# Ruth Macklin

Ruth Macklin is an American philosopher and retired professor of bioethics.

## Education

Ruth Macklin studied philosophy at Cornell University then received Ph.D. in philosophy from Case Western Reserve University.

## Career

She is distinguished university professor emerita at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. She has more than 280 scholarly publications and books on HIV/AIDS, the ethics of human reproduction, the ethics of human subjects in research, health policy, public health ethics, and more. She has been adviser to the World Health Organization, chairperson of a committee at UNAIDS and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a member of several ethical review committees, an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, co-chair of the National Advisory Board on Ethics in Reproduction, is a member of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, served as president of the International Association of Bioethics, is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of PEPFAR, and was a vice president and member of executive committee, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), Geneva. Macklin is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.

## Selected bibliography
### Books

* Macklin, Ruth; Gaylin, Willard; Powledge, Tabitha M. (1981). Violence and the politics of research. New York, New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306407895.
* Macklin, Ruth; Gaylin, Willard (1981). Mental retardation and sterilization: a problem of competency and paternalism. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306406898.
* Macklin, Ruth (1982). Man, mind, and morality: the ethics of behavior control. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780135511275.
* Macklin, Ruth; Gaylin, Willard (1982). Who speaks for the child: the problems of proxy consent. New York, New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306408601.
* Macklin, Ruth (1987). Mortal choices: bioethics in today's world. New York, New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780394559025.
* Macklin, Ruth (1988). Mortal choices: ethical dilemmas in modern medicine. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395468470.
* Macklin, Ruth (1993). Enemies of patients. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195072006.
* Macklin, Ruth (1994). Surrogates & other mothers: the debates over assisted reproduction. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 9781566391801.
* Macklin, Ruth (1999). Against relativism: cultural diversity and the search for ethical universals in medicine. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195116328.
* Macklin, Ruth (2004). Double standards in medical research in developing countries. Cambridge, UK New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521541701.
* Macklin, Ruth; et al. (2011). Intimidad, confidencialidad y protección de datos de salud: Aportaciones del IV Seminario Internacional sobre la "Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos" de la UNESCO. Cizur Menor: Civitas Thomson Reuters. ISBN 9788447037667.
* Macklin, Ruth (2012). Ethics in global health: research, policy, and practice. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199890453.

### Journal articles

* Macklin, Ruth (1989). "Liberty, utility, and justice: an ethical approach to unwanted pregnancy". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 30 (s1): 37–49. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(89)90102-1. S2CID 33381263.
* Macklin, Ruth (Autumn 1990). "Maternal-fetal conflict: an ethical analysis". Women's Health Issues. 1 (1): 28–30. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80011-8. PMID 2136298.
* Macklin, Ruth (May 2000). "Ethics, politics, and human embryo stem cell research". Women's Health Issues. 10 (3): 111–115. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(00)00040-2. PMID 10828545.
* Macklin, Ruth (20 December 2003). "Dignity is a useless concept". British Medical Journal. 327 (7429): 1419–1420. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1419. PMC 300789. PMID 14684633.
* Macklin, Ruth (June 2012). "Ethics in HIV prevention research: clarifying the complexities". The American Journal of Bioethics. 12 (6): 31–32. doi:10.1080/15265161.2012.671889. PMID 22650458. S2CID 26483003.
* Macklin, Ruth; Cowan, Ethan (July 2012). "Given financial constraints, it would be unethical to divert antiretroviral drugs from treatment to prevention". Health Affairs. 31 (7): 1537–1544. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0071. PMC 3572856. PMID 22778343.
* Macklin, Ruth; Cowan, Ethan (October 2012). "Unconsented HIV testing in cases of occupational exposure: ethics, law, and policy". Academic Emergency Medicine. 19 (10): 1181–1187. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01453.x. PMC 3473147. PMID 22994417.
* Macklin, Ruth (October 2012). "Revising the declaration of Helsinki: a work in progress". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 9 (4): 224–226. PMID 23099591.
* Macklin, Ruth (Fall 2012). "A global ethics approach to vulnerability". International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 5 (2): 64–81. doi:10.2979/intjfemappbio.5.2.64.
* Macklin, Ruth (November 2012). "Aesthetic enhancement? or human rights violation?". Hastings Center Report. 42 (6): 28–29. doi:10.1002/hast.91. PMID 23138368.
* Macklin, Ruth (December 2012). "Good in theory: can it work in practice?". American Journal of Bioethics. 12 (12): 55–56. doi:10.1080/15265161.2012.739387. PMID 23215932. S2CID 205860118.