OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reeb sphere theorem

In mathematics, Reeb sphere theorem, named after Georges Reeb, states that
    A closed oriented connected manifold M$^n$ that admits a singular foliation having only centers is homeomorphic to the sphere S$^n$ and the foliation has exactly two singularities.

## Morse foliation

A singularity of a foliation F is of Morse type if in its small neighborhood all leaves of the foliation are level sets of a Morse function, being the singularity a critical point of the function. The singularity is a center if it is a local extremum of the function; otherwise, the singularity is a saddle.
The number of centers c and the number of saddles $s$, specifically $c-s$, is tightly connected with the manifold topology.
We denote $\operatorname {ind} p=\min(k,n-k)$, the index of a singularity $p$, where k is the index of the corresponding critical point of a Morse function. In particular, a center has index 0, index of a saddle is at least 1.
A Morse foliation F on a manifold M is a singular transversely oriented codimension one foliation of class $C^{2}$ with isolated singularities such that:
* each singularity of F is of Morse type,
* each singular leaf L contains a unique singularity p; in addition, if $\operatorname {ind} p=1$ then $L\setminus p$ is not connected.

## Reeb sphere theorem

This is the case $c>s=0$, the case without saddles.
Theorem: Let $M^{n}$ be a closed oriented connected manifold of dimension $n\geq 2$. Assume that $M^{n}$ admits a $C^{1}$-transversely oriented codimension one foliation $F$ with a non empty set of singularities all of them centers. Then the singular set of $F$ consists of two points and $M^{n}$ is homeomorphic to the sphere $S^{n}$.
It is a consequence of the Reeb stability theorem.

## Generalization

More general case is $c>s\geq 0.$
In 1978, Edward Wagneur generalized the Reeb sphere theorem to Morse foliations with saddles. He showed that the number of centers cannot be too much as compared with the number of saddles, notably, $c\leq s+2$. So there are exactly two cases when $c>s$:
    (1) $c=s+2,$
    (2) $c=s+1.$
He obtained a description of the manifold admitting a foliation with singularities that satisfy (1).
Theorem: Let $M^{n}$ be a compact connected manifold admitting a Morse foliation $F$ with $c$ centers and $s$ saddles. Then $c\leq s+2$. In case $c=s+2$,
* $M$ is homeomorphic to $S^{n}$,
* all saddles have index 1,
* each regular leaf is diffeomorphic to $S^{n-1}$.
Finally, in 2008, César Camacho and Bruno Scardua considered the case (2), $c=s+1$. This is possible in a small number of low dimensions.
Theorem: Let $M^{n}$ be a compact connected manifold and $F$ a Morse foliation on $M$. If $s=c+1$, then
* $n=2,4,8$ or $16$,
* $M^{n}$ is an Eells–Kuiper manifold.
# Megachile fulvomarginata

Megachile fulvomarginata is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1906.
# Solidar Silver Rose Award

SOLIDAR's Silver Rose Awards were launched in 2000 to help raise the profile of individuals and organisations whose outstanding work is fuelled by vision and tireless commitment and whose achievements have contributed greatly to the struggle for a just and civil society.
Winners are sometimes well-known; others are ordinary people leading extraordinary lives, reaching out to the most vulnerable groups in their societies, advocating their rights, campaigning for their needs, and providing essential services such as soup kitchens, housing, children's holidays and literacy classes. As SOLIDAR's member organisations work on projects with local partners both in Europe and around the world, examples of worthy recipients are found.
The winners are always advocates of change, united by their passion, commitment and vision for bringing about a fairer and more just society. Among the winners from previous years are people, and organisations providing social support:
* Aminatou Haidar – President of the Sahrawi NGO Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders, which expose the human rights violations committed by Morocco in the occupied territories of Western Sahara
* Morgan Tsvangirai – President of the Zimbabwean Movement for Democratic Change and a key figure in the fight for human rights in Zimbabwe
* National League for Democracy of Burma – helped turn the spotlight on their struggle against Burma's military junta
* Chapitô (Portugal) – an arts centre, professional school of arts and circus school for young disadvantaged people and adults at risk of social exclusion
* Filo D’Argento (Italy) – a helpline set up for the elderly, offering support, conversation, and acting as a watchdog against abuse.
The Awards are presented each year at a ceremony held at the European Parliament in Brussels.
# Indian Thought Publications

Indian Thought Publications is a publisher founded in 1942, in Mysore by R. K. Narayan. Narayan founded the company as he was cut off from England owing to the war and needed an outlet for his works. The first book to be published by the company was Malgudi Days, in 1943. The publishing company followed a short-lived journal that he founded, of the same name. The company is currently managed from a tiny home-office in Chennai by Narayan's granddaughter Bhuvaneswari (Minnie).
Although the company was started as an effort in self-publishing, it is far from being a vanity press. The war and other factors meant that his British publishers did not stock their Indian warehouses and Indian readers had no access to his books resulting in Narayan starting the company. Most of the work was done by Narayan himself including distribution and collecting delinquent bills. During one such task, he met with the proprietor of India Book House who convinced him to hand over the distribution function to them. India Book House continues to be the company's sole distributor.
In 2006, on Narayan's birth centenary, Indian Thought Publications issued a commemorative coffee table edition of his 1974 autobiography, My Days, with an introduction by his long-time admirer Alexander McCall Smith.
# Prelude and Fugue in B-flat minor, BWV 891

The Prelude and Fugue in B-flat minor, BWV 891, is a keyboard composition by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the 22nd prelude and fugue in the second book of The Well-Tempered Clavier (WTC), a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. It was composed in 1738.

## Prelude

The prelude is in cut time and has 83 measures. It is made up mainly of eighth notes, quarter notes, half notes and whole notes.

## Fugue

The fugue is in $^3$ $_2$ time and has 101 measures and four voices. It is made up mainly of eighth notes, half notes, dotted half notes, quarter notes, whole notes, and dotted whole notes. Glenn Gould said it is one of his favourite fugues, along with F-sharp minor fugue, BWV 883, and E major fugue, BWV 878, also from the second book of WTC.
# Wardrope

Wardrope can refer to:

## People

* David Wardrope Wallace
* George Wardrope
* Thomas Wardrope Eadie
* Willie Wardrope, Scottish footballer

## Other

* Wardrope is the name of a track in the 1996 Hooverphonic album A New Stereophonic Sound Spectacular
# Wardroper

Wardroper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Wardroper (died 1515), English cleric
* Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper (1813–1892), English nurse
# Laid Saidi

Laid Saidi (born c. 1963) is an Algerian who was imprisoned for 16 months in a CIA black site in Afghanistan called the "Salt Pit". Saidi claims to have spent months in the dark prison prior to his detention in the Salt Pit.

## Capture and torture

He was apprehended because of a taped telephone conversation in which the word tayrat (تايرات), meaning "tires" in colloquial Arabic, was mistaken for a similarly sounding word, Tayrat (طايرات, pronounced with a slightly different "T" sound) meaning "airplanes."
Saidi worked for Al-Haramain Foundation, a Saudi charity organization. He was arrested in Tanzania in July 2003 and rendered to Afghanistan via Malawi, where he was "handed over to Malawian authorities in plainclothes who were accompanied by two middle-aged Caucasian men wearing jeans and t-shirts."

## Aftermath

Saidi said that scars on his wrists were from being suspended from the ceiling by his hands. American officials assert that they stopped using this form of torture after it led to the deaths of two Afghans, Habibullah and Dilawar in Bagram, in December 2002. Saidi described months of confusing interrogations, during which his interrogators kept insisting that he had spoken cryptically of planes during a telephone conversation. When the tape the Americans had made of this conversation was finally played for him, Saidi described being surprised to realize all these questions and torture were due to a simple misunderstanding that could have easily been explained, without months of torture.
Following the release of the 600-page unclassified summary of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee's report on CIA torture, further details of the CIA's torture of him were made public.
# Melissa Greenspan

Melissa Greenspan is an American actress. On television, she is known for her recurring roles as Kim on Providence and as Cindy on the Desperate Housewives. She also appeared in Party of Five, Saved by the Bell: The New Class, Beverly Hills 90210, Charmed, Parenthood, Good Girls Revolt, 9-1-1, American Housewife and Good Girls. In film she appeared in Repli-Kate (2002), St. Vincent (2014), The Poison Rose (2019), The Comeback Trail (2020) and BigBug (2022).
Greenspan also known as a voice actor. She done voice work in Doug from 1993 to 1999 and its 1999 movie Doug's 1st Movie. She also voiced Sarah Wellington in The Wild Thornberrys Movie (2002)
# Walker Golf Course

The John E. Walker Sr. Golf Course (often referred to as the Walker Course) is an 18-hole golf course on the campus of Clemson University in South Carolina. Its signature 17th green and bunkers echo the university's tiger paw logo.
It is a stop on the Pier-Flats CAT Bus route.
In 2012, the Professional Golfers' Association of America ranked the Walker Course as the 9th best university golf course in the United States.
# Melmuri

Melmuri or Melmuri Junction is a town in Malappuram city in the state of Kerala, India. It's located on NH 966 towards Calicut Road. Today it is one of the residential as well as education zone of the city.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 India census, Melmuri had a population of 18,737, of which 9,012 were males and 9,725 females.

## Notable landmarks

* Alathurpadi Dars
* Konompara
* Juma masjid
* Grand Masjid
* PMR Auditorium
* PM Arcade
* Malappuram service cooperative bank melmuri
* Melmuri 27
* M.M.E.T Higher Secondary School
* M.C.T law &Training College
# Wandong

Wandong /ˈwɒndɒŋ/ is a town in Victoria, Australia. The town is about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north of the state capital, Melbourne, on the Hume Highway. It adjoins the town of Heathcote Junction, and at the 2016 census, the two towns had a population of 1,340. The main centre nearest Wandong is Kilmore.

## History

The traditional owners of Wandong are the Taungurung people, a part of the Kulin nation that inhabited a large portion of central Victoria including Port Phillip Bay and its surrounds. Wandong itself is an Aboriginal word meaning "Spirit".
The first Europeans to reach Wandong were Hamilton Hume and Captain William Hilton Hovell who travelled through the centre of the future town of Wandong on the 13th December, 1824. The explorers proceeded 1260 metres South of Arkell’s Lane, Wandong and crossed the Dividing Range at the low peak there that they named Hume’s Pass. They then moved South along Eastern Ridge, Hidden Valley, and downhill to the Merri Creek, Wallan East near Kelby Lane.
That made Wandong the second township site in Victorian history to be traversed by European explorers. Broadford was the first: Hume and Hovell had passed through it on the same morning.
This exact route has been proven by decoding the map drawn by Hamilton Hume which conforms exactly to the original journal of William Hovell. Hamilton Hume in 1867 corrected his own earlier error that the party crossed the Dividing Range at Big Hill, Bylands.
Wandong was a pastoral region from at least 1843.
By 1876 a small settlement had arisen and a post office gazetted to Mr. F. G. Arkell.
From 1880 Wandong became a major sawmilling and processing town and region.
The town is now a major transport hub with the Hume Highway and the Albury-Wodonga and Shepparton railway lines passing through it. It has its own railway station.
The local school was originally situated to the south of Wandong/Heathcote Junction and was known as Lightwood Flat Common School when it opened in 1871. The school was transferred to its current site in Wandong in 1882, and is currently known as Wandong Primary School. The school was damaged slightly in the Black Saturday bushfires.
The town hosts the Wandong Country Music Festival.

## Ghost Sightings & Local Folklore

The area has been known for sometime as being a local ghost haunt. Locals & supernatural enthusiasts have often travelled to the region in search of the ghost of Richard Hard who was a prospector during the Victorian Goldrush and local resident and famously disappeared after working the Golden Dyke mine in Clonbinane.
# Lactuca aculeata

Lactuca aculeata is a species of wild lettuce native to Anatolia, the Levant, Iraq and Iran. A very prickly plant, it is closely related to Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) and Lactuca sativa (cultivated or garden lettuce), and can readily interbreed with them. It is possible that Lactuca aculeata contributed to the gene pool of cultivated lettuce.
# Walter Bacon

Walter Bacon may refer to:
* Walter Rathbone Bacon (1845–1917), American tramway executive
* Walter W. Bacon (1880–1962), American politician from Delaware
# Warnow, Nordwestmecklenburg

Warnow is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
# Warnow

The Warnow (German pronunciation:) is a river in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany. It flows into the Baltic Sea near the town of Rostock, in its borough Warnemünde.
The source of the Warnow is in Grebbin, a small village 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Parchim, at the western end of the Mecklenburg Lake District. It flows north through Sternberg, Bützow and Schwaan before reaching Rostock.
In 2003, Germany's first modern toll road, the Warnow Tunnel was opened, connecting the port of Rostock on the east bank with the west bank of the river.
There is in Indaial, a city of Brazil, a river with the same name. When Hermann Blumenau came to America and started to explore the country, he gave this name to the river in the Brazilian city because it resembled the river in Germany.

## Names and etymology

The origins of the name are uncertain. Recent work suggests a non-Indo-European (perhaps specifically Hattic) element ar(i)n ('spring, stream'), giving rise to the Slavic form Warnow through the prosthesis of /v-/. The Warnabi, a medieval Slavic tribe, probably derived their name from the Warnow. The ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemäus mentioned a river around 150 CE whose location would correspond to the Warnow, which he called the Χαλοῦσος (Latin: Chalusus). The river also appears in a few medieval sources under names along the lines of Goderak: Guðakrsá ('God-field's river') in Knýtlinga saga chapter 119 and Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum in the phrase ad Gudacram amnem ('to the river Gudacra'; xiv.25.16). Meanwhile, Arnold of Lübeck's Chronica Slavorum mentions that Berno, Apostle of the Obotrites 'pro Gutdracco Godehardum episcopum venerari constituit' ('instituted the veneration of Bishop Godehard in place of Gutdracco'). This Gutdracco is otherwise unknown, and there is some suspicion that the name of this god arose as a folk-etymologisation of the name of the river.
# Mei County

Mei County or Meixian (simplified Chinese: 眉县; traditional Chinese: 眉縣; pinyin: Méi Xiàn) is a county under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Baoji, in the west of Shaanxi province, China. It is one of the birthplaces of the Western Zhou culture, during which it was known as Taiguo (邰国). In 794 BC Duke Zhuang of Qin established a town known as Yiyi at its location. During the Eastern Han dynasty it became known as Yinwu. In 2003, 27 Zhou culture bronze ding vessels an other bronzeware were found in Lijia village of Mei County.
Nowadays Mei County is known for its kiwifruit cultivation and trout and carp aquaculture.

## Administrative divisions

As 2020, this County is divided to 1 subdistrict, 7 towns and 2 others.

### Subdistricts

* Shoushan Subdistrict (首善街道)

### Towns

| Hengqu (横渠镇) Huaiya (槐芽镇) Tangyu (汤峪镇) Changxing (常兴镇) | Jinqu (金渠镇) Yingtou (营头镇) Qi (齐镇) |
Others
* Shaanxi Mount Taibai Scenic Area (陕西太白山风景区)
* Honghegu Forest Park (红河谷森林公园)

## Climate

Climate data for Meixian, elevation 491 m (1,611 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.4 (75.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 37.8 (100.0) | 40.7 (105.3) | 38.9 (102.0) | 38.5 (101.3) | 36.4 (97.5) | 32.0 (89.6) | 26.2 (79.2) | 22.1 (71.8) | 40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 9.5 (49.1) | 15.3 (59.5) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.8 (89.2) | 29.5 (85.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.9 (55.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | 19.5 (67.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 9.0 (48.2) | 14.9 (58.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.0 (78.8) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.2 (66.6) | 13.3 (55.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 13.4 (56.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) | −0.9 (30.4) | 4.1 (39.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | −2.9 (26.8) | 8.9 (48.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) | −10.2 (13.6) | −6.8 (19.8) | −1.7 (28.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.4 (52.5) | 5.6 (42.1) | −3.0 (26.6) | −9.0 (15.8) | −16.1 (3.0) | −16.1 (3.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.2 (0.20) | 9.2 (0.36) | 25.0 (0.98) | 39.6 (1.56) | 59.9 (2.36) | 69.5 (2.74) | 82.8 (3.26) | 102.0 (4.02) | 109.0 (4.29) | 55.5 (2.19) | 17.8 (0.70) | 3.8 (0.15) | 579.3 (22.81) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.7 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 10.4 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 93.6 |
| Average snowy days | 4.7 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 12.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 65 | 65 | 64 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 83 | 81 | 76 | 68 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 133.7 | 127.5 | 164.4 | 190.2 | 201.8 | 195.6 | 191.4 | 159.3 | 122.7 | 124.9 | 133.1 | 138.8 | 1,883.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 42 | 41 | 44 | 48 | 47 | 45 | 44 | 39 | 34 | 36 | 43 | 45 | 42 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# West Jewellers

53°20′35″N 6°15′35″W﻿ / ﻿53.34303°N 6.25979°W﻿ / 53.34303; -6.25979
West of Grafton Street Ltd. or West Jewellers was a jewellery store which was last located on 33 Grafton Street in Dublin, Ireland before it closed in 2010. It was considered the oldest European jewellery store and one of the oldest companies in Ireland.

## History

West began its existence in 1720 as West Sons on the city's Capel Street. It transferred to College Green in 1845 (1841?) and to 102 Grafton Street in 1912. Queen Victoria gave West the royal warrant as her watchmaker, and once bought two replicas of the Tara Brooch from the company. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was another customer. The company also created the original 22-carat gold chain of office used by the Lord Mayor of Dublin and one replica. West moved to 33 Grafton Street in 1965. Kathleen Watkins, the wife of veteran broadcaster Gay Byrne, confessed in an interview with The Irish Times that she did not own any jewellery from West.
West closed on 13 February 2010 after hosting a closing-down sale. In its final week of existence staff said they had not been informed of a definite date of closure. Three jobs were lost due to the closure. Joe Moran was in control of the company at the time, while Geraldine L'Estrange West had a minority share. Robert Halpin, manager of West with 46 years experience at its closure, said as it followed several other stores in ceasing to exist: "We are a dinosaur. Grafton Street just doesn't attract our type of clientele anymore. Our customers were the discreetly wealthy and they are gone now". Bigger businesses, such as Boodles, Cartier SA and Tiffany & Co., had opened outlets nearby in the years before West's closure.
The British Royal Collection has two brooches that Prince Albert bought for Queen Victoria from "West & Son" on a visit to Dublin in 1849, presenting them in November and as a Christmas present that year, which were apparently already being made in editions: "...such beautiful souvenirs, both made after those very curious old Irish ornaments we saw in the College in Dublin, one a silver shawl brooch, in smaller size than the original" was her reaction to the November gift.
# Starnes

Starnes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles J. Starnes (1912–1993), of Michigan
* Colin Starnes, professor and author
* Cortlandt Starnes (1864–1934)
* Donna Feore (born 1963), Canadian choreographer and theatre director born Donna Starnes
* Edgar V. Starnes, Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly
* Henry Starnes (1816–1896), Quebec businessman
* Joe Starnes (1895–1962), congressional representative from Alabama
* Kalib Starnes (born 1975)
* Paul M. Starnes (1934–2015), American politician
* Todd Starnes, American conservative writer and commentator
# Wanyan Zonggan

Wanyan Zonggan (Chinese: 完顏宗幹; died 1141), Jurchen name Woben (Chinese: 斡本), the Prince of Liao (遼王), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen–led Chinese Jin dynasty. There is no record of his birth year. Wanyan Zonggan was a Grand Preceptor of the Jin dynasty.

## Family

Wives
* Empress Cixian, of the Da clan (慈憲皇后 大氏; d. 1153) from Bohai
** Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), sinicised name Wanyan Liang, Prince of Hailing (海陵王), became Emperor of the Jin dynasty, second son
** Another son or daughter
* Lady Li, of the Li clan (李氏)
# Reformed Evangelical Church of Myanmar

The Evangelical Reformed Church of Myanmar is a Reformed, Christian Church in the country of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It holds to the Westminster Confession of Faith

## History

The church was formally organised in 1998. It was established by Rev. Dr. Thang Bwee. Main activities and church planting is located in the Southern part of Chin State. For many years the church struggled without help. In the early 2000s, the denomination suffered a split because some pastors questioned the Reformed doctrine of church government, preferring one-man leadership over their churches. About one-third of the congregations withdrew, mostly to Pentecostal Churches. In 2003, a mission partnership was made with the Presbyterian Church of Australia, and shortly after organisation, the denomination grew to 1,800 members; by 2000 the church grew to 2,500 followers; and by 2008, the denomination had about 7,000 members and 40 churches. Presently, there are 36 ministers working both in Chin State and in Yangon Division, with Presbyterian church government.
The church celebrated its 20th anniversary on October 22, 2012.

## Theology
### Creeds

* Apostles Creed

### Confessions

* Westminster Confession of Faith
* Westminster Larger Catechism
* Westminster Shorter Catechism

## Relationship with other churches

The denomination is a member of the World Reformed Fellowship. Partner church relationship with the Presbyterian Church in Australia was established in 2003. The Evangelical Reformed Church is involved in church planting; they have planted 3 congregations around the wider Yangon area including Tarmwe, Htauk Kyant, and Tada townships. The ERC also has a relationship with the Reformed Church in America.

## Education and Seminary

The Reformed Bible Institute was formed in June 2000 and offers the degree of Bachelor of Theology.