OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tammuz (Babylonian calendar)

Tammuz was a month in the Babylonian calendar, named for one of the main Babylonian gods, Tammuz (Sumerian: Dumuzid, "son of life"). Many different calendar systems have since adopted Tammuz to refer to a month in the summer season.
In the Hebrew calendar, Tammuz is the tenth month of the civil year and the fourth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days. Tammuz is also the name for the month of July in the Gregorian calendar in Arabic (تموز), Syriac (ܬܡܘܙ) and Turkish ("Temmuz").

## History

The festival for the deity Tammuz was held throughout the month of Tammuz in midsummer, and celebrated his death and resurrection. The first day of the month of Tammuz was the day of the new moon of the summer solstice. On the second day of the month, there was lamentation over the death of Tammuz, on the 9th, 16th and 17th days torchlit processions, and on the last three days, an image of Tammuz was buried.

### In Arabic sources

Tammuz is the month of July in Arabic, and references to the month of Tammuz, its history, and celebratory rites with which it is associated are discussed in Arabic literature from the 9th to 11th centuries AD. In his translation of an earlier work, Ibn Wahshiyya (c. 9th-10th century AD), enumerates the months of the Babylonian year adding a remark that Tammuz lived in Babylonia before the coming of the Chaldeans and belonged to an ancient Mesopotamian tribe called Ganbân. He further adds that the Sabians in Harran and Babylonia still lamented the loss of Tammuz every July, but that the origin of the worship had been lost. Al-Nadim in his 10th century work Kitab al-Fehrest drawing from a work on Syriac calendar feast days, describes a Tâ'ûz festival that took place in the middle of the month of Tammuz. Women bewailed the death of Tammuz at the hands of his master who was said to have "ground his bones in a mill and scattered them to the wind." Consequently, women would forgo the eating of ground foods during the festival time. The same festival is mentioned in the 11th century by Ibn Athir as still taking place in the month of Tammuz on the banks of the Tigris river.
Ma'ruf al-Rusafi (1875–1945), a leading Iraqi poet, wrote a poem entitled Tammuz al-Hurriyya ("July, the month of freedom") to celebrate the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and the deposition of 'Abd al-Hamid, the last Ottoman sultan. The 1958 revolution in Iraq took place on the 14th of July. The 1968 Ba'ath revolution in Iraq took place in the month of Tammuz, and the Osirak nuclear reactor built by Saddam Hussein in 1977 and destroyed by Israel in 1981 was known domestically as Tammuz, a reference to the month of July when temperatures in Iraq reach their highest levels and it is unbearably hot.
The 2006 Lebanon War is known in Lebanon and much of the Arab world as حرب تموز Ḥarb Tammūz (the July War), following the Arab custom of naming the Arab-Israeli wars by months or years.
# Lancia Dilambda

The Lancia Dilambda is a passenger car produced by Lancia between 1928 and 1935. The car was officially presented at the Paris Motor Show in 1929, and was powered by a 4 litre V8 engine with a 24 degree "V" angle.
Three versions of the Dilambda were built:
* First series, produced between 1928 and 1931, total 1,104 built.
* Second series, produced between 1931 and 1933, total 300 built. Modified gearbox and brakes.
* Third series, produced between 1933 and 1935, total 281 built. Modified chassis for more aerodynamic style, it was built only with long wheelbase.
* Lancia Dilambda Berlina
* First series Lancia Dilambda
* Second series Lancia Dilambda with Viotti body
# Lancia Esadelta

Lancia Esadelta is an Italian truck produced from 1959 to 1971.

## History

The predecessor was the Lancia Esatau truck and the successor the Fiat 684. This truck had many versions used in European countries especially in Italy.

## Technical characteristics

The maximum speed of the truck is 67 km/h. The transmission is 4x2 - 6x2/2 and had a 6-cylinder diesel engine.
| | size |
| Width | 2 350 mm |
| Height | 3 150 mm |
| Length | 5 340 mm,6 640 mm, 7840 mm |

## Versions

Lancia Esadelta A Lancia Esadelta B Lancia Esadelta C
vteLancia commercial and industrial vehicles timeline :
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# Tanjung Bidara (state constituency)

Tanjung Bidara is a state constituency in Malacca, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly. It has been represented by Chief Minister Ab Rauf Yusoh of Barisan Nasional (BN) since 2021.
The state constituency was first contested in 2004 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Melaka State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

## Definition

The Tanjung Bidara constituency contains the polling districts of Kampung Pulau, Lubok Redan, Sungai Baru Tengah, Pengkalan Balak and Pasir Gembor.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Tanjung Bidara's electorate as of 2021

## History
### Polling districts

According to the gazette issued on 31 October 2022, the Tanjung Bidara constituency has a total of 5 polling districts.
| State constituency | Polling districts | Code | Location |
| Tanjung Bidara (N02) | Kampung Pulau | 134/02/01 | SK Jeram |
| Tanjung Bidara (N02) | Lubok Redan | 134/02/02 | SK Lubok Redan |
| Tanjung Bidara (N02) | Sungai Baru Tengah | 134/02/03 | SMK Ade Putra |
| Tanjung Bidara (N02) | Pengkalan Balak | 134/02/04 | SK Pengkalan Balak |
| Tanjung Bidara (N02) | Pasir Gembor | 134/02/05 | SK Tanjong Bidara |

### Representation history

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Tanjung Bidara :
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| Constituency created from Kuala Linggi ||||
| 11th | 2004 – 2008 | Abdul Karim Sulaiman | BN (UMMO) |
| 12th | 2008 – 2013 | Abdul Karim Sulaiman | BN (UMMO) |
| 13th | 2013 – 2018 | Md Rawi Mahmud | BN (UMMO) |
| 14th | 2018 – 2021 | Md Rawi Mahmud | BN (UMMO) |
| 15th | 2021 – present | Ab Rauf Yusoh | BN (UMMO) |
# Tanjung Dawai

Tanjung Dawai is a small town in Kuala Muda District, Kedah, Malaysia.
5°41′N 100°22′E﻿ / ﻿5.683°N 100.367°E﻿ / 5.683; 100.367
* This Kedah location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Independence Theory in Combinatorics

Independence Theory in Combinatorics: An Introductory Account with Applications to Graphs and Transversals is an undergraduate-level mathematics textbook on the theory of matroids. It was written by Victor Bryant and Hazel Perfect, and published in 1980 by Chapman & Hall.

## Topics

A major theme of Independence Theory in Combinatorics is the unifying nature of abstraction, and in particular the way that matroid theory can unify the concept of independence coming from different areas of mathematics. It has five chapters, the first of which provides basic definitions in graph theory, combinatorics, and linear algebra, and the second of which defines and introduces matroids, called in this book "independence spaces". As the name would suggest, these are defined primarily through their independent sets, but equivalences with definitions using circuits, matroid rank, and submodular set function are also presented, as are sums, minors, truncations, and duals of matroids.
Chapter three concerns graphic matroids, the matroids of spanning trees in graphs, and the greedy algorithm for minimum spanning trees. Chapter four includes material on transversal matroids, which can be described in terms of matchings of bipartite graphs, and includes additional material on matching theory and related topics including Hall's marriage theorem, Menger's theorem (an equivalence between minimum cuts and maximum sets disjoint paths in graphs), Latin squares, and gammoids. The final chapter concerns matroid representations using linear independence in vector spaces, labeled as an appendix and presented with fewer proofs.
Many exercises are included, of varied difficulty, with hints and solutions.

## Audience and reception

The level of the text is appropriate for courses for advanced undergraduates or master's students, with only basic linear algebra as a prerequisite, and covers its material at a more accessible and general level than other texts on matroid theory. Although disagreeing with the book's choice to omit the related topic of geometric lattices, reviewer Dominic Welsh calls it "an ideal text for an undergraduate course on combinatorial theory". Michael J. Ganley similarly calls it "a very good introduction to quite a difficult subject".
However, reviewer W. Dörfler complains that the book has inadequate coverage of practical applications, and is missing a proper bibliography. Another complaint, by Bernhard Korte, is that the book's title is misleading: "independence spaces" often refers more generally to abstract simplicial complexes, while the book concentrates much more specifically on matroids. Korte also echoes the other reviewers' complaints about the lack of coverage of applications in combinatorial optimization and of connections to lattice theory.
# Landscape with a Mountain Pass

Landscape with a Mountain Pass is a large oil-on-canvas painting by Flemish painter Joos de Momper. It was completed sometime between 1600 and 1625. The painting was acquired by Prince Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein from the art dealer Peter Bousin between 1674 and 1680, and is currently part of the private collection of the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

## Painting

Mountains are a staple in the imaginative landscape compositions of de Momper, and this painting is no exception. In this work, a winding path, upon which separate groups of horsemen are travelling, descends to the viewer. The painting has a unnaturally strong contrast between light and dark. Tones become ever lighter and cooler as they progress to the background, where bluish, misty mountains are discernible in the distance. It has been suggested that de Momper's landscape painting was influenced by his alleged travels to Italy, where he reportedly drew sketches of the Alps.
De Momper's landscape paintings are more like "memories than empirical records". The huge mountains and cliffs, the "unexpected vistas into endless space" and "the picturesque play of light and atmosphere" were his main concerns. Momper worked upon his memories with his imagination, and adjusted the product thereof to the style set by Brueghel and Patinir.

## Dating

While de Momper's works are almost never signed nor dated, they can be ordered into groups according to the style assumed by the Flemish in a given period. Landscape with a Mountain Pass displays the artist's mature abilities, and may be dated to between 1615 and 1625.
# Laruso

Laruso were an English rock band formed by Darren Smith in Sheffield in 2003. They released their debut album, Bring It On, in May 2005 on Casket Music. Their second album, A Classic Case of Cause and Effect, was released in May 2009 on Autonomy Recordings. The album was produced by the band's guitarist Carl Bown and featured a guest appearance by his uncle, pop singer Tony Christie. in April/May 2009 Laruso toured with Fightstar and In Case of Fire to promote the release of A Classic Case of Cause and Effect. They also undertook a tour in August 2009 to support the album and release of the single "Plain Paper Napkins".
On 4 May 2010, Laruso recorded the video for new single 'It's Not Over (Till We're Dead)' inviting fans to attend the shoot and appear in the video. But the single is yet to surface, and nothing has been heard from the band since early 2010.

## Discography

* Bring It On (Casket, 2005)
* A Classic Case of Cause and Effect (Autonomy, 2009)

## Members

* Carl Bown (guitar)
* Simon Hills (bass)
* Liv Puente (vocals)
* Darren Smith (guitar)
* Max Williams (drums)
* Jason Abel (vocals)
# Tapani Kalliomäki

Tapani Kalliomäki (born 1970 in Tampere, Finland) is a Finnish stage and film actor.
Kalliomäki graduated from Finnish Helsinki theatre academy in 1997. His teachers in the academy were for example Kari Heiskanen, Kari Väänänen and Vesa Vierikko. Kalliomäki began his career in theatre in the late 1980s as a stage actor. Entering Finnish film in 1995, he has worked with director Timo Koivusalo on several occasions appearing in the 2003 film Sibelius alongside actors such as Martti Suosalo, Heikki Nousiainen, Seela Sella, Miina Turunen, Vesa Vierikko, Raimo Grönberg, and Jarmo Mäkinen. Then, in 2005, he worked with Timo Koivusalo and Martti Suosalo again in the film of that year in Kaksipäisen kotkan varjossa. In 2007, Kalliomäki is seen in Åke Lindman's film Tali-Ihantala as Majuri Suurkari and on television in production Puolustuksen puheenvuoro playing the role of lawyer Silvasti. Kalliomäki has worked for example in Teatteri Pieni Suomi, Radioteatteri, Helsinki city theatre, KOM-theatre, Kallio-theatre and now he is actor of Lahti city theatre. Kalliomäki will play the role of Janne Kivivuori in the upcoming movies Täällä Pohjantähden alla (2009) and Täällä Pohjantähden alla II (2010).
On television, he has been in about twenty made for TV movies and played the lead role in the series Hovimäki.

## Filmography

* Lipton Cockton in the Shadows of Sodoma (1995)
* Sirpaleita (short 1996)
* Hovimäki (TV series 1999-2003)
* Sibelius (2003)
* Seitsemän veljestä (TV movie 2004)
* The Long Gone (short 2004)
* Shadow of the Eagle (2005)
* Tali-Ihantala 1944 (2007)
* Puolustuksen puheenvuoro (TV series 2009)
* Under the North Star (2009)
* Täällä Pohjantähden alla II (2010)
# Tamir Hendelman

Tamir Hendelman (born 1971) is an Israeli-American jazz pianist.
Hendelman has performed with the Jeff Hamilton Trio, the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra, Harry Allen, Teddy Edwards, Warren Vaché, Houston Person, Jeff Clayton, Nick Brignola, Phil Upchurch, Rickey Woodard, John Clayton and Barbara Morrison. He also leads his own trio and his debut CD Playground features him in this trio setting. His album Destinations features Lewis Nash and Marco Panascia. The album reached number one on the JazzWeek Jazz Charts in September 2010.

## Biography

Born in Tel Aviv, Israel, Tamir Hendelman began his keyboard studies at age 6. In 1984, he moved to the United States and won Yamaha's National Keyboard competition two years later at age 14. Concerts in Japan and the Kennedy Center followed.
He then studied at the Tanglewood Institute in 1988 and received a Bachelor of Music Composition degree from Eastman School of Music in 1993. He became the youngest musical director for Lovewell Institute for the Creative Arts, a national arts education non-profit organization.
Since returning to Los Angeles in 1996, he has been in steady demand as pianist and arranger, touring the US, Europe, and Asia. He has also received awards from ASCAP and the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts. In 1999, Tamir was a guest soloist with the Henry Mancini Institute Orchestra.
Hendelman is the pianist/arranger on Jackie Ryan's "You and the Night and the Music" and Janis Mann's "A Perfect Time". He is also featured on Natalie Cole's "Still Unforgettable" (WEA, 2008) and Barbra Streisand's Love Is the Answer (Columbia, 2009). In 2002 he also toured Europe with Tierney Sutton and the Bill Holman Big Band. Hendelman musically directed Julia Migenes's "Alter Ego" and played/arranged on Roberta Gambarini's "Easy To Love" (Now Forward, 2006). In 2009, he accompanied Streisand at her engagement to the Village Vanguard in New York.
He is also bandleader of another trio in Los Angeles. The drummer Dean Koba has been part of it for years; on bass it's Dan Lutz or Carlito del Puerto.
Hendelman is married and has two daughters.

## Jeff Hamilton Trio

Hendelman joined the Jeff Hamilton Trio in 2000, contributing arrangements, recording and touring Japan, Europe and the US. In 2001 he became a member of the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra, with whom he premiered John Clayton's new orchestration of Oscar Peterson's Canadiana Suite at the Hollywood Bowl in 2001.

## Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra

With the CHJO, Tamir has recorded for John Pizzarelli, Gladys Knight and Diana Krall.

## Discography

* Destinations (Resonance, 2010) with Lewis Nash and Marco Panascia
* Playground (2008) with Jeff Hamilton and John Clayton
# Lartey

Lartey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Benjamin Dorme Lartey, Liberian cleric
* Henry Herbert Lartey (born 1954), Ghanaian accountant, entrepreneur, and politician
* Lawrence Lartey (born 1994), Ghanaian footballer
* Mohammed Lartey (born 1986), Ghanaian-German footballer
* Solomon Lartey, Ghanaian businessman
* Nathaniel Lartey Lartey, Ghanaian Biomedical Research Scientist
# Indo

Indo may refer to:
* Indo-, a prefix indicating India or the Indian subcontinent
* Indonesia, a country in Southeast Asia
** INDO LINES, callsign of Indonesian Airlines
** Indo people, people of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry
** Indo cuisine, fusion cuisine of Indonesian and European
* INDO, the Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap semi-empirical method
* Indo (apple), an apple cultivar
* Irish Independent, a newspaper commonly nicknamed 'The Indo'
* The slang term 'endo' or 'indo', derived from an AAVE prounuciation for "indoor"-grown marijuana.
* Palacio de Indo, a former palace in Madrid
# Tatsuyuki

Tatsuyuki (written: 達之, 達行, 龍雪 or 龍之) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Tatsuyuki Maeda (前田 龍之, born 1968), Japanese composer and sound designer
* Tatsuyuki Nagai (長井 龍雪, born 1976), Japanese anime director
* Tatsuyuki Okuyama (奥山 達之, born 1976), Japanese footballer
* Tatsuyuki Tomiyama (冨山 達行, born 1982), Japanese footballer
* Tatsuyuki Uemoto (上本 達之, born 1980), Japanese baseball player
# Tawandi Lal Singh

Tawandi Lal Singh is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from sub district headquarter, 43 kilometres (27 mi) from district headquarter and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 553 houses and the population of 2786 of which 1466 are males while 1320 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 1232 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
# Tarapacá (disambiguation)

Tarapacá (Hispanicized spelling) or Tara Paka (Aymara for "two-headed eagle", Quechua for Andean eagle) may refer to:
* San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, a town in northern Chile
* Tarapacá Province, Chile, a former province, now divided into
** Tarapacá Region
** Arica-Parinacota Region
* Tarapacá Department (Peru), a former department of Peru
* Tarapacá Province (Peru), a former province of Peru, before the War of the Pacific
* Tarapacá, Amazonas, municipality in the Amazonas Department, Colombia
* Tara Paka or Qachini, a mountain in Peru
# Laser broom

A laser broom is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system that sweeps space debris out of the path of artificial satellites (such as the International Space Station) to prevent collateral damage to space equipment. It heats up one side of the debris to shift its orbit trajectory, altering the path to hit the atmosphere sooner. Space researchers have proposed that a laser broom may help mitigate Kessler syndrome, a runaway cascade of collision events between orbiting objects. Additionally, laser broom systems mounted on satellites or space station have also been proposed.

## Mechanism

Lasers brooms are proposed to target space debris between one and ten centimetres (0.4–3.9 in) in diameter. Collisions with these high-velocity debris not only cause considerable damage to the satellites but secondary fragmented debris from the collided satellite parts. A laser broom is intended to be used at a high power to penetrate through the atmosphere and ablate material from the targeted debris. The ablating material imparts a small thrust that lowers its orbital perigee towards the upper atmosphere, thereby increasing drag so that its remaining orbital life is cut short. The laser would operate in a pulsed fashion to avoid the target from self-shielding via its ablated plasma. The power levels of lasers in this concept are well below the power levels in concepts for more rapidly effective anti-satellite weapons.
Research into this field reveal the precise physical constraints required, noting the significant relevance to the space debris's orientation and resultant trajectory of the ablated object. Using a laser guide star and adaptive optics, a sufficiently large ground-based laser (1 megajoule pulsed HF laser) can offset the orbits of dozens of debris daily at a reasonable cost.

## History

The Space Shuttle routinely showed evidence of "tiny" impacts upon post-flight inspection.
Orion was a proposed ground-based laser broom project in the 1990s, estimated to cost $500 million.
A space-based laser also called "Project Orion" was planned to be installed on the International Space Station in 2003. In 2015, Japanese researchers proposed adding laser broom capabilities to the Extreme Universe Space Observatory telescope, to be launched to the ISS in 2017.
In 2014, the European CLEANSPACE project published a report studying a global architecture of debris tracking and removal laser stations.
# Indu Menon

Indu Menon is an acclaimed Indian novelist and short story writer. She was awarded the Central Sahitya Award for Young Writers in 2014, and was recognized by India Today as one of India's Upcoming Writers in 2015. In 2005, India Today also selected her as one of the twenty young talents of Kerala. Several of Menon's stories have been adapted into films, including "Father and Virgin", which was screened at the Cannes International Film Festival in France in 2009. Her short film "You Can't Step Twice in the Same River" won an award at the River to River Festival in Italy in 2010. Additionally, "Mrigam" premiered at the Marché du Film Film Market in conjunction with the Cannes International Film Festival in 2011.

## Early life

Menon was born on June 13, 1980. She married Malayalam film director and poet Rupesh Paul. They have a daughter Gowri Maria and a son Adithya.

## Academic Career

Menon is a lecturer in Sociology and Anthropology at the Kerala Institute for Research Training and Development Studies (KIRTADS).

## Controversy

In 2024, she claimed that she had ghost-written several PhDs for up to 3 lakhs (£2,750) each; she later retracted the claim. An official complaint was lodged against her in June 2024.

## Awards and honours

* 2002: Uroob award
* 2003: Janapriya Puraskaram - The Lesbian Cow
* 2014: Kendra Sahitya academy Yuva Puraskar
She has also won the Central Sahitya Award for Young Writers, the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Geetahiranyan Award, the Anganam Award, the EP Sushama Endowment and the Galleria Gallant Award.
# Lasius occidentalis

Lasius occidentalis is a species of ant belonging to the genus Lasius, formerly a part of the genus (now a subgenus) Acanthomyops. Described in 1909 by Wheeler, the species is native to the United States.
# Indented corners (Thai architecture)

Indented corners, known in Thai as yo mum (ย่อมุม), are a feature of traditional Thai architecture where the corners of a rectangular structure are broken up into multiple recessed corners. The most common form features three angles at each of the structure's four corners, and is referred to as twelve indented corners, or yo mum mai sip song (ย่อมุมไม้สิบสอง). The form is featured extensively in the religious architecture of the late Ayutthaya period, and can be found in stupas (chedi), building columns, and the tiered spires of the prasat architectural form.