OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Signal reflection

In telecommunications, signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end. This happens because imperfections in the cable cause impedance mismatches and non-linear changes in the cable characteristics. These abrupt changes in characteristics cause some of the transmitted signal to be reflected. In radio frequency (RF) practice this is often measured in a dimensionless ratio known as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) with a VSWR bridge. The ratio of energy bounced back depends on the impedance mismatch. Mathematically, it is defined using the reflection coefficient.
Because the principles are the same, this concept is perhaps easiest to understand when considering an optical fiber. Imperfections in the glass create mirrors that reflect the light back along the fiber.
Impedance discontinuities cause attenuation, attenuation distortion, standing waves, ringing and other effects because a portion of a transmitted signal will be reflected back to the transmitting device rather than continuing to the receiver, much like an echo. This effect is compounded if multiple discontinuities cause additional portions of the remaining signal to be reflected back to the transmitter. This is a fundamental problem with the daisy chain method of connecting electronic components.
When a returning reflection strikes another discontinuity, some of the signal rebounds in the original signal direction, creating multiple echo effects. These forward echoes strike the receiver at different intervals making it difficult for the receiver to accurately detect data values on the signal. The effects can resemble those of jitter.
Because damage to the cable can cause reflections, an instrument called an electrical time-domain reflectometer (ETDR; for electrical cables) or an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR; for optical cables) can be used to locate the damaged part of a cable. These instruments work by sending a short pulsed signal into the cable and measuring how long the reflection takes to return. If only reflection magnitudes are desired, however, and exact fault locations are not required, VSWR bridges perform a similar but lesser function for RF cables.
The combination of the effects of signal attenuation and impedance discontinuities on a communications link is called insertion loss. Proper network operation depends on constant characteristic impedance in all cables and connectors, with no impedance discontinuities in the entire cable system. When a sufficient degree of impedance matching is not practical, echo suppressors or echo cancellers, or both, can sometimes reduce the problems.
The Bergeron diagram method, valid for both linear and non-linear models, evaluates the reflection's effects in an electric line.
# Orthetrum icteromelas

Orthetrum icteromelas, the spectacled skimmer is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and rivers.
* immature male
* immature male
* female
* female
* mature female
* mating pair
# Orthetrum kristenseni

Orthetrum kristenseni is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Osburn (surname)

Osburn is a surname. People with the surname include:
* Bennie Osburn (fl. 1990s–2010s), Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine at UC Davis
* Carl Osburn (1884–1966), United States Navy officer
* Carroll D. Osburn (fl. 1990s–2010s), American religious scholar
* Lucy Osburn (1836–1891), English nurse
* Mary Osburn Adkinson (born Mary Osburn; 1843–1918), American social reformer active in the temperance movement
* Mike Osburn (born 1968), member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
* Pat Osburn (born 1949), American baseball pitcher
* Randy Osburn (born 1952), Canadian ice hockey left winger
* Raymond Carroll Osburn (1872–1955), American zoologist
* Rey Osburn, vocalist and instrumentalist in the band, Tinfed
* Ruth Osburn (1912–1994), American athlete who competed mainly in the discus
# Ornithogalum candicans

Ornithogalum candicans, known as the summer hyacinth, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to moist grassland in South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Free State, Kwazulu/Natal, Eastern Cape). It is a bulbous perennial growing to 100–120 cm (39–47 in), with strap-shaped leaves and white snowdrop-like flowers in late summer. It is still widely referenced under its synonym Galtonia candicans. Originally it had been designated as Hyacinthus candicans, by Baker in 1870.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Cultivation

Hardiness: Z 7-10
# Sima, Hungary

Sima is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.
# Orwell Estuary

Orwell Estuary is a 1,335.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which stretches along the River Orwell and its banks between Felixstowe and Ipswich in Suffolk. It is part of the Stour and Orwell Estuaries Ramsar site internationally important wetland site and Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. It is also in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The estuary is described by Natural England as of national importance for its breeding avocets, its other breeding and wintering birds, its vascular plants and its intertidal mud habitats. It also has a rich and diverse assemblage of invertebrates and a nationally important community of algae.
# Sigismund of Lithuania

Sigismund of Lithuania may refer to:
* Sigismund Kęstutaitis (ca. 1365 – 1440), Grand Duke Sigismund I of Lithuania
* Sigismund I the Old of Poland (1467–1548), who was also Grand Duke Sigismund II of Lithuania
* Sigismund II Augustus (1520–1572), King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund III of Lithuania
* Sigismund III Vasa (1566–1632 N.S.), head of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
# Oskar Lõvi

Oskar Lõvi may refer to:
* Oskar Lõvi (agronomist) [et] (1892–1977), Estonian agronomist, politician
* Oskar Lõvi (journalist) (1903–1942), Estonian sportjournalist, politician
# Orthogonius carbonicolor

Orthogonius carbonicolor is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.
# Ostad Moein Metro Station

Ostad Moein Station is a station of Tehran Metro Line 4. It is located in Azadi street before Azadi square on junction with Nourbaksh street.
# Ostad Shahriar Metro Station (Tabriz)

Ostad Shariar Metro Station is a station on Tabriz Metro Line 1. The station opened on 27 August 2015. It is located on Shahriar Expressway at Mehranrud River shore next to Baghlar Baghi Garden. The next eastern station is 29 Bahman Metro Station and the next western station is Daneshgah Metro station.
# Ostrowskie Lake

Ostrowskie Lake is a lake in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland, in the Gmina Jeziora Wielkie. It's a Glacial lake more specifically, a Ribbon lake.
* This Mogilno County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
* e
* This Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Sindia

Sindia may refer to:

## Places

* Sindia (Lycia), ancient town of Lycia
* Sindia, Sardinia, Italy
* Sindia, Senegal, in Thiès Region

## Other uses

* Scindia or Sindhia, former ruling dynasty of Gwalior, India
* The Sindia, a 1901 shipwreck on the beach at Ocean City, New Jersey
# Sinai and Comparative New Testament

The Sinai and Comparative New Testament was published in 1881 by Edwin Leigh.
The New Testament was published following the Authorized Version, with variations in the Greek texts of the Sinai, Vatican, Alexandrian and Received noted with different styles of font. This New Testament edition allowed readers who were not familiar with Greek, or did not have had the income to purchase scholarly works, to quickly look and see what the latest discoveries in textual criticism were.
The first edition was bound in leather with the Gospels and a preface. Not many were published and it can be hard to find today.
# Ottowia

Ottowia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Comamonadaceae.
# Sinsheim (Elsenz) Hauptbahnhof

Sinsheim (Elsenz) Hauptbahnhof — called Sinsheim (Elsenz) station until 2010 — is a station on the Neckargemünd–Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld railway in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The station falls within the area of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Transport association of Rhine-Neckar) and is an important station in the Kraichgau. In the area of the city of Sinsheim, there are also stations (all called Haltepunkte in German, "halts") at Hoffenheim, Sinsheim Museum/Arena, Steinsfurt and Reihen.

## History

The station was opened in 1868 to coincide with the opening of the Meckenheim–Rappenau section of the Neckargemünd–Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld railway of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways. The station building was built in 1867/68. It was designed in the Weinbrenner style by a student of the architect Friedrich Weinbrenner. The building, including its ground and upper storey, is listed as a cultural monument by the state of Baden-Württemberg.
The station facilities had been expanded by 1900 with an overpass over Dührener Straße (street).
In 2009, the town of Sinsheim began to renovate the entrance building and the surrounding area, including the establishment of a park and ride parking area and the redesign of the bus station. The existing pedestrian zone of the town was extended to the station. Since December 2009, trains on the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn have stopped at Sinsheim Hauptbahnhof.
The northern line of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn was opened at the 2014/2015 timetable change. Following the construction of the section of line from Bad Rappenau to Bad Friedrichshall between 7 January 2014 and 30 April 2015, the new S42 service was opened between Sinsheim and Bad Rappenau. In the spring of 2015, S42 services were extended from Bad Rappenau to central Heilbronn.

## Station infrastructure

The station building has a largely symmetrical floor plan centred on an axis extending from the southern end of Bahnhofstraße. The platforms are on the south side of the building. East of the station building is the bus station. The tracks and the street of Jahnstraße to its south are spanned by a footbridge. This was rebuilt during the line's electrification. The station has three platform tracks. Track 1 is located next to the station building and tracks 2 and 3 are on a central platform. South of the tracks is a timber roundhouse, including a turntable. The roundhouse, which, with its stalls for two locomotives, is used by Eisenbahnfreunde Kraichgau (railway friends of the Kraichgau) as its club house, stood in Meckenheim until 1947.

## Rail services

The station is served by Regional-Express line RE 10b from Mannheim to Heilbronn, line S5 of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn from Heidelberg to Eppingen and line S 42 of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn, which ends in Sinsheim.
The station is next to a bus station, which is served by bus lines 741, 761, 763, 765, 767, 768, 771, 772, 795, 796 and 797 of the PalatinaBus company, which connect to the town of Sinsheim. Shuttle buses to the Rhein-Neckar Arena football stadium, where TSG 1899 Hoffenheim plays its home games, also operate from the bus station.
# Sinsicap District

Sinsicap District is one of ten districts of the province Otuzco in Peru.
# Sinoe chambersi

Sinoe chambersi is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from the United States (from Pennsylvania to Mississippi and in California) and from Canada (from Alberta to Quebec).
The wingspan is 11.4−11.6 mm. Adults are on wing from January to March in the south and from March to June in the north.

## Etymology

The species is named for Vactor Tousey Chambers.
# Sinoenergy

Sinoenergy Corporation is a manufacturer of compressed natural gas (CNG), vehicle and gas station equipment as well as an operator of CNG stations in China. The company also manufactures a wide variety of pressure containers used in the petroleum and chemical, metallurgy, electricity generation and food and brewery industries. Sinoenergy was founded in July 2004 and is based in Qingdao, Shandong, China.
# Sirama River

Sirama River is a river of El Salvador.
# Sirampog, Brebes

Sirampog District is the name of an administrative district (Indonesian: Kecamatan) in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It covers 74.19 km$^2$ and had a population of 61,687 at the 2010 Census and 69,901 at the 2020 Census.
# Sinum

Sinum is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Sininae of the family Naticidae, the moon snails.
Most naticids have shells that are globular, but the shell of species in the genus Sinum is flattened to some extent, some being so flattened that they are ear-shaped.

## Distribution

This marine species is cosmopolitan.

## Species

Species within the genus Sinum include:
* Sinum bifasciatum (Récluz, 1851)
* Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822)
* Sinum cortezi Burch & Burch, 1964
* Sinum cymba (Menke, K.T., 1828)
* Sinum debile (Gould, 1853)
* Sinum delesserti (Récluz in Chenu, 1843)
* Sinum diauges Kilburn, 1974
* Sinum eximium (Reeve, 1864)
* † Sinum faviai Lozouet, 2001
* Sinum grayi G. P. Deshayes, 1843
* Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Sinum incisum (Reeve, 1864)
* † Sinum infirmum Marwick, 1924
* Sinum japonicum (Lischke, 1872)
* Sinum javanicum (Gray, 1834)
* Sinum keratium Dall, 1919
* Sinum laevigatum (Lamarck, 1822)
* Sinum maculatum (Say, 1831)
* † Sinum marwicki Laws, 1930
* Sinum minus (Dall, 1889)
* Sinum nanhaiense S.-P. Zhang, 2009
* Sinum neritoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Sinum noyesii Dall, 1903
* Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831)
* Sinum planulatum (Récluz, 1843)
* Sinum quasimodoides Kilburn, 1976
* Sinum sanctijohannis (Pilshry & Lowe, 1932)
* Sinum scopulosum (Conrad, 1849)
* Sinum vittatum Zhang, 2008
* Sinum zonale (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
The Indo-Pacific Molluscan database also mentions the following species with names in current use
* Sinum unifasciatus Récluz, 1843

### Species brought into synonymy

* Sinum acuminatus (Adams & Reeve, 1850): synonym of Conuber conicum (Lamarck, 1822)
* Sinum californicum I. Oldroyd, 1917: synonym of Sinum scopulosum (Conrad, 1849)
* Sinum cuvierianum (Récluz, 1844): synonym of Vanikoro cuvieriana (Récluz, 1844)
* Sinum fuscum Röding, 1798: synonym of Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Sinum insculptus Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of Sinum javanicum (Gray, 1834)
* Sinum latifasciatus Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of Sinum neritoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Sinum minor [sic]: synonym of Sinum minus (Dall, 1889)
* Sinum nanhaiensis S.-P. Zhang, 2009: synonym of Sinum nanhaiense S.-P. Zhang, 2009 (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
* Sinum papilla (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Eunaticina papilla (Gmelin, 1791)
* Sinum parvus (E. A. Smith, 1895): synonym of Sinum neritoideum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Sinum petitianus Récluz, 1843: synonym of Sigaretus petitianus Récluz in Chenu, 1843 (taxon inquirendum)
* Sinum pazianum Dall, 1919: synonym of Sinum debile (Gould, 1853)
* Sinum planatum: synonym of Sinum planulatum (Récluz, 1843)
* Sinum sinuatus Récluz, 1851: synonym of Sigaretus sinuatus Récluz, 1851 (taxon inquirendum)
* Sinum tener (Smith, 1894): synonym of Eunaticina papilla (Gmelin, 1791)
* Sinum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Sinum incisum (Reeve, 1864)
# Otenis chalybaea

Otenis chalybaea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1917.
# Out of the Shadow

Out of the Shadow may refer to:
* Out of the Shadow (Responsive), a self-released 2003 album by Rogue Wave
* Out of the Shadow (album), a 2004 remastered version of the Rogue Wave album issued by Sub Pop Records
* Out of the Shadow (1919 film), a 1919 American silent mystery film by Emil Chautard
* Out of the Shadow (1961 film), a 1961 British thriller film by Michael Winner
* Out of the Shadow (2004 film), an American documentary film by Susan Smiley about her mother's battle with schizophrenia
* An alternative translation of the title of a novel Coming out of the Shadow by Janusz A. Zajdel
* Out of the Shadow (2006 urban dance theatre), an Austrian urban dance theatre piece by Alexander Wengler and the dance company Nobulus
# Ouaga-Saga

Ouaga-Saga is a 2004 comedy film by Burkina Faso-based filmmaker Dani Kouyaté. This film was one of the two or three a year that the Burkina Faso government produces. Its plot revolves around ten children striving to reach their goal in life.

## Cast

* Amidou Bonsa ... Bourémiah
* Sébastien Belém ... Bouba
* Aguibou Sanou ... Moussa
* Tom Ouedraogo ... Kadou
* José Sorgho ... Cyrille
* Yacouba Dembélé ... Le Shérif
* Gérôme Kaboré ... Pelé
* Delphine Ouattara ... Mama
* Yasminh Sidibé ... Faustine
* Patricia M'Baidélé ... Awa

## Plot

Each one of the ten children has a goal, although their poverty is in the way of them realising their dreams. In order to make some money, if dishonestly, they steal a bicycle from a wealthy woman and sell it. They divide the money amongst themselves at their compound where they live with Bourémah, an older friend.
Shortly thereafter, a neighbour becomes suspicious of the friends and begins to eavesdrop. The children, discovering this, malign him so horribly that he notifies the police. Bourémah realises that the police will find the stolen money if they search the compound, so he places it in a bag and leaves. His friends thinks he is stealing this from them instead of trying to help.
Meanwhile, Bourémah leaves for another town and stakes out in a hotel. He decides to play the lottery with what money he has left. Winning the jackpot, he comes back to Ouaga to help his friends fulfil their goals.

## Production

This film was one of the two to three a year that the Burkina Faso government produces. It cost an estimated US$1.2 million. Dani Kouyaté, the director, had five weeks to film this, though it took longer to complete.

## Release

Ouaga premiered at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou in 2005. The New York Times praised it, calling it "the perfect medicine in today's hectic life" due to its offering "the viewer many light hearted moments."
# Owais Hameed

Owais Hameed (born 22 November 1987) is a former international cricketer who represented the United Arab Emirates national team between 2007 and 2010. He bowled right-arm off-spin and batted right-handed.

## Biography

Hameed was born in Dubai to a father originally from Pakistan. He represented the UAE under-19s at the 2003 Youth Asia Cup, aged only 15, and later also at the 2005 ACC Under-19 Cup and the 2007 ACC Under-19 Elite Cup. Hameed made his senior debut for the UAE at the 2007 ACC Twenty20 Cup in Kuwait. He featured in five of his team's six matches, and took three wickets, with a best of 2/11 from four overs against Saudi Arabia. Later in 2007, Hameed made two appearances for the UAE in the 2007 World Cricket League Division Two tournament, where matches held List A status. Early the following year, he was selected for an Intercontinental Cup game against Namibia, which held first-class status. At the 2009 World Cup Qualifier, Hameed was selected for nine of his team's ten matches. He was given little game time, batting only four times and bowling a total of 9.4 overs across three innings. His sole wicket came against Denmark, where he took 1/40 from 4.4 overs. Hameed made his last appearance for the UAE in March 2010.
# Sirtuin 4

Sirtuin 4, also known as SIRT4, is a mitochondrial protein which in humans is encoded by the SIRT4 gene. SIRT4 is member of the mammalian sirtuin family of proteins, which are homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. SIRT4 exhibits NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity.

## Function

SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells. SIRT4 has a suppressive effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) which downregulates fatty acid oxidation in liver cells. Deacetylation of ADP/ATP translocase 2 (ANT2) increases cellular ATP by dampening mitochondrial uncoupling.

## Clinical significance

SIRT4 is a mitochondrial tumor suppressor protein. Overexpression of SIRT4 inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inhibition of glutamine metabolism.
# Sirtuin 5

Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 5 (S. cerevisiae), also known as SIRT5 is a protein which in humans in encoded by the SIRT5 gene and in other species by the orthologous Sirt5 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and belong to the class III of the [histone deacetylase] superfamily, and are dependent on NAD+ as co-factor of enzymatic activities. SIRT5 is one of the three sirtuins localized primarily to the mitochondrion.

## Structure

Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants. The protein structure of SIRT5 has been resolved and shows high degrees of structural conservation with other sirtuins, such as the ancestral yeast protein and human SIRT2.

## Function

SIRT5 has been found to exhibit enzymatic activities as a deacetylase, desuccinylase, and demalonylase, capable of removing acetyl, succinyl, and malonyl groups from the lysine residues of proteins. SIRT5 deacetylases and regulates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1), the rate-limiting and initiating step of the urea cycle in liver mitochondria. Deacetylation of CPS1 stimulates its enzymatic activity. Mice with deletion of SIRT5 show elevated ammonia levels after a prolonged fast, whereas in contrast, mice overexpressing SIRT5 show increased CPS1 activity, suggesting one of the functions of SIRT5 may be to regulate the urea cycle. SIRT5 also interacts with and deacetylates cytochrome c. Large-scale profiling studies of SIRT5 deacetylase activity have uncovered over 700 protein substrates, including proteins localized to the mitochondria, the cytosol and other sub cellular localization. The identities of SIRT5 desuccinylation substrates suggest that SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation may be involved in energy metabolism.
The physiological consequences of SIRT5 molecular functions in human is under investigation but may involved regulations of mitochondrial metabolism.

## Interactions

NAD+
Cytochrome c
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1)
# Ovčáry

Ovčáry may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Ovčáry (Kolín District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
* Ovčáry (Mělník District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
* Ovčáry, a village and part of Nové Dvory (Kutná Hora District) in the Central Bohemian Region