OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pierre François le Courayer

Pierre François le Courayer (17 November 1681 – 17 October 1776) was a French Catholic theological writer, for many years an expatriate in England.

## Life

Pierre François le Courayer was born at Rouen. While canon regular and librarian of the abbey of St Genevieve at Paris, he conducted a correspondence with Archbishop William Wake on the subject of episcopal succession in England, which supplied him with material for his work, Dissertation sur la validité des ordinations des Anglais et sur la succession des évéques de l'Eglise anglicane, avec les preuves justificatives des faits avancés (Dissertation on the validity of the Englishmen's ordinations and on the episcopal succession in the Anglican Church, with the justificatory proofs of the facts advanced), published anonymously in 1723 with a fake publication location of Brussels. That work was an attempt to prove that there has been no break in the line of ordination from the apostles to the clergy of the Church of England.
The following year he wrote to the Journal des savants to put his name to the work, though his opinions exposed him to attacks from several theologians, a prosecution and 32 of his propositions being labelled heresies. He was rebuked by Louis Antoine de Noailles, archbishop of Paris then excommunicated by Jean XI Polinier, abbot of Sainte-Geneviève. He still did not recant his opinions but they had gained him supporters in Great Britain and with the help of Francis Atterbury, then in exile in Paris, he took refuge in England and was presented with a doctor's degree by the University of Oxford.
In 1732 he accepted that it was impossible to reconcile with his opponents in France and instead settled permanently in London as well as being granted a canonry in Oxford. In 1736 he published a French translation of Paolo Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent, and dedicated it to Queen Caroline, from whom he received a pension of £200 a year. Besides this he translated Johann Sleidan's History of the Reformation, and wrote several theological works. In his will, dated two years before his death, he declared himself still a member of the Roman Catholic Church, although dissenting from many of its opinions. He died in London, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.
# Point target

A point target is:
* A target of such small dimension that it requires the accurate placement of ordnance in order to neutralize or destroy it.
* A nuclear target in which the ratio of radius of damage to target radius is equal to or greater than 5.
* A radar target that is small compared with the pulse volume, which is the cross-sectional area of the radar beam multiplied by half the length of the radar pulse.
Targets such as city buildings, and targets in the midst of many non-targets are considered to be point targets. When attacking point targets, weapons with only the necessary amount of spread and power are employed.
Point targets are often located near other buildings which contain civilians and other innocents, therefore guided munitions are used to take out only the intended target. A strike executing in this manner is often referred to as a surgical strike.

## Citations and notes

* ↑ (JP 1-02) FM 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Graphics, 30 September 1997, Headquarters, Department of the Army
* ↑ Meteorology Glossary, American Meteorological Society
# Urogonodes

Urogonodes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae.

## Species

* Urogonodes patiens Warren, 1906
* Urogonodes macrura Warren, 1923
* Urogonodes scintillans Warren, 1896
* Urogonodes clinala Wilkinson, 1972
* Urogonodes astralaina Wilkinson, 1972

## Former species

* Urogonodes cervina Warren, 1923
* Urogonodes colorata Warren, 1907
* Urogonodes flavida Warren, 1907
* Urogonodes flaviplaga Warren, 1923
* Urogonodes fumosa Warren, 1923
* Urogonodes praecisa Warren, 1923
# Newtown Pippin

The Newtown Pippin, also known as Albemarle Pippin, is an American apple that originated in the late 17th or early 18th century and is still cultivated on a small scale. At one time, there were two very similar apple cultivars known as the 'Yellow Newtown' ('Albermarle Pippin') and 'Green Newtown' ('Brooke Pippin'), one of which perhaps originated as a sport of the other.

## Characteristics

The Newtown Pippin is typically light green, sometimes with a yellow tinge. It is often russeted around the stem. The flesh is yellow and crisp. The flavor is complex and somewhat tart, and requires storage to develop properly; some sources ascribe to it a piney aroma. Green and yellow varieties are sometimes distinguished but it is not clear that they are in fact distinct cultivars. It is one of the best keeping apples.

## Development and cultivation

This variety originated as a chance seedling (a "pippin") on the Gershom Moore estate in the village of Newtown (now called Elmhurst; the Moore property stood in the vicinity of what is now Broadway and 45th Avenue) in Queens, New York in the late 17th or early 18th century. It was widely grown and praised in colonial America. Thomas Jefferson, for example, wrote from Paris that "they have no apples here to compare with our Newtown Pippin."
It was widely cultivated in the Piedmont region, brought there by Dr. Thomas Walker, who grew it on his estate, Castle Hill. U.S. presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson both grew the Newtown in Virginia, where it acquired the alternate name "Albemarle Pippin" after Albemarle County, Virginia. It came to the fore in 1838 when Andrew Stevenson, the American minister to Great Britain, presented Queen Victoria with a gift basket of the apples from his wife's Albemarle County orchard. In response, the British Parliament lifted import duties on the variety, and it was an important export until duties were reimposed during World War II.
A partnership between the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, New York Restoration Project, Slow Food NYC, and Green Apple Cleaners is providing hundreds of Newtown Pippin saplings (and pollenizer saplings) to community gardens, schools, parks and other public spaces throughout the city.

## Uses

Originally grown as a dessert apple, it is now grown primarily for cider.
In modern times, the Newtown Pippin has been eclipsed by the Granny Smith apple, which is more handsome and not as susceptible to russetting. It is still grown commercially in New York, where most of the harvest is used in Martinelli's sparkling ciders. The Newtown Pippin is still available in Virginia, New York, California, the Pacific Northwest, and a few other places in the East, including roadside stands and at farmer's markets. It continues to attract attention as an heirloom variety, and was identified as one of the parents of the Ginger Gold variety. As of 2014 it has attracted attention for its potential to be used in hard ciders, and at least one single varietal is sold in its native New York.
# Ken Cowan (activist)

Ken Cowan (23 February 1955 – 11 November 1995) was a Scottish AIDS activist and founder/director of PHACE West, the project for HIV and Aids education in the West of Scotland.

## Biography

Cowan was a left wing activist and founder member of the Scottish Labour Party. In the late seventies, he founded the Scottish Homosexual Rights Group (now Outright Scotland) to campaign for equal rights.
In November 1994, Cowan set up PHACE West (Project for HIV/AIDS Care and Education) and with funding in 1995 conducted work in the West of Scotland.
Cowan successfully lobbied that patients be included on the carers sub-committee at Ruchill Hospital and was instrumental in the success of the West of Scotland's awareness strategy for highlighting HIV prevention initiatives for gay men.
He was also majorly involved in the development of Body Positive, the self-help agency for those living with HIV.

## Death and legacy

Cowan was diagnosed with HIV in 1991. He died aged 40 on 11 November 1995.
Eric Kay, in Gay Scotland's article on his passing, wrote that Cowan:
   "was particularly skilful in fighting against the prejudice and dispelling the myths surrounding the virus. His eloquent delivery on the subject was always compelling, whether he was teaching young children or convincing politicians and Health Board funders. His determination ultimately brought about key policy changes which in turn have radically affected HIV Services in the West of Scotland."
# Thelairodoria setinervis

Thelairodoria setinervis is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

United States.
# Rugger Ardizoia

Rinaldo Joseph "Rugger" Ardizoia (November 20, 1919 – July 19, 2015) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. The 5"11", 180 lb. right-hander was one of only seven Italian natives to ever play in the big leagues. He appeared in one game for the New York Yankees in 1947 and, at the time of his death, was the oldest living former member of the team.

## Biography

Ardizoia was born in Oleggio, Italy. The 27-year-old rookie took the mound on April 30, 1947, at Sportsman's Park in the bottom of the seventh inning with the Yankees trailing the St. Louis Browns. He pitched two innings for New York and faced a total of 10 batters, giving up four hits, a walk, and two earned runs. The final score was Browns 15, Yankees 5. Ardizoia was credited with a game finished.
Ardizoia's minor league baseball career spanned fifteen seasons, starting in 1937 with the Mission Reds. He missed three seasons while serving in World War II in 1943–45, then played for the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League in 1946. Following his major league appearance, he returned to the PCL until 1950, then ended his career with the Dallas Eagles of the Texas League in 1951.
Ardizoia died on July 19, 2015, after a stroke suffered one week prior. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living former member of the New York Yankees, as well as the oldest in a group of nearly 1,500 players who have appeared in exactly one Major League game.
# Horatio Walpole

Horatio Walpole may refer to:
* Horatio Walpole (died 1717) (1663–1717), MP for Castle Rising
* Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1678–1757)
* Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (1717–1797), author of The Castle of Otranto (1764)
* Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809)
* Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (1752–1822)
* Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford (1783–1858)
* Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (third creation) (1813–1894)
# Henry Miller (IBEW)

Henry Miller (January 5, 1853 - July 11, 1896) was an American electrical worker who became the first Grand President of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW).
Miller was born on a ranch near Fredericksburg, Texas. He worked as a water boy for a government project to string a telegraph line from San Antonio, Texas, to Fort Clark when he was 14. He worked for Western Union and other utility companies just starting out as a lineman. In 1886, Miller worked for the St. Louis Municipal Electric Light and Power Company. During this time, he saw an opportunity to organize electrical workers when they came to the St. Louis Exposition in 1890.

## Museum

In 2015, IBEW Local 1 in St. Louis purchased Miller's home where the union was founded with the intent of celebrating both the life of Miller and labor history. In 2016, the Henry Miller Museum opened as part of the 125 anniversary for the IBEW.
# MKI

MKI may refer to:
* Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Russian fighter aircraft
* MKI (IT service company) (Mitsui Knowledge Industry), Japan
* M'Boki Airport
# Urogonodes scintillans

Urogonodes scintillans is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by William Warren in 1896. It is found in New Guinea.
The wingspan is about 26 mm. The forewings are olive ochreous, mottled with pale brownish. These mottlings forming a curved line at one-third and a diffuse shade in the middle. There are traces of dark spots towards the hindmargin.
# Samuel Graham (British Army officer)

Lieutenant General Samuel Graham (20 May 1756 – 26 January 1831) was a British Army officer who commanded the 27th Enniskillen Regiment during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.

## Early life

Graham was born the son of John Graham and Euphanel Graham (née Stenson). Educated at Paisley Grammar School, Graham studied medicine before entering the army.

## Military career

Graham became an ensign by purchase in the 31st Regiment of Foot and was based at Edinburgh Castle in 1777. He transferred to the 76th Regiment of Foot and was deployed to North America in August 1779 during the American Revolutionary War. Following the British surrender at Yorktown, he was held as a prisoner of war (POW) in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In May 1782, he was one of 13 POWs forced to draw lots to determine which one should be executed in retaliation for the execution of a patriot captain by Loyalists, in what became known as the Asgill Affair.
After returning to England in February 1784, he transferred to the 19th Regiment of Foot in April 1786 and was deployed to Jamaica in 1787. He was sent to Holland in September 1793 and took part in the relief of Nieuwpoort during the Flanders campaign. He was deployed to Saint Vincent in June 1795 and was wounded during the Second Carib War. Graham went on to become commanding officer of the 27th Enniskillen Regiment in January 1797. He was severely wounded later that same year in the Battle of Callantsoog, during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. He took part in the Battle of Alexandria in March 1801 and then returned to England later in the year.
Graham became Deputy Governor of Stirling Castle in May 1800 and then took command of the garrison at Cork in 1808. He returned to Stirling Castle in 1814 and lived there until his death on 26 January 1831.
# The Very Best of Ram Jam

The Very Best of Ram Jam is a compilation on compact disc of all the tracks from the two LP records by the American rock band Ram Jam.
The album compiles the band's two studio albums, Ram Jam and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Ram. The order of tracks from the latter is slightly altered.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
# Rudolfina

Rudolfina is a genus of flies belonging to the family of the Lesser Dung flies.

## Species

* R. cavernicola Marshall & Fitzgerald, 1997
* R. digitata Marshall, 1991
* R. opuntiae (Richards, 1967)
* R. prominens (Duda, 1925)
* R. rozkosnyi (Roháček, 1975)
# Koiak 5

Koiak 4 – Coptic calendar – Koiak 6
The fifth day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 1, of the Julian calendar, and December 14, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.

## Commemorations
### Saints

* The departure of Nahum, the Prophet
* The martyrdom of Saint Victor of Assiut
* The martyrdom of Saint Isidore
# Karl Süssheim

Karl Süssheim (21 January 1878, in Nuremberg – 13 January 1947, in Istanbul, Turkey), was a German historian and Orientalist of Jewish descent. He was a professor of Islamic history and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish.

## Life

He was the son of hops dealer Sigmund Süssheim and his wife Clara, who moved to Nuremberg in 1870. He was a maternal grandson of the Bavarian politician David Morgenstern (de). Süssheim studied history, philosophy and science at the Universities of Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Humboldt University to Berlin. Then he studied at the Department of Oriental Languages with Martin Hartmann On 5 March 1902, he submitted his dissertation, Prussian Annexxionsbestrebungen francs in 1791–1797, a contribution to the biography Hardenberg (1901) After that he studied in Constantinople(modern-day Istanbul) until 1906.
In 1908, during the Young Turkish revolution he went to Cairo. By 1911, he was in Munich and published his book, Prolegomena to an edition of the British Museum in London held chronicle of the Seljuk Empire and was an adjunct at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. Under Fritz Hommel and Gotthelf Bergsträsser, he taught Arabic, Persian and Turkish, at the University of Munich. From 1919 until his dismissal from the Bavarian civil service by the National Socialists on 27 June 1933, he was an associate professor there. Among his students were, the medievalist Ernst Kantorowicz, the Jewish historian of religion Gershom Scholem and the orientalist Franz Babinger.
From 1934 until his emigration, Süssheim lived with his family at the 12th Munich Preysingstraße. After the pogrom of 9 November 1938, he lived for a short time at the KZ Preysing space. In 1941, he succeeded, with the help of Turkish friends, to emigrate to Istanbul with his wife and daughters. By this time, parts of his private library had been incorporated the Bavarian State Library. The Turkish friends in Istanbul helped him find a temporary job at the local Istanbul Üniversitesi. Sussheim died in 1947 from kidney disease and is buried in the Ortakoy cemetery district.
During his years in Istanbul, Süssheim collected a large number of original manuscripts. In 1960, The Bavarian State Library acquired a large part of this collection. Süssheim also wrote his own texts, often hand-written in Ottoman and Arabic Even his own diary from the years 1908 to 1940; he started in Turkish and by 1936 he was writing in Arabic. After publication it was compared with the diaries of Victor Klemperer.
The eloquent Orientalist was used in Istanbul as an interpreter at the German Embassy, and was even asked to be an interpreter for diplomatic meetings later in Germany. He interpreted on 30 April 1917 during a visit to the Grand Vizier Talat Pasha, with whom he corresponded since his stay in Istanbul.
He is described as a modest and reserved, but notable scholar He is the younger brother of the Bavarian Justices and SPD Member of Parliament Dr. Max Süssheim.
# MKI67IP

MKI67 FHA domain-interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKI67IP gene.
MKI67 FHA domain-interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) near to the N-terminus and a FHA Ki67 binding domain near to the C-terminus. There are two conserved sequence motifs within the FHA Ki67 binding domain: TPVCTP and LERRKS, this domain binds to the forkhead-associated domain of human Ki67. High-affinity binding requires sequential phosphorylation by two kinases, CDK1 and GSK3, yielding pThr238, pThr234 and pSer230. This interaction is involved in cell cycle regulation.
# Pink Jeep Tours

Pink Jeep Tours is a passenger tour operator that offers off-road and road-based excursions to various destinations across the American Southwest, with locations in Sedona Las Vegas, Pigeon Forge, and the Grand Canyon. The company has been in operation since 1960. Pink Jeep Tours is especially known for its tour of the Broken Arrow trail in Sedona, and it is the only tour operator permitted by the United States Forest Service to use the trail.

## History

Don Pratt, a musician and land developer who relocated to Sedona from Long Beach, California, founded Pink Jeep Tours in 1960. The original name of the company was Don Pratt Adventures, but after a vacation at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel in Waikiki, also known as the "Pink Palace of the Pacific" due to its color, Pratt returned to Sedona, painted his vehicles pink, and changed the name to Pink Jeep Tours. The company has been owned by Shawn Wendell since 1988.

## Historic Preservation

Pink Jeep Tours is the official site steward of the Honanki Heritage Site, a 13th-century Sinagua cliff dwelling. For its role in preserving the site, the company was awarded a grant by Save America’s Treasures in 1999, a program which helps preserve nationally significant historic properties. The company’s tour guides include the "preservation ethic" in all of their tours.
# Pogonocherus ovatus

Pogonocherus ovatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1777, originally under the genus Cerambyx. It has a wide distribution throughout Europe, although it has become extinct in several countries, including Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. It measures between 4 and 6 mm (0.16 and 0.24 in). It contains the varietas Pogonocherus ovatus var. subovatus.
P. ovatus feeds on Corylus avellana, Abies alba, Abies cephalonica, Ilex aquifolium, and Castanea sativa.
# Manono, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Manono is a town and territory in Tanganyika Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## History

Manono was seriously affected by the Second Congo War (1998-2003), with many buildings destroyed. Rally for Congolese Democracy rebels and allied Rwandan soldiers took control of Manono in 1999. A hydro-electric power plant used to provide electricity, and the town used to have a brewery, which supplied the surrounding region; both were destroyed during the war.
The UN carried out arms decommissioning in 2008, offering to accept guns in exchange for a bicycle. The scheme was successful in removing weapons. Manono later became affected by the Katanga insurgency; by 2014/15, Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga, the leader of the Mai Mai Kata Katanga rebel group, operated in the area before relocating. Elements of his group continued to hold out in Manono Territory. In November 2021, three commanders and 169 Mai Mai Bakata Katanga militants surrendered to the government in Manono's Mpyana sector.

## Location, economy, and culture

Manono lies on the western bank of the Lukushi River, a tributary of the Luvua River. The town is a river port, with barges bringing cargo from Lubumbashi. Manono is also connected to a disused railway line to Muyumba. The town lies along National Road 33 (N33) and Regional Road 628 (R628).
Economic activity is centered on mining, with the surrounding area containing approximately 100 million tonnes of minerals, including spodumene (lithium), columbite, tin and tantalite. Mining by Géomines began in 1915. The Manono-Kitolo mine was worked almost continuously until the late 1970s, first by Géomines and later by Congo-Etain and Zairetain. Perhaps 180,000 tonnes of cassiterite ore were extracted in this period.
The collapse of the world tin price in the 1980s severely hit the town's economy. However, since 2017 exploration has been underway for lithium minerals and tin at the historical tin mine in the Manono - Kitotolo region, with over $100 million spent by Australian mining company AVZ to assist the development of the mine and broader region.
The town is served by Manono Airport. Manono has a cathedral which was built by Belgian missionaries, and was severely damaged during the war.

## Climate

Manono has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw).
Climate data for Manono :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.8 (78.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.3 (77.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 172 (6.8) | 146 (5.7) | 199 (7.8) | 122 (4.8) | 17 (0.7) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.2) | 44 (1.7) | 90 (3.5) | 161 (6.3) | 181 (7.1) | 1,140 (44.7) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||
# Samuel Horne

Samuel Horne may refer to:
* Samuel B. Horne (1843–1928), American soldier who fought in the American Civil War
* Samuel E. Horne Jr. (1924–2006), research scientist at B. F. Goodrich