OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hans Stephani

Hans Stephani (January 20, 1935 — September 14, 2003) was a German physicist who mainly worked on the General theory of relativity.

## Biography

Stephani obtained his master's degree at Jena in 1958 under the supervision of Gerhard Heber. He finished his PhD under Ernst Schmutzer at University of Jena and joined as a lecturer there. His wife Irmtraud Stephani is a mathematician at the same university. He retired in 2000.

## Books

* Hans Stephani, Dietrich Kramer, Malcolm MacCallum, Cornelius Hoenselaers, Eduard Herlt (2009). Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations. Cambridge University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Hans Stephani, Malcolm MacCallum (1990). Differential Equations: Their Solution Using Symmetries. Cambridge University Press.
* Hans Stephani (2004). Relativity: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity. Cambridge University Press.
# Hans Stergel

Hans Stergel (born 26 May 1943) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player. Stergel was part of the Djurgården Swedish champions' team of 1963.
# Hand deformity

A hand deformity is a disorder of the hand that can be congenital or acquired. An example is Madelung's deformity.
# Haroldius

Haroldius is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are more than 30 described species in Haroldius. They are found in Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

## Species

These 39 species belong to the genus Haroldius:
* Haroldius annandalei (Silvestri, 1924) (India)
* Haroldius borneensis Paulian, 1993 (Malaysia)
* Haroldius brendelli Krikken & Huijbregts, 2009 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius cambeforti Krikken & Huijbregts, 2006 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius cardoni Boucomont, 1923 (India)
* Haroldius celebensis Krikken & Huijbregts, 2006 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius convexus (Philips & Scholtz, 2000) (Republic South Africa)
* Haroldius discoidalis Paulian, 1993 (Malaysia)
* Haroldius ennearthrus (Janssens, 1949) (Republic Democratic Congo)
* Haroldius fairmairei Boucomont, 1914 (Singapore)
* Haroldius fleutiauxi Paulian, 1945 (Vietnam, Thailand)
* Haroldius globosus Boucomont, 1925 (Philippines)
* Haroldius heimi (Wasmann, 1918) (India, Pakistan, Nepal)
* Haroldius herrenorum Paulian, 1985 (Sri Lanka)
* Haroldius hwangi Masumoto, Lee & Ochi, 2005 (Taiwan and temperate Asia)
* Haroldius jechaer Král & Hájek, 2012 (China)
* Haroldius kawadai Masumoto, 1995 (Thailand)
* Haroldius kolaka Krikken & Huijbregts, 2006 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius krali (Utsunomiya & Masumoto, 2000) (Sri Lanka)
* Haroldius lassallei Cambefort, 1986 (Nepal)
* Haroldius leleupi (Janssens, 1953) (Republic Democratic Congo)
* Haroldius loebli Paulian, 1987 (Thailand)
* Haroldius lyleae Daniel, Strümpher & Snäll, 2021 (Republic South Africa)
* Haroldius maruyamai Utsunomiya & Masumoto, 2005 (Malaysia)
* Haroldius modestus (Janssens, 1953) (Afrotropical)
* Haroldius oharai Ochi, Kon & Barclay, 2009 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius pahangensis Král, 2003 (Malaysia)
* Haroldius pauliani Scheuern, 1995 (Malaysia)
* Haroldius penelopae Krikken & Huijbregts, 2006 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius perroti Paulian, 1939 (Southeast and temperate Asia)
* Haroldius philippinensis Pereira, 1954 (Philippines)
* Haroldius rugatulus Boucomont, 1914 (Singapore, Malaysia)
* Haroldius stefanii Montreuil, 2010 (Madagascar)
* Haroldius stevensi Arrow, 1931 (India, Nepal)
* Haroldius sumatranus Paulian & Scheuern, 1994 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius tangkoko Krikken & Huijbregts, 2006 (Indonesia)
* Haroldius thailandensis Paulian & Scheuern, 1994 (Thailand)
* Haroldius turnai Král, 2003 (China)
* Haroldius uenoi Masumoto & Yin, 1993 (China)
# Haroldia

Haroldia may refer to:
* Haroldia (fly), a genus of flies in the family Asilidae
* Haroldia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae
# Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. It was established in 1966 under the name Social Psychiatry, obtaining its current name in 1988. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Craig Morgan (King's College London). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.519.
# Social photography

Social photography is a subcategory of photography focusing upon the technology, interaction and activities of individuals who take photographs. Digital cameras, photo sharing websites and the Internet have enabled new tools and methods of social networking while consumer trends such as flashpacking and adventure travel have led to a worldwide increase in socially connected photographers.
The proliferation of easy-to-use open source blogging methods, inexpensively-priced equipment and content management system applications has led to an increase in photography for social change and amateur photojournalism.
Some extensions of social photography include geotagging and online mapping, while online social networking destinations like Facebook have led to an increase in the popularity of technology employing the real-time transfer of images. Where Facebook allows for users to instantly upload a picture from their mobile phone to their profile, there have recently been a number of services sprouting up that allows users to create real time photo streams.
A wireless digital camera enables photographers to connect to cellular networks or other hotspots to share photos, print wirelessly and save photos directly to an image hosting website. Geographic areas serviced by outdoor WiFi networks permit extended applications for geocaching which can include the use of Global Positioning Systems and smartphones.
Some news networks and online broadcasters encourage viewers to send in photographs of live, breaking and current events, enabling citizen journalists and amateur photographers to participate in the news gathering process.
# Hanseniaspora clermontiae

Hanseniaspora clermontiae is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first isolated from stem rot occurring in a lobelioid plant in Hawaii, and may be endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Neža Čadež, Gé A. Poot, Peter Raspor, and Maudy Th. Smith in 2003 after isolating a sample in stem rot of a Clermontia plant in Hawaii. The specific epithet is derived from the genus name of the host plant where it was first isolated.

## Description

Microscopic examination of the yeast cells in YM liquid medium after 48 hours at 25°C reveals cells that are 3.5 to 18 μm by 2.5 to 5.0 μm in size, apiculate, ovoid to elongate, appearing singly or in pairs. Reproduction is by budding, which occurs at both poles of the cell. In broth culture, sediment is present, and after one month a very thin ring is formed.
Colonies that are grown on malt agar for one month at 25°C appear cream-colored, butyrous, and smooth. Growth is flat to slightly raised at the center, with an entire to slightly undulating margin. The yeast forms poorly-developed pseudohyphae on cornmeal or potato agar. The yeast has been observed to form two to four hat-shaped ascospores when grown for two weeks on 5% Difco malt extract agar.
The yeast can ferment glucose and cellobiose, but not galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose or trehalose. It has a positive growth rate at 25°C, but no growth at 30°C or above. It can grow on agar media containing 0.1% cycloheximide and 10% sodium but growth on 50% glucose-yeast extract agar is weak.

## Ecology

The type sample was obtained in Hawaii, and in 2005, Marc-André Lachance described the species as possibly endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is considered unlikely to be a human pathogen due to its inability to grow at human body temperatures.
# Hanseniaspora guilliermondii

Hanseniaspora guilliermondii is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. In its anamorph form, it is called Kloeckera apis.

## Taxonomy

The initial sample of the species was isolated by South African pathologist Adrianus Pijper from an infected nail from a patient and assigned the name H. guilliermondii. In 1952, the species was placed in synonymy with Hanseniaspora valbyensis. In 1968, N. J. W. Kerger-Van Rij and Donald G. Ahearn, observed physiological and morphological differences between H. valbyensis and H. guilliermondii and proposed a resumed separation of the two species. Their study identified that a third strain, originally described as H. melligeri by J. Lodder in 1932 that had been isolated from dates and later synonymized with H. valbyensis, was synonymous with H. guilliermondii. Further testing by Meyer, Brown, and Smith in 1977 confirmed the findings of the 1968 study using DNA testing. Further DNA examination in 1978 demonstrated that yeast samples originally collected from grape juice and identified as the unique species H. apuliensis by Castelli in 1948, later synonymized with H. valbyensis in 1958, was actually synonymous with H. guilliermondii. Yeast samples that had been obtained from a bee by P. Lavie in 1954 and later designated as Kloeckera apis was found to be the anamorph form of H. guilliermondii and placed in synonymy.

## Description

Microscopic examination of the yeast cells in YM liquid medium after 48 hours at 25°C reveals cells that are 2.2 to 5.8 μm by 4.5 to 10.2 μm in size or occasionally longer, apiculate, ovoid to elongate, appearing singly or in pairs. Reproduction is by budding, which occurs at both poles of the cell. In broth culture, sediment is present, and after one month a very thin ring is formed.
Colonies that are grown on malt agar for one month at 25°C appear white to cream-colored, glossy, and smooth. Growth is slightly raised at the center. The yeast forms poorly-developed pseudohyphae on potato agar, or are absent. The yeast has been observed to form one to four, mostly four, hat-shaped ascospores when grown for at least one week on 5% Difco malt extract agar or on potato dextrose agar. When released, the ascospores tend to clump together.
The yeast can ferment glucose, but not galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose or trehalose. It has a positive growth rate at 37°C, but no growth at 40°C. It can grow on agar media containing 0.1% cycloheximide and utilize 2-keto-d-gluconate as a sole source of carbon.

## Ecology

Although the original sample of the species was obtained in a clinical medical setting, the yeast is primarily associated with fruits, plants, fermenting musts, and insects. Strains of this species produce acetoin, a chemical found in many food products and fragrances.
# Justice Center (disambiguation)

Typically, a jail or prison.
Justice Center or Justice Centre may refer to:
* Justice Centre Leoben, Styria, Austria
* Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
* Hamilton County Justice Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
* Justice Center, Asheville, North Carolina, United States
* Justice Center Complex, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
* Multnomah County Justice Center, Portland, Oregon, United States
# Justice Center for Legal Aid

Justice Center for Legal Aid (JCLA) is a Jordan-based non-profit and non-governmental organization that was established in 2008 and is registered with the Jordanian Societies Registry.
Since being founded in Amman in 2008, JCLA has expanded from a single legal aid clinic in Amman to Jordan's largest legal aid provider, with 21 clinics spread throughout the country's 12 governorates. JCLA is the first legal aid organization established in Jordan, a country with 13 active organizations that provide legal aid. JCLA defends more clients than the other 12 organizations combined.
Each month, JCLA provides legal consultations to approximately 375 beneficiaries, legal counsel to approximately 150 beneficiaries in 200 cases, and awareness sessions to approximately 3600 vulnerable citizens. Nearly 80 per cent of recipients of the center's services are Jordanian citizens, and between 60 and 70 per cent of them are women who face financial hardships.

## Services

JCLA holds awareness-raising sessions and informational campaigns targeting people in Jordan to educate them about their rights and obligations under the law. Additionally, it provides legal aid for those who are unable to afford a private lawyer, handling approximately 2000 cases per year as of 2017, with approximately 5000 consultancy cases per year. JCLA also delivers over 1,600 awareness lectures annually, in partnership with several governmental and non-governmental partners. JCLA's legal assistance includes providing legal counseling for both criminal matters as well as civil disputes. JCLA also provides assistance for registration for birth, death, and marriage certificates to allow access to government services.
JCLA has programs to support migrants and refugees, women, juveniles, victims of domestic assault, and people with disabilities. JCA provides legal representation and assistance for civil, criminal and family law (sharia) cases.

## Referral Partnerships

JCLA has over 70 referral partnerships with agencies that refer beneficiaries to JCLA's legal assistance services across 74 locations. These partnerships include government agencies (such as the Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Social Development, and Public Security Directorate) as well as and NGOs (such as the Norwegian Refugee Council, the Iraqi Refugee Assistance Program, Ruwwad and Tkiyet Um Ali).
# Hardwick, Georgia

There are two places named Hardwick in the U.S. state of Georgia:
* Hardwick, Baldwin County, Georgia
* Hardwick, Bryan County, Georgia
# Harpalus gilgil

Harpalus gilgil is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Pierre Basilewsky in 1946.
# Harpalus gisellae

Harpalus gisellae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Csiki in 1932.
# Justice Wallace

Justice Wallace may refer to:
* James P. Wallace (1928–2017), justice of the Texas Supreme Court
* John E. Wallace Jr. (born 1942), associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court
* William T. Wallace (1828–1909), chief justice of the Supreme Court of California
# Justice Walsh

Justice Walsh may refer to:
* Joseph T. Walsh (1930–2014), associate justice of the Delaware Supreme Court
* Nicholas Walsh (judge) (1542–1615), chief justice of the Irish Common Pleas
* William C. Walsh (1890–1975), associate justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals
# Justice Ward

Justice Ward may refer to:
* Daniel P. Ward (1918–1995), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois
* Hortense Sparks Ward (1872–1944), special chief justice of a special all-female Texas Supreme Court convened in 1925
* Paul Ward (judge) (1980–1972), associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
* Terry W. Ward (1885–1929), associate justice of the Supreme Court of California
# Hard Station

Hard Station is a 1981 album by Irish singer/songwriter Paul Brady, his second solo album.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Paul Brady
* "Crazy Dreams"
* "The Road to the Promised Land"
* "Busted Loose"
* "Cold Cold Night"
* "Hard Station"
* "Dancer in the Fire"
* "Night Hunting Time"
* "Nothing But the Same Old Story"

## Personnel

* Paul Brady
* Jimmy Faulkner, Arty McGlynn - guitar
* Tommy Moore - bass
* Fran Breen - drums
* Betsy Cook - keyboards, vocals
# Hardgrove Grindability Index

Hardgrove Grindability Index (short HGI) is a measure for the grindability of coal. Grindability is an index, therefore it has no unit. The smaller the HGI, the harder is coal texture and less grindable is the coal.
Grindability is an important factor for the design a coal mill. As grindability depends on many unknown factors, HGI is determined empirically using a sample mill according to the following procedure:

## Procedure of measurement

50 g of air dried coal featuring a grain size in the range between 0.6 and 1.18 mm are filled into the sample mill and a weight is put on the mill's grinding stone. After 60 rounds the grinded coal is put on a sampling sieve. Factor D equals the fraction of the coal passing through the sieve of 74 μm corresponding to 200 mesh. HGI is calculated from D as follows:
    $H=13+6{.}93\cdot D$
This procedure only results in relative values because the sampling mill is calibrated using a reference coal. The HGI of the reference coal is defined as 100.

## Developer

HGI is named after Ralph M. Hardgrove (born 1891 in Massillon, Ohio, died October 29, 1978, in Jacksonville, Florida), who developed this procedure in the 1930s for the company Babcock & Wilcox in the USA.
The procedure is generally accepted and standardized by ASTM-Standard D 409, DIN 51742 and ISO 5074.
# Society of Gentlemen Supporters of the Bill of Rights

The Society of Gentlemen Supporters of the Bill of Rights was a British pressure group formed on 20 February 1769 to support John Wilkes after he was expelled from the House of Commons.
The Society was formed at the London Tavern in Bishopsgate in London. The lawyer John Glynn was elected as chairman. The members believed George III was using the royal prerogative to invade the rights of electors to elect their representatives. They were named after the Bill of Rights 1689 which placed limits on the power of the monarch.
In order to enable Wilkes to continue campaigning, the Society wanted to pay off Wilkes' debts. The preamble to the Society's charter read: "Whereas John Wilkes, Esq., has suffered very greatly in his private fortune, from the severe and repeated persecutions he has undergone in behalf of the public, and as it seems reasonable to us, that the man who suffers for the public good, should be supported by the public". John Horne Tooke argued that the Society should send money to printers who had been jailed for printing tracts supporting liberty. Wilkes, seeing this as a diversion from paying off his debts, invited his friends to flood the next meeting of the Society to vote against this proposal. On 9 April 1771, the Society split, with Tooke, Richard Oliver, James Townsend, John Sawbridge, Glynn and many others forming their own Constitutional Society. This left the Bill of Rights Society under Wilkes' leadership with 63 members, with Wilkes abandoning his attempt to limit the Society's funds for himself alone.
On 23 July 1771, the Society published a manifesto calling for annual Parliaments, the exclusion of placemen and pensioners from the House of Commons, outlawing bribery in elections, the "full and equal representation of the people", the abolition of all excise taxes and for America not to be taxed without her consent.
# Madness (Is All in the Mind)

Madness (Is All in the Mind) is a song by British band Madness from their fourth album The Rise & Fall. It spent 9 weeks in the UK charts, peaking at number eight in February 1983. It was released as a double A-side with "Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)", with the latter being the side which got most airplay. Unlike most Madness songs this features Chas Smash on lead vocals. It should not be confused with "Madness", the Prince Buster song previously covered by the group.

## Charts

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart | 8 |
# Lolium persicum

Lolium persicum is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae. It is referred to by the common names Persian darnel or Persian ryegrass, and is an annual grass. It has an upright stem, branching from a reddish base, up to 45 cm tall. Its leaves are lower surface glossy, dark green, 6 mm wide.
# William Ryder (Archdeacon of Cloyne)

William Ryder (b Mitchelstown 7 November 1790 – d Queenstown, County Cork 26 May 1862) was Archdeacon of Cloyne from 1834 until his death.
Ryder was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1833. He was ordained Deacon on 14 September 1817, and Priest on 11 October 1818. After a curacy at Rathcormack he held incumbencies at Cork, Gortroe and Queenstiown. At the Village of Rathcormac in the County of Cork, on 18 December 1834 Archdeacon William Ryder, who was having problems collecting Tithes and as trouble was expected The Archdeacon was accompanied by a force of 100 soldiers. When faced with the expected civil demonstration by some 250 locals. The Archdeacon ordered the troops to open fire, this they did killing some twenty locals and wounding many.
# Limbin

Limbin (LBN) is a protein that is part of the EvC complex that consists of EvC and EvC2 genes, the activity of which is critical in bone formation and skeletal development. The complex positively regulates ciliary Hedgehog (Hh) signaling due to the ciliary localization.
A mutation in these genes is associated with The Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. EvC or otherwise known as Chondroestodermal dysplasia is a disorder inherited by the offspring of carriers of the mutated recessive gene and a non-mutated dominant gene leading to expression of chondrodysplasia and dwarfism. Bone growth occurs due to continuous proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes along with endochondral ossification at both ends of a long bone. The mutations in LBN cause premature termination of encoded proteins resulting in shortening of long bones.
Other characteristics accredited to a mutation in LBN include difficulty breathing due to shorted ribs, shortened tongue, dysplastic fingernails, and postaxial polydactyly.
# T. K. Bellis

Thomas Kerrison Bellis (5 February 1841 – 24 April 1929) was a British merchant and importer of turtles. Known as "The Turtle King", he established a thriving business in London at the end of the 19th century, producing turtle products that promised health benefits and were a staple of Victorian fine dining and civic banquets.

## Career

Bellis was born in Liverpool, and educated there at Liverpool College. He travelled to London to work in a West India house (West Indies merchants) as a young man. It was probably there that he learned about the turtle trade. He started his own business in the trade in 1874 and in 1882 won a silver medal for turtle products at the International Fisheries Exhibition. He created a niche for himself, so that by the end of the nineteenth century he had almost monopolised the trade in turtle products in Britain. His firm produced turtle soup and pate, turtle herbs, turtle oil soap, sun-dried turtle and various kinds of preserved turtle, and supplied Queen Victoria.

## Importing turtles

The turtles, which were only of the chelonia mydas species, were caught in the Gulf of Mexico and transported by schooner to Kingston, Jamaica, from where they were shipped to Britain by Royal Mail steamer. In 1898 approximately one hundred turtles were imported every two weeks, and they were kept alive if possible using salt-water hose and tanks on ship. However, many died during the journey, 105 out of 120 on one occasion. The cold was a particular problem. Each weighed over 100 pounds and up to 140 but heavier ones were not required as the meat was less tender. Originally, Bellis kept the survivors alive in his cellars until required, but later took to slaughtering them on arrival and processing the meat straight away.
In 1905, it was reported that there was not a single live turtle available anywhere in London, not even for a guinea an ounce (a great deal of money then). A quarrel had broken out between fishermen from Kingston and the Nicaraguan authorities, off whose coast the fishermen were accustomed to work. Kingston vessels had been seized, the men imprisoned by the Nicaraguans, and their catch set loose. Bellis, the "chief importer of turtles in Britain" advised that other boats would not venture out, however, a British gunboat would soon be going along to protect them, so there was hope that turtle would be available for the Lord Mayor's Banquet the following month, and that mock turtle soup would not have to be served.
The firm of T.K. Bellis Turtle Company Limited was liquidated in 1912. The firm of T.K. Bellis Turtle Co. (1911) Limited was liquidated in 1922.

## Publications

* Tables of the British Sugar Duties commencing May, 1873, etc. E. Marlborough & Company, 1873.