OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spartak Belyaev

Spartak Timofeyevich Belyaev (October 27, 1923 – January 5, 2017) was a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist who was awarded a Lomonosov Gold Medal.

## Biography

Belyaev was born on October 27, 1923, in Moscow, Russia. When World War II began, he graduated from high school and by August 1941 enlisted himself into the Army as a volunteer. During that time he participated in various battles in Caucasus and liberation of Poland in 1945. After long years of war, he declined the offer on keeping the career and instead decided to become a physicist by applying to the Moscow State University.
Two years later he already got a job there as a researcher at the Atomic Energy Institute which later on was renamed as Kurchatov Institute. He worked there till 1962 and between that year and 1958 also worked at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. In 1962 he decided to change his lifestyle a bit; he moved to Siberia and in 1968 was elected as a full member of Russian Academy of Sciences. He worked at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. For his breakthroughs and research in physics he was awarded the Landau Gold Medal in 1998 and the Feenberg medal in 2004.
On May 17, 2011, he and Gerard 't Hooft were awarded a Lomonosov Gold Medal by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
# Henry A. Lyons

Henry Augustus Lyons (October 5, 1809 – July 27, 1872) was the second Chief Justice of California, appointed to the court by the California State Legislature at the formation of the state. He was the first Jewish justice on the court.

## Background

Lyons was one of five sons and a daughter born to Solomon and Sarah (also known as Rebecca) Lyons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Around 1834, Lyons's older brother Zaligman Selwin became an attorney and moved to Jackson, Louisiana. Lyons then followed and settled in St. Francisville. In May 1846, Governor Isaac Johnson appointed Lyons as an aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief of the Louisiana militia during the Mexican–American War. In April 1849, Lyons lost a lawsuit over a promissory note for $2,200 he signed in April 1843 in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.
Lyons married Eliza Pirrie in 1840. Pirrie was already twice a widow and had a boy, Robert Hillard Jr, from her first husband Robert Hillard, and two children (Isabelle and James Pirrie Bowman) with her second husband William Robert Bowman. Together with Lyons, they had three daughters and a son: Lucy Pirrie, Cora August and Eliza (who died in childhood in 1853), and Henry A. Lyons, Jr. In 1851, Lyons's wife died aged 46. On February 27, 1891, his daughter, Cora, died in San Rafael, California, at the age of 46, the same age as her mother.

## Career in California

Lyons left his family to travel to California during the Gold Rush, ultimately settling in the Sonora area. In 1849, he ran for State Senate. In 1849, he sought a seat on the newly formed state Supreme Court. An experienced attorney, he came in second for the votes by the state Senate for the California Supreme Court (behind Justice Serranus Clinton Hastings). Hastings had a two-year term ending in 1852, and Lyons then took over as chief justice. Lyons resigned as Chief on March 31, 1852, after serving only three months. Lyons wrote a total of eleven opinions during his term on the Court: nine as an associate justice and two as Chief.
After his term, Lyons remained active in politics but did not return to practicing law. Instead, he focused on his business interests in San Francisco and mining ventures. In June 1852, Lyons served as a delegate from California to the Democratic National Convention held in Baltimore, Maryland.
Lyons died on July 27, 1872, in San Francisco.
# Spencer v Harding

Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561 is an English contract law case concerning the requirements of offer and acceptance in the formation of a contract. The case established that an offer inviting tenders to be submitted for the purchase of stock did not amount to an offer capable of acceptance to sell that stock, but rather amounted to an invitation to treat.

## Facts

The Defendants sent out a circular containing the following wording:
   28, King Street, Cheapside, May 17th, 1869. We are instructed to offer to the wholesale trade for sale by tender the stock in trade of Messrs. G. Eilbeck & Co., of No. 1, Milk Street, amounting as per stock-book to 2503l. 13s. 1d., and which will be sold at a discount in one lot. Payment to be made in cash. The stock may be viewed on the premises, No. 1, Milk Street, up to Thursday, the 20th instant, on which day, at 12 o'clock at noon precisely, the tenders will be received and opened at our offices. Should you tender and not attend the sale, please address to us sealed and inclosed, 'Tender for Eilbeck's stock.' Stock-books may be had at our offices on Tuesday morning. Honey, Humphreys, & Co.
The Defendants did not promise to sell the stock to the highest bidder for cash. The Claimants sent a tender to the Defendants which, following the submission of all tenders, was the highest tender. The Defendants refused to sell the stock to the Claimants.
The Defendants submitted that the circular was not intended to be a binding offer capable of acceptance. Rather, it was merely a circular inviting others to make offers. The Claimants submitted that the circular did constitute a valid offer and that the Claimant had, by submitting the highest tender and attending all the necessary meetings, accepted that offer.

## Judgment

Willes J held that the circular was not an offer, but merely an invitation to gather tenders, upon which the Defendants were entitled to act. Willes, J. held that the absence of any specific wording such as "and we undertake to sell to the highest bidder" rebutted any presumption that the Defendants had intended to be bound by a contract and distinguished the present circumstances from instances of reward contract offers or an offer to the world.
Keating J and Montague Smith J concurred.
# Henrik Böhm

Henrik Böhm (10 April 1867 – 23 October 1936) was a Hungarian Jewish architect who worked in the secessionist style.

## Life and works

After attending schools in Székesfehérvár and Budapest, Böhm earned a degree in architecture from the Budapest University of Technology in 1890. After a long study trip, he then settled in Budapest. His main works:
* New town hall, Újpest (1899)
* Török Bank [hu] (1905-1906)
* Trade Casino in Čakovec, Croatia
* Újpestvidéki Takarékpénztár in Újpest
He also excelled in funerary architecture: he designed several tombs in the Rákoskeresztúr cemetery.
# Henrik Bull (judge)

Henrik Bull (born 1957) is a Norwegian judge.
He was born in Oslo, graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1984 and took the dr.juris degree in 2002. He also took an undergraduate degree in Russian language in 1978.
He was a consultant in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1985 to 1987, then deputy judge in Nedre Romerike District Court for one year. He was then a legislative adviser in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1988 to 1996, when he was hired as a research fellow at the University of Oslo Centre for European Law. From 2002 to 2005 he headed the Centre for European Law. After a period as a judge in the EFTA Court from 2006 to 2010, he became a Supreme Court Justice in January 2011.
# Henrik Børseth

Henrik Børseth (30 April 1885 – 18 September 1970) was a Norwegian actor. He was born in Haugesund, and was married to actress Aagot Børseth. He made his stage debut at Det Norske Teatret in 1914, and was assigned to Nationaltheatret in Oslo from 1925. He typically played character roles. Among his best performances were his roles as the sailor Vingrisen in Nordahl Grieg's play Vår ære og vår makt, and as Besley in Grieg's Nederlaget.
# Henrik Capetillo

Henrik Capetillo (born 1966) is a Danish artist living and working in Copenhagen. He was born in Sweden and grew up in Denmark where he studied at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, 1993–1999. Henrik Capetillo's works have often revolved around identity related issues, on a personal as well as formal levels.
# Karl Dawson Wood

Karl Dawson (K.D.) Wood (September 27, 1898 – April 19, 1995) was an aerospace education pioneer specializing in airplane and spacecraft design. His first two books, Airplane Design and Technical Aerodynamics, with over ten editions, were the standard college textbooks for generations of aerospace engineers. Additionally, he was the technical editor for Prentice-Hall as well as other textbooks and publications in applied aeronautics, thermodynamics and guided missiles. Wood's textbooks contained practical knowledge derived from his summertime contract jobs at Air Materiel Command, General Motors, National Bureau of Standards, Marquardt Corporation, Douglas Aircraft, Grumman Aircraft, Martin Company, National Science Foundation, Consolidated Aircraft, Bell Aircraft Company, and Consolidated-Vultee.
He earned an M.E. Degree from Cornell University in 1922, a M.S. from Cornell in 1926, and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1955. He started the aeronautical engineering departments at Purdue University and University of Colorado.
# Hemipolygona cuna

Hemipolygona cuna is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
# Sphegina nitidifrons

Sphegina nitidifrons is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Japan.
# Henry Hawkins (cricketer)

Henry Hawkins 91876-1930) was an English cricketer active from 1902 to 1909 who played for Northamptonshire (Northants). He was born in Kegworth, Leicestershire on 15 January 1876 and died in Daventry, Northamptonshire on 12 August 1930. He appeared in 26 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 350 runs with a highest score of 33 and took 24 wickets with a best performance of two for 12.
# Henry Herbert (Parliamentarian)

Henry Herbert (born 1617) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1642 and 1654. He fought in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War.
Herbert was the son of William Herbert of Coldbrook. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford on 10 October 1634 and entered Middle Temple in the same year.
In March 1642, Herbert was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire in the Long Parliament. He was a colonel in the Parliamentary army and took Cardiff in September 1645 and then Swansea. He was one of the parliamentary commissioners for Monmouthshire in 1646 and took a prominent role in the Commonwealth. He was appointed a member of High Court of Justice on 25 June 1651. He was a member of 4th Council of State from 19 November 1651 to November 1652 and was placed on the committee of law and the committee for preserving of timber on 2 December 1651. He was appointed Commissioner of Militia for Monmouthshire on 14 March 1654. In 1654 he was re-elected MP for Monmouthshire in the First Protectorate Parliament. He was given £3000 and the plunder of Raglan Castle. His brother Major William Herbert was a commissioner of array for the King.
Herbert married Mary Rudyard, daughter of John Rudyard, grocer of London. After his death she married William Herbert of Cogan as his second wife.
# Spierings Kranen

Spierings Kranen is a Dutch manufacturer of large mobile cranes such as the SK 1265-AT6 "Mighty Tiny" model which can lift up to 10 tons up to 35 metres in height. The company was founded by Leo Spierings and his wife Tiny in 1987.
# Karl Ramsayer

Karl Heinrich Ramsayer (29 September 1911, Schwäbisch Gmünd – 24 December 1982, near Stuttgart) was a German geodesist and is well known as one of the most important scientists in geodetic astronomy and in electronic navigation.
In the 1950s Ramsayer became professor at the Geodetic Institute of the University of Stuttgart. In the following years he founded the Institut für Navigation which he developed to a leading research institute in the fields of avionics. Many patents in automatic positioning methods and air guidance systems have their origin in Stuttgart research projects.

## Work on navigation and geodesy

Much of Ramsayer's research on navigation concerned dead reckoning, automatic navigation maps based on Doppler radar, and improvements in astro navigation. Long series of NATO test flights showed the advantages of combining different positioning methods (integrated navigation). He is the author of some hundred special articles in scientific journals and author or coauthor of some dozen research reports.
In geodesy and geosciences, Ramsayer's priority was the integration of electronic and astronomic observation methods to improve the mutual quality and the strength of networks. Another focus was analyses of the interdependence of accuracy and systematic errors. One of his major works late in life was volume IIa of the Handbuch der Vermessungskunde, published in 1968.
Ramsayer retired from the geodetic institute in May 1980 and from flight navigation in 1981. His successors were Erik Grafarend in the area of geodesy and Philipp Hartl in the area of navigation. Ramsayer was honoured by several academic prizes and made an honorary doctor; in 1982 he got the most important prize in Austrian geodesy, the Friedrich Hopfner medal.
He died near Stuttgart.

## Important publications and sources

* Geodätische Astronomie (1969): Volume IIa of Handbuch der Vermessungskunde (900 p.), J.B. Metzler/ Stuttgart
* TACAN and Doppler radar; Automatische Koppelkarte; Integrated Geodesy. NATO research papers, 1965-1970
* Festkolloquium 9 May 1980 on the occasion of retirement of o. Prof. Dr-Ing. Karl Ramsayer. Geodätisches Institut der Universität Stuttgart, DGK Reihe E/19, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7696-9664-6
* Festvortrag (Ceremonial address) at the TU Vienna (1982), and overview on Ramsayers scientific work: Österr. Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie (ÖZfVuPh) Vol.70, p. 231-233, Verlag Rohrer, Baden bei Wien.
# Karl Rand

Karl Rand (1880 – ?) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of Estonian Constituent Assembly. He was a member of the assembly since 5 May 1920. He replaced Johannes Rätsep.
# Herb Tyler

Herb Tyler is a former American football player. He was a quarterback for the LSU Tigers from 1995 to 1998.

## College

In 1995, Tyler, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana, went to Louisiana State University (LSU) Late in his freshman season, Tyler replaced injured senior Jamie Howard to become LSU's starting quarterback. Over Tyler's next 31 games as a starter, LSU went 26–5, including a #12 ranking in the 1996 final AP Poll and a #13 ranking in the 1997 final AP Poll (it was the first time LSU had finished in the final AP Poll since 1988).
Major victories during that time included unranked LSU's 28–0 victory over #14 Arkansas in 1995 (televised by ABC), #21 LSU's 19–15 victory at #14 Auburn in 1996 (televised by ESPN), and, most notably, #14 LSU's 28–21 victory over #1 Florida in 1997 (televised by ESPN).
In the victory over #1 Florida, Tyler ran for two touchdowns off the option play, including one for 40 yards and one for 11 yards. However, during Tyler's last 7 games as a starter, LSU went 1–6. In his last game as a starter, at #10 Notre Dame, Tyler suffered a hamstring injury. Because of that, he was not able to start in the last game of his senior year at #13 Arkansas.
A mobile quarterback, Tyler passed for 5,876 yards and 40 touchdowns and rushed for 778 yards and 23 touchdowns during his time at LSU.

## Professional career

In 2001, Tyler was the quarterback for the Baton Rouge Blaze. After the Blaze went defunct at the end of the season, Tyler became the quarterback for the now-defunct Houma Bayou Bucks of the National Indoor Football League.
# Spongiosis

Spongiosis is mainly intercellular edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis, and is characteristic of eczematous dermatitis, manifested clinically by intraepidermal vesicles (fluid-containing spaces), "juicy" papules, and/or lichenification. It is a severe case of eczema that affects the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous skin tissues. The three types of spongiotic dermatitis are acute, subacute and chronic. A dermatologist can diagnose acute spongiotic dermatitis by examining the skin during an office visit, but a biopsy is needed for an accurate diagnosis of the type.
It can be caused by several internal or external factors, such as food, an insect bite, stress, medication or cosmetics. The treatment varies depending on the type and severity; it is normally treated with topical corticosteroid cream.
# Spongiphorinae

The Spongiphorinae are a medium-sized subfamily of earwigs in the superfamily Forficuloidea, sometimes called "little earwigs", erected by Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff in 1902. Distribution records appear to be incomplete, but genera such as Spongiphora (the type genus) originate from the Americas including the Caribbean; certain species such as Marava arachidis, have a cosmopolitan distribution.

## Genera

The Dermaptera Species File lists:
* Filolabia Steinmann, 1989
* Formicilabia Rehn & Hebard, 1917
* Homotages Burr, 1909
* Irdex Burr, 1911
* Marava Burr, 1911
* Pseudomarava Steinmann, 1989
* Purex Burr, 1911
* Spongiphora Audinet-Serville, 1831
* Spongovostox Burr, 1911
* Vostox Burr, 1911
# Henry Tilney

Henry Tilney is the leading man in Jane Austen's 1817 novel Northanger Abbey. The younger son of a local landowner, Tilney is comfortably placed as a beneficed clergyman on his father's estate.

## Character

Tilney, with his teasing yet kind-hearted mentorship of Catherine, has been considered the nicest of Austen's heroes. At the same time, with his knowledge of muslin and of Gothic novels, he is the least masculine of them. Overshadowed by his military father and elder brother, he is a strangely passive figure, falling for Catherine only after she falls for him, and with his father as the driving force behind her coming to the Abbey. Nevertheless, he does not lack moral courage, as he shows with his marriage to Catherine at the book's close.

## Origins

Frank Swinnerton considered that, as a teasing mentor, knowledgeable on female matters, Tilney might represent a disguised version of the author herself. Later critics, more cautiously, have seen him as representing in part the author's "voice".
Sydney Smith, who is known to have overlapped with Austen in Bath at the close of the eighteenth century, and whose witty conversation resembles Tilney's, has also been seen as a possible model for the character. So too has Austen's witty brother Henry: “affectionate & kind as well as entertaining....he cannot help being amusing”.
# Karmøy (disambiguation)

Karmøy may refer to :

## Places

* Karmøy (island), an island in Rogaland county, Norway
* Karmøy, a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway
* Karmøy Airport, an airport on the island of Karmøy in Norway
* Karmøy (Antarctica), an island in Antarctica

## Other

* Karmøy-Posten, a now-defunct Norwegian newspaper
# Kate Dempsey (poet)

Kate Dempsey (born 1962), Irish based poet and founder of Kinsale Mead Co.

## Biography

Born in Bishop's Stortford in 1962, Kate Dempsey grew up in Bothwell and Coventry. She went to Finham Park School before she graduated with a degree in Physics from St Hilda's College, Oxford. After college, she worked in IT and lived in the UK, Nijmegen in the Netherlands , and Albuquerque, New Mexico. She spent twenty-five years living in Maynooth. She is married to Denis Dempsey and together they founded Kinsale Mead Co. She has won a number of awards for her writing, The Plough Prize, the Cecil Day Lewis Award as well as commendations for the Patrick Kavanagh Award and The Forward Prizes for Poetry. She has also been shortlisted for Hennessy New Irish Writing Award. Dempsey runs a writers group called Poetry Divas. Her debut Poetry Collection, The Space Between, was published in 2016 by Doire Press.

## Sources

* ↑ Leonard, Sue (27 December 2015). "Kate Dempsey". Sue Leonard.
* ↑ "Writer's Block with Kate Dempsey". The Gloss Magazine. 27 July 2018.
* ↑ "The Space Between by Kate Dempsey". www.doirepress.com.
* ↑ Dempsey, Kate. "Kate Dempsey on The Space Between: poetry beyond words". The Irish Times.
* ↑ Service (clouddataservice.co.uk), Cloud Data. "Interview: Kate Dempsey - The Space Between - Latest News". Lagan Press.
* ↑ Foundation, Poetry (27 February 2021). "Behind the Poetry: At Irish Times Kate Dempsey Talks About Her Full-Length Poetry Debut by Harriet Staff". Poetry Foundation.
* This article about an Irish poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Karsan (disambiguation)

Karsan may refer to:
* Karsan, Turkish vehicle manufacturer
** Karsan Jest, vehicle made by Karsan
** Karsan J10, vehicle made by Karsan
* Karsan Ghavri, Indian cricketeer
* Karsana, Town in Nigeria
* Karsang-e Shahi Jan, also called Karsang, is a village in Iran
# Sporting Club Graulhetois

The Sporting club graulhetois, or SC Graulhet, is a rugby union French club based in Graulhet (Tarn). Founded in 1910, it play in Fédérale 2, the fourth level of French rugby union.

## History

Founded in 1910, played in the Pyrénées regional championship, obtaining the chance to play the third division championship in 1936 and 1948, "Excellence" (second divisions from 1949) and finally first division in 1949-50, with a lot of qualification for final stages.
It was four times semifinalist, but it never won the Bouclier de Brennus ; neither played a final, but was finalist in 1976 of the Challenge Yves du Manoir and winner of a lot of Challenge de l'Espérance. The last time, that play in first division was in 1994-95, the last season before the reduction of first division to 20 teams.
The SCG seen a lot of his former player to play for France national rugby union team like Guy Pauthe called to play against England in 1946. Other international players that wear the red shirt of SCG was Daniel Revailler, Francis Rouzières, Guy Laporte, Henri Sanz, Fabien Pelous, Yannick Jauzion.

## Palmarès

* Challenge Yves du Manoir.
** Finalist (1) : 1976
* Challenge de l'Espérance :
** Winner (7) : 1957, 1961,1965, 1966, 1994, 1995, 1999
** Finalist (3) : 1958,1959,1967
* Coupe André Moga :
** Winner (1) : 1994

## Current squad

2016-17 Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
| Player | Position | Union |
| Răzvan Ilișescu | Flanker | Romania |

## Famous Players

| André Abadie Geoffrey Abadie Francis Rouzières Yannick Jauzion Guy Laporte Guy Pauthe Boris Stankovich | Daniel Revailler David Auradou Fabien Pelous Jean Saby Benoît Bellot Vincent Moscato Billy Harding |
# Henry Ibbetson

Henry Ibbetson may refer to:
* Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, British Conservative politician
* Henry Ibbotson, English botanist
# Sprawl

Sprawl may refer to:
* Sprawl (grappling), a defensive technique in wrestling and martial arts used to prevent a takedown.
* Urban sprawl, also called suburban sprawl
* Server sprawl, when servers in a data center are underused
* Sprawl trilogy, a trilogy of novels by William Gibson
* The Sprawl, the nickname of Titan Station, the setting of the video game Dead Space 2
# Springfield Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

Springfield Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. It is made up of unincorporated areas bordering on the city of Springfield, which should not be confused with the township. As of the 2010 census, its population was 6,245 and it contained 3,099 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 14.33 square miles (37.1 km$^2$), of which 14.06 square miles (36.4 km$^2$) (or 98.12%) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.70 km$^2$) (or 1.88%) is water.

### Cities, Towns, Villages

* Grandview
* Sherman (small portion)
* Springfield (small portions)
# Kataragama Peak

Kataragama Peak is a mountain near Kataragama, in the Monaragala District of Sri Lanka. At a summit elevation of 424 m (1,391 ft), it is the 25th tallest mountain in Sri Lanka.