# Kirshenbaum

Kirshenbaum /ˈkɜːrʃənbɔːm/, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. This way it allows typewriting IPA-symbols by regular keyboard. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english. It is named after Evan Kirshenbaum, who led the collaboration that created it. The eSpeak open source software speech synthesizer uses the Kirshenbaum scheme.

## Comparison of Kirshenbaum with X-SAMPA

The system uses almost all lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character, but unlike X-SAMPA, has the notable exception of the letter 'r'. A non-comprehensive list of sounds where the two systems use different characters:
| Sound | IPA | X-SAMPA | Kirshenbaum |
| alveolar trill | r | r | r<trl> |
| alveolar approximant | ɹ | r\ | r |
| near-open front unrounded vowel | æ | { | & |
| open back rounded vowel | ɒ | Q | A. |
| open-mid central unrounded vowel | ɜ | 3 | V" |
| primary stress | ˈ | " | ' |
| secondary stress | ˌ | % | , |

## Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels

This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification. It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.

### Consonant chart

Kirshenbaum chart of consonants (the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants) :
| Place of articulation → | Labial | Labial | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Alveolar laterals |
| Place of articulation → | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retro‐ flex | Palato‐ alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Labio‐ velar | Pharyn‐ geal | Glottal | Alveolar laterals |
| Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retro‐ flex | Palato‐ alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Labio‐ velar | Pharyn‐ geal | Glottal | Alveolar laterals |
| Nasals | m | M | n[ | n | n. | | n^ | N | n" | n<lbv> | | | |
| Stops | p b | | t[ d[ | t d | t. d. | | c J | k g | q G | t<lbv> d<lbv> | | ? | |
| Fricatives | P B | f v | T D | s z | s. z. | S Z | C C<vcd> | x Q | X g" | w<vls> w | H H<vcd> | h<?> | s<lat> z<lat> |
| Approximants | | r<lbd> | r[ | r | r. | | j | j<vel> | g" | w | | h | |
| Laterals | | | l[ | l | l. | | l^ | L | | | | |
| Trills | b<trl> | | | r<trl> | | | | | r" | | | | |
| Flaps | | | | * | *. | | | | | | | | *<lat> |
| Ejectives | p` | | t[` | t` | | | c` | k` | q` | | | | |
| Implosives | b` | | d` | d` | | | J` | g` | G` | | | | |
| Clicks | p! | | t! | c! | | | c! | k! | | | | | l! |
The IPA consonant chart, for comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:
IPA: Pulmonic consonants :
| Place → | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal |
| Manner ↓ | Bi­labial | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Linguo­labial | Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Retro­flex | Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Uvular | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal | Glottal |
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ | | n̼ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
| Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | | | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| Sibilant fricative | | | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | |
| Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| Approximant | | | | ʋ | | | | | | ɹ | | | | ɻ | | j | | ɰ | | | | | | ʔ̞ |
| Tap/flap | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | ɾ̼ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̆ | | |
| Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ | | | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| Lateral fricative | | | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | | | | | | | | | l | | | | ɭ | | ʎ | | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| Lateral tap/flap | | | | | | | | | ɺ̥ | ɺ | | | 𝼈̥ | 𝼈 | | ʎ̆ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
IPA help
 audio
full chart
template :
IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants :
| | | BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | EG |
| Ejective | Stop | pʼ | | | tʼ | | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ |
| Ejective | Affricate | | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ | |
| Ejective | Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
| Ejective | Lateral affricate | | | | tɬʼ | | | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ | |
| Ejective | Lateral fricative | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Tenuis | kʘ qʘ | | kǀ qǀ | kǃ qǃ | | k𝼊 q𝼊 | kǂ qǂ | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Voiced | ɡʘ ɢʘ | | ɡǀ ɢǀ | ɡǃ ɢǃ | | ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ ɢǂ | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Nasal | ŋʘ ɴʘ | | ŋǀ ɴǀ | ŋǃ ɴǃ | | ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ ɴǂ | ʞ | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Tenuis lateral | | | | kǁ qǁ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Voiced lateral | | | | ɡǁ ɢǁ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Nasal lateral | | | | ŋǁ ɴǁ | | | | | | |
| Implosive | Voiced | ɓ | | | ɗ | | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Implosive | Voiceless | ɓ̥ | | | ɗ̥ | | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | |
IPA help
 audio
full chart
template :

### Vowel chart

Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some oral languages, but do not have IPA signs) :
| | Front | Central | Back | Rhotic |
| Close | i y | i" u" | u- u | |
| Near-close | I I. | | (U-) U | |
| Close-mid | e Y | @<umd> @. | o- o | R<umd> |
| Mid | | @ | | R |
| Open-mid | E W | V" O" | V O | |
| Near-open | & | &" | (no symbols) | |
| Open | a a. | (a" A".) | A A. | |
The IPA vowel chart, by comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:
IPA: Vowels :
IPA help
 audio
full chart
template
Legend: unrounded • rounded :

#### Vowel modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ~ | Nasalized |
| : | Long |
| - | Unrounded |
| . | Rounded |
| " | Centralized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.

## Background

The Kirshenbaum system started developing in August 1992 through a usenet group, after "being fed up with describing the sound of words by using other words". It should be usable for both phonemic and narrow phonetic transcription.
* It should be possible to represent all symbols and diacritics in the IPA.
* The previous guideline notwithstanding, it is expected that (as in the past) most use will be in transcribing English, so where tradeoffs are necessary, decisions should be made in favor of ease of representation of phonemes which are common in English.
* The representation should be readable.
* It should be possible to mechanically translate from the representation to a character set which includes IPA. The reverse would also be nice.
The developers decided to use the existing IPA alphabet, mapping each segment to a single keyboard character, and adding extra ASCII characters optionally for IPA diacritics.
An early (1993), different set in ASCII was derived from the pronunciation guide in Merriam-Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, which uses straight letters to describe the sound.
Kirshenbaum's document, Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII, is commonly used as an example of an "IPA ASCII" system.
The eSpeak software speech synthesizer uses the Kirshenbaum scheme to represent phonemes with ascii characters.

## Encoding

IETF language tags have registered fonkirsh as a variant subtag identifying text as transcribed in this convention.