OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iva Kitchell

Iva Kitchell (March 31, 1908 in Junction City, Kansas – November 19, 1983 in Daytona Beach, Florida) was a concert dancer, dance satirist and comedian.

## Biography

Born as Emma Baugh, Iva Kitchell was adopted by Robert W. Kitchells, at the age of three. Following years of difficult amateur activity, she found work in the ballet corps of the Chicago Civic Opera Ballet in 1922.
Kitchell was fond of amusing herself by mocking the seriousness of the performances, and was encouraged to develop her talent for comedic mimicry, rather than reprimanded. This was the beginning of her career performing comedic one-woman shows.
Kitchell eventually became a featured performer at Radio City Music Hall. She also worked with American Ballet Theatre and gave recitals at Jacob’s Pillow. She performed her one-woman shows extensively in the United States and Europe, including a notable recital at New York’s Carnegie Hall in 1946. She often billed herself as being assisted by the “Invisible Ballet Company." Kitchell frequently performed without a program, spontaneously selecting from among approximately 50 works, with titles such as, "Fantasy for Body and Piano," "Valse Triste, as shown on a home movie projector," "Bacchanale at the Opera," "Oriental Dance (by an Occidental Girl)," "Pseudo-Voodoo," and "Non-Objective." Ballet and ballerinas were frequent targets for her parody, as was modernist choreographer Martha Graham.
Kitchell told a Time Magazine interviewer in 1946 "I just think there is something completely ridiculous about anything that is too serious."
Kitchell married painter and aeronautical engineer Stokely Webster in 1933. The couple adopted a daughter. After retiring from public performing in 1958, Kitchell ran a ballet studio in Huntington, Long Island, and later she and Webster relocated to Florida.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 Schonberg, Harold C. "Iva Kitchell, Solo Dancer; Presented Parodies of Ballets", The New York Times, November 21, 1983.
* 1 2 "Impure Dancer", Time Magazine, December 2, 1946.
* 1 2 "Iva Kitchell Papers", Midwest Manuscript Collection, The Newberry Library, Chicago
* ↑ Martin, John. "Kitchell Program Spoofs the Dance", The New York Times, November 18, 1946.
* ↑ Martin, John. "The Dance: Exchange", The New York Times, November 4, 1956.
# Vagrancy Act 1838

The Vagrancy Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 38) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It amended the Vagrancy Act 1824 to provide that any person discharged from custody pending an appeal against a conviction under that Act who did not then reappear to prosecute the appeal could be recommitted. It also provided that the penalty established by that Act for exposing indecent prints in a street or highway would extend to those who exposed the same material in any part of a shop or house.
This latter part of the Act was to prove significant in a number of prosecutions of artists for allegedly exhibiting obscene works of art, even when those exhibitions took place in a private space such as an art gallery. One of the most notorious successful prosecutions of an artist under the act was in 1929, when thirteen paintings by D. H. Lawrence at the Warren Gallery, London, were seized by the police. A ban was placed on the paintings being shown in England, which is technically still in force, but they were shown again in London in December 2003.
The last artist to be successfully prosecuted under the 1838 Act was Stass Paraskos in 1966, following a police raid on an exhibition of Paraskos's work at Leeds College of Art. Again a ban was placed on showing the offending paintings and drawings in England, which is also still legally valid. However one of the paintings was shown at Leeds City Art Gallery in 1993, and again at Scarborough Art Gallery in 2000, and several others are now owned by the Tate Gallery, London. In 1969 a total of 35 people were prosecuted under section 2 of the Act and section 4 of the 1824 Act for acts of public display of obscene images in shop windows and exhibitionism.
Although aspects of the Act had been repealed in a piecemeal fashion by subsequent legislation, the full Act was formally repealed in 1981 by the Indecent Displays (Control) Act 1981 (c. 42), partly due to the lack of clarity in distinguishing between indecency and obscenity. For example the advertising of contraceptives was considered obscene from 1857, but fell under the ambit of the new act of 1981.
# Phosphorylation cascade

A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages. A signaling pathway begins at the cell surface where a hormone or protein binds to a receptor at the extracellular matrix. The interactions between the molecule and receptor cause a conformational change at the receptor, which activates multiple enzymes or proteins. These enzymes activate secondary messengers, which leads to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. The end product of a phosphorylation cascade is the changes occurring inside the cell.
One best example that explains this phenomenon is mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or ERK kinase. MAP kinase not only plays an important function during growth of cell in the M phase phosphorylation cascade but also plays an important role during the sequence of signaling pathway. In order to regulate its functions so it does not cause chaos, it can only be active when both tyrosine and threonine/serine residues are phosphorylated.
# Phyllognathus

Phyllognathus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae.
The species of this genus are found in Southern Europe, Northern Africa.

## Species

GBIF and BioLib include:
* Phyllognathus burmeisteri Arrow, 1911
* Phyllognathus degener Fairmaire, 1891
* Phyllognathus dionysius (Fabricius, 1792)
* Phyllognathus excavatus (Forster, 1771)
* Phyllognathus orion (Olivier, 1789)
* Phyllognathus sabatinellii Endrödi, 1979
# Phrynobatrachus dalcqi

Phrynobatrachus dalcqi is a species of frogs in the family Phrynobatrachidae. It is endemic to the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and only known from Fizi Territory in the South Kivu province. The specific name dalcqi honours "Professor A. Dalcq", presumably Albert Dalcq [fr] (1893–1973), a Belgian embryologist. Common names Kivu river frog and Dalcq's puddle frog have been proposed for it.

## Description

Phrynobatrachus dalcqi grow to 37 mm (1.5 in) in snout–vent length. The body is compact and the head is short, with a pointed snout. The fingers and the toes bear terminal discs. The toes have distinct basal webbing. Skin is dorsally warty, more so in males than in females. There is a pair of long ridges in the scapular area as well as a medial horseshoe-shaped dorsal ridge. Dorsal colouration is grey-brown with indistinct darker patterning. A light vertebral stripe may be present. The legs have dark crossbars. The venter is pale grey with darker grey stippling (more prominent in females). A clear median line runs through the throat to the pectoral region.

## Habitat and conservation

Ecology of Phrynobatrachus dalcqi is poorly known. It is known from elevations of 1,700–1,800 m (5,600–5,900 ft) above sea level and is presumed to be a forest species that breeds in water. Threats to it are unknown. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.
# Political authority

Part of a series on :
Philosophy :
Philosophy portal
Contents
Outline
Lists
Glossary
History
Categories :
Philosophies
By period
Ancient
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Greek
Medieval
Renaissance
Modern
Contemporary
Analytic
Continental
By region
African
Egypt
Ethiopia
South Africa
Eastern philosophy
Chinese
Indian
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Vietnam
Indigenous American
Aztec philosophy
Middle Eastern philosophy
Iranian
Western
American
British
French
German
Italian
Russian
By religion
Buddhist
Confucian
Christian
Hindu
Islamic
Jain
Jewish
Taoist :
Branches
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Aesthetics
Education
History
Language
Law
Metaphilosophy
Mind
Ontology
Phenomenology
Political
Religion
Science :
Philosophers
Aesthetic philosophers
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Philosophers of mind
Social and political philosophers
Women in philosophy :
vte :
In political philosophy and ethics, political authority describes any of the moral principles legitimizing differences between individuals' rights and duties by virtue of their relationship with the state. Political authority grants members of a government the right to rule over citizens using coercion if necessary (i.e., political legitimacy), while imposing an obligation for the citizens to obey government orders (i.e., political obligation).
A central question in political philosophy is "To what extent is political authority legitimate?" Views range from political authority and having no legitimacy (philosophical anarchism) to political authority being virtually unlimited in scope (totalitarianism).
# Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major

Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major may refer to:
* Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor") (Beethoven)
* Piano Concerto No. 5 (Rubinstein)
# String Quartet No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)

The String Quartet No. 3 in E♭ minor, Op. 30, by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, was composed in 1876, and is the last of his three string quartets. It was written as a memorial for Ferdinand Laub. (The date upon the manuscript is early February 1876.)
The quartet was performed for the first time at a party at Nikolai Rubinstein's apartment on March 2, 1876. The first public performance was at a concert on 30 March (new style/March 18 (old style), the performers being: Jan Hřímalý and Adolph Brodsky, violins; Yuly Gerber, viola; and Wilhelm Fitzenhagen, cello.
Once, while Tchaikovsky was staying with some friends, they surprised him by bringing in a string quartet who performed this quartet for him. When they finished playing, Tchaikovsky remarked, "At first I didn't much like the Finale, but now I see that it is quite good."
Recently, it was featured in the downloadable content Left Behind for the 2013 video game The Last of Us.

## Structure

The work is in four movements and is approximately 37 minutes long.
* Andante sostenuto (E♭ minor, $^6$ $_8$) – Allegro moderato (E♭ minor, $^3$ $_4$)
* Allegretto vivo e scherzando (B♭ major, $^2$ $_4$)
* Andante funebre e doloroso, ma con moto (E♭ minor, $^4$ $_4$)
* Finale: Allegro non troppo e risoluto (E♭ major, $^2$ $_4$)
The Andante funebre was originally intended to be the second movement, with the Allegretto vivo e scherzando as the third, but Tchaikovsky later decided to switch them.
# Populonia Stazione

Populonia Stazione is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Piombino, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 234.
The village is about 72 km from Livorno and 9 km from Piombino.
# Phyciodes mylitta

Phyciodes mylitta, the Mylitta crescent or Mylitta crescentspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in western North America.
The wingspan is 26–37 mm. Wings are orange with black markings and white fringe on the edges. The females are darker than the males. The butterfly flies from June until late July in Canada and until fall in California. It is found in a variety of habitats, and usually inhabits meadows and stream banks in forested areas.
The larvae are black with spines and white markings. They feed on Cirsium and Carduus species. Adults feed on flower nectar.

## Subspecies

Listed alphabetically:
* P. m. arizonensis Bauer, 1975
* P. m. arida (Skinner, 1917)
* P. m. mexicana Hall, 1928
* P. m. mylitta
* P. m. thebais Godman & Salvin, 1878

## Similar species

* Phyciodes pallida – pale crescent
# Ponaschemu

Ponaschemu [lit. among us or our way] is a mixed language that was formed by mixing German and Lower Sorbian. Sometimes it is taken as a dialect of German.
By definition, some linguists would call Ponaschemu not a mixed language (= intertwined language) but rather a code mixing and/or code switching of the last bilingual generation in the formerly monolingual community in Lower Lusatia. At an early stage, the embedding language was Lower Sorbian and laterly Lusatian German substituted by the variety of Berlin.
It was used extensively until the 1950s, especially in Spreewald, in the villages where the Germans and the Sorbs were living together. Today, only about 500 people speak it.

## Examples

Children's rhythm of 1890, written by Wiliball von Schulenburger:
* "Morgenrot, swinja tot. Škla grochow, zwerjcha knochow. Šklicka rajsa, zwerjcha šajsa."
* This Indo-European languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Piazza di Porta Ravegnana, Bologna

The Piazza di Porta Ravegnana (originally Porta Ravennate) is a city square in the central of Bologna, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The Piazza, located some four blocks east of the Piazza Maggiore and Cathedral of Bologna, is the site of the Two Towers of Bologna.

## History

The square was named for the presence nearby of the ancient city gate that led to the strada San Vitale leading to Ravenna. During the Middle Ages, an important city market took place in this square.

## Description

A number of major arteries converge in this square, including the Strada Maggiore, the Strada di Castiglione, via Zamboni (formerly Strada San Donato), and via de' Giudei. In addition to the towers, the square houses a 17th-century statue of St Petronius of Bologna, the patron saint of the town. Alongside the Piazza stands the church of Sants Bartolomeo and Gaetano and the Palazzo Strazzaroli, the palace of the Arte dei Drappieri, i.e. the guild of the fabric merchants.
# Portfolios of the Poor

Portfolios of the Poor: How the World's Poor Live on $2 a Day is a book that aims to systematically explain how the poor find solutions to their everyday financial problems. It is written by Stuart Rutherford, Jonathan Morduch, Orlanda Ruthven, and Daryl Collins.

## Background

The book is the culmination of 10 years of research into the financial lives of the lowest classes of Bangladesh, India, and South Africa—with a focus on those living on less than two dollars a day per person.

## Reception

In 2015 Mark Zuckerberg announced that he highly recommended everyone read Portfolios of the Poor. He wrote: "It's mind-blowing that almost half the world—almost 3 billion people—live on $2.50 a day or less. More than one billion people live on $1 a day or less. This book explains how these families invest their money to best support themselves. I hope reading this provides some insight into ways we can all work to support them better as well."
The New Yorker reported "while the authors do offer prescriptions for how to expand those options, it’s their scrupulous attention to actual behavior that makes this book invaluable." Reuters wrote "Portfolios of the Poor includes concrete ideas for moving forward. Getting there, though, requires us to first step back and listen."
"The book's methodology and conclusions are fascinating," Publishers Weekly concluded.
# Phyllis Guthardt

Dame Phyllis Myra Guthardt DBE (1 August 1929 – 29 June 2023) was a New Zealand Methodist minister and women's leader. She served as chancellor of the University of Canterbury from 1998 to 2002.

## Early life and education

Phyllis Myra Guthardt was born on 1 August 1929 in Nelson, New Zealand. She became a teacher after completing her training at Christchurch Teachers' College, and taught in her hometown of Nelson, as well as Christchurch. She then pursued further education, completing a diploma at Trinity Theological College and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Auckland. In 1959, she graduated from the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, New Zealand, completing a master's degree in English with first class honours.

## Career

When Guthardt was ordained as a Methodist minister in 1959, she became the first woman of any denomination to be ordained in New Zealand. She was later to be the first woman elected to the presidency of New Zealand's Methodist Church in 1985.
   "In the early 1950s the Methodist Church decided it had nothing in principle against the ordination of women. In 1954 I moved from Christchurch, where I was working as a young teacher and studying part time at Canterbury University, to Auckland so I could enter Trinity College ... I completed my bachelor's degree at Auckland University and went on to study part-time and earn my MA in English while I was a probationer minister in Christchurch."
After 3½ years of parish ministry, Guthardt received a scholarship to attend the University of Cambridge. In addition to the scholarship, Methodist women around New Zealand raised £1000 to support her studies. At Cambridge she was a student at Newnham College; she earned her PhD in biblical studies. While in England, she tutored at Homerton College.
Returning to New Zealand, she served as presbyter at the Melville church in Hamilton and as a hospital chaplain.
Also in Hamilton, Guthardt began her long affiliation with New Zealand's tertiary education system. She was the first ecumenical chaplain at the University of Waikato and also lectured in English and religious studies.
After moving to Christchurch, Guthardt became involved with the University of Canterbury, where she served on the university council for 21 years, including a term as chancellor from 1998 to 2002. Guthardt served with the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, and the World Methodist Conference.
Guthardt died in Christchurch on 29 June 2023, at the age of 93.

## Honours

In the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours, Guthardt was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the Methodist Church and women.
Guthardt was conferred honorary doctorates by the University of Waikato in 1986 and the University of Canterbury in 2003.
# Phyllodactylus papenfussi

Phyllodactylus papenfussi is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is endemic to Mexico.

## Etymology

The specific name, papenfussi, is in honor of American herpetologist Theodore Johnstone Papenfuss (born 1941).

## Geographic range

P. papenfussi is found in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
# Sudan floods

Sudan floods can refer to:
* 1988 Sudan floods
* 2007 Sudan floods
* 2013 Sudan floods
* 2018 Sudan floods
* 2020 Sudan floods – Floods within Sudan caused by rainfall
* 2022 Sudan floods – Natural disaster in the Sudan in 2022
* 2024 Sudan floods
# Pierdomenico Baccalario

Pierdomenico Baccalario (born 6 March 1974) is an Italian author of children's and young adult fiction, best known for his Ulysses Moore series that sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.

## Biography

Pierdomenico Baccalario was born in Acqui Terme, Italy, in 1974. He studied law in university, but he continued to write, a passion that he had had since high school, and published his first book, ′′La strada del guerriero′′ in 1999. The book was popular in Italy but was never translated into English.
In 2004 he published the first of so far 18 novels in the Ulysses Moore series, which has since been translated in 29 languages and sold 10 million copies worldwide.
Baccalario lives part time in Italy and part time in London with his wife Marina Della Giusta, a professor of economy at the University of Reading, and their two daughters. He is the founder of Book on a Tree, a company with some 15 employees, publishing 60 books a year.
In 2019 he was shortlisted for the Premio Strega for author's writing for children (age 11+).
# Phú Túc, Gia Lai

Phú Túc is a township (thị trấn) and capital of Krông Pa District, Gia Lai Province, Vietnam.
# Pierce Galliard Smith

Pierce Galliard Smith (27 October 1826 – 18 November 1908) was a Scottish cleric of the Church of England, and the rector at St John the Baptist Church, Reid in Canberra, Australia. He was well known for planting trees all over his 2330 square kilometre parish.
Born in Lochvale near Langholm, Smith was the son of Eaglesfield Smith and his wife Judith Ann Irving, daughter of Sir Paulus Aemilius Irving. He was educated at University College, Durham, receiving an M.A. in 1852. He held a post as curate and chaplain in Northumberland before he arrived in New South Wales with his family in 1855.
Smith moved to Canberra and lived at a cottage at Acton until 1873 when he and his family moved into the new Glebe House (which was demolished in the mid 20th century). Many of Canberra's trees were propagated from the trees that he planted around Glebe House. In 1889 he was thrown from his horse and broke a leg. He was unable to ride again and had to visit his parish in a carriage. In 1905 he retired to Queanbeyan where he died in 1908. He is buried at St John's.
Smith's second daughter, Mary, married George De Salis of Cuppacumbalong Homestead in 1878.
# Pierce Holt

Leslie Pierce Holt (born January 1, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman for the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL) from 1988 to 1995. Holt played college football at Angelo State University. He was selected by the 49ers in the second round of the 1988 NFL draft. Holt was selected to his one and only Pro Bowl in 1992, his last year in San Francisco. He won two Super Bowls with the 49ers. The following year in March, Holt signed with the Atlanta Falcons for three years worth $7.5 million. He lives with his wife, Deana, in Christoval, Texas.
# Oedura nesos

Oedura nesos is a species of gecko endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
# Tao Qian

Tao Qian is the name of:
* Tao Qian (Han dynasty) (132–194), governor of Xu province during the late Han dynasty
* Tao Yuanming (365–427), Jin dynasty poet, also known as Tao Qian
# Ryusuke Minami

Ryusuke Minami (南 竜介, born July 9, 1981, in Nishinomiya) is a Japanese former professional baseball outfielder in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He played for the Yokohama BayStars in 2004 and 2005 and the Chiba Lotte Marines from 2006 to 2012. He attended Hōtoku Gakuen High School.
# Ligustrum obtusifolium

Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet or Amur privet) is a species of privet, native to Japan, Korea and northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang). The species is considered invasive in parts of the United States. It has become very common in southern New England, the mid-Atlantic States, and the Great Lakes regions, with scattered occurrences in the South, the Great Plains, and Washington state. With Ligustrum ovalifolium it is a parent of the widespread hybrid Ligustrum × ibolium.
Ligustrum obtusifolium is a deciduous shrub growing to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall. The leaves are 1 to 6 centimetres (0.39 to 2.36 in) long and 4 to 25 millimetres (0.16 to 0.98 in) broad.
There are three subspecies:
* Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. obtusifolium. Japan.
* Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum (Nakai) P.S.Green. Eastern China, Korea, Japan.
* Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. suave (Kitagawa) Kitagawa. Northeastern China.

## Etymology

Ligustrum means ‘binder’. It was named by Pliny and Virgil.