OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kaiser effect (material science)

The Kaiser effect is a phenomenon observed in geology and material science that describes a pattern of acoustic emission (AE) or seismicity in a body of rock or other material subjected to repeated cycles of mechanical stress.
In material that exhibits an initial seismic response under a certain load, the Kaiser effect describes the absence of acoustic emission or seismic events until that load is exceeded. The Kaiser effect results from discontinuities (fractures) created in material during previous steps that do not move, expand, or propagate until the former stress is exceeded.

## Background

The Kaiser effect is named after Joseph Kaiser, who first studied this behavior in materials in the 1950s. He discovered the phenomenon when he was studying AE response of metals, finding that the materials retain a "memory" of previously applied stresses. Kaiser found that a stressed metal sample is giving zero AE if the applied stress is less than the previously applied maximum stress. Similar effect was also found in rock samples deformed in the course of acoustic emission, particularly as a result of cyclic thermal loadings of carboniferous sandstone and mudstone samples. The Kaiser effect became useful in estimating complete stress tensors based on a capacity to determine reliably the magnitudes of the preceding normal stresses applied to the specimen in various directions.

## Observed examples of the Kaiser effect
### Borehole seismicity

Induced seismicity associated with fluid pumping in boreholes and wells often exhibits the Kaiser effect, whereby seismicity may be observed shortly following an initial fluid injection, but further seismicity is limited if the fluid flow remains at a constant pressure. If the fluid pressure at the injection site is later increased, renewed seismicity may be observed due to the greater ease of fracturing caused by higher pore fluid pressure in the rock.

### Volcanic systems

The Kaiser effect has also been observed in relation to recharge of magma chambers below active volcanic systems.
# Region 2

Region 2 or Region II may refer to:
* Region 2, Northwest Territories (Canadian census)
* The Midwest of the US (American census)
* Former Region 2 (Johannesburg), an administrative district in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2000 to 2006
* Antofagasta Region, Chile
* Cagayan Valley (Region II), Philippines
* ITU Region 2, consisting of the Americas
* One of the DVD regions
* One of the health regions of Canada, managed by Horizon Health Network
* One of the regions of Iran
# Hinamoeura Morgant-Cross

Hinamoeura Morgant-Cross (born 1988) is a French Polynesian anti-nuclear activist and politician. She is the daughter of politician Valentina Cross and a member of Tāvini Huiraʻatira.
Morgant-Cross is from Teva I Uta. She has suffered from Leukemia from the age of 25. She is a member of Association 193 and Mururoa e Tatou, and has represented French Polynesia at meetings of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.
She was first elected to the Assembly of French Polynesia in the 2023 French Polynesian legislative election. As an MP she proposed a resolution that the Assembly support the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and supported term-limits for Assembly members.
In November 2023 she was awarded the Nuclear-Free Future Award.
# List of principals of Regent's Park College, Oxford

The head of Regent's Park College, a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford is called the principal. This list also includes the heads of the predecessor institutions of the college, Baptist College, Stepney and Regent's Park College, London.

## Principals of Baptist College, Stepney

* 1810–1826 William Newman
* 1826–1827 Solomon Young
* 1827–43 William Harris Murch
* 1843–47 Benjamin Davies
* 1847–49 William D. Jones
* 1849–1856 Joseph Angus

## Principals of Regent's Park College, London

* 1856–1893 Joseph Angus
* 1896–1920 George Pearce Gould
* 1920–1927 H. Wheeler Robinson

## Principals of Regent's Park College, Oxford

* 1927–1942 H. Wheeler Robinson
* 1942–1958 Robert Child
* 1958–1972 Gwynne Henton Davies
* 1972–1989 Barrington (Barrie) Raymond White
* 1989–2007 Paul Fiddes
* 2007–2021 Robert Ellis
* From 2023 Sir Malcolm Evans, KCMG, OBE, FLSW
# Parvathipuram Town railway station

vteParvathipuram :
Legend :
Parvatipuram Town railway station (station code:PVPT) is an Indian railway station that serves Parvathipuram town in Parvathipuram district.

## History

Between 1893 and 1896, 1,288 km (800 mi) of the East Coast State Railway was opened for traffic. In 1898–99, Bengal Nagpur Railway was linked to the lines in southern India.
The 79 km (49 mi) Vizianagaram–Parvatipuram line was opened in 1908–09 and an extension to Salur was built in 1913. The Parvatipuram–Raipur line was completed in 1931.

## Railway reorganization

The Bengal Nagpur Railway was nationalized in 1944.Eastern Railway was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of East Indian Railway Company east of Mughalsarai and the Bengal Nagpur Railway. In 1955, South Eastern Railway was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier. New zones were started in April 2003 and then East Coast Railway and South East Central Railway were carved out from North Eastern Railway.

## Development of Parvathipuram railway station

Due to increase of Parvathipuram Town towards south. Parvathipuram railway station is being developed. From 2011 new express trains were given halt at Parvathipuram railway station excluding Parvathipuram Town railway station.
# KNS

KNS or kns may refer to:
* King Island Airport, Tasmania, Australia, IATA airport code KNS
* Kennishead railway station, Glasgow, Scotland, station code KNS
* Kensiu language, an Austro-asiatic language, ISO 639-3 code kns
* Royal Norwegian Yacht Club (Kongelig Norsk Seilforening), in Oslo, Norway
# Paraivongius kraatzi

Paraivongius kraatzi is a species of leaf beetle of Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Martin Jacoby in 1898.
# Maareech ATDS

Maareech Advanced Torpedo Decoy System (ATDS) is a torpedo detection and countermeasure system used by the Indian Navy. The system offers a complete solution to detect and locate an incoming torpedo and to apply countermeasures to protect naval platform against torpedo attack. It was developed as a joint project of the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), Kochi and the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam.

## Description

It is an anti-torpedo system with towed and expendable decoys. The system is capable of detecting, confusing, diverting and decoying the incoming torpedoes. The decoy helps in exhausting the energy of the torpedo by running the latter through long and ineffective course and prevents them from homing in to the targeted platform with its advanced countermeasures capabilities.
Mareech systems is being deployed on all current and future frontline warships of Indian Navy ships.
The underwater arrays for Maareech are being manufactured by KELTRON Controls at Aroor while the system is being integrated by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).

## Operators
### India

* Indian Navy
** Visakhapatnam-class destroyer
** Kolkata-class destroyer
** Nilgiri-class frigate
** INS Vikrant
# List of Bhojpuri films of 2020

This is a list of Bhojpuri language films released in 2020.

## January- December

| Release Date | Film | Cast |
| | Saato Janam | Kritn AjiteshPayashi Pandit |
| | Veer Arjun | Priyesh SinhaPayashi Pandit |
| | Laila Majnu | Pradeep PandeyAkshara SinghSonalika Prasad |
| | Muqaddar Ka Sikandar | Dinesh Lal YadavAmrapali Dubey |
| | Ek Saazis Jaal | Khesari Lal YadavShubhi Sharma |
| 10 March 2020 | Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3 | Khesari Lal YadavSahar Afsha |
| | Pawan Putra | Pawan SinghPriyanka PanditMir Sarwar |
# Luleå Cathedral

Luleå Cathedral (Swedish: Luleå domkyrka) in Luleå, Sweden, serves the Diocese of Luleå and the local Church of Sweden parish, Luleå Cathedral Parish (Luleå domkyrkoförsamling).

## History

There were a total of two churches built on the site of the current cathedral. In 1667 the original wooden church was demolished and a stone church was built instead. However, on 11 June 1887, the church burned to the ground. Two years later, the church council decided to rebuild the church and on 11 June 1889, the cornerstone was laid. The church was built on the designs of Adolf Emil Melander. It was consecrated on 3 December 1893, which was First Advent Sunday that year., The church was originally named Oscar Fredrik Church (Oscar Fredriks kyrka), after the King Oscar (Fredrik) II. It became a cathedral when the Diocese of Luleå was created in 1904.

## Organ

The organ, which was inaugurated in 1987, is built by Grönlund organ builders in Gammelstaden. It weighs 25 tons and has 4595 pipes. The organ was expanded in 2010 with French-inspired En chamade. The facade was designed by Jan Boström in collaboration with the architect Bertil Fraklin.
# Remington D. B. Vernam

Lieutenant Remington D. B. Vernam (March 24, 1896 - December 1, 1918) was an American pilot who had enlisted in the French air service during World War I, and was transferred to the United States Army Air Service after American entry into the war.
He attained ace status when he shot down three enemy observation balloons and three enemy planes. He shared his first victory, a balloon on 12 August 1918, with Charles Lefevre while with Escadrille 96. His remaining five victories were scored between 10 and 30 October 1918 while flying with the 22nd Aero Squadron. Vernam was shot down behind German lines on October 30, 1918, aged 22, later dying from his wounds. He is buried in the St. Mihiel American Cemetery in France.

## Citation

The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Remington D. B. Vernam, First Lieutenant (Air Service), U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in action near Buzancy, France, October 10, 1918. Successively attacking two enemy balloons, which were moored to their nests, Lieutenant Vernam displayed the highest degree of daring. He executed his task despite the fact that several enemy planes were above him, descending to an altitude of less than ten meters when five miles within the enemy lines. His well-directed fire caused both balloons to burst into flames."
# Hiro Muramoto

Hiro Muramoto (村本 博之, Muramoto Hiroyuki, c.1966 – April 10, 2010) was a Japanese TV cameraman and journalist, who worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Tokyo in the 1990s, and who reported for Reuters television for more than 15 years. Muramoto was based in Reuters' Tokyo bureau.
Muramoto was the first reporter killed during the 2010 Thai street protests. Photojournalist Fabio Polenghi died in another demonstration on May 19, 2010.

## Career

A graduate of Temple University (Japan Campus), Muramoto worked at NBC and then ABC. He joined Reuters as a freelance cameraman in 1992 and became full-time in 1995. During his time with Reuters, he traveled to high-risk areas North Korea and the Philippines (during political instability). He also covered human-interest stories such as Tokyo monkey-waiters and the man who married a character from a video game.
Also active in charity projects, Muramoto walked 100 km in two days in the areas around Mount Fuji to raise money for impoverished communities in Africa. His plan was to attend this walk for a third time starting April 22.

## Death

Muramoto was shot and killed on April 10, 2010, while covering violent clashes during the 2010 Thai political protests between Thai troops and anti-government protesters. Muramoto was filming clashes between protests and government forces on Rajdamnoen Road in Bangkok. Muramoto was shot in the chest during the clash. The bullet exited his back, though doctors could not tell what type of bullet. Muramoto was taken to Klang Hospital where he was pronounced dead, according to hospital director, Dr. Pichaya Nakwatchara. He was 43 years old and survived by his wife, Emiko, and two children.
The Thai military initially claimed to be shooting rubber bullets and tear gas, and only shooting live rounds into the air. However, video footage showed soldiers firing assault rifles in fully automatic fire mode in the direction of protesters. Protest leaders claimed that a number of people were hit by army snipers from nearby buildings. The military later admitted that troops fired live rounds directly at protesters, allegedly shooting only single rounds to protect injured troops retreating from the clashes.

## Reactions

Reuters Editor-in-Chief David Schlesinger reacted in response to Muramoto's death, "I am dreadfully saddened to have lost our colleague Hiro Muramoto in the Bangkok clashes... Journalism can be a terribly dangerous profession as those who try to tell the world the story thrust themselves in the center of the action. The entire Reuters family will mourn this tragedy."
A Thai Army spokesperson claimed that protesters had attacked soldiers with grenades and petrol bombs before troops responded. The 2010 clashes, which led to calls for the resignation of Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva's government, have been the worst political violence in Bangkok for 18 years.
# Čemernica, Croatia

Čemernica is a village in Croatia, in the municipality of Virovitica. It is connected by the D2 highway.
# Parmelinella

Parmelinella is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1987 by John Elix and Mason Hale as a segregate of Parmelina, from which it differs in having larger ascospores and containing salazinic acid. Although the genus had been assumed to be well-defined morphologically, a 2021 molecular phylogenetic study suggests that the generic delimitations need to be revised.

## Species

* Parmelinella afrocetrata (Elix, Eb.Fischer & Killmann) Marcelli & A.A.Spielm. (2020)
* Parmelinella chozoubae (Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha) Elix & Pooprang (1999) – Asia
* Parmelinella cinerascens (Lynge) Benatti & Marcelli (2012) – South America
* Parmelinella inexplicabilis Marcelli & C.H.Ribeiro (2002)
* Parmelinella manipurensis (Kr.P.Singh) Elix & Hale (1987)
* Parmelinella mutata (Vain.) Benatti (2014) – South America
* Parmelinella nimandairana (Zahlbr.) Benatti & Marcelli (2014) – Africa; Asia
* Parmelinella salacinifera (Hale) Marcelli & Benatti (2014) – North America; Central America; South America; Caribbean islands; Thailand
* Parmelinella schimperiana Kirika & Divakar (2016) – Kenya
* Parmelinella simplicior (Hale) Elix & Hale (1987) – Africa; Asia
* Parmelinella versiformis (Kremp.) Marcelli (1993) – South America
* Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale (1987) – Africa; Asia; Australia; South America
# Harpenden East railway station

Harpenden East was one of two stations serving the town of Harpenden, the other station which remains open being Harpenden Central. Originally named Harpenden, the East suffix was added in 1950 to distinguish it from the Midland Railway station.

## Layout

The line was single track with a crossing loop at Harpenden East.
An intermediate station on the Great Northern Railway branch line between Hatfield and Dunstable Town, it opened in 1860 and closed in 1965.

## Closure

Since closure the station has been demolished and both the site and the line in the immediate area have had housing built.

## Routes

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Luton Hoo Line and station closed | Great Northern Railway Dunstable Branch | Wheathampstead Line and station closed |
# Paraivongius interstitialis

Paraivongius interstitialis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Martin Jacoby in 1900.
# Karine Aka Oulaté

Karine Oulaté is a digital communication expert from Ivory Coast.

## Biography

Oulaté studied in Ivory Coast then moved to France, where she studied tax, followed by human resources. While studying in France she played basketball for her university, until she suffered a knee injury and could no longer play.
In November 2022, she was elected citizen of the month by the government of Côte d'Ivoire, and was elevated to the rank of Knight of the National Order of Merit.
# Ruth Baum

Ruth Baum (26 December 1922 – 22 February 2022) was a Jewish Polish-Israeli writer and journalist.

## Biography

She was born on 26 December 1922, in Warsaw, Poland, to the Becker family.
In 1937, she started publishing stories in the children's newspaper "Mały Przegląd", a supplement of Nasz Przeglad edited by Janusz Korczak
During the Second World War she escaped to the USSR, where she worked in the mines as well as a translator in a German prison camp near Orsk. In addition, she started to publish short stories, translated to Russian, about her school experiences.
After the war she returned to Wrocław, where she studied literature and Polish philosophy at the University of Wrocław. She was a collaborator of the Polish Radio in Wrocław and the Fołks Sztyme weekly.
Baum felt conflicted staying in Poland after the war and decided to emigrate to Israel in 1957. She had trouble adapting to Hebrew and continued to write and work in the Polish language. She was a member of the Association of Polish Authors in Israel, and published stories and books in the Polish language.
During her time in Israel she wrote in the Polish newspaper Nowiny-Kurier, which was published in Israel, as well as the Contori magazine. Her stories were also published in Hebrew newspapers and she wrote four books.
Baum died on February 22, 2022, in Haifa, Israel. A typewriter is depicted on her gravestone, to show the invention that had the most impact on her life.

## Books

Books written by Baum (in Polish):
* "Unromantic Life: Stories" (Życie nieromantyczne : opowiadania) (1974)
* "The Thirteenth month: A Novel" (Trzynasty miesiąc roku : powieść) (1977)
* "The Heir's and other stories" (Syn dziedzica i inne opowiadania) (1999)
* "The Garden on the volcano" Ogród na wulkanie (2007)
Her stories also appear in "Portraits in Literature: The Jews of Poland, An Anthology"
# James Huddlestone

James Huddlestone is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at club level for Castleford, as a second-row.

## Playing career
### County Cup Final appearances

James Huddlestone played at prop in Castleford's 17-7 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the 1977 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1977–78 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 15 October 1977.
# Kalamaki

Kalamaki is the Greek word for a small reed, and thus for a skewer or drinking straw, and may refer to:
* an alternative name for souvlaki
* places in Greece:
** Kalamaki, Attica, a neighborhood of Alimos in South Athens
** Kalamaki, a village in the community of Limnochori, Achaea
** Kalamaki, Zakynthos, a resort town on the island of Zakynthos
** Kalamaki, Patras, a neighbourhood of Patras, Achaea
* Kalkan, a town in Turkey formerly called Kalamaki
# Remus Niculescu

Remus Niculescu (1927–2005) was a Romanian art historian. Due to his closeness to philosopher Constantin Noica, the Communist regime staged a show trial against him, but he was later rehabilitated.
# Keramuddin Keram

Keramuddin Keram (born 1 January 1962) is an Afghan politician who served as Governor of Panjshir Province from 21 April 2010 until 2 November 2013. Keram served as the President of the Afghanistan Football Federation from 2004 until 2019, when he was banned from football for life by FIFA after being accused of sexual abuse by several players from the Afghanistan women's national football team. Keram is currently at large despite an indictment and arrest warrant being issued against him.

## Sexual assault allegations

In 2018, an investigation was launched when several players of Afghanistan women's national football team alleged that Karim had sexually assaulted, threatened and physically attacked them.
On June 8, 2019, FIFA barred Keram, who was president of Afghanistan's soccer association, from the sport for life after reports that he had threatened and sexually assaulted players. He was also fined about USD $1 million. Following this, a warrant was issued for his arrest.
In August 2020, special forces attempted to arrest Keram in Panjshir, but were unsuccessful, with Human Rights Watch reporting that Keram had the protection of a local militia. As of April 2021, he remains at large.
# List of saints named Leo

St. Leo may refer to one of several saints named Leo, including:
* Pope Leo I (d. 461), pope and saint
* Pope Leo II (d. 683), pope and saint
* Pope Leo III (d. 816), pope and saint
* Pope Leo IV (d. 855), pope and saint
* Pope Leo IX (d. 1054), pope and saint
* Saint Leo of Bayonne [it], France
* Saint Leo of Catania otherwise Saint Leo the Thaumaturge (d. 785), saint and bishop of Catania in Sicily
* Saint Leo of Montefeltro (d. 366), bishop of Montefeltro
* Saint Leo of Patara (d. 260), early Christian martyr
* Emperor Leo the Great (d. 474), Roman emperor of the East, venerated in Eastern Orthodoxy
# Solent NHS Trust

Solent NHS Trust was an NHS trust which ran mental health and community services and community hospitals in Southampton and Portsmouth, England. Its sites included Western Community Hospital, Royal South Hants Hospital, St James Hospital, St Mary’s Hospital.
In December 2013 it was announced that the Trust would be among the first to trial the Care Quality Commission’s planned approach to inspecting mental health services because Monitor and the NHS Trust Development Authority wanted assurance on the quality of the services they provide before progressing their Foundation Trust applications.
The trust runs the Adelaide Health Centre in Southampton which cost £16m to build but in 2014 was half empty as local GPs refused to move into it. The building was commissioned by the now defunct Southampton City Primary Care Trust, and the Trust leases the space for £1.5m per annum on a 25-year contract.
In February 2014 Dr Ros Tolcher announced she would be leaving her post at the Trust to take up a new role as chief executive at Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust. Sue Harriman, who trained as a nurse in the Royal Navy, replaced her as chief executive.
In 2015, the trust proposed to sue Hampshire County Council for loss of profits after it awarded a £41.3m contract for adult substance misuse services which they previously provided to Inclusion Drug Services, part of South Staffordshire and Shropshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.
The trust was named by the Health Service Journal as one of the top hundred NHS trusts to work for in 2015. At that time it had 3,149 full-time equivalent staff and a sickness absence rate of 4.66%. 70% of staff recommend it as a place for treatment and 52% recommended it as a place to work.
The trust abandoned its bid for foundation trust status in December 2015.
Harriman was seconded to the national COVID-19 vaccination programme between October 2020 and March 2021. She took up a new role at Bath, Swindon and Wiltshire in the summer of 2022 and was replaced by Andrew Strevens, who had held positions in the trust since 2015.
# Karindara

Karindara is a small village in the Martung tehsil of Shangla District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Karindara's history dates back to 1905 when Salarzai tribes migrated from Jawor district, Buner. It has a population of over 7,000. Situated approximately 5 km from Martung Bazar, 110 km from Mingora, 65 km from Alpurai, and 375 km from Islamabad, its strategic location enhances its connectivity.
In terms of education, the literacy rate is approximately 73%, being notably lower among females due to the absence of girls' schools in the area. However, efforts are underway to address this gap.
The village hosts two government schools, catering to primary and middle education. Many residents pursue careers abroad in Gulf countries and Europe, while others serve in various government capacities.
The village's climate offers pleasant summers and cold winters. Its natural environment includes jungles and sources of spring water.
Agriculture in Karindara includes the growing of crops like wheat, maize, and rice, while fruits like Alowbukhara, Khowbani, Nashpati, Malta, and apples flourish in its fertile soil.