OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Word-initial ff

The digraph ff at the beginning of a word is an anomalous feature, in lower case, of a few proper names in English. In that setting it has no phonetic difference from F, and has been explained as a misunderstanding of palaeography. In other words, ﬀ, which is "Latin small ligature ff ", a stylistic ligature from Unicode, available now in some Latin script fonts, represented in certain traditional handwriting styles the upper case F.
In Spanish orthography, on the other hand, word-initial ff had a phonetic meaning, over a period of some centuries.

## In English

Mark Antony Lower in his Patronymica Brittanica (1860) called this spelling an affectation. He stated that it originated in "a foolish mistake concerning the ff of old manuscripts, which is no duplication, but simply a capital f." Later in the 19th century the palaeographer Edward Maunde Thompson wrote from the British Museum:
   The English legal handwriting of the Middle Ages has no capital F. A double f (ff) was used to represent the capital letter. In transcribing, I should write F, not ff; e. g. Fiske, not ffiske.
The replacement of manuscript word-initial ff by F is now a scholarly convention.
Usage in names such as Charles ffoulkes and Richard ffrench-Constant persists. The initial Ff in Welsh spelling of imported proper names has been attributed to the standing of ff as part of normal Welsh orthography. Citing Trevor Davenport-Ffoulkes, H. L. Mencken in a supplement to The American Language wrote that "The initial Ff is sometimes written ff, but this is an error." David Crystal cites both Welsh-derived proper names, such as Ffion (where single F would sound like English v in Welsh phonetics), and English-derived names such as Ffoulkes.

## In Spanish

It has been argued that word-initial ff was used in written Spanish around 1500, to indicate the phonetic difference between an f-sound and an aspirated h. It can be observed to have come in strongly for Spanish spelling during the 13th century. The actual pronunciation was dynamic, with the aspiration being dropped from the time when Madrid became the Spanish capital (1561). The word-initial ff spelling convention lagged behind current phonetics, providing a way of tracking pronunciations after they had become obsolete.
# Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go)

"Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go)" is a song written by Jimmie Fadden, and recorded by American country music group Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. The song was released in April 1988 as the lead single from the album Workin' Band. The song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1988) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 4 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 6 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1988) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 66 |
# List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2018

These are the albums that reached number one on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart in 2018.

## Chart history

Key :
| † | Indicates best-performing album of 2018 |
| Issue date | Album | Artist |
| January 3 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| January 6 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| January 13 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| January 20 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| January 27 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| February 3 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| February 10 | Common Ground | Above & Beyond |
| February 17 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| February 24 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| March 3 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| March 10 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| March 17 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| March 24 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| March 31 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| April 7 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| April 14 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| April 21 | Awake | Alison Wonderland |
| April 28 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| May 5 | True | Avicii |
| May 12 | True | Avicii |
| May 19 | See Without Eyes | The Glitch Mob |
| May 26 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| June 2 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| June 9 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| June 16 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| June 23 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| June 30 | Head over Heels | Chromeo |
| July 7 | Joytime II | Marshmello |
| July 14 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| July 21 | Palo Santo | Years & Years |
| July 28 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| August 4 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| August 11 | Nova | RL Grime |
| August 18 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| August 25 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| September 1 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| September 8 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| September 15 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| September 22 | Memories...Do Not Open † | The Chainsmokers |
| September 29 | 7 | David Guetta |
| October 6 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| October 13 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| October 20 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| October 27 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| November 3 | The Fame | Lady Gaga |
| November 10 | Honey | Robyn |
| November 17 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| November 24 | Neon Future III | Steve Aoki |
| December 1 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| December 8 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| December 15 | What Is Love? | Clean Bandit |
| December 22 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
| December 29 | Sick Boy | The Chainsmokers |
# Wrch1

RhoU (or Wrch1 or Chp2) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rho family of GTPases. Wrch1 was identified in 2001 as encoded by a non-canonical Wnt induced gene. RhoU/Wrch delineates with RhoV/Chp a Rho subclass related to Rac and Cdc42, which emerged in early multicellular organisms during evolution.
# Wreath cent

The Wreath cent was an American large cent. It was the second design type, following the Chain cent in 1793. It was produced only during that year.

## Obverse design

The obverse design consisted of a stylized Liberty head with flowing hair. The inscription "LIBERTY" appeared above the portrait. Below it was a three-leaved sprig and the date. The design of the Liberty head was modified somewhat from that of the Chain cent to address public criticism.

## Reverse design

The reverse's central design figure, for which the coin is named, was a wreath. The words "ONE CENT" appeared within the wreath, and the corresponding fraction ⁠1/100⁠ appeared beneath it. Along the outer edge was inscribed "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA". A decorative beaded border was added along the rim.

## Varieties

Approximately 63,353 Wreath cents were struck. Early specimens featured a stylized "vine/bars" design on the edges of the planchet, which was identical to that of the earlier Chain cent. Later on, this was changed to a lettered edge reading ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR. Early American copper collectors generally categorize the coins still further into thirteen different varieties under the Sheldon system. Most of these variations entail relatively minor changes, and often require careful examination to discern. One variety, however, is far more recognizable: the "Strawberry Leaf". On these strikings, the trefoil sprig above the date took the form of a strawberry (Fragaria) plant. Only four such specimens are known, and all are heavily circulated. The finest known Strawberry Leaf cent sold at auction for $414,000 in November 2004.

## Collecting

As the second of three different large cent types struck in 1793, the Wreath cent is desired by both large cent collectors and type collectors alike, which is partially responsible for its continued high demand.
# Wykin

Wykin is a hamlet in the English county of Leicestershire.
Wykin is located to the north-west of the town of Hinckley and is separated from it by the A47 Northern Perimeter Road.
For the purposes of local government Wykin is part of the Hinckley and Bosworth borough with the population being included in the Hinckley- Trinity ward of the borough.
52°33′17″N 01°24′00″W﻿ / ﻿52.55472°N 1.40000°W﻿ / 52.55472; -1.40000
* This Leicestershire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Władysław Grzegorz Branicki

Count Władysław Grzegorz Branicki (25 February 1783 in Warsaw – 27 August 1843 in Warsaw) was a Polish nobleman, senator and general in the Russian military. He was a putative grandson of Catherine the Great, through his maternal line.
He was owner of the immense Biała Cerkiew estates. After an army career where he was much decorated, he became a senator and political adviser in Russia.

## Marriage and issue

In 1813 Władysław Grzegorz married Countess Róża Potocka, officially the daughter of Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki and the artist, Józefina Amalia Mniszech. They had seven children:
* Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1816–1879), married to Countess Pelagia Zamoyska Rembielińska
* Eliza Branicka (1820–1876), married first, Count Zygmunt Krasiński then his brother, Ludwik Krasiński
* Aleksander Branicki (1821–1877), married Anna Ninna Hołyńska Klamry coat of arms
* Zofia Katarzyna Branicka (1821 or 1824–1886), married Prince Livio Erba-Odescalchi (1805–1885)
* Konstanty Grzegorz Branicki (1824–1884), married Countess Jadwiga Potocka
* Katarzyna Branicka (1825–1907), married Count Adam Józef Potocki
* Władysław Michał Branicki (1826–1884), inherited Biała Cerkiew (due to his eldest brother's forced exile), married Princess Maria Aniela Sapieha

## Honours and awards

* Order of the White Eagle
* Order of St. Anna, 1st class
* Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
* Order of Saint George, 4th class
* Order of St. John of Jerusalem (Russia)
* Pour le Mérite (Prussia)
* Order of the Red Eagle (Prussia)
* Kulm Cross
* Gold Sword for Bravery
* Order of Leopold (Austria)
* Military Order of Max Joseph (Bavaria)
* Iron Cross of 1813 (Prussia)
* Order of Military Merit, (Württemberg)
* Order of Military Merit (France)
# Wu Shishu

Wu Shishu (May 27, 1923 – February 27, 2009) was a Chinese theoretical physicist and professor at Jilin University. In 1980, he was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Science.
Wu was one of the physicists who established the Department of Physics at Jilin University. He was the second dean of the department and succeeded Professor Yu Ruihuang.

## Early life and education

Wu was born in Beijing on May 27, 1923. He obtained a bachelor's degree in 1944 from Tongji University and a doctorate degree in 1951 from the University of Illinois.

## Death

Wu Shishu died on February 27, 2009, at the age of 85.
# Peverett

Peverett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dave Peverett (1943–2000), English singer and musician
* Robin Peverett, English sex offender
# Hans Luder

Hans Luder may refer to:
* Hans Luder, coach of FC Thun 1945-48
* Hans Luder, father of the theologian Martin Luther
# The Laureate

The Laureate is a 2021 biographical romantic drama film written and directed by William Nunez. It stars Tom Hughes, Laura Haddock, and Dianna Agron. The film depicts the life of British war poet and novelist Robert Graves. The film premiered at the 2021 Mallorca Film Festival. The film won Film of the Festival at the 2021 Oxford International Film Awards as well as Best Feature, Best Director (William Nunez) and Best Actor (Tom Hughes).

## Cast

* Tom Hughes as Robert Graves
* Laura Haddock as Nancy Nicholson
* Dianna Agron as Laura Riding
* Julian Glover as Alfred Graves
* Patricia Hodge as Amy Graves
* Indica Watson as Catherine Nicholson
* Christien Anholt as T. S. Eliot
* Fra Fee as Geoffrey Phibbs

## Production

In February 2018, Kathy Bates was attached to the production with Tom Hughes, Dianna Agron and Laura Haddock already cast. Hayley Atwell and Dominic Cooper were also attached the production, but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts.
# MAVIAL Magadan Airlines

Mavial Magadan Airlines was an airline based at Magadan, Russia, operating Tupolev Tu-154 and Ilyushin aircraft. As of the summer of 2006, it was the only airline flying between the Russian Far East and the American state of Alaska.
The airline suspended commercial operations in July 2006 with debts of around $18 million. It has not declared bankruptcy.

## Destinations

As of the summer of 2006, Mavial Magadan Airlines operated to the following destinations:
* Russia
** Irkutsk (Irkutsk Airport)
** Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk Novy Airport)
** Krasnodar (Krasnodar International Airport)
** Magadan (Sokol Airport)
** Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport)
** Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo Airport)
** Petropavlovsk (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Airport)
** Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport)
** Vladivostok (Vladivostok International Airport)
** Yekaterinburg (Koltsovo Airport)
* United States
** Anchorage (Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport)

## Fleet

As of August 2006 the Mavial fleet included:
* 2 Ilyushin Il-62M
* 3 Tupolev Tu-154B
* 2 Tupolev Tu-154M
# Mary Wixey

Mary M. Wixey (23 January 1921 – 21 December 2017) was a British track and field athlete based in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. At the time of her death, she was one of Great Britain's oldest Veteran Track and Field Athletes, and regularly competed on the veterans' circuit.

## Career

Wixey taught at Churchdown Primary School, and then was a secondary school physical education teacher at Charlton Kings Secondary.
She was a member of St Gregory's Athletic Club, and later was a committee member and team manager for the Gloucestershire Schools Athletics Association. She has competed in Veteran Track and Field Athletics for South-West Veterans' Athletics Club both nationally and internationally since before 1986, at that time as a Veteran 60.
In 1996 she could jump further in both the long jump and the triple jump than anyone in the world of her age, and won European Masters gold medals in triple jump and long jump. In 1997 she was named best senior sportswoman in the United Kingdom by the London Mirror.
In 2007, aged 85, she took part in triple jump, and was still high jumping at the age of 75. In 2008, she competed in shot put at the Tipton Games. In 2010, she held regional titles in discus, shot put and javelin.
As of 2012, at the age of 91, Wixey continued to compete regularly at Veteran 90 level, alongside track and field athletes of all ages at Open Meetings in England and with Veteran athletes at British National, European and World Masters Championships. In April 2012, Wixey travelled to Jyvaskyla, Finland where she competed in the World Masters Athletics Championships, achieving silver medals in five events: 60m sprint, discus, shot put, javelin and long jump. A week later she attended the Tipton Harriers Open Meeting, competing in the long jump, shot put and discus events. In May 2012 she was an Olympic torch bearer for the Cheltenham area.
Wixey died at the age of 96 in December 2017.
# Paramartyria semifasciella

Paramartyria semifasciella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Syuti Issiki in 1931. It is known from Japan.
The length of the forewings is 4.1–4.8 mm for males and 4.4–4.8 mm for females.
# Peverell

Peverell (anciently Weston Peverell) is a neighbourhood of Plymouth in the English county of Devon. The 2001 Census estimated the population as 6,455, increasing dramatically to 13,553 at the 2011 census.

## History

The area was originally part of the manor of Weston, listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as the 73rd of the 107 holdings of Juhel de Totnes (died 1123/30), Feudal baron of Totnes. It was later acquired by the Peverell family of Ermington in Devon, after which it became known as "Weston Peverell" to distinguish it from other similarly named places. It passed via the heiress Amicia Peverell to her husband Nicholas Carew (died 1311) of Carew Castle in Pembrokeshire and of Moulsford in Berkshire, the founder of the prominent and widespread Carew family of Devon and Cornwall. (see Baron Carew, Earl of Totnes, Carew baronets) The manor of Weston Peverell was later subdivided.

## Description

Two of the main roads are named Peverell Park Road and Weston Park Road. The area now consists mostly of Edwardian terraced houses, but also includes schools and a number of churches. Peverell borders Central Park, often known as "the green lung" of Plymouth which is a very popular recreational area for Plymothians.
Peverell is seen by residents and real estate agents as a safe solid and central area with a good quality housing stock and few social problems.
The terms on which the land was sold for development at the turn of the twentieth century stipulated that no licensed premises (pubs), should be built on the land, as the seller was a strict abstainer. For a very long time there were no licensed premises in the area until the Roam Brewing Company Taproom opened in 2019 on the site on Weston Park Road, of an eighteenth century brewery. The long absence of pubs resulted in the district having a residential atmosphere, with very few problems apart from traffic (and parking) problems associated with its proximity to the local football club, Plymouth Argyle.
# Peter W. Bates

Peter W. Bates is a professor of mathematics at Michigan State University.
Bates received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah in 1976.
In 2012, Bates became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
# Peziza granulosa

Peziza granulosa is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. This is a European species, appearing as small pale-coloured cups up to 3 cm in diameter in various upland habitats from late spring to early autumn.
# Steven Kaplan

Steven Kaplan may refer to:
* Steven Kaplan (economist) (born 1959), American professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business
* Steven Kaplan (historian), French historian at Cornell University
* Steven Kaplan (Pennsylvania official), Pennsylvania politician
* Steven G. Kaplan (born 1962), American film and television producer
* Steven H. Kaplan (born 1953), American professor of English and president of the University of New Haven
* Steve Kaplan (basketball), American-Israeli player on the Israel national basketball team
* Steve Kaplan (entrepreneur) (born 1960), American entrepreneur, author, public speaker
* Steve Kaplan (Africanist) (born 1953), American professor of African studies
* Steven Kaplan, actor in the 2009 film Bart Got a Room
# Pheidole templaria

Pheidole templaria is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae.

## Subspecies

* Pheidole templaria euscrobata Forel, 1913 - India
* Pheidole templaria templaria Forel, 1902 - Sri Lanka
# Stollberg (disambiguation)

Stollberg is a town in Saxony, Germany.
Stollberg may also refer to:
* Stollberg (Amt), a former municipal confederation in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
* Stollberg (North Frisia), a hill of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
* Stollberg (district), a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany
# Phantom Ship

Phantom Ship may refer to:
* Ghost ship, a vessel with no living crew aboard
* Phantom Ship (island), in Crater Lake, Oregon, U.S.
* The Phantom Ship, an 1839 novel by Frederick Marryat
* The Phantom Ship (film), a 1936 animated short film
* Phantom Ship, a shortened version in the U.S. of the 1935 British film The Mystery of the Mary Celeste
# Phacoides

Phacoides is a genus of bivalves belonging to the family Lucinidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

* Phacoides albella Lamarck, 1806
* Phacoides cancellatus Nowell-Usticke, 1969: synonym of Codakia cubana Dall, 1901: synonym of Ferrocina cubana (Dall, 1901) (nomen dubium)
* Phacoides inornata Deshayes, 1857
* † Phacoides lepis (von Koenen, 1885)
* Phacoides pectinatus (Gmelin, 1791)
# Marcel Dubuisson

Marcel Georges Valère Céline Dubuisson (5 April 1903 – 25 October 1974) was a Belgian zoologist and professor at the University of Liège.
Dubuisson was born in Olsene, which is part of Zulte, in 1903. He married Adèle Brouha, the sister of medical researcher and University of Liège alumni Lucien Brouha. He was rector of the University of Liège from 1953 to 1971. He died in Liège in 1974 and was buried at the Cimetière de Robermont.
# New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer

New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer, 440 U.S. 568 (1979), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the constitutionality of an employer's refusal to hire methadone users was upheld.

## Background

The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) adopted a rule prohibiting the employment of anyone who used narcotic drugs. This rule was applied to persons using methadone, a drug used to treat heroin addiction. Two former NYCTA employees who had been fired while receiving methadone treatment and two applicants who were denied employment because of their use and past use of methadone sued the TA in federal district court.
The court for the Southern District of New York ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and found the policy unconstitutional. While the district court enjoined the NYCTA from denying employment solely on the basis of past or current participation in a methadone maintenance program, it did authorize the transit authority to exclude methadone users from certain safety-related positions, as well as to condition employment on satisfactory performance in a methadone program for at least one year. This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

## Issues presented

The Court was confronted with the question of whether a government could choose not to employ, as an entire class, users of narcotic drugs.

## Decision

The Court, in an opinion delivered by Justice Stevens, reversed the decision of the lower courts and found that the NYC Transit Authority had a rational basis for its classification of narcotics users and the extension of this rule to cover methadone users.

### Dissent

Justices Brennan and White wrote separate dissents. Justice Brennan dissented on the grounds that the Title VII claim had been proven. Justice White, joined by Justice Marshall, argued that the classification of persons successfully participating in a methadone program as dispositively different from the general population was without justification. They believed that this classification violated the equal protection clause as irrational and invidious.
# Kamta Prasad

Kamta Prasad may refer to:
* Kamta Prasad (politician)
* Kamta Prasad (economist)
# Hank Lefkowitz

Henry A. Lefkowitz (August 31, 1923 – April 21, 2007) was a professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America (now known as the National Basketball Association).

## High school career

Hank played high school basketball for Cleveland Heights High School, where he led the 1941 team to a Lake Erie League championship and earned All Lake Erie League honors.

## College career

Hank played college basketball at Western Reserve University (now known as Case Western Reserve University) where he was twice named co-captain and was named to the first All-Mid-American Conference team in 1946.

## Professional career

Hank played in 24 games for the Cleveland Rebels during the 1946–47 BAA season.

## BAA career statistics
### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| 1946–47 | Cleveland | 24 | .193 | .538 | .2 | 2.1 |
| Career | Career | 24 | .193 | .538 | .2 | 2.1 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| 1946–47 | Cleveland | 2 | .222 | 1.000 | .0 | 4.5 |
| Career | Career | 2 | .222 | 1.000 | .0 | 4.5 |