OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horatio Myer

Horatio Myer (7 June 1850 – 1 January 1916) was a British businessman, iron trades manufacturer and later, Liberal politician.

## Family

Horatio Myer was born on 7 June 1850 in Bye Street, Hereford. Horatio's father was a German Jewish immigrant, Abraham Myer, who was a pawnbroker, jeweller, silversmith and watchmaker; his mother was Hannah Myer (née Jones): the family lived in Bye Street.
Myer married Esther Joseph on 28 November 1877. They had four sons and by 1891 they were well off enough to have a house in Paddington with a visiting German governess, a cook and a housemaid.

## Career

At the age of nineteen Myer went to work in the wool trade. He then moved to London and in 1876 set up a business in Vauxhall producing iron and brass bedsteads, iron cots and bed chairs. By 1914 the company employed over 200 workers. Myer also expanded his business interests over the years to include corn and forage and wine merchandising. The company, Horatio Myer and Co. Ltd., remained privately owned by his and his brothers' descendants until July 2007.

## Politics

Politically, Myer may have been influenced by his father, who naturalised as a British citizen and became a town councillor. In 1889 Myer was elected to the London County Council for Kennington and served until 1904. At the general election of 1906, he was elected as Liberal MP for Lambeth North, a Liberal gain from the Unionists. He had won the Liberal nomination against some opposition, including a campaign to have former Liberal MP for Finsbury Central, Dadabhai Naoroji, the first non-white person to sit in the House of Commons, selected as candidate. In fact Naoroji decided to stand in Lambeth North as an independent Liberal but did not split the vote badly enough to cost Myer the seat. Despite heading the poll in Lambeth North in 1906, Myer was unable to hold the seat at the general election of January 1910. This was despite having acquired a reputation for clever electioneering, assistance during the campaign from his former LCC colleague John Burns, by then the MP for Battersea, the first working man to gain full cabinet rank and some disruptive tactics by Liberals at Unionist meetings.

## Policies

Myer took an interest in fiscal policy, and was in favour of the taxation of land values. He published a pamphlet on 'Taxation of Landlords’ but it is known that that fiscal reform was an issue taken up by his Conservative opponent in the 1906 election. One of the questions Myer raised early in the new Parliament was the treatment of Zulu prisoners in Natal and whether they were to be forced to work as diamond miners. He was also interested in employment issues, co-authoring a letter to the Times on 4 May 1907 suggesting new ways of reducing unemployment. He was also a supporter of Women's suffrage.

## Jewish interests

Myer was prominent in Jewish affairs. He supported the activities of the Jewish Historical Society and was one time warden of Bayswater Synagogue.

## Other appointments

At some point after 1901 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace.

## Death

Myer died on Saturday 1 January 1916.
# Spectrum (Steve Howe album)

Spectrum is an instrumental album released by guitarist Steve Howe in 2005.
Howe's band includes his sons Dylan on drums and Virgil on Moog synthesizer; as well as Tony Levin on bass guitar and Oliver Wakeman on organ, synthesizer and piano. The album features guitar-based instrumentals, showing many different genres that influenced Howe.

## Track listings

All tracks composed by Steve Howe.
* "Tigers Den" (3:46)
* "Labyrinth" (3:57)
* "Band of Light" (3:34)
* "Ultra Definition" (3:39)
* "Raga of Our Time" (4:12)
* "Ebb and Flow" (4:03)
* "Realm Thirteen" (4:27)
* "Without Doubt" (3:45)
* "Highly Strung" (4:30)
* "Hour of Need" (5:13)
* "Fool's Gold" (4:05)
* "Where Words Fail" (4:16)
* "In the Skyway" (3:13)
* "Livelihood" (3:34)
* "Free Rein" (3:52)

## Personnel

* Steve Howe - guitars, bass on (2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14), keyboards on (8), percussions
* Oliver Wakeman - organ on (1, 2, 4) synthesizer on (2), piano on (1, 2, 4, 14)
* Virgil Howe - Moog synthesizer on (6, 9)
* Tony Levin - bass on (1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15)
* Dylan Howe - drums
# Luther College

Luther College is the name of several Lutheran educational institutions:

## Australia

* Luther College (Victoria), a co-educational independent secondary school of the Lutheran Church of Australia, located in Croydon, Victoria

## Canada

* Luther College (Saskatchewan), in Regina; affiliated with the University of Regina and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
* Martin Luther University College, in Waterloo, Ontario; affiliated with Wilfrid Laurier University and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada

## United States

* Luther College (Iowa), in Decorah; a college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
* Luther College (Louisiana), in New Orleans; a college of the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America
* Luther College, a former college in Wahoo, Nebraska; merged in 1962 with Midland Lutheran College of Fremont, Nebraska
* St. Paul-Luther College, (also known as Phalen Luther College) a former tertiary institution in St. Paul, Minnesota; merged into Wartburg College in the 1930s
* Martin Luther College, in New Ulm, Minnesota
# Pierre Chirac

Pierre Chirac (1650 in Conques – 1 March 1732 in Marly-le-Roi) was a French physician and member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was a Superintendent of the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants in 1718 and was knighted in 1728 then appointed first physician to Louis XV in 1730.

## Life and career

He received his education in Jesuit college in Rodez. After completing these studies, at the age of 28, he went to Montpellier in 1678 to study theology. As private tutor he mentored Isaac Carquet, a pharmacist's son, who received his medical doctorate in 1684. Chirac also took a liking to medicine, left the clergy and enrolled in 1680 to study medicine. Soon he was hired by Michel Chicoyneau, Chancellor of the Faculty of Medicine, as tutor for his children. During his studies, Chirac focused on anatomy, in which he expanded his knowledge to such an extent that he was allowed to teach courses in this subject himself, even before he was a doctor of medicine.
On 3 February 1686 Pierre Chirac with the nickname Orion I was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. From 1699 he was a member of the Académie des sciences.

### Physician in Catalonia and Rochefort

Through the intercession of his colleague Charles de Barbeyrac (1629–1699) to Marshal Anne-Jules de Noailles, who was to command the royal army in Catalonia, Chirac managed in 1692 to obtain the post of doctor in that army. In 1715, he succeeded Wilhelm Homberg as the prince's first doctor.

## Publications

* Extrait d'une lettre écrite à Mr. Regis l'un des quatre commis pour le Journal des Sçavans. Sur la structure des cheveux, Montpellier, Gontier, 1688, in-12.
* Dissertatio academica - An incubo ferrum rubiginosum - Dissertation académique - Faut-il employer le fer rouillé contre le cauchemar ?, Montpellier, 1692, in-12
* Dissertatio academica - An passioni iliacæ globuli plumbei hydrargyro præferendi - Dissertation académique - Contre la douleur abdominale, les billes de plomb sont-elles préférables au mercure artificiel ?, Montpellier, 1694, in-12. L'auteur se prononce pour la négative. Il explique assez exactement l'invagination intestinale
* De motu cordis : adversaria analytica - Du mouvement du cœur : essai analytique [archive], Montpellier, 1698, in-12
* Lettres sur l'apologie de Vieussens, Montpellier, 1698, in-8°. L'illustre anatomiste Raymond Vieussens se flattait d'avoir démontré le premier l'existence d'un acide dans le sang. Chirac revendique cette découverte purement imaginaire.
* Quaestio medico-chirurgica - Utrum absoluta vulnerum suppuratione ad promovendam cicatricem praestent detergentia salino-aquea sarcoticis aliis oleosis & pinguibus quibuslibet medicamentis - Question médico-chirurgicale - Est-ce qu'en cas de suppuration complète des plaies, pour favoriser la cicatrisation les nettoyants salino-aqueux l'emporteraient sur les autres régénérants huileux et n'importe quels médicaments gras
* Observations sur les incommodités auxquelles sont sujets les équipages des vaisseaux, et de la manière de les traiter. Paris, 1724, in-8°
# Plotting (video game)

Plotting is a tile-matching puzzle video game published by Taito in 1989. It is called Flipull (フリップル, Furippuru) in Japan as well as in versions for the Famicom and Game Boy. As Plotting it was ported to the Atari ST, Amiga, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, GX4000, and ZX Spectrum. The game bears strong graphical and some gameplay similarities to Puzznic.

## Reception

In Japan, Game Machine listed Plotting on their August 1, 1989 issue as being the eighth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. The game was ranked the 23rd best game of all time by Amiga Power.

## Legacy

In 2005, Plotting was re-released for Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Microsoft Windows as part of Taito Legends. The game was re-released for the Nintendo Switch as part of the Arcade Archives series in May 2022.
# Mandt (surname)

Mandt is a surname of Dutch origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* André Mandt (born 1993), German footballer
* Michael Mandt (born 1971), American television producer
* Neil Mandt (born 1969), American television producer
* Sonja Mandt (born 1960), Norwegian politician
# Sam Jones (Welsh footballer)

Samuel E. Jones was a Welsh amateur footballer who played in the Football League for Newport County as an outside left. He was capped by Wales at amateur level.
# Ulmus americana 'Ascendens'

The American elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Ascendens', 'Upright American Elm', was cloned c.1910 by Bernard H. Slavin, Superintendent of Parks, Rochester, New York, from a tree growing in Seneca Park, Rochester, and named in 1927 for its narrow oval form.
See also the similar cultivars 'Columnaris' and 'Augustine Ascending'. It is not known why such a promising clone as 'Ascendens' appears rare in cultivation, but 'Augustine Ascending' was released at about the same date. Neither Green nor Santamour suggested that they were synonyms.

## Description

The tree has small, fastigiate lateral branches forming a narrow, oval head. Its leaves are similar in shape and texture to those of the parent species, but slightly smaller. Arnold Arboretum, however, report leaves 3 to 6 in. long and 2 to 4 in. wide. The bark remains smooth for longer than usual in the species and its fissures are less deep, while the trunk lacks the marked buttressing of the species.

## Pests and diseases

The clone's resistance to Dutch Elm Disease is not known, but the species is highly susceptible to the disease and Elm Yellows; it is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction by the adult Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica in the United States. U. americana is also the most susceptible of all the elms to verticillium wilt.

## Cultivation

In an article on the cultivar, Trees Magazine (Sept.-Oct. 1941), observing of American elm that there were "too many city streets where sidewalks are upheaved by its heavily buttressed trunk, lawns impaired by its massed tops, and roofs overhung by upper branches brushing the gables of homes," described 'Ascendens' as, by contrast, "an ideal variety for the narrow streets of our cities and for small-area planting". The tree was much planted in the Rochester area. It was described as hardy and less prone to wind-damage than broader forms. The tree is not known to have been cultivated beyond the US.

## Accessions
### North America

Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 140-61.
# Jeffco

Jeffco or JeffCo may refer to:
* Jefferson County, Colorado
* Jefferson County, Missouri transit (JeffCo Express)
* Jefferson College (disambiguation), multiple schools
# Rudolf V, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim

Rudolf V, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim (died 28 August 1361) was a son of Margrave Rudolf IV (died 25 June 1348) and his second wife Maria of Oettingen (d. 10 June 1369). In 1348, he succeeded his father as Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim.
Emperor Louis IV had in 1334 mortgaged Ortenburg Castle, the cities of Offenburg, Gengenbach and Zell am Harmersbach and the imperial possessions in the Ortenau area to his father. When the time came to repay the loan, Emperor Charles IV did not have the money, so Rudolf was allowed to keep these possessions. Charles IV also mortgaged the toll at Strassbourg to Rudolf and Archbishop Berthold II of Strasbourg.
On 26 August 1347, he married Adelaide, Lady of Belfort, (d. 1370/73), the daughter of Margrave Rudolf Hesso of Baden-Baden and his wife, Joanna of Burgundy. This marriage remained childless. In 1356, Rudolf concluded an inheritance treaty with his nephew Rudolf VI of Baden-Baden, in which Rudolf V appointed Rudolf VI as his heir.
Rudolf V died in 1361. After his death, Baden-Pforzheim fell to Baden-Baden, reuniting Baden again. His widow remarried on 4 April 1369, to Count Walram IV of Tierstein.
# Kodachi

A kodachi (小太刀, こだち), literally translating into "small or short tachi (sword)", is one of the traditionally made Japanese swords (nihontō) used by the samurai class of feudal Japan. Kodachi are from the early Kamakura period (1185–1333) and are in the shape of a tachi. Kodachi are mounted in tachi style, but with a length of less than 60 cm (24 in). They are often confused with wakizashi, due to their length and handling techniques. However, their construction is what sets the two apart, as kodachi are a set length while wakizashi are forged to complement the wielder's height or the length of their katana. As a result, the kodachi was too short to be called a sword properly but was also too long to be considered a dagger, thus it is widely considered a primary short sword, unlike the tantō or the wakizashi which would act as a secondary weapon that was used alongside a longer bladed sword.
The exact use of the kodachi is unknown; it may have been a companion sword to normal sized tachi or it may have been a sword for an adolescent. Kodachi appear to have been produced only in a certain time period by specific schools of swordmakers.
# Hemipolygona beckyae

Hemipolygona beckyae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
# Léonce (actor)

Édouard-Théodore Nicole (c. 1823 – 19 February 1900), known as Léonce, was a 19th-century French actor and singer.

## Biography

Léonce was born in Paris. After studying law, he made his stage debut at the Théâtre de Belleville. He also played the cello.
In the 1850s, he was engaged at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens by Jacques Offenbach and sang many roles in the works of Offenbach and Hervé. After some time at the Théâtre de l'Athenée, he played in the premieres of Tromb-al-ca-zar, Croquefer, Orphée aux Enfers, Mesdames de la Halle and Monsieur Choufleuri. For several years, he appeared at the Théâtre des Variétés including in Les brigands, Le docteur Ox, La Vie parisienne and La Périchole.
After an unwise investment in a café, he ended his life in poverty. He died at Raincy on 19 February 1900.

## Theatre
### Comedian-singer

* 1858: Mesdames de la Halle, une opérette bouffe de Jacques Offenbach - created on 3 March 1858 at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (salle Choiseul) - as Madame Poiretapée, poissonnière
* 1858: Orphée aux Enfers, opéra-bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created on 21 October at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens - as Aristée-Pluton -
* 1859: L'Omelette à la Follembuche, operetta bouffe by Eugène Labiche and Marc-Michel - created on 8 June at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens - as La baronne de Follembuche
* 1861: M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . ., opéra bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created on 14 September 1861 at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens - as Mme Balandard
* 1865: Les bergers, opéra-comique by Jacques Offenbach - as the Marquis
* 1869: Les brigands, opéra bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created at the Théâtre des Variétés on 10 December - as Antonio, caissier du duc de Mantoue
* 1873: Les Braconniers, opéra bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created at the Théâtre des Variétés on 29 January - as Bibès, veux braconnier
* 1875: Les Trente Millions de Gladiator, comédie en vaudeville by Eugène Labiche and Philippe Gille - created at Théâtre des Variétés on 22 January - as Pepitt
* 1875: La boulangère a des écus, opéra bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created on 19| October 1875 at the Théâtre des Variétés - as Délicat
* 1876: Le roi dort by Eugène Labiche and Alfred Delacour - created on 31 March at the Théâtre des Variétés - as Bec de miel
* 1877: Le docteur Ox, opéra-bouffe by Jacques Offenbach - created on 26 January at the Théâtre des Variétés - as Ygène
* 1883: Mam'zelle Nitouche, operetta by Henri Meilhac and Albert Millaud - created on 26 January at the Théâtre des Variétés - as Loriot, "brigadier"

### Author

* 1859: Dans la rue, operetta by Léonce (lyricist) - Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens - created on 8 September
# Piazza dei Martiri, Naples

Piazza dei Martiri (in Italian: Martyrs' Square) is a monument-containing square in Naples, Italy, located at the junction of Via Domenico Morelli and Santa Caterina, one block north of the eastern end of the large seaside park known as the Villa Comunale. The square was originally dedicated to Santa Maria a Cappella, but took on patriotic significance when Italy was united in 1861.

## Monument to the Martyrs

The monument in the center of this square was built around a column already standing during the Bourbon rule, when the square was called the Piazza della Pace. The column was repurposed, and atop now stands a bronze statue depicting the Virtue of the Martyrs, designed by Emanuele Caggiano . Four lions stand at the corners of the square base, each represent Neapolitan patriots who died during specific anti-Bourbon revolutions
* Lion dying - to fallen defending the short lived Parthenopean Republic in 1799.
* Lion pierced by a sword- to fallen during Carbonari revolution of 1820.
* Lion lying down - to fallen during revolution of 1848, with 1848 statutes under paw.
* Lion striding on foot - to fallen during successful Garibaldini Revolt of 1860.
Behind this last lion is a tablet that states:
   To the glorious memory of the Neapolitan citizens who died in the struggles or scaffold revindicated for the people with solemn and eternal covenant the freedom to proclaim the plebiscite of October 21, 1860 The City Hall Consecrates
* Lions at base of monument
* To fallen in 1799
* To fallen in 1820
* To fallen in 1848
* To fallen in 1860
# Pleurotomella cuspidata

Pleurotomella cuspidata is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found off Victoria, Australia.
# Urma railway station

vteAsansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line incl. Adra–Bokaro Steel City, Purulia–Kotshila & Tatanagar–Badampahar branch lines :
Legend :
Urma railway station is a railway station on Purulia–Tatanagar line of Adra railway division of Indian Railways' South Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside National Highway 32 at Chhota Urma in Purulia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Total 16 trains stop at this station.

## History

The Bengal Nagpur Railway was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway. Purulia–Chakradharpur rail line was opened on 22 January 1890. The Purulia–Chakradharpur rout including Urma railway station was electrified in 1961–62.
# Samu language

The Samu (autonym: sa33 mu33; Chinese: 撒慕) language, or Samatao (sa33 ma21 taw21; Chinese 撒马多 Samaduo), also known as Eastern Samadu, is a Loloish language spoken by older adults in Zijun Village 子君村 (also called Da'er), Yiliu Township 矣六乡, Guandu District 官渡区, Kunming, China. Although there was an ethnic population of 2,465 in 1999, there are no fluent speakers under 50 years of age.
# Jeffcoat

Jeffcoat is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Emma Jeffcoat (born 1994), Australian triathlete
* George Jeffcoat (1913–1978), American baseball player
* Hal Jeffcoat (1924–2007), American baseball player
* Harold George Jeffcoat (born 1947), American academic administrator
* Hollis Jeffcoat (1952–2018), American painter
* Jackson Jeffcoat (born 1990), American football player
* Jan Jeffcoat (born 1980), American television news anchor
* Jim Jeffcoat (born 1961), American football player
* John Jeffcoat, American film director
* Mike Jeffcoat (born 1959), American baseball player
* Rupert Jeffcoat (born 1970), Scottish organist
* Trajan Jeffcoat (born 1999), American football player
# Rudolf Urban

Rudolf Urban is the name of the following persons:
* Rudolf Urban (soccer player) (born 1980), Slovak soccer player
* Rudolf Urban (Berlin Wall victim) (1914–1961)
# Strömma Kanalbolaget

Ångfartygs AB Strömma Kanal, better known as the Strömma Kanalbolaget, is an operator of tourist shipping services in and around Stockholm, Sweden, as well as a number of ferry routes under the name Cinderellabåtarna in the same area. It is part of the Strömma Turism & Sjöfart [sv] group, which operates tourist services in a number of cities around Europe, including the City Sightseeing tourist bus franchise for Stockholm.

## History

Ångfartygs AB Strömma Kanal was started in 1968 with the aim of saving historic ships from being scrapped. It took its name from a 19th-century shipping company that operated services from Stockholm to Sandhamn, via the Strömma Canal. In 1992, the company was taken over by August Lindholm Eftr. AB, a company that operated sightseeing boats within Stockholm, and all the latter company's boats and services were transferred to the Strömma Kanalbolaget. At the same time, the owning company changed its name to Strömma Turism & Sjöfart. In 1993, the company also acquired the vessels and services of City Jet Line AB, who operated fast ferries to the outer archipelago under the brand Cinderella.

## Current fleet

Strömma Kanalbolaget's fleet includes a number of notable and historic vessels, including:
* Enköping (1868)
* Djurgården 7 [sv] (1893)
* Prince Carl Philip [sv] (1901)
* Waxholm III [sv] (1903)
* Östanå I (1906)
* Angantyr (1909)
* Drottningholm (1909)
* Gustafsberg VII (1912)
* Gustaf III (1912)
* Stockholm [sv] (1931)
* Stegeholm (1950)
* Strömma Kanal [sv] (1975)
* Evert Taube (1976)
* Mälar Victoria [sv] (1984)
* Cinderella II (1986)
* Cinderella I (1990)
# Sphegina nubicola

Sphegina nubicola is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

It is found in Thailand and Vietnam.
# Piccadilly Head, Newfoundland and Labrador

Piccadilly Head is a local service district and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

## Geography

Piccadilly Head is in Newfoundland within Subdivision E of Division No. 4.

## Demographics

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Piccadilly Head recorded a population of 124 living in 61 of its 77 total private dwellings, a change of -10.8% from its 2011 population of 139. With a land area of 2.99 km$^2$ (1.15 sq mi), it had a population density of 41.5/km$^2$ (107.4/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

Piccadilly Head is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Calwyn Dollard.
# Pleurotomella endeavourensis

Pleurotomella endeavourensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 10.9 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.