OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Slipher (Martian crater)

Slipher is an impact crater in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars, located at 47.3°S latitude and 84.6°W longitude. It measures 127 kilometres (79 mi) in diameter and was named after American astronomers Vesto and Earl Slipher. The naming was approved by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973.

## Description

Gullies are visible on the walls of a crater that is on the rim of Slipher. They can be seen in the pictures below. Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global Surveyor, they occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Usually, each gully has a dendritic alcove at its head, a fan-shaped apron at its base, and a single thread of incised channel linking the two, giving the whole gully an hourglass shape. They are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. A subclass of gullies is also found cut into the faces of sand dunes which themselves considered to be quite young.
On the basis of their form, aspects, positions, and location amongst and apparent interaction with features thought to be rich in water ice, many researchers believed that the processes carving the gullies involve liquid water. However, this remains a topic of active research.
As soon as gullies were discovered, researchers began to image many gullies over and over, looking for possible changes. By 2006, some changes were found. Later, with further analysis it was determined that the changes could have occurred by dry granular flows rather than being driven by flowing water. With continued observations many more changes were found in Gasa Crater and others.
With more repeated observations, more and more changes have been found; since the changes occur in the winter and spring, experts are tending to believe that gullies were formed from dry ice. Before-and-after images demonstrated the timing of this activity coincided with seasonal carbon-dioxide frost and temperatures that would not have allowed for liquid water. When dry ice frost changes to a gas, it may lubricate dry material to flow especially on steep slopes. In some years frost, perhaps as thick as 1 meter.
* Viking Orbiter 1 image with Slipher crater at bottom
* Slipher crater on Mars, as seen by MRO's CTX camera
* Gullies in crater on the rim of Slipher. This is an enlargement of the previous image.
* The small pedestal crater in the northwestern floor of Slipher
# Smith & Wesson Model 469

The Smith & Wesson Model 469 is a semi-automatic pistol, chambered for the 9mm cartridge.

## History and design

The Model 469 is an early model in Smith & Wesson's 59-series, envisioned as pistols that could be easily concealed, but with sufficient firepower to work as service weapons as well. It is a traditional DA/SA pistol with a 3.5-inch barrel, equipped with a slide-mounted safety/decocker. Magazine capacity is 12 rounds.
When Smith & Wesson introduced its "third-generation" series of semiautomatics, several similar pistols succeeded the Model 469. These included the Model 6904, which had an alloy frame with black finish, the Model 6906, which was the same pistol in a stainless steel finish, both operating in double-action/single-action mode. The Model 6946 was similar to the 6906 but operated in double-action-only mode.
Although the 69-series of pistol is no longer produced, the polymer-framed Smith & Wesson M&P compact possesses similar dimensions, and the same barrel length and magazine capacity (in 9mm).
# Sneathiellaceae

The Sneathiellaceae are a family of bacteria.
# Snow Treasure (film)

Snow Treasure is a 1968 American adventure film directed by Irving Jacoby and starring James Franciscus, Ilona Rodgers and Tor Stokke. It is based on the 1942 novel Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan, set during the German occupation of Norway during World War II.
It was shot in Norway. The film's sets were designed by the art director Grethe Hejer.

## Plot

Peter Lundstrom wants to be involved in helping his father, Lars, and uncle, Victor, against the Nazis who have invaded their country, Norway. As the Germans take over the village of Riswyk, Peter discovers a cave of gold. He knows this gold will help Norway, and he devises a plan to take it from the cave to the shore, where his uncle will take it to a safe location. He knows he will be able to transport the gold without being detected, as the Germans do not stop children at the checkpoints, only adults.
Peter then discovers he cannot do this alone as it will take too long, and the snow is melting, which means he doesn't have much time left to ski with the gold. Peter recruits a number of village children to help him, and each day they ski as many bars of gold as they can down to a clearing, where they build a pile of ingots and a snowman surrounding them. At night, under cover of darkness, Uncle Victor collects the gold and takes it to his camouflaged boat. With the help of the children, almost all of the gold is transferred before they believe they are spotted.
A German officer, Lieutenant Kalasch, chases Peter and his friend one day and lets himself be captured. While in captivity, he expresses his wish to defect and get to safety. He then goes with Uncle Victor to the boat, where he is held as a willing prisoner. Peter and the children take the last trip of gold from the cave but meet up with German soldiers in the clearing. One soldier begins destroying the snowman with the gold hidden inside, so Peter throws a snowball to distract the soldier. The soldiers all chase after Peter and he is captured and taken to a makeshift prison at the town hall. Uncle Victor and Kalasch agree that Kalasch will break Peter out of prison so he can go with Uncle Victor and the gold.
In the escape, Kalasch is shot, but makes it to the boat, where he succumbs to his injury. Peter and Uncle Victor make it out of Norway and are headed to England with the gold to help the Allies.

## Cast

* James Franciscus as 2nd Lt. H. Kalasch
* Ilona Rodgers as Bente Nielsen, Victor's Girl
* Tor Stokke as Lars Lundstrom, Peter's Father
* Roald Øyen as Victor Lundstrom
* Paul Austad as Peter Lundstrom
* Tina Austad as Peter's Sister
* Wilfred Breistrand as Captain Kantzeler
* Randi Kolstad as Inger Lundstrom, Peter's Mother
# Snow Valley (film)

Snow Valley is a 2024 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Brandon Murphy.
The film was released on VOD on March 26, 2024, by Gravitas Ventures.

## Premise

A newly engaged couple's ski weekend gets interrupted when an unexpected guest arrives and supernatural forces begin to awaken.

## Cast

* Cooper van Grootel as Heath Jacobson
* Tom Williamson as Ed
* David Lambert as Brannon
* Barbara Crampton as Ellen
* Rachel Michiko Whitney as Laura Pell
* Paige Elkington as Anna
* Ali Fumiko Whitney as Kiko

## Production

Snow Valley was announced on May 19, 2021, when Cooper van Grootel, Tom Williamson, David Lambert, Barbara Crampton, Rachel Michiko Whitney, and Paige Elkington joined the cast.
In March 2024, Gravitas Ventures acquired the distribution rights to the film.

### Post-production

The film entered post-production by January 2022, after Murphy's death.

## Release

Snow Valley was released on VOD on March 26, 2024, by Gravitas Ventures.

### Critical response

Nathaniel Muir of Aipt Comics gave the film a negative review, writing that it "never finds rhythm". Tyler Doupe of Dread Central also wrote a negative review, summarizing that the film "never congeals", while Kevin Wetmore of Horror Buzz felt it was "uninteresting and clichéd" and Chris Catt, writing for Creepy Catalog, thought the film "never comes together".
# Snowdon Barne

Snowdon Barne (26 December 1756 – 3 July 1825) was a lawyer and a British Member of Parliament, who represented the Dunwich seat from 1796 to 1812.

## Family and early career

Born on 26 December 1756, he was the third son of Miles Barne of Sotterley, Suffolk, and his second wife, Mary Thornhill, a daughter of George Thornhill of Diddington, Huntingdonshire. He was educated at Westminster School and then matriculated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1776, gaining LL.B. in 1781 and then becoming a fellow in 1786. He was admitted at the Inner Temple on 11 June 1773 and then migrated to the Middle Temple at that date in 1782, having been called to the Bar in 1781, from which time he began practising on the Western circuit. He later became a Bencher of the Inner Temple, in 1816.

## Member of Parliament

In 1796, the ill health of his eldest brother, Miles Barne, who was already quite reluctant to be a member, left the family seat of Dunwich vacant (Dunwich was a notorious "Rotten Borough" and remained in the pocket of the Barne family from 1764 until the Great Reform Act). Given that the elder brother, Barne Barne, had been appointed Commissioner of Taxes in 1791, it fell upon Snowdon Barne, who had not been "making that progress in his profession which … might have been expected", to take over the seat. He gave silent support to Pitt the Younger's administration, but tended to oppose Addington's, voting with the opposition on the defence questions that brought down that ministry in 1804.
He continued to support Pitt when he became Prime Minister after Addingtion's defeat; he voted against censuring Lord Melville in 1805 and sat on a Committee to investigate the Eleventh Naval Report, both acts allowing him to obtain a reward for his service from Pitt, who had him appointed Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer in 1806. He declined the offer from Spencer Perceval to be Secretary to the Treasury, citing the workload, but was made one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury in 1809 and being reappointed each year thereafter until 1812; during that time, he voted in favour of the Government, making clear his desire for a place on the Custom Board. His support in several Bills during 1811 and 1812 saw this realised and he was appointed to that Board in 1812.

## Later life and death

With the retirement of the joint Chairmen of the Commissioners of Customs, William Roe and Francis Fownes Luttrell, in 1819, Richard Betenson Dean became Chairman and Barne was appointed Deputy Chairman. He suffered from a "stoke of the palsy" in 1822 and, although recovering to some degree, decided to resign that office in 1823; he died, unmarried, on 3 July 1825 and was buried at Sotterley.
# Sofia River

The Sofia is a river of northwestern Madagascar. It flows through the Sofia Region. The source is at the Tsaratanana Massif at an altitude of 1784 metres. It has a length of 328 kilometres (204 mi).
Its mouth is in the Indian Ocean in the Boriziny-Vaovao District (Port-Bergé).
# Sobůlky

Sobůlky is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
Sobůlky lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Hodonín, 40 km (25 mi) south-east of Brno, and 226 km (140 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Soft independent modelling of class analogies

Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) is a statistical method for supervised classification of data. The method requires a training data set consisting of samples (or objects) with a set of attributes and their class membership. The term soft refers to the fact the classifier can identify samples as belonging to multiple classes and not necessarily producing a classification of samples into non-overlapping classes.

## Method

In order to build the classification models, the samples belonging to each class need to be analysed using principal component analysis (PCA); only the significant components are retained.
For a given class, the resulting model then describes either a line (for one Principal Component or PC), plane (for two PCs) or hyper-plane (for more than two PCs). For each modelled class, the mean orthogonal distance of training data samples from the line, plane, or hyper-plane (calculated as the residual standard deviation) is used to determine a critical distance for classification. This critical distance is based on the F-distribution and is usually calculated using 95% or 99% confidence intervals.
New observations are projected into each PC model and the residual distances calculated. An observation is assigned to the model class when its residual distance from the model is below the statistical limit for the class. The observation may be found to belong to multiple classes and a measure of goodness of the model can be found from the number of cases where the observations are classified into multiple classes. The classification efficiency is usually indicated by Receiver operating characteristics.
In the original SIMCA method, the ends of the hyper-plane of each class are closed off by setting statistical control limits along the retained principal components axes (i.e., score value between plus and minus 0.5 times score standard deviation).
More recent adaptations of the SIMCA method close off the hyper-plane by construction of ellipsoids (e.g. Hotelling's T$^2$ or Mahalanobis distance). With such modified SIMCA methods, classification of an object requires both that its orthogonal distance from the model and its projection within the model (i.e. score value within the region defined by the ellipsoid) are not significant.

## Application

SIMCA as a method of classification has gained widespread use especially in applied statistical fields such as chemometrics and spectroscopic data analysis.
# Solar-powered waste compacting bin

A solar-powered waste compactor is a smart device that reads a waste bin's fill-level in real-time and triggers an automatic compaction of the waste, effectively increasing the bin's capacity by up to 5-8 times. The compaction mechanism runs on a battery, which is charged by the solar panel. Fully charged, the battery reserve lasts for approximately 3–4 weeks, depending on the compaction frequency and usage patterns.
Solar-powered waste compactors are typically connected to a remote software platform through wireless 2G/3G networks. The platform enables waste collection managers to access real-time data analytics and route optimization.
Solar-powered compactors are primarily used in high foot traffic areas such as town centers, shopping malls, amusement parks, beaches, transit stations and sports stadiums.

## Advantages

Some of the benefits of using solar-powered waste compactors include:
* Reduced frequency of waste collections
* Cleaner and more hygienic public spaces
* Historical waste collection data analytics
* Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
* Savings in operational waste collection costs
# Solar-powered watch

A solar-powered watch or light-powered watch is a watch that is powered entirely or partly by a solar cell.

## History

A model produced from 1978 by the Riehl Time Corporation was simply described as running on solar power, but having "silicon power cells" that "absorb energy from natural sunlight, daylight, or an ordinary light bulb".
Some of the early solar watches of the 1970s had innovative and unique designs to accommodate the array of photovoltaic solar cells needed to power them (Synchronar, Nepro, Sicura and some models by Cristalonic, Alba, Rhythm, Seiko and Citizen). In 1996, Citizen started to sell analog light-powered watches under the Eco-Drive name. Since their introduction, photovoltaic devices have greatly improved their efficiency and thereby their capacity. Watchmakers have developed their technology such that solar-powered watches had by 2009 become a major part of their range. Several other watch manufacturers also use solar technology, such as Orient. Junghans, Casio, and Seiko.
Inexpensive solar-powered watches were first sold in the 1980s and were popular amongst children, often featuring famous fictional characters such as Transformers or G.I. Joe.

## Technological details

Typically, sunlight and artificial light are absorbed by a solar panel behind the crystal. The dial is either on a layer above or actually on the solar panel. This solar panel converts the light into electrical energy to power the watch. The watch will usually store energy in a rechargeable cell to power itself during the night or when covered such as a wearer's clothing (e.g., sleeve). Citizen's watches use lithium-ion batteries to store sufficient energy to power the watch for up to five years without light exposure, by allowing the watch to enter a power-saving or hibernation mode during which the seconds hand stops until the watch is re-exposed to light. Not all have a power-save mode, yet will still hold a charge for typically six months, as with uncomplicated (date only) analog versions made by Citizen.
# Soil block

A soil block is a block (rectangular lump) of soil, with or without additional modifying ingredients. Soil blocking is the act of making such blocks. There are two kinds:
* Compressed earth block, a medium-sized or large soil block (earth block) used for building construction
* Smaller soil blocks (typically 3 to 10 cm per side), used instead of pots or flats in growing seedlings for transplant
# Soil borne pathogen

A soil borne pathogen is a disease-causing agent which lives both in soil and in a plant host, and which will tend to infect undiseased plants which are grown in that soil. Common soil borne pathogens include Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Verticillium, Rhizopus, Thielaviopsis, and nematodes including Meloidogyne.
# Solar cycle 13

Solar cycle 13 was the thirteenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.8 years, beginning in March 1890 and ending in January 1902. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 146.5 (January 1894), and the starting minimum was 8.3. During the minimum transit from solar cycle 13 to 14, there were a total of 934 days with no sunspots.
There were a number of intense solar proton events during solar cycle 13, as well as geomagnetic storms such as in September 1898 which affected telegraph lines.
# Solar cycle 12

Solar cycle 12 was the twelfth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.3 years, beginning in December 1878 and ending in March 1890. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 124.4 (December 1883), and the starting minimum was 3.7. During the minimum transit from solar cycle 12 to 13, there were a total of 736 days with no sunspots.

## 1882

A very bright blood-red aurora display happened over New York on 16 April 1882, while significant communication disturbances occurred. A geomagnetic storm later in that year produced the aurora of November 17, 1882.
# Social Suicide

Social Suicide may refer to:
* Social suicide
* Social Suicide (album), a 2006 album by Bomb Factory
* Social Suicide (film), a 2015 British romantic drama thriller
# Sogatella molina

Sogatella molina is a species of delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, and North America.
# Sogbini Chiefdom

Sogbini Chiefdom is a chiefdom in Bonthe District of Sierra Leone. Its chiefdom headquarter is Tihun. Farming is the major economic production in the chiefdom. The Sherbro people make up the overwhelming majority of the population of Sogbini Chiefdom. The current President of Sierra Leone Julius Maada Bio, is a native of Sogbini Chiefdom, and an ethnic Sherbro himself.
# Pirum

Pirum is a UK-based financial services technology vendor, headquartered in the City of London. Pirum was co-founded in 2000 as a securities lending post trade vendor, specializing initially in the reconciliation of open and pending securities lending trades and billing. Over the years, the product offering has expanding into collateral services and other areas that required automation. Pirum's client base includes over 100 financial institutions including investment banks, asset managers, pension funds, insurance companies and Agent Lenders (companies who lend assets on behalf of other parties).

## History

Prior to 2000, securities lending was a growing business with most financial service employees based onshore (ie. in North America, UK, Europe, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Australia etc). In 2000, demand started to arise for automation and standardisation amongst those financial institutions. In June 2000, Pirum Systems was founded in London by Rupert Perry and Jeff Armstrong with the objective of providing automated internet-based solutions for these market participants, through providing a secure reconciliation service for both open securities lending trades and for their monthly billing.
Pirum is the Latin name for pear tree and was used as the company name because PEAR derives from the names of Pirum's founders: Rupert PErry and Jeff ARmstrong.

## Services

Pirum provides the following automation services to its clients:

### Core

* Open and pending trade compare
* Custody reconciliations
* Billing comparison
* Billing delivery

### Pirum Live

* Mark to market functionality
* Collateral and RQV services, with links to BNY Mellon, JP Morgan Chase and Euroclear Triparties
* Returns automation
* CCP functionality with Eurex
* Data services with Markit
* Cash prepay reconciliations
The real-time Live services are used by more than 30 of Pirum's clients.

## Involvement in the global industry

Pirum are an associate member of the International Securities Lending Association (ISLA), and regularly attend and/or sponsor industry events.

## New ownership

In February 2015, Five Arrows Principal Investments, the mid-market private equity fund backed by the Rothschild Group, and Camwell Management LLP agreed to acquire an interest in Pirum. The two co-founders of Pirum, Rupert Perry and Jeff Armstrong, remained with Pirum as shareholders, whilst Donal Smith joined Pirum's board of directors as non-executive chairman, and Rajen Sheth became CEO.
# Pioneer 2M

The Pioneer 2M was a Soviet Group VII land speed record car built in 1961 under the guidance of sportsman and engineer Ilya Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov. Based on the 1960 record car Pioneer 1, the body was made of aluminum and the wheels of a magnesium alloy. It was powered by two gas turbine engines (80 hp each at 50000 rpm) placed on either side near the driver's seat. On 1 September 1963, Tikhomirov achieved a speed of 311.419 km/h (193.506 mph) for the measured kilometer at the Baskunchak dry salt lake, setting a Group VIII record and making it the fastest car in the Soviet Union at the time.
Pioneer 2M continued to set records in the Soviet Union until 1972.
# Pioneer 12

Pioneer 12 was the twelfth mission of the Pioneer program. It was a designation given to two different missions:
* Pioneer H, a planned mission to the Sun that was canceled and resulted in the spacecraft being put in the Air and Space Museum as a replica of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 probes.
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter, a mission to Venus from 1978 to October 1992, officially designated Pioneer 12.