OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SSS*

SSS* is a search algorithm, introduced by George Stockman in 1979, that conducts a state space search traversing a game tree in a best-first fashion similar to that of the A* search algorithm.
SSS* is based on the notion of solution trees. Informally, a solution tree can be formed from any arbitrary game tree by pruning the number of branches at each MAX node to one. Such a tree represents a complete strategy for MAX, since it specifies exactly one MAX action for every possible sequence of moves made by the opponent. Given a game tree, SSS* searches through the space of partial solution trees, gradually analyzing larger and larger subtrees, eventually producing a single solution tree with the same root and Minimax value as the original game tree. SSS* never examines a node that alpha–beta pruning would prune, and may prune some branches that alpha–beta would not. Stockman speculated that SSS* may therefore be a better general algorithm than alpha–beta. However, Igor Roizen and Judea Pearl have shown that the savings in the number of positions that SSS* evaluates relative to alpha/beta is limited and generally not enough to compensate for the increase in other resources (e.g., the storing and sorting of a list of nodes made necessary by the best-first nature of the algorithm). However, Aske Plaat, Jonathan Schaeffer, Wim Pijls and Arie de Bruin have shown that a sequence of null-window alpha–beta calls is equivalent to SSS* (i.e., it expands the same nodes in the same order) when alpha–beta is used with a transposition table, as is the case in all game-playing programs for chess, checkers, etc. Now the storing and sorting of the OPEN list were no longer necessary. This allowed the implementation of (an algorithm equivalent to) SSS* in tournament quality game-playing programs. Experiments showed that it did indeed perform better than Alpha–Beta in practice, but that it did not beat NegaScout.
The reformulation of a best-first algorithm as a sequence of depth-first calls prompted the formulation of a class of null-window alpha–beta algorithms, of which MTD(f) is the best known example.

## Algorithm

There is a priority queue OPEN that stores states $(J,s,h)$ or the nodes, where $J$ - node identificator (Dot-decimal notation is used to identify nodes, $\epsilon$ is a root), $s\in \{L,S\}$ - state of the node $J$ (L - the node is live, which means it's not solved yet and S - the node is solved), $h\in (-\infty ,\infty )$ - value of the solved node. Items in OPEN queue are sorted descending by their $h$ value. If more than one node has the same value of $h$, a node left-most in the tree is chosen.
$\Gamma$ operator for $p=(J,s,h)$ is defined in the following way:
# SSSB

SSSB may refer to:
* Shanghai State Security Bureau
* Ship Shore Ship Buffer
* Small Solar System body
* SSSB, the ICAO code for São Borja Airport
* Sy Syms School of Business, undergraduate school of Yeshiva University
# SSSF

SSSF may refer to:
* School Sisters of St. Francis - an education-oriented organization associated with nuns of the Catholic Church
* Stoosbahn - a funicular in Switzerland
* Swedish Shooting Sport Foundation, affiliated with the Swedish Home Guard
* Stockholm Academic Male Chorus (Swedish: Stockholms Studentsångarförbund)
# SS St. Sunniva

SS St. Sunniva was one of the first purpose-built cruise ships. Converted into a ferry in 1908, she operated as the Lerwick mail steamer until 10 April 1930, when she ran aground off Shetland and was a complete loss.

## History

SS St. Sunniva was ordered by the North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Steam Navigation Company (more commonly referred to as "The North Company") after the success of their earlier cruise vessel, the St. Rognvald. She was ordered from Hall, Russell & Company of Aberdeen for delivery in time for the 1887 season.

## Description

The ship was designed to resemble a classic steam yacht in form and carried a small steam launch for landing passengers when necessary.

### Accommodation

The accommodation comprised 16 x two berth cabins on either side of the main deck, with a further two berth cabin and a twelve berth ladies' cabin on the centreline. A bathroom and three toilets was sited on either side of the main deck with an additional bathroom and two toilets provided for the ladies' cabin. The ladies' cabin was fitted with two washbasins and all the other main deck cabins were fitted with their own washbasin. 8 x four berth cabins were sited aft on the lower deck, each with a washbasin, and forward of the machinery space were 2 x four berth and 4 x six berth cabins with a common bathroom and two washbasins. No toilets were provided on the lower deck.
The main saloon could hold 132 people per sitting, with a piano provided for the use of the passengers, while a deckhouse aft of the mainmast held a ladies' lounge and a separate men's smoking room.

## Career

The St. Sunniva was a great commercial success as a cruise ship. However, in 1907–1908, the North Company reduced the number of the ship's cruises, and entirely withdrew from the market at the end of August 1908. It was subsequently decided to convert the ship into a ferry and to that end the lower deck accommodation was removed and cargo holds created. The main deck accommodation was also completely remodelled and the superstructure was extended.
Following this remodelling, the St. Sunniva entered service as a mail steamer on the Lerwick route, operating a weekly service from Leith and Aberdeen. She remained on this demanding service until 10 April 1930 when, while sailing north in fog, she ran aground on the uninhabited island of Mousa, Shetland. All passengers and crew were rescued but the ship was a complete loss.
# S v Ndlovu

In S v Ndlovu; S v Sibisi (2005), the appellants objected that further to the standard basic explanation provided them of their rights to legal representation, they had not
* been informed of the minimum sentences they prospectively faced;
* been encouraged to seek legal representation; or
* been asked why they declined to seek legal representation.
The court held that it was an essential step that an accused be promptly informed of his rights in regard to legal representation and where the failure to provide that standard basic explanation had the effect of depriving the accused of legal representation, the proceedings would be vitiated by fundamental irregularity.
Furthermore, the court held that in special circumstances, it was essential that an accused be given such information further to the standard basic explanation: namely, information as to the seriousness of the charge and as to the applicable minimum sentence, if that information were reasonably required to enable the accused to make a sufficiently informed decision regarding whether to seek legal representation.
Special circumstances existed, for example, where an accused was tried in the regional magistrate's court for an offense which carried a prospective life imprisonment.
The provision of further information would only be essential to the extent that it was reasonably required to enable the accused to make a sufficiently informed decision on legal representation. It would thus not be essential to inform the accused that he was facing the possibility of a substantial prison sentence if he could reasonably be expected to be aware of it.
Furthermore, even where it was not essential to inform the accused of the prescribed sentence, it remained desirable whenever the charge was a serious one.
An accused must also be afforded a reasonable time within which to obtain legal representation and a reasonable opportunity to make up his mind whether to seek legal representation.
Furthermore, if an accused persists in declining to seek legal representation, the court must ask him why.
A presiding officer should, however, be careful to respect the right of an accused to choose to conduct his own defense.
# SS Douglas

SS Douglas may refer to the following four ships:
* SS Douglas (1858): a paddle-steamer of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company which subsequently became a blockade runner for the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War under the name Margaret & Jessie, before being taken as "prize" and serving in the Union Navy as the USS Gettysburg.
* SS Douglas (1864): the second steamer in the fleet of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company to bear the name.
* SS Douglas (1889): originally a packet steamer of the London and Southwestern Railway named Dora. Acquired by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company in 1901 and re-named Douglas.
* SS Douglas (1907): a freight vessel built for the Clyde Shipbuilding and Engineering in Port Glasgow for Goole Steam Shipping Company.
# SS Dordogne

SS Dordogne was a steam-powered oil tanker that served the French Navy. She was formerly a British merchant ship, SS San Isidoro, of the Eagle Oil Transport Company.

## History

In 1912 Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray founded the Eagle Oil Transport Company to transport oil from his Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company's oilfields in Mexico to the United Kingdom. The company ordered a fleet of 20 tankers from British shipyards. They included the sister ships San Isidoro and San Onofre from Armstrong Whitworth at Hebburn on the River Tyne in north-east England.
The French government bought SS San Isidoro in the year she was launched and renamed her Dordogne. She was scuttled at Brest in the Fall of France on 18 June 1940.
# Hotshots (1984 film)

Hotshots is a 1984 Filipino youth-oriented musical film directed by Jeric Soriano on his directorial debut. The film stars Gary Valenciano on his theatrical debut, Herbert Bautista, Aga Muhlach, Raymond Lauchengco, Eula Valdez, Jobelle Salvador and Monette Rivera.

## Cast

* Herbert Bautista as Boy
* Aga Muhlach as Archie
* Raymond Lauchengco as Danny
* Gary Valenciano as Mike
* Eula Valdez as Elaine
* Jobelle Salvador as Susan
* Monette Rivera as Alice
* Debraliz Valasote as Cynthia
* Paquito Salcedo as Lolo
* Naty Mallares as Lola
* Hector Reyes as Danny's Father
* Zorayda Sanchez as Ms. Armacost
* Ginny Lim as Cherry
* Carme Sanchez as Fat Lady
* Jose Antonio Barrios as Julius
* Jose Maria Barrios as Caesar
* Chesley Masias as Brutus
* Jay Garcia Ariño as Anne Marie
* Mary Joy Mañego as Nini
* Claudette Khan as Gigi
* Carolyn Calo as Cindy
* Rene Diaz as Little
* Josie Shoemaker as Alice's Maid
* Edna Vida Reyes as Ballet Instructor
* Nena Marquez as Alice's Mother
* Crispina dela Cruz as Debutante

## Soundtrack

Accompanying the movie is its soundtrack, released in 1984 on Vicor Music subsidiary Sunshine Records.
# Sahaspur

Sahaspur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Bijnor district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

## Geography

Sahaspur has an average elevation of 199 metres (653 feet).

## Demographics

The Sahaspur city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. According to the 2011 census of India, the population of 24,463 of which 12,822 are males while 11,641 are females.
The population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3719 which is 15.20% of total population of Sahaspur (NP). In Sahaspur Nagar Panchayat, Female Sex Ratio is of 908 against the state average of 912. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Sahaspur is around 972 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Sahaspur city is 60.60% lower than the state average of 67.68%. In Sahaspur, Male literacy is around 64.05% while female literacy rate is 56.76%.
Religion Sahaspur (2011)

### Languages

Languages of Sahaspur (2011)
Hindi and Urdu are the official languages. At the time of the 2011 Census of India,60.70% of the population of the sahaspur spoke Hindi, 40.25% Urdu as their first language.

## Notable people

* Tanzil Ahmed (D.S.P, NIA)
* Lokendra Singh (ex-MLA 24noorpur)
* Yashvir Singh (ex- MP 5 Nagina Lok sabha)
# Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy

The Sacri Monti (plural of Sacro Monte, Italian for "Sacred Mountain") of Piedmont and Lombardy are a series of nine calvaries or groups of chapels and other architectural features created in northern Italy during the late sixteenth century and the seventeenth century. They are dedicated to various aspects of the Christian faith and are considered of great beauty by virtue of the skill with which they have been integrated into the surrounding natural landscape of hills, forests and lakes. They also house important artistic materials in the form of wall paintings and statuary. In 2003, they were named as a World Heritage Site.

## Model and characteristics

The model of the calvary or "holy mountain" is a Christian creation dating from the late fifteenth century, that during the Counter-Reformation spread from Italy to Europe and the New World. A calvary is a devotional complex standing on the slopes of a mountain, with a series of chapels or kiosks containing scenes from the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary or the Saints, in the form of painting or sculptures.
As a re-evocation of the New Jerusalem, Sacred Mountains offered pilgrims an opportunity to visit the Holy Places by conjuring up, on a smaller scale, the buildings in which Christ's Passion took place. The Sacred Mountains stand on high ground, at some distance from the town centre, in a more natural setting. They are usually reached by pilgrimage. The itinerary leading up to the Sacred Mountain often re-evokes the Via Dolorosa, the road leading from Jerusalem to Calvary along which Christ carried the Cross.

## The nine

The nine Sacri Monti included in the World Heritage Site are:
* The Sacro Monte of Nuova Gerusalemme (New Jerusalem) of Varallo Sesia (1486), Varallo Sesia, province of Vercelli
* The Sacro Monte of Santa Maria Assunta, Serralunga di Crea (1589), province of Alessandria
* The Sacro Monte of San Francesco, Orta San Giulio (1590), province of Novara
* The Sacro Monte of the Rosary, Varese (1598)
* The Sacro Monte of the Blessed Virgin, Oropa (1617), province of Biella
* The Sacro Monte of the Blessed Virgin of Succour, Ossuccio (1635), province of Como
* The Sacro Monte of the Holy Trinity, Ghiffa (1591), province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
* The Sacro Monte and Calvary, Domodossola (1657), province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
* The Sacro Monte of Belmonte, Valperga (1712), Metropolitan City of Turin
* Sacro Monte di Varallo. Gaudenzio Ferrari, Statue of Christ on the Road to Calvary, Polychrome wood, ca. 1510
* Chapel IV of the Sacro Monte (Varese)
* Sacro Monte di Domodossola
# Sacri Cuori di Gesù e Maria a Tor Fiorenza

Sacri Cuori di Gesù e Maria a Tor Fiorenza is a 20th parochial church and titular church in Rome, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Immaculate Heart of Mary.

## Parish church

The church was built in 1954–57.
On 14 February 2015, it was made a titular church to be held by a cardinal-priest.

### List

* Edoardo Menichelli (2015–present)
# Hotman (disambiguation)

Hotman may refer to:
* Hotman, Japanese television program
* François Hotman (1524–1590), French Protestant lawyer and writer
* Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul (1552–1636), French diplomat, son of François
* Nicolas Hotman (c.1610–1663), composer, violist
* Hotman Paris Hutapea (born 1959), Indonesian lawyer
# How We Went to Mars

"How We Went to Mars" is a humorous short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in March 1938, in the third and final issue of Amateur Science Stories maganize. It follows a group of British rocket scientists who travel to Mars and their interactions with Martian society. It was awarded the 1939 Retro Hugo at Loncon 3 in 2014.
The short story was published in Czech in the collection Direction of Time (Polaris, 2002) translated by Petr Caha.
# Howard Springs

Howard Springs may refer to any of the following places:

## Australia

* Howard Springs, Northern Territory, a locality near Darwin, housing a quarantine facility
* Howard Springs Hunting Reserve, a protected area in the Northern Territory
* Howard Springs Nature Park, a protected area in the Northern Territory

## United States

* Howard Springs, California
* Howard Springs (Crockett County, Texas)
# Howard Spicer

Sir Howard Handley Spicer KBE, (1872 in Bexley, Kent – 16 August 1926 in London) was a prominent papermaker and wholesale stationer and a magazine editor. He was the founder of the Empire League, a patriotic movement for British boys, and editor of the League's magazine, Boys of the Empire.

## Life and works

Howard Spicer was the eldest son of James Spicer (1846-1915), a wealthy paper merchant, and Jane Anne Powell. His uncles were Albert Spicer (1847–1934) and Evan Spicer. Howard Spicer entered his father's firm in 1890. The family residence was North Park Perry House, Eltham, Kent. In 1911, Spicer and his wife were living at Brooklands House, Chobham, Woking and his occupation was stated as paper merchant and manufacturer.
Spicer edited Boys of the Empire, which was published in London by his friend Andrew Melrose from 1901 to 1903. It called itself “A Magazine for British Boys All Over the World” but its published aim was “To promote and strengthen a worthy imperial spirit in British-born boys." It was "arguably the most jingoistic of all the juvenile periodicals". The League attracted over 10,000 members, under the Presidency of Arthur Conan Doyle, and provided "lectures, sermons and cultural visits, all on an imperial theme."
A sports enthusiast, Spicer edited books on sport for both boys and girls, published by Andrew Melrose, and was also editor of "The Sports Library", a series of books promoting a wide range of sports. While he was the editor of Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture, he introduced the Scottish writer George Douglas Brown to Melrose.
During World War I, he was a technical advisor to the War Office and was later knighted for his services. He assisted in the design and manufacture of an improved gas mask. He was an authority on dogs, in particular the bloodhound and griffon.
In 1920, Spicer's wife Dame Muriel Eleanor Barrett Handley Spicer filed a Divorce Court petition for restitution of conjugal rights. Spicer was vice-chairman and joint managing director of the paper firm James Spicer & Sons (since 1922 Spicers Ltd.), and a director of United Newspapers and the Edinburgh Evening News, at the time of his death in 1926. He was found dead in a hotel near the Strand, having shot himself . The inquest recorded a finding of suicide while of unsound mind. His portrait by Walter Stoneman is in the National Portrait Gallery.
# Sailing at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's Mistral

The men's Mistral competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Shanwei was held from 14 to 20 November 2010.

## Schedule

All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Sunday, 14 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 1 |
| Sunday, 14 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 2 |
| Monday, 15 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 3 |
| Monday, 15 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 4 |
| Tuesday, 16 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 5 |
| Tuesday, 16 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 6 |
| Wednesday, 17 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 7 |
| Wednesday, 17 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 8 |
| Friday, 19 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 9 |
| Saturday, 20 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 10 |
| Saturday, 20 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 11 |
| Saturday, 20 November 2010 | 12:00 | Race 12 |

## Results
### Legend

* DNC — Did not come to the starting area
* DNF — Did not finish
| Rank | Athlete | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Race | Total |
| Rank | Athlete | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Total |
| | Chan King Yin (HKG) | 1 | (5) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 19 |
| | Oka Sulaksana (INA) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | (4) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 23 |
| | Yao Fuwen (CHN) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | (4) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 26 |
| 4 | Song Myung-keun (KOR) | 4 | 3 | 4 | (5) | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 40 |
| 5 | Seksan Khunthong (THA) | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | (6) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 51 |
| 6 | Joshua Choo (SIN) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | (7) | 7 | 66 |
| 7 | Muhammad Sajjad (PAK) | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | (9) DNF | 9 DNC | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 77 |
| 8 | Chameera Lakshan (SRI) | (8) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 84 |
# Yoel Rappel

Yoel Rappel, also known as Joel Rappel, is an Israeli historian who specializes in the study of Jewish history and the evolution of Jewish prayer.

## Early life

Rappel is the son of Israeli historian Dov Rappel [he] and grew up on Kibbutz Yavneh.

## Academic career

Rappel received his Ph.D. in Jewish history and rabbinic literature from Boston University. In addition to teaching at Boston University, Rappel has taught at Bet Berl College and the Avshalom Institute for Israel Studies. He has published 29 books and edited 80 academic articles. As a fellow at the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies at Boston University, Rappel specializes in the study of Jewish history and the evolution of Jewish prayer. He previously worked for 40 years as a journalist and senior program editor at the Israel Broadcasting Authority.
In 2018, Rappel's research confirmed that Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and the grandfather of Israeli President Isaac Herzog, wrote the Prayer for the Welfare of the State of Israel, settling a decades-long academic dispute over the prayer's authorship. Rappel's findings were corroborated by the National Library of Israel.

### Elie Wiesel research

In 2009, Boston University professor Elie Wiesel, arguably the most famous Holocaust survivor, asked Rappel to organize and manage his archive, which contained approximately one million documents. Over 7 years, Rappel curated the archive. Rappel was also the Hebrew editor for Wiesel's books.
Rappel discovered a never-published Hebrew-language version Night, Wiesel's famous memoir about his experiences during the Holocaust. The archived version included harsh criticisms of Jews who were too optimistic about the future, Jewish leaders who did not speak up, and Wiesel's Hungarian neighbors who "joyously watched the Jews" being deported. These were not included in the originally published 1960 version.
# Leucocoprinus discoideus

Leucocoprinus discoideus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. In the local language when the mushroom cap is open it is known as batakania or bepokua pembe when it is immature with a closed cap. However 'bepokua' may also be used to refer to other similar looking mushroom species such as Micropsalliota bambusicola.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1936 by the Belgian mycologist Maurice Beeli who classified it as Lepiota discoidea, whilst illustrations of the mushrooms were produced by Mme M. Goossens-Fontana.
In 1977 it was reclassified by the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann who classified it as Leucocoprinus discoideus.

## Description

Leucocoprinus discoideus is a small dapperling mushroom with whitish flesh which discolours pinkish brown.
Cap: 3-6cm wide with a white, campanulate (bell shaped) to conical cap and a slight brown umbo. It is covered in small brownish ochre scales which are concentrated on the centre disc or umbo and sparsely scattered on the rest of the cap surface. The cap edges have striations which extend about halfway across the cap. Gills: Free, crowded and white. Stem: 7–8 cm tall and 4–5 mm thick with a hairy (tomentose) coating. It is hollow, white and discolours pale pinkish brown with age. The fragile, membranous stem ring is white and located towards the top of the stem. Spore print: White. Spores: Ellipsoid with a pore. (8.1)9.1–11.3 × (5.7)6.3–7.3 μm. Taste: Bitter. When dry it discolours light brown.

## Habitat and distribution

L. discoideus is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied by Heinemann were found in the forest of the Eala region in Zaïre (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). They were growing in a dense group on a dead tree trunk and on the ground in a dry forest area. Additional specimens were found near Lubumbashi in the South of the country and found growing on decomposing coffee in a plantation near lake Edward and lake Kivu to the North East.
It was also recorded growing in a potted plant in a greenhouse at the Meise Botanic Garden in Belgium.