# William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper

William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, PC, KC, FRS (/ˈkuːpər/ KOO-pər; c. 1665 – 10 October 1723) was an English politician who became the first Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Cowper was the son of Sir William Cowper, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, Kent, a Whig member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns.

## Career and titles

Cowper was educated at St Albans School in Hertfordshire, and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament. He was admitted to Middle Temple on 18 March 1681/82, was called to the bar on 25 May 1688, and built up a large practice. He gave his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on his landing in England in 1688, and was made King's Counsel and recorder of Colchester in 1694.
Cowper had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother Spencer Cowper on a charge of murder.

### Lord Keeper of the Great Seal

On 11 October 1705 he was sworn to the Privy Council, was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and took his seat on the woolsack without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of that year he succeeded to his father's baronetcy, and on 14 December 1706, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowper of Wingham, Kent. He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that "she had given the Seals to a boy" and suggested that in future he should wear a wig to lend him gravity.

### Lord High Chancellor

When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of Dr Sacheverell in 1710, but resigned the seal when Harley and Bolingbroke took office in the same year. Queen Anne, who had high regard for him, "begged him with tears in her eyes" not to resign, and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign. On the death of Queen Anne, George I appointed Cowper one of the Lords Justice for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor.

### Lord High Steward

A paper which Cowper drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled An Impartial History of Parties, marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his Lives of the Lord Chancellors. Cowper supported the impeachment of Lord Oxford for high treason in 1715, and in 1716 presided as Lord High Steward at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the Jacobite rising, his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the Septennial Bill in the same year.

### Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper

On 18 March 1718 he was created Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper, and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the Prince of Wales's side in the prince's quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposed Peerage Bill brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, and also opposed the bill of attainder against Atterbury in 1723. Cowper was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the Court of Chancery with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues. It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the Whigs in general, came to have great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor.

## Trial of Spencer Cowper

His younger brother, Spencer Cowper (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, having committed suicide on account of his inattention—at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), Chief Justice of Chester (1717), and Judge of the Common Pleas (1727). He was great uncle of William Cowper, the poet.

## Personal life
### Marriages

William Cowper was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to Mary, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed before the wedding. The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife:
* Lady Sarah Cowper (1707–1758)
* William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764), succeeded as 2nd Earl
* Spencer Cowper (1713–1774), Dean of Durham
* Lady Anne Cowper (died 1750), married James Colleton MP

### Mistress

Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of William Cowper, and bore him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in St Helen's, Bishopsgate. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November 1703, and was buried at Hertingfordbury. Of her children, William, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson.
Tory writers satirised Lord Cowper as a bigamist. In The New Atalantis by Delarivier Manley, the married Hernando eloquently persuades an impressionable young woman that double marriage is lawful, seducing her with a sham marriage ceremony. Jonathan Swift referred to Cowper as "Will Bigamy". In his diary, Thomas Hearne recorded that Cowper was "well known to have had two wives at a time". The rumours may have gained traction because Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming Cowper's wife, rather than his mistress. In her will, she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence.

## Later years and death

In his last years Cowper was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the Jacobites. He died at his residence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.

## Relatives

vteCowper Family Tree :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | William Cowper (d. 1664) 1st Baronet of Ratling Court in the County of Kent | Martha Master | Martha Master | Martha Master | Martha Master | Martha Master | Martha Master |
| | | | | | | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | Joyce Hukeley (1622–1669) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | John Cowper (1613–1643) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Sir Samuel Holled (1619–1661) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) | Anne Cowper (d. 1664) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1639–1706) 2nd Baronet of Ratling Court | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) | Sarah Cowper (1644–1720) |
| | | | | | | Baron Cowper of Wingham in the County of Kent, 1706 Earl Cowper and Viscount Fordwich, in the County of Kent, 1718 | Baron Cowper of Wingham in the County of Kent, 1706 Earl Cowper and Viscount Fordwich, in the County of Kent, 1718 | Baron Cowper of Wingham in the County of Kent, 1706 Earl Cowper and Viscount Fordwich, in the County of Kent, 1718 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | Elizabeth Culling (1676–1703) | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | William Cowper (1665–1723) 1st Earl Cowper, 1st Viscount Fordwich, 3rd Baronet of Ratling Court | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 1) Judith Booth (d. 1705) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | 2) Mary Clavering (1685–1724) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | Samuel Cowper (1666) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | John Cowper (1667–1686) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Spencer Cowper (1670–1728) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) | Pennington Goodere (1667–1727) |
| William Cowper (1697–1719) | William Cowper (1697–1719) | William Cowper (1697–1719) | William Cowper (1697–1719) | William Cowper (1697–1719) | William Cowper (1697–1719) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | Mary Cowper (1700–1740) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1687–1692?) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | William Cowper (1689–1740) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1690) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | Spencer Cowper (1691–1706) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | John Cowper (1694–1756) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Ashley Cowper (1701–1768) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) | Judith Madan (1702–1781) |
| Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | Sarah Cowper (1707–1764) | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | William Clavering-Cowper (1709–1764) 2nd Earl Cowper, 2nd Viscount Fordwich, 4th Baronet of Ratling Court | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Anne Cowper (1710–1764) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | Spencer Cowper (1713–1774) | William Cowper (1731–1800) | William Cowper (1731–1800) | William Cowper (1731–1800) | William Cowper (1731–1800) | William Cowper (1731–1800) | William Cowper (1731–1800) |
| | | | | | | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Nassau Clavering-Cowper (1738–1789) 3rd Earl Cowper, 3rd Viscount Fordwich, 5th Baronet of Ratling Court | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Clavering-Cowper (1776–1799) 4th Earl Cowper, 4th Viscount Fordwich, 6th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court | Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau (1778–1837) 5th Earl Cowper, 5th Viscount Fordwich, 7th Baronet of Ratling Court |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | George Augustus Frederick Cowper (1806–1856) 6th Earl Cowper, 6th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baronet of Ratling Court | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper (1834–1905) 7th Earl Cowper, 7th Viscount Fordwich, 8th Baron Lucas, 3rd Baron Butler, 9th Baronet of Ratling Court, 4th Lord Dingwall | Florence Amabell Herbert | Florence Amabell Herbert | Florence Amabell Herbert | Florence Amabell Herbert | Florence Amabell Herbert | Florence Amabell Herbert | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) | Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838–1906) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | Earldom of Cowper, Viscountcy of Fordwich, Barony of Cowper, Baronetcy of Ratlingcourt extinct, 1905 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Auberon Thomas Herbert (1876–1916) 9th Baron Lucas, 5th Lord Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall | Nan Ino Cooper (1880–1958) 10th Baroness Lucas, 6th Lady Dingwall |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | Anne Rosemary Palmer (d. 1991) 11th Baroness Lucas, 7th Lady Dingwall | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | Ralph Matthew Palmer (b. 1951) 12th Baron Lucas, 8th Lord Dingwall | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Arms

Coat of arms of William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper :
* CrestA lion's jamb erased Or holding a cherry branch Vert fructed Gules.
* EscutcheonArgent three martlets Gules on a chief engrailed of the last three annulets Or.
* SupportersTwo dun horses close cropped (except a tuft on the withers) and docked a large blaze down the face a black list down the back and three white feet viz both hind and the near fore foot.
* MottoTuum Est (It Is Thine)

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cowper, William Cowper, 1st Earl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–349.
* ↑ "Privy Counsellors 1679 – 1835". leighrayment.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
* ↑ Gregg, Edward Queen Anne Yale University Press 2001 p. 206
* ↑ Gregg, p.323
* ↑ Gregg p.331
* ↑ William Cowper, History of Parliament, Retrieved 12 February 2017
* ↑ Manley, Delarivier (1709). Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality, of both Sexes, From The New Atalantis. pp. 218–229. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
* ↑ Swift, Jonathan (1710). The Examiner, No. 17 – via Wikisource.
* ↑ Bliss, Philip, ed. (1869) [1705]. Reliquiae Hearnianae: The Remains Of Thomas Hearne. Vol. 1. John Russell Smith. p. 43. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
* ↑ National Archives
* ↑ Gittings, Clare (January 1997). "The hell of living: Reflections on death in the diary of Sarah, Lady Cowper, 1700–1716". Mortality. 2 (1): 26. doi:10.1080/713685853.
* ↑ Debrett's Peerage. 1869.