OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hierarchy (disambiguation)

A hierarchy is an arrangement of units into related levels of different weights or ranks, meaning that levels are considered "higher" or "lower" than one another. The term, which originally meant rule by priests, is now generalised and describes systems with a linear concept of subordinates and superiors and where each level has only 1 direct parent level. Hierarchies are typically depicted as a tree structures.
Hierarchy may also refer to:
* Hierarchy (mathematics), the mathematical model of a hierarchical structure as an ordered set
** Containment hierarchy, a hierarchy of only strictly nested sets
* Hierarchy (object-oriented programming), also known as inheritance, the creation of new classes from existing classes
* Hierarchical database model, a tree-like database model
** Hierarchical query, an SQL query on a hierarchical database
* Hierarchical linear modeling, multi-level statistical analysis and linear regression
* Hierarchical organization, the structure of most organizations, including governments, businesses and organized religions
** Catholic Church hierarchy
* Hierarchical network, the hierarchical of computer network components
* Hierarchical control system, a layered model for component organization in software and robotics
* Dominance hierarchy, an intraspecific ordering of individuals or groups by power status and dominance
** Social hierarchy, the concept as applied to humans
* Memory hierarchy, the hierarchical organization of computer storage for analysis of performance issues
* Hierarchy of life, the biological organisation of all life from the atomic level to the biosphere
* Hierarchy of genres, any formalization that ranks different types of art genres in an art-form in terms of their value
* Hierarchy of values, an ordered list of social values in US law
* Hierarchy of needs
* Hierarchy, an alien race in the Universe at War video game series
* Hierarchy, a 2024 South Korean TV series
# Hardham Priory

Hardham Priory was an Augustinian priory in Hardham, West Sussex, England.
It was founded around 1248 by Sir William Dawtrey as a priory of Black Canons of St Augustine, which was at first called Heringham Priory. It was enlarged by Sir William Pagnell during the reign of Edward III, but fell into disrepair in the late 15th century and was disbanded in 1534 as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Its remains stand in an area of water meadows next to the River Arun, 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) southwest of the village of Hardham. The refectory building has been converted into a farmhouse, which is a Grade I listed building.
# Route 192

Route 192 may refer to:
In bus transportation:
* London Buses route 192, England
* Greater Manchester bus route 192, England
* Former West Midlands bus routes 192 and 194, England
In road transportation:
# Turkey River

Turkey River may refer to
* Turkey River, Iowa, an unincorporated community
* Turkey River (Iowa), a tributary of the Mississippi River
* Turkey River (New Hampshire), a tributary of the Merrimack River
# The Fly (opera)

The Fly is an opera in two acts by Canadian composer Howard Shore, with a libretto by David Henry Hwang. It was commissioned by the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, France, where it premiered on 2 July 2008, and by Edgar Baitzel, then director of the Los Angeles Opera, where the opera was first performed on 7 September 2008. The work was broadcast by Radio France's station France Musique on 2 August 2008.
The opera is loosely based on David Cronenberg's 1986 film The Fly, which was based on the short story of the same name by George Langelaan. Shore also wrote the musically unrelated score of that film.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 2 July 2008 Conductor: Plácido Domingo |
| Seth Brundle (The Fly), scientist | bass-baritone | Daniel Okulitch |
| Veronica Quaife, journalist | mezzo-soprano | Ruxandra Donose |
| Stathis Borans, editor | tenor | David Curry in Paris Gary Lehman in Los Angeles |
| Officer/Medical Analyst/Cheevers | mezzo-soprano | Beth Clayton |
| Marky | tenor | Jay Hunter Morris |
| Scientist #1 | mezzo-soprano | Sophie van de Woestyne in Paris Silvia Vasquez in Los Angeles |
| Scientist #2 | baritone | Jean-Gabriel Saint-Martin in Paris Nicholas Hartley in Los Angeles |
| Scientist #3 | mezzo-soprano | Louise Callinan in Paris Anna Jablonski in Los Angeles |
| Scientist #4 | baritone | Frederic Goncalves in Paris Matthew Moore in Los Angeles |
| Scientist #5 | baritone | Luc Lalonde in Paris Andrew Wilkowske in Los Angeles |
| Director | Director | David Cronenberg |
| Set designer | Set designer | Dante Ferretti |
| Costume designer | Costume designer | Denise Cronenberg |
| Lighting designer | Lighting designer | A.J. Weissbard |
| Associate conductor/Chorus master | Associate conductor/Chorus master | Grant Gershon |
| Makeup and creature design | Makeup and creature design | Stephan L. Dupuis |
| Makeup, creature and puppet fabrication | Makeup, creature and puppet fabrication | Mark A. Rappaport's Creature Effects, Inc. |
The opera runs approximately two hours.
# List of monuments in Bhojpur, Nepal

This is a list of monuments in Bhojpur District, Nepal as officially recognized by and available through the website of the Department of Archaeology, Nepal. Bhojpur is a district of Province No. 1 and is located in eastern Nepal. Hindu temples are the main attraction of this district.

## List of monuments

| ID | Name | District | Image |
| NP-BHO-01 | Bhimsen Temple | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BHO-02 | Ajima Maata Temple | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BHO-03 | Siddhibinayak Temple | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BHO-04 | Panchbuddha Chaitya | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BHO-05 | Sidhhakali Temple | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BHO-06 | Hatuwa Gadhi | Bhojpur | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
# Palazzo di Amore

Palazzo di Amore is a house in Beverly Hills, California. In November 2014, it was cited as being the most expensive residential complex in the United States, listed at $195 million, with 53,000 square feet of living space. The compound is being sold by Jeff Greene, a real estate billionaire who purchased the property for around $35 million and spent the next several years renovating it with the help of developer Mohamed Hadid, architect Bob Ray Offenhauser, and designer Alberto Pinto. The property was relisted for sale in 2017 with an asking price of $129 million.
The completed house is 53,000 square feet, with 12 bedrooms including a 5,000-square foot master suite; 25 bathrooms; a 15,000 square foot entertainment center with bowling alley, 50-seat state-of-the-art movie theater, and discotheque; a 24-car garage; and 25 acres of grounds including a wine-producing vineyard, 150-person infinity pool, reflecting pool, and tennis court, parking for approximately 150 cars, guard house, private driver's quarters, guest house, wine cellar, spa, formal gardens and city-to-ocean views.
# PDLC

PDLC may refer to:
* Peterborough and District Labour Council, the central body of union locals in Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada
* Polymer dispersed liquid crystals, also known as Smart glass
* Premium downloadable content, see Proper Games
# Tőzsér

Tőzsér ([ˈtøːʒeːr]) is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dániel Tőzsér (born 1985), Hungarian football midfielder
* Ilona Tőzsér, Hungarian sprint canoer
# The Rebels (rockabilly band)

The Rebels was a rockabilly band from Dallas, Texas that recorded "School of Rock 'n Roll" and "Straight Skirt" with Gene Summers. The group consisted of James McClung (guitar), Gary Moon (drums) and Benny Williams (slap bass). They were soon joined by pianist Bill Brown who played on some of their early personal appearances. They were one of the first rock 'n roll bands to record using the name "Rebels" (February 1, 1958), preceding Duane Eddy's Rebels by at least six months and the "Wild Weekend" Rebels by more than two years.

## History

The Rebels began their musical career in 1957 while in high school at Duncanville, Texas, joining forces with another classmate and singer Gene Summers. They appeared together on high school assembly programs and soon were playing gigs at the Carswell Air Force Base which at that time was located Northwest of Ft. Worth, Tx. At one of these shows they met a country music comedian nicknamed "Cornbread" who was appearing on a TV show hosted by Neal Jones on KRLD-TV in Dallas. Cornbread was impressed with Summers and The Rebels and invited them to appear on the TV program. This led them to a regular, weekly spot on another television program, also on KRLD, called "Joe Bill's Country Picnic" in the fall of 1957. It was while appearing on this show that they were discovered by songwriter Jed Tarver. He wanted them to record his songs "Straight Skirt", "Nervous", "I'll Never Be Lonely", "Gotta Lotta That" and "Twixteen". With the assistance of their manager/agent, Thomas Wolverton, Tarver was able to get them an audition with Jan Records, a newly formed Dallas label.
Their first release on Jan was on February 1, 1958 and featured Tarver's "Straight Skirt" composition flipped with an original James McClung song "School of Rock 'n Roll". "Straight Skirt" became a regional chart hit and The Rebels found themselves appearing at record hops, concerts and radio and television shows throughout the country. After touring for several months, Williams and Moon decided to pursue other interests and left the band. McClung and Summers replaced them with other musicians and The Rebels continued to perform until 1961. After this, the group disbanded. Summers continued a solo career and was still recording and touring well into the 21st century in both the USA and abroad.
# Józef Sowiński

Józef Sowiński (1777–1831) was a Polish artillery general and a hero of Poland's November 1830 Uprising.

## Life

Józef Longin Sowiński was born on 15 March 1777 in Warsaw. After graduating from the famous Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, he joined the Polish Army as a lieutenant during the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising. After its suppression and the dismemberment of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, Sowiński's regiment was drafted into the Prussian army. In 1807, he fought at the Battle of Eylau and received the highest Prussian military decoration, the Pour le Mérite.
In 1811, after Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, Sowiński returned to Polish service.
He fought in various battles of the Napoleonic wars. During Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia he lost a leg at the Battle of Borodino, near the village of Mozhaysk. He was awarded the Polish Virtuti Militari and the French Legion of Honor. After the Congress of Vienna, he returned to Poland and served as commander of the Warsaw Arsenal of the Army of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1820 he became commandant of the Application School for officers.
After the outbreak of the November Uprising against Russia in 1830, Sowiński became artillery commander of the Warsaw garrison and head of the Government Commission of War (de facto Ministry of War). During the Russian assault on Warsaw on 6 September 1831, Sowiński personally commanded the defense of the Polish capital's western approaches. In what is now its Wola district, he commanded 1,300 men against 11 Russian battalions. His actions have been lauded as heroic.
According to recent historians, he was bayonetted to death by the Russians just after the surrender negotiations, who publicized a story that he had been killed at his post in combat.

## Legacy

Sowiński's death was immortalized by Polish poets, including Juliusz Słowacki in Sowiński w okopach Woli (Sowiński in the Wola Trenches). It was also the subject of a painting by Wojciech Kossak and of a ballad by Jacek Kaczmarski. Sowiński was mentioned in reverential terms by Chopin.
# NADPH:quinone reductase

In enzymology, a NADPH:quinone reductase (EC 1.6.5.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    NADPH + H$^+$ + 2quinone $\rightleftharpoons$ NADP$^+$ + 2semiquinone
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are NADPH, H$^+$, and quinone, whereas its two products are NADP$^+$ and semiquinone.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called NADPH2:quinone reductase.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1IYZ, 1IZ0, and 1YB5.
# Low Year

Low Year is the second studio album from the American rock band Dollys.

## Content

The ten-song album was released with Sniffling Indie Kids on 2 March 2016, as digital download and on compact disc. It was recorded at Lakehouse Recording Studios in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Low Year was engineered, mixed, produced and mastered by Erik Kase Romero, with additional engineering, mixing and mastering by Tim Panella. In an interview with Courier News, Kase Romero explains "we took just about an entire day per song just to record all the tracks to tape, which allowed us to pour all of our focus for a whole session into the aesthetic of one single tune." It is described as a "nostalgic and effervescent brand of New Brunswick-based indie-pop," and a Pirate! press release calls the album "sun-drenched grandeur, combining Beach Boys-esque vocal harmonies with psychedelic surf rock guitar licks [with] drummer Natalie Newbold's vocals guid[ing] these songs." Newbold's voice is likened to Best Coast's Bethany Cosentino, and the album draws comparison to the music of Hop Along, Lush, and Girlpool.
The single "better" was released on 15 August 2015, and "friendly" was released on 1 December 2015. The record release show for Low Year was held at Convention Hall in Asbury Park, New Jersey, on 26 February, with Lost in Society.
The album was listed No. 1 in The Top 10 Albums of 2016 by Bob Makin in The Aquarian Weekly, and is described as "ten nuggets [of] punk energy and emotionally raw lyrics." A review from Speak Into My Good Eye says "laden with anachronism and experimentation, dollys' melodic dabbling has propelled them to make an album that continually surprises," that features "thumping, jangly[,] near-reggae collaged shoegaze [and] innocent doo-wop sensibilities and swinging bass."

## Personnel

* Erik Kase Romero – bass and vocals
* Jeff Lane – guitar and vocals
* Natalie Newbold – drums and vocals
# Linden, Texas

Linden is a city in and the county seat of Cass County, Texas, United States. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 1,825. Linden is named after the city of Linden in Perry County, Tennessee.

## Geography

Linden is located south of the center of Cass County. U.S. Route 59 passes through the east side of the city, leading northeast 14 miles (23 km) to Atlanta and south 18 miles (29 km) to Jefferson. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.5 square miles (9.1 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

Linden racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic) :
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| White (NH) | 1,210 | 66.3% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 356 | 19.51% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 10 | 0.55% |
| Asian (NH) | 6 | 0.33% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 21 | 1.15% |
| Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) | 83 | 4.55% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 139 | 7.62% |
| Total | 1,825 | |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,825 people, 917 households, and 603 families residing in the city.
At the 2010 census there were 1,988 people, 940 households, and 579 families living in the city. The population density was 640.4 inhabitants per square mile (247.3/km$^2$). There were 1,048 housing units at an average density of 297.5 per square mile (114.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 77.88% White, 19.86% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.66% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.64%.
Of the 940 households, 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 36.0% of households were one person and 21.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.
The age distribution was 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 25.4% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males.
The median household income was $25,250 and the median family income was $35,938. Males had a median income of $29,762 versus $21,731 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,846. About 11.8% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.2% of those under age 18 and 23.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Linden is served by the Linden-Kildare Consolidated Independent School District.

## Notable people

* John Beasley, SWC basketball player
* Don Buford, former Major League Baseball player born here
* Ed Hargett, All SWC QB and NFL QB for the Oilers and Saints
* Don Henley, lead singer and drummer of the Eagles
* Scott Joplin, prominent ragtime composer and musician
* Brig Owens, football player with the Washington Redskins
* T-Bone Walker, blues guitarist and singer born here
# List of monuments in Bardiya, Nepal

This is a list of monuments in Bardiya District, Nepal as officially recognized by and available through the website of the Department of Archaeology, Nepal.
| ID | Name | Location | District | Image |
| NP-BAR-01 | Baglamukhi temple | Gulariya | Bardiya | Baglamukhi temple Upload Photo |
| NP-BAR-02 | Kotahi Temple | | Bardiya | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BAR-03 | Thakurdwara Temple | | Bardiya | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
| NP-BAR-04 | Bed Byash Baatika | | Bardiya | Upload Photo Upload Photo |
# Palazzo di Ludovico di Bux a via Nilo, Naples

The Palazzo di Ludovico di Bux is a palace, located on vico Fico al Purgatorio, a street that leads to Santa Maria dei Pignatelli, and near the corner of Via Nilo (number 22), in central Naples, Italy.
The palace was once the property of the Mastrilli family, lords of Marigliano. Traces of a prior medieval building remain on the site, where the small church of San Galione a via Nilo once stood. The palace is now in a much decayed state. The palace is near the Palazzo d’Afflitto and Palazzo del Panormita on the narrow alley that is Via Nilo.
# Karl Deffner

Karl Ludwig Deffner (8 February 1817 in Esslingen am Neckar – 11 June 1877 in Esslingen am Neckar) was a German manufacturer, politician and geologist. He was the son of manufacturer and politician, Carl Christian Ulrich Deffner (1789–1846).

## Biography

He received his education at polytechnic schools in Stuttgart and Berlin. In 1846, following the death of his father, he took over management of a metal goods factory. In the 1850s he gradually handed over the company's business to his younger brother, Wilhelm Deffner (1829–1897).
He is known for his geological investigations of Württemberg, in particular, exploratory studies of the Nördlinger Ries crater and the Filder Graben (located near Filderstadt). He also made significant contributions towards publication of the geological map of Württemberg. Shortly before his death, he donated his paleontological, mineralogical and geological collections to the Oberrealschule in Esslingen.
Between 1855 & 1870 he was a member of the Württemberg Landtag (Liberal Party), and between 1868 & 1870 was part of the Zollparlament.

## Selected published works

* Die Jura-Versenkung bei Langenbrücken : geognostische Monographie, (with Oscar Fraas) 1859.
* Der Buchberg bei Bopfingen, 1870.
* Begleitworte zur geognostischen Specialkarte von Württemberg : Atlasblätter Bopfingen und Ellenberg, (with Oscar Fraas) 1877.
* Geognostische Karte von Württemberg, (with Oscar Fraas and Jakob Hildenbrand).
# Raymond Rasch

Raymond Rasch (March 1, 1917 – December 23, 1964) was a pianist and arranger on the Hollywood scene in the 1950s and 1960s.
Rasch was born in Toledo, Ohio. He won a posthumous Oscar in 1972 for Best Original Music Score for Chaplin's 1952 film Limelight (along with Charlie Chaplin and Larry Russell).
# Snefru

Snefru is a cryptographic hash function invented by Ralph Merkle in 1990 while working at Xerox PARC. The function supports 128-bit and 256-bit output. It was named after the Egyptian Pharaoh Sneferu, continuing the tradition of the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers.
The original design of Snefru was shown to be insecure by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir who were able to use differential cryptanalysis to find hash collisions. The design was then modified by increasing the number of iterations of the main pass of the algorithm from two to eight. Although differential cryptanalysis can break the revised version with less complexity than brute force search (a certificational weakness), the attack requires $2^{88.5}$ operations and is thus not currently feasible in practice.
# Love to Love You (Cristy Lane song)

"Love to Love You" is a song written by David Heavener that was originally recorded by American Christian and country singer Cristy Lane. In 1981, it was released as a single on Liberty Records and became a top 30 charting hit on the North American country charts. "Love to Love You" was released on Lane's corresponding album titled I Have a Dream.

## Background, recording and chart performance

By 1980, Cristy Lane had reached commercial success in the country music field with several top ten hits and the number one single "One Day at a Time". Lane recorded several singles in the years that followed for Liberty Records, including "Love to Love You". The song was composed by David Heavener. She recorded the track at LSI Studios, located in Nashville, Tennessee. Taking place in September 1980, the session was produced by Jerry Gillespie, along with assistance from Don Grierson and Lane's husband (and manager) Lee Stoller.
"Love to Love You" was first released on Lane's sixth studio album titled I Have a Dream. The project was issued in February 1981 on Liberty Records. In March 1981, "Love to Love You" was issued as the album's second single, also on the Liberty label. It was Lane's second single release with Liberty. The song became her first single since 1977 to miss the top 20 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number 21 in 1981. The song also climbed to number 44 on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart.

## Track listing

7" vinyl single
* "Love to Love You" – 3:20
* "Everything I Own" – 2:59

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Songs (RPM) | 44 |
| US Hot Country Singles (Billboard) | 21 |
# Jacob Wood

Jacob Wood could refer to:
* Jake Wood (bodybuilding), a US Born Female Bodybuilding enthusiast
* Jake Wood (baseball) (born 1937), American baseball player
* Jake Wood (veteran), U.S. Marine Corps veteran and co-founder of Team Rubicon
# Palmeiras River (Goiás)

The Palmeiras River is a river of Goiás state in central Brazil.
# Karen Ramagge Prescott

Karen Ramagge is a Gibraltarian judge and politician. In 2023 she was appointed Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament, the first woman to hold the role.
In 2017, she was made the first Gibraltarian woman to be Bencher of the Middle Temple.
She read law at the University of Bristol graduating in 1987.
# The Songs I Love

The Songs I Love may refer to:
* The Songs I Love (album), an album by Perry Como
* "The Songs I Love" (song), a 1963 song with music written by Jimmy Van Heusen and lyrics by Sammy Cahn