OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shum

Shum may refer to:

## Surnames

* Shum (surname), a surname in various cultures (including a list of people with the name)
** Cen (surname) (岑), sometimes romanized Shum in Cantonese
** Shen (surname) (沈), sometimes romanized Shum in Cantonese

## Places

* Shum (location), a town in Pakistan
* Shum Laka, most prominent site in the Laka Valley of northwest Cameroon
* Shum-gora, burial mound in northwestern Russia

## Music

* "Shum" (song), 2021 song by Go_A

## Politics

* Takkanot Shum, set of decrees formulated and agreed by three central cities of medieval Rhineland
* Wagshum or shum, the governor of the province of Wag, with hereditary title from Zagwe dynasty; see Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
# Shrewsbury, New Jersey (disambiguation)

Shrewsbury, New Jersey is in eastern Monmouth County.
Shrewsbury, New Jersey may also refer to:
* Shrewsbury Township, New Jersey, in eastern Monmouth County
* Shrewsbury, Upper Freehold, New Jersey in southwestern Monmouth County
# Shuttle-C

The Shuttle-C was a study by NASA to turn the Space Shuttle launch stack into a dedicated uncrewed cargo launcher. The Space Shuttle external tank and Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) would be combined with a cargo module to take the place of the Shuttle orbiter and include the main engines. Various Shuttle-C concepts were investigated between 1984 and 1995.
The Shuttle-C concept would theoretically cut development costs for a heavy launch vehicle by re-using technology developed for the shuttle program. End-of-life and Space Shuttle hardware would also have been used. One proposal even involved converting Columbia or Enterprise into a single-use cargo launcher. Before the loss of Space Shuttle Challenger, NASA had expected about 24 shuttle flights a year. In the aftermath of the Challenger incident, it became clear that this launch rate was not feasible for a variety of reasons. With the Shuttle-C, it was thought that the lower maintenance and safety requirements for the uncrewed vehicle would allow a higher flight rate.
The Shuttle-C would have been the main crew launch vehicle for the ILREC Piloted Lander in the International Lunar Resources Exploration Program.
In the early 1990s, NASA engineers planning a crewed mission to Mars included a Shuttle-C design to launch six non-reusable, 80-ton segments to create two Mars ships in Earth orbit. After President George W. Bush called for the end of the Space Shuttle by 2010, these proposed configurations were put aside.
As early as the 1970s, some iteration of the Shuttle-C had been studied (Encyclopedia Astronautica mentions it as "Class 1 SDV"). It was discussed in Gerard O'Neill's 1976 book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, with artwork by Don Davis.
# Shutter Release

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Strangeglue | (8/10) |
Shutter Release is the second studio album by the electronic band Lymbyc Systym. It was released in 2009 on Mush Records.
# Lerkenlund, U.S. Virgin Islands

Lerkenlund is a settlement on the island of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands.
# Litanies à la Vierge Noire

Litanies à la Vierge noire (French pronunciation:; "Litany to the Black Virgin"), FP 82, is a piece of sacred music composed by Francis Poulenc in 1936 for a three-part choir of women (or children) and organ, setting a French litany recited at the pilgrimage site Rocamadour which the composer visited. The subtitle, Notre-Dame de Rocamadour, refers to the venerated black sculpture of Mary. The composition is Poulenc's first piece of sacred music. In 1947 he wrote a version for voices accompanied by string orchestra and timpani.

## History

Poulenc returned to the Catholic faith of his youth in 1936 and began to compose sacred music with this piece. He made a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour shortly after learning of the death of his friend, the composer Pierre-Octave Ferroud, in a car accident. His account of the pilgrimage reads:
   A few days earlier I'd just heard of the tragic death of my colleague ... As I meditated on the fragility of our human frame, I was drawn once more to the life of the spirit. Rocamadour had the effect of restoring me to the faith of my childhood. This sanctuary, undoubtedly the oldest in France ... had everything to captivate me ... The same evening of this visit to Rocamadour, I began my Litanies à la Vierge noire for female voices and organ. In that work I tried to get across the atmosphere of "peasant devotion" that had struck me so forcibly in that lofty chapel.
The piece was published by Durand & Cie in Paris in 1937.

## Text and music

Poulenc heard the French text of the litany, beginning with the line "Seigneur, ayez pitié de nous" (Lord, have mercy on us), during his pilgrimage. It is a prayer for mercy, addressing the persons of the Trinity, and for intercession from Mary of Rocamadour, who is named Virgin, Queen and Our Lady, for example "Vierge à qui Zachée ou Saint Amadour éleva ce sanctuaire, priez pour nous." (Virgin, to whom Zacchaeus or Saint Amadour constructed this shrine, pray for us.), "Reine, dont la main délivrait les captifs, priez pour nous." (Queen, whose hand delivered the captives, pray for us.) and "Notre Dame, dont le pèlerinage est enrichi de faveurs spéciales ... priez pour nous." (Our Lady, whose pilgrimage is blessed with special favours ... pray for us.).
Poulenc scored the litany for a three-part choir of women's voices or children's voices with organ accompaniment. The work is modal in the style of chant, avoiding conventional cadences. The organ adds several "dramatic dissonances".
In 1947 Poulenc expanded the instrumentation to string orchestra and timpani.
# Reg Isidore

Reg Isidore (4 April 1949 – 22 March 2009) was a rock drummer best known for his work with Robin Trower. Isidore was Trower's first drummer and he played on the Robin Trower Band's first two albums Twice Removed from Yesterday (1973) and Bridge of Sighs (1974). In his early career he played with Peter Bardens.
He regrouped with Trower and Jack Bruce in 1981 to record the album Truce. He also recorded albums with Richard Wright, Peter Green and Jimmy Witherspoon, among others.
Isidore died from a heart attack in the morning of 22 March 2009.
# Robert Eures

Robert Eures (dates of birth and death unknown) was a noted English cricketer of the mid-18th century. He came from Bexley in Kent and played for Kent county cricket teams as well as for All-England. He is known to have been a good batsman and he was frequently involved in single wicket tournaments which were very popular during his career and attracted high stakes.

## Career

Robert Eures is first recorded in the Daily Advertiser on 31 August 1747 playing for Kent against All-England at the Artillery Ground. The match involved numerous leading players of the time.
In 1749 Eures played for a very strong All-England team against Surrey, which was the leading county team that season.
In 1752, Eures was named as one of the three principal players when the famous Dartford Cricket Club issued a challenge to "the rest of England". Dartford's challenge was that with William Hodsoll, John Bryant, Robert Eures and "eight players from the parish of Dartford" it could take on and defeat any eleven players from the rest of England. The match was due to be played on 29 July 1752 at Dartford Brent but unfortunately no result has been found and it might have been rained off.
# Seven Stabs

Seven Stabs is the fourth major release from Dublin-based instrumental rock band The Redneck Manifesto. The album was recorded by bass player Richard Egan and self-produced in January 2006.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by The Redneck Manifesto
# Kobaladze

Kobaladze (in Georgian კობალაძე) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Kobaladze (born 1976), Georgian-Canadian weightlifter
* Koba Kobaladze (born 1969), major-general of the Georgian army
# Space Battleship Yamato: Harukanaru Hoshi Iscandar

Space Battleship Yamato (宇宙戦艦ヤマト 遥かなる星イスカンダル, Uchū Senkan Yamato Harukanaru Hoshi Iscandar, Space Battleship Yamato: The Distant Planet Iscandar) this is the first game in the Leiji Matsumoto's PS1 trilogy of Space Battleship Yamato games.

## Reception

On release, Famitsu magazine scored the game a 33 out of 40.
# President Elect: 1988 Edition

President Elect: 1988 Edition is a video game written by Nelson Hernandez and published by Strategic Simulations in 1987. It is an updated version of the 1981 game President Elect.

## Gameplay

President Elect: 1988 Edition is a game in which the 1988 Republican primaries and Democratic primaries, and the 1988 United States presidential election are simulated. The player can choose from any presidential election from 1960 to 1988 inclusive. The election can be either historical or ahistorical (the latter effectively a custom scenario).
President Elect: 1988 Edition was released in 1987 for the Apple II and Commodore 64, as well as for the Atari ST and MS-DOS computers. The 1988 Edition did not change gameplay at all from the earlier President Elect, but added the historical Reagan vs. Mondale 1984 election, with a new 1988 scenario with no historical candidates. The game also added new playable candidates, such as Bill Clinton, Bruce Babbitt, Michael Dukakis, Richard Gephardt, Geraldine Ferraro, Jack Kemp, and Oliver North.

## Reception

Wyatt Lee reviewed President Elect: 1988 Edition for Computer Gaming World, stating that "President Elect 1988 Edition is a stimulating, educational, and challenging experience of American presidential politics. If you follow political events with any interest at all, you owe it to yourself to play this game, at least, once".
President Elect author Nelson Hernandez—calling himself "the best predictor of presidential elections in the country"—claimed that, with the 1988 edition of the game, in July 1988 he predicted the electoral and popular votes of the election that year within 1% each of the actual results.
Orson Scott Card favorably reviewed the 1988 edition of President Elect for Compute!. While he criticized aspects of the game's design, he noted that the game accurately simulated how "the strongest forces", like the economy, "are completely out of the players' control ... that's the way it works in the real world".
# Redpath Motor Vehicle Company

The Redpath Motor Vehicle Company was a small automobile manufacturer in Ontario, Canada in the early 20th century. It was located in Kitchener from 1893 – 1902 by Walter Redpath of Keene ON in a partnership with Andrew Reid of Toronto ON.
The Redpath Messenger had a wooden carriage body using a one-cylinder engine with shaft drive and two speed manual transmission. It was the first vehicle in automotive history with a tilt steering wheel. It weighed approx 650 pounds (290 kg) and sold for between $600 and $700. Top speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h).
There is one 1903 model known to exist on display at Canadian Automotive Museum.
# Shreya Singhal

Shreya Singhal is an Indian lawyer. Her fight against Section 66A of the Information Technology Act of 2000 in 2015 brought her to national prominence in India.

## Early life and education

She was born into a family of eminent lawyers. Her Great-grandfather, H. R. Gokhale, was veteran Congress leader and former Law Minister. Her Grandmother, Justice Sunanda Bhandare, was a judge of the Delhi High Court and a distinguished lawyer. Her Grandfather, Shri M.C. Bhandare, is a Senior Advocate, former Member of Parliament and former Governor of Odisha. Her mother, Manali Bhandare, is a lawyer practicing at the Supreme Court of India.
She completed her schooling from the Vasant Valley School in New Delhi in 2009, after which she went to pursue Astrophysics at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. She subsequently enrolled at the Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law at Delhi University, where she graduated in 2016.

## Section 66A and Restriction of Free Speech

Section 66A of the IT Act, 2000 provided for punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc. Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device -
(a) any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; or
(b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device; or
(c) any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine.
Before 2015, Government of India restricted freedom of speech for avoiding self-harm and misuse. This allowed arrest of any person which the law per see as harmful or misuse.
In 2012, Shreya filed a Public Interest Litigation in the Supreme Court of India against the Act. In 2015, a division bench of the Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of Information Technology Act, 2000. This was hailed as a major step in the country's quest for freedom of speech and expression.
# Lerma, Piedmont

Lerma is a comune (municipality) of approx. 849 inhabitants, in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region of Piedmont, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Alessandria.
It borders the municipalities of Bosio, Casaleggio Boiro, Castelletto d'Orba, Montaldeo, Silvano d'Orba and Tagliolo Monferrato.

## History

The history of Lerma begins in 1166, when William V of Monferrato tried to reconquer the castle of Parodi. During the attempt, however, Rondinaria was destroyed, and the survivors migrated to a steep hill overlooking the Piota valley, starting to reinforce it. It was precisely in that period that Erma was born (as a hermit, due to the remoteness of the village), today's Lerma. The first document in which its existence is found occurs under the marquises of Morbello. The slow Ligurian penetration occurred when part of the territory passed into the hands of the Genoese Republic in 1204, and then passed completely to Genoa in 1233. In 1325 Lerma became a possession of the marquises of Monferrato, and subsequently in 1384 the castle and its surroundings were sold to the Genoese, being passed from family to family and then sold to Ottobono Spinola in 1414, and from this moment it will remain of the aforementioned house. An event of great importance occurred during the Thirty Years' War, when 28 brave men aided by their respective women offered strong resistance with the few means available (boiling water, arrows and stones) to the 1500 Spanish soldiers of Don Diego D'Aragona in punitive expedition against the Spinolas. Given the enormous difference in forces, the Lermese were forced to surrender. The Spaniards, however, left a garrison so that, it was written: "he will not fail to teach modesty to the girls and women of the town and from time to time caress the shoulders of some husband and some father". In 1713, following the Treaty of Utrecht, it definitively passed under the Savoys, who immediately imposed heavy taxes on the population. A legend known to most of the people of Lerme is certainly that of the three roses: Isabella Corvalan, in 1565, who was staying in the castle, received three golden roses from a Genoese chivalric order, whose petals were studded with rubies. The roses hide a secret message that according to tradition only the Queen of Castile and some esoteric orders knew how to interpret. Called back to Milan by the Spanish Viceroy, Donna Isabella hid the roses in the castle, promising to return later to collect them, which however she did not do, thus causing the treasure to still remain inside the building hidden somewhere. In the 19th century, documents were found that brought this fact to light, but despite searches, the roses were never found. It is said that on a single autumn day, when the sun hits the castle with its rays obliquely, the glow of the rubies will make the roses shine.
# Tomás Cámara y Castro

Tomás Cámara y Castro, was a Catholic bishop of Salamanca, Spain.

## Biography

Cámara was born at Torrecilla de Cameros, Logroño on September 19, 1847. His father, D. Leonardo Cámara, was a physician in this town.
Cámara studied humanities at Burgos, and at the age of fifteen took the habit of the Augustinians at Valladolid, where he finished his theology and was appointed professor in the college. His activity was inexhaustible, and among the many works which he accomplished during his episcopate were the foundation in Salamanca of the Colegio de Calatrava for the promotion of ecclesiastical courses, the erection of a handsome church to San Juan de Sahagún, patron of the city, and of six smaller churches in other cities.
Cámara was primarily a polemicist and orator. His great learning, extraordinary talents, varied interests, and untiring activity made him one of the most prominent figures of the Spanish episcopate during the 19th century. No great work was undertaken for the Catholic Church in which he did not figure in the foremost rank, in posts of danger and enterprises of the greatest importance, making him beloved by the Catholics and feared by the enemies of the Church. In congresses, assemblies, the Senate, the press, and in every situation where noble and sacred interests were to be safeguarded, he was to be found. His Lenten conferences, preached in 1884 and 1885, were attended by a representative audience of the most distinguished men of letters, politics, sciences, and arts.
Cámara died at Villaharta on May 17, 1904.

## Works

Cámara was a prolific author. His writings include:
* Contestación á la historia del conflicto entre la religión y la ciencia de Juan Guillermo Draper (3 editions)
* Vida y escritos del Beato Alonso de Orozco, del Orden de San Agustín, Predicador de Felipe II
* Conferencias y demás discursos hasta hoy publicados del Ilmo. P. Cámara, Obispo de Salamanca
* Vida de S. Juan de Sahagún, del Orden de S. Agustín, Patrón de Salamanca
* La Venerable Sacramento, Vizcondesa de Jorbalán, Fundadora de las Señoras Adoratrices

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Tomás Cámara y Castro". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
# Holothuria sanctori

Holothuria sanctori is a species of sea cucumber in the genus Holothuria.
# Robert Macpherson

Robert Macpherson or MacPherson may refer to:
* Robert Turnbull Macpherson (1814–1872), Scottish artist and photographer who worked in Rome
* Robert MacPherson (Australian artist) (1937–2021)
* Robert George Macpherson (1866–1926), Canadian politician and pharmacist
* Robert MacPherson (mathematician) (born 1944), American mathematician
* Robert Macpherson (Canadian politician) (1853–1929), Canadian builder and politician
* Robert MacPherson (BMX rider) (born 1971), American bicycle motocross (BMX) racer
# Koch Diamond

Koch Diamond is a baseball venue in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States It is home to the St. Thomas Tommies baseball team of the NCAA Division I Summit League. The field opened in 2006 and is named for the former St. Thomas pitcher David Koch.

## Features

The park is located along Cretin Avenue in the Union Park neighborhood of St. Paul. The field is used as both a football and soccer practice facility along the outfield, which causes the centerfield fence to be the deepest in all of college baseball, at 465 feet.

## Naming

David Koch, for whom the venue is named, pitched for the St. Thomas baseball program in 1952.
# Space Battle (video game)

Space Battle (also known as Space Battles) is a 1978 video game developed by Level IV for the TRS-80 16K Level II microcomputer.

## Gameplay

Space Battle is a Star Trek-style game, in which the player take the role of a mercenary ship engaged in combat with hostile alien ships.

## Reception

In 80-US, Geo Blank compared the game to Time Trek, and rated its content "Excellent" and its value "Good to very good", concluding that it was "One of the best space war games available." J. Mishcon reviewed Space Battle in The Space Gamer No. 28, commenting that "I believe most gamer will set this aside - a nice try, but not really a challenge. The tactics are just too easily optimized." In Moves, the game was criticised for not holding long-term interest compared to other similar games.
# Redford, Missouri

Redford is an unincorporated community in Reynolds County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Misssour Route O approximately eight miles south-southeast of Centerville. Ellington is six miles to the southwest. Sinking Creek flows past the southwest side of the community.
A post office called Redford has been in operation since 1890. The community has the name of B. Redford, the original owner of the site.
Redford was in the path of the 1925 Tri-State Tornado.
# Reeds Peak Lookout Tower

The Reeds Peak Lookout Tower, at Squeaky Spring in Gila National Forest, on Reeds Peak, New Mexico, was built in 1929. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## Background

It is a 48 feet (15 m) high Aermotor steel tower with a 7 by 7 feet (2.1 m × 2.1 m) steel "cab", or cabin. The original cabin was replaced in 1959. In 1988, its original ladder was still in place, but new stairs were added in 1965.
# Reggae Release

Reggae Release is a registered Digital Content Distribution company based in Kingston, Jamaica, mainly focusing on reggae/dancehall music.
Reggae Release partners with traditional distributors, producers and sale agents, managing all aspects of digital distribution, strategy and marketing, on the leading digital service providers in North America, Europe and the rest of the world. .
In 2015, Reggae Release partnered with The World Nature Organization (WNO) and reggae artist Andre "Nature Ellis" to create and launch the official WNO song, the “World Nature Song”. The song was created to draw a more focused attention on the plights affecting the planet, especially developing and emerging countries.
# Reggio

Reggio may refer to:

## Places

* Reggio Calabria, in southern Italy
** Province of Reggio Calabria
* Reggio Emilia, in northern Italy
** Province of Reggio Emilia
* Reggio, Louisiana, in United States of America

## People

* Arturo Reggio (1863–1917), Italian chess player
* Godfrey Reggio (born 1940), American film director
* Isaac Samuel Reggio (1784–1855), Austro-Italian scholar and rabbi
# Regesbostel

Regesbostel is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.