulzai hills with the peaks of Moro, Dilband and Harboi.

## History

Sarawan tribal area was ruled by many empires including the Ghaznavid Empire and Ghorid empires, until the end of the 15th century. In 1666, Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambrani was ruler of Khanate of Kalat. In 1758, Muhammad Nasir Khan I came to power. Nasir Khan II was brought on throne by Sarawan tribesmen in the 1840.

## Demographics

Religious groups in the Sarawan Division of Kalat State (British Baluchistan era) :
| Religious group | 1911 | 1911 | 1921 | 1921 | 1931 | 1931 | 1941 | 1941 |
| Religious group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Islam | 62,660 | 98.24% | 53,304 | 98.23% | 27,722 | 97.39% | 27,592 | 97.6% |
| Hinduism | 1,003 | 1.57% | 896 | 1.65% | 729 | 2.56% | 592 | 2.09% |
| Sikhism | 113 | 0.18% | 60 | 0.11% | 10 | 0.04% | 61 | 0.22% |
| Christianity | 5 | 0.01% | 2 | 0% | 3 | 0.01% | 25 | 0.09% |
| Zoroastrianism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Judaism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Jainism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Others | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Total population | 63,781 | 100% | 54,262 | 100% | 28,464 | 100% | 28,270 | 100% |
# Paul Harig

Paul Harig (3 July 1900 – 24 May 1977) was a German politician of the Communist Party (KPD) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

From 1949 to 1953 Harig was a member of the German Bundestag. He was elected to the Bundestag via the North Rhine-Westphalia state list.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.
# M. A. Aziz (commissioner)

M. A. Aziz (born 30 September 1939) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and former Chief Election Commissioner of Bangladesh.

## Early life

Aziz was born on 30 September 1939 in Amboula, Agailjhara Upazila, Barisal District, East Bengal, British India. He completed Matriculation in 1956, and in 1958 completed his Higher Secondary Certificate. He finished his bachelor's degree in history at the University of Dhaka in 1961 and Masters in 1962. In 1969, he was called to bar at law at the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple in London, United Kingdom. He started his practice at the High Court.

## Career

In 1986, Aziz became a judge at the Bangladesh High Court in June 1996.
In January 2003, Aziz and justice Nazrul Islam Chowdhury declared the detention of Tofail Ahmed, a politician of the Awami League, who was arrested in December 2002.
On 7 January 2004, Aziz was promoted to the Appellate Division of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. This was controversial as his promotion superseded Judge Syed Amirul Islam.
On 22 May 2005, Aziz was appointed Chief Election Commissioner of Bangladesh overseeing the Bangladesh Election Commission. There were street protests demanding his resignation as opposition parties did not believe he would be neutral during the election.
Aziz resigned from the post of Chief Election Commissioner following political unrest in Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Awami League not accepting his position. The creation of the voter list during his term was marred in controversy as it faced accusation of being partisan and corruption. He meet chairperson of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Khaleda Zia, in 2008 which the media speculated was for seeking a nomination from the party. ATM Shamsul Huda replaced him as the next chief election commissioner.
# Subgrouping

Subgrouping in linguistics is the division of a language family into its constituent branches. In standard linguistic theory, subgroupings are determined based on shared innovations between languages.
# Loconia

Loconia is a southern Italian village and the only hamlet (frazione) of Canosa di Puglia, a municipality in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia. As of 2009 its population was of 82.

## History

The village is a rural planned community, realized during Fascism in early 1930s, and named after the river Locone.

## Geography

Loconia lies near the rivers Ofanto and Locone, nearby the borders of Apulia with Basilicata. It is crossed by the national highway SS93 and is 14 km far from Canosa, 17 from Minervino Murge, 18 from Cerignola, and 18 from Lavello. Around the village there are some rural localities (Cefalicchio, Crocifisso, Galere, Posta Piana, Socialisti), named after some ancient farmhouses (masserie).

## Events

* Patronal feast of St. Anthony of Padua, in the second sunday of August.
* Sagra of Percoca Peach, in the second saturday of August.
# Nematolepis rhytidophylla

Nematolepis rhytidophylla, is a dense shrub with angular stems, covered densely in coppery coloured scales, smooth, glossy leaves and white flowers in small clusters in winter and spring. It is endemic to New South Wales.

## Description

Nematolepis rhytidophylla is a dense shrub to 3 m (9.8 ft) high with angled, warty stems and thickly covered in coppery scales. The leaves are egg-shaped, 0.3–1.2 cm (0.12–0.47 in) long, 2.5–9.5 cm (0.98–3.74 in) wide, stiff, leathery, edges flat or rolled under, upper surface smooth, shiny, underside with silvery scales and notched at the apex. The inflorescence is a small cluster of 1-3 flowers in leaf axils, 2–7 mm (0.079–0.276 in) long, flower stems more or less flattened covered in coppery scales. The 1-4 small bracts oblong shaped, 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long, covered on the outside with coppery scales. The triangular shaped sepals are more or less fused at the base, mostly smooth, white and dotted with glands. The white petals 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, smooth and dotted with glands. The dry, slightly spreading fruit capsule is about 3–3.2 mm (0.12–0.13 in) long, more or less square, smooth, warty and ending minutely with a triangular point. Flowering occurs in spring and summer.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1998 by David Albrecht and Neville Walsh and named it Phebalium rhytidophyllum, and the description was published in the journal Muelleria. In 1998 Paul G.Wilson changed the name to Nematolepis rhytidophylla and the change published in Nuytsia.

## Distribution and habitat

Nematolepis rhytidophylla is an understorey shrub with a restricted distribution, found growing on the ranges between Wog Wog and White Rock Mountains southeast of Bombala growing in rocky, sclerophyll scrubland.

## Conservation status

Nematolepis rhytidophylla is considered "vulnerable" under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
# Marc Matthews

Marc Matthews (born 1940s) is a Guyanese writer, actor, broadcaster and producer.

## Biography

Marc Matthews was born in British Guiana in the 1940s. He received, he reports, "a mid-Victorian education" at Queen's College, Georgetown.
He worked as an operator, producer and presenter on Radio Demerara, as a scriptwriter and documentary researcher/ presenter for Guyana Broadcasting Service, and as a tutor in drama at the Cyril Potter Teachers Training College. He was a co-director/founder of Jaiai Independent Broadcasting Unit, and with Peter Kempadoo produced Our Kind Of Folk for radio in Guyana.
In the 1960s, Matthews was in London, England, as a freelance reporter, involved with the UK Black Power movement and alternative theatre productions. He was closely involved with the Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM), being, along with Linton Kwesi Johnson, one of the most prominent younger poets to come out of CAM in the 1970s. Unlike with Johnson, Matthews's pioneering role as a nation language performance poet has not been fully recognised, perhaps because his roots and material were always more Guyanese than Black British. Similarly, because of its nature as live theatre rather than as published scripts, his important work, first with fellow Guyanese Ken Corsbie in Dem Two in 1974, then in 1975 in All Ah We, which added John Agard and Henry Muttoo, has largely vanished from the record, if not the memory of those who witnessed them. Only Matthews's record Marc-Up (1987) survives as a record of those days.
As the tyranny of the Burnham years worsened, Matthews settled in the United Kingdom, though he made one attempt to return to live in Guyana after the return of democratic government in the 1990s.
In 1987, Matthews won the Guyana Prize for his first collection of poetry, Guyana My Altar (Karnak House, 1987). (Kairi in Trinidad had produced an early unbound pamphlet by Matthews, Eleven O'Clock Goods, in 1974.) His collection A Season of Sometimes was published by Peepal Tree Press in 1992. His work has also been anthologized in collections such as The Heinemann Book of Caribbean Poetry (1992) and The Penguin Book of Caribbean Verse in English.
Around 2005, Matthews, working under the pseudonym "Tramping Man", formed a musical collaboration named Burn Brothers with two London-based producers, Jean Philippe Altier and Adam Hoyle. They were joined by saxophonist Florian Brand and performed a number of gigs in and around London in 2007. A record entitled Fire Exit was recorded and released in April 2008.

## Selected bibliography

* Eleven O'Clock Goods, Kairi, 1974.
* Guyana My Altar (poetry), Karnak House, 1987.
* A Season of Sometimes, Peepal Tree Press, 1992
# Online map services of Slovenia

Online map services of Slovenia are based on data provided by the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia, such as orthophoto covering entire territory of Slovenia with detailed imagery taken from a plane rather than satellite, and combine them with additional contents that are of interest to tourists and residents of Slovenia. Orthophoto images are taken every second year and provide more detailed aerial view of entire territory whereas satellite imagery shown by Google Maps only use detailed images for city areas and along major roads, but not for the entire territory. This is why orthophoto images are cited by geographers to show environmental change, rather than images taken by satellites that are shown on Google Maps.
Najdi.si combines orthophoto maps (despite its aerial view tab being named "satellite") with other contents, such as traffic info, city bus lines for Ljubljana and Maribor, and current info on the number of available bikes at BicikeLJ stations in Ljubljana.
Geopedia.si offers a number of maps, including:
* city maps from 19th century and architectural heritage in Ljubljana on geolocated 19th century postcards with comments from the book A pictorial chronicle of a capital city,
* interactive archaeological map of Emona on top of (orthophoto) map of Ljubljana,
* cultural places of interest,
* cultural events (in museums etc.) happening in the next 7 days,
* paragliding info mapping service,
* online natural hazards monitoring mapping service.
# Roger Craig

Roger Craig may refer to:
* Roger Craig (American football) (born 1960), former American football running back
* Roger Craig (baseball) (1930–2023), pitcher, coach and manager in Major League Baseball
* Roger Craig (Jeopardy! contestant) (born 1976/1977), former Jeopardy! contestant
* Roger D. Craig (1936–1975), deputy sheriff of Dallas, Texas
* Roger Scott Craig, Northern Irish musician
# Nishigunma District, Gunma

Nishigunma District (西群馬郡, Nishigunma-gun) was formerly a rural district located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Parts of the cities of Takasaki, Maebashi, Shibukawa, the town of Yoshioka and the villages of Shintō and Takayama were formerly part of the district.
Nishigunma District was created on December 7, 1878, with the reorganization of Gunma Prefecture into districts. With the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the area was organized into six towns (Takasaki, Kuragano, Sōja, Kaneko, Shibukawa and Ikaho) and 32 villages.
On April 1, 1896, Takayama village was transferred to Azuma District and the remaining area of the district was merged with Kataoka District into Gunma District.

## Nishigunma County Office

Located at 47 Renjaku-cho, Takasaki. In 1881, it merged with the Kataoka District Office to become the Nishigunma Kataoka District Office. It was destroyed by fire in 1895.
# Paulshof

Paulshof is a suburb of Sandton, South Africa. It is located in Region A of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.
The village of Paulshof is bounded by the Western Bypass on the South, Leeuwkop Estate on the North, Sunninghill on the East and Lone Hill on the West.
Paulshof is known as the "Garden Village of the North" by locals due to its proximity to green spaces such as the Rietfontein Nature Reserve.
Places of interest in the suburb include: Cambridge Crossing Shopping Centre, Reitfontein Nature reserve, the German Country Club, St Peters school, the Rivonia Recreation & Sports Club and Nova Pioneer School Campus.
Paulshof is also home to many independent small businesses, such as June Day Productions, Luca's Restaurant, and many more.
Vino Reddy from the Democratic Alliance (DA) is the ward councilor of Paulshof.
# MKK (disambiguation)

MKK is mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, an enzyme.
MKK may also refer to:
* Malmö KK, Swedish swim team from Malmö
* Main-Kinzig-Kreis, a kreis (district) in Hesse, Germany
* MKK, the IATA Airport code for Molokai Airport on the island of Molokai, Hawaii
* Mong Kok East station, Hong Kong; MTR station code MKK
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte in Dortmund, Germany
* The Morgan-Keenan-Kellman system, a stellar classification system also known as Yerkes spectral classification
# Suckermouth

In fish, a suckermouth is a ventrally-oriented (inferior) mouth adapted for grazing on algae and small organisms that grow on submerged objects.
All Loricariidae possess a suckermouth as do the cypriniform algae eaters of the genus Gyrinocheilus and other genera. The 'False Siamensis' (Epalzeorhynchus sp. or Garra taeniata) also has this feature. Three genera in Mochokidae, Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys, also possess an oral sucker, formed by the lips and part of the barbels. The Loricariidae and members of the genus Gyrinocheilus are further adapted by having a special opening on the gill cover so that the fish can breathe without using its mouth.
Additionally many other fish of the order Cypriniformes have developed a sucking ability to a lesser or greater extent:
* The Hillstream loaches (family Balitoridae) have modified fins to attach themselves to a surface and a ventrally located mouth.
* The sucker fish (family Catostomidae) also have a modified mouth.
In general many benthic dwelling or feeding fish will have a suckermouth feature. Many of these fishes originate from fast-moving waters, where the sucker allows the fish to 'stick' itself down without too much difficulty.
Whilst all these fish have a limited sucking ability – they are able to swallow their food – it is not necessarily correct to assume that they can attach themselves to a submerged object by suction; though their behaviour may give that impression, the orientation of their fins and a flow of water can give sufficient downward force to temporarily attach themselves to an object.