OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jacob Freudenthal

Jacob Freudenthal (20 June 1839 – 1 June 1907) was a German philosopher. He was born at Bodenfelde, Kingdom of Hanover and died at Schreiberhau.

## Life

Freudenthal was educated at the universities of Breslau and Göttingen, and at the rabbinical seminary of Breslau. After graduating from the University of Göttingen in 1863, he became a teacher of the Samson-Schule [de] in Wolfenbüttel (1863–64). He then moved to Breslau to teach in the rabbinical seminary there, a position which he resigned in 1888.
In 1875, Freudenthal became a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Breslau. In 1878, he became an assistant professor and in 1888 a full professor of philosophy. He was a member of the senate of the university from 1894 to 1896, and dean of the philosophical faculty in 1898–99.
The Prussian Academy of Science sent him to England in 1888 to study English philosophy, and in 1898 to the Netherlands to research the life of Spinoza. The results of these trips were his "Beiträge zur Englischen Philosophie", published in the Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie (4-6, 1891), and Die Lebensgeschichte Spinoza's (Leipzig, 1899).

## Works

Freudenthal contributed various essays to publications of the Prussian Academy of Science, such as:
* to the "Rheinische Museum",
* to the "Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie",
* to "Hermes",
* to the "J. Q. R.",
* to Monatsschrift Allg. Zeit. des Judenthums"
His other works include:
* Ueber den Begriff der Φαντασία bei Aristoteles, 1863.
* Die Flavius Josephus beigelegte Schrift über die Herrschaft der Vernunft, 1869.
* Alexander Polyhistor und die von ihm erhaltenen Reste judäischer und samaritanischer Geschichtswerke (Hellenistische Studien), 1875 / 1879.
* Ueber die Theologie des Xenophanes, 1886.
* Spinoza. Sein Leben und seine Lehre. Erster Band: Das Leben Spinozas, 1904; Spinoza. Leben und Lehre. Auf Grund des Nachlasses von J. Freudenthal bearbeitet von Carl Gebhardt. 2. edition, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1927 (Bibliotheca Spinozana curis societatis Spinozanae; T. 5).
* Über den Text der Lucasschen Biographie Spinozas. In Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 126 (1905), 189–208.
# Jacob Alderman

Jacob Alderman was a Sheriff of London in 1200 and Mayor of London during 1216 from Easter to the Feast of Pentecost when he died in office. He was succeeded by Salomon de Basing.
# Samote

Samote is a Town and Capital of Union Council Samote, Tehsil Kallar Syedan, District Rawalpindi Samote is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Kallar Syedan, 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Rawalpindi City, 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Islamabad, 31 kilometres (19 mi) from Dadyal (in Azad Kashmir), 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Gujar Khan. In 2008 General Elections, Samote was under, NA-50 for National Assembly and PP-2 (now PP-7) for Punjab Assembly. In 2013 Elections, Samote remained under administration of same constituencies. In Next 2018 General Elections, Samote was shifted to NA-58 of National Assembly and PP-7 of Punjab Assembly.
For the Next 2024 General elections, Samote is listed under NA-51 a newly created constituency of National Assembly but remains under the same PP-7 of Provincial Assembly.

## Languages

* Pothwari: 90%
* Urdu 5%
* Pashto 3%
* Other 2%

## Schools and colleges

* Haqani Public School & College Samote
* Government Boys Higher Secondary School Samote
* Government Girls Higher Secondary School Samote
* Misali Public High School Samote

## Hospitals

* Government hospital samote.
* Govt Veternary Hospital Samote.

## Landmarks

Following are some of the important landmarks and important Government buildings situated in the town of samote.
* Markazi Jamia Mosque Samote
* Post Office Samote affiliated with (Pakistan Post).
* Union Council Office Samote

## Banks

* A branch of United Bank Limited
* A branch of Bank Al-Habib Limited

## Transport

Samote is well connected to nearby cities, towns and villages by roads and local transport that runs on these roads. A Local Suzuki Ravi service is available that runs from samote to nearby town Bewal. Also Toyota Hiace Services run through the town connecting it with cities like Kallar Syedan and Rawalpindi and even the Azad Kashmiri city of Dadyal
# Samota

Samota is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Angela Samota (1964–1984), American murder victim
* Paramjeet Samota (born 1988), Indian boxer
# Samuel Medley

Samuel Medley may refer to:
* Samuel Medley (painter)
* Samuel Medley (minister)
# Samuel McTier

Samuel McTier (1737/38 – 1795) was the first president of the Belfast Society of the United Irishmen, a revolutionary organisation in late 18th-century Ireland.

## Early life and family

Born in Dundonald, County Down, McTier was a chandler by trade and a freemason. In 1773 he married the 31-year-old Martha 'Matty' Drennan, sister of William Drennan one of the founding members of the United Irishmen. By then McTier was a widower with a young daughter. He and Martha would have no children of their own. In 1781 he was declared bankrupt through a combination of bad luck and poor judgement. Four years later he was working as the ballast master to the new Harbour Commission in Belfast, and later as a notary public.

## The United Irishmen

The United Irishmen were initially founded in 1791 as a group of liberal Protestant and Presbyterian men interested in promoting Parliamentary reform, and influenced by the ideas of Thomas Paine and his book ‘The Rights of Man’. Original members included Thomas Russell, Wolfe Tone, William Drennan, and Samuel Neilson.
While McTier was not a member of the original 11 men who founded the Society, he was appointed the first President of the Belfast United Irishmen. Thereafter the McTier home, with Martha taking an active interest, became a centre for United Irish gatherings and meetings. Such meetings became dangerous in 1793 after Revolutionary France declared war on Britain. The United Irishmen were outlawed and began to operate as a secretive body.

## Death

He died suddenly in June 1795 while holidaying in Inveraray, Scotland with Martha. He left no will, and Martha was forced to live in reduced circumstances for the rest of her long widowhood. She herself died in 1837.
# San Benedetto Po

San Benedetto Po (Lower Mantovano: San Banadèt) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Mantua. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). It is best known as the location of the Polirone Abbey.
# San Cristóbal mockingbird

The San Cristóbal mockingbird (Mimus melanotis) or Chatham mockingbird, is a species of bird in the family Mimidae. It is endemic to San Cristóbal Island in the Galápagos Islands.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The San Cristóbal mockingbird, Galápagos mockingbird (Mimus parvulus), Espanola mockingbird (M. macdonaldi), and Floreana mockingbird (M. trifasciatus) were previously placed in genus Nesomimus and were considered conspecific. They now form a superspecies. The San Cristóbal mockingbird is monotypic.

## Description

The San Cristóbal mockingbird is 25 to 26 cm (9.8 to 10.2 in) long. Males weigh an average of 53.2 g (1.88 oz) and females 48 g (1.7 oz). Adults have a thin white supercilium, black lores, and a blackish patch behind the eye. Their crown and upperparts are grayish brown with some darker streaks. The wings and tail are dark brown; the wings when folded show two whitish bars and the outer tail feathers have whitish tips. They are mostly whitish below, with a buffy tinge on the throat, tiny dark spots on the sides of the breast, and blackish brown streaks on the flanks. The juvenile is similar to the adults but with more streaking on its underparts.

## Distribution and habitat

The San Cristóbal mockingbird is found only on San Cristóbal Island in the eastern Galápagos. It inhabits several landscapes across all elevations of the island including coastal mangroves, open arid lowland scrub, scrubby woodland with scattered trees and cacti, and some taller woodlands. It shuns dense lowland forest, tall wet woodland, and grassland.

## Behavior
### Feeding

The San Cristóbal mockingbird mostly forages on the ground for terrestrial arthropods but also takes fruits and berries from low vegetation. It has been documented taking ticks from marine iguanas.

### Display

Although the San Cristóbal mockingbird does not have white wing patches, it does a "wing flash" movement similar to that done by Mimus mockingbirds that do have such patches. It runs a short distance, briefly opens its wings to two-thirds of full extension, then extends them fully to a position just above horizontal.

### Breeding

The San Cristóbal mockingbird nests from January to April at low elevations and to later at higher ones. Its year round territory is typically 3 to 5 ha (7.4 to 12.4 acres). The species builds a bulky nest of twigs lined with grasses in the crotch of a tree, usually 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is two to five, though usually four. The female incubates the eggs and both parents feed nestlings.

### Vocalization

* Songs and calls
* Listen to San Cristóbal mockingbird on xeno-canto
The San Cristbal mockingbird sings a "[l]oud, melodious and disjointed territorial song typical of [its] genus."

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the San Cristóbal mockingbird as Near Threatened. Prior to 2020 it was classified as Endangered. "The population is moderately small, but stable and currently not under imminent threat." The population is estimated to be at least 20,000 mature individuals.
# San Cristóbal de la Vega

San Cristóbal de la Vega is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2022 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 88 inhabitants.
# Jacob Hunter House (New Liberty, Kentucky)

The Jacob Hunter House near New Liberty, Kentucky is a historic Federal vernacular-style house built in 1818. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
It was built by Revolutionary War veteran Jacob Hunter, whose grandson was Lafayette Hunter. The site preserves the ruins of an early stone house, the only such site in Owen County, Kentucky and the only one-bay stone house in the state. In 1984 it was noted to be a "good historic archaeologic site; unchanged except by nature."
# Jacob Hveding

Jacob Hveding was a Norwegian lawyer. From 1772 to 1786 he was Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands. Later, he moved back to Norway, and Stavanger, where he took over as a presiding judge.
# Jacques Gilles Henri Goguet

Jacques Gilles Henri Goguet (11 March 1767 – 21 April 1794) rose to command a French division during the French Revolutionary Wars before he was assassinated by his own soldiers after a defeat. Trained as a physician, he studied medicine at the University of Montpellier before becoming a member of the French National Guard in 1789. He joined a volunteer battalion in 1792 and fought at Jemappes in November that year. In 1793 he was promoted to general officer and transferred to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. In September 1793 when a Spanish army threatened to surround Perpignan, the French army commander fled, leaving the army leaderless. In the emergency, Goguet cooperated with Eustache Charles d'Aoust to win the Battle of Peyrestortes. A few days later he commanded the right column under Dagobert at Truillas, where poor relations with his commander led to the failure of the attack.
Goguet transferred to the Army of the North with the rank of general of division. He led his division at Le Cateau. In one of the operations during the Siege of Landrecies his troops were repulsed at Prémont by Coalition troops under the Duke of York. During the retreat, a mutinous group of soldiers fired on Goguet and fatally wounded him. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, then a chef de brigade (colonel), harangued the guilty regiment and convinced the troops to arrest the assassins. A captain was condemned to death for inciting his men to commit the crime.
# San Salvador del Valledor

San Salvador del Valledor (Galician-Asturian: San Salvador) is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is 39.46 km$^2$ (15.24 sq mi) in size, with a population of 69. The postal code is 33887.

## Villages and hamlets

* As Grobas
* Barras
* Bustarel
* Collada
* Fonteta
* San Salvador
* Trabaces
* Villalaín (Vilalaín)
* Villanueva (Vilanova)
# Jacques Maigne

Jacques Maigne (4 April 1951 – 29 October 2020) was a French writer and journalist.

## Biography

Born on 4 April 1951 in Toulouse, Maigne graduated from the Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris in 1975. He moved to Nîmes in 1977, debuting his career at La Provençal before joining the editorial staff of Sud. He was a regional correspondent, sent to the Middle East by Libération from 1986 to 1995. He then became a freelance journalist and cofounded the magazine In vino. In 1985, he received the Plume d'aigle from the Association nationale des aficionados.
Maigne wrote about Latin America, bullfighting, rugby, gastronomy, Flamenco, and popular music. He produced 12 documentaries for Arte, including one based on a novel by Antoine Blondin. He also signed the text of illustrated albums.
Jacques Maigne died from cancer of 29 October 2020 at the age of 69.

## Books

* L'Habit de lumière (1985)
* Guadalquivir : impressions de voyage (1990)
* À côté des taureaux (1992)
* Secrets de gardians (2002)
* Toros (2004)
* Guide des caves coopératives (2004)
* Gardon, gardons (2004)
* 18, pompiers (2005)
* De garrigues en Costières : paysages de Nîmes métropole (2005)
* Claude Viallat : un bel été (2006)
* Voir grand : panorama des grands sites (2007)
* Le Vin au fil de l'eau : les fleuves et leurs vignobles (2007)
* Site du pont du Gard : chroniques d'un aménagement (2008)
* Conversations avec Claude Viallat : ponctuées par des textes de l'artiste (2009)
* Flamenco : en flammes (2009)
* Camargue plein ciel (2013)
* Portrait de Nîmes (2015)
* Flamenco, toros y olé : « ¡Arte, coño! » (2015)
* Vigne saga (2017)
# James Coats (disambiguation)

James Coats was a British skeleton racer and baronet.
James Coats or Coates may also refer to:
* Sir James Coats, 1st Baronet (1834–1913), of the Coats baronets
* James B. Coats, Baptist minister and songwriter elected to the Gospel Music Hall of Fame
* Jim Coates (1932–2019), former United States Major League Baseball pitcher
* James Coates (banker) (1851–1935), New Zealand sportsman and banker
* James Coates (parliamentary official) (1815–1854), parliamentary official and pioneer of Auckland, New Zealand
* James Coates (politician), American minister and member of the Council of the District of Columbia
* James Coates (British Army officer) (1740–1822)
* James Henry Coates, America Union Army officer
* Jim Coats, Australian cricketer
* Jim Coates, American baseball pitcher
# James Edwin O'Reilly

James Edwin O'Reilly was mayor of Hamilton, Ontario in 1869, and from 1879 to 1881. He lived from 1833-1907, and was a lay leader at Christ's Church Cathedral, an Anglican church, by the year 1899. He belonged to a temperance organisation, the Royal Templars of Temperance, but was not an active member.
# Sangowal, Jalandhar

Sangowal is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from sub district headquarter and 38 kilometres (24 mi) from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 483 houses and the population of 2591 of which 1362 are males while 1229 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 1060 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
# San Marino at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics

San Marino competed at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea, from January 19 to February 1, 2024, This was San Marino's fourth appearance at the Winter Youth Olympic Games, having competed at every Games since the inaugural edition in 2012.
The San Marino team consisted of one male alpine skier. Alpine skier Mattia Beccari was the country's flagbearer during the opening ceremony.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors (per gender) participating at the games per sport/discipline.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Alpine skiing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 1 | 0 | 1 |

## Alpine skiing

San Marino qualified one male alpine skier.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mattia Beccari | Giant slalom | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF |
| Mattia Beccari | Slalom | 57.52 | 55 | 1:06.06 | 37 | 2:03.58 | 37 |
# Sanjay G. Reddy

Sanjay G Reddy is a noted Harvard (and Cambridge) educated development economist. He is a Professor and former Chair of the Department of Economics at The New School for Social Research at New York in the US. His work has covered a wide range of topics including: Inequality; Governance of International Trade and Finance; Social Protection in the Global Context; and Democracy, Technocracy and Learning to Learn (with Charles Sabel).
He is an elected fellow of the Human Development and Capabilities Association.

## Selected publications

* Reddy, S. G., & Pogge, T. W. (2002). How not to count the poor! A reply to Ravallion. Debates on the Measurement of Global Poverty, 42–85.
* Reddy, Sanjay G. and Thomas Pogge (2009) How Not to Count the Poor, Initiative for Policy Dialogue Working Paper Series, May 2009
* Reddy, S. G. (1996). Claims to expert knowledge and the subversion of democracy: the triumph of risk over uncertainty. Economy and society, 25(2), 222–254.
* Minoiu, C., & Reddy, S. G. (2010). Development aid and economic growth: A positive long-run relation. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(1), 27–39.
* Reddy, S. G. (2012). Randomise this! On poor economics. Review of Agrarian Studies, 2(2).
# Sansad

Sansad or Sangsad is the word for "Assembly", association, council or "Parliament" in several Indo-Aryan languages, derived from a Sanskrit root. It may also mean:

## National parliament
### Bangladesh

* Jatiya Sangsad ("National Parliament" of Bangladesh; Bengali: জাতীয় সংসদ Jatiyô Sôngsôd)
** Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, National Parliament House of Bangladesh
** Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad
** Sangsad Television

### India

* Bhāratīya Sansad (Parliament of India)
** Sansad Marg
** Sansad Bhavan
** Sansad TV
** Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

### Nepal

* Saṅghīya Sansad Nēpāl (Nepali: संघीय संसद नेपाल) Federal Parliament of Nepal

## Other uses

* Muktijoddha Sangsad, a non-political welfare association of the combatants during the Bangladesh Liberation war
* Padatik Nattya Sangsad, a Dhaka based Bengali theatre group
* Muktijoddha Sangsad KC, a football club in Bangladesh
* Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad, a literary organisation located in Sylhet, Bangladesh
* Narayanganj Suktara Sangsad, a football team of Narayanganj, Bangladesh
* Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad
# San Roque Lake (Bolivia)

Laguna San Roque is a lake in the Iténez Province, Beni Department, Bolivia. At an elevation of 190 m, its surface area is 4.5 km².
# San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge

The San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge is a 2,550 metres (8,366 ft) long cable-stayed bridge that crosses the Paraná River between the cities of Posadas, capital of Misiones Province, Argentina and Encarnación, capital of Itapúa, Paraguay. The main bridge is 570 metres (1,870 ft) long and the approaching viaduct is 1,595 metres (5,233 ft) long.
The bridge, named for the founder of the missions which evolved into both cities, was first projected in 1977 through an agreement between the governments of Argentina and Paraguay, as a compensation to Paraguay for the flooding of part of its territory by the Yacyretá Dam. Its construction began in 1981 and was planned to last three years, but was finished only in 1990. It was construct by a consortium leading by the Italian company Impregilo.
The road-rail bridge also carries the Posadas-Encarnacion International Train.
# San Roque de Cumbaza District

San Roque de Cumbaza District is one of eleven districts of the province Lamas in Peru.
# San Roque de Riomiera

San Roque de Riomiera is a municipality located in the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain.

## Localities

* La Concha.
* Merilla.
* La Pedrosa (Capital).
# Oscadytes

Oscadytes is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, Oscadytes rovirai. It is found in Spain.
# Janet Dawson (writer)

Janet Dawson (born October 31, 1949) is an American writer of mysteries. Thirteen of her novels comprise the Jeri Howard series, featuring a private eye of the same name, and three make up the California Zephyr series featuring private eye Jill McLeod. Dawson's work has included many short stories and a mystery novel, What You Wish For, that is not part of either series. Dawson's Kindred Crimes was named a "best first private-eye novel" by St. Martin's Press and the Private Eye Writer's Association in 1990, and in 2004, her short story, "Voice Mail", won a Macavity Award.
Dawson, a graduate of the University of Colorado, Boulder (B.S. in journalism), began her writing career as a reporter for the Daily News of Lamar, Colorado (1972–74). She served in the United States Navy (1975–83), where she rose to the rank of lieutenant. During these same years, she completed work for an M.A. in history at California State University, Hayward, graduating in 1983. From then through 1995, she was a legal secretary for Safeway Inc., thereafter becoming a full-time writer.

## Critical reception

Pearl G. Aldrich, in St. James Guide to Crime and Mystery Writers, praises Dawson for creating a strong central character, Jeri Howard, "an independent woman who chooses her own destiny and fights her own battles", for her main series of novels. The overall quality of that series, she says, is high. Though she finds Dawson's writing style "pedestrian ... and plodding", the private eye is "appealing and her cases interesting."
Of Dawson's first Jeri Howard novel, Kindred Crimes, Publishers Weekly says, "Dawson keeps suspense and interest at high pitch even for readers who correctly distinguish the guilty and innocent." The magazine describes as "workmanlike" her most recent novel in the series, The Devil Close Behind, concluding that "This love letter to New Orleans has a great sense of place, which compensates in part for a mystery with few surprises. Series fans will best appreciate this one."
Lauren Miller, writing for the Historical Novel Society, praises Dawson for the "extensive research into train life" that informs Death Rides the Zephyr. This detail includes "every aspect of being a Zephyrette [train stewardess], from dealing with rude customers to the ticket colors used when scheduling luncheon and the dinner hour." However, Miller says, "The well-detailed nature of the piece does affect the pacing, which at times feels slow...".
# Neoptilia

Neoptilia is a genus of argid sawflies in the family Argidae. There are at least two described species in Neoptilia.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Neoptilia:
* Neoptilia malvacearum Cockerell, 1894$^b$ (hollyhock sawfly)
* Neoptilia tora Smith, 1971$^b$ (purple sawfly)
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# PlanMaker

PlanMaker is a spreadsheet program that is part of the SoftMaker Office suite. It is available on Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux and Android and iOS.
PlanMaker is largely similar to Microsoft Excel in function and workflow and uses the same file format .xlsx. The syntax of the formulas is identical, pivot tables are possible. Furthermore it can import SQLite databases.
Macros and VBA scripts contained in .xlsm cannot be executed, but are retained when saving. BasicMaker provides a VBA-like scripting language under Windows for SoftMaker Office.